Confederate war finance refers to the various means, fiscal and monetary, through which the Confederate States of America financed their war effort during the American Civil War. As the war lasted for virtually the entire existence of the nation, it dominated national finance.
Early on in the war, the Confederacy relied mostly on tariffs on imports and taxes on exports. However, with the imposition of a voluntary self-embargo in 1861 (intended to "starve" Europe of cotton and force diplomatic recognition of the Confederacy), as well as the blockade of Southern ports enforced by the Union Navy, the revenue from taxes on international trade became smaller and smaller. Likewise, the financing obtained through early voluntary donations of coins and bullion from private individuals in support of the Confederate cause, which early on were quite substantial, dried up by the end of 1861. As a result, the Confederate government was forced to resort to other means of financing its military operations. A "war-tax" was enacted but proved difficult to collect. Likewise, the appropriation of Union property in the South and the forced repudiation of debts owned by Southerners to Northerners failed to raise substantial revenue. The subsequent issuance of government debt and substantial printing of the Confederate dollars contributed to high inflation which plagued the Confederacy until the end of the war, although the military setbacks in the field also played a role by causing loss of confidence and fueling inflationary expectations.
At the beginning of the war, the Confederate dollar cost 90¢ worth of gold (Union) dollars. By the war's end, its price had dropped to only .017¢. Overall, the price level in the south increased by 9000% during the war. The Secretary of the Treasury of the Confederate States, Christopher Memminger, was keenly aware of the economic problems posed by inflation and loss of confidence. However, political considerations limited internal taxation ability, and as long as the voluntary embargo and the Union blockade were in place, it was impossible to find adequate alternative sources of finance.
The South financed a much lower proportion of its expenditures through direct taxes than the North. The share of direct taxes in total revenue for the North was about 20%, while for the South the same share was only about 8%. A major part of the reason for why tax revenue did not play as large a role for the Confederacy as it did for the Union was the individual states' opposition to a strong central government and the belief in states' rights which precluded giving too much taxing power to the government in Richmond. Another factor for not extending the tax system more broadly was the belief, present in both the North and the South, that the war would be of limited duration, and hence there was no compelling reason to increase the tax burden.
However, the realities of the prolonged war, the necessity of paying interest on existing debt, and the drop in revenues from other sources, eventually forced both the central Confederate government and the individual states to agree to an imposition of a "War Tax" by the middle of 1861. The law itself was passed on August 15, 1861 and covered property of more than $500 (Confederate) in value and several luxury items. The tax was also levied on ownership of slaves. However, the tax proved very difficult to collect—in 1862, only 5% of total revenue came from these direct taxes, and it was not until 1864 that this amount reached the still-low level of 10%.
Taking account of difficulty of collection, the Confederate Congress passed a "Tax in Kind" in April of 1863, which was to amount to one tenth of all agricultural product by state. This tax was directly tied to the provisioning of the Confederate Army and, despite the fact that it also ran into some collection problems, was mostly successful as after its implementation it accounted for about half of total revenue, if converted into currency equivalent.
Monthly price index in the Confederacy during the war rose from 100 in January of 1861 to over 9200 in April of 1865. In addition to being fueled by dramatic increases in amount of money in circulation, prices also increased in response to negative news from the battlefield.
The financing of war expenditures by the means of currency issues (printing money) was by far the major avenue resorted to by the Confederate government. Between 1862 and 1865, more than 60% of total revenue was created in this way. While the North doubled its money supply during the war, the money supply in the South increased twenty times over.
The extensive reliance on the money-printing press to finance the war contributed significantly to the high inflation the South experienced over the course of the war, although fiscal matters and negative war news also played a role. Estimates of the extent of inflation vary by source, method used, estimation technique, and definition of the aggregate price level. According to a classic study by Eugene Lerner in 1956, a standard price index of commodities rose from 100 at the beginning of the war to more than 9200 by the war's de facto end in April of 1865. By October 1864, the price index was at 2800, which implies that a very large portion of the rise in prices occurred in the last six months of the war. This drop in the demand for money, the corresponding increase in "velocity of money" (see next paragraph) and the resulting rapid increase in the price level has been attributed the loss of confidence in Southern military victory or the success of the South's bid for independence.
Quarterly inflation in the Confederacy during the war. Inflation is calculated as log growth rate of Lerner's price index.
Lerner used the quantity theory of money to decompose the inflation in the Confederacy during the war into that resulting from increases in money supply, changes in the velocity of money, and the change in real output of the Southern economy. According to the equation of exchange, MV = PY, where M is the money supply, V is the velocity of money (related to people's demand for money), P is the price level and Y is real output. If it is assumed that real incomes remained constant in the South during the war (Lerner actually concluded that they fell by about 40%) then the equation implies that for the price level to increase 92 times in the presence of a 20 times increase in money supply, the velocity of money must have increased 4.6 times over (92/20=4.6), reflecting a very significant drop in the demand for money.
The problems of money-caused inflation were acerbated by the influx of counterfeit bills from the North. These were plentiful because Southern "Greybacks" were fairly crude and easy to copy because the Confederacy lacked modern printing equipment. One of the largest and most famous of the Northern counterfeiters was Samuel C. Upham from Philadelphia. By one calculation Upham's notes made up between 1 and 2.5 percent of all of the Confederate money supply between June 1862 and August 1863. The President of the Confederacy, Jefferson Davis, placed a $10,000 bounty on Upham, though the "Yankee Scoundrel", as he was known in the South, evaded capture by Southern agents. Counterfeiting was a problem for the North as well, and the United States Secret Service was formed to deal with this problem.
The Confederate "Greyback". Note the stamp which indicates interest paid. Interest-paying money was one of the unique aspects of Confederate public finance.
On April 1, 1864, the Currency Reform Act of 1864 went into effect. This decreased the Southern money supply by one-third. However because of Union control of the Mississippi River, until January 1865 the law was effective only east of the Mississippi.
A fairly peculiar economic phenomenon occurred during the war in that the Confederate government issued both regular money notes and interest-bearing money. The circulation of the interest-bearing money and the convertibility of one kind of money into the other was enforced by fiat and Southern banks were threatened with a return to the gold standard if they did not cooperate. Because of the amount of Southern debt held by foreigners, to ease currency convertibility, in 1863 the Confederate Congress decided to adopt the gold standard, although actual convertibility was not to come into effect until 1879 (hence the law never went into effect, being supplanted by the Coinage Act of 1873 and the end of the Confederacy).
Quarterly growth rate of the Confederate primary deficit in real terms. The negative values after third quarter 1862 reflect mostly the inability to find willing purchasers for Confederate debt, as the military situation of the South deteriorated.
Issued loans accounted for roughly 21% of the finance of Confederate war expenditure. In fact, initially the South was more successful in selling debt than the North, partially because New Orleans was a major financial center, whose financiers bought up two-fifths of a 15 million dollar loan in early 1861.
The two main types of loans issued by the South during the war were "Cotton Bonds", denominated in pounds sterling and sold in London, and high risk unbacked loans sold in the Netherlands. The Cotton Bonds were also convertible directly into bales of cotton, with a caveat, included as a means of political pressure on European countries to recognize the Confederacy, that any such shipments needed to be picked up by the bondholder in one of the blockaded Southern ports (mostly New Orleans). Cotton Bonds initially were very popular and in high demand among the British; William Ewart Gladstone, who at the time was the Chancellor of the Exchequer, was supposedly one of their purchasers. The Confederate government managed to honor the Cotton Bonds throughout the war, and in fact their price rose steeply until the fall of Atlanta to Sherman, reflecting the increase in the underlying cotton prices and perhaps the possibility that George B. McClellan might get elected as US President on a peace platform. In contrast, the price of the Dutch-issued high risk loans fell throughout the war, and the South selectively defaulted on servicing these obligations.
USS Monitor in action with CSS Virginia, 9 March 1862. The Union blockade seriously hampered the Confederacy's ability to raise revenue through import tariffs.
In the beginning of the war, the majority of finance for the Southern government came via duties on international trade. The import tariff, enacted in May of 1861, was set at 12.5% and it roughly matched in coverage the previously existing Federal tariff, the Tariff of 1857. Between February 17 and May 1 of 1861, 65% of all government revenue was raised from the import tariff. However, revenue from the tariffs all but disappeared after the Union imposed its blockade of Southern coasts. By November of 1861 the proportion of government revenue coming from custom duties had dropped to one-half of one percent. Secretary of Treasure Memminger had expected that the tariff would bring in about 25 million dollars in revenue in the first year alone. In fact, the total revenue raised in this way during the entire war was only about $3.4 million.
A similar source of funds was to be the tax on exports of cotton. However, in addition to the difficulties associated with the blockade, the self-imposed embargo on cotton meant that for all practical purposes the tax was completely ineffective as a fund raiser. Initial optimistic estimates of revenue to be collected through this tax ran as high as 20 million dollars, but in the end only $30 thousand was collected.
The Confederate government also tried to raise revenue through unorthodox means. Early on (in the first half of 1861), when the support for the separation from the Union and the military effort was running strong, the donation of coins and gold to the government accounted for about 35% of all sources of government funds. This source, however, dried up over time as individuals and institutions in the South both ran down their personal holdings of bullion and became more unwilling to make donations as war weariness set in. As a consequence, by the summer of 1862, the share of government revenue coming from these donations fell to less than 1% (.01). Over the course of the entire war this source of revenue contributed only one fifth of 1% (.002) of total wartime expenditure.
Another potential source of finance could be found in the property and physical capital owned by Northerners in the South, and the debts owed by individuals in a parallel manner. The Sequestration Act of 1861 provided for confiscation of all Union "lands, tenements, goods and chattels, right and credits" and the transfer of debt obligation on the part of Confederate citizens from Northern creditors directly to the Confederate government. However, many Southerners proved unwilling to transfer their debt obligations. Furthermore, what exactly constituted "Northern property" proved hard to define in practice. As a result the share of this source of revenue in government funding never exceeded one-third of one percent (.003) and contributed only one-fourth of one percent (.0025) to the overall financial war effort.
Shares of expenditures by category, 1861 to 1864.
While, unsurprisingly, military spending constituted the largest part of the national government's budget over the course of the war, over time the payment of interest and principal on acquired debt grew as a share of the Confederate government's expenditure. While initially, in early 1861, war expenditure was 95% of the budget, by October of 1864 that share fell to 40%, with the majority of the rest (56% overall) being accounted for by debt service. Civilian expenditures and spending on the Navy (recorded separately from general war expenditures in Confederate records) never exceeded 10% of the budget.
Richard Burdekin and Farrokh Langdana, "War Finance in the Southern Confederacy, 1861-1865", Explorations in Economic History, Vol 30, No 3, July 1993.
Niall Ferguson, "The ascent of money: a financial history of the world", Penguin Group, 2008, .
Eugene Lerner, "Money, Prices and Wages in the Confederacy, 1861-1865", Journal of Political Economy, 63, 1955.
Richard Cecil Todd, "Confederate Finance", University of Georgia Press, 2009, .
Marc Weidenmier, "Bogus Money Matters: Sam Upham and His Confederate Counterfeiting Business." Business and Economic History 28 no. 2 (1999b): 313-324, .
Russell Frank Weigley, "A great Civil War: a military and political history, 1861-1865", Indiana University Press, 2000, .


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(Redirected from Internews International)
Internews, formed in 1982 as Internews Network, Inc., is a 501(c)(3) organization incorporated in 1986 in California. In 2004, 80 percent of their budget came from the U.S. government[1]. Internews Network is a member of Internews International, an association of over 30 non-governmental media organizations.[2]
1 Historical Events
2 About
4 Partners & Projects
5 Internews Europe
6 Internews International
7 Internews Interactive
8 LinkTV
9 The two pillars of American democracy - free enterprise and free media
9.1 For Example:
10 Directors and Staff: 2012
11 Lobbying
13 Articles & Commentary
14 Resources and articles
14.1 Related Sourcewatch articles
14.2 References
"August 1982. The first Internews project, funded by the Kendall Foundation, is to compile archives of films, TV shows, and documentaries about nuclear war, for use by independent producers and networks." [3]
In 1994 "Internews launches the three-year Media Development Program to support the institutional and economic development of print and broadcast media in Russia. MDP grants support the first legal resource center for media in Russia and the formation of the National Association of Teleradio Broadcasters (NAT), the first nationwide professional association for the broadcast industry in Russia.
"With Sarajevo under siege by the Yugoslav National Army, Internews and the Soros Foundation run the Balkan Media Network, an early version of an electronic bulletin board and email system that connects 250 independent media organizations as well as ordinary citizens in the former Yugoslavia with the rest of the world." [4]
In August 2000 "The American Iranian Council and Internews sponsor a historic reception at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City where members of the Iranian parliament meet with Members of the US Congress for the first time since the Islamic Revolution in 1979. Internews had previously co-sponsored a documentary film week in Tehran and produced three US-Iranian spacebridges." [5]
In December 2004 "Independent media help lay the groundwork for Ukraine's Orange Revolution, one of several "color revolutions" in the region, including Georgia's 2003 Rose Revolution and the Kyrgyz Republic's 2005 Tulip Revolution." [6]
In October 2005 "The Global Forum for Media Development, organized by Internews and 17 other organizations, meets in Amman, Jordan, uniting hundreds of media support NGOs, journalists, broadcasters and activists from 97 countries. GFMD activities continue into 2007." [7]
In September 2006 "Internews participates in the Clinton Global Initiative in New York, where Internews' commitment to establish a Humanitarian Media Assistance Program is highlighted." [8]
On June 3, 2008, Internews organized a media event with the USIP. [9] [10]
According to the Internews website:
Internews works to improve access to information for people around the world by fostering independent media and promoting open communications policies. Internews' programs are built on the conviction that providing people with access to vibrant, diverse news and information empowers them to make their voices heard and to participate effectively in their communities.
Internews was founded in 1982 by David Hoffman, Kim Spencer and Evelyn Messinger with the goal of using media to alleviate Cold War tensions between the U.S. and the former Soviet Union . (Kim Spencer has since become President of Link TV [see below] and Evelyn Messinger heads Internews Interactive [see below].) Internews' first project was organizing "spacebridges" – video conferences linking American and Soviet studio audiences.
After the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989, independent TV began to emerge in the former Soviet Union and Internews began its work training media professionals, producing local radio and television news, and advocating for fair media laws and policies. In the past decade, Internews has also been working for an open and democratic Internet and liberalized telecommunications laws, and it has developed special programs for training journalists how to cover HIV/AIDS effectively (Local Voices), and how to report on conflict (Reporting for Peace ["a special training programme for journalists who work in regions of conflict"][4]). Meanwhile, Internews has expanded its activities into Africa, Asia and the Middle East. [11]
In 2004, the Internews budget was $27 million, 80 percent of which came from the U.S. government, Dale Keiger wrote in the June 2005 issue of John Hopkins Magazine:
"Hoffman insists that Internews turns down money from any source if it carries a requirement to promote an American geo-political agenda..."
Jeremy Baker wrote in the January 9, 2004, issue of USA Media Monitors that
"Roughly 20% of Internews funding comes from a broad range of standard philanthropic outfits... Among these are the Corporation for Public Broadcasting, the Kellogg Foundation, the John D. and Katherine T. Macarthur Foundation and others. Just the kind of donors you'd expect for such an idealistic endeavor. George Soros has also fed the kitty and is one of Internews' most ardent supporters. But as we go on down the list we notice other interesting entries, ones we don't typically equate with such egalitarian concerns." Among these are AOL Time Warner, General Electric, the Ford Foundation, Microsoft and the Rockefeller Foundation.
"Also appearing on this lngthy support list of anti-government-media-control mavens are a swarthy gaggle of government agencies from all over the world, including France, Russia, Germany, Austria, Canada, Britain, Sweden and Greece. But the long list of U.S. governmental agencies is hard to miss as well. Unesco, the U.S. Information Agency, the U.S. Office of Transition Initiatives (part of the U.S. Agency for International Development, a major Internews funder) are but a few."
"In the 1990s, Internews began to attract serious money. George Soros and his Open Society Institute became supporters, as did, eventually, the Knight Foundation, the MacArthur Foundation, and dozens of others. USAID had made the large grant to establish the Russian independent television network. Evelyn Messinger secured a large sum from the National Endowment for Democracy to study independent media in Eastern Europe. Internews secured $8 million to set up a media center, a news agency, and broadcast and print outlets in Ukraine."
From 1990 through 1995, Internews received 3 grants totalling $249,700 from the National Endowment for Democracy (NED), which represented approximately 0.9% of our budget over that period. We have not received funding from the NED since 1995.
In 1995, Wired Magazine noted that: "The organization's peculiar funding cycle follows a flow chart that might raise a few eyebrows among current American nonprofits toiling hard for a few tax dollars. Although born and bred a nonprofit, Internews funds for-profit TV enterprises half a world away, thanks to multimillion-dollar contracts from the Agency for International Development, effectively the US government's foreign aid bank. Along with this generous funding comes grants from more than a dozen foundations, including one handsomely endowed by financier-philanthropist George Soros. Over the last few years, no other nonprofit, developing, post-Soviet media organization has garnered more American aid dollars than Internews." [12]
Partners & Projects
AIDS Media Center
DOT-COM Alliance
Global Health Council
Accomplishments as of December 31, 2001.
Global Internet Policy Initiative India (GIPI India) [5]
MEDAIDS (EU-India): Co-funded by the European Union
OneWorld.net
Open Society Justice Initiative
Perekrestok (Crossroads); Internews.am
Romania Information Technology Initiative
VoIP in the Wikipedia (Voice over Internet Protocol); Internews Google results for VoIP.
Internews Europe
Activities: "Within the framework of the European Commission's program Asia IT&C (EuropeAid), Internews Europe has been selected for its Internet regulation project in Indonesia and in Vietnam."
Internews International
Website: www.internews.tv
"Based in Paris, France, the organization is composed of 30 non-governmental media organizations working together to support freedom of expression around the world, and has been in operational relations with UNESCO since June of 2002."
Internews Interactive
Website: http://www.citizenschannel.org/
"Internews Interactive (InterAct) is a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization, founded in 1997, created to develop interactive citizen dialogue by making interactive, informative and educational programming that engages citizens in addressing community and national problems. Their innovative use of new tools for television and the Internet, broadcasting and cable, helps people overcome geographic, economic and cultural limitations." [6]
LinkTV
Website: http://www.linktv.org/pages/founders.php3
Steve Behrens and Karen Everhart Bedford, "DirecTV okays channels from PBS and ITVS," Originally published in Current, December 13, 1999: "...a new nonprofit called Link Media Inc.--founded by ITVS, Internews Network and Internews Interactive."
The two pillars of American democracy - free enterprise and free media
Internews president David Hoffman summed up his aims in the June 24, 2005, Washington Times article "Winning the war of ideas; Washington should back private broadcasting" he co-wrote with Helle Dale:
"How do we win the war of ideas? Resist the temptation to control the message. Depend instead on two pillars of American democracy - free enterprise and free media. The federal government should support the role of private enterprise in meeting the challenge. Private enterprise is better equipped to win hearts and minds than anything that governments produce. While there may still be a need for U.S. broadcasting for strategic reasons, the bulk of public funding should go towards local, private broadcasters. Use our traditional diplomatic muscle to encourage and support legal reforms in the Muslim world, which are moving these societies out of the darkness of anti-Western and anti-Semitic scapegoating into the modern world of global communications. Let the marketplace take it from there."
Exhaustive list of Internews Funders posted on Internews.org website.
Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation: "$300,000 over 1 year to increase frequency and improve the quality of health journalism in developing countries through the Health Journalism Project." November 4, 2005
California Endowment: "Worldlink Refugee Interactive Video: To plan and create educational video programs for refugees." December 1999. Note Worldlink is now LinkTV.
Charles Stewart Mott Foundation: $250,000 "To support an organization that promotes open media worldwide." 1/1/2002-12/31/2003
John S. and James L. Knight Foundation:
$750,000 over three years "For operating support, expansion of the Global Internet Policy Initiative and to establish a free press initiative in the Middle East." March 11, 2003
$500,000 for one year "To rebuild radio journalism in northwest Indonesia in the wake of the Indian Ocean tsunami." March 2, 2005
"The Health Journalism Partnership pilot phase is supported by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, the John S. and James L. Knight Foundation and the Open Society Institute." December 1, 2005
Markle Foundation: "In this project Markle assisted Internews Network, Inc., in developing a license application and strategy for an innovative, interactive 24-hour live channel dedicated to quality, international affairs programming on two major Direct Broadcast Satellite (DBS) systems." July 1999
The Paul Klebnikov Fund: Internews Broadcast Scholarships
Directors and Staff: 2012
Chris Boskin Co-chair Board of Directors Corporation for Public Broadcasting Simone Otus Coxe Co-chair Board of Directors World Affairs Council
Douglas Carlston CEO, Tawala Systems Matt Chanoff Chief Economist, Technology Forecasters, Inc. Lorne Craner President, International Republican Institute
David Hoffman President Emeritus/Founder, Internews Jillian Manus President, Manus Media & Literary Agency Monique Maddy Founder and CEO, EZUZA
Maureen Orth Journalist, Author and Special Correspondent Vanity Fair James H. Rosenfield, Sr. President, JHR & Associates Sanford Socolow Vice Chair Exec. Producer, Cronkite Productions, Inc.
Cristiana Falcone Sorrell Senior Advisor to the Chairman World Economic Forum USA Inc. John Walsh Exec. VP & Exec. Editor, ESPN, Inc.
Jeanne Bourgault President and CEO, Internews David Creekmore Chief Operating Officer, Internews Marjorie Rouse Senior VP for Programs, Internews
Andrea Bosch Vice President for Asia and Environment Jeanne Bourgault President and CEO David Creekmore COO
Jamal Dajani Vice President for Middle East and North Africa/ Latin America and the Caribbean Deborah Ensor Vice President, Africa, Health and Humanitarian Media Programs Erica Feldkamp Vice President of Admin.
Mark Frohardt Exececutive Director, Internews Center for Innovation and Learning David Hoffman President Emeritus/Founder, Internews Josh Machleder Vice President for Europe and Eurasia and Global Human Rights
Kathleen Reen Vice President for ICT Policy and Programs David Rosen Vice President for Finance and Accounting Marjorie Rouse Senior Vice President for Programs
Internews: Directors Officers (Accessed: 1 March 2012)
Internews: Key Staff (Accessed: 1 March 2012)
Internews: Former Staff and Directors
U.S. House of Representatives active lobbyist ID for INTERNEWS
Internews Arcata
Arcata, CA 95518-4448
WORK: +1 707 826-2030
EMAIL: info AT internews.org
Website: www.internews.org
Articles & Commentary
"Internews Uses Media to Reduce Conflict. Beyond Talking Heads," Global Partnership for the Prevention of Armed Conflict, undated.
"The Russian (Media) Revolution," Wired, December 1995.
"Making a Free Press," PBS Online NewsHour, June 17, 2003: "Terence Smith gets an update on efforts to create a free press in Iraq and a view of the current changes in the Iraqi media from Deborah Amos, an NPR News correspondent reporting from Baghdad, and David Hoffman, president of the Internews Network."
Jeremy Baker, "Who is David Hoffman and... what is 'Internews'?," USA Mediamonitors, January 9, 2004.
Jill Moss, "Development Report - Internews Works for Open Media," Voice of America Broadcast, December 13, 2004.
Press Release: "Bushkin and Pennekamp to Co-Chair Internews Network," UN Foundation, February 4, 2005.
UZBEKISTAN: Authorities launch criminal inquiry of Internews," CPJ, April 6, 2005.
Dale Keiger, "The Long, Strange Trip of David Hoffman," John Hopkins Magazine, June 2005.
"UZBEKISTAN: Court convicts Internews staffers, rejects office closure," CPJ, August 5, 2005.
"Harassment against the NGO Internews," FIDH.org, August 9, 2005.
"Uz: CPJ condemns closure of Internews," CASCFEN, September 14, 2005.
"A Unique Day for Palestine and Palestinian Local Radios," Jerusalemites, September 26, 2005.
"After quake, Pakistani FM stations band together," International Journalists Network, October 20, 2005.
"The NYT's Smear of a Pro-Democracy Program," EricUmansky.com, December 21, 2005.
"The NYT's Jeff Gerth Responds," EricUmansky.com, December 23, 2005.
Institute for Media, Policy and Civil Society
Earth Journalism Network
Anthony Garrett
Tara Sonenshine
Amira Maaty
↑ Internews International, accessed 12 March 2009
↑ Internews Timeline, Internews, accessed February 16, 2008.
↑ INTERNEWS TIMELINE 1990-1996, Internews, accessed February 18, 2008.
↑ Kenya's Media and Post-Election Violence, USIP, accessed June 4, 2008.
↑ also see and here
Retrieved from "https://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Internews&oldid=610521"
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Political Manipulation

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: How to overload operator on type erasure'd generic type? Or another approach altogether? Preface: The actual problem statement
My original problem is pretty simple: How can I have a general container for scalar types(arithmetic types), and other classes like Matrix classes, Vector classes, Tensor classes, and have it behave correctly as if I did scalar+Matrix, MatrixVector, TensorMatrix, scalar+scalar, etc.
How I'm trying to solve it
I'm trying to write a type erasure class. I'm not using boost::type_erasure::any. This is for my own exercise and I believe that using that library is unnecessary for this small purpose.
The code
class var{
public:
    template <typename T>
    var(T val) : self_(std::make_unique<model<T> >(std::move(val))) {}
private:
    friend var operator+(const var& lhs, const var& rhs);

    class concept{
    public:
        virtual ~concept() = default;
        virtual std::unique_ptr<concept> copy_() const = 0;
    };

    template <typename T>
    class model final : concept {
        model(T x) : data_(std::move(x)) {}
        std::unique_ptr<concept> copy_() const override{
            return std::make_unique<model>(*this);
        }
        T data_;
    };
    std::unique_ptr<concept> self_;
};

var operator+(const var& lhs, const var& rhs){
    ... // do something here
}

What I want
So say we have something like:
var v1(3); // implicitly <int>
var v2(5.2); // implicitly <double> or <float>
v1 + v2; // implicitly <double> with value 8.2

while the same class can take care of:
var v1(std::string("hello "));
var v2(std::string("world!"));
v1 + v2; // implicitly <std::string> with value "hello world!"

Meanwhile, I can have a vector of these things:
vector<var> v;
v.emplace_back(std::string("hello ")); // no error
v.emplace_back(3); // no error either

What I've tried
I had the idea of providing an adder:
#1: Templating Concept too, for get_data()
class var{
...
private:
    // Also make concept templated!
    template <typename T>
    class concept{
    public:
        virtual ~concept() = default;
        virtual std::unique_ptr<concept> copy_() const = 0;

        virtual T get_data();
    };

    template <typename T>
    class model final : concept<T> {
        model(T x) : data_(std::move(x)) {}
        std::unique_ptr<concept<T>> copy_() const override{
            return std::make_unique<model>(*this);
        }

        std::unique_ptr<concept<T>> adder(std::unique_ptr<concept<T>> rhs){
            return data_ + rhs->get_data();
        }
        T data_;
    };
    // this defeats the purpose of type erasure!
    std::unique_ptr<concept<T>> self_;
    ...
}

var operator+(const var& lhs, const var& rhs){
    return { lhs.self_->get_data() + rhs.self->get_data() };
}

#2: Trying to use inheritance polymorphism for adder()
class var{
...
    class concept{
    public:
        virtual ~concept() = default;
        virtual std::unique_ptr<concept> copy_() const = 0;
        // virtual ??? get_data(); What do I return here?
        //
        // template <typename T>
        // virtual T get_data(); // virtual cannot be defined on function templates!
    };

    template <typename T>
    class model final : concept {
        ...
        std::unique_ptr<concept> add(std::unique_ptr<concept> rhs){
            return data_ + rhs->get_data();
        }
        T data_;
    };
    std::unique_ptr<concept> self_;
};

var operator+(const var& lhs, const var& rhs){
    return { lhs.self_->adder(rhs.self_) };
}

If perhaps type erasure isn't the right approach for this kind of problem, what should I do? (I want to avoid combinatorial # of overloads) Otherwise, is there a solution for this with the current setup?
For an explanation of the background, I'm trying to get scalar multiplication with a matrix(vice versa), and matrix multiplication with a matrix, and scalar multiplication with a scalar. (This obviously goes beyond only addition) In this case, they're all numerical, but in this, I added a std::string example for clarity.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Ealdgyth (circa 992 – after 1016), modern English Edith may have been the name of the wife of Sigeferth son of Earngrim, thegn of the Seven Burghs, and later of King Edmund Ironside. She was probably the mother of Edmund's sons Edward the Exile and Edmund Ætheling.

The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle records that Sigeferth and his brother Morcar, described as "foremost thegns of the Seven Burghs" were killed at an assembly of the English nobility at Oxford. Ealdorman Eadric Streona is said to have killed them "dishonourably" after having invited them to his rooms. The Seven Burghs, otherwise unknown, are presumed to have been the Five Burghs and Torksey and York. Following the killings, King Æthelred the Unready had the property of Sigeferth and Morcar seized and ordered that Sigeferth's widow, whose name the Chronicle does not record, should be detained at Malmesbury Abbey. The chronicle of John of Worcester calls her Ealdgyth.

In the late summer of 1015, at some time between 15 August and 8 September, Edmund Ironside raised a revolt against his father King Æthelred. Either then, or perhaps even earlier, he removed Sigeferth's widow from Malmesbury, against his father's wishes, and married her. Sigeferth and Morcar's friends and allies supported Edmund after this. While two charters issued by Edmund which mention his wife survive from about this time, neither of them contain her name in the surviving texts.

It is generally, but not universally, supposed that Ealdgyth, if that was her name, was the mother of Edmund Ironside's sons. These were Edmund, who died young in exile, and Edward the Exile, who returned to England late in the reign of his uncle King Edward the Confessor and died soon afterwards. Whether she went into exile with her children following Edmund's death in 1016 is unknown.

One reason advanced for supposing that John of Worcester may have been mistaken in naming this woman Ealdgyth is that Sigeferth's brother Morcar had also been married to a woman named Ealdgyth. This Ealdgyth was the daughter of Ælfthryth, and niece of Ælfhelm, Ealdorman of York and Wulfric Spot. While Ealdgyth is a common female name in the period, this coincidence has raised the suspicion that the Worcester chronicler has confused Sigeferth's widow with his sister-in-law.

Notes

References

External links
 ; see also ,

990s births
11th-century deaths
Anglo-Saxon royal consorts
10th-century English people
10th-century English women
11th-century English people
11th-century English women
House of Wessex
English royal consorts
Year of death unknown

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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    android:paddingRight="@dimen/activity_horizontal_margin"
    android:paddingTop="@dimen/activity_vertical_margin"
    tools:context="com.amod.sample.nativeapp.MainActivity">

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        android:id="@+id/showBtn"
        android:layout_width="wrap_content"
        android:layout_height="wrap_content"
        android:layout_alignParentLeft="true"
        android:layout_alignParentStart="true"
        android:layout_alignParentTop="true"
        android:text="表示"/>

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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Home Small Business News 6 Reasons Your Small Business Should Outsource to India
6 Reasons Your Small Business Should Outsource to India
Outsourcing is one of the most powerful tools in business, so it's no surprise that it has become so popular. Lower costs and high returns are the two most common benefits associated with outsourcing, but they are not the only ones. A delegation of tasks has more to do with improving the efficiency of tasks, but that often leads to lower costs, so it's a win-win situation.
Businesses have started outsourcing their non-core tasks to India. What is it that makes India the primary destination for outsourcing? Is it the lower costs? Expertise? That's what this article is going to discuss in detail.
Let's look at the benefits of outsourcing to India.
6 Reasons Why You Should Outsource to India
1. More Bang for Your Buck!
It all boils down to money for most businesses. Outsourcing to India is one of the most cost-effective choices at your disposal. Labour costs are lower in comparison to other countries. However, it's not all about the cost. If you find the right providers, India can offer top-of-the-line services across the board! Lower costs and improved efficiency lead to a greater return on profit.
Rather than hiring a team to handle non-core tasks, businesses can work with large firms in India where teams are dedicated to these projects. These services come at a fraction of the cost.
2. Better Communication
There is a language barrier, but it's not nearly as wide as with Chinese and Filipino outsourcing providers. Larger outsourcing firms will have people who are fluent in English communicating with your business. Who cares which language is spoken behind the scenes as long as there is no barrier to communication with you.
3. Gain Access to Advanced Skillsets
If you want to hire someone with advanced skillsets, then it's going to cost you quite a bit of money. By outsourcing to India, you can gain access to that same level of expertise at a fraction of the cost. In fact,
India has the highest number of skilled IT, BPO and Financing individuals in the world. Their lower cost is just icing on the cake because you are getting a ton of other advantages by hiring these providers.
Related: Highest Paying Jobs in India
4. Access to State-of-the-Art Technology
Many people don't realize that Indian agencies have access to the best technologies in their respective fields. Furthermore, an outsourcing provider's core business practices revolve around performing those tasks. It's their primary focus, so their entire budget is geared toward having the absolute best technology.
5. India Rules the E-Commerce Market
In recent years, India has established dominance in the e-commerce market. If you want proof, then pay attention to what Amazon has done recently. They have software development centers in four huge Indian cities.
If the pioneer of e-commerce is shifting to India, then you know they're doing something right! Outsourcing e-commerce tasks to the place that dominates the market is never a bad idea.
6. India's Friendly Policies for Outsourcing
The Indian economy is highly dependent on outsourcing, so they have the most flexible policies in the world. Their policies are designed to make the overall experience hassle-free for both sides. Not only are their policies favorable for businesses looking to outsource, but they have much better access to skilled resources.
With all of those benefits in mind, one of the primary concerns when outsourcing are safety and discretion. The general rule is never to outsource core business tasks or tasks that require a high level of security. Most of the complaints I see about Indian outsourcing are based on security issues and from the companies that have broken the golden rule by outsourcing the wrong tasks in the first place.
Small or Big Business House – Outsource to India makes Sense
There are many recent surveys to support the fact that around 80% of US and European companies have voted India as their number one choice when it comes to outsourcing.
Though countries like China, Philippines, Mexico, etc. are also popular outsourcing destinations, still NASSCOM has also reported that close to 50% of Fortune 500 firms believe in outsourcing to India. So, India as an outsourcing destination not only for small businesses, but it's also fulfilling the data security needs of big enterprises. So, as long as you follow the essential rule of outsourcing, you will find outsourcing to India is much more efficient than anywhere else in the world.
More Read:
101 Tasks You Can Outsource To Virtual Assistant To Grow Your Business
Should You Outsource Your Data Entry? Here are 5 Questions to Ask!
30 New Small Business Ideas in India with Small Capital
25 Best Freelance Websites for Indians to Find Online Jobs
Author Bio: Catherine Park is a content marketer presently working with Back Office Pro, a Business process outsourcing company. A writer by day and a reader by night, she loves working in the ever-changing world of digital marketing and is fascinated by the role content plays in today's marketing. You can find her on Twitter here.
http://www.fincyte.com/
From time to time, we feature outside authors on Fincyte and publish their informative guest posts online. This is one of those selected guest posts. Further, opinions expressed & contents shared by Fincyte contributors are their own.
7 Top Node.js Frameworks For Easy App Development in 2023
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The 5 Best Business Safes in 2023
Future of Mobile Apps: Top 5 Trends That Will Dominate in 2023


text:
What Makes Children Happy?
The latest Small Voices Big Dreams survey asked children around the world " What makes you feel safe and happy?" Their answers were insightful, profound and moving. Particularly interesting were the similarities and differences between the answers given by children in developed and developing countries.
School has more impact on children feeling safe and happy in developing countries (25%) than in developed countries (5%). It rates most highly in Asia (35%), particularly in Nepal (84%). We get a sense of school's importance from Pedro, 12, from Timor-Leste where 80% of children believe everyone should have a good education. "When the rain comes and floods, I cannot go to school," he says "I feel sad because I have no chance to learn new lessons." Consistent with this theme, children from developing countries are more likely to view their teachers as heroes than in the western world.
In Ireland, there was a stronger emphasis on home life, with Siofra an 11-year-old girl from Dublin (pictured below) among the 73% of Irish children who said they feel safest and happiest with their family.
6,499 children between the ages of 10-12 from 47 countries across the Americas, Europe, Africa, Pacific and Asia took part in our fourth annual survey, which this time focussed on child protection.
The children were also asked questions on more complex issues such as "What does peace mean to you?" "What are the main causes of violence in your country?" and "Who is your hero?" What comes across clearly from their answers is that many 10-12 year olds have a sophisticated understanding of the world they live in and hope for a fairer, safer future.
RESULTS IN DETAIL
CATEGORIES/THEMES
Family/Heroes
The significance of families as role models and educators is universally reflected in the results of the survey, with 48 per cent of children in the developed world and 44 per cent of respondents from developing countries saying their families or family members were their heroes.
Children in developing countries are more likely to regard teachers as heroes, whereas children in the western world see mum and dad in heroic terms.
Education/School
Children in developing countries believe education is more important for themselves and their families; whereas children in developed countries believe protection from violence is more important.
Violence/Exploitation
Over one in 10 of children in developing countries believe the lack of education links to violence in their countries, whereas in developed countries, most children did not make the same connection. Children in Ireland and around the world are astutely aware of the causes of violence in their countries. Bad behaviour (33 percent), alcohol (21 percent) and drugs (18 percent) were the top three main causes of violence according to children in developed countries; whereas children in developing regions also ranked poverty, domestic abuse and social conflict highly. In Ireland, 28% of children surveyed believe alcohol abuse as being one of the main causes of violence.
In response to the question "If you were the leader of your country, what is the ONE thing you would do to protect the children of your country from violence?" 30% would crack down by using stronger anti-violence laws, 12% improve education or guarantee the personal safety of all children in order to protect other children from violence. The Irish feedback agreed with the global census: over one in five children said they would introduce law and order.
Equality:
Two in three (67 per cent) of children in Sweden and 58 per cent of Irish respondents showed a concern for social equality and said everyone should be given a fair go
63 per cent of Canadian respondents said that one of the most important things to them is that nobody should be treated badly
79 per cent of children in Nepal and 66 per cent of children in Germany believe men, women, boys and girls should not be treated differently, suggesting that children in these countries are aware of gender equality.
Sponsor a Child today.
You Are Here: ChildFund Ireland > Blog > What Makes Children Happy?


What is Alpha? It's a series of interactive sessions that freely explore the basics of the Christian faith. It's for everyone. Each session looks at a different question and is designed to create conversation. It's an open, informal, and honest space to explore and discuss life's big questions. Each session includes food, a short video talk, and a discussion where you can share your thoughts and ask questions.
Here's a sneak peak at the film series.
Thanks to everyone who participated in our last Alpha. Stay tuned for information regarding our next offering.
For more information please contact Pastor Aaron.


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SAN ANTONIO, Texas – Forward LaMarcus Aldridge led the scoring for the San Antonio Spurs with 24 points to beat the Detroit Pistons 105-93 at AT&T Center on Wednesday, snapping a three-game losing streak.
Aldridge also had five rebounds and made three assists and two blocks in 39 minutes of play.
The Spurs (34-29), who returned home after a 25-day road trip, picked up their third win in the last 10 games to hold on to the second spot in the southwest division.
The team is also placed seventh in the Western Conference.
The Spurs, who took a lead by the end of the first quarter that they never relinquished, limited the Pistons to under 100 points thanks to a strong defensive performance.
DeMar DeRozan had a double-double of 17 points and 13 rebounds and also made eight assists and two steals.
Reserve Marco Belinelli came off the bench to add 17 points for San Antonio, while Derrick White had 15 points, six rebounds and four assists with two steals and one block.
"We communicated well today," Aldridge said after the game.
"We can't get down on ourselves when we make mistakes offensively (and) defensively. We've got to just go out there and focus, play hard, playing together and communicating. When we do those things, something always tends to go our way," DeRozan added.
Reggie Jackson led the scoring with 22 points for the Pistons (29-31), who are placed seventh in the Eastern Conference.
Blake Griffin added 17 and Wayne Ellington another 11 for Detroit.


A ROOFER who was left hanging unconscious after a 480 volt electric shock surged through his body has helped raise money for the charity that flew to his aid.
Ivan Laidler, 54, was thrown from a roof in Rennington, near Alnwick, by a power surge 15 years ago. Only his harness saved him from plunging to the ground.
The Alnwick builder, of Aydon Crescent, was flown to Wansbeck Hospital by the Great North Air Ambulance Service (GNAAS) in a move which saved time, and possibly his life.
He said: "My heart was racing so much I could have had a stroke and I needed to get to a hospital quickly.
"It's an excellent service. Although I was not badly injured, I could have been, so it was important the service was there.
Old cladding round cables had worn away, leaving live wires exposed. When Mr Laidler touched them, the electricity raged through his body.
Mr Laidler was picked up by the air ambulance from Alnwick Rugby Club. Remarkably, despite the massive voltage, Mr Laidler, who runs his own company, escaped with minor injuries, including the two red marks where the charge entered and left his body.
The Federation of Master Builders (FMB), which Mr Laidler is a member of, recently raised money for the cause. FMB Berwick and Morpeth branch president, Peter Sample, and Sunderland branch president, Jeff Rowe, along with branch members and guests, presented £350 to the air ambulance that was raised at a recent darts and dominoes evening.
Janet Hume, of GNAAS, attended the cheque presentation at Ashbrooke Sports Club. She said: "It is great to see people supporting us long after they have used the service and it just goes to show how much we stay in people's hearts. GNAAS offers the highest level of pre-hospital care and the charity carries cutting edge medical equipment, as well as specialist trauma doctors and highly trained paramedics.


text:
King of Thieves for PC Windows and MAC Free Download
King of Thieves for PC is a best multiplayer game play for you. It is the best top hit game of the year 2015. You have to Collect gold and gems to whip valuable things to become the best thief in the world. Enhance your skills and challenge with other participants from all around the world. You have to clear the 112 single-mode levels of King of Thieves to win the victory of the game play. There are many games in the games world but no one like this amazing and creative new strategy based game play for the players. You have to confront your reflexes and accurateness in a fast paced challenging game play and become a best master. Don't forget to share your best experiences on social sites like Facebook and twitter with your friends and family. It just needs your splendid hours to play this game so launch it quickly to enjoy. So launch it quickly as soon as you can to play and win the challenge with your friends.
It is now available for PC Windows 10 / 8 / 7 or Mac. It is the best role playing action adventure RPG game play for the players. Download and install the game King of Thieves for PC, Desktop, Laptop and Mac-books as soon as possible. It is the best running game on your google play-store but now it is not only for android and smart phone users, you can also play it on you desire devices. It has very smooth and easy controls with HD stunning eye catching graphic modes.
You can now download and install King of Thieves for Laptop or Desktop computer running any version of Windows, including Windows 10, Windows 8, Windows 7 or even Mac-books, running Mac OS.
HOW TO DOWNLOAD AND INSTALL King of Thieves for PC Windows and MAC Free Download:
To download this game on your computer PC or laptop you need a good Android/ iOS game emulator which will help you run this game on any version of Windows or Mac smoothly.
Here is the list of some of the best Android emulators given below with the download link.
1- Nox App Player – Download Link
Now you will need to select any of the above mentioned Android/ iOS Emulator from the given list and follow the instructions given in the download link to successfully download and install King of Thieves for PC Windows 10/8/7 Desktop PC or Laptop.
The simpler and best way is to download King of Thieves
1- Download Nox App Player from here–Link
2- Open the app
3- Click on the search and paste the game name King of Thieves
4- Once it shows up, Just click on the install button to install the game on your PC.
That's it. If you have any other player installed you can follow the instructions given in the download link.
We don't use Andy,Bluestacks again,they slow down your PC.We recommend the best android emulator: Nox App Player
Download Nox App Player
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Tinkerbell Dress Up & Story


There's never been a better time to apply to be the Rose of Tralee because, this year, Ireland's most famous family festival will celebrate 60 years from Friday 23 to Tuesday 27 August 2019.
Waterford Rose Kirsten Mate Maher claimed the crown in 2018 and the search is now on to find her successor.
This year the organisers of the Rose of Tralee International Festival have revamped the selection process by removing the regional qualification so that all the Roses in Tralee will feature in the TV final broadcast from the Dome on RTÉ.
Each Centre will now select a Rose bi-annually to make 32 Roses a year, meaning Waterford will have to wait until 2020.
Every woman who is selected as a Rose will enjoy everything that Ireland's flagship family festival has to offer – parades, gala functions, entertainment, televised Rose selection nights, a Rose Tour and much more.
The Lead Sponsor of the Rose of International Festival, Tipperary Crystal, will present the 2019 Rose of Tralee with a complete collection of Tipperary Crystal Fine Jewellery, and a range of high-quality products from their Giftware and Homeware Collections. She will wear a splendid tiara featuring the Rose motif as the central framework, adorned in glistening crystals and the exquisitely crafted Crystal Perpetual Trophy.
The 2019 Rose of Tralee International Festival will run from Friday 23 to Tuesday 27 August. To find details of a Rose Selection near you and to apply online, visit www.roseoftralee.ie/apply.


Is God still with us even though we can't see Him? Why can't we actually see the Face of God? When can we see him? Will we see Him?
Listen for these questions and answers about "To See the Face of God", below in the 1-part MP3 Audio Sermon below.


text:
Evi Strasser (* 13. Februar 1964 in Inzell, Bayern) ist eine kanadische Sportlerin, die ihre größten Erfolge als Dressurreiterin erzielte.

Privates
1988 zog sie nach Kanada, seit 1994 hat sie die kanadische Staatsbürgerschaft.
Strasser lebt in Sainte-Adèle in der kanadischen Provinz Québec.

Reitsport
Sie begann dreijährig zu reiten.

Pferde (Auszug)
 Lavinia
 Quantum Tyme (* 1995), Oldenburger Fuchswallach, Vater: Quatro B, Muttervater: Argentinus, Besitzer: Tanya Shostak-Strasser

Erfolge
 Olympische Spiele
 1996, Atlanta: mit Lavinia 10. Platz mit der Mannschaft und 43. Platz im Einzel
 Weltreiterspiele
 2006: mit Quantum Tyme 35. Platz im Einzel
 Panamerikanische Spiele:
 2003: 2. Platz mit der Mannschaft

Sonstiges
15 und 16-jährig repräsentierte sie Deutschland bei Skiwettkämpfen. Mit 30 Jahren gewann sie für Kanada die Bronzemedaille beim Snowboard-Weltcup. Zudem startete sie in Windsurf-Wettkämpfen.

Weblinks
 Good Tyme Stables

Dressurreiter
Reiter (Kanada)
Kanadier
Geboren 1964
Frau


text:
import { MessagePortTarget } from '../MessagePortTarget';

describe('MessagePortTarget', () => {
  let instance;

  const makeSender = () => ({
    postMessage: jest.fn(),
  });

  const makeReceiver = () => ({
    addEventListener: jest.fn(),
    removeEventListener: jest.fn(),
  });

  const listenerAdd = () => {};
  const listenerRemove = () => {};

  beforeEach(() => {});

  describe('When having receiver and sender', () => {
    let receiver;
    let sender;

    beforeEach(() => {
      sender = makeSender();
      receiver = makeReceiver();
      instance = new MessagePortTarget(sender, receiver);

      instance.postMessage('my data', '*');
      instance.addEventListener('message', listenerAdd);
      instance.removeEventListener('message', listenerRemove);
    });

    it('should post a message to sender', () => {
      expect(sender.postMessage).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
      expect(sender.postMessage).toHaveBeenCalledWith('my data', '*');
    });

    it('should call addEventListener on receiver', () => {
      expect(receiver.addEventListener).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
      expect(receiver.addEventListener).toHaveBeenCalledWith('message', listenerAdd);
    });

    it('should call removeEventListener on receiver', () => {
      expect(receiver.removeEventListener).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
      expect(receiver.removeEventListener).toHaveBeenCalledWith('message', listenerRemove);
    });
  });

  describe('When having receivers only', () => {
    let receiver;

    beforeEach(() => {
      receiver = makeReceiver();
      instance = new MessagePortTarget(null, receiver);

      instance.addEventListener('message', listenerAdd);
      instance.removeEventListener('message', listenerRemove);
    });

    it('should not throw error on posting mesage', () => {
      expect(() => {
        instance.postMessage('my data', '*');
      }).not.toThrow();
    });

    it('should call addEventListener on receiver', () => {
      expect(receiver.addEventListener).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
      expect(receiver.addEventListener).toHaveBeenCalledWith('message', listenerAdd);
    });

    it('should call removeEventListener on receiver', () => {
      expect(receiver.removeEventListener).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
      expect(receiver.removeEventListener).toHaveBeenCalledWith('message', listenerRemove);
    });
  });

  describe('When having senders only', () => {
    let sender;

    beforeEach(() => {
      sender = makeSender();
      instance = new MessagePortTarget(sender);

      instance.postMessage('my data', '*');
    });

    it('should post a message to sender', () => {
      expect(sender.postMessage).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
      expect(sender.postMessage).toHaveBeenCalledWith('my data', '*');
    });

    it('should not throw when adding listeners', () => {
      expect(() => {
        instance.addEventListener('message', listenerAdd);
        instance.removeEventListener('message', listenerRemove);
      }).not.toThrow();
    });
  });

  describe('When having multiple receivers and senders', () => {
    let receiver;
    let sender;

    beforeEach(() => {
      sender = makeSender();
      receiver = makeReceiver();
      instance = new MessagePortTarget([sender, sender, sender], [receiver, receiver, receiver]);

      instance.postMessage('my data', '*');
      instance.addEventListener('message', listenerAdd);
      instance.removeEventListener('message', listenerRemove);
    });

    it('should post a message to sender', () => {
      expect(sender.postMessage).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(3);
      expect(sender.postMessage).toHaveBeenCalledWith('my data', '*');
    });

    it('should call addEventListener on receiver', () => {
      expect(receiver.addEventListener).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(3);
      expect(receiver.addEventListener).toHaveBeenCalledWith('message', listenerAdd);
    });

    it('should call removeEventListener on receiver', () => {
      expect(receiver.removeEventListener).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(3);
      expect(receiver.removeEventListener).toHaveBeenCalledWith('message', listenerRemove);
    });
  });
});


Content of the guides are easy to port backwards if needed. Even lambdas map nicely back to single method interfaces.
Picking up a guide as your beginner project will get you started with a solid, modern setup.
In this day and age, with the end of public updates to Java 7, it seems highly unlikely that a developer can't easily his or her hands on a Java 8 SDK and give our code a spin.
Book your place at SpringOne2GX in Washington, DC soon. Early Bird Price expires August 14th! It's simply the best opportunity to find out first hand all that's going on and to provide direct feedback.
The Early Bird price tier (June 13th - August 14th) is discounted $150.


text:
Q: jQuery load() issue added breaks I'm having a problem with my .load function. I'm having an issue when the data has loaded it putting  line breaks on the top and bottom of the text area. I checked the database to see if the issue was coming from there but it's not. So can anyone help me please. Thank you..
http://gyazo.com/a0562c067824c10b82aae17c2e918353
HTML Code

Match ID

<input type="text" class="form-control" name="match_id" id="match_id" value="<?if(isset($_POST['match_id']))  echo $_POST['match_id']?>" />

Ticket Category

    <select class='form-control' name="ticket_category" id="ticket_category">
        <option value="-1">Select One..</option>
        <?php
        foreach ($ticket->getStaffcategories() as $key => $value){
            echo "<option value=\"$value[id]\">$value[name]</option>";
        }
        ?>
    </select>

Body

<textarea rows="5" id="Ticketbody" class="form-control"><?if(isset($_POST['Ticketbody'])) echo $_POST['Ticketbody']?></textarea>

PHP Code
$("#ticket_category").change(function(){
    var id = parseInt($('#ticket_category').val());
    if(id != -1){
        $("#Ticketbody").html('Retrieving Information...');
        $("#Ticketbody").load('../includes/function.php?function=gettickettemp',{'categorie_id':id}, 'text');
   }else{
        $("#Ticketbody").html('');
   }
});

function PHP Code
case "gettickettemp":
    if(isset($_POST["categorie_id"])){

        $categorie_id = $sql->escape_string($_POST["categorie_id"]);
        $getTemp = $sql->query("SELECT * FROM `ticket_categories` WHERE `id` = '$categorie_id'");
        $tempData = $getTemp->fetch_assoc();

        $data = str_replace('
', "\n", $tempData['body']);

        echo $data;
    }
    break;

A: As was suggested in the comment by @dandavis, you should trim the string in PHP before it gets sent to your browser:
case "gettickettemp":
    if(isset($_POST["categorie_id"])){

        $categorie_id = $sql->escape_string($_POST["categorie_id"]);
        $getTemp = $sql->query("SELECT * FROM `ticket_categories` WHERE `id` = '$categorie_id'");
        $tempData = $getTemp->fetch_assoc();

        $data = str_replace('
', "\n", $tempData['body']);

        echo trim($data); // <-- remove whitespace here.
    }
    break;

You can check if the payload contains the whitespace by using Chrome's dev tools.  If you press Command+Shift+I (Mac) and then click on the network tab, new AJAX requests should show up there.  If not, then reload the page, and you should see all the requests, with new ones showing up at the bottom.
You can inspect the content that the server sent back to you by clicking on the response tab.


For those living or traveling to South Florida, Caribbean Airways is located at Orion Jet Center?building complex, Miami Opa Locka Executive ?Airport, just 10 miles from Miami International Airport. Our base of operations in Miami allows you to speed up your tourism or business trip, avoiding big airports delays and administrative costs. We can also launch charter flights from Fort Lauderdale Executive Airport and Miami- Kendall Executive Airport.
We provide air charter, on demand and private flights to locations thorough Florida State, The Bahamas, The Islands of the Caribbean and Cuba.
© 2016 Caribbean Airways. FAA Cert:9S7A699.


text:
New York sex offender arrested for threatening neighbor with a chainsaw; released despite four NYSP responses in a week
by: George Stockburger
Posted: Nov 30, 2021 / 03:33 PM EST
Updated: Nov 30, 2021 / 03:42 PM EST
SYLVAN BEACH, N.Y. (WETM) – A central New York man has been arrested after allegedly threatening his neighbor with a chainsaw and was released despite multiple incidents with State Police in a week.
On November 28, at approximately 10:35 p.m, New York State Police responded to an address in the village of Sylvan Beach for the reported chainsaw threat.
According to State Police, Daniel Waller had arrived at a residence on Pleasant Ave in Sylvan Beach and had damaged a vehicle with a chainsaw and threatened to kill the homeowner.
Troopers arrived on the scene and located Waller in the roadway with a chainsaw at his feet attempted to take him into custody. State Police say Waller physically resisted arrest and a taser was used to subdue him.
Waller was then taken into custody without further incident and was charged with the following:
Menacing 2nd degree – (A misdemeanor)
Resisting Arrest – (A misdemeanor)
Criminal Mischief 4th degree – (A misdemeanor)
Criminal Possession of a Weapon 3rd degree – (D Felony)
State Police say Troopers have been called to deal with Waller, a convicted sex offender, on four separate occasions since Nov. 27, 2021. Waller was transported to Oneida County Jail where he was arraigned and released on his own recognizance.
Snowy day for Southern Tier
Town of Chenango man accused of murder
Siena poll weighs in on NYS race and discrimination
News / 2 mins ago
News / 1 min ago


text:
Die Mittelmühle ist ein Baudenkmal in der Gemeinde Wennigsen. Sie liegt am Feuerwehrplatz 12 im Ortskern von Wennigsen. Die Mühle ist eine von zwei erhaltenen der ehemals sieben Wennigser Wassermühlen. Ebenso wie die Obere Mühle ist sie eine oberschlächtigen Mühle.

Die mittlere Mühle wurde vom Wennigser Mühlbach und dem dazugehörigen Mühlenbetriebsgraben gespeist, der ebenfalls im innerörtlichen Verlauf unter Denkmalschutz steht. Die Mühle stand zunächst im Eigentum des Klosters, wurde jedoch später verkauft. Im Wennigser Volksmund wird das Gebäude auch als Mühle Ostermeier bezeichnet, einem einstigen Betreiber.

Die Mittelmühle verfügte über einen Stauteich, der bis heute in kleiner Form vorhanden ist. Er diente dazu, den unregelmäßigen Zufluss aus dem Deister zu regulieren. Im 20. Jahrhundert wurde wie in den beiden anderen oberschlächtigen Wennigser Mühlen ein zusätzlicher Motor eingebaut. Das Wasserrad ist heute entfernt. An der nach Osten gerichteten Wand ist ein Gedicht von Karl Ostermeier angebracht:

Der Mühlstein ruft dir grüssend zu:
"Bleib fest und hart wie ich - auch du.
Wird dich das Leben auch mal reiben,
gewissenhaft und treu sollst' bleiben!"

Die südliche Wand ist ebenfalls mit einem Gedicht vom selben Autor verziert:

Murmelnd drehte sich an dieser Stelle
einst der Mühle Wasserrad
heimisch fühlte sich hier die Forelle
doch Wassernot besiegelte ihr Grab.
Jetzt plätscherts Bächlein traurig,
klagt um vergang'ne Zeit.
Ich steh am Rande – sinnend –
verstehe wohl sein Leid.
Und wie's nun geht der Mühle
geht's dir einst Menschenherz.
Nach einer kurzen Blüte
kommt bald der Todesschmerz.

Das Gebäude wurde später als Bäckerei genutzt, heute ist dort ein kleines Einzelhandelsgeschäft untergebracht. Es befindet sich in Privatbesitz.

Direkt nördlich befindet sich mit der alten Schmiede ein weiteres Baudenkmal der Gemeinde Wennigsen.

Literatur
 Friedrich Wüllner: Aus Wennigsens Vergangenheit / Beiträge zur Ortsgeschichte. Eigenverlag Wennigsen, 1973, S. 125ff.

Weblinks

Baudenkmal in Wennigsen (Deister)
Mühle in Niedersachsen
Bauwerk in Wennigsen (Deister)


text:
Internal dynamics of the radio-halo cluster Abell 773: a multiwavelength analysis
Aims:To conduct an intensive study of the rich, X-ray luminous galaxy cluster Abell 773 at z = 0.22 containing a diffuse radio halo to determine its dynamical status. Methods: Our analysis is based on new spectroscopic data obtained at the TNG telescope for 107 galaxies, 37 spectra recovered from the CFHT archive and new photometric data obtained at the Isaac Newton Telescope. We use statistical tools to select 100 cluster members (out to 1.8 h^-1_70 from the cluster centre), to analyse the kinematics of cluster galaxies and to determine the cluster structure. Our analysis is also performed by using X-ray data stored in the Chandra archive. Results: The 2D distribution shows two significant peaks separated by 2´ in the EW direction with the main western one closely located at the position of the two dominant galaxies and the X-ray peak. The velocity distribution of cluster galaxies shows two peaks at v 65000 and 67500 km s-1, corresponding to the velocities of the two dominant galaxies. The low velocity structure has a high velocity dispersion - σv = 800-1100 km s-1 - and its galaxies are centred on the western 2D peak. The high velocity structure has intermediate velocity dispersion - σv˜ 500 km s-1 - and is characterized by a complex 2D structure with a component centred on the western 2D peak and a component centred on the eastern 2D peak, these components probably being two independent groups. We estimate a cluster mass within 1h^-1_70 of 6-11h^-1_70 M_sun. Our analysis of Chandra data shows the presence of two very close peaks in the core and the elongation of the X-ray emission in the NEE-SWW direction. Conclusions: Our results suggest we are looking at probably two groups in an advanced stage of merging with a main cluster and having an impact velocity Δ {{v}_rf} 2300 km s-1. In particular, the radio halo seems to be related to the merger of the eastern group.
Titolo: Internal dynamics of the radio-halo cluster Abell 773: a multiwavelength analysis
BARRENA R
BOSCHIN W
GIRARDI, MARISA
SPOLAOR M.
Abstract: Aims:To conduct an intensive study of the rich, X-ray luminous galaxy cluster Abell 773 at z = 0.22 containing a diffuse radio halo to determine its dynamical status. Methods: Our analysis is based on new spectroscopic data obtained at the TNG telescope for 107 galaxies, 37 spectra recovered from the CFHT archive and new photometric data obtained at the Isaac Newton Telescope. We use statistical tools to select 100 cluster members (out to 1.8 h^-1_70 from the cluster centre), to analyse the kinematics of cluster galaxies and to determine the cluster structure. Our analysis is also performed by using X-ray data stored in the Chandra archive. Results: The 2D distribution shows two significant peaks separated by 2´ in the EW direction with the main western one closely located at the position of the two dominant galaxies and the X-ray peak. The velocity distribution of cluster galaxies shows two peaks at v 65000 and 67500 km s-1, corresponding to the velocities of the two dominant galaxies. The low velocity structure has a high velocity dispersion - σv = 800-1100 km s-1 - and its galaxies are centred on the western 2D peak. The high velocity structure has intermediate velocity dispersion - σv˜ 500 km s-1 - and is characterized by a complex 2D structure with a component centred on the western 2D peak and a component centred on the eastern 2D peak, these components probably being two independent groups. We estimate a cluster mass within 1h^-1_70 of 6-11h^-1_70 M_sun. Our analysis of Chandra data shows the presence of two very close peaks in the core and the elongation of the X-ray emission in the NEE-SWW direction. Conclusions: Our results suggest we are looking at probably two groups in an advanced stage of merging with a main cluster and having an impact velocity Δ {{v}_rf} 2300 km s-1. In particular, the radio halo seems to be related to the merger of the eastern group.
Digital Object Identifier (DOI): http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361:20066511
URL: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007A%26A...467...37B


text:
1,000 Days Movement
Implementing F1000DA
Policy Implementers
Regional implementers
Aunty Diane Kerr
Elder of the Wurundjeri Tribe
Aunty Diane Kerr is a respected Elder of the Wurundjeri Tribe, and a Mother, Grandmother and Aunty to many across several generations. She has devoted many years to her local community as a mentor and foster carer, and worked in various fields including child care, education, native title, Stolen Generation support, and other community work. However, her passion lies in the area of social and emotional wellbeing of Aboriginal communities.
Aunty Diane is inspired by the women in her family, particularly the resilience of her mother, grandmother and great-grandmother.
'Working on Country makes me feel connected to my mother and grandmother. My welcome is always done in their honour. That's why I wear my possum skin, because that's my mother's name – Walert, possum'.
Today, she relishes the responsibility of guiding younger generations and works hard to uphold Aboriginal law in a modern, urbanised world.
Sign up to the First 1000 Days Australia mailing list to receive relevant information including courses and upcoming events.
The content on this website is being shared because it is relevant for organisations and people working with all families. We ask that the work of First 1000 Days Australia be appropriately acknowledged and cited.


A new fastback has arrived on the scene and is set to redefine the sports sedan segment. From concept car to reality, the Stinger is a true gran turismo for the modern era.
Are you torn between exciting, provocative cars that you've dreamt about from an early age and sensible cars that are a better fit for your everyday life? Rarely has a new car brought both of these extremes together so seamlessly. The Stinger is a car you can dream about all night, then hop into every morning for a drive that is sure to wake up your senses.
Every Kia Stinger artfully captures the most desired elements of classic motoring in a five-door sports sedan designed to excel in the real world. The exhilarating GT, every Stinger offers driving enjoyment, a spacious interior and forward-thinking technology. Exclusive GT exterior trim elements, interior options and performance features give an especially unique personality.
Performance sedans have an illustrious rear-wheel drive history. Apply the latest technologies and materials to this tradition, and the result is a remarkably responsive, dynamic and rewarding driving experience. The Stinger reflects a deep commitment to capturing the distinctive feel of classic sport sedans. Take a long, meandering ride in the Stinger and see how the right balance of passion and technology can reinvigorate your daily drive.
From the low-slung driver's seat to intriguing details like the circular, aircraft-inspired air vents, Stinger's cockpit design draws heavily on classic sport sedans. Crucial information appears on a tidy supervision cluster flanked by the tachometer and speedometer, as well as through the Head-Up Display on the windshield. Secondary information appears on an 8-inch "floating" navigation display.
Inside, the Stinger feels sporty, substantial and uncluttered. It's also spacious, particularly in the rear, thanks to its long wheelbase. Interior treatments include soft, luxurious Nappa leather seats on the GT version.
An 8-way power driver seat is standard. Driver seat includes 4-way mechanical lumbar support, a thigh extension and 4-way Air Cell Lumbar Support with bolster adjustment. Front-passenger includes an 8-way power seat and 4-way mechanical lumbar adjustment.
The Stinger offers superior headroom, shoulder room and legroom to its major competitors, providing ample space for two or three passengers to sit comfortably and stretch out.
Ready to feel the wind in your hair? A wide, tilting and gliding, one-touch sunroof is available. With the press of a finger, it lets in far more sunlight and fresh air than a conventional sunroof.
Vital vehicle and driving information appear in a larger, more vivid and higher-definition format on the 7-inch TFT LCD supervision cluster located between the tachometer and the speedometer.
A standard dual-zone full auto temperature control system along with rear seat climate control gives the driver and all passengers separate controls, allowing people with different climate needs to ride together in comfort.
An electronic parking brake offers quick, secure activation without the effort required by traditional mechanical brake levers. Pull on the EPB switch on the center console to activate the parking brake. Auto Hold mode temporarily maintains the vehicle at a standstill even if the brake pedal is released.
The Integrated Memory System saves two presets for driver's seating positions, outside rear-view mirrors, Head-Up Display and cluster display. It's a simple way to keep the Stinger totally personalized, yet flexible enough to make another driver feel at home.
The Stinger puts your life in motion in countless new ways. Its fivedoor fastback layout with 406 liters of cargo capacity means there's plenty of easily accessible space to bring along everything you'll need, even for a long road trip. The rear hatch lifts to reveal a broad opening, making it easier to load wide objects or arrange cargo. The rear seatbacks split and fold 60:40, giving you several options for accommodating longer items.
It's a breeze loading cargo even when your hands are full. The lid of the Smart Power Trunk opens automatically within three seconds when you stand close to the rear of the vehicle with the key in your possession.
With the customizable Head-Up Display (HUD), key driving information is discretely projected onto the windshield in your line of sight so that you can safely focus on the road ahead. Visible day or night, the height-adjustable display appears to float just in front of the car. Vehicle speed, cruise control and audio are included.
Standard paddle shift levers let you make quick gear changes for the 8-speed automatic transmission without taking your hands off the steering wheel. It's a simple way to access more torque on short notice or choose your own shift points during vigorous driving.
Charge a compatible mobile phone wirelessly on the charging pad located at the front of the center console. An orange display indicates charging in progress while green indicates a full charge. You will be alerted when exiting the vehicle if a device is left on the charging pad.
Available ventilated front seats provide cool, soothing airflow on hot days, and more effective and thorough heating on cold days. Both the seat cushion and the seatback feature airflow perforations to keep more of the body in a state of comfort.
Stinger powertrains set a higher standard for longitudinal, rearwheel-drive orientation, leveraging technology to achieve remarkable combustion efficiency. Each powerplant is designed to offer the thrilling feel of rear-wheel propulsion when you step on the accelerator, even at low engine speeds. An 8-speed automatic transmission redefines smoothness, giving the Stinger an intelligent and luxurious twist on gran turismo traditions.
To many enthusiasts, the true spirit of gran turismo driving seems to have been lost to the sands of time. Not anymore. From its very inception, the development of the Stinger has always been about passion. For the engineers who took it from the sketchpad to the hairpin turns at Nurburgring, and drivers everywhere with a passion for exhilarating performance, hope has come roaring back. Get ready for the dynamic and provocative Stinger, which promises a driving experience that is more powerful, more agile and more practical than any Kia to date.
Stinger combines thrilling rear-drive motoring found in classic muscle cars with the all-weather benefits of modern vehicles stability technology, making it a car that is exciting to drive while offering confident, carefree driving in almost any condition, including snowy, icy and wet roads. With its Anti-Lock Braking System and Electronic Stability Control, Stinger helps the driver to retain directional control under a variety of road-surface conditions.
A twin turbocharger helps this top-of-the-line V-6 engine achieve considerable torque over a broad rpm range. The exhaust manifold is integrated with the cylinder head for added power, and an electronic thermostat helps provide precise temperature control.
A twin-scroll turbocharger boosts low-to mid-rev efficiency while newly applied technologies provide phenomenal combustion efficiency. The engine produces maximum power output of 255 ps at 6,200 rpm and maximum torque output of 353 Nm from 1,400 to 4,000 rpm.
Smooth shifts are what you'll notice first with the 8-speed rear-wheel drive automatic transmission. Its algorithms ensure quick and seamless gear changes while helping to maximize fuel efficiency.
ESC ensures optimal braking performance and directional control by automatically delivering the right amount of braking force to each wheel based on evaluation of engine torque and driving circumstances.
The Stinger's DMS includes five modes, accessible from a dial behind the shift lever, that change the driving characteristics by automatically adjusting how the engine, transmission, suspension, steering and AWD operate, while even altering the engine sound.
An air curtain that helps manage airflow, reduce drag and direct cooling air to the radiator is integrated into the front bumper. Lower apertures direct airflow to the wheel wells, helping to cool the brakes. In addition to the fuel savings and noise reduction that accompany reduced drag, the air dam's contours improve driving stability. Meanwhile, the aero fender garnish pays tribute to classic design cues of high-performance sports cars.
An integrated diffuser panel beneath the rear bumper helps to control airflow leaving the underside of the body, preventing the four exhaust pipes from creating drag under the car. It pays homage to racing diffusers which lower the turbulence that can occur when low-pressure air under the car meets higher pressure ambient air. Longitudinal ridges help provide directional stability.
To improve stability and optimize the vortex of potentially turbulent air that forms behind the Stinger when it travels at higher speeds, the trailing edge of the trunk lid features an aerodynamic lip that provides a spoiler effect along with a pleasing aesthetic design detail.
The aerodynamic contours everyone can see in the silhouette and panels of a car are familiar to most people. But just as important to the aerodynamics equation is how air disperses underneath the vehicle, where the components often have complex contours that can result in drag. For this reason, the Stinger uses a system of sturdy underbody covers below the engine and transmission, on each side of the cabin and on each side of the rear suspension. These covers reduce airflow resistance of the underside of the body when travelling at higher speeds.
Inside and out, new insulation materials abound, and every element of the Stinger has been engineered to raise the standard for a smooth, quiet ride. The engine room and dash get extra insulation while padding quiets joints of the body pillars and frame. The exhaust has been reconfigured, and the rear cross-member stiffened, while side mirrors and doors are sculpted to minimize noise and drag.
Safety is an integral part of any vehicle's performance, and the Stinger is engineered to prioritize driver and passenger protection above all else. Occupant protection is built into every aspect of the chassis and body, and was taken into account by Kia engineers as they optimized aerodynamics, performance, ride smoothness, and everything else that goes into creating an exceptional vehicle. The result is a thrilling five-door fastback sedan designed to offer an exceptional level of safety.
To help protect occupants and potentially reduce injuries in the event of a collision, the Stinger offers driver and front passenger airbags, two front-side airbags, two side-curtain airbags, and a driver's knee airbag as standard.