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International Scholarly Research Notices / 2013 / Article
AbstractIntroductionBackgroundImplementationExperimental ResultsConclusionsReferencesCopyright
Volume 2013 |Article ID 720817 | 10 pages | https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/720817
A Sub- A Ultrasonic Wake-Up Trigger with Addressing Capability for Wireless Sensor Nodes
Emanuele Lattanzi ,1 Matteo Dromedari,1 Valerio Freschi,1 and Alessandro Bogliolo1
1Department of Basic Sciences and Foundations, University of Urbino, Piazza della Repubblica 13, 61029 Urbino, Italy
Academic Editor: A. Bonastre
Received15 Jul 2013
Wireless sensor nodes spend most of the time waiting either for sensed data or for packets to be routed to the sink. While on board, sensors can raise hardware interrupts to trigger the wake-up of the processor, incoming packets require the radio module to be turned on in order to be properly received and processed; thus, reducing the effectiveness of dynamic power management and exposing the node to unintended packets cause energy waste. The capability of triggering the wake-up of a node over the air would makes it possible to keep the entire network asleep and to wake up the nodes along a path to the sink whenever there is a packet to transmit. This paper presents an ultrasonic wake-up trigger for ultra-low-power wireless sensor nodes developed as a plug-in module for VirtualSense motes. The module supports a simple out-of-band addressing scheme to enable the selective wake-up of a target node. In addition, it makes it possible to exploit the propagation speed of ultrasonic signals to perform distance measurements. The paper outlines the design choices, reports the results of extensive measurements, and discusses the additional degrees of freedom introduced by ultrasonic triggering in the power-state diagram of VirtualSense.
The reduction of power consumption through the adoption of low-power design solutions and dynamic power management policies is mandatory in order to meet the needs of wireless sensor networks (WSNs). The average power consumption of on-board transceivers, at the time of writing, can be estimated to be around 20 mA (either in receiver or transmitter mode), which is commonly recognized as the main contribution to the energy drain of sensor nodes [1]. Since the radio module has to be powered on to enable the reception of incoming packets, strategies and techniques have been developed with the aim of limiting the impact of idle listening on power consumption. Current state-of-the-art solutions make use of pseudoasynchronous rendez-vous schemes or purely asynchronous methods that exploit ad hoc hardware. The former, in all their variants, are protocols developed in order to allow efficient communication between duty-cycle-based receivers, which typically trade off latency for power consumption. The latter are techniques that exploit separate low-power wake-up receivers that are devoted to continuous monitoring of the communication channel in order to enable the main radio module to be switched off while idle to avoid energy waste.
A further possible approach to the problem entails the adoption of global clock synchronization. However, since achieving synchronization involves power-hungry mechanisms and protocol overhead, pure synchronized methods are not currently considered a viable solution in typical WSN scenarios [1, 2]. Asynchronous receivers are indeed considered a promising technique for sensornets. As a matter of fact, there have been several efforts in designing efficient low-power asynchronous systems, some of which integrate addressing capabilities.
In this work, we present a novel addressable low-power wake-up receiver which exploits ultrasonic signals to selectively trigger sensor nodes. The contribution of the proposed approach is manifold. First, a sub-A triggering system is proposed, which improves the state-of-the-art of wake-up receivers in terms of power consumption. Second, an open-hardware approach is adopted to provide to the scientific community a reusable platform made of low-cost off-the-shelf components. Third, accurate on-board internode distance measurements are obtained by exploiting the propagation speed of ultrasonic waves, thus providing valuable input data to many WSN algorithms, including localization and routing [3].
The rest of the paper is organized as follows: in Section 2, a description of background work concerning both pseudo-synchronous and asynchronous solutions is provided; in Section 3, the proposed approach is introduced, discussing design choices and implementation details; in Section 4, the results of experiments are reported in terms of energy consumption, performance, and distance measurement accuracy; in Section 5, the power state model of the mote is discussed; and in Section 6, the contribution of the work is summarized and conclusions are drawn.
The issue of avoiding early battery depletion in WSNs is typically addressed either by means of specific networking protocols or through the development of ad hoc hardware solutions. Since radio channel monitoring is recognized as one of the main causes of energy consumption, while typical applications have low bandwidth requirements, powering down the transceivers during long and frequent inactivity periods represents a valuable option. This, in turn, prompts the need for strategies aimed at guaranteeing both the transmitter and the receiver to be simultaneously active in order to communicate.
2.1. Rendez-Vous Schemes
Rendez-vous schemes are specific communication protocols designed to ensure that both the transmitter and the receiver are active and ready to operate into a duty-cycle timing framework. Transceivers are switched on and off periodically and signaling packets (usually called beacons) are exchanged to make transmitters/receivers aware of the willingness/availability to communicate of their counterparts. In particular, rendez-vous policies where communication is started by the transmitter are called TICER (Transmitter-Initiated CyclEd Receiver), while schemes where the communication is started by the receiver are known as RICER (Receiver-Initiated CyclEd Receiver) [1, 2]. Needless to say, the parameters controlling the duty-cycle on-off pattern have opposite effects on power consumption and latency/throughput. TICER and RICER schemes can be substantially considered equivalent in terms of performance, except for the case of high-level fading, for which RICER has demonstrated to outperform TICER [2]. Recently, a new version of cycled receivers, namely, wake-on receiver, has been developed. Nodes equipped with wake-on capable radio modules are able to autonomously execute cycled channel listening without the need for any intervention of the microcontroller unit (MCU) [4, 5]. In this way, the MCU wakes up only when a packet has to be received by the node. Since the MCU does not need to account for the radio channel sensing process, this results into further energy saving w.r.t. standard cycled receivers [4].
2.2. Wake-Up Receivers
Asynchronous strategies depend on ad hoc separate receivers in charge of waking up the MCU. Needless to say, the design of low-power separate devices is crucial for energy efficiency. Reducing the power consumption of these circuits is an active research area and several advancements have been achieved since the first proposed approaches [6–16]. Different types of solutions are usually compared in terms of power consumption, maximum reachable distance, operating frequency, latency, and sensitivity. Another (prominent) feature is also represented by the possibility of selective wake-up by means of out-of-band addressing [6, 8, 11, 14, 16].
2.3. Comparison
Asynchronous methods are considered advantageous in terms of power saving with respect to cycled receivers in many application scenarios [2]. Recently, simulations conducted on a wide range of wake-up receivers to evaluate lifetime prolongation of motes showed a substantial benefit coming from the use of asynchronous wake-up schemes compared with a pseudo-asynchronous wake-on solution [1]. In particular, the analysis undertaken compared different types of wake-up receivers [7, 8, 13, 15, 16], with a standard cycled wake-on receiver. Under common operating conditions, the results report percentage prolongations of node's lifetime around 150% for most of the tested wake-up receivers. In summary, the analysis of scientific literature highlights the usefulness of wake-up receivers as solutions for mitigating the impact of radio listening on power consumption.
A common feature shared by all the techniques described so far is that they make use of radio signal propagation (with frequencies ranging from 433 MHz to 2.4 GHz) to establish communication. While ultrasounds have been proposed as an enabling technology mainly for localization tasks [17, 18], their use for the purpose of triggering sensor nodes has not been proposed so far. The only exception is a very recent work by Yadav et al. which presents preliminary thoughts and simulation results on the feasibility of ultrasonic-based wake-up receivers [19]. This paper goes beyond the results of Yadav et al. by presenting a working prototype made of off-the-shelf components, with an overall power consumption lower than that estimated for ad hoc solutions.
3. Design and Implementation
For the sake of generality, we assume each mote to be equipped with an ultrasonic module which accommodates both a wake-up receiver and a transmitter. The design of the ultrasonic module was driven by three main requirements: sub-A standby consumption, sub-second wake-up time, and high availability of hardware components. The key component is a piezoelectric ultrasonic transducer with a center frequency of 40 kHz and a bandwidth of 2 kHz [20]. The baseline operating mode is based on carrier wave detection which causes the wake-up of all the receiving nodes in range. Selective wake-up is optionally implemented on top of this simple mechanism by applying on-off-key (OOK) modulation to the ultrasonic carrier to encode the 8-bit address of the target receiver.
Figure 1 shows the schematics of the ultrasonic module. It is worth noticing that, for the sake of simplicity, transmitter and receiver do not share any analog components. Nevertheless, the overall circuit is small enough to be accommodated on a single VirtualSense [21] layer.
Ultrasonic trigger layer schematics circuit.
3.1. Ultrasonic Wake-Up Receiver
According to the nominal value of transmitting sound pressure level and receiving sensitivity of the ultrasonic transducers adopted [20], the signal level is around 100 mV at a receiver placed at 1 m from the transmitter. Hence, the signal needs to be amplified in order to extend the communication range and improve the detection capability of the ultrasonic module. A passive AC/AC transformer with a turn ratio of 1 : 10, expressly developed for ultrasonic communication (viz., K4000001 [22]), is used to this purpose in Figure 1 achieving a suitable amplification without adding to the power consumption of the module. The amplified signal is then analogically compared with an adjustable reference threshold by means of a MCP6541 ultra-low-power comparator with a quiescent current of about 600 nA at 2 V [23].
Thanks to the narrow bandwidth of the receiver-transformer chain, the noise level measured at the output of the transformer in the absence of an ultrasonic signal is in the order of 1 Vrms. This allows us to use sub-mV reference signal levels to increase the sensitivity of the receiver without impairing reliability. In the circuit of Figure 1, the reference level is provided by a resistive divider properly sized to minimize static power consumption. In particular, the resistive divider is made of a 9.4 M resistor plus a variable resistor in the range of 0–20 K, drawing a maximum static current of about 200 nA at 2 V. In the experimental setup, the threshold was set to 0.7 mV, making it possible to detect ultrasonic pulses at a distance of up to 10 m.
At the limiting distance, in spite of the sensitivity of the receiver, the dynamic range of the signal is lower than the 3 mV hysteresis of the ultra-low-power comparator. This prevents the comparator to reset the output signal at the end of a detected input pulse. In principle, this is not an issue for a simple wake-up receiver, the main goal of which is to detect the rising edge of the triggering signal. However, this would make it impossible to decode an OOK-modulated signal possibly used to implement a selective wake-up mechanism. In fact, the hysteresis would prevent the ultrasonic module to distinguish the subsequent pulses used to encode the symbols.
In order to overcome such a limitation, a PIC12LF1840 sub-A microcontroller [24] has been mounted on the ultrasonic layer to reset the comparator right after the detection of a pulse. Referring to Figure 1, the power supply of the comparator (pin 7) is directly provided by an I/O port of the microcontroller (pin 3), so that the reset can be easily achieved by means of shut down. The PIC12LF1840 is particularly suited for ultra-low-power applications since it draws only 20 nA in standby state and about 3 A while running at 32 kHz.
In the proposed configuration, the microcontroller is normally in standby mode with the output pin 3 asserted in order to provide power supply to the comparator. As soon as a pulse is detected, the output of the comparator works as an interrupt signal for the microcontroller (pin 4), which causes it to switch to the running state and to reset the comparator. As long as there is a detectable ultrasonic signal, the comparator keeps raising its output signal and the microcontroller keeps reacting by switching it off. A timeout is used by the microcontroller to detect the end of an ultrasonic pulse. At this point, the behavior of the microcontroller depends on the protocol adopted, as detailed in Section 3.3: in case of a simple wake-up trigger, the interrupt of the VirtualSense mote (INT) is directly raised at the end of the pulse; in case of an addressable wake-up, the entire address is received and compared in order to decided whether or not to wake-up the mote. The address assigned to the node is provided to the microcontroller of the ultrasonic module by the VirtualSense MCU by means of pins SDA and SCL.
The overall current drawn by the receiver in waiting mode is the sum of the three active components: the comparator (600 nA), the resistive divider (200 nA), and the embedded controller (20 nA), resulting in an overall standby power of about 1640 nW at 2 V.
3.2. Ultrasonic Transmitter
The 40 kHz carrier used to drive the ultrasonic transmitter (denoted by 400 PT [20]) is generated starting from a 40 kHz square waveform made available by the microcontroller (viz., the PIC12LF1840 introduced in Section 3.1) on I/O pin 7. The square wave is then used to drive a transistor-transistor-logic (TTL, [25, 26]) stage which provides the supply current required to drive the transmitter through a passive filter and a 1 : 10 transformer, as shown in Figure 1.
It is worth noticing that OOK modulation is directly performed by the microcontroller which generates the 40 kHz square wave. This is done according to the protocol described in the next section.
The standby power consumption of the ultrasonic transmitter is mainly due to the standby current of the microcontroller (about 20 nA), which was already accounted for in the power budget of the receiver as detailed in previous subsection. In fact, the microcontroller is shared by the transmitter and the receiver, so that its standby current has to be accounted for only once to compute the overall power consumption.
On the contrary, the power consumption of the circuit in transmit mode is given by the active state of the PIC12LF1840 and by the current drawn by the TTL stage, leading to an overall consumption of 37 mW at 2 V during the transmission of an ultrasonic pulse.
3.3. Ultrasonic Triggering Protocol
The ultrasonic module presented so far supports two triggering modes: broadcast wake-up and unicast wake-up.
The broadcast wake-up protocol entails a single ultrasonic burst of 50 ms to be transmitted by the triggering node and detected by the ultrasonic modules of all the nodes in range. The receiving nodes are woken up by their triggering circuitry as soon as the end of the burst is detected, that is, when a 25 ms timeout has elapsed without receiving any ultrasonic signal.
The unicast wake-up protocol entails the transmission of a preamble, which is nothing but the 50 ms burst used for broadcast wake-up, followed by the 25 ms timeout and by the address of the destination node, encoded by means of OOK modulation. In our experimental setup, the transmission of each symbol takes 50 ms as shown by the timing diagram of Figure 2, where CMP OUT refers to the output of the comparator (node B in Figure 1), CMP EN refers to the power supply of the comparator as provided by the microcontroller (node C in Figure 1), while INT represents the interrupt signal generated by the receiver to wake up the MCU of the VirtualSense mote.
Address communication protocol.
If the nodes are configured to work in unicast wake-up mode, the first burst is regarded as a preamble used to denote the beginning of the transmission of the address without requiring any rendez-vous. As soon as the end of the preamble is detected, the comparator is switched off for 25 ms and then powered to receive the first bit of the address in the second half of the symbol period. The reset of the comparator is repeated after each bit until the overall address is received. Once all the 8 bits are received and sampled by the microcontroller, the received address is compared with the local one and the INT signal is raised if they match.
With 8-bit addresses, unicast wake-up takes almost 0.5 s. Although this can be regarded as a sizeable latency, using a symbol time of 50 ms allows us to keep the operating frequency of the microcontroller at 32 kHz, with a sizeable benefit in terms of power consumption. On the other hand, in case of applications subject to tight real-time constraints, the symbol time could be shortened by raising the operating frequency of the microcontroller, thus trading power consumption for reactivity.
It is also worth mentioning that the address transmission protocol is not optimized. For instance, the reception of the address could be stopped as soon as the first mismatching bit is detected, thus saving overhearing power. Also, address reuse policies could be explored in order to allow the reduction of the address length. Protocol optimization, however, goes beyond the scope of this work.
4. Experimental Results
This section reports and discusses the results of extensive experiments and measurements performed on VirtualSense motes equipped with a prototype of the ultrasonic wake-up layer shown in Figure 3.
Prototype of (a) the ultrasonic module and (b) a VirtualSense mote equipped with the module.
In particular, Section 4.1 outlines the experimental setup, Section 4.2 reports the results of power and performance measurements, while Section 4.3 discusses the suitability of the ultrasonic module to perform pairwise distance measurements.
4.1. Measurement Setup
Digital waveforms were sampled by means of a National Instruments NI-DAQmx PCI-6251 16-channels data acquisition board connected to a BNC-2120 shielded connector block [27, 28], while current waveforms were collected by means of a National Instruments PXI-4071 digital multimeter with a sensitivity down to 1 pA [29].
During the experiments, the ultrasonic module was powered at 2 V by a NGMO2 Rohde & Schwarz dual-channel power supply serially connected with the PXI-4071 configured as an amperometer [30] to capture the supply current drawn by the circuit. Current waveforms were sampled at 100 kHz.
The experimental setup involved two VirtualSense motes equipped with the ultrasonic module: the device under measurement, working either as a transmitter or as a receiver, and a second device playing the complementary role in each communication experiment.
4.2. Power-Performance Characterization
Power and performance measurements were performed by running ad hoc synthetic benchmarks on the two VirtualSense motes described in the experimental setup. The mote acting as a transmitter was programmed to issue an ultrasonic wake-up signal every 2 seconds, while the one acting as a receiver was waiting in an inactive state for the INT signal raised by its ultrasonic wake-up receiver. Each wake-up was acknowledged by the receiving mote by sending an echo radio packet back to the transmitter. In order to test unicast wake-up, the receiving mote was flashed with a unique 8-bit address (namely, "10101010").
Figure 4 shows the signal waveforms sampled in three nodes of the wake-up receiver in case of unicast wake-up: (a) the output of the ultrasonic transducer (node A in Figure 1), which is a modulated sinusoidal waveform at 40 kHz with an amplitude of about 100 mV; (b) the output of the comparator (node B), which is a modulated square waveform at the same frequency with an amplitude compatible with the TTL signals, ranging from 0 to 2 V; and (c) the I/O port of the microcontroller used to power the comparator (node C). The experiment was conducted by placing the two motes at a distance of 1 m and by powering the ultrasonic modules at 2 V.
Address decoding: (a) comparator input signal value (distance was approximately 1 meter); (b) comparator output signal ( was 2.0 V); (c) comparator enable issued by microcontroller.
Figure 4(a) clearly shows the 50 ms preamble, followed by a silent period and by the 8 bits of the address (bursts correspond to the 1's, while 0's are simply encoded by the lack of signal according to the OOK modulation). Figure 4(b) shows the output of the comparator, reshaped by the microcontroller through the enable signal shown in Figure 4(c). In particular, the microcontroller issues periodic resets during the preamble (causing the narrow glitches in the first part of the curve) and provides the 25 ms sampling windows for the bits of the address.
Figure 5 shows the measured current consumption of the ultrasonic module acting as a wake-up receiver in case of unicast wake-up. The baseline supply current is of 874 nA, thus meeting the sub-A design goal of the triggering module. Whenever an over-threshold signal is detected, the supply current jumps to about 7 A needed by the comparator to generate the TTL output signal, and by the microcontroller to execute the protocol. It is worth noticing that the contribution of the comparator to the overall power consumption is almost negligible during the reception of a 0. In real world scenarios, this could be taken into account for energy-aware address assignment. The overall measured energy spent to receive a unicast wake-up is of 3.75 J. In case of a broadcast wake-up, the curves reduce to the preamble, and the overall energy reduces to 0.75 J.
Current consumption of the ultrasonic receiver.
The current drawn by the ultrasonic transmitter to issue the unicast wake-up to a target mote assigned with address "10101010" is reported in Figure 6. The five bursts correspond to the transmission of the preamble followed by the four 1's of the address. Within each burst, the current waveform varies between 0 and 65 mA at 40 kHz, while narrow glitches are measured at the beginning and at the end of each burst. The overall energy measured with 2 V power supply is of 16.25 mJ. It is worth noticing that no energy is spent to transmit a 0. As already observed for the receiver, this feature of the OOK modulation could be exploited to conceive energy-aware encoding and address assignment policies.
Current consumption of the ultrasonic transmitter.
The overall energy consumed by the ultrasonic layer for transmitting or receiving wake-up signals is summarized in Table 1 for both unicast and broadcast wake-ups.
Unicast Broadcast
Transmitter 16.25 mJ 1.88 mJ
Receiver 3.75 J 0.75 J
Energy spent by the ultrasonic module for transmitting and receiving broadcast/unicast wake-ups.
4.3. Distance Measurement
The propagation speed of sound in air () can be exploited to estimate the distance between a transmitter and a receiver by measuring the time of flight of an ultrasonic signal. The accuracy of the estimated distance () depends on the resolution of the time measurement () and on the variance of the overhead introduced by the measurement system ().
The measurement protocol adopted to measure the distance between two VirtualSense motes (hereafter denoted by T and R) consists of (i) T and R turn on their MCU, radio module, and ultrasonic module; (ii) T resets a timer and transmits an ultrasonic pulse; (iii) R detects the ultrasonic pulse and transmits an echo radio packet to acknowledge the reception; (iv) T receives the radio packet, stops the counter, and computes the corresponding distance as
It is worth noticing that the time measurement is performed by T, while R is used only to send back an echo response across the radio channel. Hence, the time overhead includes the software running at both ends, the ultrasound detection time, and the time of flight of the radio packet. In principle, this last contribution depends on the distance between the two motes, but it can be neglected in (1) since the propagation speed of the radio packet is about 6 orders of magnitude faster than that of sound. In the distance range of the VirtualSense ultrasonic modules, the time of flight of a radio packet is shorter than the clock period of the MCU.
The accuracy of the distance estimates provided by the VirtualSense ultrasonic modules was tested by clocking the MCUs at 24 MHz, by using echo packets of only 1 byte, and by setting the maximum resolution for the timer, namely, 250 s. Measurements were performed by positioning the motes at 100 different distances randomly chosen with uniform distribution in the range between 0.3 m and 10.0 m. The motes were accurately positioned and the measurements were repeated five times in each point. Half of the measures were then used to characterize the model of (1), while the remaining ones were used to evaluate out-of-sample accuracy.
Figure 7 shows the relation between the nominal distance and the measured time for the 50 points used for characterization. Error bars denote the standard deviation computed over the 5 measures performed in each point. The dashed curve represents the linear regression (with close to 1) the equation of which (also reported in the figure) provides the parameters of (1), namely, and .
Time versus distance relation.
The out-of-sample errors made by (1) are plotted in Figure 8 as a function of the actual distance. Error bars denote the standard deviation. The average absolute error is of about 0.06 m, which is below the theoretical resolution of the proposed methodology which is of about 0.09 m for a time resolution of 250 s.
Average error versus distance.
5. State Model
The simplest functional model which allows us to point out the distinguishing features of VirtualSense and the additional design options provided by the ultrasonic wake-up mechanism is composed of two states: Wait, in which the mote is inactive and waits for incoming events, and Process, in which the mote is active and performs some task. In general, a sensor node can react to three types of events: incoming packets, timed wake-ups, and sensing events. Since the ultrasonic trigger does not affect the capability of VirtualSense to react to wake-up and sensing events, the only outgoing edges of the Wait state represented in Figure 9 are the ones triggered by incoming packets. In particular, the overhearing of an unintended packet is represented as a self-loop of the Wait state, since it does not cause the execution of any processing task, while the reception of an intended packet causes a transition from Wait to Process. The transmission of a packet is modelled as a self-loop of the Process state, since it requires the mote to be active and it does not necessarily imply the mote to become inactive right after the transmission. Transitions from Process to Wait are simply triggered by End-of-Process (EoP) events.
General functional state diagram of a VirtualSense mote.
In order to make the state model of Figure 9 expressive enough to perform power and performance estimations, the average power consumption needs to be associated with each state, while transition time and energy need to be associated with each edge. The actual values of power, energy, and transition time depend on the way in which the power states of VirtualSense and the ultrasonic wake-up mechanisms are exploited to implement the target application. In particular, while Process requires the microcontroller unit to be active, Wait allows the mote to exploit any low-power inactive state, possibly combined with out-of-band ultrasonic triggering and addressing solutions, in order to find the most suitable tradeoff between power consumption and reaction time.
VirtualSense provides 4 families of power states [21]: Active, which executes a task on top of the Java compatible runtime environment provided by the Darjeeling virtual machine; Standby, where the CPU is switched off while both the clock and the memory are powered; Sleep, where both the CPU and the clock are switched off, but an external RTC is used to provide timing information and to grant to the mote self-wake-up capabilities; and Hibernation, where main memory is turned off and the heap of the Java VM needs to be stored in flash memory in order to provide state retention capabilities. In addition, memory-less hibernation (ML-Hibernation) can be used whenever the application does not require state retention, thus saving the energy otherwise required to store the heap.
In the baseline configuration, the Contiki MAC protocol [31] exploits the Standby mode of the MCU and the LPM1 mode of the radio module for duty cycling. All other configurations are obtained as a combination of the inactive states of the MCU (Standby, Sleep, Hibernation, and ML-Hibernation), the frame filtering option [21] of the radio module (FF), the ultrasonic triggering mechanism (US), and the ultrasonic addressing protocol introduced in this paper (USa). In all the configurations, but the baseline, the radio module is turned off whenever idle instead of being put in LPM1.
Table 2 reports the parameters of the state diagram of Figure 9 for all the relevant configurations of the VirtualSense mote. The first part of the name of the configuration denotes the inactive mode of the MCU exploited in the Wait state, while suffixes FF, US, and USa are used to denote the adoption of the corresponding solutions.
Configuration Wait Unintended Receive Transmit
[µW] [µJ] [ms] [µJ] [ms] [µJ]
Baseline 3,451.5 1,502.3 73.4 1,559.44 50.0 3,697.11
Standby 747.5 1,502.3 73.4 1,559.44 50.0 3,697.11
Standby FF 747.5 521.4 73.4 1,559.44 50.0 3,697.11
Sleep 734.4 1,502.3 73.4 1,559.44 50.0 3,697.11
Sleep FF 734.7 521.4 73.4 1,559.44 50.0 3,697.11
Sleep US 3.678 1,503.2 28.2 1,560.31 65.9 3,746.4
Sleep US FF 3.678 522.3 28.2 1,560.31 65.9 3,746.4
Sleep USa 3.678 3.87 428.2 1,563.31 515.9 13,555.2
Hibernation US 2.718 5,987.5 564.8 6,044.6 65.9 3,746.4
Hibernation US FF 2.718 5,006.5 564.8 6,044.6 65.9 3,746.4
Hibernation USa 2.718 3.87 964.8 6,047.6 515.9 13,555.2
ML-Hibernation US 2.718 1,547.0 31.49 1,604.1 65.9 3,746.4
ML-Hibernation US FF 2.718 566.1 31.49 1,604.1 65.9 3,746.4
ML-Hibernation USa 2.718 3.87 431.49 1,607.1 515.9 13,555.2
Parameters of the state diagram of Figure 9 for all the relevant configurations of VirtualSense. All the parameters were measured on a mote powered at 3 V, with the MCU clocked at 16 MHz and the ultrasonic module powered at 2 V.
Since Table 2 is used to show the dependence of the parameters from the configuration of VirtualSense, those which are not significantly affected by the configuration are not reported in the table for the sake of simplicity. In particular, the average power consumption of the mote in Process state is always around 13.44 mW, while the time and energy spent to go from Process to Wait in case of EoP are negligible (below 1 ms and 1 J, resp.) for all the configurations but Hibernation, for which they take value 78.8 ms and 1.24 mJ, respectively, to save the heap of the VM. The time required to receive an unintended packet is not reported in the table in spite of its dependence on the configuration, since it does not entail any state transition.
The bar graph of Figure 10 shows, for each configuration of VirtualSense, the tradeoff between the power associated with the Wait state and the time required to receive an incoming packet. The competitive advantage of ultrasonic triggering is apparent in that it allows us to reduce the average power consumption of the mote about three orders of magnitude without impairing reactiveness to incoming events. It is worth mentioning that the configuration of VirtualSense motes can be selected at runtime by means of a specific API so that all the power-performance tradeoffs are made directly available to the Java programmer. The selective wake-up mechanism provided by ultrasonic addressing adds to the time required to send/receive a packet, but it significantly reduces the energy lost for receiving unintended packets, as shown in Table 2.
Possible tradeoffs between waiting power consumption and wake-up time.
Keeping the routing nodes active to listen for incoming packets to be possibly forwarded or routed to the sink is one of the most energy-consuming tasks in wireless sensor networks, which limits the lifetime of battery-operated nodes and makes it hard to rely on unpredictable renewable energy sources. Remote triggering provides an attractive alternative by allowing the transmitting nodes to wake-up their neighbors acting either as routers or destination nodes. As long as the routers can react to the triggering events in time to receive the packets, they can take advantage of idle periods by staying in inactive low-power states. This enables the full exploitation of the degrees of freedom available for dynamic power management, and it reduces the energy usually wasted by overhearing unintended packets. On the other hand, the triggering circuitry has a power overhead that has to be carefully taken into account in order not to impair the benefits.
Existing approaches to remote triggering are mainly based on radio signals, exploiting either the same channel used for communication or a dedicated one. This paper has explored the possibility of using out-of-band ultrasonic triggering, as an alternative to radio triggering which also provides the possibility of performing accurate pairwise distance measurements.
The ultrasonic module, composed of the transmitter and the wake-up receiver, has been implemented as a layer of VirtualSense motes and fully characterized in terms of power and performance by means of real-world measurements. Experimental results show that the overall module consumes less than 1 A, when powered at 2 V, without losing the capability of reacting to ultrasonic triggering events.
Power and performance measurements have been also used to characterize a power state model which shows the effectiveness of both unicast and broadcast wake-up to reduce the idle power consumption of VirtualSense motes of up to three orders of magnitudes without significantly increasing the reaction time.
Extensive experiments have been also performed and reported to evaluate the suitability of the ultrasonic module to compute pairwise distances from the measured time of flight. Experimental results report an average absolute error of about 6 cm for distances ranging from 30 cm to 10 m.
Directional ultrasonic transducers were used for running the experiments reported in this paper. The directionality of the transducers installed on the motes results in the spatial selectivity of the wake-up signals they can issue, independently of the addressing mechanisms adopted. Such selectivity further reduces the power consumption by preventing the nodes which are outside the beam angle from receiving unintended wake-ups. On the other hand, directionality impairs flexibility and adaptability in that it requires the adoption of static routing schemes to be decided at deployment time. The approach proposed in this paper can be easily extended to support dynamic/multipath routing and adaptation by installing omnidirectional transducers in place of the directional ones. Selectivity can still be provided by adopting the unicast wake-up protocol.
The authors declare no conflict of interests.
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Copyright © 2013 Emanuele Lattanzi et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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2. the further information requested be provided.
25/12 The evacuation procedure was noted.
26/12 There were no interests declared.
27/12 The Chair signed the minutes of the meeting held on 11th June as a correct record.
28/12 Consideration was given to the minutes of the meeting held on 16th July 2012.
- Section 215's could only deal with the external appearance of properties, once it was served owners could appeal if they thought they were being asked to do too much.
- If work was not done then then works could be completed in default and a charge placed on the property or, a series of letters would be sent giving deadlines for the work to be done.
- All Members to receive information regarding properties within their ward with a S215 notice.
- If possible, a notice be placed on the property to let members of the public know that SBC was dealing with it. It was noted that it would need to be checked with legal whether it would be possible.
- The Communities and Local Government (CLG) published the Technical Reforms of Council Tax consultation papers on October 2011 which sought views of a number of proposed changes to the Council Tax system. This included giving Council greater discretion over the reliefs to apply on second homes and certain empty properties.
- The CLG had published a Summary of Responses document confirming the intention to legislate a number of changes. The changes were included in the Local Government and Finance Bill which was expected to receive Royal Assent in the Autumn.
- Information on the proposed change in discount for 2013/2014 was provided.
- The timetable for implementing the changes was also provided. It was noted that once the changes were agreed the Committee would have finished the review but a report would be brought back.
- Detail on likely costs for collection and enforcement.
The Committee also commented that the changes with the new Council Tax scheme and Welfare Reforms would hit the most vulnerable people.
30/12 The next meeting of the Committee was 22nd October 2012.
31/12 The Chair had nothing to update.


I am an MPP candidate with a law degree and strong quantitative analysis capacities. My current interest is utilizing statistical research methods to measure the success/failure of legislation and government policies, especially those that touch upon social justice and public interest. I am also interested in the intersection of law and technology, especially the regulatory framework of emerging technologies, as well as how technology and be used to make legal practices more efficient.
In Berkeley Public Policy Journal, Mar 8, 2018.
Mei Gechlik, Chenchen Zhang, Li Huang.
In Stanford Law School China Guiding Cases Project, Mar 1, 2018.
In Berkeley Public Policy Journal, Sep 15, 2017.


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The Duchess of Cambridge spent two days working in a maternity ward this week. Picture: Ian Vogler/POOL/AFP
Kate's secret 'work experience'
The Duchess of Cambridge spent two days secretly working in a hospital maternity ward this week, according to royal diary notes.
Kate carried out the work experience at Kingston Hospital in London on Tuesday and Wednesday according to the Court Circular, an official record of past royal engagements.
It's not known what the Duchess did during her two-day private visit, but local media suspect it could be linked to her Early Years project.
The mother-of-three has been working with academics and charities to try to improve the support given to children in the first few years of their lives.
"With greater focus on the early years, The Duchess of Cambridge believes we can better provide solid social and emotional platforms for children to make them healthier and more resilient later in life," her charity, The Royal Foundation, says.
It adds that the Duchess will be unveiling "a major body of work" later this year.
The Duchess Of Cambridge has been working on an Early Years project. Picture: Getty Images
In September, Kate met with young mums at a children's health and development centre in London to learn how they were supported after giving birth.
She has also been a patron of the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists since 2018.
Following the birth of her second child, Princess Charlotte, in 2015, the Duchess said she found motherhood both "wonderful" and "a huge challenge".
"Becoming a mother has been such a rewarding and wonderful experience. However, at times it has also been a huge challenge - even for me, who has support at home that most mothers do not," she said.
"Nothing can really prepare you for the sheer overwhelming experience of what it means to become a mother. It's full of complex emotions of joy, exhaustion, love and worry, all mixed together."
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duchess of cambridge hopsital kate middleton maternity royal family work experience

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


"We Value Community" by Rob Priestley. Genre: Speech.
"The Gift of Diversity in Spiritual Formation ". Genre: Speech.
The Gift of Generosity in Spiritual Formation" by Brendon Gibson. Genre: Speech.
"The Gift of Scripture in Spiritual Formation" by Brendon Gibson. Genre: Speech.


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I'm not exactly Lululemon's target demographic. I mean, I could be. I grew up in Vancouver, where the company was founded, and I wear sub-size-12 clothing so it doesn't "cost 30% more to make my clothes." But according to some articles criticizing the athletic wear company, there's lots ways in which I'm completely not the target audience. I'm Asian, but can pronounce the letter "L," thanks. I also read Atlas Shrugged when I was about 18, but instead of it informing my life philosophy, I decided it was one of the worst things I had ever read. And I'm pretty stoked about the existence of birth control pills. So given the fact that I disagree with some of the company higher-ups on, well, life, I haven't really felt the need to keep up with them.
But then 2015 brought us a new and exciting development, which was a Lululemon beer. And I like beer. I also like getting the chance to be snarky. It also seemed appropriate that if I was going to buy any Lululemon product, it might as well be a can of beer from a local beer store, because frankly I'm intimidated by the prospect of even walking in to one of their brick and mortar shopfronts.
The beer is made by Stanley Park Brewing to coincide with the SeaWheeze Half Marathon, and the inspiration is ostensibly the love of a cold beer after a sweaty run along the Seawall. Challenge accepted. But since I've never written a beer review before, I enlisted the help of my dog (who wanted to go for a sweaty run) and my boyfriend, (who'll always try a new beer).
Painless, and a tall can was only $2.50, which is pretty good as far as Canadian liquor store prices are concerned. I spotted a stack of the cans (sold singly!) on my way to a barbecue at my brother-in-law's place and didn't even feel the need to hide it in a brown paper bag. Though I did stash it under the seat and left it behind in the car, because Lulu beer isn't what you bring to a barbecue with a bunch of mechanics. I needed to enjoy it in an atmosphere which was more alienated from the means of production, lest the ghost of Dagny Taggart turn up and challenge me to arm wrestle.
A pretty modest can that's clearly meant to represent Vancouver's Seawall, including a cartoon totem pole, for which it loses a bunch of points. Not exactly headdresses-at-a-music-festival level of cultural appropriation, but still not super cool. Especially for a company that sponsored an international day of yoga on National Aboriginal Day. When even Raffi disapproves of your actions, you've got to step back and evaluate.
Since the ostensible inspiration for the beer was a celebratory drink after a sweaty run along the Seawall, my dog Bee and I decided that we should go for a short run in the park before drinking it to get closer to the full experience. So he agreed to pretend that I was a tall and leggy white girl, and I agreed to pretend that he was a well-behaved black lab or something. Target market, people.
Luckily it wasn't too hot, because even though Lululemon claims that their running wear is made for super sweaty runs, I suspect from their product photos that their definition of "super sweaty" is the kind where you still look super hot afterwards. Let's just say that's not the definition of "super sweaty" I'm familiar with.
Anyway, the dog was pretty into the run and the selfie, but had basically no desire to drink the beer, which is fine, because let's face it, he's a dog and isn't supposed to have beer anyway. The only reason he deducted 3 points from the review is because he didn't get to go off leash for the run, because I wasn't *that* willing to pretend he's a well behaved black lab.
The boyfriend (R) skipped the run and doesn't do yoga, so he had to wait for the beer until we got home. We thought that maybe drinking it out of the 4 oz mini glasses we got at a beer festival once would make us cooler and more Lulu-acceptable. I at least felt a little more hipster, and isn't that what this workout experience was all about?
The verdict: Your basic lager. A touch of hops, light and refreshing. Pretty sure you could go out and order one of these after a yoga class, especially if you're still recovering from the discovery that your pants were see through. R would rather have had a mountain bike ride and a Lucky Lager, but not bad. Kind of a North American Corona. In which case it's basically the same quality of beer you can get anywhere else, but a little more pretentious.
On the bright side, I finally got that thigh gap they've been telling me I should work on.
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LOL at the thigh-gap picture.
Oh, I get it! If you keep the beer between your knees you have both a thigh gap AND it negates the need for birth control pills.
An added benefit for sure!
While I'm sure Lululemon is too cool for school to do TV advertising for this beer, I'm immediately reminded of those awful Michelob Ultra Light ads from a couple of years back that promised that you could look hot from all of your workouts and still drink beer, even if that beer was…not really worth drinking.
Hilarious. I feel the same way about LLL. And thigh gaps.
Hilarious!! Thank you for doing this for me. Now I don't have to.
Thanks for the laugh! I really enjoyed this post. I am by no means the target demographic for the company which probably why explains I had no idea they made a beer.
Ha! This is great. Didn't even know they were making a beer. Seems a bit bizarre, but okay!


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by Natalia Kepesz
#14 Beyond the headlines of war
Niewybuch
Photographer Natalia Kepesz visits youth military summer camps in Poland
Youth military summer camps have existed in Poland since the 1920s, but the phenomenon has grown massively in recent years. The young participants are put through boot camps, challenged physically and mentally, and given lessons—often on former army training grounds—in tactics, survival, self-defence, and topography.
In addition to being taught military basics, children and young people are playfully indoctrinated into obedience, fearlessness and patriotism. In a setting of fake blood, drills and the unreserved use of weapons, I want to raise the question of the emotional effect of military education, and address the tension between a child's search for adventure and the excesses of the cult of the Polish army. It is not clear whether these young people would want to continue their military training in the future. For them, it is more about a sense of belonging to a group and experiencing what they have seen in films and in the media. The impact on their psychological and emotional development will only be apparent in the future.
About Natalia Kepesz
Natalia Kepesz is a Polish photographer living and working in Berlin. After graduating in cultural studies and art history at the Humboldt University Berlin, she studied photography at the Ostkreuzschule Berlin. She uses photography as a means of self-expression to identify the hidden qualities of her character, to better understand her reality, and to express her interpretation of the world around her. By photographing, she transforms her own childhood memories. Growing up was always accompanied by the urge to discover something else.


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Event for Are We Born Racist?
Editors and contributors will read from the GGSC's latest anthology, Are We Born Racist?, and discuss the science behind the book.
Venue: Mrs. Dalloway's Literary & Garden Arts
Date: October 28, 7:30pm
UC Berkeley's Greater Good Science Center presents selections from its ground breaking new anthology, Are We Born Racist?: New Insights from Neuroscience and Positive Psychology.
Drawing on cutting-edge science, Are We Born Racist? explores the psychological roots of prejudice—-and how we can overcome it. Timely, practical, and provocative, the book brings together leading scientists, journalists, educators, and many others to shed light on why and how our brains form racial prejudices, the negative effects of racism, and steps we can take to reduce these prejudices. It has been called "the most revealing and important treatment of human prejudice to appear in years."
The evening will feature Meredith Maran, the award-winning author of books such as Class Dismissed and the just-published My Lie, who will read her essay about her personal decision to raise her children in a racially diverse neighborhood; and Rodolfo Mendoza-Denton, a professor of psychology at UC Berkeley and one of the book's editors, sharing his personal and scientific insights into the roots of academic achievement gaps.
They'll be joined by Jason Marsh, editor in chief of Greater Good magazine and another of the book's editors, for an open discussion of the book and the science of racism.
Are We Born Racist? has already been receiving wide praise. Claude Steele, one of the country's leading researchers on prejudice, had this to say about the book:
Revolutionary insight follows revolutionary insight in this broadly accessible book, accumulating to nothing less than a paradigm shift that will change how we think about everything from how prejudice affects our own lives to how laws and institutional practice can be used to reduce its ill effects. And it does it all with a brevity that I hope will insure what it deserves most: to be broadly read.
Please join us at 7:30pm on Thursday, October 28, at Mrs. Dalloway's bookstore in Berkeley!


Got a few Amazon Gift Cards and don't know what to buy with them? Here's an end-of-the-year deal for Breaking Bad: The Complete Series on Blu-ray for just $159.99. That's 47% off the list price of $299! The collection packs all 62 episodes of the hit show along with over 55 hours of special features from all seasons and a special two-hour documentary. Additional bonus items include a "Better Call Saul" matchbook 4GB flash drive, commemorative challenge coin designed by Vince Gilligan, and Los Pollos Hermanos apron. BTW: They've also got the 16-disc Blu-ray edition with Digital HD for $73.99 (List: $160.99). Jump over to Amazon to grab these deals while they last.


text:
Working Smarter Daily
Subscribe to the following Working Smarter Daily newsletters:
A Conversation on Innovation
Stephen Downes: Half an Hour
Re: the negative side of innovation, there's a prettyconsistent assessment of innovation & technology, a pretty consistentstatement, by the youth in the occupy movement. If we go one step beyond innovation, we have actuallyreached a cusp in the west. Does the general population support innovation? We need to start thinking about 'innovation' and'Innovation'. Andas long as innovation is tech development, not social development, we willleave them behind. MORE
Innovation Strategy Project Exercises 181
Irving Wladawsky-Berger: GIO 3.0 - The 2007 Global Innovation Outlook
Irving Wladawsky-Berger
Irving Wladawsky-Berger A collection of observations, news and resources on the changing nature of innovation, technology, leadership, and other subjects. Professors Lester and Piore describe two kinds of innovation, which they call analysis and interpretation. MORE
Innovation Meeting Open Source Trends 130
Party tech policies
Clinton policy page home page. Clinton Tech and Innovation policy. https://www.hillaryclinton.com/issues/technology-and-innovation/. Trump policy home page. Trump's Tech and Innovation policy. I couldn't find a tech policy per se, but their platform mentions supporting uncensored and unregulated media and tech, privacy, and the use of innovative tech to protect the environment. https://www.hillaryclinton.com/issues/. MORE
Policies Innovation Open Source Issues 116
A grain of sand: Innovation diffusion
Dave Snowden
Today I was privileged to be invited as to present along with four others at an Innovation Diffusion workshop for UCL in connection with the NHS. While incentives have their place, its unlikely that financial incentives will stimulate innovation per se. MORE
Innovation Overview Module Conference 195
Hillary Clinton's Internet policy speech
believes that open access to info enables citizens to hold their gov'ts accountability, increase innovation, etc. Also, an innovation contest. "Information freedom&# is not just good policy, but it's a universal value and good for business. First, my overall reaction to Hillary Clinton's speech: It's thrilling that a Secretary of State would claim "freedom to connect&# as a basic human right. That's a very bit stake in the ground. MORE
Policies Proposal Tools Security 151
The Third Wave of the Digital Economy - Promises and Challenges
"The next wave of digital innovation is coming. Countries can welcome it, prepare for it, and ride it to new heights of innovation and prosperity, or they can ignore the changing tide and miss the wave," writes Robert Atkinson in The Task Ahead of Us. MORE
Data Policies Issues Adoption 242
A Novel Method for Measuring the Value of Free Digital Services
Most measures of economic performance used by government officials to inform their policies and decisions are based on GDP figures. MORE
Data Price Survey Sample 219
The Science of Innovation
"Innovation - identified by MIT economist and Nobel laureate Robert Solow as the driver of long-term, sustainable economic growth and prosperity - has been a hallmark of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology since its inception." The innovation paradigm has changed. MORE
Innovation Report Metrics Policies 267
Innovation in Higher Education
We need to look at higher education through the lens of disruptive innovation, argues a report published last February, - Disrupting College: How Disruptive Innovation Can Deliver Quality and Affordability to Postsecondary Education. Harvard Business School professor Clay Christensen is one of the world's foremost experts in strategy and innovation. In his seminal book, The Innovator's Dilemma , Professor Christensen articulated his theory of disruptive innovation. MORE
Education Innovation Cost Issues 167
Are Innovation and R&D Yielding Decreasing Returns?
Given the pace of technological change, we tend to think of our age as the most innovative ever. These innovations, first developed in the late 19th and early 20th century, have long been transforming the lives of billions. Innovation may be hitting a wall of diminishing returns. MORE
Innovation Productivity Products Research 228
Data Science and the Changing Nature of Research and Innovation
Last month, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (AAAS) released the results of a new study, ARISE II: Unleashing America's Research & Innovation Enterprise. reorganization of the research and innovation enterprise proposed by the ARISE II study. MORE
Data Research Innovation Change 265
White House: Innovation in Higher Education
The invitation was somewhat cryptic, but basically stated that the focus on the meeting was on quality and innovation. This invite was then followed a week later with a link to a post by Ted Mitchell, Undersecretary of Education, on Innovation and Quality in Higher Education , to help prepare for the conversation. This is the main space to watch in identifying which innovations will have legs and which ones will fail to get traction. MORE
Education Innovation Analytics ROI 219
Innovation as a Journey into the Future
I recently read an excellent innovation report, - Strategic Orientations for Innovation: Chile in the 2025 Horizon. He was a Senator then, a position he held from March of 2002 until his appointment to president of the Innovation Council. MORE
Innovation Issues Education Report 276
How the Head of UNDP Uses Twitter To Engage Around Development Policy Goals
Beth Kanter
Love this! RT @CMLoNigro : @HelenClarkUNDP now taking questions on #post2015 – use #2030Now in your tweets! pic.twitter.com/W25OihgjEz #WEF. Caleb Tiller (@CMTiller) January 14, 2014. MORE
Policies Twitter Questions News 108
Given the pace of technological change, we tend to think of our age as the most innovative ever. These innovations, first developed in the late 19th and early 20th century, have long been transforming the lives of billions. Innovation may be hitting a wall of diminishing returns. In a 2009 paper, The Burden of Knowledge and the 'Death of the Renaissance Man': Is Innovation Getting Harder? Innovators can compensate for this increasing knowledge burden in two key ways. MORE
Innovation in an Age of Austerity
On December 7 I participated in an Innovation Summit sponsored by the UK Innovation Research Centre (UK-IRC) at the University of Cambridge. The UK-IRC is "a collaborative initiative for cutting-edge research and knowledge exchange activities on how innovation can make businesses more competitive, improve public services delivery and help the UK meet the social, environmental and economic challenges it faces." These include leadership, investments and policies. MORE
Innovation Research Metrics Analysis 146
Challenging Mindsets: From Reverse Innovation to Innovation Blowback
John Hagel
Views on innovation in developing economies are evolving rapidly, yet they still do not capture the full significance of what is going on. Executives in the West are still prisoners of a mindset that equates innovation with technology and product innovation. This blinds them to significant alternative forms of innovation that can profoundly disrupt their businesses in the years ahead. Early view of innovation. Reverse innovation. Innovation blowback. MORE
Innovation Productivity Products Company 161
Edge Perspectives with John Hagel: Innovation and R&D
Edge Perspectives with John Hagel Exploration of emerging innovations on a broad array of edges that are rising up to challenge the core About Recent Posts The Great Reset Passion and Flow Economic Recovery? Ingenuity, invention and innovation are rarely functions of budgetary investment. MORE
Innovation Productivity Products Policies 151
The Impact of AI on R&D and Innovation
For the past couple of centuries, general-purpose technologies (GPTs) have been the key drivers of productivity and economic growth, - thanks to their rapid improvements in price and performance, pervasive applications, and ability to spur complementary innovations across a wide variety of industries. Beyond innovations in existing sectors, the rapidly improving price/performance of GPTs have led over time to the creation of whole new applications and industries. MORE
Innovation Cost Price Policies 100
How to deliver innovation overnight | Daniel Pink
How to deliver innovation overnight One of the ideas in Drive that has spread the fastest and the widest is the FedEx Day. Atlassian dubbed these innovation jamborees FedEx Days because participants have to deliver something overnight. Comment Policy: First time comments are moderated. MORE
How To Innovation Atlassian LinkedIn 89
People Policy at IDEO
Jay Cross's Informal Learning
Tags: innovation MORE
Policies Resources Innovation 121
Beyond innovations in existing sectors, the rapidly improving price/performance of GPTs have led over time to the creation of whole new applications and industries. MORE
Innovation Data Cost Price 181
Technology, Leadership and Innovation in the Service Economy
At the end of January I gave a half-day seminar at MIT on Technology, Leadership and Innovation in the Service Economy. For a while now, I have been thinking about how technology and innovation can best be applied to services. My interest in technology-based services innovation was heightened last summer when I read an excellent report, Hidden Wealth: the contribution of science to service innovation , based upon a study sponsored by the UK Royal Society. MORE
Innovation Technology Industry Productivity 146
Innovation Teams 2.0
It was not all that long ago that innovation was viewed as something that took place almost exclusively in academia, as well as in R&D labs in the private and public sectors. Such a lab-centric model of knowledge and innovation, relied primarily on the scientists and technologists working in the labs to come up with new ideas and products, which they then threw over the transom to those responsible for marketing, selling and customer support. MORE
Innovation Company Virtual Teams Productivity 116
AI and Public Policy
The report is organized into three main sections: Section I described the key research trends influencing AI's future; Section II examined the key economic sectors that are most likely to be impacted by AI; and Section III looked into issues surrounding AI and public policy. MORE
Policies Data Press Release Issues 236
Scale and Complex Systemic Innovation
The column addresses a fundamental question that those studying innovation have been wrestling with for years: "Are big companies the best catalysts of innovation, or are small ones better?" The column is based on a recent study - Scale and Innovation in Today's Economy - by Michael Mandel , chief economic strategist of the Progressive Policy Institute. As a result, there are reasons to believe that scale may be a plus for innovation in today's economy, not a minus." MORE
System Complexity Innovation Company 174
Hidden Wealth: Science, Technology and Services Innovation in the 21st Century
The Royal Society , - the UK's national academy of science, - recently released a report: Hidden Wealth: the contribution of science to service sector innovation. This excellent report represents the findings of a major study on the role of science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) to innovation in the services sector. It is one of the most comprehensive investigations of the impact of services innovation in the 21st century. MORE
Innovation Technology Industry Comparison 109
The Internet inside the enterprise: We don't have it, and we need it
That''s because the Internet has definitively won the competition and is leading the way in tech innovation. Apps Cloud Priorities Leadership IT Policies Software Servers Networking IT Priorities Enterprise Software Emerging Tech Data Management Data Centers Consumerization Cloud Big Data Innovation It''s no longer fashionable to criticize enterprise IT as it once was. But for proactive organizations, it doesn''t have to be that way. MORE
Policies Software Data Organization 139
Irving Wladawsky-Berger: Innovation, Fundamental Research and Universities
Irving Wladawsky-Berger A collection of observations, news and resources on the changing nature of innovation, technology, leadership, and other subjects. Home Archives Subscribe « Becoming an Innovation Leader – Is There More than One Style? " "What is innovation?," MORE
Research Innovation Report Change 130
Innovation, Entrepreneurship and the Evolution of Cities
Why is it that only a few cities and regions around the world have become successful innovation hubs, even though many have tried? Silicon Valley and the Boston-Cambridge area are among the most prominent such innovation hubs in the world. Their leading positions as technology-based innovation centers have been near impossible to replicate. How did New York lose its innovation edge? Why did it cede its innovation leadership to Silicon Valley and similar such centers? MORE
Innovation System Class Company 177
"Flexible Security": A Sensible Social Policy for our Digital Age
Or, do we also need social policies to promote job creation and assist workers who've lost their jobs? One of the Foreign Affairs articles, - The Next Safety Net: Social Policy for a Digital Age by Nicolas Colin and Bruno Palier , - offers some answers to these questions. "As MORE
Security Policies Issues Statistics 240
How Fun and Creativity Can Shape Your Own Social Computing Guidelines and Policy
I remember the day when IBM was first facing that very same issue , on whether to put together a social computing policy and guidelines or not. which explains quite nicely their own social media policy that they are using: Fun stuff, eh? MORE
Guidelines Policies Knowledge Management Social Network 234
Innovation in China
Responding to China Is Not About to Out-Innovate the U.S. Patents are a poor standard for measuring innovation, agreed. But while this article successfully refutes the point about patents (the focus of the Economist article , but which takes up less than one paragraph of the longer WSJ article ) it does not establish its main point, that China will not overtake the US in innovation. in Harvard Business School Blogs. MORE
Innovation Comparison Policies Adoption 138
Six characteristics supporting excellence in service delivery innovation
Last Friday, after delivering the breakfast keynote at CPA Congress in Brisbane (more on that in another post), I ran a half-day workshop at the partner offsite of a national accounting firm network on the theme of Disruption and Innovation in Professional Services. However in professional services probably the most important domain is service delivery, in which extraordinary possibilities for innovation have opened up in the network economy. Continuous innovation. MORE
Innovation Workflow Process Survey 194
How to Support the Widespread Adoption of AI
In their 2009 book Wired for Innovation: How Information Technology is Rewiring the Economy , Erik Brynjolfsson and Adam Saunders introduced the concept of organizational capital as the necessary critical ingredient that enabled a company to take full advantage of major IT advances. MORE
Adoption How To Data Workflow 181
Can Innovation Continue to Drive Long-Term Economic Growth?
The article takes a look at what it calls innovation pessimism , - the notion that we are in a long-term period of slow innovation and growth despite our rapidly advancing technologies and hyperconnected economies. Has the ideas machine broken down? MORE
Innovation Issues Industry Overview 247
International Organizations and Social Media: News, Engagement, and Social Data for Policy Change
Not every student in my class is focused on the same policy issue. They will be placed with organizations working on policies in these areas, many part of large international networks, nonprofits, and government. Citizen Digital Engagement in Policy Discussions and Action. MORE
Policies News Organization Data 104
Globalization in Transition
The growing reliance on knowledge favors countries with highly skilled labor forces, strong innovation and R&D capabilities, and robust IP protections. MORE
Cost Issues Overview Trends 219
[berkman] Karim Lakhani on disclosure policies and innovation
Karim Lakhani of Harvard Business School (and a Berkman associate, and a member of the Harvard Institute for Quantititative Social Science ) is giving a talk called "How disclosure policies impact search in open innovation, atopic he has researched with Kevin Boudreau of the London Business School. Karim has been thinking about how crowds can contribute to innovation for 17 years, since he was at GE. There is a false debate between closed and open innovation. MORE
Policies Innovation Open Source Search 122
Irving Wladawsky-Berger: Talent, Innovation and Competitiveness
Irving Wladawsky-Berger A collection of observations, news and resources on the changing nature of innovation, technology, leadership, and other subjects. I think it is primarily due to the changing nature of innovation in the 21st century. MORE
Innovation Library Report Security 130
Innovation at the State Dept.
I just read Revolution@State , a pretty amazing report by the Lowy Institute , an independent policy think tank, about the extent and depth of e-diplomacy initiatives at the State Department. Policy guidane was barely mentioned. Implicit in many of the initiatives, there is new emphasis on Need to Share rather than Need to Know; the latter policy optimizes for security at the cost of intelligence. MORE
Innovation Policies Security Report 174
Innovation Hubs in the Global Digital Economy
Part II of the paper deals with the economic and policy implication of this ICT-based production transformation. . Disruptive innovations, - like the power looms allegedly smashed by protesting Luddites, - have been displacing human labor for the past two centuries. MORE
Innovation Productivity Products Industry 238
Innovation and National Security in the 21st Century
The Task Force noted that leadership in innovation, research and technology since World War II has made the US the most secure and economically prosperous nation on earth. A major new wave of innovation is characterized by speed, disruption, and scale. MORE
Security Innovation Data Policies 130
Innovate? Not Here, Not Now.
Kevin Wheeler
Home About Future of Talent Subscribe Over the Seas Thoughts on Recruiting, Learning and Other Things as I Ramble around the World Innovate? by Kevin Wheeler on March 23, 2010 The cry has gone out in almost every organization I work with for more innovation. CEOs decry the lack of innovative people and CFOs wring their hands over lost potential revenue. Academics and consultants toil to find out why people in medium and large organization are not innovative. MORE
Innovation Facebook Survey Company 123
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The report is organized into three main sections: Section I described the key research trends influencing AI's future; Section II examined the key economic sectors that are most likely to be impacted by AI; and Section III looked into issues surrounding AI and public policy.
Policies 236
Clinton policy page home page. Clinton Tech and Innovation policy. https://www.hillaryclinton.com/issues/technology-and-innovation/. Trump policy home page. Trump's Tech and Innovation policy. I couldn't find a tech policy per se, but their platform mentions supporting uncensored and unregulated media and tech, privacy, and the use of innovative tech to protect the environment. https://www.hillaryclinton.com/issues/.
Clark Quinn
Xyleme
Nine Shift
Martijn Linssen
The Task Force noted that leadership in innovation, research and technology since World War II has made the US the most secure and economically prosperous nation on earth. A major new wave of innovation is characterized by speed, disruption, and scale.
Or, do we also need social policies to promote job creation and assist workers who've lost their jobs? One of the Foreign Affairs articles, - The Next Safety Net: Social Policy for a Digital Age by Nicolas Colin and Bruno Palier , - offers some answers to these questions. "As
"Innovation - identified by MIT economist and Nobel laureate Robert Solow as the driver of long-term, sustainable economic growth and prosperity - has been a hallmark of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology since its inception." The innovation paradigm has changed.
Given the pace of technological change, we tend to think of our age as the most innovative ever. These innovations, first developed in the late 19th and early 20th century, have long been transforming the lives of billions. Innovation may be hitting a wall of diminishing returns.
Karim Lakhani of Harvard Business School (and a Berkman associate, and a member of the Harvard Institute for Quantititative Social Science ) is giving a talk called "How disclosure policies impact search in open innovation, atopic he has researched with Kevin Boudreau of the London Business School. Karim has been thinking about how crowds can contribute to innovation for 17 years, since he was at GE. There is a false debate between closed and open innovation.
Tags: innovation
Beyond innovations in existing sectors, the rapidly improving price/performance of GPTs have led over time to the creation of whole new applications and industries.
Part II of the paper deals with the economic and policy implication of this ICT-based production transformation. . Disruptive innovations, - like the power looms allegedly smashed by protesting Luddites, - have been displacing human labor for the past two centuries.
I recently read an excellent innovation report, - Strategic Orientations for Innovation: Chile in the 2025 Horizon. He was a Senator then, a position he held from March of 2002 until his appointment to president of the Innovation Council.
Given the pace of technological change, we tend to think of our age as the most innovative ever. These innovations, first developed in the late 19th and early 20th century, have long been transforming the lives of billions. Innovation may be hitting a wall of diminishing returns. In a 2009 paper, The Burden of Knowledge and the 'Death of the Renaissance Man': Is Innovation Getting Harder? Innovators can compensate for this increasing knowledge burden in two key ways.
believes that open access to info enables citizens to hold their gov'ts accountability, increase innovation, etc. Also, an innovation contest. "Information freedom&# is not just good policy, but it's a universal value and good for business. First, my overall reaction to Hillary Clinton's speech: It's thrilling that a Secretary of State would claim "freedom to connect&# as a basic human right. That's a very bit stake in the ground.
We need to look at higher education through the lens of disruptive innovation, argues a report published last February, - Disrupting College: How Disruptive Innovation Can Deliver Quality and Affordability to Postsecondary Education. Harvard Business School professor Clay Christensen is one of the world's foremost experts in strategy and innovation. In his seminal book, The Innovator's Dilemma , Professor Christensen articulated his theory of disruptive innovation.
The invitation was somewhat cryptic, but basically stated that the focus on the meeting was on quality and innovation. This invite was then followed a week later with a link to a post by Ted Mitchell, Undersecretary of Education, on Innovation and Quality in Higher Education , to help prepare for the conversation. This is the main space to watch in identifying which innovations will have legs and which ones will fail to get traction.
I remember the day when IBM was first facing that very same issue , on whether to put together a social computing policy and guidelines or not. which explains quite nicely their own social media policy that they are using: Fun stuff, eh?
Guidelines 234
Last month, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (AAAS) released the results of a new study, ARISE II: Unleashing America's Research & Innovation Enterprise. reorganization of the research and innovation enterprise proposed by the ARISE II study.
The column addresses a fundamental question that those studying innovation have been wrestling with for years: "Are big companies the best catalysts of innovation, or are small ones better?" The column is based on a recent study - Scale and Innovation in Today's Economy - by Michael Mandel , chief economic strategist of the Progressive Policy Institute. As a result, there are reasons to believe that scale may be a plus for innovation in today's economy, not a minus."
For the past couple of centuries, general-purpose technologies (GPTs) have been the key drivers of productivity and economic growth, - thanks to their rapid improvements in price and performance, pervasive applications, and ability to spur complementary innovations across a wide variety of industries. Beyond innovations in existing sectors, the rapidly improving price/performance of GPTs have led over time to the creation of whole new applications and industries.
The article takes a look at what it calls innovation pessimism , - the notion that we are in a long-term period of slow innovation and growth despite our rapidly advancing technologies and hyperconnected economies. Has the ideas machine broken down?
I just read Revolution@State , a pretty amazing report by the Lowy Institute , an independent policy think tank, about the extent and depth of e-diplomacy initiatives at the State Department. Policy guidane was barely mentioned. Implicit in many of the initiatives, there is new emphasis on Need to Share rather than Need to Know; the latter policy optimizes for security at the cost of intelligence.
Re: the negative side of innovation, there's a prettyconsistent assessment of innovation & technology, a pretty consistentstatement, by the youth in the occupy movement. If we go one step beyond innovation, we have actuallyreached a cusp in the west. Does the general population support innovation? We need to start thinking about 'innovation' and'Innovation'. Andas long as innovation is tech development, not social development, we willleave them behind.
Views on innovation in developing economies are evolving rapidly, yet they still do not capture the full significance of what is going on. Executives in the West are still prisoners of a mindset that equates innovation with technology and product innovation. This blinds them to significant alternative forms of innovation that can profoundly disrupt their businesses in the years ahead. Early view of innovation. Reverse innovation. Innovation blowback.
On December 7 I participated in an Innovation Summit sponsored by the UK Innovation Research Centre (UK-IRC) at the University of Cambridge. The UK-IRC is "a collaborative initiative for cutting-edge research and knowledge exchange activities on how innovation can make businesses more competitive, improve public services delivery and help the UK meet the social, environmental and economic challenges it faces." These include leadership, investments and policies.
Why is it that only a few cities and regions around the world have become successful innovation hubs, even though many have tried? Silicon Valley and the Boston-Cambridge area are among the most prominent such innovation hubs in the world. Their leading positions as technology-based innovation centers have been near impossible to replicate. How did New York lose its innovation edge? Why did it cede its innovation leadership to Silicon Valley and similar such centers?
Last Friday, after delivering the breakfast keynote at CPA Congress in Brisbane (more on that in another post), I ran a half-day workshop at the partner offsite of a national accounting firm network on the theme of Disruption and Innovation in Professional Services. However in professional services probably the most important domain is service delivery, in which extraordinary possibilities for innovation have opened up in the network economy. Continuous innovation.
Today I was privileged to be invited as to present along with four others at an Innovation Diffusion workshop for UCL in connection with the NHS. While incentives have their place, its unlikely that financial incentives will stimulate innovation per se.
Love this! RT @CMLoNigro : @HelenClarkUNDP now taking questions on #post2015 – use #2030Now in your tweets! pic.twitter.com/W25OihgjEz #WEF. Caleb Tiller (@CMTiller) January 14, 2014.
It was not all that long ago that innovation was viewed as something that took place almost exclusively in academia, as well as in R&D labs in the private and public sectors. Such a lab-centric model of knowledge and innovation, relied primarily on the scientists and technologists working in the labs to come up with new ideas and products, which they then threw over the transom to those responsible for marketing, selling and customer support.
Responding to China Is Not About to Out-Innovate the U.S. Patents are a poor standard for measuring innovation, agreed. But while this article successfully refutes the point about patents (the focus of the Economist article , but which takes up less than one paragraph of the longer WSJ article ) it does not establish its main point, that China will not overtake the US in innovation. in Harvard Business School Blogs.
Home About Future of Talent Subscribe Over the Seas Thoughts on Recruiting, Learning and Other Things as I Ramble around the World Innovate? by Kevin Wheeler on March 23, 2010 The cry has gone out in almost every organization I work with for more innovation. CEOs decry the lack of innovative people and CFOs wring their hands over lost potential revenue. Academics and consultants toil to find out why people in medium and large organization are not innovative.
That''s because the Internet has definitively won the competition and is leading the way in tech innovation. Apps Cloud Priorities Leadership IT Policies Software Servers Networking IT Priorities Enterprise Software Emerging Tech Data Management Data Centers Consumerization Cloud Big Data Innovation It''s no longer fashionable to criticize enterprise IT as it once was. But for proactive organizations, it doesn''t have to be that way.
At the end of January I gave a half-day seminar at MIT on Technology, Leadership and Innovation in the Service Economy. For a while now, I have been thinking about how technology and innovation can best be applied to services. My interest in technology-based services innovation was heightened last summer when I read an excellent report, Hidden Wealth: the contribution of science to service innovation , based upon a study sponsored by the UK Royal Society.
Irving Wladawsky-Berger A collection of observations, news and resources on the changing nature of innovation, technology, leadership, and other subjects. I think it is primarily due to the changing nature of innovation in the 21st century.
Irving Wladawsky-Berger A collection of observations, news and resources on the changing nature of innovation, technology, leadership, and other subjects. Home Archives Subscribe « Becoming an Innovation Leader – Is There More than One Style? " "What is innovation?,"
How to deliver innovation overnight One of the ideas in Drive that has spread the fastest and the widest is the FedEx Day. Atlassian dubbed these innovation jamborees FedEx Days because participants have to deliver something overnight. Comment Policy: First time comments are moderated.
"The next wave of digital innovation is coming. Countries can welcome it, prepare for it, and ride it to new heights of innovation and prosperity, or they can ignore the changing tide and miss the wave," writes Robert Atkinson in The Task Ahead of Us.
Edge Perspectives with John Hagel Exploration of emerging innovations on a broad array of edges that are rising up to challenge the core About Recent Posts The Great Reset Passion and Flow Economic Recovery? Ingenuity, invention and innovation are rarely functions of budgetary investment.
Not every student in my class is focused on the same policy issue. They will be placed with organizations working on policies in these areas, many part of large international networks, nonprofits, and government. Citizen Digital Engagement in Policy Discussions and Action.
Irving Wladawsky-Berger A collection of observations, news and resources on the changing nature of innovation, technology, leadership, and other subjects. Professors Lester and Piore describe two kinds of innovation, which they call analysis and interpretation.
In their 2009 book Wired for Innovation: How Information Technology is Rewiring the Economy , Erik Brynjolfsson and Adam Saunders introduced the concept of organizational capital as the necessary critical ingredient that enabled a company to take full advantage of major IT advances.
The Royal Society , - the UK's national academy of science, - recently released a report: Hidden Wealth: the contribution of science to service sector innovation. This excellent report represents the findings of a major study on the role of science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) to innovation in the services sector. It is one of the most comprehensive investigations of the impact of services innovation in the 21st century.
Most measures of economic performance used by government officials to inform their policies and decisions are based on GDP figures.
The growing reliance on knowledge favors countries with highly skilled labor forces, strong innovation and R&D capabilities, and robust IP protections.
Cost 219


<# Aaron Anderson - Evacuate an Exchange 2007 database.
Offline defrags are not a good option when dealing with large databases that can take 10 hours to copy around.
# Check that there are mailboxes left. Move or end script.


Rumors are flying about Quentin Tarantino's newest project — Django Unchained, a so-called "southern" that grafts Western tropes onto a narrative about an avenging slave — and at the Film Society of Lincoln Center last night, Tarantino sought to dispel some of them. There to pay tribute to guest of honor Sidney Poitier, Tarantino reiterated that Django is still not cast (despite buzz that his Inglourious Basterds star Christoph Waltz will co-star), opined about the summer movie season, and reminisced about Jackie Brown with actor Chris Tucker.
What did you do after handing in the final draft of Django Unchained?
When I send out the script, I always have a little party at my house. I send it out to Harvey Weinstein and other people, and then my friends just show up all day long and just get their copy of it and drink Champagne and we celebrate.
Is it a daylong party?
Yeah, it wrapped up around one in the morning.
Around 3 p.m. We started having it around three o'clock.
How did you know when it was finished?
Fair enough. What Westerns inspired you?
Every Western, no Western. It's its own thing.
Did it take much convincing to get Christoph Waltz in it?
I didn't say he was in it.
It has been reported that he's starring in it.
Nobody is in it; I just wrote it Tuesday. I wrote it Tuesday. I'm not even directing it yet! I just wrote a script Tuesday, all right? It's just a script. A piece of paper, a lot of pieces of paper. 366, to be exact.
It has also been reported it's going to start filming soon. Is that a fallacy, too?
I have no idea when it is going to start filming. I'm going to say it one more time: I stopped writing it Tuesday.
I understand. I'm just trying to get my facts straight here.
Well, that's the fact: I finished it Tuesday. I finished Tuesday.
Congratulations on that. So there was like a childlike scrawl on the first page that leaked. Can you tell me a little about that?
You're taking all the cool elements of it and having me put it under a microscope and dissect it. The childlike scrawl is my handwriting. [Laughs.] Why is it that way? Because that's how I write.
All right. We'll move on. Are you excited about any of the summer blockbusters coming out?
I don't even know what the summer blockbusters are. I've been writing.
I'm not excited about them, no.
What do you think of Sidney Poitier as a director?
I think he's a terrific director. I actually think Uptown Saturday Night — him and Bill Cosby were the best comedy team of the seventies. I saw Uptown Saturday Night first show, first day. We saw it at the Paramount Theater in Hollywood, which is now the El Capitan. We saw the first show, the Friday 12 p.m. show in the afternoon. Not only that, oddly enough, the first thing I started doing artistically was I started acting in a community theater group in Torrance, California. And there was this director there, he wasn't a professional director, I think — he owned a lumberyard — but he was actually a really good director. We were asking him who his favorite modern director was and I thought he was going to say someone like Coppola or Scorsese because he was like 78, and he said Sidney Poitier. I was like, "Really? Why?" And he was like "Have you seen Piece of the Action?" "Yes, as a matter of fact I have seen Piece of the Action." "He has got teenagers, he has got kids delivering three-page monologues that are so obviously beyond them, but they are doing it. They are delivering it. He is getting work that is really, really remarkable and only a truly great actor's director could get that kind of work from those kids." That was pretty deep. Almost every kid in that class has a close-up monologue.
Tucker: I was only in there for about three minutes, but he was the best.
Tarantino: There are a lot of people, Elvis Mitchell being one of them, that think that was the best scene I've done. It was on.