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Induced cytoskeletal changes in bovine pulmonary artery endothelial cells by resveratrol and the accompanying modified responses to arterial shear stress
Jed L Bruder1,
Tze-chen Hsieh1,
Kenneth M Lerea2,
Susan C Olson1 &
Joseph M Wu1
BMC Cell Biology volume 2, Article number: 1 (2001) Cite this article
Atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease (CHD) are significant contributors to morbidity and mortality in developed countries. A noted exception is the low mortality of CHD in France, particularly the southwest region. This phenomenon, commonly referred to as the French paradox, may be associated with high consumption of red wine. We investigate whether the cardioprotective activity of red wine may involve the grape skin-derived polyphenol, resveratrol. We further test the possibility that resveratrol acts by modulating structural and functional changes in endothelial cells lining the blood vessel wall.
Bovine pulmonary artery endothelial cells (BPAEC) were incubated with resveratrol, with and without concurrent exposure to simulated arterial shear stress. Resveratrol significantly affected proliferation and shape of BPAEC; growth was suppressed and cells became elongated, based on morphologic analysis of rhodamine-conjugated phalloidin stained F-actin by confocal microscopy. Using selective signaling inhibitors, we showed that the resveratrol-induced cellular phenotype was dependent on intracellular calcium and tyrosine kinase activities, and assembly of actin microfilaments and microtubules, but was unrelated to PKC activity. Exposure to simulated arterial flow revealed that, whereas controls cells easily detached from the culture support in a time-dependent manner, resulting in total cell loss after a 5 min challenge with simulated arterial flow conditions, a significant percentage of the treated cells remained attached to the cultured plastic coverslips under identical experimental conditions, suggesting that they adhered more strongly to the surface. Western blot analysis shows that whereas cells treated with 25 μM and 100 μM resveratrol had no change in total ERK1/2, treatment did result in an increase in phosphorylated ERK1/2, which probably involved stabilization of the active enzyme. An increase in nitric oxide synthase expression was detected as early as 6 h and persisted for up to 4 days of treatment.
Results of our studies show that resveratrol interacts with endothelial cells in vitro to elicit morphological and structural changes; the observed changes support the interpretation that resveratrol acts as a cardioprotective agent.
Atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease (CHD) have long been considered major contributors to morbidity and mortality in developed countries [1,2,3]. One noted exception is the low mortality of CHD in France, particularly the southwest region [4,5,6]. This phenomenon, commonly referred to as the French paradox, may be associated with high consumption of red wine [7,8]. A negative correlation between CHD and alcohol consumption was first noted 25 years ago, and numerous studies since have confirmed a statistically significant inverse relationship between these two factors [9,10,11,12,13,14]. In vivo studies have shown that wine consumption, particularly red wine, is more effective in the prevention of CHD not seen with other forms of alcoholic beverages [15,16,17]. Accordingly, it has been postulated that naturally occurring components in wine might afford or contribute to its enhanced protection against CHD by targeting sites that participate in the etiology of CHD, including soluble blood components (LDL), cellular blood elements (platelets), or the vasculature itself (endothelium). Siemann and Creasy proposed that trans-resveratrol, a tri-hydroxy stilbene, in red wine exhibits cardioprotective properties [18] and can inhibit LDL oxidation [19], suppress smooth muscle proliferation [20], induce nitric oxide synthase expression [21] and block collagen-induced aggregation responses in washed platelets [22,23,24]. However, relatively few studies have been performed on the effects of resveratrol on vascular components such as the endothelial cells, which are known to play a critical role in maintaining the integrity and functioning of the vascular endothelium. Homeostasis of the vascular endothelium, both with respect to metabolic and physiologic activities, can be affected by overall nutritional status and by specific ingredients in the diet [25,26,27].
The aims of the present study were to determine changes resulting from resveratrol:endothelial cell interaction. We observed that resveratrol induced significant cellular and biochemical changes in endothelial cells, which were accompanied by altered functional responsiveness to conditions simulating arterial flow. Since previous studies have shown several signaling molecule changes during reorganization of the endothelial cell cytoskeleton accompanying arterial shear stress [28,29,30,31], we evaluated the same set of biochemical parameters in resveratrol-treated cells. Use of selective signaling pathway inhibitors allowed the demonstration that the cytoskeletal changes elicited by resveratrol depended on intracellular calcium and tyrosine kinase activity changes, and also appeared to be linked to integrity of actin microfilaments and microtubule network. Resveratrol treatment also led to activation of ERK1/2 MAP kinase, similar to changes induced by shear [30,31]. Thus resveratrol may act by a mechanism(s) closely resembling that triggered by shear stress.
Resveratrol induces morphologic change in endothelial cells
Sterilized plastic 18 mm × 21 mm coverslips were seeded with BPAEC and treated 24 h later with various concentrations of resveratrol. Following an additional 2 day of culture, the coverslips containing the attached BPAECs were fixed, stained with rhodamine-phalloidin, and mounted onto slides for analysis by confocal microscopy. The polyphenol (100 μM) had a distinct morphologic effect, changing the cells from a boxy, cobblestone-like appearance (panel A, Fig. 1) to an elongated, ellipsoidal shape with long, tortuous processes (panel B). As little as 25 μM resveratrol sufficed to induce these cellular changes, in passage 4-7 cells (compare panel C with panel A, Fig. 2). To quantify the percentages of cells with the elongated morphology, a minimum of 300 cells in representative microscopic field were counted and the results presented in Fig. 3. The percentage of cells showing the elongated phenotype is proportional to the concentration of resveratrol added to the culture. Treatment with resveratrol also suppressed growth of BPAEC (data not shown), as we previously reported [21].
Resveratrol treatment produces elongation of BPAEC. Panel A. Example of stellar, cobblestone-like morphology characteristic of normal BPAECs grown in culture. Panel B. Example of elongated, spindle-shaped morphology characteristic of resveratrol-treated cells. Here cells were treated with 100 μM resveratrol and were viewed with 20X objective. Six experiments, each involving a different preparation of BPAEC, were performed with similar results.
Morphology of passage 6 BPAEC treated with the following concentrations of resveratrol: A) 0 μM; B) 10 μM; C) 25 μM; D) 50 μM. Cells were stained with rhodamine-phalloidin and viewed under 10X confocal microscopy. The same experiment was repeated three times, using passages 6-7 cells from two different preparation of BPAEC.
Resveratrol treatment causes a dose-dependent increase in BPAEC elongation. Cells from representative confocal microscopy fields from passages 5 and 6 were visually evaluated for overall change in cell morphology. A minimum of 300 cells were scored for each treatment condition.
Resveratrol treatment leads to increased adherence of BPAEC under simulated arterial flow conditions
To test whether functional changes may accompany the modified morphology, control and 2 day and 100 μM resveratrol-treated cells were exposed to 0 min (control), 2 min, or 5 min of simulated arterial shear stress using a parallel plate perfusion chamber (see Materials and Methods). Following the shear challenge, cells remaining attached were scored by staining with rhodamine-phalloidin, as described. Since the cells were evenly distributed throughout the area of the coverslip exposed to flow, representative pictures were taken of the confocal microscopy fields located directly in the center of the coverslip, and the number of cells were counted. As can be seen in Fig. 4, compared to the 0 min sample, a significant percentage of resveratrol-treated BPAEC remained attached to the plastic coverslips after 2 min and 5 min flow challenge. In comparison, under identical experimental conditions, cells adhering to the coverslips decreased dramatically in controls, with virtually no cells remaining after a 5 min simulated flow. These results suggest that a functional alteration, measured by greater adherence of cells under simulated arterial flow conditions, accompanied the change in cellular phenotype, following treatment with resveratrol.
Passage 7 BPAEC were treated with the following concentration of resveratrol as described in Materials and Methods and then subjected to simulated arterial flow durations, respectively. A) 0 μM, 0 min (control); B) 100 μM; C) 0 μM, 2 min; D) 100 μM, 2 min; E) 0 μM, 5 min; F) 100 μM, 5 min. Similar results were obtained using passage 6 BPAEC (data not shown). Four experiments, using passages 6-7 cells from two different preparation of BPAEC, were performed.
Effect of cell signaling inhibitors on cell elongation induced by resveratrol
Further insights into the nature of the resveratrol-induced morphologcial changes came from studies using selective inhibitors for different signaling pathways. These include: quin2-AM (intracellular [Ca2+]), herbimycin A (tyrosine kinases), chelerythrine (PKC), cytochalasin D (actin microfilaments), and nocodazole (disassembly of microtubules). Cells were treated with inhibitors, at concentrations indicated in Materials and Methods, and then exposed to resveratrol. Representative confocal microscopy fields for both control and resveratrol-treated cells were counted for elongated and non-elongated cells. The inhibitors used noticeably suppressed cell growth (particularly treatment with cytochalasin D and nocodazole), particularly controls not treated with resveratrol. The degree of growth inhibition varied, depending on preparations of primary BPAEC. Interestingly, cells treated with resveratrol, which had to be reduced to 40 h because of adverse responses of control cells to inhibitors (see Materials and Methods), afforded better growth in samples containing the inhibitors. Table 1 summarized results averaged from 4 separate experiments, each performed with a different preparation of primary BPAEC. Since growth of control cells as well as their response to resveratrol and addition of inhibitors differed between BPAEC preparations, cells showing the elongated shape in each experiment were calculated as a percent of total cells counted (ranging from 60-700). The numbers obtained in this manner were used to calculate the mean (%)± SD, as shown. Addition of chelerythrine, an inhibitor of protein kinase C, caused a significant increase in percentage of elongated cells alone and did not affect morphologic response of cells to resveratrol. Inhibitors of intracellular [Ca2+] and tyrosine kinase activity effectively reduced the percentage of elongated cells elicited by resveratrol. Results in Table 1 further showed that cytoskeletal changes elicited by resveratrol also appeared to be linked to integrity of actin microfilaments and microtubule network as the morphologic changes were also substantially lowered in cells treated with cytochalasin D and nocodazole, which inhibit formation of actin microfilaments and microtubule network, respectively.
Table 1 Use of inhibitors to probe the basis for elongation of BPAEC induced by resveratrol. These experiments used passages 4-5 BPAEC cells. The cells on cover slips were incubated with inhibitors for 24 h, before 100 μM resveratrol was added and incubation was continued for an additional 40 h. An exception was quin2-AM, which was applied 1 h prior to resveratrol treatment.
Effect of resveratrol on ERK1/2 activation and eIF4E, eNOS expression
Biochemical changes in resveratrol-treated BPAEC were assessed by western blot analyses. Fig. 5 shows that in control cells, level of active ERK1/2-P remained relatively constant up to 48 h but showed a precipitous decline from 48 to 96 h (panel A). Under the same conditions, levels of total ERK1/2 (panel B), eIF4E (panel C), a downstream effector of ERK1/ERK2, and actin (panel E) showed no substantial change at all time points assayed, in control cells. Treatment with 25 μM and 100 μM resveratrol prevented the decrease in active ERK1/2-P seen at 96 h (panel A, last 3 lanes). In addition, these concentrations of resveratrol markedly increased eNOS expression as early as 6-h, which reached maximum induction at 48-h, and remained substantially elevated at 96-h (panel D). Quantification of relative changes of total ERK1/2, active ERK1/2-P, and eNOS as a function of time of treatment with two concentrations of resveratrol is depicted in Figure 6.
Biochemical changes in resveratrol-treated BPAEC. BPAEC were treated with the indicated concentrations of resveratrol and lysed after 6, 48, and 96 h, respectively. Lysates were run under 10% SDS-PAGE, and probed with antibodies for the various target proteins. Panel A. Changes in activated ERK1/2-P (representative of 3 experiments). Panel B. Changes in ERK1/2 (representative of 2 experiments). Panel C. Changes in eIF-4E. Panel D. Changes in eNOS. Panel E. Changes in actin. Lanes 1,4,7 correspond to control at 6, 48, and 96 h; lanes 2,5,8 correspond to BPAEC treated with 25 μM resveratrol for 6, 48, and 96 h; lanes 3,6,9 correspond to BPAEC treated with 100 μM resveratrol for 6, 48, and 96 h. The results represent the average of two experiments, each analyzed in duplicate or triplicate.
Time-dependent relative changes in expression of total ERK1/2, active ERK1/2, and eNOS. Intensity of signals corresponding to total ERK1/2 (panel A), active ERK1/2 (panel B), and eNOS (panel C) obtained by western blot analysis, similar to those shown in Figure 5, was quantified by actin-adjusted image analysis and plotted as a function of time of treatment with 25 μM and 100 μM resveratrol. The control value at 6 h was set at 100. The results represent the average of two experiments, each analyzed in duplicate or triplicate.
Results of our studies suggest that resveratrol, an abundant red wine polyphenol, interacts with endothelial cells in vitro to result in morphologic and functional changes. The elongated shape, interspersed with long, tortuous projections displayed by resveratrol-treated BPAEC (Fig. 1,2,3) has apparent functional significance since these cells resisted detachment from the plastic coverslips under simulated arterial shear stress conditions (Fig. 4). The resveratrol-induced cellular changes could represent a mechanism of minimizing endothelial damage by shearing forces in vivo. Moreover, resistance to detachment could also make endothelial cells less likely to dislodge and become part of a growing thrombotic plug.
Modulation of endothelial cell shape by resveratrol
Size, shape, mutual orientation, and intercellular contacts in endothelium are not incidental and statistic events, but are precisely and dynamically regulated. Reversible change of endothelial cell shape, mutual orientation of cells in certain directions, changes in intercellular contacts, are controlled by a number of factors, such as, cooperative stimulation of the receptors or the systems of second messengers [32,33], dietary ingredients, e.g., retinoids [34], exercise [35,36], and fluid-imposed shear stress [37,38,39]. For example, endothelial cells are known to elongate and reorient their cytoskeletons in the direction of flow as a normal physiological response to prolonged shear stress [29]. Results of the present studies show that treatment with resveratrol induces a morphologic change from a stellar to an elongated shape (Figure 1). It is tempting to speculate that appearance of such cellular phenotype involves formation of stress fibers, which would rearrange the cytoskeleton in ways that facilitate better anchoring of the BPAEC to the culture substratum and contribute to the ability of BPAEC to resist simulated arterial flow challenge. Only studies in the future would validate such a possibility. It is also interesting to note that the observed changes in resveratrol-treated BPAEC are similar to that described for EC subjected to arterial shear. We propose that this could represent a physiologically-relevant mechanism by which resveratrol, as a polyphenolic constituent of red wine, contributes to cardioprotection by inducing resistance to potential damage by shearing forces.
The mechanism underlying this cytoskeletal rearrangement due to shear stress is ill-defined, but it has been found to be linked to tyrosine kinase activity, levels of intracellular calcium, intact actin microfilaments, and functional microtubule network, but is independent of protein kinase C, intermediate filaments, and stretch- and shear-activated mechanosensitive K+ channels [28]. We therefore sought to determine whether a similar mechanism could account for the resveratrol-mediated endothelial shape change. Our approach involved using a number of selective inhibitors for various signaling pathway. These studies showed that quin2-AM ([Ca2+] inhibitor), added together with resveratrol, clearly abolished the endothelial cell shape change induced by the polyphenol. In contrast, chelerythrine, a PKC inhibitor, which added alone triggered a significant shape change in BPAEC, had no effect on resveratrol-elicited morphological change (Table 1). Analyzed as a whole, these experiments suggest that the change in cellular phenotype, as a consequence of resveratrol:EC interaction, is dependent on Ca2+, tyrosine kinases, and intact actin microfilament and microtubules. These results also raise the possibility that there is cellular heterogeneity within endothelial cells used in the studies, based on the fact that a subset displayed exquisite sensitivity to chelerythrine. Overall, these results support the notion that resveratrol and shear stress induce elongation of the EC cytoskeleton via an overlapping outside-in signaling mechanism.
Prolonged shear stress leading to mechanotransduction signaling has been shown to activate the MAP kinase pathway in EC. Activation of ERK1 and ERK2, the major components of the MAPK pathway, presumably induces shear-specific transcription factors, such as c-fos/c-jun and NFκB, ultimately leading to changes in gene expression [30,31]. Western blot analysis of control and 25 μM and 100 μM resveratrol-treated BPAEC showed that there was no increase in active ERK 1/2 at the 6 h and 2 day time points. Rather, the decline in activated ERK 1/2 seen from days 2 to 4 of control cells, was effectively suppressed by resveratrol, suggesting that the polyphenol may act by affecting the stability of active ERK1/2 (Figure 6). This may involve modulation of MAPK phosphatase-1 (MKP-1), a member of the immediate-early response gene product functioning as a dual specificity phosphase to reverse MAPK [40,41,42,43,44], by resveratrol. Previously, it has been reported that MKP-1 is rapidly induced in rat carotid arterial wall following balloon catheter injury [45]. Since no noticeable change in active ERK1/2 occurred at the 6 h or 2 day time points, where morphological changes clearly became visible, following treatment with resveratrol, it seems unlikely that the activation of MAPK is directly linked to the observed morphologic changes.
Responses of cultured endothelial cells to arterial shear stress
Another significant contribution of the present research is the demonstration that resveratrol promoted a greater adherence of BPAEC to the cultured vehicle in vitro. In vivo, such a cellular property could make endothelial cells less likely to dislodge to become part of a growing thrombotic plug. Restricted detachment could also imply that there is less degeneration of the endothelial cell monolayer, which, in turn, would reduce the exposure of the underlying subendothelial matrix components, thereby making platelet adhesion and aggregation less likely. The mechanism(s) responsible for the resveratrol-induced cellular properties remain to be further investigated. One possibility centers on modulation of the number of focal contact adhesion sites, and/or the effective redistribution of the focal contacts, as well as the increased production of the EC-specific integrin complex, by resveratrol, all of which could contribute to the cardioprotective mechanism of this polyphenol. However, it should be emphasized that these experiments involved growing EC on plastic, not on layers of subendothelial matrix components such as collagen or fibrinogen. The latter experimental format simulating a more physiologically relevant subendothelial matrices may yield vastly different results. These possibilities warrant further investigation.
Induction of eNOS and modulation of EC growth by resveratrol
The endothelial cell lining of the blood vessel is extremely sensitive to damage from reactive oxygen species (ROS), the results of which are losses of both microvascular metabolic function and barrier properties [46]. To minimize such oxidant damage, cells rely on the production of nitric oxide (NO) by the enzyme nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). Biological functions attributed to NO include vasodilation [47], inhibition of platelet adhesion and aggregation [48], reduction of expression of adhesion molecules and chemokines [49,50,51,52], and suppression of cell growth and migration [53,54]. Therefore, we investigated whether resveratrol treatment could lead to increased eNOS expression in endothelial cells. We determined that resveratrol treatment did induce eNOS expression at all time points tested (6 h, 2 days, and 4 days). These results agreed with a previous report from this laboratory [21]. The peak expression of eNOS occurred at 2 days in 100 μM resveratrol-treated cells. These findings could mean that dietary resveratrol is capable of providing a gradual yet sustained increase in NO. The ability of resveratrol to induce S/G2 growth arrest [20,21] suggests an additional mechanism for cells to rapidly and efficiently repair any endothelial cell damage. Overall, the collective effect of resveratrol would be to decrease endothelial injury and exposure of the subendothelial matrix, which would lessen the probability of formation of atherosclerotic plaques and the development of CHD [53,54,55].
Our studies suggest that resveratrol interacts with endothelial cells in vitro to elicit morphological and functional changes. Specifically, resveratrol induced an elongated shape, interspersed with long, tortuous projections, in cultured BPAEC. Treated cells resisted detachment from the plastic coverslips under simulated arterial shear stress conditions. These results, combined with data from our previous studies, provide additional support for the notion that resveratrol acts as an anti-atherosclerotic agent. Whether these findings can be extrapolated to humans require further study.
Stock solution (12.5 mM) of resveratrol (Sigma Chemical Co.) was prepared in DMSO and stored at -20°C. For treatment, the resveratrol was diluted in RPMI 1640 and added to cultures to give the desired final concentrations. Untreated cultures received the same amount of the carrier solvent (0.2% DMSO). The rhodamine-conjugated phalloidin, used to detect F-actin, was purchased from Molecular Probes, Eugene, OR, and stored at 4°C in methanol. Before use, the solvent methanol was evaporated using N2 gas and the F-actin probe was resolubilized in TBS (Tris-buffered saline).
Cell culture and treatment with resveratrol
The BPAEC isolated from the distal main intrapulmonary artery of calf lungs were cultured in minimal essential medium (MEM) supplemented with 15% fetal bovine serum and containing D-valine as previously described [56]. Plastic coverslips on which the cells were cultured were sterilized by washing in ethanol, followed by rinsing three times in MEM and 15 min exposure to UV radiation. The coverslips were placed in 6-well tissue culture plates, and 2 ml of the cells, at an initial density of 1 × 105 cells/ml, were added to each of the wells. Twenty-four h after seeding, the coverslips were treated with 0,10, 25, 50, and 100 μM resveratrol and maintained for 2 days at 37°C until they were fixed and stained for confocal microscopy.
Preparation and staining of slides
Coverslips containing adhered BPAEC were washed for 5 min in TBS, fixed with 5% glutaraldehyde in 0.1 M cacodylate (pH 7.4) for 15 min, washed again for 5 min in TBS, then stored in 0.1 M cacodylate/7% sucrose at 4°C until staining. Cells were permeabilized with 0.1% Triton X-100/TBS for 3 min, washed twice with TBS, blocked twice for 3 min with 0.1% bovine serum albumin in TBS, and incubated with rhodamine-conjugated phalloidin for 20 min. Routinely, 5 μl of rhodamine-phalloidin, dissolved in 200 μl TBS, was used for each coverslip stained. The coverslips were wash with 0.1% BSA/TBS for 3 min, then mounted in an inverted position onto TBS-containing beveled glass slides and sealed with clear nail polish.
A parallel plate perfusion chamber as described previously [57] was used to generate simulated arterial flow conditions. The chamber consisted of three pieces: two rectangular slabs and a central knob with a depression that fits 18 by 21 mm coverslips. The depression containing the coverslip was placed perpendicularly to the flow of perfusate. A laminar arterial shear rate of 650 s-1 was achieved based on the dimensions of the flow chamber slit and a constant flow rate of 10 ml/min. After preincubation at 37°C, minimal medium was drawn directly by an eight roller peristaltic pump through the perfusion chamber containing the BPAEC-covered coverslip positioned 70 mm from the inlet valve at a rate of 10 ml/min for either 2 min or 5 min. A recirculating system was employed to recycle the medium after passing through the chamber.
Prepared slides containing adhered BPAEC were examined using a BioRad confocal microscope. The cells were imaged following excitation of rhodamine-phalloidin with an argon laser beam at a wavelength of 554 nm using either an inverted- or an uprighted-staged microscope equipped with either a 10X or a 20X oil-free objective and an epifluorescent illumination attachment. Cells viewed in representative field screen captures were counted manually for cell morphology and classified as either normal or elongated.
Inhibitor study
Passages 4-5 BPAEC were seeded on plastic coverslips as described above. Inhibitor concentrations were the same as in [28]. Stock solutions were prepared by dissolving the inhibitors in DMSO. The inhibitors used and their stock solutions were as follows: quin2-AM (Sigma, 2 mM), herbimycin A (GibcoBRL, 0.175 mM), chelerythrine (Sigma, 0.4 mM), cytochalasin D (Sigma, 8 μM), nocodazole (Sigma, 0.66 mM). Quin2-AM, herbimycin A, chelerythrine, and cytochalasin D were stored at -20°C, and nocodazole was stored at 4°C. The stock solutions were diluted 1:200 in MEM to give the following final concentrations: quin2-AM (10 μM), herbimycin A (875 nM), chelerythrine (2 μM), cytochalasin D (40 nM), nocodazole (3.3 μM). Inhibitors were applied 24 h prior to the addition of resveratrol, except for quin2-AM, which was applied 1 h prior to resveratrol treatment. Since cells treated with various inhibitors grew less well, compared to controls, treatment with 100 μM resveratrol was reduced to approximately 40 h. Fixing and staining of cells for confocal microscopy was as described above.
Western blot analysis
Control and treated cells were lysed by repeated freeze-thaw cycles with buffer containing 10 mM HEPES (pH 7.5), 1.5 mM Mg(OAc)2, 1 mM dithiothreitol (DTT), 0.5% NP40, 5% glycerol, 0.5 mM phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, and 10 μg/ml each of the protease inhibitors aprotinin, pepstatin, and leupeptin. Cell-free extracts were obtained by centrifugation in a microcentrifuge. Lysates (7-10 μg) from control and treated cells were separated on 10% SDS-PAGE. The separated proteins were transferred to nitrocellulose membranes, and the membranes were incubated with the respective primary and secondary antibodies. The monoclonal primary antibodies used and their dilutions were as follows: Phosphorylated, active ERK1/2-P (RBI/Sigma, 1:1000), total ERK1/2 (RBI/Sigma, 1:1000), eIF4E (Santa Cruz, 1:250), eNOS (Sigma 1:1000). Membranes were probed with alkaline phosphatase-conjugated IgG (Santa Cruz, 1:1500) or horseradish peroxidase-conjugated IgG (Santa Cruz, 1:2000). Specific immunoreactive bands were identified by color reaction or enhanced chemiluminescence, respectively.
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Supported in part by the Vivien Wu-Au Memorial Cancer Research Fund and an unrestricted grant from the Philip Morris Company to J.M.W., and by grant 9816832 from the National Science Foundation to K.M.L.
Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, USA
Jed L Bruder
, Tze-chen Hsieh
, Susan C Olson
& Joseph M Wu
Cell Biology and Anatomy, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, 10595, USA
Kenneth M Lerea
Search for Jed L Bruder in:
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Correspondence to Joseph M Wu.
Bruder, J.L., Hsieh, T., Lerea, K.M. et al. Induced cytoskeletal changes in bovine pulmonary artery endothelial cells by resveratrol and the accompanying modified responses to arterial shear stress. BMC Cell Biol 2, 1 (2001) doi:10.1186/1471-2121-2-1
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2121-2-1
Nocodazole
Chelerythrine
Actin Microfilament
Resveratrol Treatment


According to my homiletics professor, there are only two ways to preach a good sermon: either we begin where we are and end in Jerusalem, or we begin in Jerusalem and end on the street where we live.
The words of Psalm 77 come out of the depths of where God's chosen people are: in exile. Far from home, they find themselves in a hard place where it's nearly impossible to sing the Lord's song. This is a place called hopelessness—a region of enormous pain.
We've all been there. We struggle with unanswered prayer. We identify with the old spiritual, "Nobody Knows the Trouble I've Seen." The old landmarks seem to have slipped away. We worry about the shifting morals of our young, or about job security, terrorism or health care. We wonder if we'll have enough to pay the mortgage. Sometimes things are so hard that our prayers stick in our throats and the psalmist's lament becomes our own: "Has his steadfast love ceased forever?" "Are his promises at an end?" This is the street where most of us live.
Sometimes I wonder what possible connection a particular Sunday's lectionary readings have with one another. Not today's texts. Elijah could identify with Psalm 77. This faithful prophet found himself running for his life after having offended the petulant Queen Jezebel—she was determined to kill him. Elijah hid in the wilderness and railed, "I alone am left, and they are seeking my life, to take it away" (1 Kings 19:10).
This same sentiment is found in Paul's letter to the Galatians, where the personal pull of slavery was very real. The old gratification of self-destruction was ever present: fornication, impurity, licentiousness—the list was seemingly endless. In his own life the apostle had prayed: "Who will rescue me from this body of death?" (Rom. 7:24). "I do not understand my own actions," he said, "For I do not do what I want, but I do the very thing I hate" (Rom. 7:15).
It sounds familiar—the psalmist is in exile, Elijah afraid and desperate, Paul agonizing over the strictures of his own humanity. These are descriptions of the street where we live.
Psalm 77 is a psalm of lament. There are more of these psalms than of any other type. Maybe this is because, as Walter Brueggemann writes, life is often savagely marked by disequilibrium, incoherence and hard-lived asymmetry. He finds it strange that the church today often opts for upbeat songs of orientation in a world increasingly experienced as disoriented.
But we cannot stay on the street called lament, for in the middle of the darkness of all these readings there shines a beam of light. From verses 11–20 the psalmist moves from a time of stress much like ours to the strange hopeful world of the Bible. We find ourselves in Jerusalem, of all places. Brueggemann says these latter verses give us a psalm of orientation.
In the desert Elijah discovered a highway that led to his God. Not all the valleys were exalted and not all the hills were made low, but God spoke in his darkest hour. Elijah was fed by the hands of angels, and a still small voice sent him back into the fight.
Out of his own life Paul discovered a word to offer the troubled Galatians. Slavery was not the last word, neither was idolatry, enmity or strife. But all these words gave way to the fruits of the spirit: love and joy and peace and patience.
Psalm 77:11 moves from the harsh, hard days of the exile to a vision of a far better world. In remembering the God who had acted in their history, God's chosen people discovered that this same God would act on the mean streets where they lived. What we have here is a change of perspective. One scholar says that in all these readings we see the movement from I to Thou. The hymn captures it well: "Thou in the darkness drear our one true light." Even in the hard circumstances of these exiles' lives, the world was filled with hope and mystery.
In Psalms of Lament, Ann Weems tells how the stars fell out of her sky when her son Todd was killed less than an hour after his 21st birthday. Her friend, Walter Brueggemann, suggested that she write out the laments of her heart. Out of her pain she lifted up her anger and lamentations and wrote page after page. Slowly she discovered that God can wipe the tears from the eyes when no consolation seems to come and that God really does put the stars back in our skies.
The street where we live may be a place that is hard and difficult, but the testimonies of the faithful remind us that somewhere beyond the pain of our lives there is a Jerusalem where we will find hope and joy once more.


text:
Enfilade
Conference | Attingham Looks to the Future of the Country House
Posted in conferences (to attend) by Editor on September 30, 2012
Looking Ahead: The Future of the Country House
The Attingham Trust 60th Anniversary Conference
The Royal Geographical Society, London, 12-13 October 2012
◊ ◊ ◊ ◊ ◊
The Attingham Trust celebrates its sixtieth anniversary with a conference considering the current state of historic houses and house museums across three continents, in the United Kingdom, the Republic of Ireland, the United States and Australia. With the generous support of the Paul Mellon Centre for Studies in British Art speakers from each of those countries discuss successful current developments as well as the varying problems that each country faces – including the rapid decline of the traditional house museum in the USA, the attempts to preserve houses in the Republic of Ireland, and the developing role of the historic house in Australian conservation. The British country house is studied from the point of view of private and public owners including impressive case studies and depressing cuts in funding, and illuminated from an academic, curatorial and dramatic perspective, from Nikolaus Pevsner to Downton Abbey.
This conference is open to all (alumni and non-‐alumni) and promises to be a very stimulating event and we hope to see as many of you there as possible. The cost of the conference is £55 per day, to include all refreshments. The programme, a booking form and our Paypal link (if you wish to pay this way) can be found on the Conference page of our website. Alternative payment methods are detailed on the booking form. NB: Every booking and payment must be accompanied by a fully-‐ completed and returned booking form.
There will be a special rate of £30 per day for students (under-‐graduate and post-‐graduate) studying History of Art, Architecture, Heritage Studies or a related subject. Places are limited. Please apply stating your place of study and subject.
There will be an alumni event on the Friday evening at the House of Lords. A ticket for this event is included with attendance on at least one day of the conference. If you are an alumnus and unable to come to the conference but want to come to the evening event, you are extremely welcome but please note that you will need to purchase a ticket for £55. Places at this event are limited so please apply for a ticket from Rebecca Parker sooner rather than later. For all further enquiries please contact Rebecca Parker at rebecca.parker@attinghamtrust.org or +44 20 7253 9057.
F R I D A Y , 1 2 O C T O B E R 2 0 1 2
9.00 Registration and coffee
John Lewis, Chairman, The Attingham Trust and Annabel Westman, Director, The Attingham Trust
10.00 Confessions of a Country House Snooper: Tim Knox interviews John Harris
Tim Knox, Director, The Sir John Soane's Museum John Harris, Architectural Historian
Session – Changing Perceptions of the Country House in Britain
Chair: Martin Postle, Assistant Director, Paul Mellon Centre for Studies in British Art
10.50 Studying the Country House: Views from the Academy
Giles Waterfield, The Attingham Trust
11.25 The Country House in The Buildings of England, 1951-‐2011
Charles O'Brien, Series Editor, Pevsner Architectural Guides
12.00 Country House Collections: What Do They Mean Today?
Christopher Ridgway, Curator, Castle Howard
Session – New Visions for Old Houses: The Private Perspective
Chair: Edward Harley, President of the Historic Houses Association
14.00 Introduction
Edward Harley, President of the Historic Houses Association
14.15 The Buccleuch Estates
The Duke of Buccleuch and Queensberry, KBE DL
14.50 Burghley House in the Twenty-‐First Century
Miranda Rock, Burghley House
15.45 Perspectives on the Historic House
Julian Fellowes, Writer and broadcaster
17.00 Close
Alumni Drinks at the House of Lords
S A T U R D A Y , 1 3 O C T O B E R 2 0 1 2
Session – Houses in Trust: The Country House in Public/Charitable Ownership
Chair: Giles Waterfield, The Attingham Trust
9.30 The Crisis of the Country House in Local Government Care
Jeremy Musson, Architectural Historian
10.05 The National Trust and Its Country Houses
Lisa White, Chairman of the National Trust Arts Panel
10.40 Presenting the Historic House
Anna Keay, Director, The Landmark Trust
Session – The Irish Country House
Chair: John Redmill, Irish Georgian Society
11.45 "Tombstones of a departed ascendancy": The Irish Country House since Independence
Terence Dooley, Director of CSHIHE, National University of Ireland, Maynooth
12.20 The Work of the Irish Heritage Trust
Kevin Baird, Director, Irish Heritage Trust
Session – Time to Rethink? The House Museum in the United States
Chair: Peter Trippi, Editor, Fine Art Connoisseur
14.15 Falling Down: The Current State of the Historic House in America
Sean Sawyer, Executive Director, The Royal Oak Foundation
14.40 Newport: A Case Study in Preserving Great Houses, Great Landscapes and a Great City
John Tschirch, Director of Museum Affairs, Newport Preservation Society
15.15 The American House Museum in Historical Perspective
Craig Hanson, Associate Professor, Calvin College, Michigan
Session – The Australian Country House: Past and Future
Chair: His Excellency Mr John Dauth, High Commissioner for Australia
16.00 The Country House in Australia: Setting the Scene
Gini Lee, Professor, University of Melbourne
16.30 The Country House in Contemporary Australia
Mark Taylor, Professor, University of Newcastle, Australia
Conference | The Trade in Luxury & Luxury in Trade
From the conference programme:
Le Commerce du Luxe – Le Luxe du Commerce: Production, Exposition et Circulation
Musée Gadagne, Lyon, 21-23 November 2012
Le colloque international pluridisciplinaire Le commerce du luxe – Le luxe du commerce, organisé par le LARHRA (UMR 5190 Laboratoire de Recherche Historique Rhône-Alpes), se tiendra aux musées Gadagne, 1 place du petit Collège, à Lyon, les mercredi 21, jeudi 22 et vendredi 23 novembre 2012. Tant par le sujet, la date que le lieu choisis, le colloque prendra place, à part entière, dans les manifestations de l'Automne de la soie 2012. Nous voulons exprimer ainsi, de manière visible, l'engagement des historiens de l'Université de Lyon dans la valorisation de l'héritage des industries de la soie, industrie de luxe s'il en est, une des richesses emblématiques de la métropole rhodanienne.
Ces industries ont en effet fortement participé à la structuration de l'espace régional par les flux de capitaux, de matières et d'hommes qu'elles ont générés autour de la métropole lyonnaise dans une vaste zone couvrant totalement ou partiellement les départements de l'actuelle région Rhône-Alpes et même au-delà. Elles ont contribué à l'adaptation progressive des populations aux exigences de l'industrie, à l'accumulation de savoir-faire et au développement de l'esprit d'entreprise. Enfin, le commerce des soieries et celui des soies, dont les horizons ont très tôt dépassé les limites nationales, ont été des facteurs majeurs de l'ouverture de Lyon et de la région Rhône-Alpes aux horizons internationaux.
Comment se produisent, s'exposent, se diffusent et se consomment les produits du luxe ? Le but du colloque est de revenir sur la question de la spécialisation progressive d'un commerce voué aux objets précieux qui concourent à l'embellissement de la personne ou du cadre de vie. Il entend être une manifestation largement ouverte d'un point de vue chronologique, spatial et disciplinaire, faisant appel à des spécialistes d'horizons différents.
Cette approche interdisciplinaire du marché du luxe sur la longue durée, de la fin du Moyen Age à nos jours, permettra de confronter les expériences et de mettre en relief les permanences et les mutations. Le luxe a souvent été cantonné aux productions des beaux-arts ; il s'agira ici de montrer la richesse et la diversité de ce qui était (et reste) compris sous cette appellation et d'observer comment se sont progressivement mis en place des marchés spécialisés. Ce colloque développera trois approches spécifiques: la circulation spatiale du luxe (marchands et marchandises), l'économie du luxe (concevoir, produire, vendre), les circulations sociales du luxe (luxe et demi-luxe).
M E R C R E D I , 2 1 N O V E M B R E 2 0 1 2
I — MARCHANDS ET MARCHANDISES. LA CIRCULATION SPATIALE DU LUXE
9:00 Accueil
9:30 Discours introductifs
10:00 Ingrid HOUSSAYE MICHIENZI, (FRAMESPA-UMR 5136, Toulouse Le Mirail) –De L'Afrique Subsaharienne aux Marchés Européens: Les Compagnies Marchandes Florentines et le Commerce des Plumes d'Autruche (Fin XIVe — Début XVe Siècle)
10:30 Wilfried ZEISLER (Université Paris IV) — De New York à Saint-Pétersbourg: Le Commerce International du Luxe à La Belle-Époque
11:00 Pause
11:30 Lavinia MADDALUNO (Université de Cambridge) — Scenarios of Trade: Eighteenth-Century British Watches, Clocks, Telescopes, and the Two 'Easts'
12:00 Fabienne MOREAU (Veuve Clicquot, Groupe LVMH) — Le Commerce du Champagne au XIXe Siècle: Sur la Piste des Bouteilles de Champagne Veuve Clicquot Découvertes dans une Épave de la Mer Baltique en 2010
12:30 Discussion
13:00 Déjeuner
14:30 Diego DAVIDE (Université de Naples Suor Orsolo Benincasa) — Production, Circulation, and Consumption of Gold and Silver in the XVIIIth Century in the Kingdom of Naples
15:00 Anne MONTENACH (Aix-Marseille Université) — Vendre le Luxe en Province: Circuits Officiels et Réseaux Parallèles dans le Dauphiné du XVIIIe Siècle
15:45 Federica VERATELLI (Université Paris-Est Créteil Val de Marne) — Les Marchés du Luxe et Leurs Réseaux à la Renaissance: Le Cas des Hommes d'Affaires Italiens dans les Flandres, 1477-1530
16:15 Nadia MATRINGE (European University Institute) — Le Commerce du Luxe à Lyon au Milieu du XVIe Siècle: Un Monopole Italien?
J E U D I , 2 2 N O V E M B R E 2 0 1 2
II — L'ÉCONOMIE DU LUXE : CONCEVOIR, PRODUIRE, VENDRE
9:00 Eugénie BRIOT (Université Paris-Est Marne-la-Vallée) — La Parfumerie Parisienne du XIXe Siècle: Fabrique d'Une Industrie Delux
9:30 Florence CHARPIGNY (CNRS-LARHRA, Lyon) — Luxe en Images, Images du Luxe: Les Soieries F. Ducharne dans l'Officiel de la Couture et de la Mode, 1921-1972
10:00 Ekaterina BULGAKOVA (Université d'État de Moscou Lomonossov) — Le Commerce de Luxe Français à Moscou et Saint-Pétersbourg du XIXe Siècle: Topographie, Exposition, Perception
10:45 Stéphane LEMBRÉ (Université d'Artois-IUFM Nord-Pas de Calais) — Former les Ouvriers du Luxe: La Société d'Encouragement à L'Art et à l'Industrie au Service du Savoir-Faire, 1889-1973
11:15 Anne PERRIN-KHELISSA (Université catholique de l'Ouest, Angers) — De l'Agrément au Goût: Justifier les Manufactures d'État sous la Révolution — Sèvres, Gobelins, Savonnerie
14:30 Sophie RAUX (Université Lille 3) — François Verbeelen: Un Entrepreneur Exceptionnel du Loteries d'Oeuvres d'Art et d'Objets de Luxe dans les Flandres à Fin du XVIe Siècle et au Début du XVIIe Siècle
15:00 Barbara FURLOTTI (The Warburg Institute, Londres) — Mapping the Market for Antiquities in Early Modern Italy: Networks and Practices
15:30 Maud VILLERET (Université de Nantes) — Les Confiseurs au XVIIIe Siècle: Les Stratégies de Vente d'Un Luxe Sucré
16:15 Anne WEGENER-SLEESWIJK (Université Paris I) — Corruption, Vice et Vin: La Lutte pour un Marché de Luxe Traditionnel aux Provinces-Unies, XVIIIe Siècle
16:45 Philippe MEYZIE (Université Bordeaux 3) — Produits des Terroirs et Marché du Luxe Alimentaire XVIIIe-Début XIXe Siècle
V E N D R E D I , 2 3 N O V E M B R E 2 0 1 2
III — LUXE ET DEMI-LUXE. LES CIRCULATIONS SOCIALES DU LUXE
9:00 Manuel CHARPY (CNRS-IRHIS, Lille 3) — La Rareté Partagée: Commerces et Consommations des Antiquités et des Curiosités au XIXe Siècle — Paris, Londres, et New York
9:00 Sabine PASDELOU (Université Paris-Ouest Nanterre la Défense) — Le Japonisme Popularisé des Manufactures de Céramique: La Diffusion du Demi-Luxe en France entre 1880 et 1950
10:00 Marcia POINTON (Université de Manchester) — The Diamond Engagement Ring and the Relativity of Luxury
10:45 Audrey GLÉONEC (Université Paris-Ouest Nanterre la Défense) — La Démocratisation du Mueble de Style au XIXe Siècle
11:15 Camille MESTDAGH (Université Paris IV) — Curiosités et Luxe dans l'Ameublement du XIXe Siècle: Le Commerce et l'Oeuvre des Beurdeley
14:30 Katie SCOTT (The Courtauld Institute of Art, Londres) and Hannah WILLIAMS (St John's College, Oxford) — Everyday Lives and Luxury Objects: François Boucher's Shells and Charles-Antoine Coypel's Watch
15:00 Jon STOBART (Université de Northampton) — The Luxury of Learning: Books, Knowledge, and Display in the English Country House, 1730-1800
15:45 Amanda PHILLIPS (Institute of Iranian Studies, University of St Andrews in Scotland) — The Sincerest Form of Flattery: Ottoman Furnishing Velvets and Their Imitators, 1600-1800
16:15 George LAZAR (Institut d'Histoire N. Iorga, Bucarest) — Les Marchands de Luxe, Le Luxe des Marchands dans l'Europe Orientale, XVIIe-XVIIIe Siècles
Forthcoming Book | The First Modern Museums of Art
Posted in books by Editor on September 28, 2012
Due out this November from The Getty:
Carole Paul, ed., The First Modern Museums of Art: The Birth of an Institution in 18th- and Early-19th-Century Europe (Los Angeles: J. Paul Getty Museum, 2012), 368 pages, ISBN 9781606061206, $50.
In the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, the first modern, public museums of art—civic, state, or national—appeared throughout Europe, setting a standard for the nature of such institutions that has made its influence felt to the present day. Although the emergence of these museums was an international development, their shared history has not been systematically explored until now. Taking up that project, this volume includes chapters on fifteen of the earliest and still major examples, from the Capitoline Museum in Rome, opened in 1734, to the Alte Pinakothek in Munich, opened in 1836. These essays consider a number of issues, such as the nature, display, and growth of the museums' collections and the role of the institutions in educating the public.
The introductory chapters by art historian Carole Paul, the volume's editor, lay out the relationship among the various museums and discuss their evolution from private noble and royal collections to public institutions. In concert, the accounts of the individual museums give a comprehensive overview, providing a basis for understanding how the collective emergence of public art museums is indicative of the cultural, social, and political shifts that mark the transformation from the early-modern to the modern world. The fourteen distinguished contributors to the book include Robert G. W. Anderson, Adrian von Buttlar, Jeffrey Collins, Paula Findlen, Thomas W. Gaehtgens, Andrew McClellan, Magnus Olausson, Bénédicte Savoy, Andrew Schulz, Solfrid Söderlind, Brandon Taylor, Tristan Weddigen, and Michael Yonan.
Carole Paul is a scholar of seventeenth- and eighteenth-century art in Italy, whose recent work concerns the history of museums and collections in the early-modern period. Her publications include Making a Prince's Museum: Drawings for the Late-Eighteenth-Century Redecoration of the Villa Borghese (Getty Publications, 2000).
Conference | Writing Materials: Women of Letters
Writing Materials: Women of Letters from Enlightenment to Modernity
King's College London and V&A, 29-30 November 2012
This interdisciplinary colloquium will explore the tools and environments of women's writing in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. It aims to create new connections between texts and material objects, linking intellectual history with its material medium–paper, quills, desks, letter-cases, ink and inkwells.
Speakers and participants:
Pamela Clemit (University of Durham)
Dena Goodman (University of Michigan)
Peter Stallybrass (University of Pennsylvania)
Karen Harvey (University of Sheffield)
Clare Brant (King's College London)
To make sure of a place register now for this one and a half day conference. The first day at King's College, London is free and open access to all. To register, please email: k.spiller@Swansea.ac.uk. The full day at the V&A is very reasonably priced at £25 or less so you are advised to book now to avoid disappointment.
Note (added 30 October 2012) — The final programme is available as a PDF here»
Call for Papers | Alternative Enlightenments
Posted in Calls for Papers by Editor on September 26, 2012
From the conference website:
Alternative Enlightenments: An Interdisciplinary Conference in the Humanities
Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey, 26-28 April 2013
Proposals due by 1 December 2012
Wijnand Mijnhardt, Professor of History and Director of the Descartes Centre, University of Utrecht
Felicity Nussbaum, Professor of English, UCLA
From Kant's seminal essay "What is Enlightenment?" through the manifold critical responses of the twentieth century, the ambiguity of a term designating both a paradigmatic approach to human intellect or autonomy, and a specific historical period, remains. How distinct is the concept of Enlightenment from the era of European history long taken to have discovered or invented it? This symposium proposes an examination of Enlightenments in the plural, welcoming both revisionary accounts of the Age of Enlightenment and explorations of Enlightenment in other times and places.
With an eye to translating the idea of Enlightenment, scholars have traced its many national and regional varieties. Discussions of an Ionian or an Athenian Enlightenment, of movements of Enlightenment in the medieval caliphate or the Ottoman Empire, share the contemporary intellectual landscape with debates on the continuing relevance of the eighteenth-century Enlightenment to the current global order. We are interested in the way the term has been borrowed and translated, creating a constellation of "Enlightenments" bound together by family resemblances. Is there still a singular project of Enlightenment (i.e. the critique of received ideas and inherited values, in particular religious ones; the promotion of rational or empirical methods; the creation of cosmopolitan and secular spaces), or has the term broken out of its historical mold to designate a more fluid set of cultural projects and practices?
Where do we stand today with regard to the Enlightenment? After all, the continuation of a politics and practice of Enlightenment may depend on the spatial and temporal translations we propose to explore. Such displacements give new life to the idea of Enlightenment, even as the term is contested, criticized and transformed.
Topics of interest include:
• Ionian / Athenian Enlightenment
• Secularism, materialism, the immanent frame
• Literatures of Worldliness in East and West: Renaissance, Tanzimat, Arab and Near Eastern Enlightenments
• Orientalism and Occidentalism
• Diplomacy, correspondence, the figure of the court philosopher
• What is Enlightenment: Kant, Foucault and beyond
• (The) Enlightenment in the Americas
• The public and the private: cross-cultural studies of an Enlightenment distinction
• Travel literature, satire, and utopian fiction
• Nineteenth century national Enlightenments, nationalism vs. internationalism
• Enlightenment and Empire
• The rhetoric of Enlightenment in geopolitics, the claims of the West
• Material culture, exchange, circulation, accumulation, dispersal
• Enlightenment and its others: mysticism, hermeticism and the arcane
• The metaphorics of Enlightenment: illumination, dawn, twilight and dusk
• Where do we stand today with regard to (the) Enlightenment? Critical theory / social and political practice
Please submit an abstract of no more than 300 words to wcoker@bilkent.edu.tr by 1 December 2012.
Jewish High Holidays
Posted in anniversaries, on site by Editor on September 25, 2012
With Yom Kippur (The Day of Atonement) beginning this evening at sundown, it seems like an appropriate time to note an exceptional piece of eighteenth-century English architecture: the Bevis Marks Synagogue in London, the oldest synagogue in Britain, with a history of continuous worship stretching back 311 years. I was one of 2000 fortunate people to visit the building on Sunday in conjunction with London's annual Open House weekend.
Joseph Avis, The Bevis Marks Synagogue in London, 1701
A short walk from the Aldgate Tube stop and historically just north of the actual gateway, the Bevis Marks Synagogue was completed in September 1701, the work of Joseph Avis, a Quaker carpenter who had previously worked with Christopher Wren on St Bride's in Fleet Street. With a few exceptions, the interior and furnishings of this Grade I listed building are original. Some of the benches, in fact, date to the middle of the seventeenth century, when the community met in the upper floor of a house in nearby Creechurch Lane.
It was under Cromwell that these Spanish and Portuguese Jews–many of whom had strong ties to Amsterdam–were legally recognized and allowed to practice their faith openly (in addition to the right to a space for worship, they were granted permission to establish a cemetery). Services today are carried out almost entirely in Hebrew, though there are two exceptions: announcement are made in Portuguese, and prayers for the Queen are said in English.
Architecturally, the building relates to contemporary dissenting traditions and corresponds to the rebuilding of the fifty-one churches by Wren. One of the points I took away from the visit was simply how easy and useful it would be to include the Bevis Marks Synagogue when teaching Wren and the reconstruction of London following the Great Fire. It would provide a physically tangible way to engage the history of Jews in England, looking both backward and forward. One could, for instance, address the arrival of Jews with William the Conqueror, the expulsion under Edward I in 1290, and the migration of Jews from the Iberian Peninsula after 1492. Looking forward into the eighteenth century, I would like to know more about The Board of Deputies of British Jews, which was formally established on the accession of George III to the throne in 1760. With the synagogue, the character and limits of religious tolerance in the period are nicely introduced. As I'm really just thinking aloud here, I'm sure many of you who teach have already been doing
this and doing it well in your classes–so by all means feel free to chime in
with suggestions.
To all those keeping the fast, G'mar Tov.
-CH
Call for Papers | Temporary Conditions in Architecture
From the Society of Architectural Historians of Great Britain:
Transitory, Transportable, and Transformable: Temporary Conditions in Architecture
London, 18 May 2013
Proposals due by 15 October 2012
Proposals are invited for papers addressing the theme of Temporary Conditions in Architecture to be presented at the 2013 Annual Symposium of the Society of Architectural Historians of Great Britain, to be held at Alan Baxter Associates, 75 Cowcross Street, London EC1M 6EL, on Saturday 18 May 2013.
Architecture is generally regarded as being, for the most part, permanent, static and immutable. However some significant buildings are intended to be temporary, whereas others are designed to be moved from one location to another or even to be flexible enough to alter their form and appearance as the result of changing requirements. This symposium intends to explore the temporary condition in architecture and to question whether architecture needs to be either permanent, static or immutable.
Transitory: Many buildings are short-lived, but few of them are regarded as serious architecture. In 1661, triumphal arches were erected for Charles II's coronation procession from the City of London to Westminster. Constructed largely of timber, plaster and canvas, they were architecturally elaborate yet intentionally impermanent, only to be soon swept away. Political expediency, no doubt, necessitated their quick erection, otherwise they might have been built in stone and, like Temple Bar (1670-72), still stand today, albeit not in its original location. Modern materials allow for the quick and permanent erection of buildings such as Team 4's prize-winning Reliance Controls Electronics Factory at Swindon (1967). Yet despite the longevity of its materials, this building was intentionally short-lived and, having served its purpose, was demolished in 1991. Only the 'thirty-year rule' saved it from being listed, as it might well have been. Papers could consider whether the lack of permanence in architecture diminishes its value or, on the other hand, whether the permanence which listing building legislation imposes and implies, ultimately benefits it.
Transportable: The Crystal Palace (1851) was first erected, in Hyde Park, as a temporary building but was soon transported to Sydenham where it was re-erected. This was made possible by its pre-fabricated, component-based assembly process. This thinking allowed pre-fabricated buildings to be sent out across the world by the European colonial powers in both the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Whether these be William Slater's cast-iron church for the Ecclesiologists (1853-56) or Jean Prouvé's steel barracks for the French army (1939), the use of transportable architecture to establish and promote religious or military, and therefore political control, was the same. Conversely, the practice of retrieving and displaying spolia as a demonstration of political control, such as Napoleon's relocation to the Arc de Triomphe, in 1797, of the quadriga from St Mark's Basilica, Venice, shows that architecture can be as easily brought home as it can be sent out. Papers, therefore, might like to investigate the use of transportable architecture as both a vehicle and an affirmation of colonisation and the influence which these buildings had on the national architecture, culture and society of the colony and the coloniser alike.
Transformable: If the Pyramids are regarded as the ultimate expression of permanence in architecture, then the Pompidou Centre, as originally conceived in 1971, might be the antithesis. For here the floors could move, the envelope could be reassembled, and the exposed services regularly modified. Although the floors, in the end, remained static, the building has been noticeably transformed over the years. Today, 'Legacy' is one of the key-words for the London 2012 Olympics. Yet few of the buildings destined to remain will be left in their original condition; many will be transformed. The side wings will be loped off Zaha Hadid's swimming pool and the upper stage will be removed from Populous's stadium. In considering legacy, papers might ask whether there is a real architectural legacy in such a situation and whether those few buildings which will emerge unscathed, such as, hopefully, Hopkins Architects' velodrome, will provide the only true reminder of the Olympics.
Abstracts of not more than 250 words should be sent to Professor Neil Jackson at the School of Architecture, University of Liverpool, Abercromby Square, Liverpool L69 7ZN or e-mailed to neil.jackson@liverpool.ac.uk no later than 15 October 2012. Authors will be advised by 3 December 2012 whether or not their paper has been selected.
New Novel | The Potter's Hand
Posted in books, reviews by Editor on September 23, 2012
Just out in the UK from Atlantic Books:
A. N. Wilson, The Potter's Hand (London: Atlantic, 2012), 512 pages, ISBN: 9781848879515, £18.
In 1774, Josiah Wedgwood, master craftsman possessed with a burning scientific vision, embarks upon the thousand piece Frog Service for Catherine the Great. Josiah's nephew Tom journeys to America to buy clay from the Cherokee for this exquisite china. Tom is caught up in the American rebellion, and falls for a Cherokee woman who will come to play a crucial role in Josiah's late, great creation: the Portland Vase. As the family fortune is made, and Josiah's entrepreneurial brilliance creates an empire that will endure for generations, it is his daughter Sukey, future mother of Charles Darwin, who bears clear-eyed witness.
A novel of epic scope, rich in warmth, intellect and humanity, The Potter's Hand explores the lives and loves of one of Britain's greatest families, whose travails are both ordinary — births, deaths, marriages, opium addiction, depression — and utterly extraordinary.
A. N. Wilson grew up in Staffordshire, where his father was Managing Director of Josiah Wedgwood and Sons. He was educated at Rugby and New College, Oxford. A Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature, he holds a prominent position in the world of literature and journalism. He is a prolific and award-winning biographer and celebrated novelist. His most recent novel, Winnie and Wolf, was longlisted for the 2007 Man Booker Prize. He lives in North London.
From Country Life:
Reviewed by Giles Waterfield; posted 10 September 2012.
Historian, biographer, commentator and novelist A. N. Wilson is full of variety. Having recently written about St Paul and Adolf Hitler, he turns his attention in this long and richly flavoured novel to Josiah Wedgwood, probably the most famous of all British ceramicists, at least until the 20th century. Wedgwood excelled as craftsman, designer and businessman, building up the ceramics industry in Staffordshire. . .
This boldly panoramic novel mixes history and invention, swooping from the narrator's viewpoint to the personal feelings of the very large cast of characters. Highly experienced narrator that he is, Mr Wilson skilfully interweaves his various plots, yet keeps Wedgwood, his wife and his daughter Sukie at the centre of the book. This is the historical novel at its most ambitious.
The full review is available here»
Exhibition | The Last Days of Pompeii
Posted in books, catalogues, exhibitions by Editor on September 22, 2012
While the exhibition showcases the nineteenth-century response to the eruption, there are still plenty of eighteenth-century offerings. The exhibition checklist is available here (as a PDF file). The following comes from the description of the accompanying publication.
The Last Days of Pompeii: Decadence, Apocalypse, Resurrection
Getty Villa, Los Angeles, 12 September 2012 — 7 January 2013
Cleveland Museum of Art, 24 February — 19 May 2013
Musée national des beaux-arts du Québec, 13 June — 8 November 2013
Destroyed yet paradoxically preserved by the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in A.D. 79, Pompeii and other nearby sites are usually considered places where we can most directly experience the daily lives of ancient Romans. Rather than present these sites as windows to the past, however, the authors of The Last Days of Pompeii: Decadence, Apocalypse, Resurrection explore Pompeii as a modern obsession, in which the Vesuvian sites function as mirrors of the present. Through cultural appropriation and projection, outstanding visual and literary artists of the last three centuries have made the ancient catastrophe their own, expressing contemporary concerns in diverse media—from paintings, prints, and sculpture, to theatrical performances, photography, and film. This lavishly illustrated volume—featuring the works of artists such as Piranesi, Fragonard, Kaufmann, Ingres, Chassériau, and Alma-Tadema, as well as Duchamp, Dalí, Rothko, Rauschenberg, and Warhol—surveys the legacy of Pompeii in the modern imagination under the three overarching rubrics of decadence, apocalypse, and resurrection.
Decadence investigates the perception of Pompeii as a site of impending and well-deserved doom due to the excesses of the ancient Romans, such as paganism, licentiousness, greed, gluttony, and violence. The catastrophic demise of the Vesuvian sites has become inexorably linked with the understanding of antiquity, turning Pompeii into a fundamental allegory for Apocalypse, to which all subsequent disasters (natural or man-made) are related, from the San Francisco earthquake of 1906 to Hiroshima, Nagasaki, 9/11, and Hurricane Katrina. Resurrection examines how Pompeii and the Vesuvian cities have been reincarnated in modern guise through both scientific archaeology and fantasy, as each successive cultural reality superimposed its values and ideas on the distant past.
Victoria C. Gardner Coates, Kenneth Lapatin, and Jon L. Seydl, The Last Days of Pompeii: Decadence, Apocalypse, Resurrection (Los Angeles: J. Paul Getty Museum, 2012), 256 pages, ISBN: 9781606061152, $40.
June 2012 Issue of 'The Court Historian'
Posted in books, conferences (summary), journal articles, reviews by Editor on September 21, 2012
Eighteenth-century topics in the current issue of The Court Historian 17 (June 2012) . . .
• Clarissa Campbell Orr, "Popular History, Court Studies, and Courtier Diaries," pp. 1-15.
• Robin Thomas, "Building the Monarchy: The Teatro di San Carlo in Naples, 1737," pp. 35-60
• Neil Jeffares, "Between France and Bavaria: Louis-Joseph d'Albert de Luynes, Prince de Grimberghen," pp. 61-85.
• Clare Hornsby, Review of David Marshall, Susan Russell, and Karin Wolfe, eds., Roma Britannica: Art Patronage and Cultural Exchange in Eighteenth-Century Rome (London: British School at Rome, 2011), pp. 91-93.
• Wolf Burchard, Review of Christina Strunck and Elisabeth Kieven, eds., Europäische Galeriebauten: Galleries in a Comparative European Perspective (1400-1800), Römische Studien der Bibliotheca Hertziana 29 (Munich: Hirmer Verlag, 2010); and Mathieu da Vinha and Claire Constans, eds., Les grandes galeries européennes XVIIe-XIXe siècles (Paris: Éditions de la Maison des sciences de l'homme, 2010), pp. 95-104.
• Antonio Ernesto Denunzio, "Aristocratic Residences in Naples: The Palazzo Zevallos Stigliano and Arts Patronage by the Nobility from the 16th to the 20th Centuries" (Naples, October 2011), pp. 113-14.
• Charles C. Noel, "The Court in Europe: Politics and Religion, 1500-1800," (Madrid, December 2010), pp. 117-20.
Welcome to Enfilade,
a serial newsletter affiliated with the Historians of Eighteenth-Century Art & Architecture
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Issue 15: Winter 2012
Issue 12: Spring/Summer 2007
Issue 08: Autumn/Winter 2004
Issue 05: Autumn 2002
Issue 04: May 2002
Issue 03: January 2002
Issue 02: September 2001
The Commoner
a web journal for other values
Commoning in a Pandemic
Life as Commons
~ by Stavros Stavrides ~
The coronavirus pandemic crisis has triggered a new wave of collective practices that gesture towards the same necessity as the "squares movement" (including the Arab Spring, the Indignados and the Occupy movements): another form of social organization is urgently needed. Different neighborhood initiatives, movement organized campaigns, dispersed rhizomatic acts of solidarity, community based management of urban and rural territories: all these processes and acts are spreading throughout the world, under the radar of dominant media, and usually bypassing market based channels as well as directly or indirectly clashing with governmental priorities. [See also Marina Sitrin's 'Commoning in a Pandemic'].
It seems that within these processes an intensive production of the common develops, the common being neither only a set of products and services to be shared, nor a set of organizational choices to ensure a more just distribution of the crucial means for survival to those in need. The common emerges as both the form and the content of social relations that transcend the limitations and the market worshiping cynicism of contemporary capitalism.
Three different factors shape the rise of the common, in against and beyond the pandemic crisis. It is not that these factors did not exist before the crisis. And surely they often meet in producing different everyday habits for the most deprived populations of contemporary metropolises. The pandemic crisis, however, has revealed their convergent dynamics and has made it urgently necessary for people to invent collectively by mobilizing experiences related to those factors.
The first factor has to do with survival. In the peripheries of big cities, in stigmatized ghettos and in indigenous communities, in the trajectories of precarious work and precarious life, people experience exclusion and insecurity. If remnants of welfare state seem still for some to provide a safety net, for most life is at the mercy of the market (and market is merciless), or depends on the contingencies of global arrangements of power (including wars, famine, refugee waves, trade wars etc.).
The excluded and those who sense that no authorities will ever care for them try in many cases to organize in order to secure the means of their survival. In many neighborhoods of the world networks of care develop from below: food is prepared and distributed to those unable to obtain it, means for hygienic protection are produced and distributed, information and knowledge is gathered and transmitted through diffuse media (social media, community radio stations, community centers etc.). Only to map the networks of collectively organized food distribution (including fruits and vegetables from farmer cooperatives, "just basket" initiatives and clean water provision in informal neighborhoods) one would need to collect a vast amount of globally spread information.
The second factor has to do with long established experiences of cooperation. Different traditions of mutual help that stem from rural life (as mutirão in Brazil, ayuda mutua in Latin America and the Caribbean , or ubuntu in South Africa) of from indigenous life (as in the context of minga in Colombia and of Sumak Kawsay in Andean countries) gain renewed momentum in face of this crisis. Cooperation has been in many places of the world part of a collective wisdom that keeps on inventing skills and that takes shape in rules developed through negotiations between those who work together. Neoliberal individualism explicitly targeted such traditions not simply by destroying them but also by taking advantage of their productive potentialities. Thus, the neoliberal ideal of the individual "entrepreneurial" self (the self-as-entrepreneur) combines with a renewed appraisal of cooperation considered as "synergy" (a usual euphemism of cooperation under the command of capital). Cooperation has been stripped from the power that gives to those who work the opportunity to choose the scopes, the priorities and the forms of their working together.
However, cooperation resurfaces as a productive force of the common inventively utilizing all available albeit scarce means. In Mexican autonomous neighborhoods, in many US volunteer communities in the villas miserias of Buenos Aires and the Brazilian favelas people work together to produce masks. Collective kitchens that cook food for those in need emerge in many cities (in Athens in Santiago de Chile, in Rio etc.) In Santa Catarina in Brazil landless movement (MST) militants have modified their cachaca distillery in order to produce alcohol for the Curitibanos public hospital.
Cooperation escapes capitalist command in a myriad of everyday practices of care organized by urban populations. The network Covid Entraide France is connecting an immense amount of volunteer service providers in the francophone world who offer their help to the pandemic stricken populations, in Greece the Menoume Mazi network organizes solidarity and struggle against unjust policies during the crisis (including issues of refugee support, labor rigths, and information black out). Analogous networks develop in Italy, in the UK and other countries.
The third factor (already present before the crisis) that has been contributing to the emergence of the common is the spread of concrete ideas for a world of equality and solidarity beyond capitalism. Homeless movements in Latin America and Africa, recuperated and occupied enterprises, informal workers' organizations, solidarity economy initiatives, indigenous people projects of autonomy and radical unions keep on producing fragments of this world. The common emerges in all those engaged practices not simply as an object of demands but as a plan for organizing life in common. Everydayness becomes both a crucial field of struggles as well as a crucial field of experiments in social organization. Terms to describe those lived experiments may be borrowed from the past, as "popular power" or "autonomy" or may be improvised in the present as "communalidad" or "communization".
Lots of such movements got mobilized to face the pandemic crisis. Their acquired experience, along with their grounding in everyday forms of cooperation gives them the power to organize people on a collective basis. Chilean groups of young activists that were providing medical help for the victims of police brutality in the great demonstrations of the recent uprising have developed an initiative called Movimiento Salud en Resistencia (Health in Resistance Movement): their efforts aim at developing self-managed health services ("People take care of the People" campaign). The South African shack dwellers movement Abahlali baseMjondolo strongly fights against evictions happening in the midst of lockdown. Their communities organize to support the poor homeless people who have to suffer from lack of clean water and food in the settlements. The movement also actively expressed its solidarity with the healthcare workers of the country. Similar social movement initiatives unfold in Senegal, in Burkina Faso and in the Democratic Republic of Congo.
When engagement in common scopes connects to survival urgencies and mobilizes shared skills of cooperation collective empowerment develops rapidly. Participants in corresponding initiatives see that self-organization and self-management works: people may be fed, people may be supported, people may be given the means to know and to shape opinions. People may take their lives in their hands.
It is in the context of the pandemic crisis that collective survival efforts, cooperation potentialities (deeply embedded in the everydayness of those who work) and aspirations for a just society converge. Not because anti-capitalist ideologies suddenly became triumphant, neither because consciousness of exploitation develops among those exploited due to exemplary activist acts. But possibly because many people are forced to realize that if they don't take their lives in their hands they are meant to be expendable. It is this experience-based understanding that opens minds and hearts to the hope of a different future. Maybe today a slogan that seemed almost obvious and apolitical for many, acquires an urgent and inspiring meaning. Zapatistas say often: "Down with death. Long live life" (Viva la vida, muera la muerte). Do they simply mean that life is both the source and the scope of the common in the prospect of an emancipated society?
Athens 26/4-2020
This piece by Stavros Stavrides was originally published by XXI and syndicated by the Goethe Institute. Get full text as .pdf here.
#commoning-in-a-pandemic
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text:
Sören Amelang Kerstine Appunn Julian Wettengel
Political tug-of-war over Germany's Climate Action Plan
"Great transformation"
The federal government's "Climate Action Plan 2050" will influence next year's general election campaign, writes German weekly Der Spiegel. The Green Party would like to speed up the plan, and any other party that might want them as a coalition partner after the election will have to work with them on this goal. Currently, Germany has a coalition government between the two big parties, Chancellor Angela Merkel's Christian Democrats and the Social Democrats, which is run by the economy and environment minister Sigmar Gabriel. According to the magazine: "If they do not want a grand coalition again, Merkel and Gabriel would each need the Greens to make it into the chancellery next year."
Read about the Climate Action Plan in CLEW's article Germany's roadmap to CO2-neutrality delayed amid industry objections.
"Rational climate policy is something different"
The federal government's "Climate Action Plan 2050" is "a continuation and intensification of a purely national climate policy," says German economist Joachim Weimann in a guest commentary in Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung. The emissions avoided in Germany – if the current plan were implemented – would simply be used by other countries that are part of the EU Emissions Trading System (EU ETS). "Europe would not avoid more CO2 than without a German solo effort, but at much higher cost," because international differences in cost to avoid emissions are not being exploited, writes Weimann. He calls for a development of the EU ETS and more investment in technologies to generate energy.
Süddeutsche Zeitung / NDR / WDR
"Declaration of war"
The Federal Environment Agency (UBA) plans to initiate its own programme to measure emissions from diesel vehicles in real-life conditions, setting up parallel structures to those of the Federal Motor Transport Authority (KBA), reports Süddeutsche Zeitung. "In the future it will be UBA versus KBA," write the authors, adding that the KBA still has not published some of the results of the emissions tests it carried out. UBA president Maria Krautzberger said that diesel cars "surely do not have a future in the heavily polluted city centres."
Read the article (behind paywall) in German here.
Bild Zeitung
"The EU must keep Britain in the single market"
The effect of Brexit will be "controllable" for German energy company E.ON, which is also one of the largest power suppliers in Britain, CEO Johannes Teyssen told the Bild Zeitung in an interview. The devaluation of the British Pound is a risk, he said, but on the other hand E.ON has financed its offshore wind parks in pounds, which means paying back these loans will cost less in euros.
Municipalities see energy supply as important topic in 2030
German municipalities see energy supply and mobility management as important topics in 2030, according to a survey by the Society of Automotive and Traffic Systems Technologies of the Association of German Engineers (VDI). 68.3 percent of the surveyed mayors say that the expansion of intelligent energy grids and storage possibilities will be more important than today, 61.6 percent see alternative mobility concepts as an up-and-coming topic.
See a summary of the results of the survey in German here.
Germany should follow the Swiss example and take a huge step towards future mobility with a policy offensive. This would include an all-encompassing mobility ticket covering all forms of public transport, as well as car- und bike-sharing, write Green politicians Anton Hofreiter and Oliver Krischer in a guest commentary in the Frankfurter Rundschau. "Sadly, Germany is still a very long way away from this integrated mobility," write the authors. The current government is heading in the wrong direction by focussing on "yesterday's automobility" and planning to build innumerable roads, say Hofreiter and Krischer.
For background, read the CLEW dossier The energy transition and Germany's transport sector.
"Charged atmosphere"
German carmakers haven't taken electric mobility seriously, but suddenly it is even dawning on faithful VW drivers that cars with fossil combustion engines will be phased out at some point, writes Henning Peitsmeier in the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung. VW and Daimler have made big promises to start the transition to electric cars, and they hope politicians will do whatever is necessary to kickstart the process. "But even optimists do not expect a massive boost from the introduction of a buyer's premium in Germany. There simply aren't enough electric car models on offer that get clients excited," Peitsmeier says.
Read more about the buyer's premium in the CLEW article Federal government decides on 4,000 euro buyer's premium for e-cars.
EEG2016 | Law
"Opposition fears Energiewende standstill"
Representatives of the opposition Green and Left parties criticised the planned reform of the Renewable Energy Act in the first Bundestag debate on the federal government's proposed draft. "It would have been more honest to talk of an energy transition prevention act," said Katja Kipping of Die Linke, according to an article on the parliament's website. Green politician Oliver Krischer said that Germany's climate goals could now definitely not be reached, while economy minister Sigmar Gabriel called this statement "simply false." The plenary forwarded the reform draft to the responsible parliamentary committees for further debate.
Read the article in German here.
Find more background in the factsheet EEG reform 2016 – switching to auctions for renewables.
Rhein-Main-Zeitung
"830 wind turbines turn in Hesse"
The economy minister of the state of Hesse Tarek Al-Wazir called the federal economy ministry's plan to declare parts of the state as grid congestion zones "ludicrous" and "preposterous," writes the Rhein-Main-Zeitung. This would "vaporise the Energiewende in Hesse from one day to the next," said Al-Wazir. The government plans to streamline wind power development and grid expansion to make sure that all renewable energy can be transported and used.


PhiloSusi: Lover, Are You Listening?
I don't want someone who adores me. Or puts me on a pedestal, and claims they can't live without me.
What I crave and what I need is someone who knows themselves or, at the very least, is trying to figure out what makes them tick. If they seek to create a relationship outside of themselves, it only enhances their persona; it doesn't define who they are.
If I go down that path of bringing someone into my world, I desire people who first want to know me and then take the time to actually do that. When that someone eventually understands my thought process, a strong bond ensues as my intellect and my body are piqued in arousal, demanding fulfillment and satisfaction. Complete abandon occurs when their humanity matches my own.


text:
Q: missing inserted endgroup I'm typing this equation
\eta=\frac{82\cdot4\cdot1.44 \textrm{MeV}\cdot10$^-15$\textrm{m}}{2\cdot6.582\cdot 10$^-10$ \textrm{MeV}\cdot\textrm{s}\cdot0.0774\cdot2.998\cdot10$^8$\textrm{ms$^-1$}}

and I'm not able to find the mistake.

A: Here is one way of doing it using the siunitx package:
\documentclass{article}

\usepackage[
%  locale = DE,% comma instead of full stop as decimal separator
  exponent-product = \cdot,
  inter-unit-product = \ensuremath{{}\cdot{}}
]{siunitx}

\begin{document}

\begin{equation}
  \eta
  = \frac{82 \cdot 4 \cdot \SI{1.44}{\MeV} \cdot \SI{e-15}{\m}}% numerator
         {2 \cdot \SI{6.582e-10}{\MeV\s} \cdot \num{0.0774} \cdot \SI{2.998e8}{\m\per\s}}% denominator
\end{equation}

\end{document}

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