text:
Open access peer-reviewed chapter
Zeolites-Mixed-Matrix Nanofiltration Membranes for the Next Generation of Water Purification
By Mahboobeh Maghami and Amira Abdelrasoul
Submitted: October 6th 2017Reviewed: February 8th 2018Published: July 11th 2018
DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.75083
Home > Books > Nanofiltration
Downloaded: 250
Designing high performance and antifouling membranes are in a great need to remove water contaminations and to regulate the quality of drinking water. Mixed-matrix membranes (MMMs) could offer a solution to the permeability and selectivity trade-off in nanofiltration (NF) membranes. MMM could offer the physicochemical stability of a ceramic material while ensuring the desired morphology with higher nanofiltration permeability, selectivity, hydrophilicity, fouling resistance, as well as greater thermal, mechanical, and chemical strength over a wider temperature and pH range. Zeolites are fascinating and versatile materials, vital for a wide range of industries due to their unique structure, greater mechanical strength, and chemical properties. This chapter focused on zeolite-MMM for nanofiltration. Several key rules in the synthesis procedures have been comprehensively discussed for the optimum interfacial morphology between the zeolites and polymers. Furthermore, the influence of the zeolite filler incorporation has been discussed and explored for water purification. This chapter provided a broad overview of the MMM's challenges and future improvement investigative directions.
mixed-matrix membrane
hydrophilicity
interfacial
chapter and author info
Mahboobeh Maghami
Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
Amira Abdelrasoul*
*Address all correspondence to: amira.abdelrasoul@usask.ca
From the Edited Volume
NanofiltrationEdited by Muhammad Akhyar Farrukh
Nanofiltration
Edited by Muhammad Akhyar Farrukh
Show +
Both polymeric and ceramic membranes have been the center of interest for their tremendous contribution in the water treatment industry. Despite their advantages, these synthetic membranes have limitations in terms of operation and strength. Over the years, researchers have been attempting to combine the effective features of both, polymeric and ceramic, materials in one new material called mixed-matrix membrane (MMM) or hybrid membrane. The sole purpose of developing new materials has been to associate the advantageous characteristics of the two types of membranes boosting the overall process efficacy. Conventionally, objectives such as enhancements in permeability or selectivity, reduction in fouling, and removal of specific contaminants have been attained either by combining two or more processes or by developing an integrated filtration process. Nevertheless, material advancement in membrane technology and nanotechnology has made it possible to fine-tune the process efficiency and has successfully paved the path for the synthesis of MMMs for different applications. Aside from the water purification applications, the advent of MMMs has revolutionized other areas also where separation or purification is of big import. Some of these potential applications reported in literature include water purification, medical industry, catalytic, and gas separation. Nevertheless, MMMs have not even crossed the laboratory-scale barrier because the MMM technology is nevertheless in a developmental phase and only a few lab-scale developments have been described thus far.
2. Types of MMMs
MMMs can be defined as incorporating of dispersed nanomaterials such as zeolite, carbon molecular sieve, and carbon nanotubes incorporated in a continuous polymer phase. Figure 1 presented a schematic of an ideal MMM structure including the dispersed phase and the polymer matrix [1].
Schematic diagram of an ideal MMM structure [1].
MMM could offer the physicochemical stability of a ceramic material with promising the desired morphology with higher permeability; selectivity; higher hydrophilicity; high fouling resistance; high thermal, mechanical, and chemical strength over a wider temperature; and pH range [2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]. These types of MMMs are named as inorganic filler-based MMMs, organic filler-based MMMs, biofiller-based MMMs, and hybrid filler-based MMMs, depending on the type of the dispersed fillers in the polymer matrix, as presented in Figure 1 [1]. This chapter will focus on inorganic filler-based MMM, especially zeolite-MMM.
2.1. Inorganic filler-based MMMs
The field of inorganic filler-based membrane is a promising type of membranes, which has been explored extensively over the recent years. In the polymeric matrix, the inorganic fillers attach themselves to support materials by covalent bonds, van der Waals forces, or hydrogen bonds. These inorganic fillers are prepared through processes such as solgel, inert gas condensation, pulsed laser ablation, spark discharge generation, ion sputtering, spray pyrolysis, photothermal synthesis, thermal plasma synthesis, flame synthesis, low-temperature reactive synthesis, flame spray pyrolysis, mechanical alloying/milling, mechanochemical synthesis, and electrodeposition. Currently, different types of inorganic fillers have been added to the polymeric phases. Some of these fillers are zeolite [8], silica [9], TiO2 [10], carbon nanotubes [11], and silver [12]. There are two methods to incorporate inorganic fillers into membrane structure by blending with the solution or by attaching the fillers to the surface through different techniques [4]. Inorganic-based filler MMMs have been employed in water industry for the adsorptive removal of pollutants, disinfection and/or microbial control, catalytic degradation, and desalination [13]. They also have potentials to provide both high superior selectivity and the desirable mechanical and economical properties. Researchers believe that a suitable combination of polymers and inorganic fillers should offer superior permeability and selectivity compared to simple materials. In this review, zeolite-MMM will be comprehensively studied, as a promising membrane for several applications.
2.1.1. Zeolites-MMMs
Zeolites are microporous crystalline aluminosilicate materials with uniform pore and channel size; thus, they are used in various fields such as catalysts in the petrochemical industry, ion exchangers, and absorbents for softening and purification of water [14, 15, 16]. Incorporation of zeolites into a polymer matrix has attracted great attention in membrane technology, due to several excellent advantages such as permeability improvement of the selective component, in addition to the enhancement of the thermal stability, the mechanical strength of a polymeric membrane [17], thermal resistance and chemical stability [18, 19, 20]. On the other hand, zeolites are expensive. Limitation in both polymeric and zeolite offers the need to synthesize the novel polymer-zeolite-MMM. The interaction of zeolites in the membrane matrix and its shape-selective catalytic properties could improve permeability and selectivity separations [21]. There have been numerous attempts to incorporate zeolite particles in polymer matrices for gas separation due to its superior separation and size exclusion and in water purification applications [22, 23].
Rezakazemi et al. [24] studied the gas transport properties of zeolite-reinforced polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) MMM. The filler was dispersed homogenously in the matrix without any voids at the zeolite-polymer interface. It was confirmed that the homogenous incorporation of filler in the matrix resulted in higher permeability for the MMM compared with the polymeric membranes.
Ciobanu et al. [25] reported that zeolite-polyurethane membranes demonstrated improved properties. The good interaction between the polymer and the zeolite at the interface was confirmed, and the membrane swelling was reduced. Consequently, the water flux through membrane increased with increasing zeolite concentration.
Hoek et al. [26] studied the formation of mixed-matrix reverse osmosis membranes by the interfacial polymerization of thin-film nanocomposite polysulfone supports impregnated with zeolites. Figure 2 represents the cross-sectional image of zeolite nanocomposite reverse osmosis membrane, which is utilized for water purification through desalination process. It was found that increasing the zeolite nano-filler concentrations resulted in smoother, more hydrophilic, and more negatively charged MMM. As a consequence, the MMM membrane demonstrated high flux and a slight improvement in salt rejection compared to thin-film composite (TFC) membrane without zeolite nanoparticles due to changes of membrane morphology.
Schematic cross section of zeolite nanocomposite membrane (zeolite-MMM) [26].
3. Interfacial morphology of zeolites-MMMs
To obtain the optimum interfacial morphology between the zeolite and polymer, several key roles should be considered. The first one is to promote the adhesion between polymer matrix and molecular sieve phases by modifying the zeolite surface with silane coupling agents [27, 28, 29]. The second one is to introduce low molecular weight materials (LMWMs) to fill the voids between polymer and molecular sieve phases [30, 31]. The third one is to apply high processing temperatures close to glass transition temperature (Tg) of polymeric materials to maintain the polymer chain flexibility during the membrane formation [32]. The fourth one is to prime the surface of zeolites by polymer [33].
.The polymer matrix plays an important role for permeability, and the inorganic filler has a controlling factor for the selectivity of the separation process. As a result, interfacial compatibility between the two phases has a profound impact on the separation performance for such membranes. The addition of inorganic fillers has key impacts on the interfacial void formation, aggregation, pore blockage of the morphology, and the transport phenomenon. Consequently, the impregnation of zeolites has a significant influence on the overall performance of the newly developed MMMs. The formation of these interfacial voids is attributed to two main phenomena, the interaction between the polymer phase and the filler and the stress exerted during preparation [1, 32]. The presence of interfacial voids creates additional channels that allow for the solvent to pass through the membrane [34]. However, mechanical strength and rejection rate are also concerned by the channel density [35].
Figure 3 represents various structures at the polymer-zeolite interface region, and S represents the sieve in the polymer [36]. Figure 3A demonstrates a homogenous blend of polymer and sieve, indicating an ideal interphase morphology. Figure 3B shows polymer chain rigidification due to the shrinkage stresses generated during solvent removal. Figure 3C confirmed poor compatibility between zeolite and polymer matrix morphologies, due to the formation of voids at the interfacial region. Figure 3D indicates sealing surface pores of zeolites by the rigidified polymer chains. Overall, the interaction between polymer and zeolite is related to chemical nature of the polymer and sieve surfaces, and the stress encountered during material preparation, which are critical factors to form the interphase.
Illustration of various structures at the polymer-zeolite interface region [36]. (A) Homogenous blend of polymer and sieve (B) Rigidified polymer layer around the sieve. (C) Interfacial void around the sieve. (D) Sieve partial pore blockage.
These features are a challenge and should be controlled or avoided for the synthesis of the targeted zeolite-MMM for several applications. The formation of relatively nonselective defects at the interface between the zeolite particles and the polymer medium will result in MMMs, which fail to demonstrate their performance [37]. Therefore, despite the good properties of the polymer-zeolite-MMMs, they still face some challenges to overcome.
4. Interfacial modification of zeolite-MMMs
Several strategies have been offered to improve the polymer-zeolite interaction and, hence, to avoid nonselective voids. These methods are included in incorporation of a plasticizer into the polymer solution that can decrease the polymer glass transition temperature (Tg) [32]. Consequently, polymer chain flexibility maintains during membrane preparation either by annealing the membranes above glass transition temperature of polymer [38, 39], or external surface of zeolites can be modified by coupling agents. The surface-initiated polymerization is the most frequent technique to improve the polymer-filler adhesion in polymer-zeolite-MMMs [40]. Furthermore, adding the low molecular weight additives (LMWAs) to the membrane formulation can act as a compatibilizer or the third component to prepare glassy polymer/LMWA blend membranes [31, 41]. Priming method can be also used to reduce the stress at the polymer-particle interface and to minimize agglomeration of the particles. Consequently, the interfacial interaction between the two components will be improved through coating the surface of the filler particles with a dilute polymer dope [31]; and eventually, minimizing of zeolite-solvent/zeolite-nonsolvent interaction, especially asymmetric MMM [42]. Therefore, the obtained hydrophobic surface can suppress the zeolite particles from acting as nucleating agents. As a result, it will minimize the voids induced by the unfavorable interaction between polymer and zeolite particles.
4.1. Interfacial modification with silane agents
Silane coupling agents were commonly proposed to modify the zeolite surface in order to improve compatibility of the inorganic filler with the polymeric matrix [43, 44]. It is known from literatures related to the silanation of zeolites that silane coupling agents have two types of reactive groups: the first type is the hydroxyl groups of zeolites, which could make hydrogen bonds with the amino silane agent [43], and the second one is the organo-functional group, such as amino and epoxy, which could be used to bond polymer chains to the zeolite. Therefore, improving adhesion between the zeolite and the bulk polymer phases in the membrane was achieved [45]. Figure 4 shows a schematic silanation of zeolite surface with 3-aminopropyldimethylethoxysilane (APDMES) coupling agent [45].
Schematic of the envisioned coupling reaction [45].
Junaidi et al. [46] indicated that the glass transition temperature of MMMs is influenced by silane modification. In other words, the Tg of the zeolite-MMMs increased with the increasing of silane concentration on the surface of the zeolite particles. As a result, the silane modification of zeolite affects the mechanical properties of continuous phase due to the formation of the hydrogen bonding between the zeolite particles and polymer matrix and the movement reduction of the polymer chains [47, 41].
Pechar et al. [48] investigate the effects of silane grafting on the separation performance of MMM for permeation. The 3-aminopropyl trimethoxy silane (APMS) was added to modify SAPO-34 zeolite before the impregnation into the asymmetric polysulfone (PSf) MMMs through dry-wet phase inversion method. Both PSf and modified SAPO-34 membranes showed great enhancement in terms of selectivity and permeability compared to the original PSf membrane. The increment of CO2 selectivity and permeability was correlated to the diminishing of the interfacial voids, when SAPO-34 zeolite was modified using APMS in ethanol.
Sen et al. [49] studied the use of 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane (APTMS) influence to modify ZSM-2 zeolite to synthesize polyimide MMMs. Although micrographs showed the absence of voids, however, the modified ZSM-2-MMM performance for CO2 selectivity and permeability was dropped relatively, similarly, to the performance of pure polymeric membrane, due to the pore blockage of the ZSM-2 zeolite [50].
In order to overcome this problem, other researchers such as Li et al. [28] modified zeolite 3A, 4A, and 5A using 3-aminopropylmethyldiethoxy silane (APMDES) in toluene solvent. Hence, rigidification of polymer chain and partial pore blockage reduced through this modification process. As a result, they showed high improvement for both of the selectivity and permeability of CO2 than those MMMs containing zeolite without the modification and without major blockage the zeolite pores. Therefore, in some cases, surface modification by the silane coupling agents was recommended to enhance interfacial adhesion but hardly improved permselectivity.
4.2. Addition of low molecular weight materials (LMWMs)
Adding low molecular weight additives (LMWAs) to the membrane formulation acts as a compatibilizer or the third component to improve the compatibility between zeolite and polymer matrices. The low molecular weight materials induce a hydrogen bond with hydroxyl and carbonyl moiety. In addition, the formation of hydrogen bond confirms its solubility in the solvent used to make the polymer dope solution. It should be noted that LMWMs should be solid at room temperature, in order to prevent their evaporation during membrane fabrication, consequently losing their ability of forming interfacial voids [31]. Once hydrogen bonds are formed between polymer chains and LMWMs, the free volume of polymers decreases, which results in a decrease in their permeability, whereas increase in their permselectivity.
kulprathipanja et al. [51] reported mixed-matrix membranes for the use in gas separation by blending polycarbonates (PC) with an additive p-nitroaniline (pNA) and incorporating zeolite 4A particles as filler. The permeability of all gases was measured using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis through PC/(pNA)/zeolite 4A membranes, which were lower than those through pure PC membrane. The incorporation of pNA was essential, since pNA acts as a facilitator for provision of better interaction between rigid, glassy polymer PC, and zeolite 4A particles. Therefore, the incorporation of a molecular weight additive with functional groups into zeolite-MMMs can be used as a tool to improve the structure and performance properties of the membranes.
One of examples of LMWMs is 2,4,6-triaminopyrimidine (TAP) containing three primary amine groups, which are able to form hydrogen bonds with both hydroxyl and carbonyl groups [31]. Furthermore, it had been reported that the carbonyl groups of polyimides (PI) could interact with amine groups of urethanes through the hydrogen bond formation.
Park et al. [31] used TAP to obtain the interfacial void-free PI membranes filled with zeolites. TAP enhanced the contact of zeolite particles with polyimide chains presumably by forming the hydrogen bonding. As a consequence, the void-free PI/zeolite 13X/TAP membrane showed the higher gas permeability for He, N2, O2, CO2, and CH4 with little expense of selectivity compared to the PI/TAP membrane having the same PI/TAP ratio, while the PI/zeolite 4A/TAP membrane showed lower permeability but higher permselectivity. The difference between both membranes was influenced by the pore size of zeolites. In addition, the molecular sieving effect of zeolites seemed to take place when the kinetic diameter of penetrants approached the pore size of zeolites.
4.3. Annealing
One of the largest challenges in designing zeolite-MMMs is poor contact between polymer and zeolite defects. Many efforts made to overcome to this problem associated with the zeolite-MMMs through the annealing of zeolite-MMMs above the glass transition temperature (Tg) [32]. In other words, Tg is considered as a qualitative estimation to compare the polymer chain rigidity of mixed-matrix membranes at different zeolite types with simple polymer membrane, and it also leads to a better contact between zeolite and polymer chains [52]. Annealing process at temperature above the Tg results into the formation of stronger bond between polymer matrix and zeolite. Despite advantages of annealing in relaxing the stress imposed to the hollow fiber membrane, it results in higher packing density of polymer chains. Therefore, there are drawbacks associated with annealing. In addition, it did not lead to significant improvement in the morphology of the membranes. Annealing at high Tg formed sieve-in-a-cage morphology, which will be difficult to create a good contact between the polymer and the sieve [32]. In order to overcome to this disadvantage of annealing, incorporation of a plasticizer into the polymer solution can decrease the polymer Tg and thus maintain polymer chain mobility and flexibility during membrane fabrication [53]. Therefore, to develop membrane fabrication technology, a quench method after annealing membranes above Tg can be effective in gas separation process by forming frozen polymer chains quickly [54]. Therefore, it will have a higher free volume in the polymer matrix and subsequently higher permeability without the loss of selectivity.
4.4. Priming method
The dilute polymers are the same as the bulk polymers used for the preparation of MMMs. Coating the surface of the filler particles with a dilute polymer dope is known as the priming method [55]. The agglomeration is considered responsible for the defects between the polymer matrix and zeolite particle phases [56]. Since more agglomeration occurs in the polymer matrix when smaller particles are used, especially at high particle loadings, therefore, large zeolite particles are used to form practical mixed-matrix membranes. Therefore, zeolite particles were primed by increasing the amount of polymer. It should be considered that polymer effectively coats the zeolite particles before adding remaining bulk polymer and mixing with the priming polymer [57]. The purpose of priming is to reduce stress at the polymer-particle interface, to increase the compatibility between zeolite and polymer in MMMs, and to minimize agglomeration of zeolite particles [58, 59].
5. Zeolite nanofiltration MMM for water purification
Water treatment is increasingly important to remove water pollutants and solve water problems. Drinking water may compose of hazardous substances such as toxins and endocrine disrupting compound. Therefore, it would be urgent to invent more sustainable and reliable treatment process to remove water contaminations and to regulate the quality of drinking water. Development of cost-effective membranes is in a great need to effectively replace the conventional water treatment technologies to produce water that meet or exceed stringent standards. Nanofiltration (NF) membranes with pore size of 0.001 μm are among the potential alternatives which can filter wastewater from low organic content up to high organic content.
Recent studies have demonstrated that the zeolite-MMMs were applied to design nanofiltration membranes to enhance permeability, selectivity, stability, surface area, or catalytic activity in water purification and separation processes [60, 61]. Nevertheless, there are only few studies performed on zeolite-MMMs for water treatment; it is determined that the size of zeolite was designed to match the expected polyimide active film thickness, thereby providing a preferential flow path through the nanochannels of zeolites [62, 63]. Thin-film nanocomposite (TFN) membranes have been used by incorporating zeolite particles into the PA rejection layer. It has shown that the incorporation of zeolite in a PA layer could improve its water permeability without significant loss of salt rejection under high pressure during water purification process [64]. The main reason for that is nanochannels of zeolites with great sub-nanometer pores in zeolite nanoparticles that behave as preferential flow channels for water molecules. The zeolite-PA-based TFN membranes are considered as superior separation performance for RO applications due to their enhanced water permeability of active layer [65].
Nanofiltration (NF) is widely used in many treatment processes, such as water softening, seawater and brackish water desalination, and removal of micro-pollutants such as sewage treatment and wastewater [66, 67].
Natural zeolite is considered as a suitable and desired material in the fabrication of NF membrane due to its strength against inflation in water. Furthermore, it can readily form a suspension to coat the membrane as a support [68]. In another research by Damayanti and coworkers, zeolite-based nanofiltration membranes demonstrated an excellent performance and high efficiency for removal of micro-pollutants for laundry wastewater treatment [69]. Membrane performance is measured based on the flux and rejection values. They studied the superior ability of zeolite nanofiltration to treat laundry wastewater as determined by turbidity measurements and phosphate removal as the two significant parameters. More importantly, another advantage of zeolite-based nano-membranes is that such membranes show an enhanced hydrophilicity when zeolites are used since they are hydrophilic in nature, which in turn contributes to enhanced removal of pollutants from wastewater.
In addition, the zeolite nanofiltration membranes showed improved separation performance and antifouling properties. In addition, a number of nanomaterials can be applied as potential water transport channels and modify the structure and surface properties of the membrane thin-film layers [70, 71].
In a systematic study by Zhang et al., it was shown that when silicalite-1 nanozeolites incorporated into polyamide (PA) thin-film composite membranes, they observed a higher membrane permeability as well as enhanced acid and multivalent cation resistance compared to NaA nanozeolite-incorporated membranes, as presented in Figure 5 [70]. The effect of the silicalite-1 nanocrystals on the membrane properties was investigated. Contact angle measurements indicated that the silicate-1-PA (S-PA) membrane exhibited a more hydrophilic surface than the PA membrane by itself, in comparison with the PA and NaA-PA (A-PA) membranes. S-PA membranes evaluated by cross flow reverse osmosis tests showed greatly enhanced water permeability and improved acid stability. All of these results confirm that silicalite-1zeolites are superior compared to NaA zeolites in fabrication of thin-film nanocomposite membranes.
Schematic illustration of acid and multivalent ion resistance in thin-film nanocomposite membranes incorporated with NaA and silicate-1 zeolites [70].
Furthermore, Yurekli showed filtration and adsorption processes by impregnation of zeolite nanoparticles in polysulfone (PSf) membranes for the removal of nickel and lead cations from synthetically prepared solutions [71]. The results also revealed that the sorption capacity and the water hydraulic permeability of the membranes could both be improved by simply tuning the membrane fabricating conditions. The coupling process suggested that the membrane architecture could be efficiently used for treating metal solutions with low concentrations and transmembrane pressures.
6. Future development
Recently, novel zeolite-MMMs have attracted great attention in membrane technology, due to the excellent advantages such as improvement in the permeability, selectivity, thermal stability, and mechanical strength of a polymeric membrane. However, the comprehensive understanding of organic-inorganic interfaces is in a great need. Zeolite-MMM performance suffers from defects caused by poor contact at the molecular sieve/polymer interface, the complexity of the synthesis process, high cost, identification of compatible inorganic particles, agglomeration, inorganic particle concentration, phase separation, control of morphology, and structural defects. Moreover, some zeolite-MMMs for water purification application are considered potential hazards to humans and the environment, which also needs more study to determine the hazardous character of these nanoparticles and mechanism of nanoparticles embedded membrane fouling in industrial water purification in the future.
One of most difficulties associated with membrane technology is fouling for a long time. Although several strategies such as incorporation of antifouling nanoparticles and surface modification have been used to overcome this problem, intensive investigations are needed to stop regeneration of microbial colonies on membrane surface and to reduce the leaching of filler. The next-generation MMM should be developed with producing nano-size fillers without aggregation to improve their separation properties for membrane industry especially MMMs. There are several reasons to produce nano-size fillers, especially zeolite fillers such as more polymer-particle interfacial area and enhanced polymer-filler interface contact by smaller particles. The potential of incorporating fillers such as zeolite particles has not been attained up to the expectation of zeolite-MMM performance, due to the smaller sizes, homogeneous distribution, agglomeration, price, availability, compatibility with polymer interface, their relation with water chemistry, better interfacial contact, and stability.
Despite many novel MMMs, fillers are being investigated, so far but their performances are restricted due to limited synthesis processes. Previously, the process fails to demonstrate their performance due to formation of relatively nonselective defects at the interface between the zeolite particles and the polymer medium on laboratory scale. Therefore, other major issues related to MMM is the interface defects that can lead to isolating zeolite fillers from the transport processes. Therefore, new techniques to achieve a perfect interface between inorganic fillers and polymers in membranes without compromising performance and scaling up these novel membranes under industrially relevant conditions are greatly needed.
In addition, many of these novel MMMs reported so far have been only tested on a laboratory scale and need further research to be used commercially in the industry. It is required to produce novel materials that can have high selectivity as well as nano-size fillers with incredibly small sizes. There are limitations on developing novel materials due to high prices or expensive synthesis processes. The molecular dynamic (MD) simulations of mixed-matrix materials could be an effective approach to predict diffusive performance of MMM, especially zeolite-MMMs, and to provide experimental guidelines for tuning the membrane permeability at the molecular level without high costs. Although there are many developed models for predicting the membrane performance, however, these models could not include the influence of inserting zeolite on membrane performance. Therefore, MD will be essential and effective to predict the morphology and intrinsic properties of these fillers and its interaction of the polymeric matrix.
Last but not least, factor is changing, and membrane morphology could change properties of membranes and subsequently will influence the membrane performance. Therefore, improving membrane performance in real conditions such as high temperature and high pressure and incorporating a plasticizer into the polymer solution would be possible and essential in order to provide better thermally and chemically zeolite-MMMs at different operating conditions.
Although development success of the synthesis and the application of MMMs impregnated with zeolites for water purification, however, the mechanisms behind these phenomena require intensive investigations for more advanced MMM technology.
Mixed-matrix membranes with zeolite fillers have attracted a lot of attention in membrane technology research due to its excellent advantages, such as high permeability and improved selectivity. Zeolite-MMMs could be considered an ideal candidate for purification industry since it combines the properties of polymeric matric and zeolite inorganic fillers. Application and fabrication techniques of zeolite-reinforced polymeric membranes have been comprehensively reviewed in this chapter with the aim of optimizing interfacial interaction between the zeolite and the polymeric matrices. Compatibility between zeolite and polymer matrices can be improved with a number of methods, such as by applying high processing temperature during membrane formation, the silane modification and priming on the particle's surface, annealing that can relax the stress imposed to hollow fiber and result in higher packing density of polymer chains, and the introduction of a LMWA agent between the polymer matrix and inorganic particles.
There have been numerous attempts to incorporate zeolite particles in polymer matrices in water purification applications. The silicalite-1 zeolites are superior compared to NaA zeolites in fabrication of thin-film nanocomposite nanofiltration membranes. However, despite its advantages there are still issues and difficulties associated with zeolite-MMMs that have restricted their wider applications. Therefore, the advancements in the application and fabrication of zeolite-MMM need further intensive investigations. Future research should be conducted with the aim of developing new techniques that provide better understanding of zeolite incorporation into polymer structures. New materials should also be considered as a way of reducing the fouling concerns. Additional study is necessary for an improved understanding of the basic transport mechanism occurring through the MMMs. The next-generation MMMs must be developed with nano-size fillers and without aggregation so as to improve their separation properties severely needed in the membrane industry. Some results indicate that the nano-size zeolite particles incorporated in MMMs offer better performance in comparison with micro-size particles. New additives and modification agents should be produced to improve adhesion between polymer and inorganic fillers. In conclusion, despite of all the identified problems, MMM technology with zeolites could be considered a strong candidate for modern purification industry due to the remarkable properties of polymeric and inorganic zeolite materials.
The authors would like to acknowledge the Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering at the University of Saskatchewan for the support provided.
ShareDownload
1.Introduction
2.Types of MMMs
3.Interfacial morphology of zeolites-MMMs
4.Interfacial modification of zeolite-MMMs
5.Zeolite nanofiltration MMM for water purification
6.Future development
chapter PDF
Citations in RIS format
Citations in bibtex format
Email chapter link
Share on my website
Read in ReadCube
Share on TwitterShare on FacebookShare on LinkedIn
Print chapter
© 2018 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
How to cite and reference
Link to this chapter Copy to clipboard
Cite this chapter Copy to clipboard
Mahboobeh Maghami and Amira Abdelrasoul (July 11th 2018). Zeolites-Mixed-Matrix Nanofiltration Membranes for the Next Generation of Water Purification, Nanofiltration, Muhammad Akhyar Farrukh, IntechOpen, DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.75083. Available from:
Over 21,000 IntechOpen readers like this topic
Help us write another book on this subject and reach those readers
Suggest a book topicBooks open for submissions
chapter statistics
250total chapter downloads
1Crossref citations
More statistics for editors and authors
Login to your personal dashboard for more detailed statistics on your publications.
Access personal reporting
This Book
The Use and Performance of Nanofiltration Membranes for Agro-Industrial Effluents Purification
By Antónia Teresa Zorro Nobre Macedo, Javier Miguel Ochando Pulido, Rita Fragoso and Elizabeth da Costa Neves Fernandes D ́Almeida Duarte
Advanced Aspects of SpectroscopyEdited by Muhammad Akhyar Farrukh
Advanced Aspects of Spectroscopy
Electronic (Absorption) Spectra of 3d Transition Metal Complexes
By S. Lakshmi Reddy, Tamio Endo and G. Siva Reddy
We are IntechOpen, the world's leading publisher of Open Access books. Built by scientists, for scientists. Our readership spans scientists, professors, researchers, librarians, and students, as well as business professionals. We share our knowledge and peer-reveiwed research papers with libraries, scientific and engineering societies, and also work with corporate R&D departments and government entities.


The SLO Chamber celebrates continued member, FCPP Family Health with a ribbon cutting ceremony.
First California Physician Partners – Central Coast is a nonprofit medical foundation committed to serve the health care needs of patients in San Luis Obispo County. First California Physician Partners believes a patient relationship is a partnership that spans a lifetime and that two-way communication is the key to good health. They strive to provide patient-centered healthcare and invite their patients and their families to be a part of the care team, as equal members in the decision-making and treatment process; according to the website.
For more information, visit fcppcentralcoast.com/. Or visit their San Luis Obispo office at 892 Aerovista Place, Suite 130.


Just to confirm.... no more new Phantom TA200 in the market?
Also, what is OTR for Daelim Daystar Classic or X5 now?
yes sir.. but daystar is seriously cannot make it... small engine capacity and such heavy frame and body.... How about getting a Ta200 and rebuit the entire bike and ride for the next 10years? Ta200 is seriously cheap to repair and rebuilt... 9year old ta200 cost around $800 - $1.2k right now only..
Thanks for the answer. I am keen on TA200 too instead of the Daystar due to its small engine. However, I am very newbie here. Don't want to mess around and just want to keep thing simple - just buy one that I can use straight away without worrying much. I am totally no clue how to repair and rebuilt, and may end up more costly (since I don't really know how much is right and what is right to be done), not to mention the time and trouble to get it done.
What is your view of newer TA200 like 4 years old?
Hi there, I just have my class 2B bike licensee . And does not have any plan to upgrade to class 2a nor class 2. Hence looking forward to get a good class 2b bike. I am interested in Yamaha R125 and Yamaha R15 (Version 2). Do you guys have any info of the price and place to get it?
R125 from Looi. Currently they have 2 WGP 50th Anniversary Ltd Ed models. I got it for 15k (all in).
Anyway, I would like to ask if anyone have any recent quote for CBR1K '11 or '13 edition?
Is it good to buy Aprilia R125 or RS4 125?
Any advice? I read up some where tht Aprilia has machine problem? True?
Hi, anyone know how much roughly for 2nd hand krr150 left with 6-8 yrs coe left???
L Plate dropped in 2008.
Price range between $800-$2000, maybe more... Depends on engine, paintwork and how much the buyer willing to pay.
you meant is that when buying for direct owner right, not from shop?
if from shop how much does it cost roughly? i recently asked they quote me 4k machine price.
How much youre selling at.
noted, already msg you .
How much is aprilia dorsoduro 750 2011 cost now?
May I ask what is the current average resale value price range for Honda Phantom TA200 for Year 2002/2003/2004/2005 models, not including COE???
Hello,can anyone enlighten on buying a new bikes? It been a while i buy a new bike,does the price of the bike you buying have anything to do with your age? I know insurance depend on your age but what about the bike? thank you and sorry if this is a dumb question.
i don't think age plays any part. Pocket does.
Trying to clock 50 posts DONE !
Attached is the price list of HL yamaha bikes obtained from their showroom for your reference.
Anyone knows the price of a BMW S1000RR first hand and second hand, BMW S1000RR HP4 first and second hand price and where to buy from, Suzuki gsxr1300 hayabusa gen 1 second hand price?
You didn't expect that price range?!? Hehe. Now you know why those riding BMWs are usually uncles. Ha!
Just gotten 2A license this morning after 3 attempts. Time to get a 2A bike. Was told that CB400 is a good bike, and easier to maintain. Just did some search for prices for both new and used, but really confused about the different models like S4 Spec N, Reno, X, etc... I am not very familiar and good at bike, I just want something simple/easier to maintain, nothing fancy. Also, the prices for used bike are not really that cheap even it is like 10 to 15 years or more. Will it be better to get a new one instead? This should be easier and less costly to maintain, and the insurance should be lower too, right?
Any advice will be most welcome.
Hi bro. If you are upgrading, i suppose go for Super4 Revo 09' onwards bike; more value if you trade in for a class2 bike. Else;Super4 Revo would be good enough. Its a good bike! Really good bike for the Class 2A category. Prices should be ranging from 10k onwards for Class2A Super4 Revo bikes. Hope that helps you. Cheers!
I find Honda phantom a good bike to start with.
Any idea how much it cost to get a new yamaha r125 2014? Any shop selling other than Looi's?
how to be a "small man to a "BIG MAN"???
usually if i need to buy anything i will come here to compare the price first, then i can compare with the market price. see whether it's above or below market price.
or if really dont have, use coupons lor. can save also maybe 10% since good bike usually quite expensive.
Hey everyone, Whether you are looking for Scoot, Klook or Uber promo codes, RateX will help you save where possible. It comes with some exciting features where it highlights the sites it is compatible with, activates cashback points and applies best promo codes on checkout.
I will recommend you to check it here.


text:
Books, Goosebumps Series 2000, Mummies,
Human villains (topic)
The Mummy Walks
One small step for mummy...
Tim Jacobus
Scream School
The Werewolf in the Living Room
The Mummy Walks is the sixteenth book in the Goosebumps Series 2000 book series. It was published in 1999.
The cover artwork shows Emperor Pukrah walking out of a cave.
Michael Clarke is at the John F. Kennedy International Airport in Long Island, New York. He notes about his surroundings, while his parents repeatedly tell him to "be careful". Michael boards the airplane to Orlando to visit his aunt, when he notes that he is the only passenger. He decides that nobody else has boarded yet, but soon the airplane takes off, him remaining the only passenger. He looks at a note that his parents had given him, and it says WE ARE NOT YOUR PARENTS.
Confused as to what is going on, a Middle-Eastern man emerges from the cockpit and begins calling him "excellency". He serves him gourmet meals as day turns to night, and a confused Michael falls asleep while the airplane flies over the Atlantic Ocean. Michael awakes to find the airplane flying over a desert, and it soon lands on a small airport in the small Middle-Eastern nation of Jekeziah. A crowd of people outside cheer and clap, and Michael is led into a military Jeep that carries him off to the capital city, Ramenn. The man driving the jeep reveals the man from the airplane to be Lieutenant Henry, and himself to be General Rameer. Rameer drives to the beautiful royal palace, with gold trimmed walls and fountains and hedges.
Rameer gives him a bountiful lunch and tells him that the people who raised him for the last twelve years were not his parents. In fact, they were people who his actual parents recruited to raise him in the safety of America, after they were killed in the Jekeziah Civil War. Jekeziah has been torn with war for the past few years and the resistance has finally been defeated. However, there are some left. His parents also planted a chip in his brain, revealing the location of an ancient mummy named Emperor Pukrah, a previous Jekeziah leader.
Rameer explains the dire importance of finding Pukrah. Not only is Pukrah an important historical relic, as it is the world's oldest mummified body, but within its wrappings is the Jekeziah Sapphire, which is so valuable that the entire country's treasury is based on it. Rameer informs him that his parents have had the mummy hidden and told nobody, so the resistance would have no chance of finding it. They hope to find the mummy with the help of Micheal's brain chip.
Rameer tells him to rest for a day, but he says that he must tell them the location by tomorrow, as they need to get the jewel and the mummy as soon as possible. Michael does not know the location of the mummy and is convinced that he is not the prince. He tries to call home, but his telephone cannot call to his home, rendering it useless. Michael finds a girl by the name of Megan in his room, who reveals herself as Rameer's adopted daughter. She tells him that Rameer is not who he seems, that he is evil and doesn't think Micheal is fit to rule Jekeziahh, and he will torture him if necessary to get the location of the mummy.
However, the soldiers are superstitious of the mummy and believe that Pukrah is cursed. They also believe that anyone who steals the mummy and is not royalty, will cause it to come to life and walk the world until the evil people who stole him are all destroyed. So they want Michael to show them where it is to avoid the curse.
Michael wants to avoid torture, so he attempts to flee. But he is caught and led to a room filled with maps of the small nation with multicolored pushpins and marker on them. General Rameer only laughs at his escape attempt, believing it was a stunt to make himself more brave. Rameer asks where Pukrah is, and Michael decides to tell the truth. He says that he cannot remember, and Rameer says that they will just perform surgery on his brain to extract the chip, potentially killing him. Michael is horrified at the thought and pretends for his memory to suddenly come back so he can send them on a wild goose chase to buy more time. He points to a random cave where they go the next day.
They encounter rebel soldiers, and a temporary gunfight is initiated, where Michael seizes the opportunity to escape. However, the gunfight is won before he can flee, and they go deeper into the cave. They find a wall of stones and excavate, finding the mummy. Pukrah comes to life and the soldiers flee. However, it is only Megan, who made a costume to help buy Michael more time. Michael attempts to flee, but he is captured by rebel soldiers who attempt to extract the chip via x-ray.
However, there is no chip. Michael decides that he is the wrong child and is relieved as he no longer has any obligations to fulfill. But the soldiers are infuriated and attempt to feed him to pythons. However, Megan, who escaped with him, tells the soldiers that by sending them both away, it will make General Rameer sick with worry as to her whereabouts, and will use the military to find her, allowing the rebels to take over the government in the denouement.
They are sent back to America, where Michael goes back to his "parents" and Megan lives with them. His "parents" tell Michael that he was the right child after all and that they decided to remove the chip, as they it would ruin his life. They then reveal to Megan and Michael that they had the mummy smuggled over to America instead, jewel and all. Pukrah is in their basement.
The next morning, Megan is gone. She left a note that reveals she was a double-agent for her father. The Clarkes go to the basement and find that the mummy and jewels are also gone. In their place is a single note that reads, "THE MUMMY WALKS AGAIN."
Italian (La Mummia E Tornata - The Mummy Is Back)
French ("Ne Réveillez Pas La Momie!" - Do Not Wake Up the Mummy!) (Ver. 1)
In France, this book is the 59th of the original Goosebumps series. Its title was translated into "Ne réveillez pas la momie !", which means "Do not wake up the mummy!" and its tagline was changed into "Elle marche !", which translates to "She walks!" ("mummy" being a female name in French).
Cover artwork by Tim Jacobus.
When R.L. Stine was at the Los Angeles International Airport, he saw two parents give their son an envelope before the child boarded a flight by himself. Stine envisioned a scenario where the boy opened the envelope only to find a note saying, "we are not your parents."[1] A scene just like that takes place in this book.
This is one of the few Goosebumps books to not feature supernatural elements throughout most of the plot.
This book references Disney World, Sea World, Coca-Cola, and Jeep.
Reference in other Goosebumps media
The book's manuscript appears on Stine's bookshelf in the Goosebumps film.
↑ RL Stine Interview. Goosebumps author talks about career. (3:33)
Goosebumps Series 2000 series
#01 Cry of the Cat #10 Headless Halloween #18 Horrors of the Black Ring
#02 Bride of the Living Dummy #11 Attack of the Graveyard Ghouls #19 Return to Ghost Camp
#03 Creature Teacher #12 Brain Juice #20 Be Afraid — Be Very Afraid!
#04 Invasion of the Body Squeezers: Part 1 #13 Return to HorrorLand #21 The Haunted Car
#05 Invasion of the Body Squeezers: Part 2 #14 Jekyll and Heidi #22 Full Moon Fever
#06 I Am Your Evil Twin #15 Scream School #23 Slappy's Nightmare
#07 Revenge R Us #16 The Mummy Walks #24 Earth Geeks Must Go!
#08 Fright Camp #17 The Werewolf in the Living Room #25 Ghost in the Mirror
#09 Are You Terrified Yet?
Retrieved from "https://goosebumps.fandom.com/wiki/The_Mummy_Walks?oldid=125812"

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


He posted one incredibly confident letter and passed the audition with one of the best bands around. Tim Tucker talks to Richard Oakes, the man behind the sound of Suede. When Bernard Butler, 'Best guitarist of his generation[TM]', walked out on Suede in May 1994, during the stormy sessions for their second album Dog Man Star, many saw it as the end of the road for a band which had been the great hope for British guitar music. Butler took with him half the songwriting responsibilities (his collaborations with singer Brett Anderson making up all the songs on both their albums to date) and, in the view of many, any hopes that Suede could carry on as a band.
By the time they had announced his replacement, the 17-year-old Richard Oakes, Suede had yielded their prime place in British music to Oasis and a tide of new indie guitar bands united by an attitude loosely labelled Britpop. With half their principal songwriting team gone, it looked as if they would be consigned to the footnote of history. Two years on, and Richard Oakes has turned the whole thing around.
At first seen as little more than a stand-in for Butler, he's since proved himself a young, exciting and versatile musician and transcended any comparisons with the former occupant of the Suede guitar spot. More importantly for Suede, he has proved a more than adequate songwriting partner for Brett Anderson, playing a major part in fashioning the Suede 'comeback' album, Coming Up, one of the best releases of last year.
Richard shows none of the naivety that you might expect from a young pop (up)star(t). It is still only recently that he walked out of a bedroom-guitar existence in his home town of Poole in Dorset and waltzed straight into one of the biggest British guitar bands of the nineties, yet he exudes an impressively calm confidence, bordering on the cocky, but falling short of full blown arrogance due to a knowingness and affability that belies his tender years and limited experience.
Many have wondered how it has come to pass that a lad of a mere 17 years (at the time he joined) was possessed of enough self belief and ability to not only sit comfortably and hold his own in the number one album-selling Suede but also provide them with a much-needed career boost. Richard's creative input has helped to propel the band forward stylistically, taking them on a sharp but welcome diversion, away from the increasingly self-indulgent moodiness that typified Dog Man Star, and towards the uncompromising optimism of Coming Up.
The story of how Richard joined Suede is a fascinating one. He didn't answer an advert for the job. He doesn't answer adverts. He saw a news item in the music press, informing the world that a crucial member of Suede had left the band. He'd seen the band live, once, the first gig he'd ever attended. "They played at my home town, and it was an alright gig, but I wasn't totally impressed", he recalls. "The whole point was that I knew I could add to them. It wasn't that I was so in awe of the band that I was desperate to join them, or that this was my opportunity to meet the stars."
So Richard sent a tape and a letter to Suede putting forward his case. "The tape demonstrated me playing some of their old songs as well as some of my stuff, with a letter saying 'I know I can do you good, I'll be a real plus for you'. And that was what they liked. I wasn't saying 'Please let me play for Suede', I was saying 'Take me or leave me'."
And this was just a tape produced at home?
"It was on my four-track. I had a little Yamaha keyboard, which had three set drum rhythms on it. I ended up using that for my backing, then I added bass and guitar and, if anything else was needed, I'd do that too. I used to write a lot of my own stuff like that, in different parts and things." The tape certainly impressed the band  drummer Simon Gilbert walked in on Brett Anderson while he was listening to it, and assumed it was an early Suede demo that he'd forgotten. The result was an invitation to audition. Despite there being five other applicants, Richard knew he had the job immediately. "We played a couple of songs, and there was just a look in everyone's eye.
There was a telepathy, you know, like you can get with a band, and it was like  this is happening. Their faces said to me 'You've got the job', but their mouths said 'Come back next week' (laughs). I was feeling really cocky about it. I went home and told my cat. My family had gone on holiday, and I only had my cat to talk to, so I told him I'd got the job. I just knew I'd got it." He had a second audition, and was invited to join the band. Three weeks later he played his first gig with Suede.
"The only experience I'd had of playing live was with a Dixieland jazz band, playing lots of diminished chords, black bow tie, the works. I hated the solos, it was all pentatonic things. Then the next thing I knew I was in France playing to a load of mad Suede fans who were all holding balloons up saying 'Welcome Richard'."
Richard's first job with Suede was to tour promoting the recently finished Dog Man Star album, duplicating predecessor Bernard Butler's guitar parts note for note on a distinctive cherry red Gibson 335, similar to the one Butler played. Despite having only recently joined, he soon tired of covering the earlier Suede material and wanted to get some of his own work in to the band's set. There were the inevitable comparisons to Butler to contend with, but despite the weight of Butler's reputation, Richard was never really that enamoured with his predecessor's style.
"I always thought my own style would fit in better with Suede," he reasons. "That was the whole point of me sending off a letter. I wouldn't have been bothered with any other band because I wasn't really interested if I didn't think I could do anything for them."
As is now evident from listening to the Coming Up album, Richard's style is more direct, less fussy than Butler's. What strikes most, though, is his instinct for a fine riff and his talent for creating guitar parts filled with blinding melodic invention, recalling Mick Ronson's work with Bowie in the Ziggy era. His lines are lean and bolshy, often inspiring, always appropriate, and they form fascinating counterpoints to Brett Anderson's lithe and tremulous vocal lines.
"It's interesting you should say that", says Richard, "'cos if you take something like Lazy, which Brett wrote most of the music for, it started off like this (plays straight chords to Lazy). He played it to me on an acoustic round at his house and, as soon as I heard that, in the same way that he starts thinking of a melody for the lyrics, I start thinking up a melody for the guitar. I find a tune that goes over the top. And I came up with this (plays the finished, ultra melodic, maddeningly grinding guitar part for Lazy). It works against the vocals, and gives it another level."
And do these lines and melodic ideas come about by playing with familiar scale patterns?
"No, I hear the part in my head first. It's not very often that you just twiddle and come up with something good. That's part of being a musician rather than just being a guitarist. You can sit down and think of these things, perhaps on another instrument. I play piano a bit, for instance. I'm an all round musician. I don't really think about guitar solos or going on for ten hours."
So we're not likely to see Richard Oakes solos all over Suede records in future?
"I've been going through a long phase of not liking solos. There's only about, how many solos on the record? One? (laughs). The one on Trash. It's a nice one but every time I write a solo, I immediately think I could make it better. It's like a kind of grey area. I'm much more into riffs and things. Like Filmstar. I love playing Filmstar live, 'cos it's just such a great grind. I probably will do more solos though. We've been doing a few B-sides recently and there are a few solos on some of them. It's just that the spirit of Coming Up wasn't a olo guitar album at all. It was never meant to be. It's a nice contrast with the last Suede record, Dog Man Star, which was very much a solo record; a solo vocal record, a solo guitar record. Coming Up is more of a band record."
Despite this direct, stripped-down approach, there is a layered feel to the guitar parts in particular that suggests studio overdubs were essential. "It's funny, because there aren't that many parts to it, it just sounds like a lot because the parts are well written. Everyone arranges the songs together in Suede, because we spent six months in a rehearsal room with them before we went in to record them and the arrangements were pretty much worked out during that time. It just comes naturally.
That's us clicking as a band. You don't have to sit down with a calculator and write it all out. Everyone just knows." Perhaps more remarkable than his talent on the guitar is Richard's aptitude for writing damn good songs and producing, in association with Brett Anderson, some of the band's best material to date, in the likes of Trash, The Beautiful Ones and the latest single Saturday Night. "That's what I said in the letter that I first sent them  I'll write for you. I'll write your next album, don't worry about it. I was very cocky, a bit too cocky really. But it worked."
It certainly did. While Dog Man Star was a sepia-tinged bedsit fantasy, cramped with overworked guitars, dour orchestral pomp and flamboyant vocal flourishes, Coming Up is as lean, focused, glamorous and positive as the new young guitar star who sits at its heart. Richard didn't just step in and take over where Butler left off, he saved the band from a potentially fatal downward spiral. Naturally, the band are ecstatic with their new prodigy.
"Richard's contribution to the record has been a revelation to me," says Brett Anderson. "There's a whole feeling that the band is united again now. We've managed to turn the situation round and write some of the best songs we've ever written."
Richard has undoubtedly achieved a lot since joining Suede in October 1994 but the story becomes even more remarkable when you realise that he had been playing for just over three years when he first auditioned for the band. A chance encounter with a guitar at home was what started the bug.
"My sister had an old Spanish guitar which was completely warped 'cos she used to leave it out in the sun," Richard remembers. "I worked out how to play the A chord. About three months afterwards, I got heavily into the Clash, and found out that most of their songs revolved around the A chord. I mean, White Riot has only got two chords and I could play them all (laughs)."
So did Richard teach himself, like so many others, by learning songs from favourite records?
"Not really. I had a couple of jazz guitar lessons a few years down the road. But all the stuff I do is pretty much self taught  which is probably why it sounds a bit naive at times."
While Richard claims not to have any guitar heroes ("I could say 'I like Mick Jones', but what I'm really saying is 'I like the Clash'"), he says that there are "certain guitarists I look up to in their own right". "People like Keith Levine, of Public Image," he continues. "His style I really like and I'm always very subtly ripping it off. I think it was inspired. He used to do loads of stuff like (plays guitar line with finger barring across top two strings). It's just two-string stuff and there's loads of it on the first Public Image album. It's really exciting and unusual  at times it doesn't sound like a guitar. But loads of people have copied him  like the Edge from U2. He's always doing lots of two-string stuff which sounds exactly like Keith Levine, it's just that people don't realise."
Meanwhile, Richard is fast developing a reputation as a guitar hero in his own right, following in the footsteps of the likes of Johnny Marr, and, of course, Bernard Butler.
"Yeah I know, it's a shame that, innit? People throw around phrases like 'The greatest guitarist of his generation'. I'm sure people have said that about Johnny Marr, people have said it about Bernard Butler, and one day people might say it about me but it doesn't mean anything. I don't feel part of that group of guitarists, 'cos they all end up going solo and getting boring. I don't want to go solo and get boring. I didn't like Johnny Marr. I don't like the Smiths. I was too young for them. I missed them. And to me, Bernard Butler was part of the band Suede. He was good in the band."
It's a testament to Richard's self assurance and confidence that he's offered the band more in the way of musical direction and new influence than they have provided him.
"Neil (Codling, Suede's keyboard player) has done the most for me musically. Since he's joined, I've found these Scott Walker records creeping into my collection. I'm like, how did they get there? It's his influence on me. I didn't really know much about David Bowie before I joined and all of the band like David Bowie. Even so, I'm not a massive Bowie fan. I've got my own tastes really. The stuff I like fits in most closely with the stuff Simon (Gilbert, Suede's drummer) likes, 'cos he's like a punk. He's got all these Crass records and stuff, and I like all that."
After his experience with a warped Spanish guitar and the A chord, Richard was soon looking for something a little more versatile. "I saved a bit of money, and I got a Korean Squier Telecaster. It was bad, I mean it wasn't a great guitar, but I've used it with Suede, and I'm keeping it lying around because I love the way it looks. You know, maple neck, white scratchplate and black body..."
Just like the one the Clash used."Oh yeah, totally. You know what it's like with any otherguitars you get faced with. The Gibson 335 was too kind of BB King for me, the Strat was too Mark Knopfler, the Les Paul was too heavy metal, whereas the Telecaster was, you know, a real working man's guitar."
This guitar carried Richard right up to the time of his joining Suede. "The first guitar I bought with Suede was a '60s reissue of a Les Paul, which I only bought because it was blood red, and I liked the colour. And then we got a Gibson 335 with a whammy bar attached, to go on the road and tour the songs from Dog Man Star. You can't go and play the songs from Dog Man Star without a 335. It was for the sound of it really. I hated the look of it because it looks exactly like the guitar that Bernard (Butler) used. I want to get rid of it now. And then we got a lovely blue 1994 USA Strat that everyone thought was a Clapton model.
It got nicked so we got a black one which everyone thought was even more like a Clapton model. Everyone says to me, 'Is that a Clapton signature series Strat?' and I'm like, 'aaagh!'." The instrument Richard chose to bring to the interview and photo session is a tarty looking, lipstick-red Fender Jaguar, which looks like it has a few stories to tell. "I got this about a year ago and it's really good. It looks good in pictures so I use it in all the videos. It's pre-CBS, 1964. It's really scratched up, I mean look at it. Someone's tried to screw something into it and not done a very good job. It sounds brilliant though. On the bridge pickup, with the ProCo Turbo RAT distortion pedal, through a Vox, you get some wonderful sounds. I used this on Saturday Night".
\Despite his own small collection, Richard went for an array of exclusive vintage guitars for the recording sessions of Coming Up.
"I got a lovely blonde Telecaster, I don't know where it's from. We hired it from Phil Harris Hire. And also a really old Gibson Les Paul Gold Top  I think it was a '50s model  which I used on things like Filmstar. With the Gold Top you can get a really good glammy T-Rex sound and you can also get a fantastic Pistols-y sound out of it. For Filmstar, that's all I needed  the Gold Top through the Ampulator, and that's it, you've got the sound."
Everyone tends to think of chart bands as stacked with cash, and there's no doubt that, if they carry on as they are, certain members of Suede will be earning a few bob over the next few years. But money takes time to circulate in the music industry and Richard still retains an earthy realism. He has a down-to-earth attitude to spending money on guitars and equipment  like the rest of us, he's always on the lookout for bargains.
"I just recently bought one, when we were in Henley. I was with Pete, the guy who works with Suede on guitars and, while we were soundchecking, he came back from this shop and said, 'Ooh I've found this lovely Telecaster'. I'm not going to say how much it was but it was cheap. It was a 1971 model, blonde, and I went down and played it and it was really, really nice. I couldn't believe it was so cheap. Obviously the people who owned the shop didn't have a clue. So I was like 'I'll buy it.' You've just got to keep your eyes open. Quite often people have things that they don't realise the value of. If I'd have bought that Tele in London it would have been quite a few grand. It's a very nice guitar. I had to get it set up of course. But it's not like you have to go to LA to one of those warehouses, not at all.
If you're in a small town, just go and look, and see if they've got anything. It's just keeping your eyes open. I used to think for a long time, 'Well I've got a Les Paul so I don't need another one', but if you can find a different one and it's not too expensive..."
There are a dizzying array of guitar sounds on Coming Up; the heavily glammed-up fuzz of Trash and Lazy, the sleazy jangle of She, the champagne sparkle of the Beautiful Ones and Starcrazy... It comes as some surprise, then, to discover that there wasn't a single guitar amp used on the album.
"I used just three gadgets to get all the sounds on the record. One was an ADA Ampulator speaker simulator, and we used it with a Marshall JMP-1 preamp. They're really good. You can get loads of really mad sounds out of those. If you've got a Les Paul, and you whack up the distortion, it sounds great. And I also used a Yamaha FX-900 effects unit. Most of Picnic By the Motorway, a lot of the guitar sounds on that are from the FX-900. I was just twiddling about with the knobs until I got something that went eeeeeoooouuuww, and then recorded it."
Some of Oakes's songs feature very unusual chords, and non-standard chord shapes, but it turns out that this has nothing to do with any background in musical theory or training in exotic harmonies. Rather it's a willingness to experiment and that cocky confidence that ensures that he won't be bound to any rules.
"I invent new chords just to be a bit different," he smiles. "Basically, it's my attempt to be a bit muso, and failing miserably but coming up with some funny chords instead. Like the chord that links the verse and chorus in Trash. Someone in the band told me 'lose that chord', but I stuck to my guns, and I think it works really well." (Fact fans please note: the chord in question is an A diminished played in open position, with both E strings muted).
The mood in the Suede camp is soaring. 1996 saw them reclaim the ground they lost to the Britpop explosion, and manage the enviable task of retaining a hugely loyal fan base while garnering a whole new group of younger fans. January sees the release of Saturday Night, the third single from Coming Up, and a triumphant UK tour. There will be more recording later in the year.
As for Richard, he's very happy. Having passed the audition, made the gig, written the latest Suede album and seen it reach number one in the album charts, he's remained totally unphased through it all. Right now, it seems that nothing can go wrong for him.
"I want to write the album of the '90s", he says, without a hint of doubt. And you just can't help but believe he'll do it.


text:
Paul Ramsaroop
Chief Corporate Officer
Over the last thirty years, Mr. Paul Ramsaroop, Etegra's Chief Corporate Officer, has been a principal member for start-ups and large corporations – leading teams and developing technical solutions in a wide range of industries. Paul has served as a technical visionary in health care applications, particularly focused on federal agencies.
Previously, Paul co-founded Etegra and served as its first President & COO. There he led the setup of the Operations group and spearheaded an Etegra acquisition in order to set the company up for rapid growth. In 2016, Etegra achieved #199 ranking on the Inc. 5000 list with a 3-year growth of 2,196%.
Prior to Etegra, Paul was a founding member of Evolvent Technologies, Inc., serving in various positions of increasing responsibility within Evolvent, and finally taking over the operations group in 2004. Paul also served as President & COO of Evolvent from 2005 to its acquisition by ManTech International in 2012. Evolvent achieved revenues greater than $50M/year prior to its acquisition.
Prior to Evolvent, Paul worked for more than fifteen years in the IT field with several well-known companies, including McDonnell-Douglas, Boeing, Intellidyne, and Maryville Technologies. He also served as CTO of a dotcom startup, HealthCPR, which championed a personal health bank a few years before its time. Post Evolvent, Paul has successfully served as an investor/entrepreneur launching several successful business ventures and contributing significantly to several others.
Paul's career began with acquiring an intimate hands-on knowledge of application development, programming in various languages from Assembler to Visual Basic, and advancing from developer to a founding Executive of Evolvent. Within Evolvent, Paul was responsible for daily operations and program delivery, along with employee and client relations. Paul's well-known and reliable service attitude and determination to do what it takes to accomplish a task, makes him the man to turn to when seeking the tools and guidance to be successful.
Paul is highly skillful at managing programs and the people who run them. His role at Etegra currently oversees the company's growth and development plans for process improvement initiatives, work team management and functional expert development, as well as the oversight of the company's efforts to secure a personal career plan for each associate. His insights and his dedication to the growth of the entire Etegra team is a big part of what makes the company a highly sought-after organization to work for.
Paul demonstrates a belief in the value of family and community through his efforts supporting a variety of causes and local programs, outlined below. He is a member of IT support organizations and chapters of national organizations, advocacy groups for health care IT, and many initiatives within the community. He also believes that philanthropy is part of good citizenship. Personally, he has a history of giving back to the community with donations of money, talent and time. Paul currently serves as Chairman of Restoration House – St. Louis, a non-profit organization serving homeless and at-risk youth in the St. Louis area. Other Organizations in which he was involved include:
• Fisher Foundation in the National Capital Region and San Antonio, Texas
• Operation Homefront
• NIH Children's INN
• Service International, a St. Louis based non-profit disaster relief organization
• TreeHouse Wildlife Center in Dow, Illinois


Recently, I bought a copy of TrackMania2 Canyon - a racing game I like very much. However - at seemingly random occasions the game just froze. The whole application just froze and I could do nothing but kill the app in taskmanager. I fiddled with all the available options to no avail. After quite some time I realized that the problem only occured when I used my good old Sidewinder Force Feedback 2 Joystick. If I play the game with just the keyboard or with a gamepad I happened to have lying around - all is fine. Well, of course this device is a bit outdated and is discontinued - but works still perfectly and I like it very much. I have no idea what the problem is or what to do about it. I could not find any updated drivers or something so far. Should I buy a different controller or is there some solution for this problem?


text:
The top 5 MMOs of 2012 — and what they're doing differently
Sebastian Haley
2012 will see some of the biggest releases ever in the massively multiplayer online role-playing game genre. GamesBeat has rounded up the most promising titles and asked their developers, "What makes your game unique?"
Developer: BlueHole Studio
The Exiled Realm of Arborea (TERA) has been a long time coming. It was released in Korea on January 25, 2011, and BlueHole Studios and En Masse Entertainment have taken the past year to fine-tune the game for its Western debut.
TERA's two most notable traits are its action-oriented combat (noticing a trend, yet?) and outstanding character design. The combat, which has been specifically designed to work with either a keyboard or an Xbox 360 controller, relies on position and timing. Enemies can be kited or dodged completely, which allows skilled players to forego a dedicated tank all together. Attacks occur in real-time, so proper usage of spells becomes a must.
On the other hand, TERA's character design has been a staple in the game's marketing. The female races, animations, and outfits were seemingly crafted by the labido of a 12-year-old boy. Even the cute, little bunny girls can't run or cast a magic spell without flashing a panty shot at the camera. But TERA's monster designs (especially bosses and creatures toward the latter half of the game) are nothing short of stunning. MMOs usually tend to pull out the big guns for their raid bosses, but what I've seen of TERA's puts all others to shame.
After over five years in the cooker, TERA's overall graphics are already starting to show their age even on max settings, but like with High School of the Dead, this is a piece of entertainment that knows what its fans want and shamelessly fires on all cylinders to deliver it.
[vb_gallery id=422418]
What's unique?
"TERA emphasizes player skill rather than the stats that many games in the MMO genre focus on," says Brian Knox, senior producer at En Masse Entertainment. "In TERA, player skill will be the defining factor for victory or defeat. TERA's big-ass monsters and fast paced, contextual combat should be a welcome reprieve from the standard tab-target MMO and an exciting change of pace for more console-oriented players."
Preorder bonuses:
White Stallion Mount
Level 10 City Wheel Earrings — increases defense and max HP
Level 35 Seren's Sand Rings — increases attack and max MP
Head start access on April 28
Limited 40 percent off on subscription pricing
Collector's Edition bonuses ($59.99):
All preorder bonuses
Regal Frostlion Mount
Level 15 Velik's Bloodstone Necklace — increases damage and attack speed
Level 40 Shakan's Bloodstone Necklace — increases damage and attack speed
OS: Windows XP 32-bit, VISTA or 7 (Latest Service Pack)
CPU: AMD Athlon64 3200+ or Intel Pentium 4 3.20G
Graphics Card: Radeon X1600XT or Geforce 7600GT
At least 50GB of hard drive space
DirectX®: DirectX 9.0c
Recommended system requirements:
CPU: AMD Athlon 64 X2 6000+ or Intel Core2 Duo E6750 2.66G
RAM: 2 GB or more
Graphics Card: Radeon HD 3870 or Geforce 8800GT
[youtube=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S4F1pC-WqMQ]
1 2 3 4 5 View All
Sign up for VentureBeat Briefings


Klokwerks Digital Inc., opens the doors to its new offices at 1 Atlantic Avenue in Liberty Village. "The talent, business opportunities and growth potential for the company here are immense. The location provides a fantastic blend of work and play for our team and clients" – states President/CEO, Vincenzo Crupi.
Liberty Village with its eclectic amalgamation of the 1900s' turn of the century industrial architecture, has quickly earned the reputation of being the digital media marketing mecca and dotcom central of Toronto. It has evolved into one of the hottest spots in Canada for burgeoning Web 2.0 start-ups, advertising, marketing, interactive media, CGI animation, film and television production companies.
At it's core Liberty Village is known for its successful mix of Art, Design Studio, Advertising, Media and Technology company presence throughout the community. Vice President, Lino Hilario says "It provides a digital playground for some of the finest and most talented people in the industry. Having our office here enhances our ability to invision and bring to life new emerging media solutions for our clients worldwide".


There is good news this week for elderly residents of Schuylkill County who are in need of elder care but want to stay in their own homes: the Home Instead Senior Care office in Pottsville announced that it will be hiring 30 caregivers to its existing staff this year.
According to an article on the RepublicanHerald.com, this growth is a reflection of the increasing demand for home care professionals. The Bureau of Labor Statistics reports that the need for personal care aides is expected to grow by 70 percent from 2010 to 2020, which is much faster than the average for all other occupations.
The Home Instead Senior Care network is the world's largest provider of nonmedical in-home care services for seniors, with more than 950 independently owned and operated franchises throughout the U.S. and a number of other countries. It employs nearly 65,000 trained caregivers. According to the company's website, the Pottsville office was opened by a husband and wife team after they saw some of their extended family members and neighbors going directly into assisted living facilities and nursing homes.


Agroforestry, as a farming system that integrates crops and/or livestock with trees and shrubs, has a long history of interdisciplinary research at the University of Missouri. The interdisciplinary emphasis area capitalizes on existing agroforestry research collaborations across The School of Natural Resources (SNR) departments in building an academic program that could attract and serve quality graduate students from Missouri, the nation and the world. The agroforestry emphasis area offers both a thesis and non-thesis option. The program also offers an online option designed for professionals working in natural resources around the globe who already have an undergraduate degree in a related field. Please visit the online webpage for more information.
*The GRE/GMAT requirement may be waived under exceptional circumstances. Applicants will be reviewed on a case-by-case basis.
A minimum of three letters of recommendation and the accompanying evaluation sheets from people who can attest to the candidate's scholastic ability and experience relevant to graduate study.


Summary: Fishingcommunity.org is holding a spring shad fishing event for wounded heroes and their families. Every spring, thousands of American and Hickory shad return to the Potomac River. This event will allow a significant cross section of the wounded warrior community to interact and share in a fantastic setting. We invite your feedback, support, and other assistance. Contact us for additional details.


Peter de Savary and his wife Lana have submitted an application to develop nine new suites on the site of The Beachcroft Hotel in Bognor Regis.
The couple, who have owned Beachcroft for more than 35 years old, will invest £2m in the new project, which could see nine luxury new Gill Point Suites on the Beach created on land opposite the front of the hotel.
The design of the building would see a modern glass front offer views out to sea along the Felpham promenade.
The plans have been designed by Ivon Blumer Architects, who said the new suites would be an 'icon' statement' and form part of Bognor's future regeneration.
Adjacent to the three-star Beachcroft Hotel, the large residential seafront house Old Gun Post will also be given a refurbishment as part of the project.
The application says: "The de Savarys are committed to supporting the local economy with this modern, well designed, forward thinking investment at The Beachcroft Hotel.
The application was submitted to Arun District Council's planning department on October 26 and has just been validated.


Most routers act as just that - routers. Each interface acting as the gateway for a distinct network, or as a trunk for VLANs that represent distinct networks. But for some routers this isn't always the case, particularly in the SOHO or branch office environment at the edge of the network. For those routers often one interface acts as the gateway, with all the others working together in a switched capacity to connect workstations, printers, APs, and other devices. This contrasts with routers in or near the core of the network that strictly handle routed traffic, or are handling MPLS traffic.
The first step to setting up one of these edge routers with a switching group of ports is to determine how many switch chips are present in this particular model of router. In the lab for this exercise I'm using an RB751U-2HnD which has one Atheros switch chip. Other models like the RB1100AH and the RB2011 have two switch chips.
Only ports wired to the same switch chip can actually be switched together. Also, note that ether1 is conspicuously missing from switch1 - it isn't wired to the switch chip. Therefore it can't be switched with ether2-ether5, unless a bridge port is manually configured (and considering ether1 is used as the WAN gateway that would be a terrible idea). On routers like the RB2100 that have two switch chips, with half the physical ports wired to each, the only way to switch ALL the ports together across both switch chips is to create a software bridge between two ports, one on each of the switch chips. This isn't a very efficient solution, and if more than just a few switched ports are needed it would be prudent to purchase a Mikrotik CRS.
Ether1 is being used for the WAN gateway, but ether2 - ether5 in this scenario need to be switched together to create a LAN. Two computers, a printer, and a NAS all need to be part of this LAN. This configuration isn't taking into account VLANs, but if you want to learn how to use VLANs then look at the Mikrotik VLAN tutorial.
Ether1 has no Master port because it's acting as our WAN gateway, and is a separate routed interface. Ether2 has no Master port because it is the Master port for this switch chip. Ether3 - ether5 are set with Ether2 as their Master port, which tells RouterOS to switch all those ports (ether2 - ether5) together.
The last step is to assign an IP address to ether2, which acts as the gateway address for all the hosts plugged into ether2 - ether5. If the network is utilizing DHCP then the DHCP server would be set to run on ether2, and because all the other ports (except ether1) are switched together the hosts would be able to receive dynamic addresses.


Featured Event - Florida Independent Concrete and Associated Products, Inc.
It's Convention Time and we're returning to the Florida Keys.
- Complete redesign of their 177 hotel guestrooms and public spaces.
Our keynote speaker is Robert J. Darling, author of 24 Hours inside the President's Bunker, 9/11/01. Lt. Darling, a Lt. Colonel, United States Marine Corps (Ret.), will share his experiences inside the President's bunker on 9/11 and offer Real Lessons in Crisis Leadership & Decision Making.
We've also gone above and beyond with a 2nd Keynote speaker - James R. Vann, Esq. who will discuss steps to improve your quality of life with Personal and Professional Development Strategies.
We love this event, we love FICAP and we look forward to relaxing with you in July.


text:
Q: Combining rows in R I am working in R with a long dataframe but am having a bit of a problem. My dataframe is actually made up of two smaller dataframes. I then adapted the timeline from months to years so that the two share a common timeline.
However, the problem I am now facing is that sometimes I have two rows with the same time value (so one row for each questionnaire), but that I want to have only one row per time variable. (I attached a picture of what the problem looks like, that's probably more insightful than my explanation) Note that at this point, I do still want the dataframe to be in long format, but only want to get rid of the "extra rows".
Can anyone tell me how to do that?
Attached also the head code, where nomem=ID, time.compressed=time, sel01-03=part of first questionnaire, close_num and gener_sat=part of second questionnaire.
`
structure(list(nomem_encr = c(800009L, 800009L, 800009L, 800012L,
800015L, 800015L), timeline.compressed = c(79, 79, 95, 79, 28,
28), sel01 = c(NA, 6L, NA, NA, NA, 7L), sel02 = c(NA, 6L, NA,
NA, NA, 7L), sel03 = c(NA, 3L, NA, NA, NA, 5L), sel04 = c(NA,
6L, NA, NA, NA, 6L), close_num = c(1, NA, 0.2, 1, 0.8, NA), gener_sat = c(7L,
NA, 7L, 8L, 7L, NA)), .Names = c("nomem_encr", "timeline.compressed",
"sel01", "sel02", "sel03", "sel04", "close_num", "gener_sat"), class = "data.frame", row.names = c(NA,
6L))

`
https://i.stack.imgur.com/3p038.png

A: Using the reshape2 and dplyr packages
Load libraries and data:
library(reshape2)
library(dplyr)

x <- structure(
  list(
    nomem_encr = c(800009L, 800009L, 800009L, 800012L, 800015L, 800015L),
    timeline.compressed = c(79, 79, 95, 79, 28,  28),
    sel01 = c(NA, 6L, NA, NA, NA, 7L),
    sel02 = c(NA, 6L, NA,  NA, NA, 7L),
    sel03 = c(NA, 3L, NA, NA, NA, 5L),
    sel04 = c(NA,  6L, NA, NA, NA, 6L),
    close_num = c(1, NA, 0.2, 1, 0.8, NA),
    gener_sat = c(7L,  NA, 7L, 8L, 7L, NA)
  ),
  .Names = c(
    "nomem_encr", "timeline.compressed",
    "sel01", "sel02", "sel03", "sel04", "close_num", "gener_sat"
  ),
  class = "data.frame",
  row.names = c(NA, 6L)
)
x

Here is what your data looks like:
  nomem_encr timeline.compressed sel01 sel02 sel03 sel04 close_num gener_sat
1     800009                  79    NA    NA    NA    NA       1.0         7
2     800009                  79     6     6     3     6        NA        NA
3     800009                  95    NA    NA    NA    NA       0.2         7
4     800012                  79    NA    NA    NA    NA       1.0         8
5     800015                  28    NA    NA    NA    NA       0.8         7
6     800015                  28     7     7     5     6        NA        NA

Now let's melt the data into long form:
melt(data = x, id.vars = c("nomem_encr", "timeline.compressed")) %>%
head(15)

Output:
   nomem_encr timeline.compressed variable value
1      800009                  79    sel01    NA
2      800009                  79    sel01     6
3      800009                  95    sel01    NA
4      800012                  79    sel01    NA
5      800015                  28    sel01    NA
6      800015                  28    sel01     7
7      800009                  79    sel02    NA
8      800009                  79    sel02     6
9      800009                  95    sel02    NA
10     800012                  79    sel02    NA
11     800015                  28    sel02    NA
12     800015                  28    sel02     7
13     800009                  79    sel03    NA
14     800009                  79    sel03     3
15     800009                  95    sel03    NA

If we cast the melted dataframe, the default behavior is to count how many entries we have for each item:
melt(data = x, id.vars = c("nomem_encr", "timeline.compressed")) %>%
  dcast(
    formula = nomem_encr + timeline.compressed ~ variable
  )

Output:
Aggregation function missing: defaulting to length
  nomem_encr timeline.compressed sel01 sel02 sel03 sel04 close_num gener_sat
1     800009                  79     2     2     2     2         2         2
2     800009                  95     1     1     1     1         1         1
3     800012                  79     1     1     1     1         1         1
4     800015                  28     2     2     2     2         2         2

We have 2 entries for the item identified by 800009 79 (using nomem_encr and timeline.compressed as the identifying variables).
We can change the default behavior to something else like sum:
melt(data = x, id.vars = c("nomem_encr", "timeline.compressed")) %>%
  dcast(
    formula = nomem_encr + timeline.compressed ~ variable,
    fun.aggregate = function(xs) sum(xs, na.rm = TRUE)
  )

Output:
  nomem_encr timeline.compressed sel01 sel02 sel03 sel04 close_num gener_sat
1     800009                  79     6     6     3     6       1.0         7
2     800009                  95     0     0     0     0       0.2         7
3     800012                  79     0     0     0     0       1.0         8
4     800015                  28     7     7     5     6       0.8         7

A: You can do this with dplyr + tidyr:
library(dplyr)
library(tidyr)

df %>%
  group_by(nomem_encr, timeline.compressed) %>%
  summarize_all(funs(sort(.)[1]))

Result:
# A tibble: 4 x 8
# Groups:   nomem_encr [?]
  nomem_encr timeline.compressed sel01 sel02 sel03 sel04 close_num gener_sat
       <int>               <dbl> <int> <int> <int> <int>     <dbl>     <int>
1     800009                  79     6     6     3     6       1.0         7
2     800009                  95    NA    NA    NA    NA       0.2         7
3     800012                  79    NA    NA    NA    NA       1.0         8
4     800015                  28     7     7     5     6       0.8         7

If you want to replace the NA's with zero's, you can do the following:
df %>%
  group_by(nomem_encr, timeline.compressed) %>%
  summarize_all(funs(sort(.)[1])) %>%
  mutate_all(funs(replace(., is.na(.), 0)))

Result:
# A tibble: 4 x 8
# Groups:   nomem_encr [3]
  nomem_encr timeline.compressed sel01 sel02 sel03 sel04 close_num gener_sat
       <int>               <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>     <dbl>     <dbl>
1     800009                  79     6     6     3     6       1.0         7
2     800009                  95     0     0     0     0       0.2         7
3     800012                  79     0     0     0     0       1.0         8
4     800015                  28     7     7     5     6       0.8         7

Data:
df = structure(list(nomem_encr = c(800009L, 800009L, 800009L, 800012L,
800015L, 800015L), timeline.compressed = c(79, 79, 95, 79, 28,
28), sel01 = c(NA, 6L, NA, NA, NA, 7L), sel02 = c(NA, 6L, NA,
NA, NA, 7L), sel03 = c(NA, 3L, NA, NA, NA, 5L), sel04 = c(NA,
6L, NA, NA, NA, 6L), close_num = c(1, NA, 0.2, 1, 0.8, NA), gener_sat = c(7L,
NA, 7L, 8L, 7L, NA)), .Names = c("nomem_encr", "timeline.compressed",
"sel01", "sel02", "sel03", "sel04", "close_num", "gener_sat"), class = "data.frame", row.names = c(NA,
6L))

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
PA sets third straight day of record number of COVID cases with 23,268 reported
by: Aaron Marrie
HARRISBURG, Pa. (WTAJ) — The Pennsylvania Department of Health reports 17 million vaccine doses have been administered in Pennsylvania. 74.1% of Pennsylvanians age 18 and older are fully vaccinated.
23,268 new cases of COVID-19 have been reported since Wednesday, bringing the state total to 2,036,424 known cases since the start of the pandemic, according to the COVID Alert PA app. This is the third straight day that the state has set record highs in cases.
66 new deaths were identified by the Pennsylvania death registry, bringing the total to 36,705 deaths attributed to COVID-19. 14 new deaths were identified in our central region.
CDC warns against cruises, regardless of vaccination status
There are 5,256 individuals hospitalized with COVID-19. Of that number, 957 patients are in the intensive care unit with COVID-19. More data is available here.
Our central region shows 1,005 new cases since Wednesday, bringing our total to 133,216 known COVID-19 cases.
In school-age children (5-18 years old) a total of 345 COVID-19 cases were reported in our central region for the week of Dec. 15-21.
Vaccine highlights
Statewide data representing the 66 counties within the Department of Health's vaccine jurisdiction:
Pennsylvania's vaccine dashboard was updated to more accurately reflect the number of people who are partially and fully vaccinated and account for the additional doses administered to residents in each county outside of Philadelphia. Demographic data associated with the vaccinations was also updated. The updates are part of the Department of Health's continuous work to improve the quality of data and statistical reporting to ensure the public has the most accurate and up-to-date information. For state-to-state comparisons, refer to the CDC vaccine data tracker.
Vaccine providers have administered 17,020,120 total vaccine doses, including 2,375,539 additional doses (which includes additional shots for immunocompromised individuals and booster shots).
6,935,159 people are fully vaccinated.
The Department of Health continues to urge Pennsylvanians to follow CDC guidance for wearing a mask where required by law, rule and regulations, including healthcare, local business and workplace guidance. For the protection of themselves and others, individuals who have not yet been vaccinated or are partially vaccinated are still encouraged to wear a mask when in public. CDC also recommends all individuals wear a mask indoors in public if you are in an area of substantial or high transmission.
There are 6,061,758 individuals who have tested negative as of Dec. 29.