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EU Drone regels voor dummies
Een uitleg en implicaties voor drone service aanbieders
In de zomer van 2019 zullen nieuwe EU-regels voor het gebruik van (civiele) drones worden gepubliceerd. Vanaf het moment van publicatie zal het een jaar duren voordat deze nieuwe regelgeving van kracht wordt. De nieuwe regelgeving heeft tot doel een gelijk speelveld in Europa te creëren en zal (de meeste) drone operaties uit het luchtvaartdomein verwijderen op het gebied van regelgeving. De huidige bemande luchtvaart-regelgeving is gebaseerd op regels en die zijn onvoldoende flexibel gebleken voor de snel veranderende dronemarkt. De nieuwe regelgeving is risicogebaseerd en verdeelt de activiteiten, zowel commercieel als recreatief, in een lage risicocategorie (open categorie) en een middelhoge risicocategorie (specifieke categorie). De hoog-risicovolle activiteiten blijven in het (bemande) luchtvaartdomein onder de gecertificeerde categorie (die momenteel niet wordt behandeld in de nieuwe regelgeving).
De open categorie stelt zeer weinig eisen aan de piloot of exploitant en impliceert een 'buy-and-fly' benadering. Certificering van de piloot kan zo eenvoudig zijn als een online examen. De drones zelf zullen een Europees goedgekeurde productcertificatie (CE-markering) moeten hebben. Veel van de huidige commerciële drone operaties zullen mogelijk zijn in deze open categorie zolang ze niet over of in de buurt van (30m) mensen plaatsvinden. Dit betekent een grote toestroom van bedrijven uit alle EU-lidstaten die drones als instrument willen gebruiken (in plaats van pure drone dienst aanbieders). De inspectie van windturbinebladen – die meestal ver van de mensen af plaatsvindt – is een goed voorbeeld van het type operatie dat in de open klasse wordt geplaatst.
Alle andere operaties worden, tenzij ze een hoog risico inhouden, in de specifieke categorie uitgevoerd. Voor deze categorie moet door de operator een risicobeoordeling worden uitgevoerd, met de bijbehorende beperkende maatregelen, en moet goedkeuring worden gevraagd aan de nationale luchtvaartautoriteit van het land waar de operator is geregistreerd. Om de last voor bedrijven en luchtvaartautoriteiten te verlichten, zal een aantal zogenaamde standaardscenario's worden gecreëerd die 90% van alle activiteiten moeten bestrijken. In een standaardscenario worden de mitigerende maatregelen beschreven en moet de operator verklaren of aantonen dat de maatregelen in overeenstemming zijn met de voorschriften. Een voorbeeld van een operatie in de specifieke klasse kan zijn het in kaart brengen van een stedelijk gebied vanuit de lucht.
De regelgeving mist echter veel details, zoals de vereiste standaardscenario's. Deze standaardscenario's worden in de meeste EU-landen ontwikkeld in de hoop en verwachting dat hun versie door de EU zal worden overgenomen. Tenzij er strikte controle wordt uitgeoefend en de harmonisatie tussen de lidstaten wordt geformaliseerd, staan ons een paar jaar van dubbelzinnigheden in de regelgeving, 'grijze' gebieden, frustratie en verdere vertraging te wachten.
Een sterk advies aan iedereen die in de sector wil stappen is het verkrijgen van vergunningen, privileges en vrijstellingen op nationaal niveau voordat de nieuwe EU-verordening in werking treedt. Na de zomer van 2020 zal dat niet meer mogelijk zijn en het risico bestaat dat je in een 'limbo' verstrikt raakt als de nieuwe regelgeving wordt vertraagd of nog niet goed wordt uitgevoerd.
Introduction to EU drone regulations
Whether you are a serious hobbyist or a drone professional you probably have heard that new EU based regulations for drones are on their way. These are expected to be published between May and July of 2019. If you try to read these, you will be quickly submerged in jargon, abbreviations and legal terms such as 'implementing and delegated acts'.
The title of this article suggests that the readers are dummies and that I am the expert on this matter… This is certainly not the case! The reason for writing this article is mostly that I didn't understand the regulations myself and needed some clarity. If you see any errors, or something that is not clearly explained please let me know and I will adjust accordingly.
Why are new regulations needed? Well if you have ever tried to apply for a permit to fly a commercial drone in Belgium, as a foreign operator, you will understand that this was (and still is) a bureaucratic nightmare, nor do I envy foreign operators trying to apply for one in the Netherlands.
The aim of the new regulatory framework is to standardise the operational regulations in Europe and create a common market.
For those unfamiliar with the working of the European Institutions (council, parliament and commission) please refer to the separate paragraph at the end of this article for an explanation on this matter but feel free to skip…
This article will not describe the implications for current Dutch licensed operators. Our local drone journalist from Dronewatch has recently published an excellent article on this subject which can be found here(in Dutch).
I use both the term UAS (Unmanned Aircraft System) as well as drone in this article, both of course meaning the same but UAS is the term used in the new EU rules.
Without barely anyone noticing, the responsibility for the operation of civildrones in European airspace below 150 kg MTOM (MaximumTake Off Mass) was transferred from the National aviation authorities to the European commission on the 7thof December 2018.
Civil drones refer to all drone usage other than by the military, police or emergency services. They therefore range from hobbyists operating a DJI Mavic to cargo delivery.
EASA (European Union Aviation Safety Agency) has been appointed by the European Parliament to propose to the European Commission the technical expertise to regulate drones below a maximum take-off mass of 150 kg.
The proposed regulations by EASA have been unanimously accepted by the European Commission on the 28thof February 2019. These regulations are called the Implementing Act and are accompanied by the Delegated Act that was adopted by the European commission on the 12thof March 2019.
The Implementing Act is currently set out in two documents, the Commission Implementing Regulations and the Annex to the regulations. These set out amongst others the following:
Different (sub)categories of UAS operations
Rules, procedures, competency and minimum age for pilots
Airworthiness requirements for the UAS
Cross border operations
Registration of UAS operators
Tasks and designation of competent authorities
The Delegated Act also comes in two documents, the Commission Delegated Regulation and the Annex to the regulations. The delegated regulations cover amongst others the following:
CE and operator markings on a UAS.
Technical requirements per UAS category
Obligations of manufacturers, importers and distributors of UAS
Requirements on non-EU country operators
Remote identification
In short, the real regulations can be found in the Implementing Act.
These acts were sent to the EU parliament and the Council for the mandatory 2 months scrutiny period. If no objections are raised, then both acts will be published before the summer of 2019.
But the Delegated and Implementing Acts do not tell the full story. These are to be accompanied by guidance material. The reason for this being that by describing the exact details at a lower level in the guidance material, the regulations themselves do not need to be changed when a detail is adjusted. That sounds logical but, as with everything the devil is in the details, and the guidance material is not yet published.
The big question on everyone's mind is what this means for me as a drone producer, drone service provider or drone hobbyist and when will we feel the impact? The fact that this regulatory framework has been accepted by the European Commission does not mean that these come into effect immediately.
Now that feels like a contradiction. On one hand the responsibility for UAV operations below 150 Kg MTOM has already been transferred from National Civil Aviation Authorities to the European Commission. However, the National authorities still have to implement these regulations. This is due to the fact that, although these regulations will be valid for the whole of the EASA airspace, the national authorities still have the authority to determine the details, such as the specific airspace where drones cannot go, or which organisations can train and qualify drone pilots.
Between May and July of 2019, the new regulations will be published. The national CAA's then have one year to implement these regulations before these come into force in July 2020. Up until that date it is still possible to operate under the current regulations and even apply for a permit/exemption based on these regulations. From July 2020 onward it is still possible to use previously obtained permits and exemptions for a period of two years up to July 2022. From then on it is only the EU regulations that are applicable.
If you want to make use of the new regulations because they offer more flexibility than the current regulations in your country, you will have to wait until July 2020. Between July 2020 until the end of the transition period in 2022 you will get the best of both worlds.
The Regulations
The new European Regulations will bring changes to whole the drone industry. The main gain is that it creates a European wide structure and uniformity in comparison to the current shattered and incomprehensible regulations that differ in each country. The regulations also give UAV pilots more privileges than in the past.
Local Civil Aviation Authorities still have some say in matters such as designating no fly zones or creating special zones with specific regulations. However, the implementing act prevails over local regulations meaning that individual CAA's cannot make the rules stricter.
Now what are these proposed regulations all about? The main change is that the new regulations are risk-based. This means that the risks of each type of operation and with different types of drones are evaluated. For example, flying a heavy drone over a populated area carries a far greater risk than flying a little hobby drone in a remote area. Only the location matters, i.e. where you fly will be relevant but not what you do.
Other main principles in the new regulations are:
Rules are made at European Level
Implementation is done at national level
No differentiation between commercial or recreational use
Regulations are a mix of product specifications and aviation regulations
Drones in the open category must be CE certified (with the exception of self-build drones)
Drones will be partially removed from strict aviation regulations in most countries
Operators can be natural persons as well as legal entities
There is no requirement for insuring a drone against molestation and hijacking in the open category (no joke, this is currently mandatory in the Netherlands).
The product specifications for drones have been introduced since technical developments of drones have progressed in such a rapid pace that legislation was no longer able to keep up. At present a new model drone replaces the earlier version at an average rate of 9 months. Compare this to manned aviation where this cycle takes around 7 to 9 years.
Under the new regulations, drone operations in the EU are subdivided into three categories:
In the open categoryoperations can take place that are considered low risk and do not require prior authorisation.
In the specific categoryoperations take place that considering the risks do require authorisation by a competent authority before the operation takes place. A risk assessment must be carried out and mitigation measures identified unless the operation is very common. In the latter case the risk assessment and mitigation measures have been previously identified and part of a 'standard scenario' which is approved by EASA.
In the certified categoryoperations take place that considering the risks require a certified drone, a licensed pilot and an organisation approved by a competent authority to ensure an appropriate level of safety.
The current proposed regulations do not cover the certified category. In this category the drones will have to comply with standard aviation requirements and the operational rules are the same as for manned aviation.
How does one know in which category the operation will take place? The simple answer is that any operation that is not considered as open category automatically falls into the specific category. If even the specific category cannot be applied (for example flying a drone with a MTOM > 25 kg) then these fall in the certified category.
The 'where' question will be addressed by the National Aviation Authorities. A one size fits all approach was not feasible so National Aviation Authorities get to say where drones cannot fly at all, where the open category is not allowed etc.
Interestingly enough, the regulations provide more freedom for the UAS operator in the fact that certain aspects have not been made explicit in the new regulations. For example, most countries in Europe would define VLOS (Visual Line Of Sight) as the distance to which the UAS can be seen but to a maximum of 500 meters. This is also the maximum distance from the pilot that a drone can currently be flown under most European Regulations at present. But this 500-meter limit is not present in the new regulations. If you equip a UAS with good lightening and the UAS can be seen at 1,500 meters distance, then you are free to do so…
The other interesting fact is that the regulations do not address drones as remotely piloted aircraft but as unmanned aircraft. This distinction might sound trivial but in the new regulations an autonomous flight will be permitted as the drone is not remotely piloted (with the exception of subcategory C4 in the open category, which is further explained below). Multiple drones operated by one pilot? No mention yet so the guidance material will hopefully provide more clarification.
Last but not least, if you read between the lines, you will see that the main identified risk factor is flights over – or near – people. Buildings are not addressed, and this offers further opportunities to operate in dense urban areas (at least if you have a way of controlling the people near these buildings).
The open category is meant for low risk operations whereby no prior authorisation is required. Depending on the subcategory it can be as simple as 'Buy and Fly'.
This category caters for all recreational drone users as well as for some commercial drone activities. The Open Category is subdivided into three subcategories that stipulate the use of a specific type of drone, whether the drone is to be registered, needs electronic ID, and the pilot requirements. The table below shows a simplified version of the subcategories.
So, for example, if you want to fly over uninvolved people (not part of your operation) this will mean that you can do so in the Open Category, but only with a drone that weighs less than 900 g. If you want to fly over people with a DJI Matrice 600 (MTOM > 7kg) then this operation would automatically fall into the Specific Category.
Market Product Legislation (better known as CE markings) will be required for all drones operating in the open category and will demonstrate compliance with the technical specifications. The CE marking and the subcategory must be clearly marked on the drone. A certificate of airworthiness is not a requirement for the open category.
However, this CE marking is not mandatory until at least July 2022 and even then, there will most likely be a transition phase whereby drones produced before will not yet have to be CE certified.
The exact details of the pilot training, who should examine them or how to register a drone, are all unclear at present. The following (operational) issues are already clear at the time of writing this article:
The previous distinction between recreational and professional use of drones is removed.
The maximum height limit is set at 120 m.
The safe distance from people is a minimum of 5 metres (if the drone is equipped with a low speed mode, otherwise it's 30 meters) and equal to the height at which the drone is flown (1:1 rule).
Minimum age is 16
Specific Category
The 'specific' category is for all operations that do not comply with the limits of the 'open' category. In this category a risk assessment must be carried out for each and every operation, and mitigation measures must be identified and adopted. The outcome of the risk assessment must be authorised by the CAA of the member state.
To assess risks a standard methodology has been devised by JARUS (Joint Authority for Rulemaking on Unmanned Systems). JARUS is a group of experts from National Civil Aviation Authorities worldwide that make recommendations on technical, operational and safety requirements for the safe integration of drones into the manned airspace. This methodology is called the SORA(Specific Operation Risk Assessment).
The SORA methodology divides the risk of a drone operation into two distinct classes:
Air risk: the the risk of a collision between the drone and another airspace user.
Ground Risk: the risk of collision of the drone with people, animals or objects on the ground.
For any operation that is not covered by a standard scenario, the operator must conduct the full (SORA) risk assessment and obtain permission from the CAA to go ahead with the operation.
In practise this would imply a huge workload for both the drone operators and the CAA's. In order to circumvent this workload, the concept of standard scenarios (STS)has been put into place. These standard scenarios describe the most common types of drone operations in conjunction with the risk assessment and the mitigation measures.
Mitigation measures are those actions that you intend to take to either prevent an incident or to limit the consequences. For example, maintaining a UAS would help to prevent a crash and the use of a self-deploying parachute would limit the consequences.
Take for example the inspection of wind turbine blades offshore. Irrespective in which country the operation is carried out, the risks and mitigation measures are going to be very similar if not identical. With the use of a standard scenario the operator can carry out this operation without having to perform the risk assessment every time. The standard scenario describes the mitigation measures, the technical requirements etc and the operator can either declare himself that he will work compliant (declaration) to this scenario or that this needs to be checked by a CAA (authorisation). That choice will be different depending on each standard scenario. If the mitigation measures are easy to implement, then a declaration by the operator is sufficient. If these are more demanding, then an authorisation by a CAA is required.
Now where do these standard scenarios come from? In theory these should be created and/or approved by EASA. At present different and many overlapping standard scenarios are being created in each Member State and subsequently approved by the local CAA. The idea being that an individual STScan then be given to EASA and they would simply adopt these (they wish…).
But this is where it gets messy. Take for example two STS's that have been created in the Netherlands. One for flying in controlled airspace around an airport and one for flying in dense urban area. These both have a mitigation measure describing that the UAS must have a certificate of airworthiness. This may sound logical, but outside the Netherlands there are no certificates of airworthiness for an UAS. Simply dropping this requirement/mitigation measure is not an option, so alternative mitigation measures must be implemented.
After July 2020 it is no longer possible for CAA's to create STS's applicable to their own country. Those that have been approved prior will remain valid for the next two years until July 2022, unless their expiry was set earlier by the CAA. Sometime in Q4 of 2019 EASA is expected to publish two STS's.
And here EASA is seriously defaulting at present. Only two STST's by the end of 2019 is nowhere near enough to implement the regulations by the CAA's. Furthermore, there is no organised harmonisation between Member States on how to proceed with the creation of STS's to help EASA. Private initiatives between trade organisations and CAA's are initiated to achieve at least some harmonisation between member states for the creation of STS's. The 'Drone REGIM' initiative by UVS(Unmanned Vehicle Systems) International is good example of this. UVS is a non-profit organisation promoting the use of remote piloted systems.
So, if a company is in the possession of a permit to fly an STS in a country does that mean that they can do so in all other member states without having to ask permission? The short answer: no. The operator will have to contact the CAA of the country where they want to fly and check if any special local conditions apply. The CAA of the country where the operator wants to fly will then contact the CAA of the country where the operator is registered. The latter will then give the permission.
The mutual recognition by each Member State is a hot topic and a discussion point. The general EU principle is that an authorisation granted in one country in accordance with EU regulation should be recognised by all Member States. In practise however, each Member State is allowed to make changes to adapt the standard scenarios to the local conditions.
Besides conducting the SORA risk assessment, or using a standard scenario, there is a third way in how an operator can qualify for an operation in the specific category. This is through the process of obtaining the Light UAS Operator Certificate (LUC). A LUC qualified operator is allowed to assess the risks themselves and implement their own mitigation measures. Obtaining the LUC will not be an easy matter and cannot be compared to any existing permit in Europe. The operator will have to demonstrate a full functioning safety management system and a good understanding of the SORA risk assessment. The larger operators in Europe with experience in dealing with oil majors and other heavy industry with high safety standards are probably the best placed at present to quickly obtain a LUC.
Where next and conclusions
The new regulations can be compared to an architect's drawing of a new house, or better an artist impression. It shows the basic structure and all the dimensions but misses the detailed structural design as well as the nuts and bolts.
In the open category the new regulations are the clearest and can be implemented despite missing details such as the qualification and certification requirements of the pilots. In the specific category a lot – and in my opinion too much – detail is missing and there are currently no standard scenarios. Here EASA seriously defaults on their responsibility of providing the necessary details to properly implement the regulations and in the harmonisation between the different countries for the creation of standard scenarios.
It is the responsibility of each Member State's CAA to have the regulations implemented by July 2020. That may seem a long time, but most CAA's of EU Member States are currently struggling with manpower. We can be quite sure that their attention will be fully focussed on getting the new rules implemented instead of granting permits and exemptions based on the current regulations.
My advice to those entering into the industryis to apply for a permit under the existing regulations. Do this sooner rather than later. Otherwise you risk being stuck in a limbo between the old and the new. No one knows what delays are to be expected.
Most striking for present operators is the fact that most of their operations for which extensive permits are currently required will fall in the open category under the new regulations. A lot of non-drone centred organisations will enter the market both from your country as well as from the other EU member states. Take the example of onshore wind turbine blade inspections. This will in most cases be far from people and with a drone weighing less than 25 kg. This operation can thus be conducted in the Open Category. This opens the door for companies specialised in a specific field to start using drones as just another tool. This without having to acquire all the aviation knowledge and writing an operational manual which has been a barrier to entry till present.
Brexit and EU drone regulations
We are talking about EASA controlled airspace and not the airspace of the Member States of the European Union. However, with a Brexit, the United Kingdom will leave the single European Airspace and the EASA drone regulations will therefore not automatically apply. Future negotiations between the EU and the UK will have to resolve this matter and for the time being the current National regulations will apply. Most likely the UK will obtain a similar status as Iceland and Norway, who both have a working arrangement with EASA.
Civil Drone | EASA-website
Implementing the new European drone legislation: what will change? | Luna Vanderispaillie Unifly
EU Drone regulation update. |eu
Implications of the new EU drone regulations in the Netherlands | Dronewatch
Pieter Franken is the managing director of Terra Drone Europe, a drone service providing company specialised in survey and inspections. He is one of the founding fathers and chairman of the Dutch trade organisation for certified drone operators (DCRO) and sits on the working and expert groups helping the Dutch Civil Aviation Authorities with the SORA's and development of Standard Scenarios.
For any comments please email me at: pieter@terra-drone.eu
European Institutions and rule making
All EU member states are sovereign, independent countries but they have pooled their sovereignty on some matters to obtain benefits of size. At the heart of the EU decision making process are the EU institutions such as the Parliament(voted directly by all citizens), the EU commission(EU government with one member per Member State) and the European Council(heads of state of each country). Generally, the European Commission proposes new laws and the parliament, and the Council adopts these new laws. This means that both Parliament and the Council must agree independently to these new laws, after which the Member States and the implements them. In practise this means that if neither the Council or Parliament object within a two-month time frame, the new EU regulation on drone operations will be published somewhere between May and July 2019.
Legal Actsof the EU are laws which are adopted by the institutions of the EU and come in various forms. A regulationis a law that is binding for all Member States. A directiveis a law that binds Member States to achieve a particular objective. A recommendationor opinionhas no binding force.
The new drone regulations are found in the Implementing and the Delegated Act. This is a European invention to simplify the system of rulemaking by separating the 'legislative' (Delegated Acts) from its executive aspects (Implementing Acts).
In dummy terms the implementing act is more political and describes the regulation on broader terms and on the 'how'. The delegated act comes closer to real rule making and describes the 'what' of the regulation as laid out in the implementing act. The regulations in the delegated act come directly from the European Commission.


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Vote: How do you expect each NBA playoff first-round series to end?
By SN Staff
There have been two games played in each of the first-round series in this year's NBA playoffs.
Some teams, like the eighth-seeded Chicago Bulls, have jumped out to a surprising 2-0 lead. The Boston Celtics will have to win four of the next five games in order to move on to the Eastern Conference quarterfinals.
The Cleveland Cavaliers experienced a small scare from the Indiana Pacers in Game 1 but handled business in Game 2 and took a commanding 2-0 lead. The Washington Wizards took care of home court against the Atlanta Hawks, behind two 32-point performances from All-Star point guard John Wall.
Out West, the Golden State Warriors dominated the Portland Trail Blazers in Game 2 with Kevin Durantgettting the night off forcautionary purposes. Kawhi Leonard and his San Antonio Spurs have been cruising by the Memphis Grizzlies, causing David Fizdale to go on postgame rants.
In the battle of MVP candidates,James Harden and the Houston Rockets are in control against Russell Westbrook and the Oklahoma City Thunder, as they took a 2-0 series lead Wednesday night.
Only the Utah Jazz-LA Clippers and Toronto Raptors-Milwaukee Bucks series are tied 1-1 after two games. The Celtics are the only higher seed trailing after the first week of this year's playoffs.
How do you think the rest of the first round will play out?
Game 3 between the Cavs-Pacers, Raptors-Bucks and Spurs-Grizzlies will take place Thursday night. Both Indiana and Memphis will look to prevent a 3-0 series hole.
-- Josiah Turner
sportsespnoklahoma city thunderbucksgolden state warriorsclippersjazzwashington wizardsla clippersrocketsthunderportland trail blazerstrail blazersmemphis grizzliescleveland cavalierschicago bullswarriorsbullssan antonio spursgrizzlieshawkssportsnationcelticshouston rocketsboston celticsspurspacersraptorscavalierstoronto raptorsutah jazzindiana pacersmilwaukee bucksnba playoffsatlanta hawkswizards

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The Unrecognized
By Adalah (Posted May 15, 2009)
IsraelCommentary
"The Unrecognized" is a short documentary that highlights the plight of Palestinian Arab Bedouin citizens of Israel living in the Naqab (Negev) desert in the south of the country, many of whom were forced off their lands following the establishment of the state in 1948. The human rights of these citizens of Israel have been continuously violated by over half a century of discriminatory governmental policies and practices.
During the military regime under which all Palestinian citizens of Israel lived from 1948 to 1966, many Arab Bedouin were expelled from their villages and forced into a concentrated geographical area. Today, Israel is again attempting to move the Arab Bedouin, into a limited number of government-planned towns, as plans to encourage the intensive Jewish settlement of the Naqab gather pace.
The central problem is that of "unrecognized villages" — whole communities declared illegal by the state of Israel, and therefore denied essential public services and basic human rights such as access to healthcare, education, and clean water. "The Unrecognized" is a snapshot of the situation as it stood in mid-2005. Interviews with Israeli Jewish and Arab academics, lawyers, and human rights activists are presented alongside testimonies from Arab Bedouin community leaders and inhabitants of the unrecognized villages. The film provides damning evidence of a system of segregation and inequality between citizens within Israel.
"The Unrecognized" is a powerful reminder of how an indigenous national minority can be marginalized and victimized when their land is threatened by a state system of institutionalized discrimination.
Adalah – The Legal Center for Arab Minority Right in Israel is an independent human rights organization, registered in Israel. It is a non-profit, non-governmental, and non-partisan legal center. Established in November 1996, it serves Arab citizens of Israel, numbering over one million people or close to 20% of the population. Adalah ("Justice" in Arabic) works to protect human rights in general, and the rights of the Arab minority in particular.
As Reported by Science Magazine
Mohawks Protest against Arming Canadian Border Guards
Also by Adalah
From Al-Araqib to Susiya: Forced Displacement of Palestinians on Both Sides of the Green Line by Adalah May 15, 2013
The Citizenship and Entry in Israel Law by Adalah May 15, 2009
Forbidden Land by Adalah May 15, 2009
The Unrecognized by Adalah May 15, 2009


When a man takes a plunge into the sea, he gets the merit of bathing in all the Tirthas and sacred rivers. Similarly when a man takes refuge at the feet of the Sad-guru, he gets the merit of bowing to the Trinity, i.e. Brahma, Vishnu and Mahesh and also Para-Brahma. Victory be unto Shri Sai the wish-fulfilling tree and the ocean of knolwedge, who gives us self-realisation. Oh Sai, create in us regard for Your stories. Let the readers and audience devour them with the same relish with which the chatak bird drinks the water from the clouds and becomes happy. While listening to Your stories, let them and their families get all the sattwik emotions, viz. let their bodies perspire, let their eyes be full of tears, let their prana be steady, let their minds be composed, let their hair stand on end, let them cry, sob and shake, let their hostilities and their distinctions, great and small vanish. If these things happen, that is a sign of the grace of the Guru dawning upon them. When these emotions develop in you, the Guru is most pleased and will certainly lead you on to the goal of self-realisation. The best way, therefore, to get free from the shackles of Maya is our complete and whole-hearted surrender to Sai Baba. The Vedas cannot take you across the ocean of Maya. It is only the Sad-guru, who can do so and make you, see the Lord in all creatures.
The variety of imparting instructions followed by Sai Baba has already been noticed in the previous Chapters. In this, we shall deal with one aspect of it. It was the habit of some devotees to take some religious books, of which they wanted to make a special study, to Sai Baba and to receive the same back from Him, after they were touched and consecrated by Him. While reading daily such books, they felt that Sai Baba was with them. Once, Kaka Mahajani came to Shirdi with a copy of Ekanathi Bhagwat. Shama took that book to read and taking it with him went to the Masjid. There Sai Baba took it from him, touched it and turning some pages here and there gave it back to Shama and asked him to keep it with him. When Shama said that it belonged to Kaka and had to be returned to him. "No, no", said Sai Baba. "As I have given it to you, better keep it with you for safe custody; it will be of use to you." In this way many books were entrusted to Shama. Kaka Mahajani after a some days came again with another copy of the same Bhagwat and gave it in Sai Baba's hand. Then Sai Baba gave it back as Prasad and asked him to preserve it well and assured him that it would stand him in good stead. Kaka accepted it with a bow.
Shama was a very intimate devotee of Sai Baba and Sai Baba wanted to favour him in a particular way by giving him a copy of Vishnu-Sahasra-Nam as Prasad. This was done in the following way. Once a Ramadasi (follower of Saint Ramadas) came to Shirdi and stayed for some time. The routine he followed daily was as follows : He got up early in the morning, washed his face, bathed and then after wearing saffron-coloured clothes and besmearing himself with sacred ashes, read Vishnu-Sahasra-Nam (a book giving a thousand names in praise of Vishnu, and held second in importance to Bhagwad Geeta) and Adhyatma-Ramayana (Esoteric version of Rama's story) with faith. He read these books often and often and then after some days Sai Baba thought of favouring and initiating Shama with Vishnu-Sahasra-Nam. He, therefore, called the Ramadasi to Him and said to him that, He was suffering from intense stomach-pain, and unless He took Senna-pods (Sona-mukhi, a mild purgative drug) the pain would not stop; so he should please go to the bazar and bring the drug. The Ramadasi closed his reading and went to the bazar. Then Sai Baba descended from His seat, came to the Ramadasi's place of reading, took out the copy of Vishnu-Sahasra-Nam, and coming to His seat said to Shama- "Oh Shama, this book is very valuable and efficacious, so I present it to you, you read it. Once I suffered intensely and My heart began to palpitate and My life was in danger. At that critical time, I hugged this book to My heart and then, Shama, what a relief it gave me! I thought that Allah Himself came down and saved Me. So I give this to you, read it slowly, little by little, read daily one name at least and it will do you good." Shama replied that he did not want it, and that the owner of it, the Ramadasi who was a mad, obstinate and irritable fellow would certainly pick up a quarrel with him, besides, being a rustic himself, he could not read distinctly the Sanskrit (Devanagari) letters of the book.
Shama thought that Sai Baba wanted to set him up against the Ramadasi by this act of His, but he had no idea of what Sai Baba felt for him. Sai Baba must have thought to tie this necklace of Vishu-Sahasra-Nam round the neck of Shama, as he was an intimate devotee, though a rustic, and thus save him from the miseries of the worldly existence. The efficacy of God's Name is well-known. It saves us from all sins and bad tendencies, frees us from the cycle of births and deaths. There is no easier sadhana than this. It is the best purifier of our mind. It requires no paraphernalia and no restrictions. It is so easy and so effective. This sadhana, Sai Baba wanted Shama to practise, though he did not crave for it. So Sai Baba forced this on him. It is also reported that long ago, Eknath Maharaj, similarly, forced this Vishnu-Sahasra-Nam on a poor Brahmin neighbour, and thus saved him. The reading and study of this Vishnu-Sahasra-Nam is a broad open way of purifying the mind, and hence Sai Baba thrust this on His Shama.
The Ramadasi returned soon with the Seena-pods. Anna Chinchanikar, who was then present and who wanted to play the part of Narada (the Celestial Rishi who was well-known for setting up quarrels between Gods and demons and vice versa), informed him of what had happened. The Ramadasi at once flared up. He came down at once on Shama with all fury. He said that it was Shama who set Sai Baba to send him away under the pretext of stomach-ache for bringing the medicine and thus got the book. He began to scold and abuse Shama and remarked that if the book be not returned, he would dash his head before him. Shama calmly remonstrated with him, but in vain. Then Sai Baba spoke kindly to him as follows - "Oh Ramadasi, what is the matter with you? Why are you so turbulent? Is not Shama our boy? Why do you scold him unnecessarily. How is it that you are so quarrelsome? Can you not speak soft and sweet words? You read daily these sacred books and still your mind is impure and your passions uncontrolled. What sort of a Ramadasi you are! You ought to be indifferent to all things. Is it not strange that you should covet this book so strongly? A true Ramadasi should have no 'mamata' (attachment) but have 'samata' (equality) towards all. You are now quarrelling with the boy Shama for a mere book. Go, take your seat, books can be had in plenty for money, but not men; think well and be considerate. What worth is your book? Shama had no concern with it. I took it up Myself and gave it to him. You know it by heart. I thought Shama might read it and profit thereby, and so I gave to it him."
How sweet were these words of Sai Baba, soft, tender and nectar-like! Their effect was wonderful. The Ramadasi calmed down and said to Shama that he would take 'Panch-ratni' Geeta in return. Shama was much pleased and said - "Why one, I shall give ten copies in return".
So the matter was ultimately compromised. The question for consideration is "Why should the Ramadasi press for Pancha-ratni Geeta, the God in which he never cared to know, and why should he, who daily read religious books in the Masjid in front of Sai Baba, quarrel with Shama before Him?" We do not know how to apportion the blame and whom to blame. We only say that, had this procedure been not gone through, the importance of the subject, the efficacy of God's name and the study of Vishnu-Sahasra-Nam would not have been brought home to Shama. So we see that Sai Baba's method, of teaching and initiating was unique. In this cases Shama did gradually study the book and mastered its contents to such an extent, that he was able to explain it to Professor G.G. Narke, M.A. of the College of Engineering, Poona, the son-in-law of Shriman Booty and a devotee of Sai Baba.
One day, while Kakasaheb Dixit was in mediation after his morning bath in his Wada at Shirdi he saw a vision of Vitthal. When he went to see Sai Baba afterwards, Sai Baba asked him - "Did vitthal Patil come? did you not see Him? He is very elusive, hold Him fast, otherwise He will give you the slip and run away". Then at noon a certain hawker came there, with 20 or 25 pictures of Vitthal of Pandharpur for sale. Mr. Dixit was surprised to see that the form of Vithal he saw in his mediation exactly tallied with that in the picture and he was also reminded of Sai Baba's words. He therefore, bought one picture most willingly and kept it in his shrine for worship.
Sai Baba always loved those who studied Brahma-vidya (metaphysics) and encouraged them. To give an instance - Once Bapusaheb Jog received a post-parcel. It contained a copy of Geeta-Rahasya by Lokamanya Tilak. Taking it under his armpit he came to the Masjid and prostrated himself before Sai Baba, when the parcel fell at Sai Baba's Feet. Sai Baba enquired what it was. It was opened then and there and the book was placed in Sai Baba's hand. He turned some pages here and there for a few minutes and took out a rupee from His pocket placed it on the book and handed the same with the rupee to Jog and said to him - "Read this completely and you will be benefited".
Let us close this Chapter with a description of the Khapardes. Once Dadasaheb Khaparde came with his family and lived in Shirdi for some months. (The diary of his stay has been published in English in the Shri Sai Leela Magazine first Volume.) Dadasaheb was not an ordinary man. He was the richest and the most famous advocate of Amraoti (Berar) and was a member of the Council of State, Delhi. He was very intelligent and a very good speaker. Still he dared not open his mouth before Sai Baba. Most devotees spoke and argued with Sai Baba off and on, but only three, viz. Khaparde, Noolkar and Booty kept always silent. They were meek, modest, humble and goodnatured. Dadasaheb, who was able to expound Panchadashi (A well-known Sanskrit treatise on the Adwaita Philosophy by the famous Vidyaranya) to others, said nothing or uttered no word when he came to the Masjid before Sai Baba. Really a man, however learned he may be even in Vedas, fades away before one, who was realised Brahman and become one with it. Learning cannot shine before Self-reaisation. Dadasaheb stayed for four months, but Mrs. Khaparde stayed for seven. Both were highly pleased with their Shirdi stay. Mrs. Khaparde was faithful and devout, and loved Sai Baba deeply. Every noon she brought naivedya herself to the Masjid, and after it was accepted by Sai Baba, she used to return and take her meals. Seeing her steady and firm devotion, Sai Baba wanted to exhibit it to others. One noon she brought a dish containing Sanza (wheat-pudding), purees, rice, soup, and kheer (sweet rice) and other sundry articles to the Masjid. Sai Baba, who usually waited for hours, got up at once, went up to His dining seat and removing the outer covering from the dish began to partake of the things zealously. Shama then asked Him - "Why this partiality? You throw away dishes of others and do not care to look at them, but this You draw to You earnestly and do justice to it. Why is the dish of this woman so sweet? This is a problem to us." Sai Baba then explained - "This food is really extra-ordinary. In former birth this lady was a merchant's fat cow yielding much milk. Then she disappeared and took birth in a gardener's family, then in a Kshatriya family, and married a merchant. Then she was born in a Brahmin family. I saw her after a very long time, let Me take some sweet morsels of love from her dish." Saying this, Sai Baba did full justice to her dish, washed his mouth and hands, gave out some belches as a mark of satisfaction, and resumed His seat. Then she make a bow and began to shampoo Sai Baba's legs and Sai Baba began to talk with her and knead her arms which were shampooing His Legs. On seeing this reciprocal service Shama began to joke and said - "It is going on well, it is a wonderful sight to see God and His Bhakta serving each other. "After being pleased with her sincere service, Sai Baba asked her in low and fascinating tone to chant 'Rajarama, Rajarama' then and always, and said - "If you do this, your life's object will be gained, your mind will attain peace and you will be immensely benefited." To persons unfamiliar with spiritual matters, this might appear as affair, but really it was not so. It was a case of, what in technically called, 'Shakti-pat', i.e. transference of power from the Guru to the disciple. How forcible and effective were Sai Baba's words! In an instant, they pierced her heart and found lodgement there.
Love, Grace, Protection and Blessings of Sadguru SaiBaba be on All !!!
Do You remeber Me while doing your chores?
I feel always anxiety for My men. He who does anything (spiritual endeavour) will reap its fruit and he who remembers these words of Mine will get invaluable happiness."
My Sircar says "Take, take," but everybody comes to me and says 'Give, give.' Nobody attends carefully to the meaning of what I say. My Sircar's treasury (spiritual wealth) is full, it is overflowing. I say, "Dig out and take away this wealth in cartloads, the blessed son of a true mother should fill himself with this wealth.
Our Karma is the cause of our happiness and sorrow; therefore put up with whatever comes to you. Allah (God) is the sole Dispenser and Protector, always think of Him. He will take care of you. Surrender to His feet with body, mind, wealth and speech, i.e. completely and then see what He does."
"He who carps and cavils at others, pierces Me in the heart and injures Me, but he that suffers and endures, pleases Me most."
God Will do good !!!
When you hurt anybody know that you are hurting Me !!!
While meditating on him my mind and intellect were stunned and I had thus to keep quiet and bow to him in silence.
Neither I am God nor Lord. I am His obedient servant and remember Him often. He, who casts aside his egoism, thanks Him and he, who trusts Him entirely, will have his shackles removed and will obtain liberation.
I only ask and take from him whom the Fakir (My Guru) points out. If any one is indebted formerly to the Fakir money is received from him. The donor gives, i.e. sows his seeds, only to reap a rich harvest in future. Wealth should be the means to work out Dharma. If it is used for personal enjoyment, it is wasted.
Mere questioning is not enough. The question must not be made with any improper motive or attitude or to trap the Guru and catch at mistakes in the answer, or out of idle curiosity. It must be serious and with a view to achieve moksha or spiritual progress.
Seva is not rendering service, retaining still the feeling that one is free to offer or refuse service. One must feel that he is not the master of the body, that the body is Guru's and exists merely to render service to him.
It is not enough merely to prostrate before the Jnanis. We must make Sarvaswa Sharangati (complete surrender) to the Sad-guru.
"Build the Wada with the temple. I shall fulfill the desires of all.
"after the temple is complete I will come there to stay" and staring at the Wada He added - "after the Wada is complete, we shall use it ourselves, we shall live, move and play there, embrace each other, and be very happy."


text:
The movie that made cubicle rats quit their daily grind
Cult 1999 comedy 'Office Space' had a real-life effect on the workplace, never mind inspiring Ricky Gervais
Perhaps it was a burst of fin de siècle creativity. Perhaps it was just happy coincidence. Either way, 1999 turned out to be a vintage year for film. We'll soon be celebrating the 20th anniversaries of (deep breath) Fight Club, American Beauty, Being John Malkovich, The Sixth Sense, The Blair Witch Project, Notting Hill, Magnolia and The Matrix.
A rather less trumpeted film came out 20 years ago this week: Office Space, an underrated satire of corporate culture from writer-director Mike Judge. It might have flopped upon release but Office Space became a word-of-mouth phenomenon on VHS and DVD, finding the devoted audience it deserved. What's more, this influential cult comedy remains as relevant and as funny as it ever was.
Office Space (tagline: "Work sucks") was based on the "Milton" cartoon shorts that Judge created and voiced in the early 1990s. About a Dilbert-esque clerical worker and his condescending boss, they aired on Saturday Night Live. When 20th Century Fox suggested a film version, Judge decided the Milton character couldn't carry a feature on his own ("You don't want to know what Milton does at home after work," he reasoned). Instead he settled on an ensemble piece: "Like Car Wash but in an office."
Judge chose his setting to reflect a homogenising trend he'd noticed all over the US. "It seems like every city now has these identical office parks with identical adjoining chain restaurants," he said. "People suggested setting it in Wall Street but I wanted it very unglamorous – the kind of bleak work situation I'd been in." Think Douglas Coupland's 1995 novel Microserfs mixed with Herman Melville short story Bartleby The Scrivener.
Inspiration came from two of Judge's own temping jobs: a mind-numbing stint putting purchase orders in alphabetical order and another as a Bay Area engineer "in the midst of that overachieving yuppie thing – just awful". Hence his story about a lowly everyman employee at a software firm called Initech, railing against his stiflingly boring job, taking refuge at Chotchkie's diner next door and hatching a plan for revenge.
Perma-shrugging, pathologically unmotivated programmer Peter Gibbons (played by then-unknown Ron Livingston) was the put-upon protagonist, trapped in a soulless cubicle and updating bank software to ward off "the Y2k bug" (how quaint does that seem now?). He would provide a generation of desk-bound drones with a folk hero. Poor Pete had an irritatingly chirpy customer relations rep in the cubicle on one side of him and a mumbling misfit (that man Milton, played by an unrecognisable Stephen Root) on the other. His punchably smarmy boss was Bill Lumbergh (Gary Cole, channelling David Brent-meets-Gordon Gekko). "Sounds like somebody's got a case of the Mondays," trilled colleagues to cheer up Pete, which only made him more hangdog.
Company bureaucracy was Kafka-esque in its pointless tedium but Pete found kindred spirits in co-workers Samir Nagheenanajar (Ajay Naidu), indignant that nobody could pronounce his surname, and Michael Bolton (David Herman), cursed by sharing his name with the mulleted crooner he memorably described as a "no-talent ass-clown".
With Pete's disaffection derailing his relationship with girlfriend Annie, she persuaded him to attend an "occupational hypnotherapy session". However, the therapist keeled over from a heart attack while putting Pete in a trance. He awoke next morning in a state of Zen-like calm and set about changing his life. He broke up with Annie, skipped work and asked out Chotchkie's waitress Joanna (Jennifer Aniston) after bonding over their mutual loathing of idiotic bosses and love of retro TV series Kung Fu. When Pete could finally be bothered to turn up to Initech, he did so with a new devil-may-care swagger: breaking the dress code, taking Lumbergh's reserved parking spot, openly playing Tetris at his desk and dismantling his cubicle with a power drill to give himself a window view. When a pair of "efficiency consultants" called "the two Bobs" arrived to downsize the Initech workforce, they were so impressed by Pete's frank insights into office life that they promoted him – but also confided that they were about to fire Samir and Michael.
Ever loyal to his buddies, Pete warned them and the three amigos decided to get even with an embezzlement scheme inspired by Superman III. They infected Initech's accounting system with a computer virus designed to siphon off fractions of cents into their bank account – transactions small enough to avoid detection but which would accrue a fortune over time. Would they be caught or get a happy ending? And what of the increasingly disgruntled Milton, who was also being downsized? No spoilers, in case you haven't yet had the pleasure. Office Space was Judge's first live action project, bridging the gap between his early animations (Beavis & Butt-Head, King Of The Hill) and his later, live action work (Extract, Idiocracy, Silicon Valley). A novice director when it came to dealing with real sets and human actors, he relied heavily on his crew, admitting: "I had a great team. It's good going into it not pretending you're an expert." However, he was exacting when it came to realising his vision. Judge was obsessive about the look of Initech HQ, even screen-testing different types of grey cubicle to make sure they were "oppressive" enough. Watching daily rushes from the shoot in Dallas and Austin, Texas, studio bosses became increasingly spooked by his downbeat, deadpan style and determination to depict the blandness of everyday work life. Judge recalled them telling him "More energy! We gotta reshoot!" and asking for Livingston to smile more.
They tried to make him cast Ben Affleck or Matt Damon, who were riding high off the back of Good Will Hunting, as Peter. Judge insisted the role shouldn't have "star energy". His solo concession towards casting more famous names was Friends star Aniston, then halfway through the mega-hit sitcom's 10-year reign. She loved the script, knew Livingston from high school and it made a bracing change from the samey romcoms that still dominate her non-Central Perk career. The studio also hated the film's gangsta rap soundtrack – a pounding mixtape of Ice Cube, Kool Keith, Biz Markie and, most memorably, Houston trio Geto Boys. In post-production, Judge reluctantly conceded that he'd rethink the music if the next focus group disliked it too. Fortunately, a young man in the group declared, unprompted, that he loved the contrast of nerdy office workers listening to hardcore hip-hop, so the studio relented. Thank goodness, as Office Space's rap playlist played a considerable role in sealing the film's cult status. The slo-mo montage when Pete strolls into the office and commences his small acts of rebellion, set to Geto Boys' euphoric Damn It Feels Good to Be a Gangsta, is a proper punch-the-air moment.
Another such sequence is the infamous printer scene. A running joke was our heroes being enraged by the malfunctioning office printer with its endless paper jams ("PC Load Letter? What the fuck does that mean?"). On Michael and Samir's last day at Initech, Peter stole the pesky printer as a leaving gift – whereupon they took it to a field and vented their frustrations by systematically smashing it to pieces with baseball bats, feet and bare fists, as the Geto Boys song Still played on the soundtrack ("Die, motherfucker, die!").
It's a sly Mafia movie pastiche with Pete playing the "don", circling behind as the other two strike blows. The scene has been widely parodied (memorably by Family Guy) and become a perennial online meme. An advert during Ted Cruz's 2016 presidential campaign even paid tribute, mocking Hillary Clinton's alleged deletion of incriminating emails by having a lookalike smash up a server to the strains of "Damn It Feels Good To Be A Clinton". The printer wasn't the only piece of office equipment to become a breakout star. The pivotal role played by Milton's coveted red stapler – which was spray-painted by the prop department to provide a pop of colour in the grey cubicles – created such real-world demand that manufacturer Swingline added one to its product range. Actor Stephen Root said he realised the film's impact when people started asking him to sign their staplers. To this day, every time Root arrives on a set to shoot a new role, the crew will have laid on a red stapler in his trailer. For Office Space's 20th anniversary, Swingline is selling a special "Milton's Red Stapler" edition.
It's one of the many unexpected ripple effects created by this slow-burning film phenomenon. The term "ass-clown" was added to Webster's dictionary, crediting Judge for first coining it in Office Space. Even TGI Friday's, the inspiration for Chotchkie's, axed its waiting staff's striped shirts and mandatory badges – known as "flair" – after being so mercilessly mocked. "A few years after Office Space came out, TGI Friday's got rid of all that flair because customers would come in and make cracks about it," explained Judge. "So maybe I made the world a better place." Aniston says that even today when she's eating "at a certain type of restaurant", staff will ask if she likes their flair.
Judge once went into a Starbucks and heard the baristas doing impressions of Lumberg ("Hello Peter, whaaat's happening? Ummm, I'm gonna need you to go ahead and come in on Saturday, mmmkay?"). Judge asked if they were doing it for his benefit but the barista looked nonplussed and asked if he'd ever seen Office Space. The film tanked at the box office, making $12.2m in the US – barely recouping its $10m budget – but didn't go unnoticed among the Hollywood cognoscenti. "Jim Carrey invited me to his house," recalled Judge. "Chris Rock left me the best voicemail ever. I even had dinner with Madonna. She said she found the Michael Bolton character's anger 'sexy'."
After repeated airings on Comedy Central in the early 2000s, Office Space steadily developed a cult following. "It kind of went viral before that concept even existed," said Livingston. On VHS and DVD, it outsold far bigger 20th Century Fox box office hits – which came as such a surprise, even the studio wasn't initially aware of it. The head of Fox's home-release division was told of Office Space's sales during an interview with Entertainment Weekly magazine. He immediately looked up the receipts on his laptop and exclaimed: "That's incredible!"
Office Space's cast, little-known at the time bar Aniston, now pop up everywhere. Supporting turns Gary Cole (Veep, The Good Wife, Suits, Entourage), John C McGinley (Scrubs, Burn Notice) and Stephen Root (Boardwalk Empire, Barry, Dodgeball, Get Out) have become Emmy-nominated character actors. Cole and Root later worked together on The West Wing, as vice president Bob Russell and Republican speechwriter Bob Mayer respectively.
Leading man Ron Livingston went on to become a familiar 2000s face as Captain Lewis Nixon in Band Of Brothers and sardonic writer Jack Berger in Sex & The City, who memorably dumped Carrie Bradshaw via Post-It note.
Twenty years on, Livingston still gets reminded regularly of Office Space's legacy. "I get a lot of people who say: 'I quit my job because of you.' That's kind of a heavy load to carry. It's like after seeing the movie, it gave them the confidence to get out of whatever it was they were doing that was making them miserable and move on to something else. I only hear from the people for whom that worked out. Hopefully not too many that regret it."
The film's influence was also felt on 21st century film and TV. It paved the way for the grey-officed, white-collared, suburban business park absurdity of Ricky Gervais and Stephen Merchant's The Office, which came along two years later. Indeed, because of Office Space, NBC offered Judge the chance to shape The Office's US remake. Among the material the network sent him were some reviews of the UK version, one of which said the series "succeeds where movies like Office Space failed". Judge passed. Ironically, the show wound up under the supervision of his King Of The Hill co-creator Greg Daniels. Parks & Recreation, The IT Crowd and Boots Riley's recent film Sorry To Bother You all contain traces of Office Space's DNA. It's also, of course, the forerunner to Judge's current HBO sitcom Silicon Valley, with its geeky coders, blustering bosses and hip-hop soundtrack.
Judge believes Office Space originally bombed because "it was a hard movie to make a trailer for. Hard to market in general. I mean, it was a weird movie at the time." Yet he says that more people talk to him about it than anything else he's ever worked on. Everyone can relate to its clock-watching heroes, frustrated with the office grind, idly daydreaming about telling their boss where to go.
Now acknowledged as a cult classic, Office Space will be celebrated at the upcoming Texas Film Awards, where it will be inducted into the state's cinematic Hall of Fame. Judge and the cast will reunite for a special 20th anniversary screening and panel Q&A in Austin, where much of the film was shot.
When they get together, speculation about an Office Space comeback is inevitable. "There's been talk of doing more with it, as a TV show or sequel, but the time hasn't seemed right," Judge says. "Could a sequel ever happen after all this time? Never say never." Unjam your printer and write your name on your stapler, just in case.
- © The Daily Telegraph
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Obstacles are all around us. They want to knock us flat on our backs and keep us from being our best selves. But inside all of us is a light that when ignited propels us through seemingly insurmountable obstacles. We welcome you to take the No Barriers pledge by filling out the pledge form.
I pledge to live a No Barriers Life. In doing so, I am promising to harness adversity, break through my personal barriers and create a life of purpose and impact. I will always remember that regardless of our abilities, we all have some type of barrier in our lives and that no matter what barriers I face, what's within me is stronger than what's in my way.
Welcome to the No Barriers Community.


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Q: Making a random quiz in javascript So I'm trying to make a quiz.html file which will prompt the user for the no. of questions they want to answer. Based on their input, the random questions will be generated. So I understand it's gonna have to be a loop that will loop till the no. input into the alert box.
So my scoreMe() function apparently isn't giving any answer. I'm trying to check if the checked radio button for a particular question is equal to the correct answer but I'm just getting my score as 0%. So can anyone tell me what's wrong with my code?

A: All your radio buttons have the same name, hence belong to the same group.
Give them different names and you should be fine:
str+='
'+
            '
<input type="radio" name="radio' + i + '" />'+'  '+quizObj[rand].choice[0]+'
'+
            '
<input type="radio" name="radio' + i + '" />'+'  '+quizObj[rand].choice[1]+'
'+
            '
<input type="radio" name="radio' + i + '"/>'+'  '+quizObj[rand].choice[2]+'
'+
        '

';

Quoting MDN on the subject:

Radio buttons that have the same value for the name attribute are in the same "radio button group"; only one radio button in a group can be selected at one time.

A: Replace these lines:
'
<input type="radio" name="radio" />'+'  '+quizObj[rand].choice[0]+'
'

With:
'
<input type="radio" name="radio' + i + '" />'+'  '+quizObj[rand].choice[0]+'
'
//                                            There ^

This way, the "names" of the inputs (which are used to "group" them), have the question's ID in them.

A: instead of using "string " as an answer to your questions , add index number .. it will solve the problem
var quizObj = [
{
    "question": "What is the capital of Bangladesh?",
    "choice": ["Dhaka", "Chittagong", "Sylhet"],
    "correct": 0

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Legislative Assembly for the ACT: 2009 Week 10 Hansard (26 August) . . Page.. 3726..
ministers share responsibility. We just need to look at some of the findings to see the real concerns. I suppose the reason why this government was reluctant to make this report public is that we see this post-merger environment, this lack of clarity and alignment regarding accountability for performance from the ministerial level down to the service delivery level. That makes it difficult for the department to balance its overall priorities, risks, accountabilities and financial management responsibilities. That is a fairly damning finding, a finding that says that from the ministerial level down to service delivery there is a lack of clarity and alignment regarding accountability for performance.
What that is saying at the ministerial level is that they do not have the clarity they need and they do not have the alignment they need and, therefore, they do not have the accountability of performance. That is exactly, it would appear to me, what the ministers want. They want to take no responsibility, but they are responsible. This Ernst & Young report puts that into stark focus. We see a number of others in relation to financial transparency: corporate overhead cost allocation to business enterprises is not transparent.
MADAM ASSISTANT SPEAKER (Mrs Dunne): Order, Mr Seselja. Chief Minister, if you want to have a conversation, could you do that outside or considerably lower your voice? I cannot hear Mr Seselja.
MR SESELJA: Thank you, Madam Assistant Speaker. The report goes on to say that the finance function has no sufficient authority to exercise physical direction and control. The TAMS financial management system is not effective, which results in limited visibility of where and how the moneys are being spent. It goes on to say that a perception of limited consequences exists for overspending. That is a very important statement, and I think this is something that pervades this entire government—that is, there are limited consequences. This government has assumed that revenue would always grow at the extraordinary rates that we have seen in the past few years.
If we look forward in the budget estimates, even as we see significant revenue growth, this government is still planning on having the budget in deficit. So we see here in this analysis of TAMS and this analysis essentially of the various ministers who are in control, because they are answerable for the performance of their agencies, a microcosm of the attitude that pervades the ACT government under the Labor Party here right now. We see it from the Treasurer, we see it from the Chief Minister, we have seen it from the former minister for TAMS, and we see no indication from this minister that things will indeed be any different.
MADAM ASSISTANT SPEAKER: Order, Chief Minister.
Mr Stanhope: On a point of order, Madam Assistant Speaker: I did not hear what you said.
MADAM ASSISTANT SPEAKER: I said: can you be quiet, please.


My kids and I recently completed an ant unit to learn all about these amazing insects. As part of our ant unit, I created a number of ant and insect printables. Today I'm sharing the next printable in that collection – my ant mazes. These ant mazes go well with any lessons about ants or insects in general. And they are a fun and effective way of providing kids with some fine motor practice related to pencil grip and control.
Note: For more resources, printables and activities related to ants and other insects, please see my insects unit study page.
As part of our ant unit, I printed out the advanced versions of my ant mazes and slipped them into my kids' Crayola Dry Erase Activity Centers . Their goal was to connect the ant to the food without crossing over any lines.
Here's a sneak peak at all four pages included in this download. As you can see, there are two beginner-level mazes and two more challenging mazes.
I hope your kids enjoy!
Want a copy of my Ant Mazes?
For more resources, printables and activities related to ants and other insects, please see my Insects Unit Study page and my Insects & Bugs Pinterest board.
It really a"mazes" me how good my son is at these, and fantastic for his fine motor, thank you for the resources.


text:
Shop Our Beef
Explore Our Ranch
NY Strip Steak
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Ground Beef, Burgers
Roasts, Ribs & Brisket
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Snack Sticks
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Beef Bundles
CSA Membership
The Impossible Burger: Is It Really Healthier Than Beef?
by Acabonac Farms
If you read about food, it's impossible to escape mention of the Impossible Burger. The plant-based burger has become a sensation among those who practice a vegan or vegetarian lifestyle but miss the taste and texture of a burger.
And that's the real breakthrough, here. The Impossible Burger, by almost every account, resembles real beef in in terms of taste, texture and aroma. That seems to be the accomplishment that most impresses reviewers - although some were definitely not fans, calling it a "fine bad burger" or dry and bitter.
But while it may look like a beef burger, it has more fat, sodium and carbs than a traditional piece of beef. And while some have been pleasantly surprised by how closely the Impossible Burger resembles real beef, they are less thrilled by how it is created and what goes into it.
"In general, I don't like things trying to be things that they're not." Dave Budworth, owner of Marina Meats, told the New York Times during a taste test of the burger.
The Impossible Burger is designed to mimic the taste, texture and aroma of a real beef burger. It does so through combination of extracts from plants as well as bioengineering. The breakthrough with the impossible burger is how it replicates heme.
Heme is the iron-rich nutrient found in animal meat. It's present in high amounts in real beef and is what helps make a burger taste like a burger.
The company that makes the Impossible Burger creates heme in a lab. They genetically modify yeast with the gene for soy leghemoglobin. The soy leghemoglobin, which contains heme, is then isolated and added to the genetically engineered burger.
What's In The Impossible Burger?
The Impossible Burger website listswhat is in the burger. Here's what it contains based on the new formulareleased in 2019:
Water, Soy Protein Concentrate, Coconut Oil, Sunflower Oil, Natural Flavors, 2% or less of: Potato Protein, Methylcellulose, Yeast Extract, Cultured Dextrose, Food Starch Modified, Soy Leghemoglobin, Salt, Soy Protein Isolate, Mixed Tocopherols (Vitamin E), Zinc Gluconate, Thiamine Hydrochloride (Vitamin B1), Sodium Ascorbate (Vitamin C), Niacin, Pyridoxine Hydrochloride (Vitamin B6), Riboflavin (Vitamin B2), Vitamin B12.
The formula was changed in response to calls for the company to engineer a burger that is gluten free.
Comparisons With Beef
The Impossible Burger has more sodium, total fat, sugar and carbs than beef (which has zero sugar, carbs and less than 1% of the daily recommended amount of sodium), according to a study by Healthline.
Beef, on the other hand, has more protein and far more of the antioxidant selenium (the impossible burger doesn't have any).
Healthline determined that the plant-based burger has a high level of certain vitamins such as B-12, but all those have been added to the burger.
The biggest achievement is the heme and addition of iron through soy leghemoglobin. The man-made ingredient has been deemed healthy by the FDA. But Healthline reported questions remain about the long-term health impact of regularly ingesting soy leghemoglobin.
The use of genetically modified ingredients (GMO) in general has led to concern about the plant-based burger. Healthline concludes that even those who wish to avoid meat can find more healthy options.
Rather than citing any nutritional values, most reviews go back to the fact that it's remarkably like beef for something engineered in a lab. In reviewing the plant-based burger for Scientific American, Monica Reinagel, a board-certified, licensed nutritionist and professionally trained chef, wrote that it is a "pretty impressive feat of culinary engineering."
"We seem to be getting closer to being able to produce meat without any animals," she wrote. "Whether this ends up being an upgrade for us nutritionally we'll have to evaluate on a case-by-case basis."
Is It Better For The Planet?
This is an issue that has come up repeatedly in recent years. Some have argued that people should stop eating beef altogether because it will help save the planet. As detailed here, that is not the case.
At times, the debate has turned a bit ugly. For example, the company that makes the Impossible Burger referred to sustainable ranching as the "clean coal of meat." Many took offense. Sustainable farm, as practiced at Acabonac Farms, has been proven to sequester carbon, help the land stay fertile and vital, and produce healthy beef without any chemicals or hormones used.
The debate is likely to continue as more consumers try the meat-less burger. But outside of those who simply do not want to eat meat, some are finding few benefits. Rita Redburg, a cardiologist at the University of California-San Francisco, probably said it best during the New York Times taste test after trying the impossible burger:
"If I wanted a hamburger, I probably would still order a hamburger."
Even those who do not eat meat agree. Chef Brooks Headley created the Superiority Burger. His creation is a "vegetable croquette" that has red quinoa and walnuts. He told The Guardian that the impossible burger is "weird, and kind of gross, like cigarettes. Also, that stuff is just really, really processed. I think if you ate an Impossible Burger or Beyond Beef every day, it would be weird."
Meat Grown In a Lab
Both Impossible Burger and Beyond Beef are companies creating plant-based burgers. However, other companies are growing cell-based burgers, which opens up even more controversial issues.
What many may not know about cell-based meat this is that the process requires the use of Fetal Bovine Serum. As the name implies, FBS is created by using the blood from cow fetuses, who ae killed during the process, according to Slate and other sources.
Millions of fetuses are slaughtered for this purpose, according to Slate. Companies need the cells from the fetus to grow more animal cells in the lab. The resulting product is neither vegan or vegetarian, and still involves the slaughter of cattle, which is the reason some don't eat meat in the first place.
Companies are "racing" to find a way to grow meat in a lab without FBS, according to ABC. It's another reason people are wary of buying products grown in lab.
In the meantime, to those who want a more healthy alternative to grain-fed, industrial beef, look at the natural solution that's already there – the grass-fed beef industry.
Comforting & Easy Salisbury Steak Recipe
Is Grass Fed Liver a Good Source of Iron?
Grass Fed Beef Liver Is the Best Source of Vitamin A
Our Policies & Contact Info
© 2023 Acabonac Farms.
Ground Beef, Ribeye, Grill, Marinade...


text:
Even small resume lies can derail your job search
Two signs you re lying on your resume are vague descriptions and questionable dates.
Two signs you re lying on your resume are vague descriptions and questionable dates. (Dreamstime)
Alex Bloom says he learned a lot when he was a resident assistant at Rutgers University in New Brunswick, N.J. His resume indicates that his two years as an RA taught him how to be responsible, how to look out for others and how to help groups of individual personalities come together as a cohesive unit.
Except, he didn't.
Bloom is one of many job seekers who weren't content with padding their resumes with a few exaggerations. Instead, he created a false title and made-up responsibilities to appear more qualified than he was. "It's kind of an easy thing to do," says Bloom. "I really didn't think anybody would bother to check. There are a million people that are RAs. Who looks into it?"
That's a question for the HR industry, but Bloom's own lie was revealed because of a "stupid mistake," he says.
"I studied in Rome for an entire year, and that just happened to be one of the years I said that I was an RA," he says. "The company I applied to asked me about it during the interview -- I think they just thought I made a mistake -- but I stumbled so badly through my answer, I just decided to come clean."
And then?
"Well, the interview ended right there," he says.
Bloom says he considers it a lesson learned. "I actually talked about it in subsequent interviews," he says. But it's a lesson that could be taught to many of today's job seekers, whether they're fresh out of school or nearing the end of their working years. A recent study from staffing firm OfficeTeam indicates that nearly half of the workers polled said they know someone who included false information on a resume. Job experience, 76 percent, and duties, 55 percent, were listed as the two areas most frequently embellished.
Stick to the facts
Pumping up skills may be a little harder to detect during a background check, but she says a strong hiring manager will know how to find the truth. The key for candidates is to be honest. It doesn't do you any good to make up something that can be easily disproved. If you're eager and open about improving your skillset, that's a good thing.
Put recruiters first
Terri Plank, a career adviser in Seattle, says she tells her clients to use resume formats that highlight the things most important to recruiters, therefore eliminating the need to lie. "If you worked for a company for 25 years while the company fell apart, I'd downplay the length of time you were there," Plank says.
"If you've learned that the company is looking to hire experienced workers, then the 25 years matter. If not, you better have moved up the ladder or those years will work against you. Both formats are honest but you're not obliged to shine a light on the bad parts of your experience."
Bloom took a different approach. "When interviewers would ask about previous jobs, I liked to tell them my RA story," he says. "I think they'd be a little shocked at first but ultimately, I used it as a way to highlight what I'd learned and how I'd grown. Sounds corny but that's what people are looking for, right? Growth?"
Bloom doesn't suggest strategically placing a dishonest statement on your resume, just to use it later as a positive, but he says his strategy worked for him.
"The first time I told that story, it was at an insurance agency in Syracuse, N.Y. I was offered the job at the end of the interview and worked there for three years," Bloom says. "I remember my boss saying, 'If you're going to tell me about something like that, I figured I could trust you.' "
(C) 2019 Tribune Content Agency, LLC
Lisa Bloom


53 members play this tune.
[MGm] Michael Gorman. The Sligo Champion. The Fiddle Music of County Sligo. Michael Gorman (fiddle, vocals). For this tune: Michael Gorman (fiddle), Mick Flynn (flute).
[DRuss] Dale Russ. Irish Fiddle. Dale Russ (fiddle).
[OMBFMO] Oisín Mac Diarmada, Brian Fitzgerald, Micheál Ó Ruanaigh. Traditional Music on Fiddle, Banjo and Harp. Oisín Mac Diarmada (fiddle), Brian Fitzgerald (banjo), Micheál Ó Ruanaigh (harp).
[Trpsw] John McSherry and Dónal O'Connor. Tripswitch. John McSherry (pipes, whistle), Dónal O'Connor (fiddle, keyboards).
[RdOnly] Brian McNamara and Tim Collins. Reed Only. Brian McNamara (pipes), Tim Collins (concertina). For this tune: Tim Collins (concertina).
[KClns 2] Kathleen Collins. My Book of Songs. Kathleen Collins (fiddle).


When Robert Hoge was born, he had a tumor the size of a tennis ball in the middle of his face and short, twisted legs. Surgeons removed the tumor and made him a new nose from one of his toes. Amazingly, he survived--with a face that would never be the same.
Strangers stared at him, kids called him names, and adults could be cruel in their own ways. Everybody seemed to agree that Robert was "ugly." But Robert refused to let his face dictate his entire life. Then, when Robert came face to face with the biggest decision of his life, he followed his heart. This poignant memoir about overcoming bullying and thriving with disabilities shows that what makes us "ugly" also makes us who we are.


Miles O'Neal '19 is a Nuclear Engineering major with a double minor in Radiological Health and Mathematics. He is from McKinney, Texas and the son of Keith and Tamra O'Neal.
Miles is a member of A-Battery and the Fightin' Texas Aggie Band. He is currently the Training Officer for his outfit. He has previously served as the Training Sergeant, a Squad Leader, Public Relations Corporal, and a Team Leader. He will tell you that the best part of his Corps and Band experience is the exceptional people he has met, worked with, and now calls friends.
Miles is just as busy off the Quad as he is on the Quad. He is a member of the American Nuclear Society. He enjoys playing football and soccer intramurals with his buddies from the Corps. Miles can often be found giving back to his community through various community service activities. Not only during the school year with his Corps buddies but also during winter break and summer break back home in McKinney, focusing on Habitat for Humanity and tutoring mathematics for public school children.
Miles plans to continue his education, seeking a Master of Science and a Doctor of Philosophy in Nuclear Engineering. He knows what he wants to accomplish in career and in life and he is sure to find success in both. Miles is a kind young man with a great sense of humor, albeit dry, and he is loyal to a fault. Miles is sure to make us as proud of his future endeavors as we are currently.


text:
COP26: The future of financial services
Nous sommes désolés. Le contenu de cette page n'est présentement disponible qu'en anglais.
November 3, 2021 was "Finance Day" at the 26th Conference of the Parties (COP26) in Glasgow, Scotland.
The Glasgow Financial Alliance for Net Zero (GFANZ) released a progress report, which provides further guidance for members of the Net Zero Banking Alliance (NZBA) and other financial service subsectors;
All member states of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) agreed to the Glasgow Climate Pact (the Pact);
Article V, paragraphs 47 and 55 urge financial institutions (among others) to (i) further scale up investments in climate action, and (ii) accelerate the alignment of their financing activities with the goals of the Paris Agreement; and
These international directives are informing regulatory frameworks and new business practices throughout Canada – voluntary initiatives now may soon be mandatory.
This insight is divided into two parts. Part I summarizes climate finance reports that were delivered in connection with COP26. Part II describes what's next with respect to climate finance in Canada.
To read more about COP26 and climate finance, please see our previous article.
Part I: Climate finance reports
Signed on November 14, 2021, the Pact charts a course to formalize new promises made throughout the conference. The parties regrettably acknowledge their failure to mobilize $100 billion (USD) per year by 2020. Further, an international carbon market was notably omitted from the Pact. Nonetheless, pledges were wide-ranging at COP26, and delegates will now return home to integrate these commitments domestically.
Reports at COP26
Fourth Biennial Assessment and Overview of Climate Finance Flows (the Biennial Report)
The parties welcomed the Biennial Report and its conclusions.1 This report notes that in 2018, private money accounted for 84 per cent of US$322 billion in new renewable energy investments, and mobilized private finance through multilateral, bilateral and regional means were US$14.6 billion. By comparison, the report estimates the following:
Description of Financial Flow
US$ in Trillions
Fixed assets in sectors linked to the fossil fuel system
Stranded assets between 2015-2050
Real estate assets at risk in 2070
Green and climate aligned bonds outstanding in 2018
Debt securities outstanding in 2019
Assets under management in 2019
By some recent estimates, US$32 trillion of investment in decarbonization is needed this decade to put the world on a path towards net-zero.2
GFANZ progress report
On "Finance Day", GFANZ produced a progress report and a plan forward for the financial services sector. GFANZ unites the net-zero finance initiatives, which includes the NZBA into one sector-wide strategic alliance. The report allocates work streams in the financial sector (see table below) and discusses some tools for each work stream that are, or will be, available to various financial institutions.
GFANZ work stream
Financial sector transition plans
Support the development and effective implementation of ambitious, credible net-zero transition plans.
Real economy transition plans
Promote upward convergence in the transition plans of corporate clients and investees by providing both companies and financial firms with a view of best practices.
Sectoral transition plans
Help financial institutions evaluate sectoral net-zero pathways for heavy emitting industries such steel, aviation, and oil & gas.
Portfolio alignment measurement
Further development and effective implementation of portfolio alignment metrics for financial institutions.
Mobilizing capital in emerging markets and developing countries
Facilitate finance in emerging markets and developing countries through capacity building and other initiatives.
GFANZ call to action
Advise on specific policies including economy-wide net-zero targets aligned to 1.5 degrees C, reform of financial regulations to support the net-zero transition, phase out of fossil fuel subsidies, pricing carbon emissions, mandatory net-zero transition plans, and climate reporting for public and private enterprise.
GFANZ wants financial transition plans to be "credible". Credible transition plans will:
Support the real economy;
Set targets;
Alter business practices; and
Disclose key information.
Specific action items and key challenges (such as insufficient coverage of climate considerations in a bank's products and business lines) are shared within the report. With respect to bank clients, GFANZ will increase the ability of financial institutions to evaluate corporate net-zero transition plans and promote the reallocation of capital to decarbonization efforts.
Prior to COP26, several Canadian banks signed commitment letters to join the NZBA. Membership must publish a report that sets greenhouse gas emission (GHG) targets for 2030 and 2050. Targets will include their clients' scope 1, scope 2 and scope 3 emissions for certain carbon-intensive sectors. Disclosure is expected to increase between each review period, which occurs every five years. Members will publicly disclose their targets and report progress annually, including an overview of the categories of actions expected to be undertaken to meet the targets and approximate timelines. The related guidelines operate on a comply-or-explain model whereby banks will justify any decision to exclude information about portfolio emissions. These reports will identify progress and areas of improvement for each member.
Part II: What to watch
Below outlines the developments in Canada's financial services sector to follow in the interim. Policymakers, central banks and securities regulators are changing the regulatory landscape from the top-down, while the growth of new financial instruments are reshaping economic incentivizes from the bottom-up.
At COP26, the Federal Government reaffirmed existing obligations, such as continuing to lead the Climate Finance Delivery Plan, and delivered new pledges, such as ending new direct public support for the international unabated fossil fuel sector before 2023. Despite these pledges and others at COP26, parties of the UNFCCC are not expected to achieve their 1.5 Paris target.3 Now, Canada is expected to deliver, two years early, new nationally determined contributions in advance of COP27 in Egypt.
The Bank of Canada announced on Finance Day that climate risk assessments and the corresponding vulnerabilities would feature in future Monetary Policy Reports and annual Financial System Reviews. The Financial Stability Oversight Council (FSOC) made similar recommendations to its members to enhance public communication of climate-related efforts, including within annual reports and any relevant risk reports. FSOC will also form two new bodies: the Climate-related Financial Risk Committee and the Climate-related Financial Risk Advisory Committee, which will advise the former. New insights should help Canadian banks with their own transition plans.
In addition, the Bank of Canada announced that it will align its climate risk disclosure with the recommendations of the Task Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosures. Meanwhile, the Canadian Securities Administrators is seeking comments to the Proposed National Instrument 51-107 until January 17, 2022.4 See BLG's bulletin of the essentials.
Banks that have signed up to the NZBA will release 2030 and 2050 targets within 18 months of joining. GFANZ wants commercial banks to realign their existing portfolios. Sustainability linked loans (SLLs) are becoming more common in the Canadian debt markets. Canadian banks and their clients are tying pricing to a wide range of climate-focused goals, such as GHG, in alignment with the Science-Based Target initiative, reduction in fresh water usage, green revenues and metrics linked to various Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) indices. We expect this trend to continue as regulators switch from voluntary policies to mandatory requirements, particularly in the resource sectors.
Financial architecture in the future will align regulatory frameworks with climate reduction efforts. The Sustainable Finance Action Plan, formed from the Expert Panel on Sustainable Finance, is collaborating with Canada's Net-Zero Advisory Board to develop best practices throughout the financial sector. On November 1, 2021, the Minister of Environment and Climate Change and the Minister of Natural Resources sought advice from the Net-Zero Advisory Body with respect to cutting emissions in the oil and gas sector. The advice will inform the Emissions Reduction Plan that the Federal Government plans to table in Parliament over the coming months.
GFANZ is calling on G20 countries to align debt issuances with sustainability goals. Canada is the process of issuing its first sovereign green bond, and if the United Kingdom's recent issuance is any comparison, expect the inaugural bond to be oversubscribed.
BLG will continue to monitor transitions within the financial sector. If you have any questions about regulatory and market developments as opportunities and risks in climate finance continue to grow, please reach out to any of the authors or key contacts below.
1 Article V, para 42, Glasgow Climate Pact.
2 UN Climate Change Conference UK 2021, Net Zero Financing Road Maps (November 2021).
3 Climate Action Tracker, Press Release (November 9, 2021).
4 Canadian Securities Administrators, CSA Staff Notice 51-358, Reporting of Climate Change-related Risk (August 1, 2019).
Par : Kevin J. Lambie
Services : Changements climatiques, Services bancaires et financiers, Services financiers
Kevin J. Lambie
Voir la biographie
Kevin Lambie
Tiffany Murray
Autochtones et énergie
Kristyn Annis
Avocate-conseil
Jonathan Cocker
Différends en matière d'environnement
John A.D. Vellone
John Vellone
Énergie – Réglementation de l'électricité
Infrastructures publiques