In 1974 the Brookings Institution published a volume edited by economist Roger Noll entitled Government and the Sports Business. In a chapter on "Labor Relations in Sport" James Scoville observed that "player associations are almost as old as professional sports". His major concern was examining their impact on the respective labour markets of the Big Four of American sports, baseball, basketball, American football and (ice) hockey.
This paper contains an Appendix entitled "An Imperfect Register of Player Associations: November 2016". It provides information on the name, year of formation of player associations and their membership, or otherwise, into different types of federations/confederations. Distinctions are made between associations of employees and independent contractors. There are also a small number of amateur associations who, broadly speaking, operate in a similar way to player associations. As explained in the Appendix, broad references to respective websites are provided rather than the full referencing associated with scholarship, because of reasons of space.
The Appendix enables us to be precise in identifying the player associations in existence when Scoville made his observation. In 1973, there were 29 player associations operating across the globe. Eleven were in Football/Soccer (eight in Europe, three in South America), six in North America (the Big Four in the USA, plus Rodeo Cowboys and Canadian Footballers), Jockeys in the USA, Canada, France, England and Ireland, two in Cricket (England and West Indies), Baseball players in Japan, French Cyclists, Finnish Basketball and players of Australian Football. The oldest continuous association is England's Professional Footballers' Association, formed in 1907. In 1965, five Football associations from France, Scotland, England, Italy and the Netherlands formed the first ever players' federation, the International Federation of Professional Footballers' Associations (FIFPro), "to co-ordinate the activities of the different players' associations and indeed to represent the interests of the professional players…[and] to have contact with FIFA".
There were also twenty associations of independent contractors in 1973. Eighteen of these were Professional Golf Associations, fifteen male and three female (USA, Japan and Australia), in Europe, North America, South Korea, Japan and nations connected to the British Commonwealth. The other independent contractors were in men's and women's tennis. The Professional Golfers Association of Great Britain and Ireland formed in 1901. It is the oldest continuous independent contractor's association/player body in world sport.
In summary, in 1973 there were eleven sports which had formed player bodies, spread across 25 nations with the majority of both concentrated in Europe and North America. Since then, there has been a dramatic increase in player associations in numerous sports. As of November 2016, there are (by the author's research) 226 player organisations (174 player associations and 52 independent contractors) operating in 35 sports and 86 countries/national groupings. Five associations emerged in 2016 alone; male Footballers in Zambia and female Footballers in Chile, Rugby players in Japan, Professional Fighters in the USA, and male and female Field Hockey players in Australia.* In terms of player bodies as a whole, this is an increase of 461 percent; for player associations, an increase of exactly 600 per cent, and 260 per cent for independent contractors.
* Note – subsequently, the author has become aware of two additional players associations established after this date: the Mixed Martial Arts Athletes Association (MMAAA) and the MMA Fighters Association.
Table One provides a summary of the formation of player associations and independent contractors, by decade, from 1900 to November 2016. Independent contractors, in the form of Professional Golf Associations were the dominant form of player body in the first half of the century. Player associations have taken over since then. Excluding those football player associations with "links" to FIFPro where the author has been unable to obtain information concerning their name and/or date of formation (see Table A Two), 103 of 147 (70.1 per cent) have been formed since 1990. In the same period 17 independent contractors have been formed. Out of the total player bodies whose date of formation is known, 120 out of 198, or 60.6 per cent, have formed since 1990.
Another feature of the growth of player associations is their penchant for organising into federations or confederations. FIFPro formed in 1965. At the end of the 1980s it had a dozen members. Its membership base increased dramatically thereafter (Table One). Golfers in Europe (and other places) formed a European federation in 1990. In 2010 it, with PGAs from other nations, formed a global federation, the PGA World Alliance. Cricketers formed a federation in 1998. Since the beginning of the new millennium, federations have emerged in various other sports, on a national and continental basis, especially in Europe (Spain witnessed the operation of the Asociacion De Atletas from 2009 to 2016 which collapsed, due to financial problems and internal dissent. Its member associations represented Basketball, Athletes, Cyclists, Football, Handball and Indoor Football players) and a global confederation in the form of Uni World Athletes, formed in 2011, with over 120 (possibly 141) member associations. In addition, there has been the formation of the equivalent of nation based general unions, with players from a number of sports joining together in Denmark, Latvia, the Netherlands, Belgium and Slovenia. Excluding these general unions, there are fourteen player federations/confederations.
Source: Appendix. A space means an absence of knowledge.
The information summarised in Tables One and Two concerning the growth in both the number of player associations and their coalescing into federations/confederations is interesting from a sports perspective, but is of more significance for industrial relations scholars. Both of these developments are in the opposite direction to that which has occurred in traditional or mainstream industrial relations. In the author's opinion, the ability of traditional unions to organise and represent workers has been in decline in response to the forces of neo-liberalism as enshrined in aggressive stances by employers, governments and state institutions. Between 1975, a year after Scoville made his observation and 2014, the percentage of workers who are members of unions in Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries has fallen from 47 to 16.7 per cent. And neo-liberalism has made it difficult, if not impossible, for unions to organise globally to defend the wages and working conditions of members. Unions have been on decline; but not in the increasingly varied world of sports.
In the four decades since Scoville made his observation there has been an increasing demand for sports of various types across the globe. Aided by technological advances associated with broadcasting and the internet, sport constitutes a growth industry. Respective sports generate increasing revenue from spectators, broadcasters, sponsors, suppliers of sporting goods and associated paraphernalia. Leagues and clubs demand that players devote more of their time and energy to training/practice and playing and impose various codes and controls on their behaviour to enhance both the quality of performance and the "clean" image of the sport. Players became aware of the wealth they generate and have turned to collective action to obtain a "fair" share and pursue concerns over various controls imposed on them.
With respect to traditional or mainstream areas of employment, a strong economic base does not in and of itself translate into "successful" unionism. As data from the OECD above demonstrates, the last four decades have been associated with a decline in mainstream unionism. Employers have used relocation of operations to other parts of the nation and off shore and the use of replacement workers to break the back of unions. This is a strategy that is unlikely to work in, especially team, sports. While leagues may experience problems in determining their size and where best to allocate teams, they will not move "production" to other lands, as in the case of mainstream employers. This would trash their brand and destroy their supporter base. Football Club Barcelona, for example, will always be based in Barcelona. The difference between sport and the mainstream is that labor is more mobile than capital. This gives player associations and their leaders an advantage vis-a-vis mainstream unions.
Employment in sport is different from the mainstream in another way. While workers can shop around for employment with numerous employers, most players have been constrained in their ability to choose their employer; especially after they sign their first professional contract. They have been subject to employment rules which have fundamentally restricted their employment rights. Employment in sport is different from the mainstream in another way. While workers can shop around for employment with numerous employers, most players have been constrained in their ability to choose their employer; especially after they sign their first professional contract or accept funding conditions from their governing body, as is the case in countries such as the UK where athletes sign over various rights in return for funding. Players find themselves being confronted by monopsonists and cartels. Leagues, by definition, operate as cartels in organising various aspects associated with the production of their respective sports. As mentioned above, neo-liberalism has had negative effects on mainstream unions and workers, more generally. It has had the opposite effect, especially in the case of team sports, and has enhanced the cause of player associations.
Various leagues have imposed various types of labor market controls–such as zoning/residential requirements, age limits, drafting, transfer and compensation systems, assignment, reserve/option clauses, wage maxima and salary caps. These controls have provided a rallying cry for player associations. Moreover, courts have invariably ruled against such controls as unreasonable restraints of trade, breaching antitrust and pro competition legislation and the freedom of movement of labour, per the European Treaty.
To the extent that leagues wish to continue with (new) versions of such controls they have an incentive to negotiate with player associations, and to use such agreements as a shield from restraint of trade or anti-competitive attacks; what is known as the labour exemption. That which resolves from such bargaining will be determined by the organisational skill and the bargaining verve of the respective parties. In contrast to most sports in other nations, industrial relations in the USA's Big Four has been associated with lengthy strikes and lockouts.
The most important of these cases occurred in Europe. It involved Jean Marc Bosman's successful challenge to the European Court of Justice which found the Union des Associations Europeenne de Football (UEFA) (and hence FIFA's) requirement for the payment of compensation fees for players who changed clubs at the expiry of their contracts, and restrictions on the number of European nationals who could play for a team, to be in contravention with the freedom of movement of workers enshrined in the European Treaty.
Bosman received support from two FIFPro affiliates, France's Union Nationale Des Footballeurs Professionals and the Netherlands' Vereniging Van Contractspelers, in pursuing his case. In 1994, FIFPro entered into a reform phase to professionalise its operation with the establishment of a permanent secretariat. Associated with this and following Bosman there was a concerted attempt to encourage the growth of player associations in other parts of the Football world. It increased its membership from a dozen, at the end of the 1980s, to 60 in 2016. Most FIFPro affiliated associations, including the "Don't Knows" (Table One), emerged in this post Bosman period.
Also following Bosman there have been developments within Europe to promote Social Dialogue between the parties involved in sport, as well as mainstream or broader employment. Focusing specifically on sport, Article 165 of the 2007 Lisbon Treaty states "The Union shall contribute to the promotion of European sports issues… [by] developing the European dimension in sport, by promoting fairness and openness in sporting competitions and cooperation between bodies responsible for sports and by protecting the physical and moral integrity of sportsmen and sportswomen, especially the youngest sportsmen and sportswomen".
Such an Article, especially the "promotion…[of] cooperation between bodies responsible for sports" provides a "free kick" to further the involvement of player associations in their respective sports. On 17 June 2011, the European Association of Sport Employers and UNI Europa Sport, the percussor to Uni World Athletes, announced the formation of an informal Social Dialogue Committee for sport and active leisure. Committee have been established in Football and Basketball. The World Association of Ice Hockey Player Unions' specifically points to Article 165 of the Lisbon Treaty as providing the impetus for it becoming involved in Social Dialogue.
As with the example of FIFPro, other federations/confederations have provided support to other players in forming player associations. The Pacific Island Rugby Players' Association received support from colleagues in New Zealand, and officers of the Australian Athletes Alliance were active in the formation of the Australian [Field] Hockey Players' Association.
The Chess Players' Association of India was created in response to a decision by Indian Chess authorities to reduce prize money by ten per cent. The most idiosyncratic formation of a player association occurred in Australia and provides a dramatic illustration of how player associations benefit from that darling of neo-liberalism, competition. The Rugby Union Players' Association received recognition, financial support and power to direct the allocation of 95 per cent of broadcasting revenue before it was even formed, from the Australian Rugby Union, to stop players from agreeing to play in a rival "league".
The Hong Kong Ultimate Players' Association is a self governing body which organises Frisbee competitions. Other amateur associations such as Ireland's Gaelic Player Associations, for both men and women, and the National College Players' Association and College Athletes Players' Association of the USA are mainly concerned with medical, health and welfare needs of members. The National Labor Relations Board, in August 2015, ruled that College Football players at Northwestern University were ineligible to form a union under the National Labor Relations Act 1935. The Gaelic Players' Association, on the other hand, has negotiated three Framework Agreements with the Gaelic Athletic Association. The third such deal, completed in July 2016, involves a revenue sharing model to fund welfare programs for players.
Independent contractors are mainly concerned with organising tournaments and propagating coaching and improvements in the skills of their respective sports. The PGA World Alliance's website, for example, states that "Among its principle aims is to establish and guide teaching, playing and educational standards for the golf profession in developing golf territories and share best practices in player development for adults and youth".
Player associations in a particular nation have issues in common where it "makes sense" to act collectively, whether it be in submissions to government departments, courts and other organisations associated with the production of sport. For example, The United Kingdom's Professional Players' Federation (PPF), founded in 1991, provides "a forum for the professional player associations to work together for the betterment of professional sport". It has been active in areas of anti-racism and community sport. In recent years it has published material on sports betting integrity, career transition in sport, gambling, mental health and racism.
The Australian Athletes Alliance (AAA), formed in 2007, has been more active than the PPF. It has made representations to government departments, including that of Prime Minister and Cabinet, and the Australian Senate on a number of issues including unwarranted intrusion by the media into the private lives of athletes, protection against commercial exploitation of athletes' personal attributes, protection of the rights and properties of sporting organisation and events and workers' compensation law reform. In 2009, it was successful in an action before the High Court of Australia in having player expenses, such as agent fees, being allowable as a tax deduction. If nothing else, this decision helped strengthen bonds with player agents! In 2010, it released a report which provided comparative data on player shares of income in major sports in Australia, USA and European Football. And in July 2014, it released a Charter of Athletes' Rights committed to good governance in sport, integrity, athlete development and well being and protection of athletes' health and safety.
Mainstream unions have found it difficult to resist and overcome the twin forces of neo-liberalism and globalisation (see above). What has the appearance of being a logical response would be for unions to act globally to counter such forces. Putting to one side logistical and financial problems, an inevitable characteristic of neo-liberalism is that employers generally do not form themselves into global organisations. Global unions have no one to "target", or bargain with in seeking to redress what they perceive to be the wrongs of neo-liberalism and globalisation.
The industrial relations architecture of professional sport is fundamentally different from mainstream industrial relations. Sport, tautologically at the international and increasingly, at club level, is organised on a trans-national, continental and international basis. The South Africa New Zealand Australia Rugby competition, for example, involves eighteen teams from five nations - Argentina, Australia, Japan, New Zealand and South Africa – with the odd game played in Hong Kong! The UEFA Champions League and Europa League are European wide club competitions.
These competitions, their rules, schedules, distributions of revenue between participating teams, employment rules, payments to players and various codes of behaviour impacting on their employment have to be determined by a transnational, continental or global organisation which is generically known as the sports' governing body. Such bodies include the European Handball Federation, Euroleague Basketball, FIFA, UEFA, International Cricket Council, World Rugby (formerly the International Rugby Board), International Olympic Committee (IOC) and the World Anti Doping Authority (WADA). All of these organisations are in for the long haul and provide a target for federations/confederations of player associations to pursue the rights and interests of their members.
The respective federations/confederations pledge themselves to pursuing the collective interests of players in their respective associations and to the growth and enhancement of their respective sports. The pursuit of the former is seen as integral to the success of the latter. An examination of the activities of the European Elite Athletes Association (EU Athletes) provides information on the type and breadth of activities pursued by these federations/confederations. Its leaders participate in a never ending round of meetings with employer representatives, politicians from different nations, officials of the European Commission and other bodies discussing issues associated with Social Dialogue, anti-doping, good governance, stands against racism, image rights, gender issues, problems with gambling and the education of players, health and well being of players, and education and second career training. As well as this, it provides support and encouragement to new members, exchanges fraternal greetings and holds meetings with overseas player associations, provides reports on industrial campaigns and the negotiation of collective bargaining agreements by members, major court cases and other issues associated with the moving feast that is European Sport. Its consistent line is to be a focal point for the enunciation and defense of athletes' rights in Europe.
In November 2011, a meeting was held in Nyon Switzerland by federations/confederations and individual player associations to establish UNI World Athletes as a global voice for athletes. The meeting concluded with the 2011 Nyon Declaration. It is reproduced here.
We, the independent and democratically elected representatives of (thousands of) top athletes from around the world, today establish a federation of world player associations.
We take this action based on certain core principles and to address a crisis in the governance of world sport organisations that have removed the athlete from the center of sport. There is no sport without athletes.
The societal role of sport is powerful, therefore it cannot be above the law and must respect principles of good governance.
We declare that world sport organisations, and governments, must respect national and international law as well as the fundamental rights of athletes as citizens and workers, including the right to organise collectively in player associations and unions.
Athletes and their collective representatives must play an integral role as stakeholders in all decision-making forums and structures that affect them.
We stand for the equal treatment of all athletes regardless of their ethnic background, religion, gender or sexual orientation.
For sport to thrive, it must be clean, fair, transparent and the unique nature of athletic careers must be taken into account.
We assert this mandate in the interest of sport and the athletes that play it.
At a FIFPro sports law conference on 15 December 2015, which, amongst other things celebrated FIFPro's fiftieth anniversary, Brendan Schwab, the Head of UNI World Athletes outlined broad policy objectives for the organisation. Besides pointing to crises in sports' governance (corruption in FIFA and compliance with the WADA Code) and the small percentage of income that players derive from participating in FIFA World Cups (men between 1.8 and 2.2 percent; women 0.3 per cent) his major concern was the lack of involvement of athletes and their representatives in decision making processes. He was particularly critical of the IOC's John Coates, who is also the President of the Court of Arbitration for Sport and the International Council of Arbitration for Sport, about a comment he made concerning the WADA Code requiring athletes being available for drug testing as "part of the privilege of being an Olympian, part of the privilege of participating in the sport". Schwab is also critical of the IOC and National Olympic Committees' use of Athletic representatives as being inconsistent with the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights and conventions 87 and 96 of the International Labor Organisation which champion the right of workers to organise and collectively bargain. The use of worker representatives, in this case athlete representatives, is a standard union avoidance device which has been used by employers since time immemorial.
Criticism was also directed at then WADA Chairman John Fahey who, in November 2011, expressed opposition to the formation of a body such as UNI World Athletes. He said "the least amount of credibility given to these people the better…WADA should make this clear at every opportunity possible and under no circumstances would it recognise them as representatives of the sportsmen and women of the world". In November 2014, WADA further endeared itself when it refused to grant observer status to representatives of EU Athletes at a meeting in Paris due to the meeting room being too small. Schwab concluded that "athletes, through their associations, [need to be] recognised as critical stakeholders within the governance of sporting bodies, and that good governance, collective bargaining and respect of the rule of law become the principal means by which any notion of the autonomy of sports can be recognised."
Since 1990 there has been a substantial growth in the number of player associations in an ever-increasing number of sports across the globe. This growth has been associated with player associations forming into federations/confederations to pursue their collective interests. This growth can be explained in terms of player associations benefiting, in contrast to mainstream unions, from neo-liberalism with leagues being forced into recognising player associations to protect their monopsonistic employment rules from attacks by legal norms which champion the virtues of competition and the permanence of employer bodies that govern respective sports. Also, important has been the pro-active role adopted by FIFPro in spreading the cause of player associations to Football's diaspora. Following Bosman there has been a fivefold increase in FIFPro's membership. Bosman also witnessed the embrace of Social Dialogue by various parts of the European Commission which further enhanced the growth of player associations and federations/confederations in Europe.
The information contained in the Appendix understates the "state of play" concerning player associations in that it "hides" the increasing inclusion and involvement of women athletes in their affairs; being an off shoot of the burgeoning growth of interest in and popularity of women's sport. The Appendix identifies seven stand alone female player associations (Football in USA and Chile, Netball in Australia and New Zealand, Indoor Football Spain, Basketball USA and Gaelic players in Ireland), all of which formed in the last two decades; and six independent contractors (five in Golf, plus Tennis). In addition, 28 of FIFPro affiliates represent female members, as do the majority of Australian, New Zealand, Cricket, Rugby, Handball, Volleyball, Basketball, Jockey and Amateur associations.
In 2010, Israeli Basketball players went on strike in support of female members. In 2015, Australia's female national team, the Matildas, refused to go on a tour to the USA due to "inadequate/low" and late payment of wages. In Australia, 2016 has witnessed a sudden take off in women's sport with the formation of new leagues and negotiation of collective bargaining agreements and increases in wages from "low" levels that did little more than cover out of pocket expenses to, depending on the sport, levels ranging from the legal minimum adult wage through to the national average and, in the case of Cricketers, levels approaching $200,000.
While the last quarter of a century has witnessed an unprecedented burst in player association formation, we should be wary of making predictions concerning how successful or otherwise they will be in the future. Remember, over 100 of the player associations and seventeen independent contractors have formed since 1990. The only confederation with any longevity is FIFPro. History has shown that it takes player associations lengthy periods of time to obtain achievements for members. Player associations and federations can lose their way (the demise of Spain's Asociacion De Atletas being a case in point), experience difficulties in finding capable and resourceful leaders and will encounter opposition from leagues and sport federations, as the examples above concerning the IOC and WADA demonstrate.
It took England's PFA, formed in 1907, more than half a century before it managed to redress serious restrictions on its members' employment rights when threatened strike action brought about the abolition of the maximum wage, in 1961, and success in a legal challenge to the retain and transfer system, in Eastham, in 1963. The MLBPA, arguably the most successful player association in world sport, was formed in 1953. It wasn't until 1975, under the leadership of former Steelworkers' Union official, Marvin Miller that it was able to bring about an end to MLB's option/reserve system and usher in substantial increases in income and benefits for members. It took FIFPro almost thirty years, aided and abetted by Bosman, before it found the wherewithal to become more proactive and lead the charge in the growth of player association which has occurred in recent decades.
What is different now is that there are a large number of player associations and federations/confederations. Aided by technological changes associated with the revolution in communications they are able to learn from each other in how to resolve problems associated with advancing the rights and interests of members. There is also an international career path for capable and ambitious leaders. The respective sports federations/confederations are feeling their way, with varying degrees of success. FIFPro and EU Athletes have both been active, and it is to be seen how UNI World Athletes will proceed in pursuing player rights on a global stage.
The player associations which have experienced the most success have been the Big Four of the USA and the PFA in the UK. They have the most sophisticated collective bargaining deals and have an experience of surviving against hard line, tough negotiating leagues. They all own the intellectual property rights of members in what are sometimes referred to as Group Licensing Schemes, or operate joint money making ventures with their respective leagues. Income from these sources are either distributed to members or allocated to the association in pursuit/defence of more broadly based issues. FIFPro derives most of its income from licensing deals for computer based Football games. Issues around intellectual property rights, challenges to the hegemony of WADA and use of human rights instruments which protect the right to organise and engage in collective bargaining, as foreshadowed by Brendan Schwab in his December 2015 address to FIFPro, may be the major contours along which the future direction of industrial relations in global sport will proceed.
This is a Register of player associations as of November 2016. It provides information on their name and date of formation. In twelve per cent of cases information has not been found on when associations were formed. The date of the first reference to an association is provided where it is unclear when it was formed. Numerous associations have changed their names over the years; their current titles are included here. The information is mainly derived from Confederations of player associations and individual association websites. The Register contains 226 individual associations and fourteen confederations. For reasons of space reference will be made in broad terms to a website, rather than full bibliographic details, as is the norm with scholarship. Female only player associations and those formed in 2016 are highlighted in bold. A blank space indicates a lack of knowledge concerning the name of an association and/or when it was formed. If there are errors and/or readers have information concerning other player associations will they please contact me. There are two basic types of player associations which mirror the broader work community; associations of employees and independent contractors. There are also a small number of amateur associations whose behaviour is similar to that of player associations.
Source: FIFPro website; Braham Dabscheck, ' "At the top table": player unions in soccer', in Wladimir Andreff and Stefan Szymanski (Eds.) Handbook on the Economics of Sport, Cheltenham, Edward Elgar, 2006, 661-667; 'FAWUS registered, GS tips players', Zambia Daily Mail, 3 March 2016.
Source: IRPA website; 'Japanese Rugby players association established', The Japan Times, 31 May 2016.
Source: PPF website. # Not included in player association count.
Within Europe there are five other National Federations. They are the Dansk Elitesportsudoveres Forening (Danish Elite Athletes' Association), the date of its formation not known, which represents athletes of badminton, basketball, ice-hockey Martial arts, rowing, and yachting; Latvian Trade Union for Sport and Tourism, formed in 2009, which represents sports teachers and lecturers, employees of the Latvian Academy of Sport, team sports and tennis players; NL Sporter of the Netherlands, formed in 2001 which represents athletes from 70 different sports; Belgium's ACV Sporta, the date of its formation not known, which represents amateur and professional athletes, such as football and volleyball players and football trainers'; and Sindikat Sportnikov Slovenia (Slovenian Sports Union), formed in 2004 which is open to all athletes who are or have been registered in their branch sports federations.
Source: AAA website. # Merged with Australian Women's Basketball Players' Association, formed in 2009, in 2015.
Source: Private communication. # Sportskeeda, Indian Basketball Players' Association Formed, 9 June 2015.
Source: Respective websites. # Self governing player body.
Source: PGA World Alliance website.
Source: Respective websites# Merged in 2015 with Women's Squash Association formed in 1983.
 Roger G Noll (Ed.), Government and the Sports Business, Brookings Institution, Washington, 1974.
 James G. Scoville, 'Labor Relations in Sports', in Noll (Ed.) Government and the Sports Business, p. 206.
 FIFPro website. FIFA is the Federation Internationale De Football Association, the governing body of Football.
 The best way to source this is to Google Asociacion De Atletas.
 Industrial relations scholars define a general union as one which enrols members irrespective of the type of work, craft or industry in which they are employed. The players of respective sports are akin to highly skilled craft workers.
 Trends in Trade Union Membership, OECD, www.oecd.org/e/s/emp/4358365.pdf, accessed 16 November 2016; OECD.Stat,stats.oecd.org/index.aspx?DataSetCode=UN_Den, accessed 16 November 2016.
 Wladimir Andreff and Stefan Szymanski (Eds.) Handbook on the Economics of Sport, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, 2006.
 In 1987, the National Football League used replacement players to break a strike initiated by the NFLPA. Michael Schiavone, Sports and Labor in the United States, SUNY Press, Albany, 2015, 69-71.
 Alan M. Klein, Growing The Game: The Globalization Of Major League Baseball, Yale University Press, New Haven, 2006; Raffaele Poli, 'International Migration of Professional Footballers', in John Goddard and Peter Sloane (Eds.), Handbook on the Economics of Professional Football, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, 2014, 227-237.
 Major cases are Eastham v Newcastle United Football Club  Ch 413; Buckley v Tutty 125 CLR 353 (1971); The US Supreme Court provided Baseball with an exemption from the Sherman Anti-Trust Act 1890; Federal Baseball Club of Baltimore v National League of Professional baseball Clubs, 259 US 200 (1922); Toolson v New York Yankees, 346 US 356 (1953); Flood v Kuhn, 407 US 258 (1972). Its option clause/reserve system was upended in a grievance decision by a private arbitrator: In the Matter of the Arbitration Between The Twelve Clubs Comprising The National League Of Professional Baseball Clubs And The Twelve Clubs Comprising The American League Of Professional Baseball Clubs (Los Angeles Club And Montreal Club) And Major League Baseball Players Association (John A. Messersmith And David A. McNally), Peter Seitz, Chairman, Decision No. 29, Grievance Nos. 75-27, 75-28, 23 December 1975; Kansas City Royals Baseball Corporation v Major League Baseball Player Association 532 F 2d 615 (1976), MLB's unsuccessful appeal of Seitz's decision. Other US sports have not been afforded such an exemption; Radovich v National Football League, 352 US 445 (1957); Heywood v National Basketball Association, 401 US 1204 (1971); Boston Professional Hockey Association v Cheevers, 348 F Supp 261 (1972); Philadelphia World Hockey Club v Philadelphia Hockey Club, 351 F Supp 462 (1972). In Europe Union des Societies de Football Association v Bosman (Case C-415/93 ECR I-4921); Deutscher Handballbund v Kolpak (Case C-438/00  ECR 1-4135); Simutenkov v Ministry of Culture and Royal Spanish Football Federation (Case C-265/03  ECR 1-2579).
 Schiavone, Sports and Labor in the United States.
 Opinion of Advocate General Lenz, C-415/93, paragraph 50, delivered 20 September 1995.
 Braham Dabscheck, ' "At the top table": player unions in soccer', in Andreff and Szymanski (eds.), Handbook on the Economics of Sport, 661-667.
 Berndt Keller, 'The regulation of professional football at the European Union level: towards supranational employment relations in the football industry?', in Michael Barry, James Skinner and Terry Engelberg (Eds.), Research Handbook Of Employment Relations in Sport, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, 2016, 19-45.
 The Treaty of Lisbon, Article 165.
 Joint Statement on the Informal Social Dialogue Committee for sports and active leisure by EASE and UNI Europa Sport, Brussels, 17 June 2011.
 Keller, 'The regulation', 27, note 20.
 European Basketball, European Social Dialogue on Professional Basketball begins, 16 February 2011.
 WAIPU website. Also see Study Into The Identification Of Themes And Issues Which Can Be Dealt With In A Social Dialogue In The European Professional Cycling Sector, Final Report, October 2009, TMC Asser Institut, The Hague, The Netherlands.
 Wikipedia, Chess Players' Association of India, accessed 18 November 2016.
 Braham Dabscheck, 'Trying Times: Collective Bargaining in Australian Rugby Union', Sporting Traditions, 15/1 (1998), 25-49.
 National Labor Relations Board, Northwestern University and College Athletes Players Association, Case 13-RC-121359, August 17, 2015.
 Spriggs v Commissioner of Taxation  239 CLR 1.
 Australian Athletes Alliance, The Linkage Between Player Payments And Benefits To Revenue Sharing In Australian Sport, 3 August 2010.
 Australian Athletes Alliance, Policy Platform [23 July 2014].
 Kim Scipes (Ed.), Building Global Labor Solidarity in a Time of Accelerating Globalization, Haymarket Books, Chicago, 2016.
 The following is derived from archives contained in its website.
 Brendan Schwab, 'The role of athletes in delivering good governance in sport', 2015 FIFPro sports law conference, Amsterdam, 15 December 2015, pp. 2-5.
 Quoted in Schwab, The role, p. 6, note 41.
 Universal Declaration of Human Rights, United Nations, 1948; Conventions and Recommendations, International Labor Organisation, Geneva; Quoted in Schwab, The role, p. 8, note 41.
 Quoted in Schwab, The role, p. 7, note 41.
 Schwab, The role, p. 19, note 41.
 Sarah Shephard, Kicking Off: How women in sport are changing the game, Bloomsbury, London, 2016.
 Frances Awaritefe, 'A Summary OF Australian Football's Collective Bargaining Dispute', Law In Sport, 30 September 2015, 1-7.
 Braham Dabscheck, ' "Defensive Manchester": A History of the Professional Footballers Association', in Richard Cashman and Michael McKernan, (Eds.), Sport In History: The Making of Modern Sporting Traditions, University of Queensland Press, St. Lucia, 1979, 227-257; John Harding, For The Good Of The Game: The Official History of the Professional Footballers' Association, Robson Books, London, 1991.
 Charles P. Korr, The End Of Baseball AS We Knew It: The Players Union, 1960-81, University of Illinois Press, Urbana, 2002; Robert F. Burk, Marvin Miller: Baseball Revolutionary, University of Illinois Press, Urbana, 2015.
 For example, National Basketball Association-National Basketball Players' Association, Collective Bargaining Agreement, 2011, Article XXXVII, Group Licensing Rights; Basic Agreement Between The 30 Major League Clubs And Major League Baseball Players Association, 2011, Article XXV, B Joint Activities.
 Dabscheck, 'At the top table', p. 665, note 19.
 The FIFPro website contains a contradiction in that Associazone Italiani Calciatori was one of five associations which formed FIFPro in 1965 and states it has always been a member at one and the same time saying it was formed in 1968. The latter date may pertain to when it was registered per Italian labour law. The earlier date is included here.
 NISO represents Football, Handball and Hockey players. It is included here as one association (with three branches).
 The FIFPro website states the Scottish Professional Footballers' Association was formed in 1955. The Minutes of a Committee Meeting of the (English) Professional Footballers' Association on 18 March 1946 contain a report on the formation of a Scottish players' body. The 1946 date is included here.
 There was an Indian Professional Cricketers' Association, formed in 2002, which is now defunct. There are indications that it may be reformed; 'There should be no confusion on cricket players' association in India', Hindustan Times, 5 September 2016.
 This is assumed to be an off-shoot of the PGA of Great Britain and Ireland and is not included here as a separate association.
 This is assumed to be an off-shoot of the Women's PGA of Great Britain and Ireland and is not included here as a separate association.
 Racing authorities purport to employ jockeys as independent contractors. An examination of their employment indicates that they fall within the 'control' tests of employees. Braham Dabscheck, 'Sweated Labour, Literally Speaking: The Case of Australian Jockeys', in Young Hoon Lee and Rodney Fort (Eds), The Sports Business in The Pacific Rim: Economics and Policy, Springer, New York, 2015, 311-331.
 There was also League 13, an association of Super League players that operated from 2012 to 2015. League 13 website.


Dehydrated skin is a drag, but even worse is looking greasy as a result of using too many hydrating products—an especially troubling issue for those with already oily skin. With warm weather (and extra oiliness) on the horizon, there is a perfect solution for all skin types: gel moisturizers. Unlike winter's heavy moisturizing creams, these light, water-based formulas deeply hydrate and quickly absorb into skin without any added shine—the ultimate win when temps get exceptionally balmy. Plus, the soothing formula is ultra-calming for agitated skin, a bonus for those prone to sensitivity. And those with drier, maturing skin will be pleased to hear that the hydrant not only drenches the epidermis but also strengthens its moisture barrier, helping to retain skin's youthful suppleness. Ahead, the 20 best gel moisturizers ranging in price to suit every budget.


text:
<?php
	namespace Company;

	class Domain {
		private $schema_version = 1;
		public $error;
		public $id;
		public $status;
		public $comments;
		public $location;
		public $name;
		public $date_registered;
		public $date_created;
		public $date_expires;
		public $registration_period;
		public $register;
		public $company;

		public function __construct($id = 0) {
			if ($id > 0) {
				$this->id = $id;
				$this->details();
			}
		}

		public function get($name) {
			$get_object_query = "
				SELECT	id
				FROM	company_domains
				WHERE	domain_name = ?
			";
			$rs = $GLOBALS['_database']->Execute(
				$get_object_query,
				array($name)
			);
			if (! $rs) {
				$this->error = "SQL Error in Site::Domain::get(): ".$GLOBALS['_database']->ErrorMsg();
				return false;
			}
			list($id) = $rs->FetchRow();
			$this->id = $id;
			return $this->details();
		}

		public function details() {
			$get_details_query = "
				SELECT	*
				FROM	company_domains
				WHERE	id = ?
			";
			$rs = $GLOBALS['_database']->Execute(
				$get_details_query,
				array($this->id)
			);
			if (! $rs) {
				$this->error = "SQL Error in Site::Domain::details: ".$GLOBALS['_database']->ErrorMsg();
				return false;
			}
			$object = $rs->FetchNextObject(false);
			if (isset($object->id)) {
				$this->status = $object->status;
				$this->comments = $object->comments;
				$this->name = $object->domain_name;
				$this->date_registered = $object->date_registered;
				$this->date_created = $object->date_created;
				$this->date_expires = $object->date_expires;
				$this->registration_period = $object->registration_period;
				$this->register = $object->register;
				$this->registrar = $object->register;
				$this->company = new Company($object->company_id);
				return true;
			}
			else {
				$this->object = null;
				$this->status = null;
				$this->comments = null;
				$this->name = null;
				$this->date_registered = null;
				$this->date_created = null;
				$this->date_expires = null;
				$this->registration_period = null;
				$this->register = null;
				$this->company = new Company();
				return false;
			}
		}

		public function add($parameters = array()) {
			$bind_params = array();
			if (! isset($parameters['company_id'])) {
				if (preg_match('/^\d+$/',$GLOBALS['_SESSION_']->company->id)) {
					$parameters['company_id'] = $GLOBALS['_SESSION_']->company->id;
				}
				else {
					$this->error = "company must be set for Company::Domain::add";
					return false;
				}
			}
			if (! preg_match('/\w/',$parameters['name'])) {
				$this->error = "name parameter required in Company::Domain::add";
				return false;
			}
			if (! preg_match('/^(0|1)$/',$parameters['status'])) {
				$parameters['status'] = 0;
			}

			$add_object_query = "
				INSERT
				INTO	company_domains
				(		company_id,
						domain_name,
						status
				)
				VALUES
				(		?,?,?)";
			array_push($bind_params,$parameters['company_id'],$parameters['name'],$parameters['status']);

			$GLOBALS['_database']->Execute($add_object_query,$bind_params);
			if ($GLOBALS['_database']->ErrorMsg()) {
				$this->error = "SQL Error in Site::Domain::add: ".$GLOBALS['_database']->ErrorMsg();
				return false;
			}
			$this->id = $GLOBALS['_database']->Insert_ID();

			return $this->update($this->id,$parameters);
		}

		public function update($parameters = array()) {
			if (! preg_match('/^\d+$/',$this->id)) {
				$this->error = "Valid id required for details in Site::Domain::update";
				return false;
			}

			$bind_params = array();

			# Update Object
			$update_object_query = "
				UPDATE	company_domains
				SET		id = id";

			if (isset($parameters['name']) && $parameters['name']) {
				$update_object_query .= ",
						domain_name = ?";
				array_push($bind_params,$parameters['name']);
			}

			if (isset($parameters['active']) && preg_match('/^(0|1)$/',$parameters['active'])) {
				$update_object_query .= ",
						active = ?";
				array_push($bind_params,$parameters['active']);
			}

			if (isset($parameters['status']) && preg_match('/^\d+$/',$parameters['status'])) {
				$update_object_query .= ",
						status = ?";
				array_push($bind_params,$parameters['status']);
			}

			if (isset($parameters['registrar'])) {
				$update_object_query .= ",
						register = ?";
				array_push($bind_params,$parameters['registrar']);
			}

			if (isset($parameters['date_registered'])) {
				$update_object_query .= ",
						date_registered = ?";
				array_push($bind_params,get_mysql_date($parameters['date_registered']));
			}

			if (isset($parameters['date_expires'])) {
				$update_object_query .= ",
						date_expires = ?";
				array_push($bind_params,get_mysql_date($parameters['date_expires']));
			}

			if (isset($parameters['location_id']) && strlen($parameters['location_id'])) {
				$location = new \Company\Location($parameters['location_id']);
				if (! $location->id) {
					$this->error = "Location ID not found";
					return false;
				}
				$update_object_query .= ",
					location_id = ?";
				array_push($bind_params,$location->id);
			}

			$update_object_query .= "
				WHERE	id = ?
			";
			array_push($bind_params,$this->id);

			$GLOBALS['_database']->Execute($update_object_query,$bind_params);
			if ($GLOBALS['_database']->ErrorMsg()) {
				$this->error = "SQL Error in Site::Domain::update: ".$GLOBALS['_database']->ErrorMsg();
				return false;
			}

			return $this->details();
		}
	}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Enter the word you are looking for. In the search results you will see the image you were looking for, but also other related pictograms. You can also search for category images by typing the word "category". At My images you can upload your own pictures that you can use in your documents.
On the Download page, you can download single pictograms or multiple at a time by creating a list. You can download the images in different languages, with or without text and also as negations. The pictograms can be downloaded in jpeg, png, eps and svg image formats.
You can choose multiple types of documents. Click New and choose the type of document you want to work with: Squared sheet, Picturebook A4, Picturebook A5, Day schedule, Week schedule or Labels. Each document has different types of settings such as image size, number of rows, or page layout.
You can also download the complete image library to your computer. You do this when you want to use pictograms with other editors. The link to the download page can be found in the footer. The image library is updated four times a year with new pictograms.


text:
REICHMUTH, Ferdinand, VADM
Line Officer
1945-1946, Potomac River/Potomac River Naval Command (PRNC)
This Military Service Page was created/owned by Steven Loomis (SaigonShipyard), IC3 to remember REICHMUTH, Ferdinand, VADM.
Beloit Last Address
Vice Admiral Reichmuth died in August 1978 in San Francisco California.
1945, Military Order of the World Wars (MOWW)
Ferdinand Louis Reichmuth
Vice Admiral Ferdinand Louis Reichmuth (pronounced Rike-muth), born at Beloit, Iowa, April 11, 1881 with father Ferdinand G. C. Reichmuth and mother Johana Christiane "Clotilde" Graff a German immigrant from Colleda, Thüringen. He attended Ripon College, Ripon, Wisconsin, before his appointment to the U. S. Naval Academy from the state of Wisconsin in 1902. While a Midshipman he was a member of the rowing crew. Graduated in February 1906, he served the two years at sea then required by law before he was commissioned Ensign in February 1908. His subsequent promotions were as follows: Lieutenant (junior grade), February 13, 1911; Lieutenant, October 11, 1911; Lieutenant Commander, July 1, 1911; Commander, December 20, 1921; Captain, October 1, 1930 and Rear Admiral, May 1, 1940. On February 27, 1942, he was promoted to Vice Admiral for service as Commander Service Force, Atlantic Fleet. He reverted to his permanent rank of Rear Admiral on August 22, 1942, and was placed on the Retired List of the Navy in that rank on August 1, 1946. His promotion to Vice Admiral on the Retired List of the Navy was confirmed by the U. S. Senate on May 28, 1948.
Legion of Merit
"For exceptionally meritorious conduct in the performance of outstanding services to the Government of the United States as Commandant, Navy Yard, Washington, D.C., Commandant, Potomac River Naval Command, and Superintendent, United States Naval Gun Factory, September 15, 1942 to April 10, 1946. Displaying foresight and initiative. Rear Admiral Reichmuth organized and administered the large number of Naval Personnel assigned to the Washington Area. As Superintendent of the Naval Gun Factory, he was instrumental in enlarging the production of his factory, and In training numerous personnel to guide the successful production elsewhere, In addition, he supervised the design, development and construction of new and improved guns and mounts, thereby contributing to the creation of a Navy second to none. His sound judgment high professional attainments and unwavering demotion to duty reflect the highest credit upon Rear Admiral Reichmuth and the United States Naval Service."
World War I Victory Medal, Atlantic Fleet Clasp
American Defense Service Medal, Fleet Clasp
American Campaign Medal
World War II Victory Medal
Naval Gun Factory Wa...
Legion of Merit RAdm...
1921-1923, USS New Mexico (BB-40)
From Month/Year
November / 1921
To Month/Year
June / 1923
USS New Mexico (BB-40) Unit Page
Country/State
USS New Mexico (BB-40) Details
New Mexico Class Battleship: Displacement 32,000 Tons, Dimensions, 624' (oa) x 97' 5" x 31' 1" (Max). Armament 12 x 14"/50 22 x 5"/51, 8 x 3"/50 2 x 21" tt. Armor, 13 1/2" Belt, 18" Turrets, 3 1/2" +2" Decks, 16" Conning Tower. Machinery, 27,500 SHP; G.E. Geared Turbines with electric drive, 4 screws. Speed, 21 Knots, Crew 1084. Operational and Building Data: Laid down by New York Navy Yard, October 14, 1915. Launched April 23, 1917. Commissioned May 18, 1918. Decommissioned July 19, 1946. Stricken February 25, 1947. Fate: Sold November 9, 1947 and broken up for scrap in New York.
Surface Vessels
Existing/Disbanded
Parent Unit
New Mexico-class
Created/Owned By
My Photos For This Duty Station
8 Members Also There at Same Time
This Unit Only
USS New Mexico (BB-40)
Eberle, Edward Walter, ADM, (1885-1928) Admiral
Stirling, Jr., Yates, RADM, (1892-1936) Captain
Blandy, William H.P., ADM, (1913-1950) Lieutenant Commander
Blandy, William Henry Purnel, ADM, (1913-1950) Lieutenant Commander
Dickins, Curtis Hoyt, CAPT, (1898-1929) OFF 410X Captain
Phillips, John Spinning, RADM, (1917-1947) OFF Lieutenant
McCrea, John Livingstone, VADM, (1911-1953) OFF 111X Lieutenant Junior Grade
Gillis, James, S2c, (1920-1925) S2c S2c-0000 Seaman Second Class

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
. . . F L I C K E R
Calls for Entries: deadline
Calls for Entries: no deadline
Events/Screenings/Programs
New Films/Videos
New Films/Videos: features
enter an announcement
flicker home
Berwick Film & Media Arts Festival
Contact (be sure to replace [at] with @) : BFMAF, info [at] bfmaf.org
Deadline: April 6 2020
Exhibition date: September 10 2020 - September 13 2020
Berwick Film & Media Arts Festival (BFMAF) one of the UK's leading festivals for new cinema and artists' moving image, is now open for entries.
The 16th Berwick Film & Media Arts Festival would love to see your work.
Film entries of all lengths and formats are encouraged and will be considered across all areas of the festivals 2020 programme. All single screen works under 60 minutes in length are eligible for the Berwick New Cinema Competition which has a £1,000 prize.
Early Bird: Friday 31 January 2020
Regular: Friday 20 March 2020
Late: Monday 6 April 2020
£15 Early Bird / £20 Regular / £25 Late
About BFMAF
Now in its 16th year, Berwick Film & Media Arts Festival is the UK's Festival for New Cinema and Artists' Moving Image.
A platform for emerging and established artists and filmmakers, the Festival is inspired by its surroundings to push boundaries and explore the unexplored.
"BFMAF was like a potion that, once consumed, transformed the whole world into a cinema." - Christopher Small, MUBI, 2019
www.bfmaf.org/what-we-do/call-for-entries
URL: www.bfmaf.org
return to Calls for Entries: deadline | enter an announcement | home


text:
"""Generate and work with PEP 425 Compatibility Tags.
"""

import re

from pip._vendor.packaging.tags import (
    Tag,
    compatible_tags,
    cpython_tags,
    generic_tags,
    interpreter_name,
    interpreter_version,
    mac_platforms,
)

from pip._internal.utils.typing import MYPY_CHECK_RUNNING

if MYPY_CHECK_RUNNING:
    from typing import List, Optional, Tuple

    from pip._vendor.packaging.tags import PythonVersion

_osx_arch_pat = re.compile(r'(.+)_(\d+)_(\d+)_(.+)')

def version_info_to_nodot(version_info):
    # type: (Tuple[int, ...]) -> str
    # Only use up to the first two numbers.
    return ''.join(map(str, version_info[:2]))

def _mac_platforms(arch):
    # type: (str) -> List[str]
    match = _osx_arch_pat.match(arch)
    if match:
        name, major, minor, actual_arch = match.groups()
        mac_version = (int(major), int(minor))
        arches = [
            # Since we have always only checked that the platform starts
            # with "macosx", for backwards-compatibility we extract the
            # actual prefix provided by the user in case they provided
            # something like "macosxcustom_". It may be good to remove
            # this as undocumented or deprecate it in the future.
            '{}_{}'.format(name, arch[len('macosx_'):])
            for arch in mac_platforms(mac_version, actual_arch)
        ]
    else:
        # arch pattern didn't match (?!)
        arches = [arch]
    return arches

def _custom_manylinux_platforms(arch):
    # type: (str) -> List[str]
    arches = [arch]
    arch_prefix, arch_sep, arch_suffix = arch.partition('_')
    if arch_prefix == 'manylinux2014':
        # manylinux1/manylinux2010 wheels run on most manylinux2014 systems
        # with the exception of wheels depending on ncurses. PEP 599 states
        # manylinux1/manylinux2010 wheels should be considered
        # manylinux2014 wheels:
        # https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0599/#backwards-compatibility-with-manylinux2010-wheels
        if arch_suffix in {'i686', 'x86_64'}:
            arches.append('manylinux2010' + arch_sep + arch_suffix)
            arches.append('manylinux1' + arch_sep + arch_suffix)
    elif arch_prefix == 'manylinux2010':
        # manylinux1 wheels run on most manylinux2010 systems with the
        # exception of wheels depending on ncurses. PEP 571 states
        # manylinux1 wheels should be considered manylinux2010 wheels:
        # https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0571/#backwards-compatibility-with-manylinux1-wheels
        arches.append('manylinux1' + arch_sep + arch_suffix)
    return arches

def _get_custom_platforms(arch):
    # type: (str) -> List[str]
    arch_prefix, arch_sep, arch_suffix = arch.partition('_')
    if arch.startswith('macosx'):
        arches = _mac_platforms(arch)
    elif arch_prefix in ['manylinux2014', 'manylinux2010']:
        arches = _custom_manylinux_platforms(arch)
    else:
        arches = [arch]
    return arches

def _expand_allowed_platforms(platforms):
    # type: (Optional[List[str]]) -> Optional[List[str]]
    if not platforms:
        return None

    seen = set()
    result = []

    for p in platforms:
        if p in seen:
            continue
        additions = [c for c in _get_custom_platforms(p) if c not in seen]
        seen.update(additions)
        result.extend(additions)

    return result

def _get_python_version(version):
    # type: (str) -> PythonVersion
    if len(version) > 1:
        return int(version[0]), int(version[1:])
    else:
        return (int(version[0]),)

def _get_custom_interpreter(implementation=None, version=None):
    # type: (Optional[str], Optional[str]) -> str
    if implementation is None:
        implementation = interpreter_name()
    if version is None:
        version = interpreter_version()
    return f"{implementation}{version}"

def get_supported(
    version=None,  # type: Optional[str]
    platforms=None,  # type: Optional[List[str]]
    impl=None,  # type: Optional[str]
    abis=None  # type: Optional[List[str]]
):
    # type: (...) -> List[Tag]
    """Return a list of supported tags for each version specified in
    `versions`.

    :param version: a string version, of the form "33" or "32",
        or None. The version will be assumed to support our ABI.
    :param platform: specify a list of platforms you want valid
        tags for, or None. If None, use the local system platform.
    :param impl: specify the exact implementation you want valid
        tags for, or None. If None, use the local interpreter impl.
    :param abis: specify a list of abis you want valid
        tags for, or None. If None, use the local interpreter abi.
    """
    supported = []  # type: List[Tag]

    python_version = None  # type: Optional[PythonVersion]
    if version is not None:
        python_version = _get_python_version(version)

    interpreter = _get_custom_interpreter(impl, version)

    platforms = _expand_allowed_platforms(platforms)

    is_cpython = (impl or interpreter_name()) == "cp"
    if is_cpython:
        supported.extend(
            cpython_tags(
                python_version=python_version,
                abis=abis,
                platforms=platforms,
            )
        )
    else:
        supported.extend(
            generic_tags(
                interpreter=interpreter,
                abis=abis,
                platforms=platforms,
            )
        )
    supported.extend(
        compatible_tags(
            python_version=python_version,
            interpreter=interpreter,
            platforms=platforms,
        )
    )

    return supported


There is a lot of advice available when you are ready to prepare your home to sell. We've selected several articles that can give you ideas that will apply to your home. Our main recommendation is to make sure to declutter and clean. Some of the main objections we hear when showing homes is "there is so much stuff in there, I can't even see the space", and comments about offensive pet odors.
Getting a home inspection can be a good idea, especially if you have an older home. Many times, you'll know about existing problems and can fix or get estimates from contractors so you know about repairs that will likely be needed.


text:
The ILO Resolution on Workplace Sexual Harassment: Old Wine in a New Bottle?
The International Labour Organization adopted what has been heralded as a historic convention addressing the reduction of violence and harassment in the workplace with an overwhelming majority. Adopted 439-7 with 30 abstentions, the resolution came into force four years after the discussions around it were initiated. According to the ILO Director-General Guy Ryder, the #MeToo movement had lent the discussions "momentum and significance" to adopt the convention.
The convention is a first at the global level to address violence and harassment at work. It aims at protecting workers from harassment in places where they are paid or resting, eating, or using sanitary facilities, regardless of their contractual status – thus including those whose employment has been terminated and job seekers. It covers work-related trips and commutes, training programs, social activities, and communications. It addresses workers from the public and the private sectors and the unorganized sector (informal economy) as well. The convention also accounts for violence and harassment involving clients, customers, service providers, and other third parties.
Per the convention, governments that opt to ratify will be required to come up with national legislative measures to prohibit workplace violence, engage in preventive measures, and draft workplace policies to address violence in the workplace. Governments will be mandated to monitor the prevalence of workplace harassment and provide access to remedies through complaint mechanisms, provide witness protection measures and victim support services, while also prioritizing protection for victims and whistleblowers from retaliatory reprisals.
Ignoring structural violence
The text of the convention defines violence and harassment as "a range of unacceptable behaviors and practices, or threats thereof, whether a single occurrence or repeated, that aim at, result in, or are likely to result in physical, psychological, sexual or economic harm, and includes gender-based violence and harassment." Within this definitive scope, one can see that the convention specifically targets direct violence, or violence that is manifest and overt. Johan Galtung's (1969) famous triangle explains that direct violence as a manifestation of the underlying structural and cultural violence that remain hidden.
Workplace violence and sexual harassment that is overt is largely a product of power structures and involve power play. Both hostile environment harassment (harassment without any reciprocal "benefits and favours") and quid pro quo harassment (providing "benefits" or "favours" in return for sexual favours) are a product of a person in power manipulating their position of power to take advantage of an employee / worker's vulnerabilities or lack of power. The convention's explicit reference to behaviours, practices, and threats speaks exclusively to the symptom and not to the structures that need to be addressed at its very base.
Workplaces of all kinds are traditionally cis-het male-dominated spaces, and almost all other gender identities have been excluded systemically. As Otto (2010) argues, "In the absence of change in the broader social hierarchies of gender, women need to cross to the "male" side of gendered traditions if they are to be taken seriously in traditionally male spheres." What Otto suggests as true of women is just as true for all non-cis-het male identities accessing workplaces. To overcome these barriers, the key is to focus on "substantive equality" (Otto, 2010) that dismantles structural violence. The ILO appears to prioritize an "integrated, inclusive, and gender-responsive approach for the prevention and elimination of violence and harassment in the world of work," but it appears to be another document among many that appear to have dissociated political content from the substance of feminist engagement for the sake of institutionalization (Baden and Goetz, 1998).
Strategic Essentialism over Inclusive Engagement
Article 6 of the Convention says, "Each Member shall adopt laws, regulations and policies ensuring the right to equality and non-discrimination in employment and occupation, including for women workers, as well as for workers and other persons belonging to one or more vulnerable groups or groups in situations of vulnerability that are disproportionately affected by violence and harassment in the world of work."
Though the convention appears to leave room for a wide interpretation of the idea of who a worker is within the scope of the text and its implications, its generic and loose terminology begs the question as to whose interests are accommodated within the term, and whose interests can be interpreted out of the scope of the provision. Spivak (1988) explained how minority groups, nationalities, or ethnic groups mobilize on the basis of shared gendered, cultural, or political identity to represent themselves towards attaining a particular target. However, as Aroussi (2017) explained, even as strategic essentialism can help assert group rights or may succeed in attaining a particular goal, it can also "represent a slippery slope that limits what can be achieved," in this case, by this convention.
The convention does not, however, address the harassment and violence against LGBTQIA+ people. In response to a question pointing this lacuna out, ILO Director-General Guy Ryder acknowledged that LGBTQIA+ issues were "controversial" but said that "The spirit of the Convention … is that everybody falls under the protection of this Convention." From Guy Ryder's statement, it appears that there were "contentious negotiations on the convention" in the run up to its adoption, and that defining the scope of "vulnerable groups" was a "major stumbling block." This only confirms the fact that approaches to push for the convention were couched in strategic essentialism, rather than in actual inclusive agendas that acknowledge the variations in gender experiences on account of multiple other identities.
The wide language leaves room for interpretative frameworks that can be altered to suit particular agendas. That the convention's implementations are left to nations and their legal frameworks, the wide amplitude offered by the language allows states to import national structures into their legal frameworks. This means that countries that have structures that discriminate against groups that are vulnerable by basic human rights standards, will import such structures into national legislation in pursuit of the convention.
A wasted opportunity?
The ILO's attempt at this convention comes closely at its heels of recognizing the gaps in extant national legal regimes addressing workplace violence and harassment. Any attempt at legislation for workplace harassment must acknowledge the forms of structural and cultural violence that cause it. Admittedly, it cannot be discounted that this convention is a path-breaking development in shaking up the silence around workplace harassment at the global level. However, the true success of this convention lies not in its creation and adoption today – but will be achieved only if the agenda it professes is furthered with a dedicated pursuit of dismantling structures and cultural factors that enable workplace harassment.
Image Source: ILO / Flickr
Galtung, Johan (1969) 'Violence, Peace, and Peace Research'. Journal of Peace Research 6(3): 167-191
Otto, Dianne (2010), 'Power and Danger: Feminist Engagement with International Law Through the UN Security Council'. Australian Feminist Law Journal, 32(2010): 97-121.
Baden Sally and Goetz Anne Marie 'Who Needs [Sex] When You Can Have [Gender]? Conflicting Discourses on Gender at Beijing' in Jackson Cecile and Pearson Ruth (eds) Feminist Visions of Development: Gender Analysis and Policy Routledge Oxfordshire 1998 p 19 at 24–5.
Spivak, G. C. (1988) 'Can the Subaltern Speak?' In Marxism and the Interpretation of Culture, eds. Cary Nelson and Larry Grossberg. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, pp. 271–313
Aroussi, S. (2017). 'National Action Plans on Women, Peace, and Security as Tools of Foreign Policy: Reconsidering Gender Security in the West' In Sahla Aroussi (ed) Rethinking National Action Plans on Women, Peace, and Security, IOS Press. pp. 29-41.
Daily Sabah (2019, June). UN Labor Agency ILO Adopts Landmark Anti-Harassment Convention During Centennial Assembly (Link)
ILO (2019), Convention Concerning the Elimination of Violence and Harassment in the World of Work (Link)
Human Rights Watch (2019) ILO: New Treaty to Protect Workers from Violence, Harassment. (Link)
#GenderandPolicy
Sexual Assault and Gender-Based Violence in the military: Applying C190
The Optional Protocol to the CEDAW
The CEDAW Convention: Key Provisions


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When you need money to pay your rent, utility bills or get through a difficult time, there are 26 utility payment and rental assistance programs in the Bible School Park, New York area.
Social Services promotes self-sufficiency and protects citizens by providing financial and social services to eligible County residents through program development, application of the law and encouragement of responsibility in an empathetic, timely and customer focused manner.Provide emergency assistance and assistance for burial payment direct to Funeral Home for indigent burial when income or resources are not available for such purposes.
Provides emergency and regular food, rent, utility and prescriptions assistance to those in need in Owego Village area. Emergency food delivery to anyone 65+ who is housebound or disabled and resides in OwegoVillage area. Delivery 3rd Thursday.
Provides emergency financial assistance one time to help pay for fuel, utility, medical bills, etc.
Mon 10:00 am - 4:00 pm Tue 10:00 am - 4:00 pm Wed 10:00 am - 4:00 pm Thu 10:00 am - 4:00 pm Fri 10:00 am - 1:00 pmCall to make an appointment. No financial assistance available on Friday.
Proof of Tioga County residency.
Photo ID and proof of Tioga County residency.
Program pays rent for chronically homeless individuals to assist them in regaining independence. Serves single homeless people who have either been homeless for one full year or have had four episodes of homelessness in the past three years.
Seeks out minority families with developmental disabilities to help them get services to which they are entitled. Reimbursement for respite services, and computer technology services for persons with developmental disabilities also available. Provides information about respite care (temporary relief for caregivers). May be able to do a Lend-a-Hand referral for rent assistance with proof of income and proof of eviction. Those who receive rent money or cash assistance from Department of Social Services are not eligible.
Food pantry once/month unless referred by community agency or school. Offers food, personal care items and diapers. Offers clothing and household items available to anyone.
Good work habits help develop an internal toughness and a self-confident attitude that will sustain you through every adversity and temporary discouragement.
Offers emergency assistance for rent (with eviction notice), utilities (including heat, electricity or water with shut-off notice), and other emergency situations using vouchers. Transportation for those stranded and unable to get transportation out of the community. Assistance generally up to $300 in 6-month period, but each case decided on individual basis.
Residents in school districts of Waverly, Sayre and Athens.
Call Clearinghouse 570 888-8826 Provide information including, name and social security number of all adults in the household, address, along with what is needed. If we might be able to help, caller is referred to a member church to fill out an application.
Cats are intended to teach us that not everything in nature has a function.
Summer 2017: Tompkins Community Action main office is undergoing major renovation. They have set up temporary offices at 609 Clinton St #111 and they expect to reside at this location until Spring or Summer 2018.
Looking For Services In A City Near Bible School Park, NY?


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NMHM Presents "Palace Seen and Unseen: A Convergence of History and Archaeology"
All Years... 2022 2021 2020 2019 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 2010 2009 2008 2007 All Institutions Bosque Redondo Memorial at Fort Sumner Coronado Historic Site Department of Cultural Affairs El Camino Real Historic Trail Site El Palacio Magazine Fort Selden Historic Site Fort Stanton Historic Site Jemez Historic Site Lincoln Historic Site Los Luceros Historic Site Museum Hill Partners Museum of Indian Arts and Culture Museum of International Folk Art Museum of New Mexico Museum of New Mexico Foundation Museum Resources National Hispanic Cultural Center New Mexico Arts New Mexico CulturePass New Mexico Farm and Ranch Heritage Museum New Mexico Historic Sites New Mexico History Museum New Mexico Museum of Art New Mexico Museum of Natural History & Science New Mexico Museum of Space History New Mexico State Library Office of Archaeological Studies Taylor-Mesilla Historic Property
New Mexico History Museum
Filled with more than 400 years of antiquity and culture, the New Mexico History Museum (NMHM) announces the opening of "Palace Seen and Unseen: A Convergence of History and Archaeology." Set to debut June 26, 2021, this new exhibition explores the Palace of the Governors as a public building and a storied place.
Reflecting current archaeological and historical perspectives, "Palace Seen and Unseen" draws from historic documents, photographs, and archaeological and architectural studies produced by its former residents, visitors, stewards, and scholars. When the dynamic expertise of historians and archaeologists converges, a richer story and better understanding emerges. It is this integrative approach to what is seen and unseen that guides the themes explored by this exhibition. There is no better place for this to happen than at the Palace of the Governors.
Guest curators Cordelia (Dedie) Snow and Stephen (Steve) Post have nearly 50 years of combined experience with Palace architecture, history, and archaeology. Their firsthand experience excavating within the Palace walls and on its grounds provides a unique, expert perspective that visitors will appreciate.
"The Palace's adobe architecture provides us with a unique backdrop to tell its 400-year story through the words, images, and objects of its many residents and visitors," explain Snow and Post. "Just when you think you might be getting a handle on the archaeology or history of the Palace, something new crops up. Just as the puzzle always seems to be missing pieces, it grows even larger."
All the archaeological objects selected were excavated by either Snow or Post and were dug up from Palace floors or the former Armory grounds - where the NMHM Domenici Building now stands.
"Palace Seen and Unseen" was originally scheduled to open in 2020. The exhibition will be on long-term view.
About the New Mexico History Museum
The New Mexico History Museum is a division of the Department of Cultural Affairs, under the leadership of the Board of Regents for the Museum of New Mexico. Programs and exhibits are supported by the Museum of New Mexico Foundation and its generous donors. NMHM is a statewide educational resource, landmark, and destination for everyone who wants to understand the diverse experiences of the people of New Mexico, the dynamics that have shaped our state, and the relationships that connect our region with the rest of the world.
Palace of the Governors
Unidentified man
Palace of the Governors looking northeast
Rough Riders being sworn in by Captain Charles L. Cooper
Edgar L. Hewett
All Related Photos »
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MAPLEWOOD, NJ — The Maplewood Manta Rays diving team with be holding a dive-a-thon at the Maplewood pool on Saturday, July 9, to help raise money for St. Hubert's Animal Welfare Center. Divers will dive from 9 to 10 a.m.; raffles, games and adoption will run from 10 a.m. to noon. Dogs and cats will in the Maplewood pool parking lot for adoption. For more information, contact Kayla Spinelli at maplewoodmantarays@gmail.com.


On balance, there will be some jobs lost to artificial intelligence, and you can also expect AI to create other jobs. But at the global information services company Wolters Kluwer, AI is being infused into expert systems in a bid to augment lawyers, accountants, and other professionals with superior decision-making abilities.
Wolters Kluwer is a €4.3-billion Dutch firm that provides knowledge management software and services to companies in the financial services, healthcare, tax and accounting, and legal arenas. The 180-year-old company originally encapsulated its knowledge and recommendations for specific professional domains in books, but today it has largely made the transition to digital technologies.
Thousands of companies around the world rely on Wolters Kluwer's practice management software to automate core aspects of their businesses. That includes doctor's offices that use its software make healthcare decisions in a clinical setting, corporate law offices that use its software to understand M&A activities, and accounting firms that use its software to craft tax strategies for high net-worth clients.
The dispensation of expert advice has always been Wolters Kluwer's business model, whether through books stuffed with actuarial tables or through hand-written rules carefully coded into its software. So it's no surprise that the company today is turning to powerful AI technology to take its expert systems to the next level.
Wolters Kluwer's CTO of Global Platforms, Greg Tatham, recently told Datanami that the company is adopting AI widely across all four areas of focus, including tax, financial, legal, healthcare.
Wolters Kluwer is embedding a range of AI capabilities – including deep learning and graph analytics — across multiple product lines. For example, its Legalview Bill Analyzer software helps to identify errors in legal bills sent from outside law firms to the corporate counsels of large companies. The typical recovery rate for people reviewing bills manually is 1% to 2%. By adding machine learning technology to the product the recovery rate jumps to 7% to 8%, which can translate into tens of millions of dollars.
Wolters Kluwer is using graph analytic techniques to accelerate the knowledge discovery process for its clients across various professions. The company has tapped Franz's AllegroGraph software to help it drive new navigational tools for helping customers find answers to their questions.
By arranging known facts and concepts as triples in the AllegroGraph database and then exposing those structures to users through a traditional search engine dialog box, Wolters Kluwer is able to surface related insights in a much more interactive manner.
To the user, it works somewhat like Google's eponymous search engine, which uses machine learning algorithms to discern statistically significant patterns in words and groups of words. Wolters Kluwer uses those traditional search engine techniques, but the Franz technology lets it go beyond that.
In that manner, Wolters Kluwer is able to utilize the power of AI to super-charge access to the hard-won knowledge that human workers have gathered over decades, even centuries. That's deep domain expertise that can't be created by AI, but AI can make that knowledge more accessible, Tatham said.
By infusing its software with AI, Wolters Kluwer is helping human experts "move up the value chain," said Sandeep Sacheti, an executive vice president with Wolters Kluwer Governance Risk & Compliance business.


"He will be tremendously missed by our family, "but we may not be able to promise the lake that you fished with your grandfather to catch walleye, It's another generation for England. Eze Tigani – Shot to death 25.At some point during the process of writing 99 Homes. grad students who get tuition waivers because they teach or do research would now have to pay income tax on the waiver, U.


Little monsters, you can go home!
Lady Gaga's Little Monsters social networking site finally and officially launched yesterday (July 10.) The site is a place for Gaga fans to congregate, get to know one another and swap stories and photos. It's now up and running. The homepage offers a simple salutation. It reads: "Welcome Home, Little Monsters." Gaga is accepting you with open digital arms.
While you are there, create a profile and follow other littler monsters. It's like Gaga's own branded Facebook, and the back end is handled by Backplane, a digital start up that creates social media platforms that cater to specific brands, people and interests, according to ABC. So we can only predict that more sites like this are on the way for other pop stars and Mother Monster's peers.
The singer, who has the most Twitter followers of anyone who uses the 140-character messaging service with a cool 26 million people hanging on her every thumb-typed transmission, has manipulated the digital space in brilliant fashion. She just joined Instagram, so lil' monsters can expect lots and lots of artsy photos of their heroine in the coming weeks.
Did you join Gaga's social networking site yet?


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Press Release -- August 27th, 2015
Source: Interoute
Interoute opens Trans-Pacific network route between Hong Kong and Los Angeles
Expansion signals next stage of Interoute's global networked cloud development
Los Angeles & London, 27 August 2015 - Interoute, owner operator of Europe's largest cloud services platform, today announced that it has taken the final step in creating a fully meshed global network with two new diverse routes between Los Angeles (LA) and Hong Kong. With this new extension across the Pacific, Interoute's low latency network now circles the globe, and will provide Interoute customers with faster access between the USA and Asia regions.
Interoute is now able to provide its enterprise customers with low latency pan-Pacific services, all built on its own entirely private and secure MPLS network. Provision has also been made for reliability, with the simultaneous deployment of two diverse routes to cover the distance.
Interoute has integrated its MPLS network with its cloud infrastructure platform Interoute Virtual Data Centre (VDC), which is designed on a global scale to make doing business across multiple markets simple and easy. Today's announced network expansion follows the launches of the Interoute IP PoPs and VDC zones in LA1and Hong Kong2, enabling companies to build their own private and Hybrid cloud infrastructures globally, all interconnected securely over high speed MPLS network. This announcement also follows Interoute's recent opening of a new PoP in Singapore3, strengthening its position in one of the world's biggest financial hubs and a key business destination in the Asia-Pacific region.
Mark Lewis, VP Communications & Connectivity at Interoute, said: "Our investment in new links between Asia and the USA signifies the next stage in the development of Interoute's global networked cloud. Our customers wishing to expand across the globe need a network and services platform that truly supports their digital businesses. With the launch of these new connections, Interoute is delivering the network capacity and service platforms that enterprises need to grow across the Pacific and around the world."
The new route goes live in September 2015.
Europe's Largest Cloud Services Platform Launches Interoute Virtual Data Centre in Los Angeles
Interoute Virtual Data Centre launches in Hong Kong
Interoute opens new Singapore PoP to meet growing customer demand
About Interoute
Interoute Communications Limited is the owner operator of Europe's largest network and a global cloud services platform, which encompasses, 12 data centres, 14 Virtual Data Centres and 31 collocation centres, with connections to 195 additional third-party data centres across Europe. Its full-service Unified ICT platform serves international enterprises, as well as the majority of the world's top service providers, governments and universities. Interoute's Unified ICT strategy has proved attractive to enterprises looking for a scalable, secure connectivity and an unconstrained platform on which they can build their voice, video, computing and data services, as well as service providers in need of high capacity international data transit and infrastructure. With established operations throughout Europe and USA, Interoute also owns and operates 24 dense city networks throughout Europe's major business centres. www.interoute.com
Interoute PR contacts:
Ruder Finn
interoute@ruderfinn.co.uk
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Four Outstanding Faculty Award Recipients from the Last Year
Jun 4, 2021 | Faculty & Staff Spotlights, People of Post
Established by the Faculty Experience Committee in 2020, the Faculty Impact Award recognizes members of the Post University faculty that reach beyond the standard expectations for online and campus instructors. These faculty members are a true testament to our University values and make it personal by forging a strong connection and relationship with their students, providing outstanding educational guidance based on field expertise, and inspiring students to become the best version of themselves.
Erika Levander
No one embodies this more than our first inaugural recipient of the Faculty Impact Award, Associate Professor Erika Levander, who has been teaching math since 2011 at the University. She has been doing everything she can for her students to see them succeed.
"I have taught at least one class every term for the past 9 years. I have also taught in the public education sector for almost 20 years. I have taught thousands and thousands of students at a variety of ages. I believe I can speak for most educators when I say that what means the most, why we do what we do, is to have a positive impact on students. When I received an email from the Math Department Program Managers saying that I was the first recipient of the Post University Faculty Impact Award, I felt so honored and touched. Knowing that I was nominated by my students makes it even more meaningful because, to me, that is what teaching is all about. I have been so blessed to work for Post and meet so many wonderful students from all over the country. In the words of William James – "The greatest use of a life is to spend it for something that will outlast it." I am looking forward to many more years doing just that. Thank you from the bottom of my heart."
Heather Riffle
The Term 4 Faculty Impact Award Recipient is Associate Faculty Heather Riffle, who teaches computer information classes, specifically, the intro to computing course. Riffle demonstrates the epitome of impactful teaching. Though her teaching profession began twenty years ago, she only recently started teaching at Post in May of 2020.
In a brief timeframe, Riffle has won the hearts of many students, exemplifying that length of time does not generate an impact. Rather, impact is created from the depth of care given to the relationships with each individual student. Because Riffle teaches an introductory course to freshmen, her level of impact becomes significantly more vital. Seizing the attention and engagement of students at the beginning of their college experience is an imperative step towards each student's educational success.
"Students also come to the classroom with their own personal life, and work events that play into their daily interactions," said Riffle. "As an instructor, I need to be encouraging and keep the students motivated to continue on no matter what life has thrown at them!"
Like most of our online instructors, Riffle teaches individuals of various ages. Some students recently graduated high school while others are full-time working spouses with children. Riffle always strives to understand the unique situation of each student, which has given them the motivation they needed to achieve in the course. It is also one of the many reasons her students nominated her for this award.
"She goes above and beyond to help students," said Program Chair of Computer Information Systems Angela Scipio. "She is one of those instructors who is able to meet students where they are and continually guides them. She is very deserving of this award. As the Program Chair of the Computer Information Systems Department, I am able to see the impact that she makes upon her students. Congratulations to Heather!"
Post University is grateful to have exemplary instructors like Riffle cheering on our students each step of the way. At Post, it is more than teaching students, it's supporting and guiding them.
"I want to send a special thank you to Dustin (Associate Program Chair, CIS) and Angela (Program Chair, CIS) for the opportunity to teach at Post University and to have their constant support, especially since I reside in Ohio," said Riffle.
Riffle shares that she was surprised to earn the award having only been at Post for such a brief timeframe, but that she is beyond touched by her student nominations.
"I really just want to see my students succeed," said Riffle. "That's what matters."
William Lemon
"I was speechless; it felt so validating," shares Professor William Lemon when asked how it felt to receive the Faculty Impact Award.
Lemon has been an online associate faculty member in Post's English Department since 2014. Living in San Diego and having a desire to teach online courses, Lemon did some research and was very interested in applying for a teaching position at Post.
"It seemed like a great online program, and it stood out among some other options," said Lemon.
Lemon's great-grandmother, who was a teacher, played a big role in raising him as a child. His mother did some teaching as well. Growing up in an environment of educators, Lemon developed the desire to follow in their path. While he was not initially aware of what subject he would be best at teaching, his passion for writing and literature became clear during some college English courses.
Currently, Lemon is redesigning Post's creative writing course, anticipated to roll out within the next few months. Lemon shares that despite teaching in a world outside the classroom, students are often interested in meeting through Microsoft Teams or via phone call to discuss their writing. Writing, especially creatively, can be personal and vulnerable. Lemon connects with students through their writing, as well as through peer discussions and other methods of communication.
"When teaching online courses, I like being able to work with such a diverse group of people. They can be from all over the world and of all ages. It's very eclectic," said Lemon.
Lemon does not allow a 3,000-mile distance from campus grounds in Waterbury to detract from the personal connection he shares with his students.
Michael Conard
The small campus environment at Post University has given our professors the opportunity to work one-on-one with students and provide ample, personal attention to those who want or need it.
Marketing Professor Michael Conard has been teaching at Post since 1985 as a part-time adjunct. In the fall of 1988, Conard became a full-time professor and has remained teaching at Post ever since. He is Post's first campus recipient of the Faculty Impact Award.
"The small classes made it easy to get to know the students well. I always try to find the best level and pace, so everyone learns and feels comfortable," said Conard.
Conard is a Waterbury resident, which was his initial connection to applying for a teaching position at Post. After realizing how much he loved the classroom dynamic, Conard knew that teaching at Post would be his lifetime career. In fact, Conard shares that he had a student in his class whose mother he had also taught, instilling knowledge in generations of families.
Conard does more than teach his students; he supports them in other endeavors as well.
"I love being able to go to sporting events and get to know the students outside of the classroom," he said.
With the student nomination and overall decision to grant Conard the Faculty Impact Award, it is clear that students are touched by Conard's dedication to teaching and individual care that extends beyond the classroom.
Faculty Impact Award Recipient: Michael Conard
The Faculty Impact Award recognizes members of the Post University faculty that reach beyond the…
Faculty Impact Award Recipient: William Lemon
William does not allow a 3,000-mile distance from campus grounds in Waterbury to detract from…
Faculty Impact Award: Associate Professor Erika Levander
The Faculty Impact Award will be presented to an associate faculty member each term –…