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Overexpression of heat-shock factor 1 is associated with a poor prognosis in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma
Yukiko Tsukao
Makoto Yamasaki
Yasuhiro Miyazaki
Tomoki Makino
Tsuyoshi Takahashi
Yukinori Kurokawa
Hiroshi Miyata
Kiyokazu Nakajima
Shuji Takiguchi
Koshi Mimori
Masaki Mori
Yuichiro Doki
Affiliations: Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565‑0871, Japan, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Division of Molecular and Surgical Oncology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Beppu, Ohita 874‑0838, Japan
Published online on: January 25, 2017 https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2017.5637
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Heat-shock factor 1 (HSF1) is the primary regulator of the response to various stressors. A previous study showed that HSF1 expression is associated with a poor prognosis in breast cancer and hepatocellular carcinoma; however, the prognostic significance of HSF1 in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is unknown. Therefore, the present study investigated the association between HSF1 expression and the clinicopathological parameters of patients, as well as the association between HSF1 expression, and heat shock protein (Hsp)27, Hsp70 and Hsp90 expression induced by HSF1, by cDNA microarray and immunohistochemistry analyses. HSF1 protein and mRNA expression were assessed in resected specimens from 270 patients with ESCC in two independent cohorts. Hsp27, Hsp70 and Hsp90 expression were also assessed in 55/270 patients. Patients with high HSF1 expression had a significantly worse OS than those with low HSF1 expression in both cohorts. In multivariate analyses, pathological T stage [hazard ratio (HR), 2.21; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.38‑3.65; P=0.0008], pathological N stage (HR, 1.73; 95% CI, 1.04‑3.02; P=0.03) and HSF1 expression (HR, 2.29; 95% CI, 1.48‑3.64; P=0.0002) were statistically significant independent prognostic factors. Furthermore, Hsp27 and Hsp90 expression were significantly correlated with HSF1 expression (P<0.0001), but Hsp70 expression was not (P=0.38). These results indicate that HSF1 is a prognostic factor for patients with ESCC, and that Hsp27 and Hsp90, but not Hsp70, may be the downstream targets of HSF1 in ESCC.
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is the major histological type of esophageal cancer in East Asian countries, and is the eighth most common malignancy, and the sixth leading cause of cancer death worldwide (1). Despite improvements in surgical procedures, multidisciplinary therapies and perioperative management, the prognosis of patients with ESCC remains unsatisfactory (2). A staging system for ESCC based on clinicopathological features that can provide an accurate prediction of survival in patients aids clinicians in selecting the best treatment approach. Currently, the TNM classification is widely used to stage patients and to select treatment strategies (3). However, the assessment of prognosis using this system remains inadequate due to the considerable biological heterogeneity within the same stage of ESCC. Therefore, novel biological markers are required that provide a more accurate prognosis of patients and that facilitate in selecting the appropriate treatment strategy for individual patients.
Heat-shock transcription factor 1 (HSF1) is a transcription factor that induces the expression of heat shock proteins (Hsp) in response to various stressors (4,5). These Hsps act as molecular chaperones to maintain cellular homeostasis by restoring protein folding and stability. HSF1 facilitates survival in response stressors by regulating various cellular processes, such as cell-cycle control, protein translation and glucose metabolism (6,7). The expression of HSF1 is reportedly upregulated in cancer cell lines and cancer tissues of hepatocellular carcinoma, and high expression of HSF1 is associated with a poor prognosis in breast cancer and hepatocellular carcinoma (8,9). However, the role of HSF1 as a prognostic biomarker in ESCC has not been well investigated. Therefore, the present study analyzed HSF1 mRNA and protein expression in resected ESCC tissues to determine if the expression of HSF1 could be used as a prognostic biomarker in ESCC.
Samples of resected ESCC and normal squamous epithelium were obtained from two independent cohorts, and assayed for HSF1 mRNA and protein expression. Cohort 1 was composed of 58 ESCC samples, which were collected during subtotal esophagectomy between February 2005 and March 2009 after obtaining written informed consent. All patients underwent subtotal esophagectomy at one of five hospitals (Juntendo University Hospital, Tokyo, Japan; National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan; Kurume University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan; Saitama Cancer Center, Saitama, Japan; Kagoshima University Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan). The clinicopathological characteristics of patients are indicated in Table I. All patients underwent curative resection and no patients received neoadjuvant therapy. The tumor samples were submitted for cDNA microarray analysis.
Correlation between HSF1 mRNA expression and clinicopathological parameters in cohort 1.
Low (n=29)
High (n=29)
Age, yearsa 66 (52–82) 66 (52–79) 0.72
Gender, n
Male 24 18 0.08
Female 5 1
Location, n
Ut 3 8 0.24
Mt 16 13
Lt 10 8
Histological grade, n
G1 12 8 0.49
G2 14 16
G3 3 5
pT stage, n
1 4 4 0.69
pN stage, n
0 15 9 0.61
a Data are presented as median (range). HSF1, heat-shock factor 1; pT/N, pathological T/N; Ut, upper thoracic esophagus; Mt, mid-thoracic esophagus; Lt, lower thoracic esophagus.
Cohort 2 consisted of 212 ECC samples collected during subtotal esophagectomy at Osaka University Hospital (Osaka, Japan) between June 2000 and February 2013, following receipt of written informed consent. Patient characteristics, including the number of patients that underwent neoadjuvant therapy, are indicated in Table II. These specimens were submitted for immunohistochemical analysis. The present study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Osaka University Hospital (Osaka, Japan) and the written consent of all the patients was obtained. Pathological tumor stage was evaluated using the seventh edition of the TNM classification established by the Union for International Cancer Control (3).
Correlation between HSF1 protein expression and clinicopathological parameters in cohort 2.
Low expression (n=103)
High expression (n=109)
Female 14 14
G1 27 22 0.14
Gx 9 9
Ut 11 18 0.03
Lt 27 44
T1 33 24 0.41
T2 16 19
T4 3 5
N0 41 31 0.12
N1 37 35
N3 9 13
pStage, n
I 22 18 0.10
II 34 24
III 31 49
IV 16 18
Neoadjuvant therapy
None 39 46 0.52
Chemotherapy 64 63
a Data are presented as median (range). HSF1, heat-shock factor 1; pT/N/Stage, pathological T/N/Stage; Ut, upper thoracic esophagus; Mt, mid-thoracic esophagus; Lt, lower thoracic esophagus.
Extraction of RNA and cDNA microarray analysis
Resected tumor tissues in cohort 1 were immediately cut (5 mm thickness), and embedded in Tissue-Tek OCT medium (Sakura Finetek Europe B.V., Alphen aan den Rijn, The Netherlands), frozen in liquid nitrogen and maintained at −80°C until RNA extraction. Following isolation of RNA and DNA using the QIAamp DNA Micro kit (Qiagen, Valencia, CA, USA) and the RNeasy Micro kit (Qiagen), cDNA was synthesized from 8.0 µg of total RNA (10) using the commercially available Whole Human Genome Oligo DNA Microarray kit (Agilent Technologies, Inc., Santa Clara, CA, USA). Cyanine-labeled cRNA was prepared using T7 linear amplification as described in the Agilent Low RNA Input Fluorescent Linear Amplification kit manual (Agilent Technologies, Inc.). Labeled cRNA was then fragmented (with fragmentation buffer from the Agilent Low RNA Input Fluorescent Amplification kit, according to the manufacturer's protocol; Agilent Technologies, Inc.) and hybridized to an oligonucleotide microarray (Whole Human Genome Microarray kit, 4×44K; product no. G4112F; Agilent Technologies, Inc.). Fluorescence intensities were determined with a DNA microarray scanner (G2565BA/DB; Agilent Technologies, Inc.) and analyzed using G2567AA Feature Extraction Software (version A7.5.1; Agilent Technologies, Inc.), which used the locally weighted linear regression curve fit normalization method (11). This microarray study followed Minimum Information About a Microarray Experiment guidelines issued by the Microarray Gene Expression Data group (12). Further analyses were performed using GeneSpring (version 7.3; Agilent Technologies, Inc.). mRNA expression level in cancer tissue by microarray was categorised by the median expression level into high and low expression groups.
Tumor specimens in cohort 2 were fixed in 10% formalin (Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd., Osaka, Japan) and embedded in paraffin (Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.). The expression of proteins was evaluated by immunohistochemistry in 4-µm-thick sections following deparaffinization with xylene (Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.) and dehydration in graded ethanol solutions. For antigen retrieval, the sections were autoclaved in 10 mM citrate buffer (pH 6.0) at 115°C for 20 min. After blocking with hydrogen peroxide (Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.), the sections were incubated with specific antibodies overnight at 4°C in a moist chamber. Rat monoclonal antibody against HSF1 (10H8; Enzo Life Sciences, Inc., Farmingdale, NY, USA), mouse monoclonal antibody against Hsp27 (G3.1; Enzo Life Sciences, Inc.), mouse monoclonal antibody against Hsp70 (C92F3A-5; Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc., Dallas, TX, USA) and mouse monoclonal antibody against Hsp90 (ADI-SPA-830-D; Enzo Life Sciences, Inc.), were used at dilutions of 1:100, 1:1,000, 1:500 and 1:300, respectively. Sites of antibody binding were visualized with the ABC peroxidase detection system according to the manufacturer's protocol (catalog nos., PK-4004 and PK-4010; Vector Laboratories, Inc., Burlingame, CA, USA) using a fluorescence microscope (BZ-X700; Keyence Corporation, Osaka, Japan). The intensity of antibody-stained nuclei in cancer cells was evaluated by two independent pathologists, who were blinded to the clinicopathological parameters. The intensity of HSF1, Hsp27, Hsp70 and Hsp90 immunoreactions in the cells were scored as follows: 0, not stained; 1+, weak staining; 2+, moderate staining; and 3+, intense staining. Finally, the expression of these proteins in ESCC specimens was classified into a HSF1 low expression group (0 or 1+) and a HSF1 high expression group (2+ or 3+).
The association between HSF1 protein expression and various clinicopathological factors was analyzed using the χ2 test and Fisher's exact probability test. The overall survival (OS) was assessed by performing the Kaplan-Meier method and compared using the log-rank test. OS was defined as the period from the date of surgery to the date of death from any cause. All parameters with a P<0.10 in univariate analysis by the Cox proportional hazard model were entered into multivariate survival analysis. P<0.05 was considered to indicate a statistically significant difference. Statistical analysis was performed with JMP Pro software (version 10.0.2; SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA). Each test was repeated six times.
Correlation between HSF1 mRNA expression and clinicopathological characteristics in cohort 1
The 58 ESCC cases were classified into two groups using the median HSF1 mRNA expression level in cancer tissue as determined by microarray. Table I shows the correlation between HSF1 expression and various clinicopathological parameters. No significant association was observed with age, gender, tumor location, histological grade, pathological T (pT) stage or pathological N (pN) stage (P<0.05).
Correlation between HSF1 mRNA expression and OS in cohort 1
The 5-year OS rates in the HSF1 high and low expression groups was 27.3 and 55.1%, respectively. The HSF1 high expression group exhibited significantly worse OS rate compared with the low expression group (P=0.03) (Fig. 1).
Kaplan-Meier overall survival curves based on the heat-shock factor 1 mRNA expression status of patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in cohort 1.
HSF1 protein expression in cohort 2
A total of 212 cancerous lesion samples were evaluated for HSF1 protein expression by immunohistochemical analysis. Of these, 109 (51.4%) exhibited high HSF1 expression (Table II), predominantly in the nuclei of the tumor cells, with faint cytoplasmic staining (Fig. 2A), while the remaining 103 (48.6%) samples showed low HSF1 expression (Fig. 2B). The staining was almost homogenous among different areas of the cancerous lesions, including the surface, central and deep areas. None of the normal squamous epithelium samples showed significant levels of HSF1 expression, although faint immunostaining was observed in the nuclei of a small number of basal cells (Fig. 2C). Scoring of the immunostained sections was almost identical by the two pathologists, with interobserver variation of <5%.
Immunohistochemical staining showing the expression of heat-shock factor 1 (HSF1) in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) tumor samples from cohort 2. Representative images of (A) high HSF1 expression in ESCC, showing staining predominantly in the nuclei of tumor cells (magnification, ×200); (B) low HSF1 expression ESCC, showing almost no appreciable staining of the tumor cells (magnification, ×200); and (C) normal squamous epithelium, which is negative for HSF1 expression except for a few basal cells (magnification, ×100).
Correlation between HSF1 protein expression and clinicopathological parameters in cohort 2
Table II indicates the correlations between HSF1 protein expression and various clinicopathological parameters. In comparison to primary tumors with low HSF1 expression, primary tumors with high HSF1 expression were significantly more likely to be in the upper location (P=0.03). All other parameters, including age, gender, pT, pN, pathological stage and preoperative therapy, did not significantly correlate with HSF1 protein expression.
Correlation between HSF1 protein expression and clinical outcome in cohort 2
The 5-year OS rates for patients with low and high HSF1 expression tumors were 69.4 and 37.8%, respectively (Fig. 3). The high HSF1 expression group exhibited significantly poorer OS than those in the low HSF1 expression group (P<0.0001). Furthermore, univariate analysis revealed that the OS significantly correlated with age, pT, pN and HSF1 protein expression (Table III). Multivariate analysis using the five parameters with P<0.10 on univariate analysis identified high HSF1 expression [hazard ratio (HR), 2.29; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.48–3.64; P=0.0002] as an independent OS prognostic factor, in addition to pT (HR, 2.21; 95% CI, 1.38–3.65; P=0.0008) and pN (HR, 1.73; 95% CI, 1.04–3.02; P=0.03).
Kaplan-Meier overall survival curves based on the heat-shock factor 1 protein expression status of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma patients in cohort 2.
Univariate and multivariate survival analyses of overall survival rate by Cox's proportional hazard model.
Univariate
Patients, n
Age, years (65≤/≤64) 106/106 1.64 1.08–2.50 0.02 1.51 0.99–2.32 0.06
Gender (male/female) 184/28 1.36 0.74–2.8 0.34
Histological grade (G1/G2, G3, Gx) 49/163 0.81 0.51–1.32 0.39
Location (Ut, Mt/Lt) 141/71 0.66 0.44–1.02 0.06 1.36 0.88–2.07 0.16
pT (T3, T4/T1, T2) 92/120 2.66 1.69–4.34 <0.0001 2.22 1.39–3.65 0.0007
pN (N1, N2, N3/N0) 72/140 2.42 1.49–4.14 0.0002 1.76 1.06–3.06 0.03
Neoadjuvant therapy (none/chemotherapy) 85/127 0.91 0.59–1.38 0.65
HSF1 expression (high/low) 109/103 2.53 1.64–4.0 <0.0001 2.24 1.44–3.56 0.0003
[i] HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval; pT/N, pathological T/N; HSF1, heat-shock factor 1; Ut, upper thoracic esophagus; Mt, mid-thoracic esophagus; Lt, lower thoracic esophagus.
Correlation between HSF1 protein expression and expression of Hsps in cohort 2
To determine whether the expression of Hsps correlated with HSF1 tumor expression in ESCC tumor specimens, 55/212 ESCC randomly selected samples in cohort 2 were immunohistochemically evaluated for Hsp27, Hsp70 and Hsp90 expression. High expression of HSF1 and Hsp27 was observed in 24 ESCC samples, 18 samples showed low expression of HSF1 and Hsp27, 7 samples exhibited high expression of HSF1 but low expression of Hsp27, and 6 samples exhibited low HSF1 expression but high Hsp27 expression (Table IV). The results indicate that HSF1 expression is significantly correlated with Hsp27 expression (P<0.0001). Hsp90 expression was also significantly correlated with HSF1 expression (P<0.0001), but Hsp70 expression was not (P=0.38).
Table IV.
Correlation between HSF1, and Hsp27, Hsp70 and Hsp90 expression.
HSF1
+ 24 6 30 <0.0001
− 7 18 25
+ 7 8 15 0.38
− 24 16 40
[i] HSF1, heat-shock factor 1; Hsp, heat-shock protein.
These results indicate that the expression of HSF1 is closely correlated with poor prognosis in ESCC. The results also indicate that Hsp27 and Hsp90 expression, but not Hsp70 expression, are possible downstream targets of HSF1 in ESCC.
Thus, the correlation between the Hsp27, Hsp70 and Hsp90 expression, and OS were investigated. The high Hsp27 and Hsp90 expression groups showed significantly poorer OS compared with those in the low Hsp27 and Hsp90 expression groups (P=0.04 and P=0.03, respectively) (Fig. 4A and B, respectively), while there were no significant differences in OS between high and low Hsp70 expression (P=0.91) (Fig. 4C).
Overall survival curves based on (A) heat-shock protein 27 (Hsp27), (B) Hsp90 and (C) Hsp70 expression status of patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.
Hsps are overexpressed in numerous types of cancer (including hepatocellular carcinoma, colorectal carcinoma, bladder cancer and neuroblastoma), and are correlated with tumor proliferation, invasion and metastasis (13,14). Various studies report that Hsp levels are useful biomarkers of carcinogenesis and aggressiveness in specific types of cancer, including hepatocellular carcinoma, colorectal carcinoma, breast cancer, primary oral squamous cell carcinoma and gastric adenocarcinoma (15–18). Hsp expression is regulated by HSF1, which can bind to the 5′ promoter regions of all Hsp genes, and trigger their immediate and massive transcription (19,20). HSF1 expression itself is also involved in numerous crucial steps of carcinogenesis and tumor development (7). Its expression is closely correlated with invasion, metastasis and angiogenesis (21,22), and has been identified as a prognostic factor in breast cancer and hepatocellular carcinoma.
The present study demonstrated that high HSF1 expression is associated with poor prognosis in two independent patient cohorts, and appears to be an independent prognostic factor for patients undergoing curative resection for ESCC. The prediction of prognosis following curative surgical resection will enable clinicians to determine the necessity for intensive follow-up and adjuvant therapy (23,24). Furthermore, if HSF1 expression can be measured in pretreated biopsy samples it may yield useful information for determining the treatment strategy for individual patients.
Additionally, the present study revealed that the expression of Hsp27 and Hsp90 are closely correlated with HSF1 expression in ESCC tumor specimens. This suggests that the HSF1/Hsp27 and HSF1/Hsp90 pathways may be involved in the progression of ESCC. A number of studies previously reported that Hsp27 and Hsp90 were associated with survival and could be potential molecular targets in various types of cancer (23,25–29).
Recently, Hsp90 inhibitors have been developed, and used as preclinical and clinical anticancer therapies (30,31). The present study indicates that Hsp27 and Hsp90 may be potential therapeutic targets in patients with ESCC, as HSF1 is a regulator of Hsps. Therefore, inhibiting HSF leads to inhibition of not only Hsp27, but also Hsp90. However, the results suggest that HSF1, which regulates the transcription of Hsp27 and Hsp90, may be a more effective and stronger therapeutic target. HSF1 may, therefore, be a valid prognostic marker in ESCC and a candidate for novel approaches to ESCC treatment.
Prospective studies are required to further clarify the significance of HSF1 in the clinical setting. Additionally, it will be important to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying the effect of HSF1 expression on prognosis. The present findings may mark a new step for the exploration of appropriate treatment strategies and the development of novel therapeutic approaches for ESCC.
In conclusion, the results of the present study indicate that HSF1 is a prognostic factor for patients with ESCC, and that Hsp27 and Hsp90, but not Hsp70, may be the downstream targets of HSF1 in ESCC.
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Tsukao, Y., Yamasaki, M., Miyazaki, Y., Makino, T., Takahashi, T., Kurokawa, Y. ... Doki, Y. (2017). Overexpression of heat-shock factor 1 is associated with a poor prognosis in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Oncology Letters, 13, 1819-1825. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2017.5637
Tsukao, Y., Yamasaki, M., Miyazaki, Y., Makino, T., Takahashi, T., Kurokawa, Y., Miyata, H., Nakajima, K., Takiguchi, S., Mimori, K., Mori, M., Doki, Y."Overexpression of heat-shock factor 1 is associated with a poor prognosis in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma". Oncology Letters 13.3 (2017): 1819-1825.
Tsukao, Y., Yamasaki, M., Miyazaki, Y., Makino, T., Takahashi, T., Kurokawa, Y., Miyata, H., Nakajima, K., Takiguchi, S., Mimori, K., Mori, M., Doki, Y."Overexpression of heat-shock factor 1 is associated with a poor prognosis in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma". Oncology Letters 13, no. 3 (2017): 1819-1825. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2017.5637


Six current Spokane Chiefs will look to impress at NHL training camps or rookie tournaments this month, including the team's four drafted players and two free agent invites.
All six will miss the Chiefs' upcoming pre-season games as the team will face the Seattle Thunderbirds on Thursday, Sept. 6 at 3 p.m. and Tri-City Americans on Saturday, Sept. 8 at 7:05 p.m. Both games will take place at the Toyota Center in Kennewick, Wash.
The list does not include forward Kailer Yamamoto, who is eligible but not expected to return to the Western Hockey League this year.


text:
Q: Fortran 95 Missing expression error 300      do i=1,counter

open(1,file='Pcow_pd.txt')
write(1,*),Sw_pd(i), Pcow_pd(i)
open(2,file='Krw_pd.txt')
write(2,*),Sw_pd(i), Krw_pd(i)
open(3,file='Kro_pd.txt')
write(3,*),Sw_pd(i), Kro_pd(i)

print*, counter

end do
print *,"filled =",filled

When I compile the code I get an error message at write lines which I cannot fix

Compile error:  error 573 - Missing expression

A: As has been commented, there should be no comma before the list of items for output.  You should simply have
write(1,*) Sw_pd(i), Pcow_pd(i)

and so on.
The later line
print*, counter

where the comma before counter is absolutely necessary, may add a little confusion on writing.  This is perhaps increased by how read is used: there are two forms:
read *, x
read (*,*) y

The first example without an explicit statement of unit implies the same unit as the * in the second and it requires a comma.  The second must not have a comma.
A simple way to remember whether the output list has a comma first: if the format comes in isolation use the comma; if the unit is specified, don't.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Just a quick post today with a fall printable to share. My brother-in-law is getting married on Friday, and we have some family coming to town today, so it will probably be a busy week from here on out! But hopefully I'll be back tomorrow with one last apple recipe to share for the month of September.
This is lovely in its simplicity. Thank you!


CES ain't quite what it used to be. Pretty much all the big guys have pulled out in favor of doing their own events. The phones are OK and the 4K TVs pretty, but a dime a dozen. But there are still some hidden treasures that are amazing. Here's all the stuff from CES that made us squeal with glee.
The Oculus Rift may not be ready for consumers yet, but with each beta revision it's becoming more and more incredible. This year's beta model—complete with positional head tracking like never before—is more mind-blowing than ever. By far the most exciting thing at CES, even without being finished.
Alexx Henry teamed up with Nikon to create this xxArray camera system that uses over 64 cameras to create a perfectly detailed 3D model of a person. Naturally, Nikon inserted that 3D model into a video game. And being that person/model was a dream come true.
Yes, the WWE is getting its own network, and yes it was one of the best things at CES. Whether you're into wrestling or not, the WWE's new all-you-can-stream buffet-style offering is a shot at what the future of television could and should be for every channel and interest. So shirtless men throwing each other around while wearing spandex or not, this is fantastic.
A car with laser-cannon headlights? Sure, why not. Audi's crazy-awesome Quattro is just a concept, and probably not destined for roads any time soon if ever, but that doesn't mean it's any less of a tech marvel. And while the Quattro itself pre-dates CES, we didn't find out the true glory of those laser headlights until last week, and frankly they could make this list on their own.
Want Predator-vision? You got it. FLIR's thermal camera for the iPhone is exactly that. Thermal imaging is far from new, but this implementation is cheap(ish), convenient, and super want-able. You can't tell me that you don't want that on your phone right now, even if you might not want to pony up the (comparatively cheap) $350 for it. If that doesn't make a killer CES gadget I don't know what does.
There's no MicroSD expansion slot on an iPhone, and they're harder and harder to come by on Androids too. But Mophie's solution—a battery pack that also adds storage—is a perfect solution for digital hoarders everywhere who suddenly decided they need more storage after buying the device. It's not the flashiest gadget ever, but it solves a persistent problem pretty elegantly. And that's super dope in its own subtle way.
People have been building their own desktop computers for ages, but Razer's Project Christine takes the tried and true hobby to an awesome height of ease. Snapping in parts like Legos seems like a joy, and each module is liquid cooled by default for extra coolness. And even though this is probably vaporware—Razer is just testing the waters and looking for reactions—it's damned cool.
Curved or flat, flexible or not, 4K TVs are beautiful. But they're also expensive, huge, and just TVs. High res is fun but *yawn*. Sony's Life Space UX Ultra Short-Throw 4K Projector, on the other hand, is a more novel take on the 4K craze, and mercifully easy to move. Of course it will cost a small fortune, and who knows if it will ever really make it to market, but damned if we all don't want one right now.


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MDASR, LLP. - Workers Comp and Social Security Lawyers > Legal News > Workers Compensation > Can a Company Require an Employee to Provide Notification Before Seeking Medical Treatment?
Can a Company Require an Employee to Provide Notification Before Seeking Medical Treatment?
In short, no. Employers cannot required employees to give notification before seeking medical treatment. The issue arose in court after a FedEx employee alleged that he was fired for such a lack of notification. In the September 24, 2014 decision, a federal judge ruled the policy was effectively illegal.
According to reports, the employee had notified supervisor that he was suffering from back discomfort. As a result, the employee was scheduled for "light duty" for the duration of week. The employee subsequently scheduled an appointment with a physician's assistant, who provided him with a note requesting his employer, FedEx, keep him on light duty until he could receive a complete evaluation. However upon receiving the note, FedEx fired the individual.
Although FedEx claimed that the then-employee violated company policy by not notifying his supervisor ahead of time that he was seeking medical treatment, the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois Eastern Division determined that the company's policy violated the employee's right to seek medical treatment without interference.
In New York State, workers' compensation laws cover nearly all New York employees. If you are injured on the job, it is important that you seek immediate medical attention as soon as possible. While you are not required to notify your employer that you are seeking medical attention, New York workers' compensation law does require the injured employee to notify their employer about the injury and the way in which it occurred within 30 days of the accident causing the injury.
The attorneys at McIntyre, Donohue, Accardi, Salmonson & Riordan, LLP have experience representing clients before Workers' Compensation boards throughout New York City and Long Island, including Manhattan, the Bronx, Queens, Brooklyn, Staten Island, Nassau County, and Suffolk County. For a consultation, call (866)557-7500.


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Police officers were involved in a scuffle with journalists as Kirumira tried to force the scribes into the police court on Monday.
The Inspector General of Police (IGP), Mr John Martins Okoth-Ochola has said the former Buyende DPC Mohammad Kirumira must be disciplined following his conduct at the police court.
Appearing before Parliament's Defence and Internal Affairs Committee on Thursday, Mr Ochola said Mr Kirumira's conduct before the court contradicts the Force's code of conduct.
"You have all watched the conduct of this officer; his conduct requires us to have him tried in hell perhaps, and you will agree with me that at least we have been giving Kirumira the benefit of doubt," he said.
Mr Kirumira on Tuesday refused to attend the police court hearing after officers guarding the entrance of the court denied journalists access to the court room.
"Kirumira takes advantage of being portrayed by the press as a martyr and we shall not accept that," he added.
Since announcing his resignation from police, Mr Kirumira has been vocal against the police leadership, particularly under former IGP Kale Kayihura.
He was early this year dragged before the police tribunal and charged with 22 charges of torture, extortion, corruption, bribery, unlawful arrests and excessive use of authority. He has since been acquitted of most of the charges.
On Thursday morning, the police court was expected to deliver its ruling over the case. But officers guarding the court were seen battering journalists at Naguru Police Headquarters as they awaited the ruling.
The IGP said he doesn't condone assaulting journalists and advised those who were beaten to seek redress.
"An assault is a criminal act; whoever assaults a journalist commits a crime which has to be investigated," he said.


Centenary thanksgiving service in our founding church. Witness the Vicar juggle, mixed generations pitch a tent front and back of church, view many people trying to work out where photos went on a timeline (and which knots to use to tie them on) and so much more.
Despite the fact the GSL had lost his voice, it was still a lively and fast moving service which really celebrated the Group and what Scouting means to us all and how much difference it makes in our lives.
If you were there you will know what I am talking about, if not have a look at this small taste of the service.
Congratulations also go to Richard who was awarded his wood beads and to Lynx Troop who saw their colours dedicated.
Afterward we all retired to the HQ for tea, coffee, cake and history. A great social time and a wonderful way to round off the weekend.


text:
Early Prognosis: Baker Mayfield Likely Done for the Season
Cleveland Browns quarterback, Baker Mayfield, absorbs a punishing sack from Arizona Cardinals defensive end, J.J. Watt
Photo Credit: Brownswire.USAToday.com
Cleveland Browns quarterback Baker Mayfield is as tough and resilient as they come. There's simply no quit in this unconquerable Texas native who's in his fourth year as the Browns field general.
Typically, any setback he faces, only means he roars back the following week like a Category 4 hurricane, usually silencing his critics in a blink of an eye. If you remember, Mayfield was met with boos and hollers last year when he overthrew some easy targets early in the season. His confidence was never shaken and bounced back with some star-studded performances, leaving his critics speechless.
That's the charm of this blue-collar quarterback playing in a blue-collar town: both were made for each other, a marriage made in heaven. Mayfield won't be confused with Tom Brady or Joe Montana, but his work ethic, raw talent, and unabashed confidence is well suited to this Rust Belt city.
Unfortunately, as tough as he is, multiple shoulder injuries he sustained in the first few weeks of the young season--left him sidelined in week seven against the Denver Broncos who visited the shores of Lake Erie on Thursday night.
Not only were the Browns without Baker Mayfield, hamstring injuries sidelined their two workhorses in the backfield: Nick Chubb and Kareem Hunt.
Thanks to the serviceable job turned in by backup quarterback, Case Keenum, (now on his 8th NFL team since 2012) and the spectacular running performance of D'Ernest Johnson (rushing for 146 yards and 1 TD), the Browns broke their two-game losing streak with a 17-14 win to put them at 4-3 for the season.
The Browns now face three formidable opponents in the coming weeks: they'll be in Pittsburgh on October 31 followed by two home games against Cincinnati (November 7) and New England (November 14th). Two of those three opponents, of course, are division rivals.
The question now becomes will Mayfield be healthy enough to battle through his injuries and return as the Browns starting quarterback?
That's been a mighty big question mark all week.
Mayfield suffered a fully torn labrum (cartilage that is attached to the shoulder socket rim) in week two of the season. He mentioned to reporters, he was experiencing some "fraying in the shoulder." If that wasn't alarming enough, the Browns quarterback recently admitted to reporters that he fractured the humerus bone at the top of the non-throwing shoulder when the Browns played the Los Angeles Chargers in Week 5 of the season, compliments of a J.J. Watt strip sack.
So, now Baker Mayfield is dealing with multiple fractures. Early indications are is that he's determined to play though the injuries and schedule surgery after the season is over. Head coach Kevin Stefanski told reporters in his post-game press conference after the Denver game that he hasn't made any decision on whether Mayfield will start on October 31 and will rely, heavily, on the advice of his medical team.
Curious about the severity of Mayfield's injuries, I consulted with a few sports medicine specialists who deal with elbow and shoulder surgeries.
Not knowing all the minute specifics of Mayfield's injuries, their prognosis, nonetheless, was not encouraging.
Josef K. Eichinger, an M.D. in sports medicine, shoulder and elbow surgery, and Professor of Orthopaedics at the Medical University of South Carolina, said that Mayfield should strongly consider surgery. "My money," Eichinger told me, "would be on him being out for the remainder of the season. The multiple dislocations are a real concern. Cumulative dislocations can result in additional bone loss and can change the nature of surgery. "
Eichinger went on to explain that, typically, you can play through a torn labrum, but the fracture Mayfield suffered will require a minimum of 6-8 weeks (or longer to heal).
Amit Momaya, M.D. in the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery at the Heersink School of Medicine at the University of Alabama Birmingham, thinks players with greater tuberosity fractures can return as early as a few weeks. "The danger," Dr. Amit warns, "is that repeated dislocations can result in glenoid (socket) bone loss in terms of long-term damage, which can make surgery more involved. In addition, a repeat injury to a healing fracture may result in displacement, thus requiring surgery."
My guess is that Baker Mayfield will follow the sound advice of his medical team and opt for surgery immediately, meaning he'll miss the rest of the season. With 10 bruising opponents still to come, I don't see the sense of jeopardizing his long-term health so early into his promising career.
He's still a young athlete, only 26, whose long-term contract still hangs in the balance. Why risk playing through the rest of the year with the chance he'll never be the same again?
It's a crying shame that Mayfield's season is most likely over. He recently took to social media (as did his wife, Emily) to answer critics who made some vicious comments about his mediocre play in week four and five of the season. It was during those weeks that Mayfield was suffering from a torn labrum (in his non-throwing arm) but never made it an excuse. He still faced toxic comments on Twitter after the Los Angeles Chargers loss in week five despite throwing for over 300 yards, two touchdown passes, and no interceptions.
What's so ridiculous about all this back and forth about Mayfield and whether he's a franchise quarterback is that we wouldn't even be having this conversation if the Browns defense hadn't played so poorly over the last few weeks.
Over the last three games, the Browns defense has surrendered 98 points. How's a team supposed to be successful with those kinds of numbers, regardless of who's the quarterback. During the Browns lopsided loss (37-14) to the Arizona Cardinals in week six, the Cardinals offense scored on every possession in the first half. That's just plain disgraceful, which raises serious questions whether this team is playoff bound with such a broken-down, disheveled defense.
Over the last few weeks, including the Denver win on Thursday, opposing quarterbacks just seem to be able to slice and dice their way through the Browns secondary without much effort, like a knife through butter. It's simply painful to watch.
And yet, all the idle chatter among Cleveland fans is whether Baker Mayfield is a franchise quarterback.
The Kansas City Chiefs have dropped four out of their last six games. I don't hear Chief fans calling for Pat Mahomes head--even though he's thrown eight interceptions, five more than Baker Mayfield. Mahomes completion percentage (69.00), moreover, is just a tick above Mayfield's (67.1).
The same goes for Aaron Rodgers, the Green Bay Packers quarterback. Rodger's completion percentage stands at 66.7, just below Mayfield's. And while Mayfield might not have as many touchdown passes as his equals, few teams have the firepower in the backfield like the Browns have with Nick Chubb and Kareem Hunt who have a combined nine rushing touchdowns this year. In baseball lingo, these two freight trains represent the Ruth and Gehrig of the NFL. Not many teams have the luxury that Mayfield does in having such a strong backfield to punch the ball into the endzone.
While Browns fans are railing against Baker Mayfield, they should be reminded that this team absorbed 12 consecutive losing seasons before last year. The last time they had a winning season, prior to 2000, was in 2007. In addition, the Browns, last year, with Baker Mayfield as their quarterback, advanced to the playoffs for the first time since 2002. They upset the Pittsburgh Steelers, 48-37, in the NFL Wild Card game before losing to the Kansas City Chiefs (22-17) in the NFL Divisional round.
Browns fans should also remind themselves that before Baker came on the scene, there was a habitual defeatist attitude cascading through Northeast Ohio, so convinced that the Browns would never taste success. Mayfield changed the whole narrative in Cleveland. For the first time in quite some time, fans expect the Browns to win and win often. Mayfield is a no excuses type of guy, the first in the office in the morning, and the last to leave at night (as head coach Kevin Stefanski once explained), working his tail off to make Cleveland proud of the Browns again, much like it was during the glory days of Otto Graham and Jim Brown.
I'll keep praying, that by some miracle, Baker Mayfield does return to lead the Browns this year. But if he doesn't, the Browns can expect brighter days ahead if he's signed to a long-term contract and made our franchise quarterback for many years to come.
Do we really have to count how many quarterbacks the Browns went through before Mayfield was drafted in the first round of the 2018 NFL draft?
If you insist on knowing, 28 different starting quarterbacks suited up for the Browns since 1999, the year they re-entered the NFL.
Given all that Mayfield has accomplished over the last few seasons in helping propel the Browns into a winning team, with a winning attitude, together with a tinge of swagger, I think he deserves a great deal more respect than what he's been shown (by some belligerent so-called fans) over the last few weeks.
Baker Mayfield and his wife, Emily (Wilkinson) Mayfield took to social media to answer critics
Posted at 07:12 PM in Cleveland Browns, NFL, Sports | Permalink | Comments (0)
Is There No Room for Frankie and Hosey in Football Crazed Cleveland?
Cleveland Browns quarterback Baker Mayfield (6) lunges forward for a first down at First Energy Stadium on Sunday in a game against the Cincinnati Bengals.
Photo Credit: UPI
Baker is indeed the man.
No doubt about it. The Oklahoma quarterback and the Cleveland Browns no. 1 pick has propelled his team to a 7-7-1 record, improving to 5-2-1 at home, and marking the first time the Browns have been .500 or better at this point of a season since 2007.
With 24 touchdown passes this season, the Austin, Texas native has moved within two of the rookie records held by Peyton Manning and Russell Wilson.
Ever since the rookie quarterback assumed center stage in week 3 of the season in a Thursday night nationally televised game against the New York Jets, replacing an injured Tyrod Taylor and heroically bringing the Browns back from a two-touchdown deficit, Baker has been the talk of the town. The Browns beat the Jets, 21-17, officially ending their losing streak at 19 games or 635 days.
Mayfield started the next game (week 4) and has never looked back. Since 1999, he's become the 30th starting quarterback for the Cleveland Browns.
The Browns final home game at First Energy Stadium pretty much sealed Mayfield's stature in Cleveland as the new icon; giving the Browns fresh hope that their 16-season playoff drought may soon come to an end (beginning next season) with Baker as their Knight and shining armor and formidable field general.
In the Brown 28-16 win over the Bengals last Sunday in front of a sold out First Energy crowd on a cold December afternoon, Mayfield went 27 of 37 for 284 yards with three touchdowns and no interceptions for a rating of 121.9.
Soon after the Browns win over the Bengals, their first sweep of the Bengals since 2002 and first sweep of any AFC North opponent since 2007, fans have taken to Twitter, posting that Baker is now the new undisputed sports hero in Cleveland, replacing LeBron James, who departed to La La Land at the end of the 2017 season.
Here are some tweets that were splashed across Twitter on Sunday
@ColeBuckus
Baker Mayfield is the new LeBron
Eric Spicer
@eric_spicer2
Baker Mayfield is already bigger in Cleveland than LeBron ever was. It shows how much more important the Browns are than every other Cleveland sport.
@Smittyupsman
Time to put Baker and the #Browns banner up on the side of the building in Cleveland, this is a Football town!!! LeBron who???
Complete nonsense! roars this blogger from the peanut gallery.
Hailing Baker the new King of Cleveland wasn't limited to Twitter.
"Baker Mayfield is just the gift Cleveland fans needed this season, especially in the wake of LeBron James' departure,'' Mary Kay Cabot, Browns beat writer for Cleveland.com, wrote.
As amazing as Baker Mayfield has been, have Cleveland sports fans really forgotten about the left field of the Cleveland Indians infield as far as star power and heroics goes, two remarkable athletes, who have been every bit as dramatic as Mayfield's heroics? But somehow the spectacular accomplishments and frequent web gems of Francisco Lindor and José Ramírez gets overlooked, time and again, in this football crazed town.
Do we really have to review the feats and triumphs of Frankie Lindor and Hosey over the last few seasons to demonstrate just how incredible they have been?
Shouldn't Cleveland fans be tweeting until they run out of characters that Lindor and Ramirez were largely the reason the Indians advanced (in 2016) to their first World Series since 1997. The dynamic duo have become, moreover, the first two players in Indians franchise history to collect at least 35 home runs, 35 doubles, 90 RBI 's and 25 stolen bases.
Lindor and Ramírez have become the first switch-hitting teammates in MLB history to both reach 30 HR's; they're also recognized for becoming the first switch-hitting teammates in MLB history with 20 home runs and 20 stolen bases.
As a stadium usher, I've attended a number of Indians' games at Progressive Field since 2011. I never recall a more dramatic home run then when Lindor cracked a grand slam against the New York Yankees in Game 2 of the ALDS in 2017. The Indians stormed back from behind to win, 9-8, in 13 innings. Unfortunately, the Indians lost the remaining three games of the Series and were ousted from post-season play.
Still, Frankie's majestic blast made Progressive Field rumble on one memorable late afternoon; it was arguably one of the most dramatic, ear-splitting, home runs I ever witnessed at Progressive Field.
That blast alone in the 2017 ALDS should have placed Frankie right next to the King, LeBron.
But once again, Cleveland fans determined LeBron was the only real game in town.
Lindor continued his spectacular gallantry in the 2018 campaign; putting together six multi-homer games, tying him with Manny Machado for second most in the Majors behind Khris Davis (7).
The Indians advanced to the ALDS in 2018, but were quickly devoured by the Houston Astros in three games. Still, despite the Indians quick exit from the post-season, Lindor provided some offensive thunder, batting .364 with two home runs.
Somehow, José Ramirez hasn't risen to the rock star status as his Puerto Rican teammate, Francisco Lindor, but he's as equally as lethal at the plate with equally superior defensive skills at third base, a mighty hot corner.
And fans across the country have taken notice.
Ramirez was voted to the starting lineup of the All-Star game in consecutive years, something that hasn't been accomplished in Cleveland since Al Rosen in 1953 and 1954.
Hosey, moreover, set a club record with 29 first-half homers, tying him with Lance Berkman and Mickey Mantle for the most in MLB history by a switch-hitter.
It's not many teams who can boast players like Ramírez and Lindor who both belted 10 home runs in one month in becoming the first Indians to accomplish such a feat since Jim Thome and Karim García in 2002.
José Ramírez (on left) and Francisco Lindor, the dynamic duo of the Tribe's infield.
Photo Credit: SI.com
And consider this stat from ESPN: "José Ramírez and Francisco Lindor are the first teammates to each get 80 extra-base hits in consecutive seasons since Joe DiMaggio and Lou Gehrig did so for the Yankees in 1936-37."
How's that for star power?
Amazingly, all this seems to have fallen deep beneath the surface among the sports fans in Cleveland.
If Frankie and Hosey were playing in New York, Boston, or L.A., I can't imagine them being overlooked in any of those respective cities the way they are overlooked in Cleveland.
Yes, Baker is amazing, LeBron was phenomenal, but PLEASE, let's not forget about Frankie Lindor and José Ramirez, two All-Stars and potential Hall of Famers who somehow are not considered iconic figures who tower over the city like Baker currently does and Lebron once did.
They are every inch the Kings Lebron was and Baker purports to be.
Posted at 10:45 PM in Baseball, Cleveland Browns, Cleveland History, Cleveland Indians, Sports | Permalink | Comments (0)
Week 6: Cleveland Browns: By the Numbers
TE Jordan Cameron had a big day for the Browns; three receptions for 102 yards, including a 51-yard touchdown. Photo Credit: Gregory Shamus / Getty Images North America.
Even with LeBron back in town, Cleveland is still Browns' town.
In front of 67,431 barking and howling fans at FirstEngergy Stadium, and under a bright blue sky, Brian Hoyer, the Browns able field general, matriculated his team down the field with flair and spectacular force, completing 8 of 17 passes for 217 yards with one touchdown, and no interceptions as the Browns cruised to a 31-10 win over the Pittsburgh Steelers (3-3); but more importantly, bumped their arch rivals to the cellar in the AFC North.
The roars for Johnny Manziel have grown fainter with each passing week. The new mantra in Cleveland is no longer Johnny Football, but Brian's Song. And with each pass from this St. Ignatius alum, it's nothing but sweet music to the ears of the Browns faithful.
Interestingly, the way the game started, this had the makings of an all too familiar setting to Browns fans: watching the Steelers run over their team like a runaway freight train.
The Browns, after all, were a unspectacular minus-eight yards of offense in the first quarter. The Steelers scampered down the field for a quick three points, and on another series they looked poised to tack on another 3 before a botched snap went awry.
That's when Hoyer gathered himself and packed some explosive offensive punch, connecting with Jordan Cameron on a 42-yard strike (leading to a five-yard touchdown run by Isaiah Crowell); and then connected with Cameron again who caught a laser over cornerback Cortez Allen and rumbled into the end zone for a 51-yard touchdown.
Before intermission, running back Ben Tate sliced through the teeth of the Pittsburgh defense for a five yard touchdown and a shocking 21-3 Browns lead. By the time both teams headed for the locker room, the damage had been done; the Browns were rolling like a Category 5 Hurricane and the Steelers were its hapless victims.
Billy Cundiff punched through a 41-yard field goal in the third; Tate added another touchdown run (1-yard) in the fourth quarter before the Steelers finally broke through with their first touchdown of the day when Ben Rothlisberger connected on a 26-yard TD pass to Lance Moor with only 2: 36 remaining in the game.
Big Ben really didn't have an answer for the Browns smothering defense; he was sacked twice, threw an interception and completed a pedestrian 21 of 42 passes. The loss was only Roethlisberger's second in 20 games against Cleveland.
Steelers head coach Mike Tomlin in his post-game press conference, acknowledged ``the Browns executed their game plan much better than we did ours. For that I give them credit.'' Browns head coach Mike Pettine, meanwhile, said the Browns win was huge. ``It was a special day for our team and for the city of Cleveland.''
As impressive as this win was for the Browns (3-2), it didn't come without a crushing loss. Center Alex Mack, a two-time Pro Bowler, who started and played in each of the first 85 games of his career, suffered a broken fibula in his left leg in the second quarter and is likely lost for the season.
A Footnote: Since trailing 27-3 at halftime in the season opener at Heinz Field, the Browns outscored the Steelers 55-13 over the next six quarters.
• Over the past six quarters, Cleveland has outscored its opponents 50-10.
• Having scored only four rushing touchdowns all of last year, The Browns already have eight rushing touchdowns on the season. The eight rushing scores are the teams most through the first five games of a season since 1971, when the team had nine.
• The Browns have scored at least 21 points in every game this season. The last time the team scored at least 21 points in the first five games of a season was 1969, when the team accomplished the feat in each of the first seven games.
• QB Brian Hoyer completed 8 of 17 passes for 217 yards with one touchdown, no interceptions and a 113.0 rating. He improved to 6-2 as a starter for the Browns and 4-1 at home. This season, he owns a 99.5 quarterback rating with seven touchdowns and one interception.
• TE Jordan Cameron recorded three receptions for 102 yards, including a 51-yard touchdown. This marks the Browns' first 100-yard receiving game of the season and the third of Cameron's career.
• LB Karlos Dansby recorded a game-high 11 tackles and added his second sack of the season. He has 40 sacks in his career.
• DL Desmond Bryant recorded his first sack of the season and 16th of his career.
• C Alex Mack has started and played in each of the first 85 games of his career. Following a lower leg injury in the second quarter, Mack missed the first offensive snaps of his career, a stretch that consisted of 5,279 consecutive plays.
K Billy Cundiff converted a 40-yard field goal and all four PATs. He is 7 of 9 on field goal attempts the season and 15 for 15 on extra points.
-Compiled by Bill Lucey
Source: The Cleveland Browns
Posted at 10:06 PM in Cleveland Browns, NFL | Permalink | Comments (0)
The Cleveland Browns; not the Cardiac Kids, the Comeback Kids!
Cleveland Browns head coach Mike Pettine must have the mother of all half-time pep talks; the way his team stormed back against the Steelers in week 1 (in Pittsburgh) after erasing a 27-3 half-time deficit, only to lose on a last second field goal; and then today (at Tennessee), down 28-3 in the 2nd quarter, to roar back with a vengeance to stun the Titans, 29-28.
A mighty impressive comeback.
Cleveland Browns: Week 5: Facts and Stats
Sunday's game marked the largest come-from-behind win in Browns history. The 25-point comeback is the largest by a road team in NFL history.
Sunday was the Browns' first road victory since Week 3 last year at Minnesota on Sept. 22.
Head Coach Mike Pettine threw the challenge flag for the first time in his career and won.
The Browns have scored at least 21 points in all four games this season.
The last time the Browns scored at least 21 points in the first four games of a season was 1969, when the team accomplished the feat in each of the first seven games.
Field General Brian Hoyer completed 21 of 37 passes for 292 yards with three touchdowns, one interception and a 98.0 rating, improving to 5-2 as a starter for the Browns, including three two-minute game-winning drives.
In the fourth quarter, Hoyer threw his first interception of the season, snapping a streak of 189 consecutive attempts without an interception, the third-longest streak in Browns history.
In his first action since suffering a knee injury in Week 1, Running Back Ben Tate rushed for a career-high 123 yards.
WR Travis Benjamin recorded four receptions for 48 yards and a career-high two touchdowns, including the game-winning 6-yard score with 1:09 remaining.
Browns LB Tank Carder blocked a fourth quarter punt that resulted in a safety, making it the Browns' first blocked punt since Nov. 30, 2003 (at Seattle) and first safety since Nov. 22, 2009 (at Detroit).
Browns TE Jim Dray had three receptions for 25 yards, including a 1-yard touchdown, his third of his career and first as a member of the Browns.
Browns LB Jabaal Sheard recorded his second sack of the season. Sheard has led the teams in sacks the past three seasons; with 23 career sacks, moving him into ninth place on the Browns all-time sacks list.
C Alex Mack has started and played in each of the first 84 games of his career. He hasn't missed an offensive snap during his career, a stretch of 5,263 plays.
Rookie WR Taylor Gabriel recorded career highs in receptions (4) and receiving yards (95).
K Billy Cundiff converted on field goals of 38 and 42 yards, making him 6 of 8 on the season.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Provisional designation in astronomy
Designation of an astronomical body after its discovery and before its official name
Yearly number of provisional minor planet designations assigned by the MPC since 1990. As of May 2019[update], a total of 1,426,477 designations have been assigned since 1869.[1]
Provisional designation in astronomy is the naming convention applied to astronomical objects immediately following their discovery. The provisional designation is usually superseded by a permanent designation once a reliable orbit has been calculated. Approximately 47% of the more than 1,100,000 known minor planets[2] remain provisionally designated, as hundreds of thousands have been discovered in the last two decades.[3]
Minor planets[]
For the permanent instead of the provisional designation for minor planets, see Minor planet designation.
The current system of provisional designation of minor planets (asteroids, centaurs and trans-Neptunian objects) has been in place since 1925. It superseded several previous conventions, each of which was in turn rendered obsolete by the increasing numbers of minor planet discoveries. A modern or new-style provisional designation consists of the year of discovery, followed by two letters and, possibly, a suffixed number.[4]
New-style provisional designation[]
For example, the provisional designation 2016 EK156 stands for the 3910th body identified during 1–15 March 2016:
2016 – the first element indicates the year of discovery.
E – the first letter indicates the half-month of the object's discovery within that year and ranges from A (first half of January) to Y (second half of December), while the letters I and Z are not used (see table below). The first half is always the 1st through to the 15th of the month, regardless of the numbers of days in the second "half". Thus, E indicates the period from March 1 to 15.[4][5]
K156 – the second letter and a numerical suffix indicate the order of discovery within that half-month. The first 25 discoveries of the half-month only receive a letter (A to Z) without a suffix, while the letter I is not used (to avoid potential confusions with the digit 1). Because modern techniques typically yield hundreds if not thousands of discoveries per half-month, the subscript number is appended to indicate the number of times that the letters from A to Z have cycled through. The suffix 156 indicates 156 completed cycles (156 cycles × 25 letters = 3900), while K is the 10th position in the current cycle. Thus, K156 stands for the 3910th minor planet discovered in a half-month.
The packed form of 2016 EK156 is written as K16EF6K.
First letter [4][5]
January February March April May June July August September October November December —
1–15 16–31 1–15 16–29 1–15 16–31 1–15 16–30 1–15 16–31 1–15 16–30 1–15 16–31 1–15 16–31 1–15 16–30 1–15 16–31 1–15 16–30 1–15 16–31 —
Second letter
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300 25n
This scheme is now also used retrospectively for pre-1925 discoveries. For these, the first digit of the year is replaced by an A.[4] For example, A801 AA indicates the first object discovered in the first half of January 1801 (1 Ceres).[6]
Further explanations[]
During the first half-month of January 2014, the first minor planet identification was assigned the provisional designation 2014 AA. Then the assignment continued to the end of the cycle at 2014 AZ, which was in turn followed by the first identification of the second cycle, 2014 AA1. The assignment in this second cycle continued with 2014 AB1, 2014 AC1, 2014 AD1... until 2014 AZ1, and then was continued with 2014 AA2 the first item in the third cycle. With the beginning of a new half-month on 16 January 2014, the first letter changed to "B", and the series started with 2014 BA.
An idiosyncrasy of this system is that the second letter is listed before the number, even though the second letter is considered "least-significant". This is in contrast to most of the world's numbering systems. This idiosyncrasy is not seen, however, in the so-called packed form (packed designation).
A packed designation has no spaces. It may also use letters to codify for the designation's year and subscript number. It is frequently used in online and electronic documents. For example, the provisional designation 2007 TA418 is written as K07Tf8A in the packed form, where "K07" stands for the year 2007, and "f8" for the subscript number 418.
90377 Sedna, a large trans-Neptunian object, had the provisional designation 2003 VB12, meaning it was identified in the first half of November 2003 (as indicated by the letter "V"), and that it was the 302nd object identified during that time, as 12 cycles of 25 letters give 300, and the letter "B" is the second position in the current cycle.
Survey designations do not follow the rules for new-style provisional designations.
For technical reasons, such as ASCII limitations, the numerical suffix is not always subscripted, but sometimes "flattened out", so that 1989 SG1 can also be written as 1989 SG1.
A very busy half month was the second half of January 2015 (letter "B"), which saw a total of 14,208 new minor planet identifications as of May 2019[update]. One of the last assignments in this period was 2015 BH568 and corresponds to the 14,208th position in the sequence.[1]
Survey designations[]
For the packed notation, see § Packed survey designations.
Minor planets discovered during the Palomar–Leiden survey including three subsequent Trojan-campaigns, which altogether discovered more than 4,000 asteroids and Jupiter trojans between 1960 and 1977,[7] have custom designations that consist of a number (order in the survey) followed by a space and one of the following identifiers:[4][5]
P-L Palomar–Leiden survey (1960–1970)
T-1 Palomar–Leiden Trojan survey (1971)
For example, the asteroid 6344 P-L is the 6344th minor planet in the original Palomar–Leiden survey, while the asteroid 4835 T-1 was discovered during the first Trojan-campaign. The majority of these bodies have since been assigned a number and many are already named.
Historical designations[]
Further information: Astronomical symbol § Symbols for asteroids, and Astronomical symbol § Symbols for trans-Neptunian objects
The first four minor planets were discovered in the early 19th century, after which there was a lengthy gap before the discovery of the fifth. Astronomers initially had no reason to believe that there would be countless thousands of minor planets, and strove to assign a symbol to each new discovery, in the tradition of the symbols used for the major planets. For example, 1 Ceres was assigned a stylized sickle (⚳), 2 Pallas a stylized lance or spear (⚴), 3 Juno a scepter (⚵), and 4 Vesta an altar with a sacred fire ( ).[8] All had various graphic forms, some of considerable complexity.
It soon became apparent, though, that continuing to assign symbols was impractical and provided no assistance when the number of known minor planets was in the dozens. Johann Franz Encke introduced a new system in the Berliner Astronomisches Jahrbuch (BAJ) for 1854, published in 1851, in which he used encircled numbers instead of symbols. Encke's system began the numbering with Astrea which was given the number (1) and went through (11) Eunomia, while Ceres, Pallas, Juno and Vesta continued to be denoted by symbols, but in the following year's BAJ, the numbering was changed so that Astraea was number (5).
The new system found popularity among astronomers, and since then, the final designation of a minor planet is a number indicating its order of discovery followed by a name. Even after the adoption of this system, though, several more minor planets received symbols, including 28 Bellona the morning star and lance of Mars' martial sister,[9] 35 Leukothea an ancient lighthouse[10] and 37 Fides a Latin cross ( ).[11] According to Webster's A Dictionary of the English Language, four more minor planets were also given symbols: 16 Psyche, 17 Thetis, 26 Proserpina, and 29 Amphitrite.[12] However, there is no evidence that these symbols were ever used outside of their initial publication in the Astronomische Nachrichten.
134340 Pluto is an exception: it is a high-numbered minor planet that received a graphical symbol with significant astronomical use (♇), because it was considered a major planet on its discovery, and did not receive a minor planet number until 2006.
Graphical symbols continue to be used for some minor planets, and assigned for some recently discovered larger ones, mostly by astrologers (see astronomical symbol and astrological symbol). Three centaurs – 2060 Chiron, 5145 Pholus, and 7066 Nessus – and the other seven large trans-Neptunian dwarf planets – 50000 Quaoar, 90377 Sedna, 90482 Orcus, 136108 Haumea, 136199 Eris, 136472 Makemake, and 225088 Gonggong – have relatively standard symbols among astrologers: the symbols for Haumea, Makemake, and Eris have even been occasionally used in astronomy.[13] However, such symbols are generally not in use among astronomers.[14]
Genesis of the current system[]
Several different notation and symbolic schemes were used during the latter half of the nineteenth century, but the present form first appeared in the journal Astronomische Nachrichten (AN) in 1892. New numbers were assigned by the AN on receipt of a discovery announcement, and a permanent designation was then assigned once an orbit had been calculated for the new object.
At first, the provisional designation consisted of the year of discovery followed by a letter indicating the sequence of the discovery, but omitting the letter I (historically, sometimes J was omitted instead). Under this scheme, 333 Badenia was initially designated 1892 A, 163 Erigone was 1892 B, etc. In 1893, though, increasing numbers of discoveries forced the revision of the system to use double letters instead, in the sequence AA, AB... AZ, BA and so on. The sequence of double letters was not restarted each year, so that 1894 AQ followed 1893 AP and so on. In 1916, the letters reached ZZ and, rather than starting a series of triple-letter designations, the double-letter series was restarted with 1916 AA.[4]
Because a considerable amount of time could sometimes elapse between exposing the photographic plates of an astronomical survey and actually spotting a small Solar System object on them (witness the story of Phoebe's discovery), or even between the actual discovery and the delivery of the message (from some far-flung observatory) to the central authority, it became necessary to retrofit discoveries into the sequence — to this day, discoveries are still dated based on when the images were taken, and not on when a human realised they were looking at something new. In the double-letter scheme, this was not generally possible once designations had been assigned in a subsequent year. The scheme used to get round this problem was rather clumsy and used a designation consisting of the year and a lower-case letter in a manner similar to the old provisional-designation scheme for comets. For example, 1915 a (note that there is a space between the year and the letter to distinguish this designation from the old-style comet designation 1915a, Mellish's first comet of 1915), 1917 b. In 1914 designations of the form year plus Greek letter were used in addition.
Temporary minor planet designations[]
Temporary designations are custom designation given by an observer or discovering observatory prior to the assignment of a provisional designation by the MPC.[15] These intricate designations were used prior to the Digital Age, when communication was slow or even impossible (e.g. during WWI). The listed temporary designations by observatory/observer use uppercase and lowercase letters (LETTER, letter), digits, numbers and years, as well Roman numerals (ROM) and Greek letters (greek).[15]
Temp. designation
Algiers Obs. Alger LETTER Alger A, Alger CM
Alg LETTER Alg A, Alg CM
Alma-Ata Alma-Ata [Nr.] number Alma-Ata Nr. 1
year A number 1952 A1, A1
Arequipa Arequipa letter Arequipa a
Areq letter Areq a
Arequipa number Arequipa 17
Areq number Areq 17
Belgrade Obs. year letter [(Beograd)] 1956 x (Beograd), 1956 x
Lowell Obs.
(Flagstaff) A number A0, A7
Heidelberg Obs. Wolf [Nr.] number Wolf Nr. 18, Wolf 18
Wolf letter Wolf u
Wolf greek Wolf alpha
Heid number Heid 1, Heid 234
Johannesburg Obs. LETTER A, E
G number G 1, G 21
T number T 9, T 16
Kyoto-Kwasan number 1, 6
La Plata Obs. [La Plata] year ROM La Plata 1951 I, 1951 I
[La Plata] year LETTER La Plata 1950 G, 1950 G
Lick [Asteroid] LETTER Asteroid B, B
Mount Wilson Obs. [Asteroid] LETTER Asteroid A, A
Purple Mountain Obs.
(Nanking) P.O. number P.O. 32, P.O. 189
PO number PO 32, PO 189
Crimean Astrophysical Obs.
(Nauchnij) N number N1
K number K1, K3423
Simeiz Obs. [1942] SIGMA K number 1942 SIGMA K1, SIGMA K1
[1942] SIG K number 1942 SIG K1, SIG K1
sigma number sigma 1, sigma 229
Taunton Obs. Taunton digit Taunton 83
Tokyo-Mitaka Tokyo LETTER Tokyo B
Tokyo letter Tokyo b
Tokyo number Tokyo 20
Tokyo year LETTER Tokyo 1954 D
Turku Obs. T- number T-1, T-774
Uccle Obs. letter [(Uccle)] p (Uccle), p
letter number [(Uccle)] x2 (Uccle), x2
[ year] U number 1945 U 12, U 12
Washington year W digit 1917 W 15, 1923 W 21
Yerkes Obs. Y.O. number Y.O. 23
YO number YO 23
Comets[]
Main article: Naming of comets
The system used for comets was complex previous to 1995. Originally, the year was followed by a space and then a Roman numeral (indicating the sequence of discovery) in most cases, but difficulties always arose when an object needed to be placed between previous discoveries. For example, after Comet 1881 III and Comet 1881 IV might be reported, an object discovered in between the discovery dates but reported much later couldn't be designated "Comet 1881 III½". More commonly comets were known by the discoverer's name and the year. An alternate scheme also listed comets in order of time of perihelion passage, using lower-case letters; thus "Comet Faye" (modern designation 4P/Faye) was both Comet 1881 I (first comet to pass perihelion in 1881) and Comet 1880c (third comet to be discovered in 1880).
The system since 1995 is similar to the provisional designation of minor planets.[16] For comets, the provisional designation consists of the year of discovery, a space, one letter (unlike the minor planets with two) indicating the half-month of discovery within that year (A=first half of January, B=second half of January, etc. skipping I (to avoid confusion with the number 1 or the numeral I) and not reaching Z), and finally a number (not subscripted as with minor planets), indicating the sequence of discovery within the half-month. Thus, the eighth comet discovered in the second half of March 2006 would be given the provisional designation 2006 F8, whilst the tenth comet of late March would be 2006 F10.
If a comet splits, its segments are given the same provisional designation with a suffixed letter A, B, C, ..., Z, AA, AB, AC...
If an object is originally found asteroidal, and later develops a cometary tail, it retains its asteroidal designation. For example, minor planet 1954 PC turned out to be Comet Faye, and we thus have "4P/1954 PC" as one of the designations of said comet. Similarly, minor planet 1999 RE70 was reclassified as a comet, and because it was discovered by LINEAR, it is now known as 176P/LINEAR (LINEAR 52) and (118401) LINEAR.
Provisional designations for comets are given condensed or "packed form" in the same manner as minor planets. 2006 F8, if a periodic comet, would be listed in the IAU Minor Planet Database as PK06F080. The last character is purposely a zero, as that allows comet and minor planet designations not to overlap.
Periodic comets[]
Comets are assigned one of four possible prefixes as a rough classification. The prefix "P" (as in, for example, P/1997 C1, a.k.a. Comet Gehrels 4) designates a "periodic comet", one which has an orbital period of less than 200 years or which has been observed during more than a single perihelion passage (e.g. 153P/Ikeya-Zhang, whose period is 367 years). They receive a permanent number prefix after their second observed perihelion passage (see List of periodic comets).
Non-periodic comets[]
Comets which do not fulfill the "periodic" requirements receive the "C" prefix (e.g. C/2006 P1, the Great Comet of 2007). Comets initially labeled as "non-periodic" may, however, switch to "P" if they later fulfill the requirements.
Comets which have been lost or have disintegrated are prefixed "D" (e.g. D/1993 F2, Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9).
Finally, comets for which no reliable orbit could be calculated, but are known from historical records, are prefixed "X" as in, for example, X/1106 C1. (Also see List of non-periodic comets and List of hyperbolic comets.)
Satellites and rings of planets[]
When satellites or rings are first discovered, they are given provisional designations such as "S/2000 J 11" (the 11th new satellite of Jupiter discovered in 2000), "S/2005 P 1" (the first new satellite of Pluto discovered in 2005), or "R/2004 S 2" (the second new ring of Saturn discovered in 2004). The initial "S/" or "R/" stands for "satellite" or "ring", respectively, distinguishing the designation from the prefixes "C/", "D/", "P/", and "X/" used for comets. These designations are sometimes written as "S/2005 P1", dropping the second space.
The prefix "S/" indicates a natural satellite, and is followed by a year (using the year when the discovery image was acquired, not necessarily the date of discovery). A one-letter code written in upper case identifies the planet such as J and S for Jupiter and Saturn, respectively (see list of one-letter abbreviations), and then a number identifies sequentially the observation. For example, Naiad, the innermost moon of Neptune, was at first designated "S/1989 N 6". Later, once its existence and orbit were confirmed, it received its full designation, "Neptune III Naiad".
The Roman numbering system arose with the very first discovery of natural satellites other than Earth's Moon: Galileo referred to the Galilean moons as I through IV (counting from Jupiter outward), in part to spite his rival Simon Marius, who had proposed the names now adopted. Similar numbering schemes naturally arose with the discovery of moons around Saturn and Uranus. Although the numbers initially designated the moons in orbital sequence, new discoveries soon failed to conform with this scheme (e.g. "Jupiter V" is Amalthea, which orbits closer to Jupiter than does Io). The unstated convention then became, at the close of the 19th century, that the numbers more or less reflected the order of discovery, except for prior historical exceptions (see the Timeline of discovery of Solar System planets and their natural satellites). The convention has been extended to natural satellites of minor planets, such as "(87) Sylvia I Romulus".
Moons of minor planets[]
The provisional designation system for minor planet satellites, such as asteroid moons, follows that established for the satellites of the major planets. With minor planets, the planet letter code is replaced by the minor planet number in parentheses. Thus, the first observed moon of 87 Sylvia, discovered in 2001, was at first designated S/2001 (87) 1, later receiving its permanent designation of (87) Sylvia I Romulus. Where more than one moon has been discovered, Roman numerals specify the discovery sequence, so that Sylvia's second moon is designated (87) Sylvia II Remus.
Since Pluto was reclassified in 2006, discoveries of Plutonian moons since then follow the minor-planet system: thus Nix and Hydra, discovered in 2005, were S/2005 P 2 and S/2005 P 1, but Kerberos and Styx, discovered in 2011 and 2012 respectively, were S/2011 (134340) 1 and S/2012 (134340) 1. That said, there has been some unofficial use of the formats "S/2011 P 1" and "S/2012 P 1".[17][18]
Packed designation[]
Packed designations are used in online and electronic documents as well as databases.
Packed minor planet designation[]
The Orbit Database (MPCORB)[19] of the Minor Planet Center (MPC) uses the "packed form" to refer to all provisionally designated minor planets.[20] The idiosyncrasy found in the new-style provisional designations, no longer exists in this packed-notation system, as the second letter is now listed after the subscript number, or its equivalent 2-digit code. For an introduction on provisional minor planet designations in the "un-packed" form, see § New-style provisional designation.
Provisional packed designations[]
The system of packed provisional minor planet designations:[21]
uses exactly 7 characters with no spaces for all designations
compacts 4 digit years to a 3-character code, e.g. 2014 is written as K14 (see tables below)
converts all subscript numbers to a 2-character code (00 is used when there is no following subscript, 99 is used for subscript 99, A0 is used for subscript 100, and A1 is used for 101)
the packed 2 character subscript code is placed between the half-month letter and the second (discovery order) letter (e.g. 2016 EK102 has discovery order K102 so the last three characters for its packed form are A2K)
Contrary to the new-style system, the letter "i" is used in the packed form both for the year and the numeric suffix.[21] The compacting system provides upper and lowercase letters to encode up to 619 "cycles". This means that 15,500 designations ( = 619×25 + 25) within a half-month can be packed, which is a few times more than the designations assigned monthly in recent years.[1]
1995 XA is written as J95X00A
1995 XL1 is written as J95X01L
2016 EK156 is written as K16EF6K
2007 TA418 is written as K07Tf8A
The year 1995 is compacted to J95. As it has no subscript number, 00 is used as placeholder instead, and directly placed after the half-month letter "X".
The year 1995 is compacted to J95. Subscript number "1" is padded to 01 to maintain the length of 7 characters, and placed after the first letter.
The year 2016 is compacted to K16. The subscript number "156" exceeds 2 digits and is converted to F6, (see table below)
Compacting first two digits of year[21]
1800s 1900s 2000s 2100s ...
Compacting 3-digit subscript numbers[21]
100s 110s 120s 130s 140s 150s 160s 170s 180s 190s 200s 210s 220s 230s 240s 250s 260s 270s
460s 470s 480s 490s 500s 510s 520s 530s 540s 550s 560s 570s 580s 590s 600s 610s
Comets follow the minor-planet scheme for their first four characters. The fifth and sixth characters encode the number. The seventh character is usually 0, unless it is a component of a split comet, in which case it encodes in lowercase the letter of the fragment.[21]
1995 A1 is written as J95A010
1995 P1-B is written as J95P01b (i.e. fragment B of comet 1995 P1)
2088 A103 is written as K88AA30 (as the subscript number exceeds two digits and is converted according to the above table).
There is also an extended form that adds five characters to the front. The fifth character is one of "C", "D", "P", or "X", according to the status of the comet. If the comet is periodic, then the first four characters are the periodic-comet number (padded to the left with zeroes); otherwise, they are blank.[21]
Natural satellites use the format for comets, except that the last column is always 0.[21]
Packed survey designations[]
Survey designations used during the Palomar–Leiden Survey (PLS) have a simpler packed form, as for example:[1]
6344 P-L is written as PLS6344
4835 T-1 is written as T1S4835
Note that the survey designations are distinguished from provisional designations by having the letter S in the third character, which contains a decimal digit in provisional designations and permanent numbers.
Permanent packed designations[]
For an introduction on permanent designations, see Minor planet designation.
A packed form for permanent designations also exists (these are numbered minor planets, with or without a name). In this case, only the designation's number is used and converted to a 5-character string. The rest of the permanent designation is ignored. Minor planet numbers below 100,000 are simply zero-padded to 5 digits from the left side. For minor planets above 100,000, a single letter (A–Z and a–z) is used, similar as for the provisional subscript number (also see table above):[21]
A covers the number range 100,000–109,999
B covers the number range 110,000–119,999
z covers the number range 610,000–619,999
00001 encodes 1 Ceres
99999 encodes (99999) 1981 FP
A0000 encodes 100000 Astronautica, (as A0= 100K)
A9999 encodes (109999) 2001 SZ62 (as A9= 109K)
B0000 encodes (110000) 2001 SM63 (as B0= 110K)
G3693 encodes 163693 Atira (as G3= 163K)
Y2843 encodes 342843 Davidbowie (as Y2= 342K)
g0356 encodes 420356 Praamzius (as g0= 420K)
This system permits compression of numbers up to 619,999 (z9999).[21] As of January 2023[update] the list of minor planets already contains 619,150 objects.[3] For minor planets numbered 620,000 or higher, a tilde "~" will be used as the first character. The subsequent 4 characters encoded in Base62 (using 0–9, then A–Z, and a–z, in this specific order) are used to store the difference of the object's number minus 620,000. This extended system will allow for the encoding of more than 15 million minor planet numbers. For example:[21]
(620000) will be represented as ~0000 (620,000 − 620,000 = 0 = 0 × 623 + 0 × 622 + 0 × 621 + 0 × 620)
(620061) will be represented as ~000z (620,061 − 620,000 = 61 = 0 × 623 + 0 × 622 + 0 × 621 + 61 × 620)
(3140113) will be represented as ~AZaz (3,140,113 − 620,000 = 2,520,113 = 10 × 623 + 35 × 622 + 36 × 621 + 61 × 620)
(15396335) will be represented as ~zzzz (15,396,335 − 620,000 = 14,776,335 = 61 × 623 + 61 × 622 + 61 × 621 + 61 × 620)
For comets, permanent designations only apply to periodic comets that are seen to return. The first four characters are the number of the comet (left-padded with zeroes). The fifth character is "P", unless the periodic comet is lost or defunct, in which case it is "D".[21]
For natural satellites, permanent packed designations take the form of the planet letter, then three digits containing the converted Roman numeral (left-padded with zeroes), and finally an "S". For example, Jupiter XIII Leda is J013S, and Neptune II Nereid is N002S.[21]
See also[]
Minor-planet designation
Naming of moons
^ a b c d "Provisional Designations – (statistics)". IAU Minor Planet Center. 23 May 2019. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
^ "Running Tallies – Minor Planets Discovered". IAU Minor Planet Center. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
^ a b "Minor Planet Statistics – Orbits And Names". Minor Planet Center. 10 July 2017. Retrieved 6 September 2017.
^ a b c d e f "New- And Old-Style Minor Planet Designations". IAU Minor Planet Center. Retrieved 5 January 2017.
^ a b c "Minor Planet Names: Readme". Institute of Applied Astronomy of the Russian Academy of Sciences. 17 January 2013. Archived from the original on 16 April 2016. Retrieved 5 April 2016.
^ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 1 Ceres (A801 AA)". Retrieved 23 September 2021.
^ "Minor Planet Discoverers". Minor Planet Center. 28 December 2015. Retrieved 1 January 2016.
^ J. Hilton (2001). "When Did the Asteroids Become Minor Planets?". US Naval Observatory (USNO). Archived from the original on 13 November 2011.
^ "1854AN 38..143 Page 143/144". Adsbit.harvard.edu. Retrieved 2014-06-13.
^ "1855AN 40..373K Page 373/374". Adsbit.harvard.edu. Retrieved 2014-06-13.
^ [1][dead link]
^ Porter, Noah (1884). Webster's Complete Dictionary of the English Language. p. 1780. ISBN 1-881275-24-8.
^ JPL/NASA (April 22, 2015). "What is a Dwarf Planet?". Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Retrieved 2021-09-24.
^ Miller, Kirk (26 October 2021). "Unicode request for dwarf-planet symbols" (PDF). unicode.org.
^ a b "Temporary Minor Planet Designations". IAU Minor Planet Center. Retrieved 5 January 2017.
^ Cometary Designation System
^ Scott S. Sheppard, Pluto Moons
^ New Horizons news, Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, "Fourth Moon Adds to Pluto's Appeal" Archived 2014-11-13 at the Wayback Machine, 20 July 2011
^ "The MPC Orbit (MPCORB) Database". IAU Minor Planet Center. Retrieved 8 January 2017.
^ "Export Format for Minor-Planet Orbits". IAU Minor Planet Center. Retrieved 8 January 2017.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "Packed Provisional and Permanent Designations". IAU Minor Planet Center. Retrieved 30 August 2021.
Benjamin A. Gould (1852). "On the symbolic notation of the asteroids". Astronomical Journal. 2 (34): 80. Bibcode:1852AJ......2...80G. doi:10.1086/100212.
External links[]
New- And Old-Style Minor Planet Designations (Minor Planet Center)