Challenges, hardship, and setbacks are inevitable. Teaching kids to build mental muscle helps them become resilient. It's also the key to helping them reach their greatest potential in life.
But, it's easy to get so caught up in day-to-day issues, like homework and soccer practice, that you forget to look at the bigger parenting picture. Consequently, many kids aren't developing the mental strength they need to become responsible adults.
1. Teach your kids to think realistically.
The way your child thinks affects the way he feels and the way he behaves. So it's essential to teach your child how to deal with those overly negative thoughts.
Kids struggle with many of the same types of thoughts adults do--catastrophic thinking, self-doubt, and harsh criticism. And sometimes, parents are quick to say things like, "Quit worrying" or, "It'll turn out fine," when kids express concerns.
Most parents never teach kids how to develop healthier self-talk. And the solution isn't to simply, "Think positive." Kids who are confident everything will turn out well aren't prepared for real-life challenges.
A child who initially thinks, "I'll never be able to pass math class," can learn to reframe his negative thinking by telling himself, "I can improve my math grade by studying hard, asking for help, and doing my homework." Kids who think realistically feel better about themselves and are more resilient.
How to Teach It: Encourage your kids to become thought detectives who evaluate the evidence that supports and refutes their assumptions. When your child says something negative, ask, "What makes you think that's true?" and "What is some evidence that might not be true?" Teach them to challenge their thoughts and prove themselves wrong.
2. Teach your kids to manage their emotions.
A national survey of college students found that more than 60% of young people don't feel emotionally prepared for the realities of life. They lack the skills to deal with uncomfortable emotions, like loneliness, sadness, and anxiety.
Parents are quick to jump in and tell kids, "Don't be scared," or "It's not a big deal." But that teaches them their feelings are wrong or that they can't handle their emotions.
It's important to educate kids about their emotions and how those emotions influence them. A child who can say, "I'm feeling anxious and that anxiety makes me want to avoid scary things," will be better equipped to face his fears. He'll also have a better understanding of how to cope with his emotions and he'll have more confidence in his ability to handle discomfort.
How to Teach It: Teach your kids to recognize their feelings. Labeling their emotions is the first step to understanding how those emotions influence their decisions. Validate your children's emotions and teach them they have choices in how they deal with their feelings.
3. Teach your kids to take positive action.
Thinking realistically and feeling good are only half the battle. Kids also need to take positive action.
Unfortunately, many parents are quick to rescue kids from their struggles. Or, they micromanage their daily activities. And consequently, kids don't learn to make healthy choices on their own.
Taking positive action means facing their fears, persevering when they're tired, and acting according to their values--even when it's not the popular thing to do. Kids who trust they can act contrary to their feelings and they can tolerate being uncomfortable will have a competitive edge in everything they do in life.
How to Teach it: Proactively teach your kids problem-solving skills. Show them they have the power to make a difference in their lives and in other people's lives. Help them see that they can take small steps every day toward becoming the best versions of themselves.


24 April, 2011. It was a Sunday.
As you may have discerned by now, following Test-Driven Development doesn't ensure the code we produce will be free of errors. It does, however, ensure that our code meets the executable specifications we create to guide the application's design and aids in the creation of code that's maintainable and relevant (that is, to the extent we adhere to Test-Driven Development methodologies). Of course, the Test-Driven Development process is a framework into which we pour both our requirements and ourselves. The quality of both of these ingredients certainly affects the overall outcome. As we become better at gathering requirements, translating these requirements into executable specifications, identifying simple solutions and factoring out duplication, our yield from the TDD process will increase.
Since our issues have no particular priority assigned, let's read through them before we get started to see if any make sense to tackle first. Given a couple of the issues pertain to changes to the API, it might be best to address these first to minimize the possibility of writing new tests that could need to be modified later.
Upon integrating our component, the GUI team discovered there wasn't an easy way to tell what positions the game was selecting in order to reflect this to the user. They were able to use techniques similar to those we used in the course of implementing our tests, but they didn't consider this to be a very friendly API. While such an oversight may seem obvious within the context of the entire application, such issues occur when components are development in isolation. Fundamentally, the problem wasn't with the Test-Driven Development methodologies we were following, but with the scope in which we were applying them. Later in our series, we'll discuss an alternative to the approach we've taken with this effort that can help avoid misalignments such as this. Until then, we'll address these issues the best we can with our existing approach.

   When_retrieving_the_last_selected_position_for_the_game   Failed	it_should_return_the_last_position   Assert.AreEqual failed. Expected:<1>. Actual:<0>.
Please modify the ChoosePosition method to throw exceptions for errors rather than returning strings. Additionally, please provide an event we can subscribe to when one of the players wins or when there is a draw.
This is slightly embarrassing. While we've been striving to guide the design of our public interface from a consumer's perspective, we seem to have made a poor choice in how the game communicates errors and the concluding status of the game. If our Game class had evolved within the context of the consuming application, perhaps we would have seen these choices in a different light.

   When_the_player_attempts_to_select_an_invalid_position   Failed	it_should_tell_the_player_the_position_is_invalid   Assert.AreEqual failed.    Expected:<The position '10' was invalid.>. Actual:<>.

   When_the_player_attempts_to_select_an_occupied_position   Failed	it_should_tell_the_player_the_position_is_occupied	   Assert.AreEqual failed.   Expected:<The position '1' is already occupied.>. Actual:<>.
I went ahead and added values for the other two possible states: GameWins and Draw. "Aren't we getting ahead of ourselves", you might ask? Perhaps, but we already know we have upcoming tests that will require these states and our GameResult represents the state of our game, not its behavior. We've been pretty good about not prematurely adding anything thus far, so this seems like a safe enough step to take without sending us down a slippery slope.

   When_the_player_gets_three_in_a_row   Failed	it_should_announce_the_player_as_the_winner	   Assert.AreEqual failed. Expected:<PlayerWins>. Actual:<-1>.

   When_the_game_gets_three_in_a_row   Failed	it_should_announce_the_game_as_the_winner   Assert.AreEqual failed. Expected:<PlayerWins>. Actual:<-1>.

   When_the_player_gets_three_in_a_row   Failed	it_should_announce_the_player_as_the_winner   Assert.AreEqual failed. Expected:<PlayerWins>. Actual:<GameWins>.

   When_a_move_results_in_a_draw   Failed	it_should_announce_the_game_is_a_draw	   TestFirstExample.When_a_move_results_in_a_draw.it_should_announce_the_game_is_a_draw threw exception:    System.IndexOutOfRangeException: Index was outside the bounds of the array.

   When_a_move_results_in_a_draw   Failed	it_should_announce_the_game_is_a_draw	   Failed	it_should_announce_the_game_is_a_draw   Assert.AreEqual failed. Expected:<Draw>. Actual:<-1>.
That wraps up the two issues from the UI team. We'll stop here and address the issues from the QA team next time.


25-foot falls and large pool make this the perfect summer hike. Although, you can experience the falls all year round!
Level for Families: Easy; Bring the kids!
Facilities: There are no toilets at the trailhead. Potty before you go!
PLEASE BE AWARE: The Cherry Creek Falls Trail entrance is a courtesy easement located on private property for approximately one-half mile from the trailhead entrance. In order for hikers to continue to enjoy access privileges, please remain on main path, observe leash laws and keep noise to a minimum as a courtesy to homeowners along trail. Any cars parked illegally on the road could be towed.
Driving Directions: There is no designated public parking area for for Cherry Creek Falls. Look for signs indicating this and do not park where roads are signed "Private Road". Cars illegally parked on the road may be ticketed or towed.
From the junction of SR 203 and Woodinville-Duvall Road in downtown Duvall, head north on SR 203 for about 500 feet, then turn right on NE Cherry Valley Road. Follow this road for 4.3 miles to Mountain View Road, turn left and park on the west shoulder of Mountain View Road. Parking is limited to the shoulder of Mountain View Road only. There is no trail access near road signs marked Private or No Parking.
This trail is great for family adventures. It's about 2.5 miles to the falls and pool. Allow yourself some time to go and enjoy the water. Even in mid-summer, the pool was CHILLY! It felt great on a hot August day!
About .75 miles in to the hike, you'll cross Margaret Creek on a bridge. Continue to follow the main trail and avoid any grassy or overgrown roads.
About 1.5 miles in, the road will make a sharp hairpin turn to the right. Continue forward and veer left where you will pass a crashed car.
There are other trails you "could" take and extend your outing. My husband took 5 kids on this trail alone for the first time and decided to take a "shortcut". He made their 5 mile hike a total of 9 miles. It's still a running joke about taking shortcuts with the kids, but he couldn't pass up the chance to adventure through the beautiful forest. In the end, everyone LOVED this trail and have nothing but happy memories… well, maybe some of them.
View more beautiful images from Cherry Creek Falls Trail in our gallery below!


Don't judge a reader by their staff picks. Yes, my list may seem heavily female and fantasy oriented. There is so much more to my library! I also happen to enjoy mysteries, non-fiction, memoirs (about walking places), legend/folklore/mythology, and science fiction as well (admittedly Star Wars!).
I'm going to keep this brief. There are so many things in "Priory of the Orange Tree" that you want in a fantasy novel. It is full of all the right ingredients: magic, dragons, battles, love evil, power giving trees. Read the jacket summary if you need to or maybe some reviews, but this was an excellent read. Samantha Shannon's previous books have been a hit and this one is also. It is well written, full of action, and you want to read it!
A mapmaker named Hassan who can create doorways where there were none before or change the terrain of mountain with his pen. A young concubine called Fatima who pines for a world outside the palace which she has never set her eyes on. The Spanish Inquisition is at it's height & has breached the palace walls. They want this magical mapmaker, but Fatima will not let take the only friend she has ever known. With Hassan's magic and Fatima's determination (plus the help of a jinn) Fatima and Hassan flee the Inquisitors in search for freedom, in search for the Bird King, in search for a home. The Bird King is a beautiful tale of freedom, determination, love, despair, hopelessness, friendship, family, self realization, and faith.
An excellent collection of stories. This memior is a reminder of the varied communities and individulas we have here in New England. That it isn't always a lovely little rural experience, even when it is. Emily Bernard's use of time with the juxtaposition between herself as a mother, her mother, and her own youth creates a nice flowing narrative. Navigating New England and particulary Vermont as a black woman, her discomfort with her chosen home vs. her discomfort with the south, the home she considers home. This memoir is beautifully written and a wonderful read.
Oh, what a conclusion to this fantastic series. Winter of the Witch is full of action and magic. It is a completely satisfying ending to the Winternight Trilogy. That is if one can be satisfied with this gorgeous story ending. You are already here at the final installment, so I don't need to tell you how wonderful this series is. It will be bitter sweet, but there is always the second read through and the third.
Rebecca Traister is just so good at what she does. She's clear, concise, and validates a lot of what we've all been thinking. You want to read her, I want you to read her. So, do it!
A few years ago the editors at Oxford University Press decided to remit words describing nature for words about technology from the junior dictionaries. There would be a new generation of children who would not find words like "fern" or "acorn" in their dictionaries. Lost words is an invitation for young and old alike to enjoy the 20 words that were removed, such as "adder" and "wren". The illustrations are a celebration of the English countryside, of poetry in nature and the words we use to describe it. If you don't close this book appreciating the poetry and wonderful illustrations, you will at least understand why we hold on to those ancient dictionaries.
I love Jane Mount's whole thing with books. She does custom "Ideal Bookshelves" and has a previous book by the same name. Cards of themed book collections and more. This book is wonderful and it is not just because I am quoted somewhere within. It has illustrations and lists and quotes from bibliophiles around the world. It is everything a person could want in a book about books, whether or not they identify as a bibliophile themselves. Bibliophile is a great table book to gift or have at home, read part of a page or several pages at any given time. Love it!


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Pre-order Alma's forthcoming new album to receive a unique pre-sale code that grants you early access to tickets for her 2019 UK & Ireland Have You Seen Her? Tour dates.
Transactions must be placed by 5:00pm GMT on Tuesday 29th January 2019 to be eligible for a passcode to access pre-sale tickets for select tour dates in 2019.
Passcodes will be emailed from 6:00pm GMT on Tuesday 29th January 2019. Please check your junk and clutter inboxes. It may take up to 2 hours for you to receive your passcode email.
The pre-sale will begin on Wednesday 30th January at 9:00am. Pre-sale tickets will be sold via See Tickets.
Only orders completed via the official UK store are eligible for this offer.
Albums purchased via other retailers including iTunes will not receive a passcode.
Tickets cannot be resold or transferred under any circumstances. If the event organisers reasonably believe this to be the case the barcode on the ticket will be voided, prohibiting entry to the concert. You will be responsible for providing your own transport and accommodation. Passcodes will be generated by See Tickets. If you have any issues with using or receiving your code please email storesupport@umusic.com quoting your order number or the email address used for purchase/sign up and they will issue you a new one.


Ajay Devgn and Rohit Shetty's collaboration has given us superhit two superhit film franchise, 'Singham' and 'Golmaal'. And Ajay's cameo as Bajirao Singham in Rohit Shetty's last release 'Simmba' confirmed the that there will be the third installment of the film and 'Golmaal 5'.
At a recent media interaction, Ajay was asked about the same. Well, Ajay's answer will leave you in dilemma. The actor said that they are confused about which film to start first 'Singham 3' or 'Golmaal 5'.
Meanwhile, Ajay will be next seen in Indra Kumar's 'Total Dhamaal' co-starring Anil Kapoor, Madhuri Dixit and Riteish Deshmukh.


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Across America in the '70s, kids of backgrounds and spots introduced to a terminology greater: encouraged to take a guitar up and engaged with music of kinds prepared to express child emotions' massive array than school book composition. Youngsters who analyze audio consistently make higher grades and perform better on standardized assessments in both reading and q.
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Dociekania filozoficzne (Philosophische Untersuchungen) – jedno z dwóch najważniejszych dzieł Ludwiga Wittgensteina. Ukazało się po raz pierwszy w 1953 w Anglii, już po śmierci filozofa. Zostało przygotowane do wydania przez wykonawców testamentu Wittgensteina: Elizabeth Anscombe, Rusha Rheesa i Georga von Wrighta.

Wzorem Traktatu logiczno-filozoficznego zostało wydane dwujęzycznie: równolegle do niemieckiego oryginału biegł przekład angielski dokonany przez Elizabeth Anscombe, zatytułowany Philosophical Investigations.

Dzieło stanowi podstawową pozycję prezentującą tzw. drugą filozofię Wittgensteina i zawiera między innymi opis koncepcji gier językowych, argumenty przeciw tzw. językowi prywatnemu, oraz postulat badania znaczenia wyrażeń poprzez badanie ich użycia. Dzieło stało się wkrótce znane i sławne. W 1972 ukazał się przekład polski Bogusława Wolniewicza.

Ludwig Wittgenstein spisywał swe Dociekania w latach 1930–1951.

Streszczenie

Wstęp
Wittgenstein zaczyna Dociekania filozoficzne od krytyki następującej tezy, jego zdaniem wywodzącej się z myśli Św. Augustyna: "wyrazy języka nazywają przedmioty – zdania są splotami takich nazwań." I dalej: "każdy wyraz ma znaczenie. Znaczenie to jest wyrazowi przyporządkowane, jest przedmiotem reprezentowanym przez wyraz." W kontekście sporów o definicję znaczenia, które zyskały na wadze w filozofii analitycznej oraz semiotyce przełomu XIX i XX wieku, jest to stanowisko referencyjne. Wittgenstein uważa, że to zbyt daleko idące uproszczenie wynika z "prymitywnych wyobrażeń o sposobie funkcjonowania języka", które polegają na nadaniu prymatu rzeczownikom oraz ewentualnie czasownikom czy przymiotnikom, tak jakby cała reszta wyrazów była wobec nich podrzędna, a wręcz redundantna. Przykładem takiego prymitywnego języka byłaby opisana w §2 Dociekań scenka z budowy: budowniczy A krzyczy kostka, słup, płyta, a pomocnik B podaje mu właściwy przedmiot. Definicja języka według Św. Augustyna, choć mogłaby stosować się w tej konkretnej sytuacji (i prawdopodobnie w wielu innych potencjalnych sytuacjach), nie broni się, kiedy mowa o faktycznym użyciu języka w codzienności.

Nie tylko starożytny Św. Augustyn wyznawał teorię nauki języka przez wskazywanie – definicje ostensywne były podstawą poznania chociażby dla Bertranda Russella, nauczyciela i mentora Ludwiga Wittgensteina. "Takich właśnie prymitywnych postaci języka używa dziecko uczące się mówić. Nauczanie języka nie jest tu objaśnianiem, lecz tresurą", czytamy w §5. Słowa takie jak objaśnianie lub definicja są zbyt wielkie; przecież dziecko nie pyta o nazwy, ono jedynie łączy pewne zachowania rodzica z wydawanymi przez niego dźwiękami.

Właśnie: zachowania. Wittgenstein zauważa, że przypisywanie wyobrażenia przedmiotu do serii dźwięków jest tylko jednym z możliwych efektów takiego nauczania. W przykładzie z budowniczym nie jest wcale pewne, czy wyraz płyta ma wzbudzić wyobrażenie płyty w umyśle pomocnika, czy też spowodować, że przyniesie konkretny przedmiot, w tym wypadku – płytę. Jeśli wyszkolimy nasze dziecko tak, żeby dźwięki przywodziły mu na myśl idee, to tak się zapewne wydarzy, ale wynikać to będzie z określonego systemu, w którym będziemy je szkolić. Można sobie wyobrazić inne systemy. Te systemy nazywa Wittgenstein grami językowymi.

Gry językowe
Gry definiuje się przy pomocy podobieństwa rodzinnego, bowiem niemożliwe jest wskazanie zbioru cech wspólnych, który można by przypisać każdemu bez wyjątku zjawisku określanemu mianem gry. Brydż jest podobny do pasjansa pod tym względem, że gra się za pomocą kart, a do tenisa po takim, że do gry potrzebny jest przeciwnik itd. Wittgenstein porównuje ten typ podobieństwa do sytuacji obserwowanych w rodzinach – niektórzy ich członkowie mają ten sam kolor włosów, inni zbliżone rysy twarzy, a jeszcze innych łączy temperament. "Co jest jeszcze grą, a co już nią nie jest? Czy możesz podać granice? Nie. Możesz je wytyczyć: dotąd bowiem ich jeszcze nie wytyczono. (Choć nigdy ci to jeszcze nie przeszkadzało posługiwać się wyrazem «gra»)." Zdecydowana jednak większość gier posiada pewne reguły – należą do nich też gry językowe. Poznawanie reguł może się odbywać na kilka sposobów. Ktoś na przykład może je uczniowi przedstawić, a następnie ćwiczyć ich możliwe zastosowania; może być też tak, że uczeń obserwuje grę i na podstawie reakcji jej uczestników na poszczególne zachowania samodzielnie do reguł dochodzi. "Jak (...) w tym wypadku obserwator odróżni błąd graczy od posunięcia prawidłowego? - (...) Pomyśl o charakterystycznym zachowaniu się człowieka poprawiającego swe przejęzyczenie. Dałoby się rozpoznać, że ktoś to właśnie robi, nie rozumiejąc nawet jego języka." Wittgenstein wraca w tym miejscu do nurtującego go pytania, w jaki sposób przyswajamy język.

"A wyobrazić sobie jakiś język, znaczy wyobrazić sobie pewien sposób życia." W tym miejscu Wittgenstein łączy język z postrzeganiem rzeczywistości i z kulturą. Wracając do przykładu z budowniczym: wypowiadany przez niego wyraz płyta możemy rozumieć jako słowo albo jako równoważnik zdania, może to być jedynie wskazanie przedmiotu albo też rozkaz. Gdyby z kolei budowniczy mówił Proszę, podaj mi płytę i za każdym razem w odpowiedzi dostawał płytę, to przysłuchujący się temu cudzoziemiec mógłby uznać, że proszępodajmipłytę jest w tym języku po prostu słowem, oznaczającym płytę, a nie całym zdaniem. Zwłaszcza, jeżeli pochodziłby z kultury, w której nie formułuje się próśb. Musiałby on poznać opozycyjne zdania z użyciem tych samych wyrazów, żeby zorientować się, że proszępodajmipłytę nie jest jednym wyrazem.

Dalej Wittgenstein rozważa, skąd bierze się różnica pomiędzy wypowiedzią pięć płyt użytą w charakterze rozkazu, a tą samą wypowiedzią pięć płyt, która ma np. zameldować, że na stanie znajduje się pięć płyt. Chodzi oczywiście o rolę wypowiedzi w grze językowej. Ton czy mimika towarzysząca mowie to rzeczy zbyt niejednoznaczne, żeby nadawać im tutaj prymat, ponieważ osoba nieśmiała lub zmęczona może formułować rozkazy bez szczególnej werwy, z kolei ktoś energiczny mógłby meldunek pięć płyt! wykrzyczeć z godną posłuchu pewnością siebie. (Nie chodzi o to, że nie mają one żadnego znaczenia, wręcz przeciwnie; jednak dla obserwatora z zewnątrz mogą nie przekazywać informacji wystarczających, aby zrozumieć wypowiedź.)

Dodatkowo okazuje się, że opis gramatyczny wypowiedzi nie zawsze odpowiada jej funkcji w praktyce języka. Na przykład: "Czyż pogoda nie jest dziś wspaniała? nazywamy pytaniem, choć użyte zostało jako stwierdzenie." Innym przykładem jest popularne w kulturze anglosaskiej formułowanie rozkazów jako pytań w rodzaju Czy mógłbyś to dla mnie zrobić? Wittgenstein poddaje krytyce pogląd Gottloba Fregego, że każde stwierdzenie zawiera supozycję. W języku naturalnym nie używamy na początku zdania formułki Stwierdza się, że...

Podobieństwo rodzinne i definicje
Warto wrócić jeszcze na chwilę do rozważań Wittgensteina nad podobieństwem rodzinnym gier, ponieważ okazały się one niezwykle brzemienne dla wielu dziedzin nauki. "W jakiż (...) sposób wyjaśnilibyśmy komuś, co to jest gra? Sądzę, że opisywalibyśmy mu gry, dodając może do opisu: «To i temu podobne nazywa się grami». A czyż sami wiemy więcej?"

Można zarzucić takiej definicji nieostrość. Wittgenstein wcale nie broni nikomu wytyczyć zakresu pojęcia gra, jeśli by miał potrzebę ostrych granic. To jednak wcale nie spowoduje, że wcześniejsze użycia wyrazu gra straciłyby użyteczność, "chyba że dla jakiegoś specjalnego celu". Pojawia się tutaj polemika z Fregem; w jego projekcie języka logiki nie było bowiem miejsca na nieścisłości, a pojęcia bez ostrych definicji pozbawione były sensu. Dla Wittgensteina nieścisłości w definiowaniu pojęć nie są problemem, bowiem zauważa, że w języku codziennym używamy sensownie takich zdań, jak "Zaczekaj gdzieś tutaj." Często też używamy pewnych słów całkiem poprawnie i można powiedzieć, że je rozumiemy, ale kiedy ktoś zapyta o ich znaczenie, to nagle mamy problem ze zdefiniowaniem. Nadanie prymatu mowie potocznej jest rewolucyjne, biorąc pod uwagę, że poprzednicy Wittgensteina postrzegali ją jako przeszkodę, którą należy pokonać.

Wbrew projektantom idealnego logicznego języka, Wittgenstein stwierdza: "Mów co chcesz, póki nie przeszkodzi ci to widzieć, jak się rzeczy mają. (A gdy to widzisz, to niejednego nie powiesz)." To, że jakaś nazwa nie ma stałego znaczenia, nie czyni jej niezrozumiałą, a nieścisłe wyjaśnienie nie musi wcale być bezużyteczne. Pogląd, że zdanie musi posiadać jeden określony sens, jest również poddany krytyce.

Czy to znaczy, że gra językowa nie ma jasno ustalonych reguł? Wygląda na to, że nie są one niezbędne. Istnieją rzeczywiście gry, których uczestnicy muszą bezwzględnie przestrzegać zasad, ale są też takie, w których reguły są jedynie drogowskazami albo powstają spontanicznie podczas grania.

Zwraca się uwagę, że jedną z tych rzeczy, która może pojawić się w naszej wyobraźni, gdy myślimy np. kostka, jest nie kostka, lecz jej obraz. Wittgenstein rozróżnia przypadki normalne od anormalnych i powyższy należy do tych ostatnich. "Tylko w przypadkach normalnych użycie słów jest z góry jasno wyznaczone." Im częściej słowo, wyrażenie lub zdanie pojawia się w jakiejś grze językowej, tym lepiej jej użytkownicy mogą je rozumieć. Istnieją też wyrażenia używane tak powszechnie i tak często, że nawet nie musimy sobie wyobrażać ich znaczeń – np. dzień dobry czy kocham cię.

Znaczenie jako użycie
Na ile ktoś rozumie dany język czy daną grę językową – to poznać można po jego zachowaniu. Nie mamy dostępu do stanów mentalnych naszych rozmówców, nawet neurobiologia nie osiągnęła jeszcze etapu czytania w ludzkich myślach. Wittgenstein podaje przykład z chłopcem, którego chcemy nauczyć konstruowania ciągu liczb naturalnych. Żeby się upewnić, czy zrozumiał, będziemy go kilkakrotnie prosić o zapisanie np. liczb od 0 do 9. Nie wystarczy przecież, żeby raz skonstruował poprawny ciąg, gdyż to mogło być przypadkowe. Kiedy uczeń wielokrotnie podoła zadaniu, poprosimy go o kontynuowanie liczenia od 10. Jest możliwe, że zastosuje inną metodę, niż przy liczbach od 0 do 9. Ale jeżeli tak, to właściwie do ilu musiałby poprawnie policzyć, żebyśmy mieli pewność, że zrozumiał?

Rozumienie jest pewną dyspozycją, która może przejawiać się bardzo różnie. Ktoś mógłby sformułować wzór ciągu, np. n + 1, ale ci, którzy po prostu liczą bez formułowania wzoru, też przecież mogą rozumieć. A przede wszystkim nie jest to stały stan umysłu. Możemy przywołać zdolność liczenia w dowolnym momencie, nie musimy cały czas powtarzać w myślach kolejnych liczb naturalnych. Podobnie ma się sytuacja w przypadku takich słów, jak znać, wiedzieć, być zdolnym czy umieć. Wszystko to nie są, zdaniem Wittgensteina, zjawiska psychiczne.

Kiedy zaczyna się umienie lub rozumienie? To pytanie raczej niedorzeczne, chociaż Wittgenstein nie wyklucza, że wraz z postępem nauki uda się zarejestrować zmiany w mózgu, które następują w momencie, w którym zamiast recytować wyuczony na pamięć ciąg liczb naturalnych zaczynamy liczyć. Póki co, tylko my sami możemy powiedzieć: teraz rozumiem!

Konkluzja, do której prowadzić miał ten tok rozumowania, jest następująca: kompetencje językowe wyrażają się w zachowaniu. Wittgenstein zdaje sobie doskonale sprawę z tego, jak bardzo jest to problematyczne. Zdarza się, że ktoś używa jakiegoś słowa poprawnie przez przypadek, mimo że nie zna jego znaczenia; albo osoby cierpiące na różnego rodzaju choroby umysłowe prowadzą rozmowę w taki sposób, że ich rozmówcy są przekonani, iż wiedzą, o czym mowa, chociaż tak naprawdę nie mają pojęcia; na porządku dziennym jest też przytakiwanie z uśmiechem, kiedy się zamyśliło lub nie dosłyszało.

Jednak znaczenie słowa jest drugorzędne względem jego użycia. Język nie posiada jednej tylko funkcji, czy byłoby to przekazywanie myśli, ekspresja czy utrzymywanie struktur społecznych. Poszczególne wyrazy i całe wyrażenia mogą zmieniać swoje sensy w kontekstach różnych gier językowych, zwłaszcza, że każda taka gra może mieć inne cele i inne reguły.

Podsumowanie
Wittgenstein w Dociekaniach filozoficznych odbiera laur pierwszeństwa idealnemu językowi logiki, a zamiast tego każe poznawać język, jakim jest on naprawdę. Poleca zrezygnować z konstruowania abstrakcyjnych systemów i zająć się badaniem tego, co już istnieje. I chociaż przyzwyczajono się w filozofii traktować wczesnego i późnego Wittgensteina niemalże jak dwóch filozofów o całkiem sprzecznych poglądach, to jednak wcale nie zaprzeczył on swojej najsłynniejszej tezie z Traktatu: "Granice mego języka oznaczają granice mego świata." Przesunął jedynie granice języka poza sztucznie konstruowane systemy – bo przecież jeśli gdzieś należałoby szukać prawdy, to raczej w rzeczywistości, niż w wyobrażeniach garstki matematyków i filozofów.

Filozofia analityczna (literatura)
Literatura filozoficzna w języku niemieckim
Literatura filozoficzna XX wieku
Utwory literackie z 1953

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Four Board Seats Up For Election in 2022
Each May, Colorado PERA holds an election for its Board of Trustees. This year, four seats will be up for election.
The Board of Trustees plays a vital role in PERA's operations, overseeing the administration of all benefits and programs at PERA. The Board comprises 16 Trustees, and PERA members and retirees directly elect 12 of them. The governor appoints three (with approval by the Senate), and the State Treasurer serves as an ex officio member. Elected Board members serve without pay, but are reimbursed for necessary expenses.
Election details
The following seats are up for election this year:
School Division—4-year term (To be filled by an active employee of a public school, not including Denver Public Schools)
State Division (Higher Education)—4-year term (To be filled by an active employee from an Institution of Higher Education)
State Division/Special Election—2-year term (To be filled by an active employee at any employer assigned to the State Division, other than an Institution of Higher Education)
Local Government Division—4-year term (To be filled by an active employee at a Local Government Division employer)
Anyone interested in running for one of the open seats can request a candidacy packet between now and Feb. 28. Candidates must then gather 100 signatures from members of their division. All paperwork must be submitted by March 1.
In early May, every PERA member whose division has an open seat will receive a ballot in the mail. If only a single candidate runs in a division, no election is held, and no ballots will be mailed.
The Board will announce election results in June.
For more information or to request a candidacy packet, click here.
Featured in this story
PERA On The Issues
Erroll	says:
Can a subsyitute teacher run for the "School Division—4-year term "?
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PERA On The Issues	says:
Hi Erroll, to apply for candidacy, a member must be actively and consistently contributing to PERA. This means being on the monthly payroll, or if a teacher, nine months of pay postings (once a month during the school year).
PERA Launches Redesigned Website with Better Navigation, Other Improvements
Year in Review: Top Stories of 2021
What to Know About PERAPlus 401(k)/457, DC Plans in 2022

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Take a tour of one of the best MMA and Fitness gyms in Orange Count before you even step through the door!
Join me on a tour of Team Oyama MMA And Fitness in Irvine California, one of the best MMA gyms in Orange County. Follow @teamoyamamma @scolesdang On Instagram for for content!


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Kelsey Plum Says Cherelle Griner Told Her to 'Go Get It for My Wife' Before All-Star MVP Performance
Just before Kelsey Plum dropped a record-tying 30 points in Sunday's WNBA All-Star game, which earned her the MVP award, she shared a moment with Brittney Griner's wife, Cherelle.
Plum, 27, tells PEOPLE that her time with Cherelle in Chicago was limited, but the impact the conversation had on her was anything but.
"I didn't get to talk to her extensively, but Cherelle was sitting right next to our bench and I gave her a hug during halftime," Plum says. "And she just said, 'Keep hooping. Go get it for my wife.' And I really took that to heart."
"When she said that, I was like, 'I got you Cherelle. I'm with you,' " the Las Vegas Aces star shares.
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With support from the WNBA, Cherelle has been tirelessly advocating for the safe return of her wife since Griner was arrested in Russia on February 17, by keeping the two-time Olympic medalist at the forefront of the conversation.
Plum dedicated her MVP performance to Griner after the game on social media. "When I won, I just posted like, 'For BG,'" she says.
WNBA Stars Turn Focus to Brittney Griner During League's All-Star Weekend: 'It's Hard for All of Us'
The uncertainty around Griner's detainment continues to weigh heavily on the players who played alongside her for so long. "I know you probably never had a chance to be around Brittney or spend time with her, but what an amazing human and the situation is just devastating," says Plum.
According to the 27-year-old athlete, players were told they could exchange their personal jerseys for Griner's no. 42 for the second half of the game. The choice was a no-brainer for the women, Plum explains. "Without question, everyone was like, 'Duh. Of course.' No one even had to say a word and I think that speaks to who we are as a league."
RELATED VIDEO: Brittney Griner Pleads Guilty to Russian Drug Charges: 'I Did Not Want to Break the Law'
Griner was named an honorary all-star during the league's showcase weekend. "Yeah, every now and then we'll answer questions about All-Star and talk about basketball, but you're going to see her name on the back of all of our shirts," Sue Bird told reporters during a press conference. "We want it to always be there."
Plum's Las Vegas Aces teammate, A'ja Wilson, told reporters in Chicago, "It's hard. It's hard for all of us. It's not easy. Not a day goes by that I'm not thinking about Brittney Griner. So wearing her jersey and letting the world know we are not whole without her, I think that's a statement in itself."
WNBA all-stars wore Brittney Griner's jersey during the game
WNBA All-Stars wear Brittney Griner's no. 42
Brittney Griner's Wife Calls for Her Release Alongside WNBA and Al Sharpton: She's an 'American Hero'
"When we are playing on ABC and ESPN, showing that it's real and understanding that we are not going to stop until everyone understands how serious this really is," said Wilson.
Griner's trial in Russia began on July 1, and on Thursday the WNBA star pleaded guilty to smuggling drugs into the country, saying she did so "inadvertently." She faces up to 10 years in prison if she is convicted.
カテゴリー: CelebrityNews | タグ: AllStarPerformance, Cherelle, Griner, Kelsey | 投稿日: 07/14/2022 | 投稿者: loh
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Special drum movements customised to suit different fabric types mean your clothes look as good as new, for longer.
Yes, there is a quick 30 minute wash. I have not cleaned the filter yet, so cannot comment on that.
The Whirlpool FreshCare+ FWG 71484W UK Washing Machine uses a series of slow bidirectional oscillations alternated with steam jets at regular intervals which circulates the air in the drum, creating the correct level of humidity for your garments. FreshCare+ inhibits the proliferation of the main odour sources, maintaining softness for up to six hours until unloaded. The Freshcare+ option can be selected when setting the washing parameters or during the wash cycle, allowing you to enjoy perfectly fresh garments at a time you are ready to unload. Maintaining your garment's freshness after the wash cycle has ended. The Whirlpool FWG 71484W UK provides 7kg capacity, 1400rpm spin and an impressive A+++ -10% energy rating. Featuring our innovative 6TH SENSE Technology, using sensors within the drum to assess how dirty your laundry is, the cycle is automatically adapted, saving up to 50% on energy, water and time, as well as reducing detergent wastage.


The Section Specialized Partnerships in Sustainable Food Systems and Food Sovereignty at the University of Kassel, Germany and the Federation of German Scientists (VDW) present a peer reviewed journal for young scholars and researchers. The aims of the journal are to create a platform for young scholars, researchers, post graduate students, doctoral students and post doctoral fellows who are interested in food related themes to deliberate their research experiences through research paper articles. As a multi-disciplinary journal, natural scientists and social scientists from all around the world are welcome to engage in this forum as contributors.


Since we introduced the Coast2Coast prescription card a year ago, 243 families have saved $85,000, or about 65% on the cost of their prescriptions. The program is a cinch. No obligations, no forms, no contracts, just a working phone number is all that's required.
One person we talked to about the program, Regina, already had insurance but still saved with the card. When she was filling several prescriptions, one of them wasn't covered by her insurance, so she used the card on that one, saving 21 percent off the cost.
The card is free and can be used by anyone. Regina had the pharmacist sign her up. It took about 5 minutes to sign up and after that, you're in the system so there's no hassle. She filled the same prescription, using the Coast2Coast card, when she was out of town.
You can also get a separate card from Coast2Coast that will cover most veterinary care if the vet is a participating clinic. If you vet isn't a participating clinic, he or she is eligible to apply.
If you want to learn more, call our office, or go to www.coast2coastrx.com/provtwp/, or call 1-800-931-8872.


Best Photo Filter Effects Apps for Android Selfies ~ Visualistan '+g+"
Do you ever wonder why some people, regardless of what they look like in real life, have such great selfies? The secret is in the app.
Everyone wants to take a good selfie. Yes, lighting and a great smile are important. But true selfie professionals know that an editing app is not only helpful, but necessary in posting the perfect photo.
Photo editing apps are the reason why celebrities always look great in their Instagram selfies. Post a selfie that looks celebrity worthy by trying out the best photo filter effects apps for Android.
First and foremost, we must start with Facetune. This app is used by numerous celebrities and Instagram stars. The app is not free but well worth the few bucks it takes to get it downloaded onto your Android.
The Details feature lets you highlight any part of the photo to bring out nuances and clear up any blurry or dull colors. The Whitening feature whitens your teeth and eyes that might look yellowy depending on the lighting in the room.
You can also reshape and bend any part of your selfie that might have been warped by your Android cell phone camera.
Instead of using an expansive program like Photoshop, get similar effects with Facetune. You won't regret it.
YouCam Makeup lets you add makeup to your makeup-free face. Get a virtual selfie makeover instead of taking the time to put on actual makeup.
Put on real-looking makeup and glam up your Instagram feed or Facebook post. Even if you are wearing makeup, sometimes a good editing app can revamp your look and give you a little touch up.
Download this photo editing app for android and be fabulous!
Perfect365 is rumoured to be Kim Kardashian's go-to selfie editing app. She's the biggest selfie-taker in the game, so it makes sense to download the one she's on board with.
This editing app lets you add makeup as needed in a natural looking way. Choose from a variety of colors and looks, depending on what outfit and hairstyle you might have on any given day.
This app also offers a slimming effect, so you can look your best to the world.
VSCO is a selfie savior. Popular with bloggers on the go, VSCO lets you change contrast, saturation, and other elements that are necessary for a nice looking photo.
VSCO is a major player in the app editor game and it's definitely here to stay. This free editing app doesn't get complicated, so it's good for someone who just wants to make quick edits before posting.
One of the best features of VSCO is the simple skin editing tool. With one swipe, you can change a red, unattractive skin color to a more even tone.
VSCO is designed to edit any type of photo, but it's so effective in selfie editing, it had to make the list.
Snapseed is owned by Google, so you know it's good. Snapseed is a like a mini-Photoshop in your pocket.
The trend right now for selfies is to almost completely desaturate the background behind you. There is no better app that lets you do this than Snapseed.
Another benefit to Snapseed is that it has the best brush for tuning. You can tune your imagine with a brush using dodge and burn, just like Photoshop.
Modiface isn't as well-known as the other apps, but this photo editing app offers a ton of different services.
With individualized digital "studios," Modiface lets you edit specific parts of your selfie. Upload your photo into the eye color studio for editing, then move it on over to hair color, and so on.
With specialized apps for each part of your selfie, you can fine tune things better than an app that has everything in one place.
Most of the apps are free and simple to navigate.
With a name that cuts to the chase, Selfie Camera is an app that lets you customize your selfie in different ways.
What makes this app stand out is the Snapchat-like stickers and filters. Get creative with goofy images on your selfie to show your fun side.
You can even go as far as adding real looking facial hair or abs aimed at enhancing your look. Place fake tattoos on your body, and wow friends into thinking they're the real thing.
The possibilities are endless when you have a selfie filter app as advanced as this one.
Similar to Selfie Camera, Z Camera lets you pick and choose exactly what look you're going for. Drastically change the look of your photo with an app that can achieve wild alterations.
Don't like the color lipstick you're wearing? You can pick a different one. Not crazy about the look of your muscle tone? Add more definition!
A little change here and there never hurt anyone. With an app as clever as this one, no one will ever know that your eyelashes were not that long when you took the photo.
Great for perfecting an already good selfie, Sweet Selfie offers photo editing technology that lets you edit out stuff you don't want.
For example, no one wants acne in their photos. With Sweet Selfie, you can edit and smooth out your skin to reveal a flawless complexion. The same can be done for someone who prefers a look without their freckles.
This photo editing app is beneficial for friends who want to swap photos. With one touch, you can share your selfie with others simply.
You want to look your best. You look for deals on nice clothes, find makeup that suits you, and attend that 6:00 a.m. yoga class every morning. But sometimes regardless of all that, your phone camera might not capture what you see in the mirror.
It's stunning how far photo editing apps have come. Though nothing will beat a full on Photoshop program, these phone apps are becoming a solid second best.
Ex-boyfriends, ex-girlfriends, coworkers, old high school friends, you name it. Everyone is seeing the photos you post on social media. Therefore, you have to look your best. Experiment with these apps and choose your favorite selfie editing app.