text:
\section{Introduction}
Queuing dynamics of TCP packet traffic has long been a research topic of great interest. Understanding queuing dynamics of TCP is important for correct router buffer sizing as well as for optimizing the performance of the TCP protocol itself. However, modeling of buffer content dynamics under TCP has received relatively little attention given its importance. Commonly used queuing models, on which packet loss models of closed loop TCP models are based, are often ad hoc and are based on overly simplistic assumptions, such as Poisson arrivals of buffer overflow moments and Poisson packet arrivals. As a consequence, there are no quantitatively accurate closed loop models (i.e. mathematical models parametrized solely by the a priori known network parameters, such as router capacity, propagation delay and buffer size) capable of predicting performance even for a single link shared by multiple flows. This is the gap that our present paper aims to fill by proposing a simple TCP queuing model, which is based on experimental observations and validated by extensive packet level simulations.

Before describing the proposed model we give a brief survey of the queuing and packet loss models that have appeared in TCP literature. Mathematical models of TCP require some way of modeling packet loss in order to close the control loop of the TCP congestion avoidance mechanism. Since packet losses occur most often at buffer overflow\footnote{at least in wired networks, which today constitute the bulk of the Internet} it is natural to take packet loss probability as the blocking probability in a single server queue. Thus there is a close connection between packet loss models and queuing models.

There are two distinct approaches to modeling packet loss: stateless and stateful. The former assumes that in equilibrium queue length sampled at the times of packet arrivals behaves as a sequence of i.i.d. random variables. Correctness of this assumption has been experimentally tested for cross-WAN and -Internet TCP flows but it appears to be wrong for LAN flows \cite{AltAvrBar}. On the other hand, the stateful approach assumes that queue length has long range autocorrelation and so the queue state needs to be a part of the whole TCP model. Packet loss probability is then expressed as a function or a random process (depending on the specific model) which depends on the length of the queue.

For the stateless models the queue length distribution is typically assumed to be one of the standard queuing theory models -- M/M/1, M/M/1/B or M/D/1/B. The advantage of these models is the ready availability of explicit analytical expressions for most quantities interest, including the blocking probability. Models based on M/M/1/B queues have been extensively used in publications on fluid approximation, which are numerous, e.g. \cite{KelMauTan},\cite{Vin},\cite{Sri},\cite{JohTan},\cite{DebShaSri},\cite{YinDulSri}, as well as in some papers on the problem of router buffer sizing\cite{EnaGanGoeMcKeoRou},\cite{RaiWis},\cite{RaiTowWis}. It has long been known, however, that these models fail to adequately capture the complex statistical structure of TCP traffic \cite{PaxFlo},\cite{GoeGau},\cite{JiaDov} and produce significantly inaccurate results \cite{GenMar}. We discuss the reason for this failure below. Attempts have been made to modify these models, for example, by adding flow synchronization effects, in order to improve their fidelity but with limited success \cite{BacHon},\cite{BacHon1}.

The stateful queuing models have been especially popular in stochastic TCP modeling literature \cite{BacMcDonJul},\cite{BacMcDonReyJul},\cite{ChaDeVle} but also have appeared in fluid approximation models of TCP with router implementing Random Early Drop\cite{HolMisTowGon},\cite{MisGonTow},\cite{LowPagWangDoy}. These models explicitly include queue length as a variable governed by a coupled (stochastic) differential equation. Packet loss is then modeled as a probability function or a random, usually Poisson, process dependent on the current queue length. While few of the resulting models have been experimentally verified, partially due to their mathematical complexity, they are unlikely to produce accurate results because they are based on overly optimistic assumptions about the uniformity of TCP transmission rate, similar to the M/M/1/B models.

An interesting exception to this rough classification is the model of Dumas, Guillemin and Robert in which the packet loss is assumed to be a Bernoulli process on the RTT\footnote{We use round trip propagation delay and round trip time interchangeably because processing and buffering delays are largely insignificant in the setting we consider.} (round trip time) time scale but has state given by the order of transmission on the sub-RTT scale \cite{DumFabPhi}. Their results, however, give asymptotic formulas for the congestion window size distribution in the limit of zero packet loss for a fixed packet loss probability function, i.e. it is an open loop model, which ignores the problem of relating TCP and network variables to packet loss.

We must also, separately, mention the work of Wischik on router buffer sizing, which attempts to account for the effects of packet burstiness on queue length with a model based on an M/M/1/B queue\cite{Wis}. While burstiness is indeed the crux of the issue, the results of the study have not been experimentally tested, to the best of our knowledge, and the degree of their qualitative and quantitative accuracy remains unclear.

In summary, both the stateless and the stateful queuing models are based on fundamentally flawed assumptions about the uniformity of the TCP packet emission process. This observation has been made by a number of authors \cite{HuaLiuGonTow},\cite{GoeGau},\cite{GenMar}. Most explicitly the issue has been described by Baccelli and Hong in \cite{BacHon1}. There the authors describe a large scale fluid approximation TCP/IP network simulator based on the M/M/1/B queuing model with a modification accounting for increased packet loss due to flow synchronization. The simulator performed well when the access link speed was not too high, however, when it became larger than a certain threshold the simulator significantly overestimated the throughput because ``with high speed local links, packets are very likely to be concentrated at the beginning of RTTs. Such a packet concentration creates losses even if the input rate averaged over one RTT is much smaller than the capacity of the shared resource."\cite{BacHon1}

The origin of the burstiness observed by Baccelli and Hong, and others is easily traced to the operation of the sliding window algorithm used by TCP. This algorithm releases packets for transmission only in response to acknowledgments received for previously sent packets. The result of this behavior is that packets flow back and forth in formation, creating bursts followed by silences, during which the algorithm awaits the acknowledgments of the transmitted packets. Instead of sliding smoothly along the queue of packets ready to be transmitted, the sliding window instead moves in fits and starts. We note, that the sliding window algorithm is implemented in all current TCP variants. Therefore, we can be sure that this transmission burstiness affects not only the long standard TCP-Reno but every implementation of TCP in existence. The only modification that could change this would be transmission pacing, but it may have issues of its own\cite{Wis},\cite{Agg}.

The present paper is meant to fill a certain gap in the program we envision as leading to high-fidelity TCP networking models. It has long been assumed that mean value models, such as fluid approximation, can give an accurate estimate of the steady state, and even dynamics of, TCP performance. Recent research, however, indicates that statistics of the TCP congestion window size and of the transmission process contribute significantly even when the number of flows is very large, and that more sophisticated models are necessary if quantitatively, as well as qualitatively, accurate results are desired. The ingredients necessary to achieve this goal, in our view, are
\begin{enumerate}
\item[i)] an accurate model for the congestion window size distribution as a function of the network parameters and packet loss;
\item[ii)] an accurate queuing model that can be used to deduce the packet loss probability in terms of the congestion window size distribution and parameters of the network.
\end{enumerate}
These correspond to the two halves of the TCP congestion avoidance feedback loop. Significant progress has been made by a number of authors in tackling the first item. Closed, though, still rather mathematically complex, expressions have been obtained for the stationary distribution of the congestion windows sizes of TCP flows under the restriction of a constant RTT \cite{BacMcDonJul},\cite{DumFabPhi},\cite{ChaDeVle}. Our present work is aimed at providing a partial answer to the second problem.

The on-off fluid source model we propose here is not new, although some adaptation to the specifics of TCP was necessary. We describe the model in detail in Section \ref{model}, but we highlight here the observations about the equilibrium TCP queuing behavior that lead to it:
\begin{enumerate}
\item[1)] in equilibrium TCP sources can be treated as statistically independent\footnote{Synchronization between flows does occur for certain network parameter combinations in our study but is atypical (see Figure \ref{sync}).},
\item[2)] in equilibrium a TCP source can be treated as a stationary random fluid on-off source.
\end{enumerate}
The first observation is perhaps not very surprising given that the flows are coupled only by packet loss at the queue, which at equilibrium typically behaves like a stationary random process. Observation (2), however, is somewhat less obvious, as it says that the exact congestion window trajectories of individual flows do not matter to the router queue length distribution. That is, from the point of view of the buffer, a collection of ordinary TCP sources and ones whose congestion windows change randomly, but follow the same distribution as the former, are equivalent\footnote{provided the number of sources is sufficiently large}.

These observations permit construction of a simple yet accurate TCP queuing model. The basic structure of the model follows that of Kosten \cite{Kos} and Anik, Mitra and Sondhi \cite{AniMitSon}. The main difference with the former is that the ``on" and ``off" periods are not exponentially distributed, which makes exact solution for the stationary queue length distribution unlikely. Still, there is hope that some analytical headway can be made with more general distributions based on the work of Palmowski and Rolski\cite{PalRol}. The proposed model also has the advantage of providing a unified framework for treating large as well as small buffer regimes, which so far have usually been treated as distinct asymptotic regimes requiring separate calculations.

We validate the Kosten-Anik-Mitra-Sondhi (KAMS) model by comparing the stationary queue length distribution obtained from \emph{ns2} simulations with that obtained from numerical simulations of the model for a large number of network parameter combinations. Since we measure the distance between whole queue length probability distributions, which are signatures of the underlying queuing processes, the near perfect observed match between distributions is an indication of the identity of the queuing processes that produced them.

This work is a refinement of our previous paper \cite{GenMar}, where we first applied KAMS to TCP queuing and provided experimental evidence in its support. Although our work is independent, we have recently learned that several other authors have also arrived at related models, in our view, strengthening the case for its correctness and utility \cite{HuaLiuGonTow},\cite{GoeGau}.

The rest of the paper is arranged as follows. In Section \ref{model} we layout the details of the KAMS model and its adaptation to TCP. Section \ref{methodology} describes details of the validation approach. Results of validation are presented in Section \ref{results}. Section \ref{conclusion} summarizes our findings and discusses directions for future work.

\section{KAMS TCP Queuing Model}
\label{model}

The model we propose for TCP queuing is derived from the multi-input buffer queuing model originally studied by Kosten \cite{Kos} and later by Anik, Mitra and Sondhi \cite{AniMitSon} (and many others since). The main advantage of KAMS is that it is able to incorporate TCP burstiness, essential to accurate queue modeling, with a minimum of mathematical complexity.

The basic, in the topological sense, KAMS model is a network with a single server and a fixed number of inputs. This admittedly simple setup is a fundamental building block in and stepping stone to the study of more complicated TCP networks. Even this topologically simple model can be practically useful for modeling bottleneck routers in the broadband edge network.

The queue input process in KAMS is modeled as a superposition of some number, $N$, of statistically independent random on-off fluid sources. Each source has two states --- "on", when it is transmitting, and "off", when it is not. In the on state, every source emits data with some constant rate $\nu$.

This two level fluid source model is a natural fit for approximating bursty TCP transmission behavior. The on periods correspond to packet-burst transmissions, when the TCP source transmits the packets one after the other in quick succession, and the off periods to silences as the source awaits acknowledgment of the transmitted packets.

Data streams from all sources merge in the server queue so that when $k$ sources are active the total data inflow rate is $k\nu$. The server processes incoming data at a constant rate $C$. When $k\nu>C$ the arrived but unprocessed data is stored in a buffer of size $B$. Any data arriving after the buffer becomes full is discarded.

The equivalent computer network looks like a double fan (Fig. \ref{network}). The TCP sources on the left transmit data to their respective receivers on the right over the bottleneck link in the middle. To make this basic architecture as simple as possible we will also assume that round trip propagation delays between the source-receiver pairs are roughly equal. This is the archetypal bottleneck network.
\begin{figure}[ht]
\epsfig{file={simulated_network.eps},width=8cm}
\caption{Basic network topology.}
\label{network}
\end{figure}

Most of the KAMS parameters match up naturally with this model bottle network's parameters, so $C$ is the bottleneck router capacity, $B$ is the router buffer size and $N$ the number of TCP sources. The three remaining parameters --- $\nu$, and the random processes determining the on and off period durations require specific tuning to match KAMS behavior to the model TCP network.

In the original KAMS model $\nu$ is a free parameter, permitted to vary from source to source. For a TCP flow the rate of transmission is determined by the parameters of the network, provided a source's rate is not itself the limiting factor. The timing of packet emissions is determined by the TCP sliding window algorithm. Since a new packet is sent only when an acknowledgment for the previous packet is received, the speed of the access link, which is usually the slowest segment of the network, determines the interval between consecutive packets emissions. We will assume that the maximum speed of a TCP source is not less than the speed of its access link. Thus $\nu$ is equal to the speed of the access link. In practice, this assumption is vacuous, since the speed of the access link can be assumed to be equal to the speed of the source if the source is slower.

Duration of a given on period is determined by the size of the packet burst. Further, the number of packets in a burst, due to idiosyncrasies of the sliding window algorithm, is equal to the size of the sliding window, which we will assume is equal to the congestion window. Indeed, analysis of \emph{ns2} packet traces confirms that most packets are transmitted in bursts equal in size to the congestion window \cite{GenMar}. Moreover, packets in a burst are transmitted back to back at the speed of the slowest router in the path, i.e. $\nu$. Thus a duration of a given on period is simply the congestion window size at the time of its initiation divided by $\nu$.

It turns out that due to the multiplexing at the router it is not necessary to have the on periods of a given source follow the additive increase multiplicative decrease(AIMD) of the TCP congestion avoidance algorithm. Provided the sources activate independently of each other, the on periods of a given source can be modeled as a sequence of i.i.d. random variables with the same distribution as a deterministic AIMD source. From the point of view of the router these two input processes appear to be indistinguishable. The problem of determining the on period duration thus shifts to identifying the stationary congestion window size distribution.

Several papers have been published describing the stationary congestion window size distribution for a single source as well as for a large number of sources sharing a bottleneck link. The resulting mathematical expressions are, unfortunately, highly complex, making it difficult to check their identity or difference. Their complexity also makes it very difficult to implement realizations of the corresponding random variables. In practice, a good approximation is often sufficient for obtaining very accurate results. One characteristic that all theoretically computed distributions share is the Gaussian tail. We, therefore, postulate that the congestion window size distribution is approximated by a truncated normal distribution, restricted to the range $[0,\infty)$. Lacking a ready formula relating the parameters of this distribution to the network parameters of the model, we estimated them instead from experimental data. Details of the estimation procedure are explained in Section \ref{methodology}. We emphasize that this is not a shortcoming of the proposed model, since it is only meant to model the steady state queuing statistics and \emph{not} the TCP congestion avoidance algorithm.

Finally, the off period is the silence between consecutive bursts of packets. Since at most a congestion window's worth of packets can be sent in a single round trip and since this is exactly the burst size observed it follows that the duration of an off period is equal to RTT minus the duration of the last burst. However, because we will be concerned with high speed routers the burst duration will be negligibly small compared to the RTT. Since the same applies to the buffering delay, the off periods can be assumed to be equal to the round trip propagation delay, identical and constant for all sources.

\section{Methodology}
\label{methodology}
To validate the constructed model we compared the queue length distributions obtained from numerical simulations of the KAMS model with the same distributions computed from \emph{ns2} packet level simulations for a range of network parameter combinations. Below we describe the parameter values used in the validation study and the rational behind the specific choices.

The number of flows $N$ in the validation study was set to 1000. Firstly, this is a large number of flows that might realistically be observed at a router at the periphery of the Internet, where most bottlenecks lie. Secondly, at $N=1000$ the model is close enough to the asymptotic limit that increasing the number of flows further does not significantly affect the queue length distribution. Router capacity was fixed at $C=1$ Gbps. Access link speed was set at 100 Mbps, which gives $\nu=100$ Mbps.

The remaining scalar parameters --- router buffer size and round trip propagation delay --- were varied to determine how accurately the KAMS model tracks packet level simulations. These parameters are also known to have the strongest influence on TCP behavior and so we were most interested in the fidelity of the KAMS model with respect to them.

Router buffer size was varied in steps of 50 pkts from 50 pkts to 300 pkts. Preliminary experiments with \emph{ns2} suggested that increasing buffer size beyond 300 pkts does not significantly affect packet loss and so 300 pkts was chosen as an upper limit on the buffer size. Conversely, for buffer sizes below 50 pkts packet loss increases dramatically, which makes it a reasonable lower bound.

The round trip propagation delay was varied between 50 ms and 300 ms in increments of 50 ms. This range of propagation delays corresponds approximately to wired networks varying in diameter from a LAN to the global Internet.

Finally, to fix the on period duration distribution it was necessary to determine the parameters of the truncated normal distribution, which we postulated approximates the congestion window size distribution. Analyzing \emph{ns2} experimental data we found that the congestion window size distribution is, indeed, very well approximated by a truncated normal distribution. The mean of the distribution was take to be the mode of the empirical distribution, computed as the average of the four most likely values. The variance was then estimated by performing a least squares fit of the truncated normal distribution with the predetermined mean. The fit was performed on the logarithm of the data, which gives a greater weight to the accurate fitting of the tail of the distribution. In this way the mean and variance of the congestion window size distribution were computed for each of the 36 pairs of propagation delay and buffer size to be used for running the KAMS model simulation with corresponding parameters.

To summarize, the KAMS model was tested with $N=1000$ flows, $C=1$Gbps, $\nu=100$Mbps, router buffer size ranging from 50 pkts to 300 pkts in steps of 50 pkts and RTT ranging from 50 ms to 300 ms in steps of 50ms, giving 36 test points.

Validation was performed by running simulations of \emph{ns2} and KAMS for each of the 36 test points for 600 simulated seconds. In \emph{ns2} simulations queue length was sampled once per round trip. The KAMS simulation sampled queue length at the moments when sources changed state. The cumulative queue length distributions were computed by binning the queue length data into consecutive integer bins. Only data from the final 80\% of the simulated time interval was used to erase the effects of the transient phase.

\section{Results}
\label{results}
Results of the comparison between KAMS and \emph{ns2} simulations are summarized in Figure \ref{NRMSE}. The figure contains the contour plot of normalized root mean square error (NRMSE) in KAMS cumulative queue length distribution relative to \emph{ns2} over queue lengths greater than 5 packets.
We chose to drop the distribution values for the queue lengths between 0 and 5 because they are of little practical importance but contribute disproportionately to the error. Including the discarded values does increase NRMSE by about 5\%. The reason for the disproportionately high contribution is that near the buffer boundaries, i.e. near 0 and $B$, the accuracy of the fluid approximation breaks down. This is because KAMS stationary probability distribution becomes singular at the buffer boundaries, giving rise to jump discontinuities in the cumulative distribution. On the other hand, the \emph{ns2} cumulative queue length distribution, while rising sharply near the boundaries, remains continuous. The result is a very large relative error in the boundary regions. This becomes a problem especially when attempting to estimate the buffer overflow probability.

\begin{figure}[ht]
\epsfig{file=NRMSE1.eps,width=8cm}
\caption{Contour plot of NRMSE in KAMS cumulative queue length distribution.}
\label{NRMSE}
\end{figure}

As can be seen from Figure \ref{NRMSE} the KAMS model exhibits a remarkably high accuracy --- better than 5\% NRMSE --- for all but two parameter combinations with round trip propagation delay $\geq$100 ms. (Experiments with $\nu=C$ produce similar results which we do not present here for the sake of brevity.)

An interesting observation emerges from the analysis of failure of KAMS in the region RTT$<100$ ms. \emph{Ns2} packet loss time series data indicate that for RTT=50 ms there is significant packet loss synchronization between flows. Figure \ref{sync} attempts to capture the degree of synchronization of aggregate packet loss with one number. The function, whose contours appear in the figure, is a simple measure of ``spikiness" of the Fourier transform of the aggregate packet loss time series. We defined it as
\begin{equation}
\frac{\max_{i>0} |Re(\omega_i)|}{\frac{1}{M}\sum_{i>0}|Re(\omega_i)|}
\end{equation}
where $\omega_i$ is the $i$th Fourier coefficient of the aggregate packet loss time series and $M$ is the length of the data series. The largest values, occurring for RTT=50 ms, correspond to spectral densities with pronounced peaks arising from strong periodicity in the packet loss time series. This agrees with observations made in \cite{AltAvrCha}, where authors conclude that for long RTTs packet losses are well approximated by an i.i.d. random process, whereas for short RTTs there is a significant long-range time correlation between packet losses.

Counterintuitively, KAMS errs on the side of higher queue lengths and higher packet losses, which is the opposite of what we expected to see when buffer overflow events become synchronized. Synchronization is still a poorly understood phenomenon and why it occurs for short RTTs, when the lag in the congestion avoidance control loop is small, rather than for long RTTs is a topic for future research.
\begin{figure}[ht]
\epsfig{file=sync.eps,width=8cm}
\caption{Contour plot of the degree of synchronization of aggregate packet loss. Higher values correspond to more synchronization.}
\label{sync}
\end{figure}

Ultimately, the point of TCP queuing models is to provide a formula approximating the buffer overflow probability and, hopefully, observed packet loss probability. Hence, we consider next the accuracy of KAMS full buffer probability. As pointed out above, KAMS performs poorly near the buffer boundaries. The relative error in the full buffer probability is between 600 and 1400\%. However, the error is nearly constant across most of the test parameter range, allowing us to introduce a scaling correction factor. Figure \ref{full_buffer_error} show the contour plot of the multiplicative error in KAMS full buffer probability data after rescaling by the correction factor. The correction factor was chosen equal to the average of the multiplicative error for RTT$\ge 100$ ms, to avoid skewing the mean by the abnormally high values from the parameter combinations exhibiting synchronization. As can be seen from the plot, for most test points the multiplicative error drops below 20\%. Since in the TCP throughput formula packet loss probability appears under the square root, the error in estimated throughput would be smaller still, on the order of 10\%.
\begin{figure}[ht]
\epsfig{file=full_buffer_error.eps,width=8cm}
\caption{Multiplicative error in corrected full buffer probability of KAMS.}
\label{full_buffer_error}
\end{figure}

We note that the \emph{ns2} observed full buffer probability does not equal the observed mean packet loss rate, although, in the absence of synchronization, they are roughly proportional with a coefficient of about 0.6. Understanding of the relationship between full buffer probability and packet loss requires further research.

We also note that the KAMS model is highly sensitive to the shapes of the on and and off period distributions. Initially, we tried using exponential distributions for both since a closed formula already exists for the stationary queue length distribution in this setting. The results were considerably worse with NRMSE running as high as 20\% for many test points. Even using a half-normal distribution (i.e. a truncated normal distribution with mean 0) produced results that were substantially worse, even though the means of the truncated normals used above were usually in the low teens. Switching an exponential to constant off period distribution had a less dramatic but still noticeable.

\section{Conclusion}
\label{conclusion}
Overall, when the assumptions of the model are satisfied, KAMS can be said to approximate the stationary queue length distribution exceptionally well. This, in our opinion, is a strong indication that KAMS correctly represents the TCP queuing process. For well understood reasons, in absolute terms KAMS is less accurate at the upper and lower buffer limits. However, the KAMS full buffer probability is roughly proportional to the observed one with a universal (across network parameters) constant coefficient.

The ultimate goal of this work is to facilitate the creation of numerically accurate closed form mathematical models of TCP networks. In light of the presented work, two more problems need to be resolved to achieve this final goal: first, a closed form mathematical expression approximating buffer overflow probability in the KAMS model, and, second, a closed form approximation expressing the relationship between mean and variance of the truncated normal distribution, representing the stationary congestion window size distribution, and packet loss probability. Headway, has already been made in both of these directions by Palmowski and Rolski in establishing results on the statistics of the stationary KAMS distribution for general on-off period distributions\cite{PalRol}, and by Bacelli, Dumas, Chaintreau and others in establishing the relationship between the packet loss process and stationary congestion window size distribution \cite{BacMcDonJul},\cite{DumFabPhi},\cite{ChaDeVle}. The final synthesis of these elements into a highly accurate model of TCP networking is a topic for future research.

\bibliographystyle{plain}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


We've been hearing multiple, though unsubstantiated, reports from around the Internet that Studio Square, the beer garden, bar and party spot on 36th Street, has closed.
The 30,000 square-foot space is known for throwing large parties and events of all kinds, and for drawing in people from Queens and beyond. But it has drawn mixed reactions from people who live nearby. Some enjoy its energy and events, while others have complained about the noise and crowds.
The website is still up, listing their opening hours as Thursday through Sunday nights, and their Facebook page was last updated on November 4. However, the last event posting was back in April.
While some people seem to believe the space is closed for good, others seem under the impression that it's only closed for the winter season.
Though the rumors are swirling, we were unable to reach Studio Square's owners for comment, although their phone number is still active, with a Studio Square-branded voicemail recording. We're going to attempt to get ahold of them again, and we'll keep you posted! If you've heard anything, let us know!
After Queens Community Board 1 reached out to Studio Square NYC in regards to renewing their liquor license on Nov. 10, management confirmed that they there would be no need since the business would be closing their doors.
Liquor license renewal has been denied! Studio square is closed!
It's Thursday. Is the place open?
FWIW, we just had our son's birthday party there this past Saturday afternoon, so it was definitely open then. And we had a great time – the big open indoor space was perfect, party package was reasonable, and management was easy to deal with. I interacted with two GMs and neither mentioned anything about closing (not that they necessarily would). The place is only open Thursday-Sunday's right now so no surprise if no one is answering the phone today.
It's our understanding that they called staff two days ago out of the blue and said Sunday was their last day.
I'm confused, has anyone tried to go? Did someone go over the weekend and they weren't open. If a Facebook page is the only evidence wouldn't you wait until you could send someone to the space before printing? This seems flimsy.
This place used to be fun but has changed. Every time friends and I want to go here, they set a cover charge to get into the place for UFC fight nights, so we go to another bar. Last time, my boyfriend and I went to meet friends and were asked to pay a $30 cover charge, even though our friends were already inside having not paid a cover. It was like all of a sudden at 7 pm you had to pay a cover. I'm sure it would be more fun if there wasn't a cover charge.
It has never closed for "the season" in the past. They have heaters outside and the indoor area is large.


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text:
Let's Look At What Sony's Past Console Reveals Could Say About Tomorrow's PS4 Reveal
András Neltz
As you might have heard, Sony's (most likely) officially announcing the next PlayStation tomorrow. This isn't the first console reveal Sony has done, though. Let's think back to those times. What information was Sony willing to part with during their very first reveals for their other big consoles? It might give us some insight into what we first details we might learn about the PS4.
Looks Like Sony Will Reveal The Next PlayStation On February 20 [Update]
Sony just posted this video on the PlayStation blog. Looks like a teaser for the next PlayStation
Of course, Kotaku will be covering tomorrow's event. But for now, let's do some guesswork.
The PS3 Reveal (E3 2005)
The first big announcement, the unveiling of the PS3, happened at E3 2005. Let's take a look at what went on there.
What They Revealed
Lots of hard data was shown concerning the console's technical specifications—CPU, memory, networking capabilites, display output, actual physical dimensions, ports, compatibility with various media, etc. Included were explanations of the technologies involved in actually putting the graphics on the TV screen. Special attention was given to the new Nvidia GPU and the Blu-ray player. The PS3's online capabilities—the introduction of the PlayStation Network, an online service dedicated wholly to the PS3, which would be supported by every game, and other services such as personal homepages and media streaming—were also described in some detail.
The fact that the console would play both PS2 and PS games was revealed.
Media Center Capabilites
The PS3's ability to stream and to play HD movies was demonstrated.
These made up the bulk of the presentation. The demos showed off the technical capabilities of the new console.
A staggering amount of trailers, at that. Games from a wide variety of genres were represented, among them Final Fantasy XIII, Devil May Cry 4, Motorstorm, Killzone 2 and Heavenly Sword.
A Release Date
While they did announce a window for the PS3's release, the console's actual release was eventually delayed anyway—from 2006 spring, to 2006 fall.
The event was capped off by a batch of concept images of the console, which included the god-awful banana controller that was ultimately abandoned in favor of the SixAxis Wireless Controller.
What They Didn't Reveal
Actual Gameplay
The closest thing would be a tech demo controlled on-stage via the EyeToy, but other than that, nothing.
The big reveal of the console's price was left to next year. Rather infamously.
The PS2 Reveal (TGS 1999)
Of course you can't draw proper conclusions from just one event. So let's have a look at what happened in 1999, at the Tokyo Game Show, where Sony first unveiled the PlayStation 2. Details get a bit more sparse at this point, seeing it's the last millennium, but there are still several points to glean:
The brand new Emotion Engine chip, which powered the console, was unveiled and the console's internet capabilities were discussed—specifically online multiplayer, available in only a few choice games, via the separately available Network Adapter.
Sony announced that their new console would play games from the PS1. At the time, this was a brand new concept.
Media Center Capabilities
They spoke about the console's ability to play both music CDs and DVD movies.
Demonstrations / Actual Gameplay
Several PS2 titles were showcased as playable demos, among them Dark Cloud, Gran Turismo 2000, and Tekken Tag Tournament.
Sony advertised March 4, 2000 as the Japanese release date for the PS2, which they met successfully—however, due to manufacturing delays, store inventories were inadequate.
The Console
The hardware itself was put on display, and people could try out the new DualShock 2 controller.
The actual price was revealed then and there—although in Yen only: ¥39,800.
The American Price/Release Date
Neither were mentioned at the TGS. The PS2 eventually landed in North America on October 26, 2000, at a price of US$299.
The PS1 Reveal (May, 1994)
Now, there's the matter of the first PlayStation's reveal. The pre-release announcements Sony made, which seem to have been sent to the press for the official reveal, mostly concern the console's technical specs. In fact, these announcements only started popping up about half a year before the console's Japanese release, around May, 1994.
The technical specs of the PS1 were described, going into details about the CPU, and the fact that there are separate chips for video and audio (a big thing at the time!) was revealed. These were accompanied by claims of photorealism and a processing power of 500 million instructions per second.
Vague hints were dropped about the price, mentioning that it would be "under ¥50,000."
They also hinted at the release date; something about the console arriving in Japan that year. It did, on December 3rd.
23 games had been in development for the console's launch, and it was promised that at least 10 would hit their deadline. For the Japan launch, they managed 8—Ridge Racer among them. For the US launch almost a year later, they had 11—for example, Rayman and Air Combat.
Once again, America was neglected. Eventually, the PlayStation launched on September 9, 1995, and it was sold for US$299.
While they talked about how many games there would be, they didn't name any of them. They didn't show them off, either. No footage, no trailers, nada. But then again, it was 1994.
The PS4 Reveal (?)
Alright then, let's get down to business. What are they gonna say about the PS4 (or, if you're superstitious, the Orbis)?
What They Might Reveal
Judging by their past reveals, Sony's practically guaranteed to talk about the inner workings of the PS4. They might choose to demonstrate the console's power by running a few simulations as well.
Something about the console itself—and the controller—will most likely be said. They might even straight up show us what the final product looks like—hell, even unveil an actual console.
This is a Real Prototype PS4 Controller
This photo, which as far as we can tell first appeared at Destructoid, appears to be a prototype…
The PS4's launch titles might be announced, and shown off via trailers, or even demos if we're lucky.
Online Capabilities
They could talk about new PSN features, or other, entirely new online features, such as video sharing or game streaming.
Report: The Next PlayStation Will Record Gameplay And Let You Share It Online
In the wake of news that Sony will announce the next PlayStation on February 20, rumors and reports
This will probably be mentioned, if it's an included feature. Both the PS3 and the PS2 announcements talked about backwards compatibility at some length.
Before they move on to the games, they might talk about how the PS4 will work as a media center.
What They Might Not Reveal
Or they might reveal it, only for it to turn out to be wrong later. Let's admit; Sony isn't good at giving specific release dates. They'll likely aim to release in time for the holiday season, but they could very well pull a "some time this year" move, or even give a season or a month timeframe.
This one's hard to tell. They might still be undecided, or they might choose not to say anything.
Of course, don't forget to take what Sony says with a grain of salt. As we've seen above, they can't always deliver on their promises, and sometimes, they even change their mind and decide to do something else entirely. So, with that in mind, while you wait, discuss your own theories below.
Full Metal Plushie
There's one more thing to take into consideration, the size of the console. The first model of the next PS will be the size of a small, dorm room type, refrigerator.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
4 Dreadful Stories from 4 Countries on Today's Global PnP List
Top Canadian women's gymnastics official charged with multiple sexual offences
Dave Brubaker, the women's national team director of Gymnastics Canada, faces multiple sex-related charges.
Sarnia Police said in a statement that Brubaker was charged Friday with one count of invitation to sexual touching, three counts of sexual interference, three counts of sexual exploitation, and three counts of sexual assault.
The statement said Brubaker appeared in court on Friday and was released on bail with a February 2018 court date.
Police didn't give any further details about the allegations and Gymnastics Canada said in a release that a publication ban has been imposed in the case.
The Bluewater Gymnastics Club, where Brubaker is the club director, did not immediately respond to an email seeking comment.
Brubaker was Canada's head gymnastics coach at the 2016 Rio Olympics and was the women's national team director at the this year's world championships in Montreal in October, where Halifax native Ellie Black captured the women's all-around silver medal.
Gymnastics Canada said in a statement that it was troubled by the allegations against Brubaker, who has been placed on administrative leave by the organization.
Headmaster of renowned Catholic school is accused of burning evidence into child sex abuse
Somerset: The headmaster of a renowned Catholic school may have destroyed evidence of child sex abuse, it has been claimed.
Father Leo Maidlow Davis, 63, now the senior monk at Downside Abbey, burned staff files dating back to the early 1980s in a bonfire in 2012.
However, he claimed any destruction of evidence was unintentional, saying his aim had been simply to 'get rid of unnecessary old material'.
The fee-paying school in Radstock, Somerset, was examined as part of the Independent Inquiry into Child Sexual Abuse (IICSA).
When police investigated the alleged offences in 2010, allegations had been raised about 16 of the institution's 23 monks, The Times reported.
Witnesses described being taken into monks' beds and there were reports of a locked room in the school's basement where monks would watch personal videos.
Downside Abbey in Radstock, Somerset, was examined as part of the
Independent Inquiry into Child Sexual Abuse (IICSA)
Allegations were allegedly locked away in the abbot's safe.
Neither was penitent. Both were protected.
Abbot, Aidan Bellenger
Letters from the abbey's former abbot, Aidan Bellenger, revealed his fears that 'the issue of child abuse was tolerated by all my predecessors as abbot'.
In a letter sent last year, he said of two monks who had been imprisoned over abuse: 'Neither was penitent. Both were protected (and implicitly) encouraged by their abbots.'
He said of two other monks: '[They] avoided trial, but their offences (more than allegations) remain on record.'
His letter included a warning that a monk who still lives at Downside had taken part in 'perverse and criminal' activities.
Two others he said 'were open to allegations of "paedophilia"', adding: 'Small fry perhaps but in outside perceptions they would be in trouble.'
He warned: 'More "historic" cases will emerge', listing five other names, which have been redacted by the inquiry.
Two monks from the Abbey have previously been jailed for child sex offences.
Monk Richard White, 66, was handed a five-year sentence in 2012 after abusing two boys more than two decades ago, including a 12-year-old he paid 50p to hush up.
His court hearing was told that, instead of contacting the police after allegations were raised, the then abbot of the monastery simply stopped White from teaching younger students.
In 2004, Desmond O'Keefe, another former priest from the abbey, was jailed for downloading 12,000 children sex abuse images.
40 monks and teachers accused at Ambleforth
Dr Bellenger, who was abbot for eight years until 2014, has previously apologised to all former pupils affected by abuse.
The inquiry, which examined the prevalence of paedophilia among Benedictine monks and failures to protect young people, also looked at Ampleforth College in North Yorkshire, where about 40 monks and teachers have been accused of abusing children since the 1960s.
An interim report is set to be released next year.
Sex abuse survivors say 'old school' military won't change
Some Survivor's Stories
Tracey Topp went to court to get her name suppression lifted, after being sexually assaulted as a child by her father, air force sergeant Robert Roper, at Whenuapai air base, New Zealand.
Tracey Topp remembers witnessing the moments right before her sister was raped by their father for the first time.
Tracey was eight, Karina,11; it was just them and their dad in a motel spa pool the night before a family trip to Singapore. When he told the girls to take off their togs, Tracey started to complain. "I'm tired, I want to get out," she whinged, until he reluctantly let her put on her wet togs and go back to their room.
As she closed the door Tracey saw him pull Karina onto his lap. Tracey says she'll never be able to scrub her memory of the look on her sister's face in that moment. She has what she calls "significant survivor's guilt", although she knows in her rational mind she was only eight. She was not to blame. None of the girls abused by Robert Roper were to blame and, since 2015, he has been in jail for the evil he did to them, and to others.
Karina Andrews, Tracey's sister, was also abused.
This is the first time Tracey has spoken publicly about the abuse that took place over a dozen years in the 70s and 80s, mostly on the Air Force base at Whenuapai where her father worked in the transport division. She testified at his trial under name suppression, but has now chosen to have that lifted. The report that will show how the Defence Force intends to change its handling of sex assault cases is due out in a matter of weeks and so it's time to help others, Tracey says. The trial destroyed her, she was suicidal for a time, but now she's considering signing up for a diploma in psychology. It's time to step into the light.
Her sister Karina Andrews was the first to make that decision, lifting her own name suppression after the trial two years ago. When Roper was convicted, the NZ Defence Force tried to back away from responsibility, saying the matter had been "investigated by police and dealt with by the Courts, and the NZ Defence Force has no further comment". How galling that must have been for Karina and Tracey, who were interviewed several times by Military Police as children about the allegations – twice, incredibly, with their father in the room.
And then nothing was done.
The sisters' story is hard to hear, hard to tell, even to me on the phone. As they talk about how Karina tried to shield her baby sister from the worst of her father's abuse, about how the fight for justice has brought them closer together, I flash back for an instant to a moment in my own past.
About 15 years ago, at home in Melbourne for a family Christmas, my mother mentions in passing that a former neighbour has paid a surprise visit. Instantly at the mention of his name my hackles rise – good thing I wasn't here to answer the door, I spit, or he'd be out cold on the doorstep. My mother is nonplussed; but my older sister is looking at me with an odd intensity. We hold the look for a second, two seconds. In that moment we both realise the other was subject to the same abuse at his hands. I was 10, she would have been 12 or 13. An extra sisterly bond neither of us would ever have wanted.
Now Karina's sister Tracey has joined her in the sunlight, along with another Roper survivor, Cherie Ham; another who has bravely asked for name suppression to be lifted. I spoke to them all on separate occasions this week, and found them remarkably united in their feelings towards the Defence Force; their hopes for change; and their determination to save this from happening to any other person, male or female.
The three women have a meeting with NZDF scheduled for mid-January to see, they hope, the report in full for the first time. Survivor advocate Louise Nicholas will be with them.
All three say they'd never met Nicholas before 2015, but all had heard of her story, and took strength from her strength throughout Roper's trial. After he was convicted, they sought Nicholas' help to push for a full inquiry. That report by QC Frances Joychild has been completed, and has been with the NZDF for almost a year now. The women have had a glimpse at it once – Tracey tells me they were given eight hours with it in November last year – although much of it redacted. "It was too much to take in that short space of time. I had to put it down."
Louise Nicholas will be with the women when they meet the Defence Force to discuss the Roper report.
ROSS GIBLIN/STUFF
Tracey lives in Perth now and says she won't be getting on a plane for the meeting without seeing the thing in full. She says one of the women's biggest challenges is getting access to parts of the report that would prove her father was protected by the Defence Force 30 years ago.
"That's the thing that surprised me," she says. "We asked whether there were reporting processes in place at the time, and why weren't they followed? There were, they told us, but it wouldn't have mattered. There was no accountability."
Karina, Tracey and Cherie are united in their gratitude and admiration for Nicholas. "She's been a guardian angel," Karina tells me. "She follows through. The NZDF are afraid of Louise, because she gets s... done. We bring her along because they know she's serious."
Cherie and Tracey agree, Nicholas has been their touchstone and their rock. While adamant every woman has the right to her own truth, her own story, they're surprised by recent complaints from survivors who've questioned Nicholas' commitment.
"You're dealing with people who are traumatised," Tracey reasons. "Perhaps it was because she didn't meet their expectations. Perhaps they've built her up to be something she's not.
"But Louise is the first person to step forward and support the people who need it. I'm so thankful she was on our side. I don't think they would have taken us as seriously without her. "Let those complaints be investigated in full, those women deserve it, but I feel strongly that Louise will come out on the right side of things."
An important note in Cherie, Karina and Tracey's story is the exemplary way they say New Zealand Police handled their complaints from the moment Karina came forward in 2012.
"I rang Pukekohe police station and instead of making me come down to make a statement, they came to me at home," Karina says. "That initial contact, where I was able to talk in a place where I felt safest, was the most positive experience. That initial decision kept me going through all of it."
Karina credits one officer, Detective Bryony Brown, for taking her through the arduous process from start to finish. Brown received a commendation for her handling of the Roper case this year.
That's the kind of consistency Karina says is needed in any overhaul of NZDF processes surrounding sexual offending.
"It was so important that one person stays there with you all the way through, so you don't have to repeat your story again and again. Exposure therapy has been good for me – it doesn't hurt to tell my story any more. But that does not work for everyone."
As their January meeting approaches, I ask all three what they think of the NZDF's willingness to change – ahead of the Joychild report, it has implemented it's own programme called Operation Respect.
They're all hopeful. They're all cautious. "If it really does change, I'll be very surprised," Cherie says.
"My gut feeling is that, no, it won't really change. They're too 'old school' – they're still back in the 70s and 80s. I'm looking forward to the briefing because for all of us, it could be the beginning of the end of all of this."
For a moment I'm overwhelmed by the bravery of these three women. A little timidly, I ask Tracey why she keeps up the fight. This could cast a shadow over her whole life – why keep going?
"I could let it go, but how's that going to help anyone? The last thing we all want is for some other person's son or daughter to experience what we've experienced. If we step back, what was it all for?"
Pakistan: Child sexual abuse rage in madrassas, muftis scare victims to silence
An economist and victim, narrated how he feels enraged to think the mufti would rape him and immediately go to lead the prayers thereafter.
Madrassa near Margalla hills, Islamabad
New York/ Islamabad: It began with sweets and pocket money when he was 10 years old - special attention from the religious cleric who ran the Pakistani madrassa, or Islamic school, the boy attended.
It escalated to rape and months of sexual abuse, the now 28-year-old young man says.
"I feel rage now when I think that after he raped me he took a bath and right away he left to lead the prayers," said the victim, an economist who lives in Islamabad.
"After that I came to know from three or four of my classmates that the mufti used to do the same with them," he said.
Speaking English, at times searching for the right words and at others apologizing for the explicitness of his conversation, he described the cleric's advances: how he took him to another mosque that was not associated with the madrassa the boy attended and then raped him.
He said he suppressed memories of the abuse for years, but after reading a report in November revealing widespread abuse by clerics in Pakistan's thousands of madrassas, they all came tumbling back.
"I read the story two times. The first time I was shocked. The things that were written there were everything I had lived. The second time I read it, the whole of my body was trembling because of the memories it brought back," said the man, speaking on condition of anonymity, not only because of the shame he felt nearly two decades later but because he feared Pakistan's religious leaders could retaliate against him either with violence or charges of blasphemy or being an apostate, both of which, he said, were tantamount to a death sentence.
He decided to approach his former classmates, to rally survivors of abuse to band together to speak out. But, he said, he was rebuffed, and firmly.
"They said 'Stop talking. This is not something to discuss.' It is so common in the madrassas here, but people don't want to talk about it. We are ashamed," the young man said.
There are more than 22,000 registered madrassas in Pakistan, and many thousands of unregistered ones, often grimy one- or two-room facilities in remote villages. The millions of students they teach are often among the country's poorest, who receive food and an education for free.
But at the madrassa this young man attended - one of the largest in the Pakistani capital, which attracted students from other parts of the country - many of his fellow students were, like himself, from middle- and upper-middle class families, "sent to the madrassa to win favour for the family from God," he said.
Naeema Kishwar, a federal lawmaker who in 2016 helped change Pakistan's laws to close a legal loophole that had allowed those who commit so-called "honour killings" to escape punishment, said that laws exist to tackle sexual abuse of minors, which she called a scourge in Pakistan, not only in madrassas but in public schools, at home and among the army of child workers who are employed in homes as domestic workers and in factories.
"Of course, it is the responsibility of the federal government to prevent abuse of children, but you must keep it in your mind that provincial governments are equally to be blamed for being unable to stop child abuse at all places, including private and government schools and madrassas," she said. "This is a common problem."
But Kishwar who is a member of the religious Jamaat-e-Ulema-e-Islam, a pro-Taliban party, took umbrage with a focus on sexual abuse in the madrassas.
Her party operates thousands of religious schools. But like the clerics who dominate her party, Kishwar, despite data and evidence to the contrary, said the incidents of abuses in religious seminaries were isolated.
Taha Siddiqui, a prominent Pakistani blogger and journalist, who has come under attack by the military and intelligence agencies in Pakistan for his outspoken commentaries, said the report was widely shared on social media, whereas the mainstream media stayed mostly silent.
He blamed fear among the mainstream media of antagonizing the country's religious leaders and because sex, even if it involves abuse, is a taboo subject.
"Such topics rarely get any coverage on national television channels. And for that reason, there were discussions on social media which were much more encouraging," he said.
Two-time Oscar winner Sharmeen Obaid, whose documentaries have given a voice to victims of acid attacks and "honour killings" in Pakistan, retweeted the story.
Sherry Rahman, a senator in Pakistan's upper house of Parliament and a close ally of Pakistan's slain leader, Benazir Bhutto, tweeted: "This is a subject we need to talk about so our children are better protected. Sexual abuse of children is pervasive at many levels of society across the class divide. We must give courage and hope for victims to speak out. "
Raza Rumi, a Pakistani journalist and policy analyst, who moved to the United States after surviving an assassination attempt by members of the militant Lashkar-e-Janghvi group, tweeted: "This had to be said. For too long we have avoided confronting such brutalities. . . End #child #abuse in #Pakistan."
But there were also virulent attacks, said Siddiqui. Some accused those who criticized madrassas of blasphemy, while others said it was a Western conspiracy to defame Islam.
Islam doesn't need the West's help to defame itself.
Says the young economist and abuse survivor: "In Pakistan the mullahs have two weapons, they can declare you an apostate or charge you with blasphemy. Both are a certain death sentence."
Labels: child porn, child rape, child sex abuse, child sex exploitation, destruction of innocence, global, madrassas, paedophiles, pedophiles, PnP List, police, prison, sentence, violation of the sacred, voiceless
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Mountain hunting is hardly a new pursuit. The Indigenous peoples of British Columbia, the Yukon, and Alaska have well-documented accounts of hunting mountain goats and other game long before Gore-Tex and ultralight gear came into the picture. The argument could be made, however, that it has never been more at the forefront of hunting media, nor more accessible than it is at this point in time. There is a particular allure to the mountains, and hunting in their presence, that for many cannot be found elsewhere. Those that have experienced this often find themselves continually drawn back — like a moth to flame — in an attempt to satiate their hunger for these rich and wild environments.
In the hunting space, clothing and gear companies have made a concerted effort to capitalize on these desires, and seeing a hole in the tapestry, a number of them dove in. Carbon fiber pack frames, ultralight tents, layering systems, and mountain-worthy boots are the new normal. Times have certainly changed since your grandfather chased sheep in his wool clothes with a trapper nelson pack board lashed across his back. Some may lament this change. But for those who welcome the seemingly non-stop onslaught of well-designed gear with open arms, it can be a daunting world to step into, particularly when it comes to late season hunts and gear management.
Hunting companies have adopted, smartly so, many of the tried-and-true rules of mountaineering, creating a myriad of technical pieces and layering systems. While tailored to the purposes of the hunter, these pieces owe their roots to the climbing and alpinism world that has long dominated the ranks of mountainous pastimes. Which brings us to the purpose of this article.
Late season hunting in the mountains comes with its own unique challenges. In many ways, the gear management principles you'd apply in the early season are still valid, but constant sub-zero temperatures add a layer of complexity. On a recent nine-day foray into the frozen Coastal Range of Northwest British Columbia, the JOMH team put some gear through its paces and learned some lessons along the way. For those of you who have been leery of these late season hunts in the past, hopefully, this article will help cut through some of your questions.
Before I get too deep into the weeds, it is important to shed light on a critical point. I often get inquiries from friends, acquaintances, and occasionally strangers on what pieces of gear to buy for hunting. Typically, I am the first person to say "don't let your gear get in the way of your hunt". If you cannot afford to spend $700 on a backpack, $500 plus on boots, and several thousand on optics, it doesn't mean that you can't or shouldn't go chase sheep, goats, or any other mountain game. Were it not for the fact that I spend nearly six months of the year in the mountains I almost certainly wouldn't have the gear I do. That said, winter mountain hunts are gear intensive, and quite frankly, dangerous without the proper clothing and equipment. Simple or commonly encountered aspects of any early season hunt — such as stream crossings — become extremely calculated, when the temperatures approach -20C.
While it is talked about regularly, the proper application of a layering system is not as well understood as everyone thinks. Layering is arguably the most critical consideration on a winter mountain hunt. Proper selection of your layers and how they are applied will be the determining factor in successful moisture management, and therefore, your ability to both thrive (aka perform) and survive.
A layering system is not unlike a wall; a proper foundation is critical to the effectiveness — strength — of the system. Below is a breakdown of my system. It should be noted that these are not the only options on the market and similar results can be achieved using gear from a variety of mountaineering focused brands. That said, these pieces functioned flawlessly across a wide variety of temperatures and exertion levels over nine days, and are obviously purpose built for arduous mountain hunts.
The merino versus synthetic debate has likely been given more airtime than Stairway To Heaven at high school dances, so I will try not to wade too deep into those waters in this piece. However, this was actually the first time I have run a fully synthetic system (minus boxers and socks), and I wasn't disappointed.
Up until recently, I lived and hunted in the coastal temperate rainforests of Vancouver Island, home of the wettest place in North America, Henderson Lake, with a whopping annual precipitation of 260 inches. Suffice it to say I am used to cool, wet, environments. In the four years I lived there, I came to believe that merino was king. Merino wool is naturally antimicrobial, moisture wicking and its ability to keep you warm when wet has resulted in me owning more pieces of merino clothing than I have years on this planet. Merino certainly has its place in the mountains — I swear by merino socks and underwear — and quite often have merino pieces in my layering system.
Synthetics, however, have the upper edge when it comes to drying time, and moisture management is undoubtedly the most critical aspect to keeping yourself safe and hopefully successful in these winter endeavors. The purpose of your base layer is to insulate you and wick sweat away from your body and having a system that can do that while still drying quickly is a no-brainer in these environments. Irrespective of camo pattern, brand, or material, your base layer has this one crucial purpose.
For reasons that were highlighted in the Dynamic Rewarming Drill video we put together last year, synthetics reign supreme on a hunt of this sort. I chose to wear synthetic long underwear and pants underneath my rain shell, however, others in our group simply ran long underwear and the shell pant. Both setups work, so that decision comes down to personal preference. What is important is that your base-layers are tight fitting and do their job — wick moisture. Additional layering is largely dependent on the physical output (exertion) or lack thereof depending on the required task, hiking versus glassing for example. The contrast between your internal environment and the temperatures in which you will be operating will also of course dictate the number of layers you apply in any given scenario.
A few members of the party found that the Kelvin Active jacket — a breathable lightweight Polartec insulation piece — performed admirably, shining in both its breathability while hiking, and short drying time. Topped off with a breathable Gore-Tex shell, you have a system that wicks moisture away from your body while also keeping moisture and cold air from your external environment out. To be clear, this is for high-output scenarios. The Kelvin Active is not designed to be a primary (aka heavyweight) insulation piece for a winter hunt.
Now it would be naive to assume that you will be sweat free in any high-output winter activity, especially when carrying a loaded pack. This is where your heavyweight insulation pieces come into play, and ours certainly were put through the ringer. Whenever we stopped for extended periods of time to glass, take food breaks, or set camp, the heavy insulation would come out. In my case, the Kelvin Down Hoody — down/synthetic blend — and the Kelvin Lite Pant — pure synthetic — became my best friends. At the end of a hike and around camp in the evening, we lived in our heavy insulation pieces. Typically by the time I had my tent site dug out of the snow, set up, and a Mountain House boiled I would be nearly dry; the balmy jacket and pants harnessing body heat and cooking my system from the inside out. For the heavyweight insulation layers, my recommendation is to go with a synthetic/down blend for the upper body and a pure synthetic insulation piece for pants as the constant snow exposure requires a more versatile and moisture resilient piece on the legs. There are high quality hydrophobic down garments on the market that I often run, but hydrophobic does not equate to waterproof, and they require more maintenance in the field to perform.
Currently, the backpacking/backcountry tent market is flooded with excellent options at varying price ranges for ninety-five percent of user's needs. Winter backpacking for nine days in the Northern Coastal Mountains of British Columbia, however, does not fall under that ninety-five percent. This is not an environment that you want to be testing your ultralight one-person summer backpack tent in. Robust double-wall tents that can handle snow loads and wind, with ample room for gear storage are key, and our group ran a mix of Hillebergs on this hunt.
Freestanding tents are the best choice due to their versatility, though with proper snow-stakes — or tree branches, ice axes, and trekking poles in my case — the non-freestanding models also work. So long as your tent is durable and in good tack, and your camp locations appropriate for your tent, this one is pretty straightforward. The main objective here is to keep you and anything inside the tent relatively dry and sheltered from the elements.
Sleeping bags and pads are often a highly personalized topic, but regardless of what you may or may not believe, synthetic bags are far superior to down bags in these environments. Hydrophobic down has come a long way in recent years, but when cold weather meets moisture it still does not surpass the insurance that a synthetic sleeping bag gives you. There were a few in our party that made due with down bags combined with bivy sacks, though they still found their bags lost loft and were forced to dry them out in front of the fire on numerous occasions.
Utilizing the same principles as the synthetic layering system, a synthetic sleeping bag allows you to sleep comfortably regardless of how wet it or the clothing you wear inside it is. I have long lost count of the number of nights I have crawled into my sleeping bag with damp base layers on and woke up in the morning dry as the desert air at high noon. Certainly, there are environments where this is not of great concern, and I do have a 32F down bag in my arsenal for those occasions, but I gladly pack the extra weight of the synthetic bag more often than not as its versatility is unparalleled in my eyes. An added benefit to synthetic bags is their incredibly low cost by comparison, as most bags in this category run under $200 USD.
Our party ran a range of 20F through 0F sleeping bags which functioned well, when combined with the heavyweight insulation pieces on the colder nights — where needed — to bolster the insulation levels. I personally prefer a warmer sleeping bag, as I find it easier to thermo-regulate with the zipper than to wake up in the middle of the night and add layers, but that's just a personal choice.
Sleeping pads are a key component of a solid sleep, especially when the mercury drops. There are more pad options out there now than ever, and how you sleep will likely steer your selection with these. I have been using a Thermarest NeoAir Xtherm now for three years — in the neighborhood of 250 nights — and have no complaints. At fifteen ounces, it's barely noticeable in my pack and still plenty thick for sleeping on my side or providing insulation on cold winter nights. The most important factor here is R-Value, as the higher the rating the warmer you will sleep. Outside of R-Value and thickness, it's going to come down to personal preference. Some prefer extra-thick pads with lower R-Value or find the ultralight pads too noisy, or the material too slippery. When choosing a sleeping pad, consider that a solid sleep goes a long way towards keeping your mental state positive and sometimes the lightest, smallest pads aren't the best option.
Too often I feel that hunting media strives to portray every hunt as if it were life-threatening and "extreme", with danger lurking behind every decision. You see it in writing, in films, and in photos. The vast majority of these instances I have read about or watched, can be boiled down to operator error — inexperience – and, admittedly, that comes with the territory of pushing one's boundaries.
It is natural to think that someone on their first sheep hunt, crossing a talus slope with rocks rolling away from them, might in-fact feel as though they are on the cusp of life and death, and therefore portray the story as such in their writings. It is a trend in the industry that leaves a bitter taste in my mouth, and one I wish to push back against. Hunting isn't without risk or consequence, but it is also something that we do because we enjoy it, love it, and the mountains bring a sense of peace and tranquility. That said, backpacking in the backcountry in the dead of winter can have serious consequences, not the least of which is hypothermia. All of the systems I have discussed above will help mitigate excess moisture from accumulating over the course of a late season hunt and — barring an unplanned swim in a frozen creek — erase any potential concerns of hypothermia.
Now you may be wondering, what about fire? With the proper application of layering systems and moisture management science, a fire is something you will undoubtedly welcome, but it will not be critical. While there were a few of our crew running down bags that likely would have had some real problems if we were without fire, those of us with synthetic bags would have had zero issues. The right apparel system with the right sleeping bag is sufficient to both survive and thrive on a hunt of this nature without fire. That said, fire is an exceptional morale booster, and there is something comfortingly primordial about watching the flames flicker under the waning moonlight in the mountains.
If you haven't already figured it out, fire starters are indispensable in wet, snowy environments. I'm sure there are a million different products out there, I have used ZIP cubes extensively and usually have a handful stuffed in my pack or saddle-bag throughout the guiding season. At approximately five dollars for a forty pack they are more than worth packing around. South facing timbered slopes above the valley bottoms that will still get decent sun exposure during the shorter days of winter hold substantially greater amounts of burnable firewood than the river bottom — as we were to learn — and old broken off tree stumps on these slopes create inferno's that last through the night. Late season hunts mean the daylight hours are short and nothing improves morale like a roaring fire, so take the time to find a campsite that has good firewood, and you will be happier — and dryer — for your efforts.


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Bus from King William's Town to Johannesburg
Buses King William's Town to Johannesburg: Compare all companies
Facts about the King William's Town Johannesburg bus route
Bus Companies Eagle Liner, Intercity Xpress, Intercape, Eldo Coaches, Busbud, Greyhound South Africa
Are you searching for a bus from King William's Town to Johannesburg?
You've come to the right place! With CheckMyBus, you can compare all available offers for the King William's Town Johannesburg bus route. In our search engine, you receive info about departure times, the exact bus stops, travel durations as well as the the best ticket prices. We'll help you compare bus companies offering this route, including Eldo Coaches. Want to know if the bus offers air conditioning, WiFi or electrical sockets? We'll show you which equipment different companies have.
You can see cheap buses to Johannesburg from King William's Town over the next few days on this page. We also show you more info about the bus stops in King William's Town and Johannesburg so you'll know where to go. If you're continuing your journey beyond Johannesburg, you can find options for onward trips and alternative destinations from King William's Town, as well as popular airport shuttles from Johannesburg.
The cheapest bus routes from King William's Town to Johannesburg
King William's Town - Station
Johannesburg - Southgate Shopping Centre
Johannesburg - Park City Transit Centre
Johannesburg - Bertrams
King William's Town - Engen Buffalo River 1 Stop
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Bus King William's Town Johannesburg: Further Information
We have already set that you're departing from King William's Town and arriving in Johannesburg in the search bar. The travel date is automatically set for a few days in advance, since people typically book 3 to 7 days before traveling. If you'd like to travel on a specific date, just select the day in the calendar to update your search.
Are you planning on returning to King William's Town? You can select the date for your return trip as well for the Johannesburg King William's Town bus route.
After getting all the results, you can compare all bus tickets for the King William's Town Johannesburg bus route. Then, you can consider several factors. Eagle Liner offers the cheapest tickets at $19.27, while the fastest connection takes 8h 50m. In the end, you can decide if you'd prefer the cheapest ticket, the quickest journey or the bus with the most amenities. Regardless of what you're searching for, we can help you find the best deal for your travel needs!
You can also compare other modes of transportation departing from King William's Town and arriving in Johannesburg. In our search results, you can also compare available trains, carpooling and flights.
We hope you enjoy your bus trip from King William's Town to Johannesburg!
Bus stops in King William's Town and Johannesburg
Bezuidenhout St & Bertrams Rd , Johannesburg (South Africa)
Johannesburg - Denver Mens Hostel
Johannesburg (South Africa)
Johannesburg - Jan Smuts Ave & Upper Park Dr
Johannesburg - Newtown
Rissik St , 2000 Johannesburg (South Africa)
Southgate Rd , 2082 Johannesburg (South Africa)
Johannesburg, GT
Cathcart St 2, 5601 King William's Town (South Africa)
Victoria St 10, 5601 King William's Town (South Africa)
Bus King William's Town to Johannesburg: FAQs about the route
How much does a bus ticket from King William's Town to Johannesburg cost?
Among other factors, this depends on the day and time of travel. The cheapest bus ticket for this route starts from $19.27 and takes 12h 50m to get to Johannesburg. Save money by comparing bus tickets!
How much can I save after comparing tickets for the King William's Town to Johannesburg bus route?
This route is connected by 1 bus company with ticket prices ranging from $19.27 to $46.53. Therefore, we suggest booking your ticket as early as you can to ensure you get the cheapest bus deal to Johannesburg.
How many daily bus routes are available from King William's Town to Johannesburg on average?
Each day, the bus route from King William's Town to Johannesburg is offered by about 5 connections. You can compare bus times to find the perfect trip with our search engine.
How long does the King William's Town Johannesburg bus route take?
Eldo Coaches offers the quickest bus from King William's Town to Johannesburg, which can take 8h 50m. Tickets for this connection cost $29.00. However, keep in mind that the bus route can take longer when there is traffic.
Is there a direct bus route from King William's Town to Johannesburg?
For the King William's Town Johannesburg bus route, our search engine currently compares 4 direct bus connections with the following companies: Eldo Coaches
When does the first trip depart for the King William's Town Johannesburg bus route?
The earliest bus to Johannesburg departs from King William's Town at 3:20 AM. However, bus schedules may vary on weekends and holidays. To find exactly when the bus is running on your planned travel date, check our search engine.
When does the last trip depart for the King William's Town Johannesburg bus route?
The latest bus trip from King William's Town to Johannesburg departs at 8:45 PM. Please keep in mind that departure times may vary on weekends and holidays. You can use our search engine to find the available times on your planned travel date.
Which companies are running for the King William's Town Johannesburg bus route?
When taking the King William's Town Johannesburg bus route, passengers can choose between companies, such as Eldo Coaches. By using our search engine, you can compare all available bus trips to find one that works for you.
What can I bring with me on the bus from King William's Town to Johannesburg?
Different bus companies have varying restrictions about what is and isn't allowed on board. Typically, you can take a suitcase and hand luggage with you for the King William's Town Johannesburg bus route for free. Find a bus that best serves your travel needs by using our search engine for your preferred travel date.
What equipment is available on the bus from King William's Town to Johannesburg?
What equipment is on board differs from company to company. Generally, many intercity buses provide WiFi to let you keep your friends up to date about your location during the trip. Air conditioning systems provide ventilation to maximize comfort while travelling. With our search engine, you can find precise information about the equipment of the bus from King William's Town to Johannesburg on your preferred travel date.
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Bus routes from King William's Town and Johannesburg
King William's Town to Durban
King William's Town to Pretoria
King William's Town to Pietermaritzburg
King William's Town to East London
King William's Town to Cape Town
King William's Town to Bloemfontein
Johannesburg to Cape Town
Johannesburg to Durban
Johannesburg to Pretoria
Johannesburg to Harare
Johannesburg to Maputo
Bus Routes from King William's Town
Bus Routes from Johannesburg
King William's Town to Bellville
King William's Town to George
King William's Town to Kimberley
King William's Town to Midrand
King William's Town to Paarl
King William's Town to Port Elizabeth
King William's Town to Rustenburg
King William's Town to Uitenhage
King William's Town to Umtata
King William's Town to Welkom
Johannesburg to Blantyre
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Johannesburg to Bulawayo
Johannesburg to East London
Johannesburg to Krugersdorp
Johannesburg to Lilongwe
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Johannesburg to Welkom
Johannesburg to Witbank
CheckMyBus › King William's Town › Johannesburg


Miura Golf is known as a company that makes beautiful, high-performing equipment, and that reputation rightly precedes the company's new Hayate (translating from Japanese to "the sound of the wind") driver and fairway woods.
Shinei Miura, son of company founder Katsuhiro Miura, was key in the development and design of the Hayate line.
The Hayate driver is a 460cc head with a shallow clubface, sporting a matte black crown finish against the titanium face. The driver features what's dubbed a Floating Weight Structure, which is a 35-gram arch floating above the sole to optimize the center of gravity. An 8-gram adjustable heel weight can promote either a draw or fade bias, with additional weights (in 2-gram increments) sold separately.
Golfers will immediately notice the driver's honeycomb MG sole, which delivers stability in a stunning aesthetic.
The Miura Golf Hayate driver is available in 9.5- and 10.5-degree heads for $639 each, with potentially more depending on shafts used.
The Hayate fairway woods are designed to be versatile, with one-piece titanium construction. The shallow clubface and low center of gravity promotes a high launch, while adjustable weights on the heel and toe (4-gram toe weight and 8-gram heel weight) can promote shot-shape bias. The sole shape allows for optimized turf interaction.
The Miura Golf Hayate fairway woods are available in 15- and 18-degree heads for $539 each, with shaft choices potentially adding to the cost.


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The Association of Baptist Churches in Israel (ABCI) is a Baptist association of churches in Israel. It is a member of the European Baptist Federation, the Baptist World Alliance and the Evangelical Alliance of Israel.

History
The Association has its origins in the founding of the first Baptist Church in Nazareth in 1911 by the Syrian Shukri Mosa.An American mission of the International Mission Board also established other churches in 1923. The Association was founded in 1965 by various Israeli Arab churches.

According to a denomination census released in 2020, it claimed 17 churches and 900 members.

Beliefs
The Association has a Baptist confession of faith. It is a member of the Baptist World Alliance and the Convention of Evangelical Churches in Israel.

Schools
The association is a partner of the Nazareth Baptist School founded in 1936, a K–12 school.

In 2007, it founded the Nazareth Centre for Christian Studies.  In 2014, the Centre merged with the Galilee Bible college to establish the Nazareth Evangelical College.

References

External links
 Association of Baptist Churches in Israel - Official Web Site
 Baptist Twinning with Israel
 Jerusalem Baptist Church
 The Local Baptist Church - Nazareth
 Nazareth Baptist School - Official Web Site
 Nazareth Evangelical Theological Seminary
 Nazsem: the blog of Nazareth Evangelical Theological Seminary

Religious organizations established in the 1960s
Baptist denominations in Asia
Evangelicalism in Israel

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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CPM computers stolen
By Michelle Ma on October 27, 2005
Six computers were stolen from the Chemistry Physics Mathematics and Computer Science building late Oct. 11 or early Oct. 12.
Professor John Brabson discovered the theft in the computer lab in room 109 and reported it to Public Safety at 6:20 a.m. on Oct. 12, according to the incident report. Interim Director of Public Safety Dan Brown said that there were signs of forced entry. Public Safety contacted the Oakland Police Department, according to Brown.
This is the latest in building break-ins and thefts; the education complex also suffered several break-ins and thefts over the summer.
"We're putting alarms on the computer labs in CPM to prevent further thefts," Brown said.
Michelle Ma


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Capital Source
Trump is still blaming his 2016 New Hampshire loss on voter fraud — with zero proof
By Victoria McGrane Globe Staff,Updated August 17, 2019, 8:00 a.m.
Speaking to reporters Thursday as he left his New Jersey golf club for a rally that night in Manchester, N.H., President Trump revived an unfounded conspiracy theory that he would have won New Hampshire in 2016 but for buses full of out-of-state voters who illegally cast ballots.Barry Chin/Globe Staff/Globe Staff
President Trump, per usual, uttered quite a few astonishing soundbites during his 90-minute rally Thursday night in Manchester, N.H.
But he was stirring controversy before he even reached New Hampshire. Speaking to reporters earlier that day as he left his New Jersey golf club, Trump revived an unfounded conspiracy theory that he would have won New Hampshire in 2016 but for buses full of out-of-state voters who illegally cast ballots.
"Thousands and thousands of people coming in from locations unknown. But I knew where the location was," Trump said.
Sound familiar? Trump dwelled on these unsubstantiated claims for some time early in his presidency. More specifically, he repeatedly accused thousands of Massachusetts residents from boarding buses and hitting the polls in New Hampshire, costing him the swing state's four electoral votes in 2016 — and also causing former senator Kelly Ayotte, a Republican, to lose her reelection.
Trump and his allies provided zero proof for their claims. He lost New Hampshire to Hillary Clinton by about 3,000 votes.
The president seemed to have these phantasmal voters on his mind during his Thursday evening rally, too — his first in the state for his reelection campaign.
As he replayed his unexpected 2016 wins — a centerpiece of his rally repertoire — he told the boisterous crowd, "I hate to tell you, we should have won New Hampshire. That was taken away. . . . We should have won New Hampshire, but that's OK. I'm not holding it against you because it was not your fault."
The New Hampshire secretary of state's office said it has the same response to Trump's accusations as it did when he first raised them: Um, no.
"We don't see any widespread, organized efforts" to carry out voter fraud in the state, deputy secretary of state David Scanlan said. It has transpired in isolated, individual circumstances, "but nothing on the scale of illegal voters on buses coming into New Hampshire."
Victoria McGrane can be reached at victoria.mcgrane@globe.com. Follow her on Twitter @vgmac.


Mixed salad greens consist of Mizuna, Mixed Lettuces, and Arugula (Roquette). Prepare a fine seed bed in the early spring, strew the seed, rake in and tamp well, keep evenly moist until germination, and thin seedlings to 3 inches apart. Cut and come again salad. I find that the 3 g packet does a 10 foot by 4 foot bed, and it comes up densely with the diverse arugala and lettuces, etc. I actually don't thin mine, but just let them grow on until they reach about 6 inches tall, and then start harvesting. The salad greens need plenty of water and will wilt and/or bolt if you let them dry out too much.


The Steeplechase neighborhood of Leawood is located near the main intersections of West 143rd Street and Mission Road. Steeplechase is served by the Blue Valley School District. This subdivision is located within zip code 66224. Homeowners association (HOA) dues vary, but are around $600 per year. You can learn more about the HOA here. There is a neighborhood pool, a play area, and an exercise trail. Trash pickup and curbside recycling is also included in those dues.
Shown below are all homes for sale in Steeplechase. Active listings are displayed as well as listings under contract so that you can compare pricing. These are almost all 2-story homes and they sell in the $400,000s.


Real Estate Perspective – February 6, 2019 | James Real Estate Services, Inc.
The Denver Regional Council of Governments (DRCOG) is taking applications for the Spring Citizens' Academy. This nationally recognized, seven-week course explores pressing regional issues including transportation, housing and population growth, as well as how to better engage and participate in your community. Classes are Thursday evenings from 6-9 p.m. April 4 – May 16 at the DRCOG office, 1001 17th Street, Denver. The deadline for applications is March 8.
Early in 2018 DRCOG assumed control and management of the Citizens' Academy, formerly a program of Transit Alliance, and expanded the Academy focus from its foundation of transportation issues. Through the nationally recognized academy, participants learn from local experts and leaders, network with other residents and act on what they've learned. Since 2007, more than 800 residents from around the region have completed the Academy which has inspired dozens of participants to pursue public service in the Denver region. Numerous academy alumni have gone on to serve as elected officials, and hundreds of participants have been appointed to positions in public agencies or nonprofit organizations that shape Colorado's future.
Mobility used to be about access to the family car. Today, with more options and technology tools, the smart phone is becoming our access to mobility. Knowing what options are within your reach and evaluating these options based on cost, time and sometimes environmental impact is making travelers wiser and more efficient about their choices. The Road Ahead brings key policy experts together with community members, elected officials, policy makers, private developers, and transportation industry leaders. The presentations elicit animated dialog from panelists and audience members who have a passion for transportation solutions.
Planners for the City & County of Denver have released updated drafts of Comprehensive Plan 2040, Blueprint Denver and Game Plan for a Healthy City. The plans include a reader's guide that highlights what has changed. Provide feedback at one of four drop-in sessions.
Ross-University Hills Branch Library, 4310 E. Amherst Ave., January 10, 5-7 p.m.
Decker Branch Library, 1501 S. Logan St., January 15, 5-7 p.m.
Scheitler Recreation Center, 5031 W 46th Ave, January 24, 5-7 p.m.
Park Hill Branch Library, 4705 Montview Blvd., February 5, 5:30-7:15 p.m.


s till don't know how to improve the performance of your bicycle, bike, or racing car? No reason to be at a stand. We introduce our catalog of bolts, screws, nuts, and other fasteners made of titanium. Give a boost to your vehicle and improve the safety using our products. With their ideal weight-to-strength ratio, titanium parts are designed to add to durability and stability of a bike or car without making it too heavy. Being lighter than your racing rivals is of paramount importance if you want to leave them far behind.
The metal combines all advantages of aluminum and steel, allowing you to upgrade your vehicle effectively. Here we offer titanium fasteners of different types and sizes. Choose the kit you need and reduce the weight of your bike or car with our products.


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La Serra de Peranera és una serra de l'Alta Ribagorça de l'antic terme de Malpàs, actualment integrat, des del 1970, en el municipi actual del Pont de Suert.

Enllaços externs
 Institut Cartogràfic de Catalunya

Peranera


text:
Edward Joseph "Ed", Jr. SCHNEIDER
Edward Joseph "Ed" Schneider, Jr., 62, West Plains, Missouri, died Saturday, May 19, 2012, at his home. He was born August 21, 1949, at St. Louis, Missouri, to Edward Joseph Schneider, Sr., and Eunice Mae Shrum Schneider. Mr. Schneider was a business owner in the heating and air conditioning industry.
He is survived by his lifetime partner, Mary Jo Robertson; one brother, Tom Schneider, wife, Beth Anne, West Plains, Missouri; one sister, Barbara Stark, husband, Butch, Bakersfield, Missouri; two nieces, Jessica Collins, husband, John, Caulfield, Missouri and Joanna Myers, husband, Keith, West Plains, Missouri; two great-nieces and two great-nephews.
His parents and one daughter, Michelle Linthicum, precede him in death.
Private services will be held at a later date. Memorial contributions may be made to Ronald McDonald House of Springfield, Missouri, and may be left at Robertson-Drago Funeral Home. On line condolences may be expressed at robertsondrago.com.
[ozarkareanetwork.com/obits, May 21,2012]
SCHNEIDER, Edward Joseph VETERAN WWIISCHNEIDER, Edward JosephSCHNEIDER, Eunice M.


text:
est un film italien réalisé par Mario Soldati, sorti en 1940.

Synopsis
Inconnu.

Fiche technique
 Titre :
 Réalisation : Mario Soldati
 Scénario : Mario Soldati, Luigi Zampa, Carlo Borghesio, Aldo De Benedetti et Arturo Gallea d'après la pièce de Nicola Manzari
 Photographie : Arturo Gallea et Carlo Montuori
 Musique : Danilowski
 Pays d'origine : Italie
 Format : Noir et blanc - 1,37:1 - Mono
 Date de sortie : 1940

Distribution
 Junie Astor : Elsa Ducrò
 Antonio Centa : Gianni
 Miretta Mauri : Maria
 Carlo Campanini : Carmelo
 Enzo Biliotti : le professeur Panardi
 Jole Voleri : Julci
 Greta Gonda : La cliente élégante

Liens externes

Film italien sorti en 1940
Comédie romantique italienne
Film italien en noir et blanc
Film réalisé par Mario Soldati
Adaptation d'une pièce de théâtre italienne au cinéma