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Marilyn McCoo Biography
Began Singing as a Child, Found Fame with The h Dimension (5t)
Singer, actress
In a career spanning forty years, Marilyn McCoo has become one of the most successful female recording artists in American music. With super group The 5th Dimension, her husband Billy Davis Jr., and as a soloist, McCoo has earned seven gold albums, five gold singles, six Grammy awards, and a star on the Holly-wood Walk of Fame. Her own fame was cemented as a singer when she helped the hippie generation "Let the Sunshine In" and showed the world that "You Don't Have to Be a Star" to find lasting love.
Began Singing as a Child
Marilyn McCoo was born on September 30, 1943, in Jersey City, New Jersey. At the age of seven she moved with her family to Los Angeles. Her parents, Mary and Waymon McCoo, were both doctors who provided McCoo, her two sisters, and one brother with a solid middle-class upbringing. McCoo sang before she took her first step. Dance, piano, and voice classes followed and by the time she was a teenager McCoo was set on a career in entertainment. At 15 she entered Art Linkletter's Talent Scouts, a local Los Angeles talent show. Tall, with striking good looks, McCoo soon began modeling. Meanwhile, she graduated high school and enrolled in UCLA, where she earned a degree in business administration.
In 1962, McCoo entered the Miss Bronze California contest. After sweeping the talent competition she went on to earn the crown. At the event she met Lamonte McLemore, a photographer for Jet and a part-time vocalist. McLemore's photos of McCoo were featured in the magazine's column "Beauty of the Week." He also invited her to join his singing group, The Hi-Fi's. She accepted and began performing with them in Los Angeles clubs. Soul legend Ray Charles caught one of their gigs and invited The Hi-Fi's to join him on tour. Charles also produced the group's single "Lonesome Mood."
The Hi-Fi's disbanded in 1965 and that same year McCoo, McLemore, Florence LaRue, Ron Townson, and Billy Davis Jr. joined forces as The Versatiles. At first the group sang for fun. "We started out as friends, singing as a hobby," McCoo told the St. Louis Post-Dispatch. In between gigs, McCoo worked for a department store and later as a job developer in Watts for a group called Economic Youth Opportunities. Davis, however, had brought to the group a connection with the recording industry, and a record deal was soon in the works.
Found Fame with The h Dimension (5t)
The Versatiles briefly signed with Bronco Records where future R&B icon Barry White was working as a music director. When that deal collapsed, they joined the Soul City label and changed their name to The 5th Dimension. With a crew of veteran session musicians, the five singers recorded their first hit in 1966, "Go Where You Wanna Go." They followed that release with the full-length album Up, Up, and Away. Catchy pop with an R&B attitude, the title track highlighted the group's vocal acrobatics and lodged itself at number seven on the charts. Another standout track was "Learn How to Fly," driven by McCoo's clear vocals.
Up, Up, and Away snagged The 5th Dimension four Grammy awards in 1967, including Best Pop Performance by a Group and Record of the Year. McCoo and company became stars. A follow-up album, The Magic Garden, also released in 1967, was tepidly received, but did nothing to hurt the band's popularity. 1968's Stoned Soul Garden, widely considered the group's best work, featured two chart-topping singles—the title track and "Sweet Blindness."
In 1969 The 5th Dimension hit the upper stratosphere of stardom with The Age of Aquarius. The album's first single, "Aquarius/Let the Sunshine In," became a mega-hit, occupying the number one spot on the charts for six weeks and becoming the un-official anthem of the 1960s. It earned the group two more Grammy Awards, including Record of the Year. A second song, "Wedding Bell Blues," also went to number one. In this gospel-tinged ballad, McCoo took center stage, infusing the lyrics with tender yearning when she crooned, "C'mon and marry me, Bi-ill." Fittingly, 5th Dimension co-singer Billy Davis Jr. did just that.
Partnered with Davis in Marriage and Music
McCoo and Davis had developed a strong friendship from the moment The 5th Dimension formed. "When we met, there was no immediate physical attraction because we weren't each other's physical type," McCoo told Jet. "So, Billy and I became friends." After four years of constant togetherness—performing, touring, rehearsing—the duo realized they were in love. "Our relationship was built on being around each other all the time," McCoo told Jet. They were married on July 26, 1969, setting off a 30-plus year partnership.
In 1970 The 5th Dimension released yet another chart-topping album, Portrait. It is home to one of McCoo's strongest performances, "One Less Bell to Answer," a steamy, torch song dripping in soul. The group released nearly a dozen more albums over the next five years, though they never again reached the success they had in 1969. McCoo recorded several powerful solos including "Loves Lines, Angles, and Rhymes" from the album of the same name, "(Last Night) I Didn't Get To Sleep at All" from Greatest Hits on Earth, and "If I Could Reach You" from Individually and Collectively. All three songs made it to the Billboard Top Ten.
By 1975 McCoo and Davis had decided to leave the group. "In the back of our minds, we still had that desire to see where our careers could go as individuals," McCoo told NPR radio host Tavis Smiley. "The 5th Dimension had a wonderful sound … and every sound has its run. And we had had our run. Well, Billy and I weren't ready to accept that, so we were saying, 'Let's do something different. Let's do something new." Recording as a duo, they released 1976's I Hope We Get To Love In Time featuring the single, "You Don't Have to Be a Star (To Be in My Show)." The song went straight to number one and earned the duo a Grammy for Best R&B Performance by a Group.
At a Glance …
Born on September 30, 1943, in Jersey City, NJ; married Billy Davis Jr. (1969). Education: University of California-Los Angeles, BS, business administration.
Career: The Fifth Dimension, singer, 1965-75; solo, and with Billy Davis Jr., singer, 1975-; actress, 1977-.
Memberships: Children's Miracle Network, board member; Los Angeles Mission, board member; Cancer Research Foundation, board member; Soldiers for the Second Coming, founder.
Awards: Miss Bronze California, 1962; Grammy Award, Record of the Year (with Billy Davis Jr.), "You Don't Have to Be a Star," 1977; earned a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame (with The Fifth Dimension), 1991; Children's Miracle Network, Achievement Award, 2002; Grammy Hall of Fame, inductee (with The Fifth Dimension), "Aquarius/Let the Sunshine In," 2004.
Addresses: Management—The Sterling/Winters Company, 10900 Wilshire Blvd., Suite 1550, Los Angeles, CA 90024. Web—www.mccoodavis.com.
Broke into Broadway and Books
McCoo moved into television in 1977, co-hosting The Marilyn McCoo and Billy Davis, Jr. Show on CBS. The prime-time variety show featured comedy sketches by Jay Leno and Tim Reid and, of course, lots of singing. In the 1980s McCoo hosted Solid Gold, a music show that featured a count down of that week's top ten songs interpreted by the famous, spandex-clad Solid Gold dancers. McCoo also made guest appearances on The Love Boat and Night Court, and had a recurring spot on the soap opera Days of Our Lives. Onstage, McCoo began appearing in musicals—The Man of La Mancha, Anything Goes, and A … My Name is Alice—with the dream of appearing on Broadway. "I had hoped those shows would lead to a Broadway opportunity; but in any case, I felt that if I was serious about my dream, I needed experience," she told The Philadelphia Tribune. Her dream came true in 1996 when she landed the role of Julie in a Broadway production of Showboat.
As her acting career unfolded, her singing career steadily rolled along. She and Davis released The Two of Us and Marilyn and Billy. On her own, McCoo released Solid Gold in 1983 and The Me Nobody Knows in 1991. The latter was a contemporary gospel album that reflected McCoo's spiritual beliefs. Incorporating jazz, soul, and Caribbean beats, the album made the Christian music charts and was nominated for a Grammy for Best Gospel recording. She and Davis also maintained a busy schedule of touring and performing, particularly on the Gospel circuit. In 1990 they joined the original members of The 5th Dimension for a national reunion tour.
In 1999 McCoo and Davis took two musical productions on the road: The Duke Ellington Songbook Tour and It Takes Two. Of the latter, Davis told the St. Louis Post-Dispatch, "It's a love, unity, and togetherness kind of show. Songs were picked for two people, and it just kind of fell into place for us because of who we are and what we represent." McCoo and Davis further shared what they represented with the 2004 publication of Up, Up and Away: How We Found Love, Faith and Lasting Marriage in the Entertainment World. The book came with a CD of love songs including "I Believe in You and Me" and "Because You Love Me." Not only a testament to lasting marriage, the book was a testament to a lasting career. It came out as McCoo was entering her fourth decade as an entertainer. Like her marriage, her career showed no signs of stopping.
(With the 5th Dimension) Up, Up, and Away, Soul City, 1967.
(With the 5th Dimension) Stoned Soul Picnic, Soul City, 1967.
(With the 5th Dimension) The Age of Aquarius, Soul City, 1969.
(With the 5th Dimension) Portrait, Bell, 1970.
(With the 5th Dimension) Love's Lines, Angles, and Rhymes, Bell, 1971.
(With the 5th Dimension) Individually and Collectively, Bell, 1972.
(With the 5th Dimension) Greatest Hits on Earth, Arista, 1972.
(With Billy Davis Jr.), I Hope We Get to Love in Time, ABC Records, 1976.
(With Billy Davis Jr.), The Two of Us, ABC Records, 1977.
(With Billy Davis Jr.), Marilyn and Billy, Columbia, 1978.
Solid Gold, RCA, 1984.
The Me Nobody Knows, Warner Brothers, 1991.
(With Billy Davis Jr.), Spirituals: Songs of the Soul, Discovery House Music, 2004.
With Billy Davis Jr. and Mike Yorkey, Up, Up and Away: How We Found Love, Faith and Lasting Marriage in the Entertainment World, Northfield Press, 2004.
Showboat, Broadway, 1996.
The Marilyn McCoo and Billy Davis Jr. Show, CBS, 1977.
Solid Gold, 1980s.
Jet, August 15, 1994; October 16, 1995; August 9, 1999; October 18, 2004.
St Louis Post-Dispatch, August 14, 1996; November 11, 1999.
Marilyn McCoo and Billy Davis, Jr., www.mccoodavis.com/marilyn.htm (June 10, 2005).
The Original 5th Dimension, http://members.aol.com/laruemccoo/ (August 16, 2005).
"Marilyn McCoo and Billy Davis Jr. Discuss the Music Business and Their Book," interview on The Tavis Smiley Show, National Public Radio, March 1, 2004.
—Candace LaBalle
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Many IEEE members have made enormous contributions to the success of IEEE Technical Activities (TA) over the years. Now, the IEEE Technical Activities Board is giving IEEE members a chance to recognize such colleagues through the IEEE TAB Hall of Honor.
The TAB Hall of Honor honors those persons, living or deceased, who have made one or more major contribution(s) to IEEE Technical Activities. Contributions include the creation, development, or advancement of the technical objectives of IEEE. Objectives include the advancement of the theory and practice of electrical, electronics, communications, and computer engineering, as well as computer science, the allied branches of engineering, and the related arts, sciences, technologies and their application for the benefit of IEEE members worldwide, and for the general public.
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Nominate for the TAB Hall of Honor
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To make a nomination, download and complete the form (DOC, 58 KB) and email to ta-noms@ieee.org, IEEE staff. The nomination deadline is 10 April 2023.
For further information, please see Section 1.3 of the TAB Operations Manual (PDF, 2 MB).
Eligibility information
Richard V Cox
For creating a model for shared governance of TAB publications by multiple societies.
Rich Cox earned the Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Princeton University. He spent 29 years at AT&T Bell Labs and AT&T Labs beginning in 1979. In 2000, he became the Vice President of the Speech and Image Processing Services Research Lab where he was responsible for all research in speech, audio, image, video, and multimedia processing. Read more (PDF, 129 KB).
Stephen L. Diamond
For leading the creation of stable operation of the Future Directions initiatives and innovative initiatives within the Future Directions Committee.
Steve Diamond is Managing Director of Picosoft, a consulting firm specializing in high-tech industry standards strategy and implementation. Previously he was Senior Director of Industry Standards at VMware, and Global Standards Officer and General Manager of the Industry Standards Office at EMC/Dell. Before that, he was Director of Intercloud Computing Product Management and Director of the Network Applications Infrastructure Business Unit at Cisco Systems. Prior to Cisco, Steve was VP of Marketing at Equator Technologies, a VLIW DSP semiconductor startup. Read more (PDF, 142 KB).
Roberto Saracco
For creating a global vision and structuring the Future Directions operation, spawning and leading SmartCities, Digital Reality, KaaS and Symbiotic Autonomous Initiatives.
Roberto is a recognized promoter of Future Directions and many activities in TAB and across IEEE activities. He currently Chairs the IEEE NIC, serves on the IEEE President's AdHoc's on the 2050 and Data-based Strategies, and is a member of the Emerging Technology Foresight group of the Computer Society. He has chaired the IEEE Future Directions committee where he personally initiated the Smart City Initiative; under his leadership the pool of Smart Cities grew to 30 worldwide. Read more (PDF, 133 KB).
Irving Engelson
For leadership, contributions, and dedication to Technical Activities and IEEE.
After surviving The Holocaust as a child, electrical engineering studies in Germany, and Switzerland, and arrival in the USA, Irv was awarded a B.S. (EE) from Polytechnic Institute Brooklyn, M.S. from Rutgers, and a Ph.D. (EE) from Worcester Polytechnic. Irv's work career began with several organizations followed by the Radio Corporation of America (RCA), service in the US Army as a linguist, and a return to RCA where he held leadership positions. Read more (PDF, 86 KB).
Ray Liu
For starting the financial transparency movement, initializing and realizing of IEEE DataPort and IEEE App.
K.J. Ray Liu is a Distinguished University Professor and Christine Kim Eminent Professor of Information Technology at University of Maryland, College Park. His research work concentrates on broad areas of information and communications technology with a recent focus on wireless AI for indoor tracking and wireless sensing. Read more (PDF, 114 KB).
José M. F. Moura
For launching and leading TAB and IEEE to adopt financial and governance transparency and adopt diversity, inclusion, and ethics policies.
José M. F. Moura holds an EE degree from Instituto Superior Técnico (IST), Lisbon, Portugal, M.Sc., EE, and D.Sc. in EECS degrees from MIT, MA, USA. His expertise is Signal, Image, and Graph Signal Processing, and Data Science. Read more (PDF, 106 KB).
Jan Brown
For leadership in improving fiscal management of conferences and conference publications.
As founder of JB Consulting in 1992, Dr. Brown consulted, lectured, and trained throughout the United States, Canada, and Japan on business considerations for technology transfer and commercialization, technology development and management, strategic planning and business development, technology assessment, research and development measurements, and issues concerning women in science and engineering. Read more (PDF, 226 KB).
William Emery
For contributions to sustainability of TAB publications.
William Emery (IEEE M'90–SM'01–F'02) holds a Ph.D. in Physical Oceanography from the University of Hawaii, Honolulu(1975). He was with Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, and in 1978, he moved to the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, where he created a Satellite Oceanography Facility/Education/Research Program. Read more (PDF, 69 KB).
Jacek Zurada
For contributions to TAB educational activities.
Dr. Jacek Zurada is a Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA. He was a post-doc at Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, a Visiting Professor at Princeton University, and a Distinguished Visiting Professor at NUS and NTU (Singapore). Read more (PDF, 143 KB).
John T. Barr
For service as TAB Treasurer.
John Barr received a B.S.EE from Georgia Institute of Technology in 1971, a M.S.EE in 1974 from Stanford University and a M.S. in Engineering Management in 1982, from Stanford. Co-Op at Scientific Atlanta 1967-70. Retired after 37 years from Agilent Technologies / Hewlett-Packard in 2008. Read more (PDF, 120 KB).
Peter Clout
For transforming the Society Review process into a more beneficial experience for reviewed societies and TAB.
Peter Clout founded Vista Control Systems, a spin-off from Los Alamos National Laboratory, in 1989 and retired from the company in December 2017. Vista Control Systems sells a software product for collecting, displaying and storing real-time data. Read more (PDF, 110 KB).
Al Dunlop
For service as TAB Treasurer, increasing TAB financial transparency, and the use of business plans within TAB.
Dr. Dunlop received his B.EE from the University of Delaware, M.S.EE and Ph.D. from Carnegie-Mellon University in 1975, 1977 and 1979 respectively. He holds 14 patents in the areas of circuit design, system initialization and algorithms. Read more (PDF, 130 KB).
H. Troy Nagle
For leadership in reforming TAB governance which included giving Society Presidents the same TAB voting rights as Division Directors.
Dr. Nagle is Distinguished Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering at NCSU, and Professor of Biomedical Engineering at UNC & NCSU. He was the Founding Chair of the UNC-NCSU Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering. Read more (PDF, 120 KB).
Vincenzo Piuri
For promoting holistic cooperation within TAB and across IEEE Operating Units.
Ph.D. in computer engineering at Politecnico di Milano, Italy (1989). He is Full Professor in computer engineering at the Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy (since 2000). Read more (PDF, 112 KB).
Fernando Aldana
For leadership in internationalizing IEEE Technical Activities.
Fernando Aldana has developed more than 100 academic and industry projects, collaborated in more than 200 conferences in several positions, and published more than 200 books and articles. Read more (PDF, 80 KB).
Celia Desmond
For promoting and implementing cross-Society technical activities for young professionals and women in engineering.
Celia Desmond, established and ran the PMO for Echologics. Her team managed all proposals, contracts and project management processes. She is President of World Class – Telecommunications, providing telecommunications management training. Read more (PDF, 70 KB).
William A. Gruver
For pioneering efforts to include new technologies in IEEE TA, and for exploring social media with young professionals.
Dr. William A. Gruver was a highly accomplished academic and professional engineer who voluntarily made extensive contributions to the development of IEEE throughout his long and illustrious career. The focus of his work in both academia and industry was robotics and intelligent manufacturing systems. Read more (PDF, 97 KB).
For leading and growing TAB's participation Sections Congresses.
Rakesh Kumar is a 43-year semiconductor industry veteran, an entrepreneur, and now an educator. He has been an industry individual contributor, technology leader and a manager. He has been a consulting adviser to numerous emerging, mid-size, and large Fortune 500 companies, and leading research organizations. Read more (PDF, 82 KB).
Kenneth Laker
For championing the use of information technologies and the Internet, contributing to the development of IEEE Xplore.
Dr. Laker is a Professor of EE at the University of Pennsylvania where he has taught since 1984. He received the B.S. from Manhattan College and the M.S. and Ph.D. from New York University all in EE. Read more (PDF, 73 KB).
Lewis Terman
For exceptional leadership of IEEE Technical Activities and expanding its suite of activities.
Lewis Terman received a B.S. degree in Physics in 1956 and an M.S. and Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering in 1958 and 1961 from Stanford University. He retired from IBM's Research Division in 2006 after 45 years, and currently holds the title of IBM Research Emeritus. Read more (PDF, 84 KB).
Jose Cruz
For leadership in restructuring TAB and achieving balance in Regional/Divisional representation on the IEEE Board of Directors.
Jose (Joe) B. Cruz, Jr. co-developed the Comparison Sensitivity Matrix in 1964, now known as the Cruz-Perkins Comparison Sensitivity Matrix, as a tool for insuring the benefits of feedback in multivariable linear and nonlinear systems to reduce the effects of parameter deviations. Read more (PDF, 123 KB).
Michael Masten
For leadership in restoring TAB to financial health through a new infrastructure cost distribution model.
Michael K. Masten is a TI Fellow in Corporate Research and Development at Texas Instruments. During his career at TI, Mike has worked on line-of-sight stabilization, target tracking, inertial navigation, missile autopilot-flight control systems, real-time hardware-in-the-loop test processes, electric motor control, and hard disk drive systems. Read more (PDF, 156 KB).
Bill Moses
For championing major improvements in the quality of technically cosponsored conferences, their proceedings, and support to all IEEE conferences.
Bill received his B.A. from Dartmouth College, graduating Magna Cum Laude with Highest Distinction in Physics, and his Ph.D. in Physics from the University of California, Berkeley in 1986. Read more (PDF, 142 KB).
Emily Sopensky
For championing and engaging cross-IEEE interests in emerging technologies, including intelligent transportation systems and radio frequency identification.
A business consultant, Emily Sopensky specializes in strategies for technology companies. After 20 years in Central Texas, she became the second IEEE-USA Fellow to the U.S. State Department in Washington, DC. Read more (PDF, 142 KB).
Fred Mintzer
For leadership in developing TAB Open Access policies and for revising TAB's Mission to focus on Technology-Centric Communities.
Fred Mintzer (S '75, M '78, SM '91, and F '99) received the B.S.EE degree from Rutgers University and the Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering from Princeton University. He joined IBM's Thomas J. Watson Research Center in 1978. Read more (PDF, 181 KB).
Robert Rassa
For leadership in creating the Panel of Conference Organizers (POCO).
Robert (Bob) Rassa is Director of Engineering Programs at Raytheon's Space and Airborne Systems. His primary responsibilities within Raytheon are focused on furthering the discipline of systems engineering within the US Department of Defense and defense industry. Read more (PDF, 184 KB).
W. Kenneth (Ken) Dawson
For improving Publication Activities and Technical Activities Boards collaboration, initiating electronic publication distribution, and managing a challenging Information Technology upgrade.
Born in Quebec City, Ken Dawson earned a B.Sc.A. degree in Physics at Laval University in 1951, followed by a Masters and Ph.D. in Physics at Queens in 1955. Read more (PDF, 263 KB).
Bruce Eisenstein
For initiating the election of the Vice President, Technical Activities by IEEE Society members, improving reserve allocation, and creating the TAB Management Committee.
Bruce Eisenstein is an engineering educator serving as the Arthur J. Rowland Professor and Vice Dean of Engineering at Drexel University. He also consults on mobile communications and product liability. Read more (PDF, 184 KB).
Dr. Robert Hebner
For developing processes to support Emerging Technologies and to incubate new Technical Communities within IEEE Technical Activities.
Dr. Hebner is the Director of the Center for Electromechanics at the University of Texas at Austin. The Center teams with companies to get technology into the market. Current projects include improved hybrid vehicles, energy storage, Smart Grid, and microgrids. Read more (PDF, 251 KB).
Dr. Lloyd A. (Pete) Morley
For extraordinary leadership of IEEE Technical and Publication Activities, particularly contributions to the improvement and documentation of operations.
Dr. Morley received his B.S. and Ph.D. degrees in 1968 and 1972 from the University of Utah, both in mining engineering. His graduate work also included a course concentration in electrical engineering, and he worked in industry for over six years before finishing his degrees. Read more. (PDF, 172 KB).
John Vig
For improving operations and processes of the IEEE Technical Activities Board.
John Vig was born in Hungary. He immigrated to the USA in 1957, received his B.S. degree from the City College of New York in 1964, and his Ph.D. in Physics from Rutgers - The State University of New Jersey, 1969. Read more (PDF, 183 KB).
Evangelia Micheli-Tzanakou (deceased 24 September 2012)
For creating technical communities and establishing IEEE as a worldwide leader in biometrics.
Professor Dr. Micheli-Tzanakou received the M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in Physics at Syracuse University, NY, USA. Read more (PDF, 184 KB).
Gerard Henry (Gus) Gaynor
For being the originator and founding editor of Today's Engineer magazine and for major advances in publications and IEEE Xplore® operations.
Gus Gaynor, IEEE Life Fellow, brings experiences from a career that spanned the technical and management disciplines. Read more (PDF, 167 KB).
Saifur Rahman
For sustained contributions to quality improvement of IEEE publications and development of processes for diverse publication products.
Saifur Rahman is the founding director of the Advanced Research Institute, at Virginia Tech, where he is the Joseph R. Loring professor of electrical and computer engineering. Read more (PDF, 72 KB).
Roger Pollard (deceased 3 December 2011)
For leadership toward the creation of IEEE Xplore and fostering constructive relations between IEEE operating units.
Roger Pollard was born in London, England, in 1946. He received his technical education, graduating with the degrees of B.Sc. and Ph.D. in Electrical and Electronic Engineering at the University of Leeds, Leeds, UK. Read more (PDF, 149 KB).
Wanda Reder
For organizing, championing, and leading the IEEE Smart Grid effort, and establishing a sustainable model for subsequent new initiatives.
Wanda K. Reder is Vice President of Power Systems Solutions at S&C Electric Company, where she is responsible for studies, engineering, procurement, project management, construction, and field service. Read more (PDF, 178 KB).
Harold L. Flescher
For enhancing the ability of TAB/IEEE to support technical activities, particularly through better financial management.
Harold joined United Nuclear in 1963 as a nuclear physicist, performing military nuclear reactor design. In 1964 he joined Martin Company as a nuclear physicist, beginning his career in radiation effects, analyzing, testing, and designing military and space systems to operate in nuclear weapon and space radiation environments. Read more (PDF, 173 KB).
Ellen Yoffa
For transforming the TAB Society Review Committee through the adoption of new policies and processes to the benefit of societies and all of TAB.
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text:
Samsung A71 5G, Galaxy A51 5G Launched; Feature 4,500mAh Battery
Samsung has launched the 5G models of the Galaxy A51 and A71 phones. These mid-range 5G smartphone models have been introduced for the US market. These smartphones share most of the specifications of their 4G models, although they are expected to come with a different processor.
The Galaxy A71 5G features a 6.7-inch full-HD+ Super AMOLED Infinity-O Display with a 1080×2400 pixels resolution. This device is powered by an unnamed octa-core processor which is speculated to be the Snapdragon 765G SoC. The smartphone comes with 8GB RAM in tandem with 128GB of inbuilt storage, offering microSD expansion up to 1TB.
The Galaxy A51 5G features a 6.5-inch Super AMOLED full-HD+ (1080×2400 pixels) Infinity-O Display with an in-display fingerprint sensor. This device's processor is also an unnamed octa-core SoC (Dual 2.2GHz+Hexa 1.8GHz). On the memory front, this device goes one better than the 4G model, offering 8GB RAM with 128GB of onboard storage which can be expanded to 1TB via microSD.
The phone packs a quad rear camera setup with a 48-megapixel primary shooter accompanied by a 12-megapixel ultra-wide-angle camera, a 5-megapixel macro camera and a 5-megapixel depth sensor. This device comes with a 32-megapixel camera upfront.
The Galaxy A51 5G comes with a 4,500mAH battery unlike its 4G model that features a 4,000mAh battery. It also supports fast charging at 15W rather than 25W that the 4G model offers.
The Samsung Galaxy A71 5G is priced at $600 with the A51 5G expected to cost around $500. The devices are expected to come in a variety of colors from Prism Cube White to Prism Cube Blue. The smartphones will be made available to the US in the summer.
Source;
Alfa Baye
Tags:AndroidSamsungSamsung Mobile
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text:
\section{Introduction}
The prompt emission of gamma-ray bursts (BHBs) are known to be highly variable.
The temporal structure exhibits diverse morphologies (\citealp{Fishman1995}),
which can vary from a single smooth large pulse to an extremely complex light curve with many erratic spikes
(see Figure 1 in \citealp{Peer2015}).
From the observational point of view,
most of the observed light curves are favored the later
case, i.e.,
presented with many spikes overlapping within a short duration (e.g., Figure 1, 4, and 5 in \citealp{Fishman1995}).
It is believed that the observed variabilities may provide an interesting clue to understand the nature of GRBs
(e.g., \citealp{Morsony2010}).
Several models have been proposed to explain the variabilities of the prompt emission,
such as internal shock model (\citealp{Rees1994}; \citealp{Paczynski1994}; \citealp{Kobayashi1997}; \citealp{Daigne1998};
\citealp{Bosnjak2009}), relativistic mini-jets (\citealp{Lyutikov2003}; \citealp{Yamazaki2004}; \citealp{Zhang2014}) or relativistic turbulence (\citealp{Narayan2009}; \citealp{Kumar2009}; \citealp{Lazar2009}; \citealp{Lin2013})
in a bulk relativistic jet.
Within the internal shock model,
the variabilities of prompt emission are attributed to the history of central engine activity.
Then, the variabilities from the central engine may be important for our understanding of GRBs nature.

Several scenarios for GRBs central engine have been discussed in the literature (see \citealp{Zhang2011} for a review).
The leading type of these scenarios is a stellar-mass black hole surrounded
by a hyper-accretion disk (e.g., \citealp{Narayan1992}; \citealp{Popham1999}; \citealp{Narayan2001}; \citealp{Gu2006}; \citealp{Liu2007}).
In this type, two kind of energy reservoirs are proposed to provide the jet power.
The first kind of energy reservoir is the rotational energy of black hole/accretion disk,
which can be extracted through the Blandford-Znajek/Blandford-Payne mechanism (BZ/BP model)
by the aid of large-scale magnetic field in the disk
(\citealp{Blandford1977}; \citealp{Blandford1982}; \citealp{Lei2013}; \citealp{Liu2015}).
The second kind of energy reservoir is the accretion energy in the disk carried by neutrinos and antineutrinos.
The annihilation of neutrino-antineutrino pairs outside the disk fuels a relativistic jet.
In these two energy reservoirs, the formation of jets is associated with the hyper-accretion disk.
Then, it is natural to expect that the variabilities in the hyper-accretion disk
would lead to the fluctuations of jet (\citealp{Lin2015}).
In black hole binaries (BHBs) and active galactic nuclei (AGNs),
X-ray emission from accretion disks is observed to display significant aperiodic variabilities on a broad range of timescales
(e.g., \citealp{Gilfanov2010}).
It reveals that fluctuations may appear in the accretion disk of BHBs and AGNs.
One basic question is that, what would
be the behaviour of jet in GRBs, if the mechanism
driving fluctuations in the disk of BHBs and AGNs
operates in a hyper-accretion disk.
This is the focus of our work.

For the variabilities of X-ray emission in BHBs and AGNs,
the most promising explanation is the model of propagating fluctuations
(\citealp{Lyubarskii1997}; \citealp{King2004}; \citealp{Mayer2006}; \citealp{Janiuk2007}; \citealp{Lin2012}).
In this model, the variabilities of disk emission arise from the fluctuations of mass accretion rate,
which are produced at different radii and propagate into the inner region of the disk.
The fluctuations of mass accretion rate in the inner region
would modulate the energy released in the vicinity of black hole,
where produces most of X-ray emission.
Observations have shown that the variabilities of X-ray emission are non-linear.
In addition, the root-mean-square ($\sigma_{\rm rms}$)
variability is proportional to the average flux over a wide range of time-scales
(\citealp{Uttley2001}; \citealp{Gleissner2004}; \citealp{Uttley2005}; \citealp{Heil2012}).
This indicates that short time-scale variations are modulated by those with longer time-scales,
and thus favours the model of propagating fluctuations.
In this work, we adopt the model of propagating fluctuations
to study the variabilities of jet power in GRBs.

\section{Procedures for producing light curves}
\subsection{Model of Propagating Fluctuations}
As first suggested by \cite{Lyubarskii1997},
if the viscosity parameter $\alpha$ fluctuates at each radius
on the local viscous timescale and in a spatially uncorrelated manner,
the characteristic power spectral density (PSD) of observed X-ray variabilities can be reproduced.
Following the work of \cite{Arevalo2006},
we discretize the accretion disk into a finite number of annulus.
The ratio between radii for consecutive annulus remains constant.
With this kind of geometric spacing and keeping a constant variability power of $\alpha$ for different annulus,
the characteristic shape of X-ray variabilities PSD can be produced.
Then, the fluctuations of $\alpha$ in an annulus is modelled as
\begin{equation}\label{EQ:alpha_fluctuation}
\alpha(r, t)  = {\alpha _0}[1 + bu(r, t)]^\xi,
\end{equation}
where $\alpha _0$, $b\;(<1)$, and $\xi\;(=1, 2)$ are constants,
$r$ is the radius of annulus relative to the central black hole,
and $u(r, t)$ sets the fluctuations of $\alpha(r, t)$.
The conditions of $\overline{u(r, t)}=0$ and $\rm{max}(\left| {u(r, t)} \right|)=1$ are adopted,
where $\overline{u(r, t)}$ and $\rm{max}(\left| {u(r, t)} \right|)$ are
the average value and maximum absolute value of $u(r, t)$, respectively.
In order to produce most of variability power at the viscous timescale $t_{\rm vis}(r)$,
$u(r, t)$ is modelled as random fluctuations with a Lorentzian-shaped-PSD,
\begin{equation}\label{EQ:Lorentzian_PSD}
{P_f} \propto \frac{{2Q{f_0}}}{{f_0^2 + 4{Q^2}{{(f - {f_0})}^2}}},
\end{equation}
where $f_0=1/t_{\rm vis}(r)$ is adopted and $Q=0.5$ determines the width of the Lorentzian-shape (\citealp{Arevalo2006}).
The relation of $t_{\rm vis}(r)=r^2/\nu$ is found for an accretion disk,
where $\nu$ is the the kinematic viscosity.
It should be noted that
the value of $b$ would determine the fluctuation of $\alpha$ or the value of $\Delta \alpha/\alpha$,
where $\Delta \alpha$ represents the amplitude of $\alpha$ fluctuation.
In the work of \cite{Lyubarskii1997},
the condition of $\Delta \alpha/\alpha <<1$ is adopted
in order to find the fluctuations of mass accretion rate by analytical method.
However, $\Delta \alpha/\alpha <<1$ does not the requirement of the propagating fluctuations model
(e.g., \citealp{Janiuk2007}).
Theoretically, a turbulent viscous stress,
which is believed to be arose from the magneto-hydrodynamic rotational instability (e.g., \citealp{Balbus1998}),
always shows high-amplitude variabilities as indicated by
numerical simulations (e.g.,  \citealp{Hirose2009}; \citealp{Simon2009}; \citealp{Davis2010}).
One can find this behavior in Figure~10 of \cite{Hirose2009},
of which the ratio of maximum $\alpha$ to minimum $\alpha$ can reach $\sim 7$.
This reveals that the value of $b$ can be as high as $\sim 0.75$.
In our work, we will discuss the situations with $b=0.2$, $0.5$, and $0.8$,
which can reproduce the observed PSD of disk emission in BHBs and AGNs (see discussions in Section~\ref{Sec:Results}).
For these situations, $b <<1$ or $\Delta \alpha/\alpha <<1$ does not satisfy.
Then, we present numerical studies on the fluctuations of mass accretion rate.

In the model of propagating fluctuations,
the fluctuations of $\alpha$ would produce a varying mass
accretion rate $\dot{M}$ in the inner region of disk.
The value of $\dot{M}$ in the disk can be estimated {\bf as}
(e.g., Equation~(3.15) in \citealp{Kato2008})
\begin{equation}\label{Eq:accretion rate}
\dot{M}(r,t)= 6\pi \sqrt{r}\frac{\partial }{{\partial r }}\left( {\nu \Sigma {r^{1/2}}} \right),
\end{equation}
where $\nu=\alpha{c_s}H$, $c_s$ is the sound velocity of gas, $H$ is the half thickness of the disk at radius $r$,
and the surface density $\Sigma$ satisfies
(e.g., Equation~(3.18) in \citealp{Kato2008})
\begin{equation}\label{EQ:Surface_Density}
\frac{{\partial \Sigma }}{{\partial t}} = \frac{1}{r}\frac{\partial }{{\partial r}}\left[ {3{r^{1/2}}\frac{\partial }{{\partial r}}\left( {{r^{1/2}}\nu \Sigma } \right)} \right].
\end{equation}
Equations~(\ref{Eq:accretion rate}) and (\ref{EQ:Surface_Density})
are the same as Equations~(4) and (6) in \cite{Lyubarskii1997}, respectively,
but with different symbol for surface density of disk.
As showed in \cite{Lyubarskii1997},
Equations~(\ref{Eq:accretion rate}) and (\ref{EQ:Surface_Density}) can present a better explanation
for the observed variabilities.
In addition, the results found in our work are the qualitative results.
Then, we use Equations~(\ref{Eq:accretion rate}) and (\ref{EQ:Surface_Density}) to study the variabilities of GRBs.
The outflow and gas adding into the disk,
which are not considered in Equation~(\ref{EQ:Surface_Density}),
may be present in the central engine of GRBs, BHBs, and AGNs.
However, the disk emission in BHBs and AGNs is also observed with highly variable
even above two ingredients are believed to be present in the disk.
That is to say, the outflow and gas adding into the disk do not
alter the highly variable behavior in BHBs, AGNs, and the central engine of GRBs (\citealp{Lin2012}).
In this work, we are interested in the variabilities of GRBs jet under the situation that
the mechanism driving X-ray variabilities in BHBs and AGNs operates in a hyper-accretion disk.
Then, the outflow and gas adding into the disk are not considered.
The value of $c_s$ and $H$ is associated with the advection factor
$f_{\rm adv}(=Q_{\rm adv}^-/Q_{\rm vis}^+)$ of the accretion flow,
i.e., $c_s\sim {\upsilon_\varphi}\sqrt{f_{\rm adv}}$ and $H/r\approx \sqrt{f_{\rm adv}}$,
where $Q_{\rm adv}^-$ ($Q_{\rm vis}^+$) is the advection cooling (viscous heating) in the accretion flow,
and $\upsilon_\varphi$ is the Kepler's rotation velocity of gas around black hole.
The $f_{\rm adv}\sim 1.0$ and $f_{\rm adv}\gtrsim 0.01$ are found in the advection-dominated accretion flow (ADAF; \citealp{Narayan1994}) and in the inner region of neutrino-cooling-dominated accretion flow (NDAF; \citealp{Popham1999}; \citealp{Kohri2005}), respectively.
Since the value of $H$ does not change significantly for these two cases,
we adopt $H/r=0.5$ in our calculations.
Then, the value of $c_s$ can be estimated with $c_s={\upsilon_\varphi}/2$.

\subsection{Jet Power}
In order to estimate the variabilities of jet power,
the dependence of jet power on $\dot{M}$ should be prescribed.
The dominant paradigms for jet production are outlined in the works of \cite{Blandford1977}
and \cite{Blandford1982}.
In both of the models (i.e., BZ/BP model),
the jet power $P_{\rm jet}$ can be modeled as (\citealp{Livio1999}; \citealp{Cao2002}; \citealp{Li2012}; \citealp{Lin2015})
\begin{equation}\label{EQ:Jet_Power}
{P_{{\rm{jet}}}}(t) \propto \int_{{r_{{\rm{in}}}}}^{{r_{{\rm{out}}}}} {\dot M(r,t)\epsilon(r)2\pi rdr}
\end{equation}
where $\epsilon(r) = (r/r_g)^{-\gamma}(1-\sqrt{r_{\rm in}/r})$ with $\gamma=3$
is taken to follow the radial loss rate of gravitational energy in the accretion flow,
$r_g(=2GM_{\rm BH}/c^2)$ is the Schwarzschild radius of black hole,
and $r_{\rm in}$ ($r_{\rm out}$) is the inner (outer) radius of disk involved to produce the jet.
The observations show that the launch region of jet in M87 is limited to
$r_{\rm out} \lesssim 10r_g$ (\citealp{Asada2012}; \citealp{Hada2013}).
Then, we adopt $r_{\rm out} = 10r_g$ and $r_{\rm in}=3r_g$ in our calculations.

In a NDAF, the jet may be powered by neutrino-antineutrino annihilation,
which depends on the luminosity of hyper-accretion disk.
The disk luminosity can be estimated with $\dot{M}$, $f_{\rm adv}$, and $\epsilon(r)$, i.e.,
\begin{equation}\label{EQ:Disk_Luminosity_init}
L(t) =\int_{{r_{{\rm{in}}}}}^{{r_{{\rm{out}}}}} {\dot M(r,t)\epsilon(r)2\pi r(1-f_{\rm adv})dr},
\end{equation}
where $r_{\rm out}$ is the outer radius of NDAF.
For disks with $\dot{M}$ satisfying $\dot{M}_{\rm ign} < \dot{M} < \dot{M}_{\rm trap}$,
the value of $f_{\rm adv}$ may be $\sim 0.01$ in the inner region of disk
and $\sim 1$ in the outer region of disk.
Here, $\dot{M}_{\rm ign}$ and $\dot{M}_{\rm trap}$
are the critical mass accretion rates for igniting and suppressing neutrino cooling, respectively (\citealp{Chen2007}).
Then, the dependence of $1-f_{\rm adv}$ on the radius may be modeled as $r^{-\mu}$ with $\mu\gtrsim 0$.
With $1-f_{\rm adv}\propto r^{-\mu}$ in Equation~(\ref{EQ:Disk_Luminosity_init}),
it is shown that the variabilities of $L(t)$ for different $\mu\;(\mu>0)$
do not show significant difference except for the variabilities in the shortest timescales
(see Figure 2 of \citealp{Arevalo2006}),
which does not affect our conclusions.
Then, we adopt $\mu=0$ in this work.
{\bf Thus}, the disk luminosity can be described as
\begin{equation}\label{EQ:Disk_Luminosity}
L(t) =\int_{{r_{{\rm{in}}}}}^{{r_{{\rm{out}}}}} {\dot M(r,t)\epsilon(r)2\pi rdr}.
\end{equation}
According to the results showed in \cite{Zalamea2011},
the jet power can be described as
\begin{equation}\label{EQ:Jet_Power_nu}
{P_{\rm{jet}, \nu\bar{\nu}}}(t) \propto L(t)^{9/4}
=\left[ {\int_{{r_{{\rm{in}}}}}^{{r_{\rm{out}}}} {\dot M(r,t)\epsilon(r)2\pi rdr}} \right]^{9/4}.
\end{equation}
If $\dot M$ is {\bf a} constant for different radius,
above equation is reduced to ${P_{\rm{jet}, \nu\bar{\nu}}}\propto {\dot M}^{9/4}$,
which can be found in Equation~(22) of \cite{Zalamea2011}.
In the model of propagating fluctuations,
$\dot M$ may be different for different $r$ and $t$.
In order to involve this behavior,
Equation~(\ref{EQ:Jet_Power_nu}) is introduced to approximately describe ${P_{\rm{jet}, \nu\bar{\nu}}}$.
The power-law index $k$ describing the relation of ${P_{\rm{jet}, \nu\bar{\nu}}}$ and $L$
as ${P_{\rm{jet}, \nu\bar{\nu}}}\propto L^k$
may be different in different work
(such as, $k=2.17$ is found in \citealp{Xue2013}).
However, a minor difference in $k$ does not play significantly effect on the variabilities (see the discussion in end of Section~\ref{Sec:Results}).
As showed by \cite{Arevalo2006}, the variabilities of ${P_{\rm{jet}, \nu\bar{\nu}}}(t)$
produced with Equation~(\ref{EQ:Jet_Power_nu}) and
constant mean value of $\dot{M}(r,t)$ do not present significantly difference
from the variabilities of $\dot{M}(r_{\rm in},t)^{9/4}$.
To simplify, Equation~(\ref{EQ:Jet_Power_nu}) is used with $r_{\rm in}=3r_g$ and $r_{\rm out}=10r_g$,
which does not affect our qualitative conclusions in this work.
Equations~(\ref{EQ:Jet_Power}) and (\ref{EQ:Jet_Power_nu})
are used to estimate the variabilities of jet power.
Since we are interested in the variabilities of jet power,
the jet power is normalized with its maximum value in our simulations.

\section{Results}\label{Sec:Results}
The black hole-torus engine is widely discussed in both the collapsar scenario
(\citealp{Woosley1993}; \citealp{MacFadyen1999}; \citealp{Proga2003}; \citealp{Zhang2003})
and the compact star merger scenario (\citealp{Narayan1992}).
In the collapsar scenario, the accretion of the stellar core,
which forms an accretion disk around the central black hole,
fuels the prompt emission.
In the compact star merger scenario,
a debris disc is formed within only a few dynamical time-scales
when the lighter companion neutron star is tidally disrupted.
Then, we discuss the variabilities of jet driven by the accretion of a torus.
The initial distribution of gas in the torus is simply described as
\begin{equation}\label{EQ:Torus_Structure}
\Sigma (r) = {\Sigma _0}\exp \left[ { - {{\left( {\frac{{r - {r_0}}}{{{r_0}/4}}} \right)}^2}} \right],
\end{equation}
where $r_0=100r_g$ is the central radius of gas distribution in the disk.
The mass of gas in the disk is set as $M_{\odot}$ (solar mass), i.e.,
$\int_{r_{\rm in}}^{\infty}{2\pi r\Sigma dr}=M_{\odot}$,
and $M_{\rm BH}=10M_{\odot}$ is adopted.

We study the variabilities of jet power in four cases:
(a) $b=0.2$, $\xi=1$; (b) $b=0.5$, $\xi=1$; (c) $b=0.8$, $\xi=1$; (d) $b=0.8$, $\xi=2$.
The varying $\alpha(10r_g,t)$ in different situations is showed in the upper panels of Figure~1.
In a magnetohydrodynamic simulation (e.g., \citealp{Hirose2009}),
the total duration of simulations may be around $500/\Omega_{\rm K}$,
where $\Omega_{\rm K}$ is the orbital frequency.
For performing comparison, we show the variabilities of $\alpha(10r_g,t)$ in $[0{\rm s}, 2.5{\rm s}]$,
where $2.5{\rm s }$ is around $500/\Omega_{\rm K}(10r_g)$.
It can be found that
the variabilities of $\alpha$ (such as the ratio of maximum $\alpha$ to minimum $\alpha$) showed in the upper panels,
especially for cases (b) and (c),
are similar to those found in the simulations
(e.g., Figure~10 of \citealp{Hirose2009}).
In the middle and lower panels of Figure~1,
we show the disk emission ($L_{\rm X}$) of BHBs and the corresponding PSD, respectively.
\begin{figure*}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{Fig_alpha_fluctuation_10Rg.eps}
\caption{Variabilities of $\alpha(10r_g,t)$ (upper panels), the light curves of $L_{\rm X}$ from BHBs (middle panels),
and the PSD of $L_{\rm X}$ (lower panels) for cases (a), (b), (c), and (d), respectively.}
\label{Fig:Torus_Accretion_10Rg}
\end{figure*}
Here, $L_{\rm X}\propto \int_{r_{\rm in}}^{100r_g} {\dot M(r,t)^2\epsilon(r)2\pi rdr}$
with $\gamma=5$ in $\epsilon$ is adopted to describe
the X-ray emission from ADAF ($\dot M\lesssim\dot 0.01M_{\rm Edd}$),
and is calculated in a disk with a constant mass accretion rate at the outer radius ($10^3r_g$) of disk.
In the middle panels, the light curves of $L_{\rm X}$ are showed with a duration of 50s and
$L_{\rm X,max}$ is the maximum value of $L_{\rm X}$,
where the total duration of disk emission from our simulations is around $10^3\rm s$.
The light curves of $L_{\rm X}$ in the situations of (a)-(c) are always observed in BHBs.
The case (d) is used to discuss the situation with intense variabilities,
which may appear in the hard-to-soft state transition of BHBs (\citealp{Remillard2006}).
In the lower panels of Figure~1, the behavior of $f\times P_f=\rm constant$ can be found for low frequency $f<10\rm Hz$.
This reveals $P_f\propto f^{-1}$ for low frequency,
which is consistent with the expectation of propagating fluctuations model (see Figure 2 of \citealp{Arevalo2006}).
By comparing our PSD with those showed in observations (e.g., Figure 2.6 of \citealp{Gilfanov2010}),
the value of $b\sim 0.2-0.8$ is required in order to explain the observations of BHBs and AGNs.
Then, our studying four cases may all appear in the observations of BHBs and AGNs.

The light curves of jet power in the above four cases are showed in Figure~2.
In this figure,
the upper panels describe the light curves of jet power produced by BZ/BP model, i.e., Equation~(\ref{EQ:Jet_Power}),
and the lower panels describe the light curves of jet power produced
by neutrino-antineutrino annihilation, i.e., Equation~(\ref{EQ:Jet_Power_nu}).
It can be found that the light curves in Figure~2 are similar to those of observations (e.g., Figure 1.3 of \citealp{Bouvier2010}).
Moreover, the profile of erratic spikes in (b)-(d) is also similar to those of observations,
such as the erratic spikes in GRBs 920513 and 050117.
The temporal structure of jet power variabilities is
related to the value of $b$ or the amplitude of $\alpha$ fluctuations according to this figure.
If the amplitude of $\alpha$ fluctuations is high, e.g., case (d),
the light curve of jet power is found to be complex with large amplitude erratic spikes.
However, if $\alpha$ is present with low amplitude variabilities, e.g., case (a),
the light curve of jet power is smooth.
Then, one can conclude that by changing the amplitude of $\alpha$ fluctuations,
the diverse morphologies of observed light curves from a single smooth large pulse
to extremely complex light curves can be reproduced in the model of propagating fluctuations.
Making comparison between upper and lower panels in Figure~2,
one can find that the amplitude of $P_{\rm{jet}, \nu\bar{\nu}}(t)$ variabilities is
higher than that of $P_{\rm jet}(t)$ variabilities.
This is owing to the relations of
$P_{\rm{jet}, \nu\bar{\nu}}(t)\propto \dot{M}^{2.25}$ and $P_{\rm jet}(t)\propto \dot{M}$,
or, $\delta{P_{\rm{jet}, \nu\bar{\nu}}(t)}/{P_{\rm{jet}, \nu\bar{\nu}}(t)}\sim 2.25\delta{\dot{M}}/\dot{M}$
and $\delta{P_{\rm jet}(t)}/{P_{\rm jet}(t)}\sim \delta{\dot{M}}/\dot{M}$,
where $\delta{P_{\rm{jet}, \nu\bar{\nu}}}$, $\delta{P_{\rm jet}}$, and $\delta{\dot{M}}$ represent the variable component
of $P_{\rm{jet}, \nu\bar{\nu}}$, $P_{\rm jet}$, and $\dot{M}$, respectively.
According to the above two relations, the same $\delta{\dot{M}}/\dot{M}$ would produce different amplitude of $P_{\rm{jet}, \nu\bar{\nu}}(t)$ and $P_{\rm jet}(t)$ variabilities.
\begin{figure*}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{Fig_Torus_Accretion_100Rg.eps}
\caption{Light curves of jet power for the cases (a), (b), (c), and (d), respectively.
The upper and lower panels describe the light curves of jet power produced by BZ/BP model and
by neutrino-antineutrino annihilation, respectively.}
\label{Fig:Torus_Accretion_10Rg}
\end{figure*}

\section{Conclusions and Discussion}
It is found that the X-ray emission from accretion disk in BHBs and AGNs displays significant aperiodic variabilities.
The most promising explanation for these variabilities is the propagating fluctuations in the accretion flow.
In addition, it is believed that a hyper-accretion disk may reside in the central engine of GRBs.
Then, it is natural to expect that the mechanism (e.g., the model of propagating fluctuations)
driving variabilities of X-ray emission in BHBs and AGNs may operate in a hyper-accretion disk.
In this paper, we study the variabilities of jet power in GRBs based on the model of propagating fluctuations.
It is found that the variabilities of jet power and the profile of erratic spikes in this scenario are similar to those
found in the prompt gamma-ray emission of GRBs.
The temporal structure of jet power variabilities is
related to the amplitude of $\alpha$ fluctuations.
If the amplitude of $\alpha$ fluctuations is high,
the light curve of simulated jet power is complex with large amplitude erratic spikes.
However, if the amplitude of $\alpha$ fluctuations is low,
the light curve of jet power is smooth.
Then, we conclude that by changing the amplitude of $\alpha$ fluctuations,
the diverse morphologies of light curves from a single smooth large pulse
to an extremely complex light curve can be reproduced in the model of propagating fluctuations.
These qualitative results reveal that
the mechanism driving X-ray variabilities in BHBs and AGNs may operate in the central engine of GRBs
to drive the observed variabilities (\citealp{Carballido2011}).

In GRB physics, the central engine of GRBs remains an open question (\citealp{Zhang2011}).
Except for scenario of a stellar-mass black hole surrounded by a hyper-accretion disk,
other scenarios have been proposed to drive GRBs.
Millisecond magnetar,
which is a rapidly spinning and strongly magnetized neutron star,
has been suggested as the central engine of GRBs
(\citealp{Usov1992}; \citealp{Thompson1994}; \citealp{Dai1998}; \citealp{Wheeler2000};
\citealp{Zhang2001}; \citealp{Metzger2008, Metzger2011}; \citealp{Bucciantini2012}; \citealp{Lv2014}).
In this scenario, the rotational energy of the millisecond magnetar is used to power GRBs
and the hyper-accretion disk is absent.
Then, the conclusion in this work,
which is based on a black hole hyper-accretion disk,
is not applicable for this scenario.

\section*{Acknowledgments}
We thank Bing Zhang, Zi-Gao Dai, and Shi-Fu Zhu for helpful suggestions.
This work is supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program, grant No. 2014CB845800),
the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 11403005, 11533003, 11503011, 11573023, 11333004, 11473022, U1331101),
the Guangxi Science Foundation (Grant Nos. 2014GXNSFBA118004, 2014GXNSFBA118009, 2013GXNSFFA019001),
the Project Sponsored by the Scientific Research Foundation of Guangxi University (Grant No. XJZ140331),
and the Scientific Research Foundation of Nanyang Normal University (Grant No. ZX2015001).

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
How to Colonize Mars
April 3, 2018 Topic: Politics Region: North America Tags: MarsSpaceMilitaryTechnologyElon MuskSpace XRocketMissileDemocracyPolitics
First-stage explorers to Mars will likely include those with strong ideological motivations and those with little or nothing to lose on earth.
by Urs Vögeli
Plans to colonize Mars have made some recent progress. In the realms of science and engineering, Elon Musk published a paper with the ambitious title, "Making Humans a Multi-Planetary Species," which elaborates on certain technological, but also societal, dimensions of Mars colonization. In another context, Musk mentioned that direct democracy might work as the political system for a Mars colony.
Plans to colonize Mars raise heretofore unasked questions about state formation. Human history is replete with new political systems replacing old ones, whether by revolution or conquest, but examples of explorers in virgin territory introducing new political systems at large scale are nonexistent. Until now, the question was rarely discussed because it was irrelevant. Yet theories about and experiences with direct democracy, especially in Switzerland, may hold innovative and productive potential for a future Mars colony and seem to confirm Musk's instinct that direct democracy is the right approach for interplanetary explorers to govern themselves.
Self-Government on Mars
The challenge of political formation on Mars is the challenge of self-government. For reasons of distance, governing Mars from Earth is impracticable. According to Musk, travel to Mars will take approximately twenty-six months. Under conditions of a two year delay, government by interplanetary coercion becomes impossible. By necessity, if for no other reason, the residents of Mars must govern themselves.
Yet there are other reasons beyond necessity for Martian self-government. Self-government corresponds well to the kinds of people apt to travel to Mars. Musk's paper contains an interesting thesis: not everyone would want or could afford to go to Mars. Some individuals would likely obtain financing, and others might be employees of a company or a nation-state with the mission and means for interplanetary travel. Naturally the travel involves a huge amount of risk, but as Musk notes, labor and job market conditions on Mars might prove attractive. The population of explorers will include a great many scientists, engineers, and other technical specialists, adventurers, pioneers, and explorers, and probably a handful of the very wealthy and their attendants. First-stage explorers to Mars will likely include those with strong ideological motivations and those with little or nothing to lose on earth. Many of these people will be risk-takers, and some will tend to be innovative initiative-takers.
The new, complicated, and extraordinary challenges on Mars will demand a political system that facilitates a social order as agile and adaptive as the pioneers who are a part of it. Constant learning, exploration, and experimentation will be essential in the face of original technological and social problems. Entrepreneurial and organic political organization in the form of a direct democracy will maximize the potential of pioneers to meet these unique challenges. Direct democracy also has the potential to dilute tensions resulting from the diversity of the colonists and their potentially divergent or conflicting loyalties and interests. Much more so than on earth, the borders between private and public, between economy and state, and between social and political, will disappear. Very few political systems can balance all of these factors. A direct democracy can probably balance them best.
Defining Direct Democracy
Direct democracy has both narrow and broad definitions. Narrowly, direct democracy equates to its unique techniques of government such as public ballots, plebiscites and referenda. More broadly, a direct democracy reflects a fundamental political culture of self-government, broad public awareness, and buy-in. No contemporary terrestrial state of any significant size is a pure direct democracy under the narrow definition, since all populous jurisdictions must employ certain aspects of representative democracy in order to manage the number and variety of challenges that large communities face. But under the broad definition, in a political culture of direct democracy, such as in Switzerland, even the use of techniques of representative democracy are meant to reinforce the culture of direct democracy.
For that reason, Switzerland employs certain techniques of direct democracy, such as public ballots on changes to the constitution and on hotly-contested laws. But it also employs techniques of representative democracy such as the separation of powers between branches of government, where the use of those techniques reinforces the Swiss culture of direct democracy. Thus scholars consider Switzerland a hybrid or semi-direct democracy.
Federalism is another key component of Switzerland's direct democratic culture. This vertical separation of powers between the federal, state and semi-autonomous sub-state entities is a core element of Swiss direct democracy.
Part-time public service also reinforces Switzerland's unique direct democratic culture. Many political functions are executed by part-time officials, public servants who also maintain another job even while they hold government office. In fact, Switzerland is famous for adhering to this principle with its militia approach to manning and training its armed forces. The aim is to keep up the connection between the political system, the economy and civil society.
Another primary element of Swiss political culture is a system of obligatory consultations. Government and parliament have to publish draft laws to obtain public comment. Everyone is allowed and welcome to respond, from experts to ordinary citizens. This process reduces uncertainty through its openness and transparency.
Democratic Participation Safeguards Reflection and Inclusion
All these elements maximize participation in the decisionmaking process and also safeguard reflection and inclusion. Reflection, as it is used here, refers to the necessary delay in the lawmaking process in order for a proposal to "ripen" as the public and the public's representatives gain an understanding of its impact. Limited delays can lead to more mature decisionmaking. Delays can also help avoid simple majority rule, or worse still, mob rule, or rule by a particular ethnicity, religion, or some other affiliation. Delay allows citizens to carefully weigh and discuss proposals.
Participation also leads to inclusion, which means that all relevant, affected, and interested groups and persons can be involved in the political process. Inclusion guarantees the influence of businesses, civil society, scientific and other experts, and even noncitizens in the sphere of politics and state, and establishes a porous boundary between the respective spheres. The interaction of these different groups and interests within the political process maximizes the legitimacy and public acceptance of political decisions. Involving so many disparate groups and viewpoints also engenders pluralism, creativity, and innovation.
This governance is bottom-up. Law derives its validity from the consent of the governed. Self-government and individual freedoms mutually reinforce each other. These concepts date back at least to the philosophies of Kant. From a more libertarian point of view, the scholars Feld and Kirchgässner argue that techniques and a culture of direct democracy can help protect individual freedoms from state power. Direct democracy's separation and fragmentation of authority enhances political competition and diffuses power between and among the porous social spheres mentioned earlier. Taken together, these phenomena lead to improved outcomes for and by the self-governed.
Forming a Direct Democracy
Switzerland's historical-political roots make it a good example of a direct democracy. Of course, classical liberalism and republicanism advanced a culture of direct democracy in Switzerland, geared as these philosophies were to replace ancient systems of divine or monarchical authority with new ideas of popular sovereignty and civil rights. Christian political movements in Switzerland also pushed for direct democracy, contributing an orientation toward decentralization and individual rights.
The history is a bit murkier when it comes to the development of medieval assemblies and their influence on Swiss democracy. Two Swiss cantons still prominently employ public assemblies ("Landsgemeinde"), which generally came out of medieval cooperatives as valley-, market-, village- or alp-cooperatives, monastery self-government, or city republics. (Wholly apart from Switzerland, this form of democracy also developed organically in some African tribal structures, which provide an egalitarian opportunity for every person to speak with decisionmaking by group consent, such as in the Somali "shir" tradition.)
Martian Political Development
Mars colonization presents more similarities to the political development of Switzerland than some might think. First, Musk hypothesizes that "the threshold for a self-sustaining city on Mars or a civilization would be a million people," a population size roughly on order with Switzerland's current population of eight million. While today Switzerland is quite accessible to the outside world, during the medieval period its mountain ranges made Switzerland challenging for foreign powers to conquer or even coerce. But friendly travel was certainly possible and even frequent and necessary as Swiss mountain passes offered the realms of Northern Europe a direct path to Rome and the Pope. These factors favoring independence played a significant role in the culture of self-government and self-determination in Switzerland. Similar factors will likely have a similar impact on Mars, too.
Among pioneering early Mars colonists, it is likely that the relationship between direct democracy and anarchist theories probably increases the odds of adoption. To the extent that utopian social theories influence early Mars explorers, they may be attracted to idea of grassroots structures inherent in direct democracy but which are also features of the anti-globalization movement and New Anarchism. Whatever a utopian chooses to call it, letting people participate and solve conflicts inclusively and peaceably resembles direct democracy. Anarchism and its related models such as "hybrid political order," "concentric order," "organic order," "embedded state," "fragmented sovereignty," "unconventional statehood," "grounded legitimacy," and others, all derive political legitimacy from bottom-up structures, political inclusion, and direct political participation for constructive and imaginative political and social problem-solving. All of these theories share DNA with direct democracy.


उत्तर:- लेखक ने राजप्पा के टिकट इकट्ठा करने की तुलना मधुमक्सी की है क्योंकि मधुमक्खी विभिन्न फूलों से रस इकट्ठा करती है उसी प्रकार राज्प्पा ने भी विभिन्न स्थानों और व्यक्तियों से टिकट इकट्ठा कर अपना अलबम तैयार किया है। 6. Solutions of important questions from other books and assignments will be uploaded time to time. You can directly use the contents without any prior formality. They are an invaluable aid to students when they need help with their homework, while preparing for exams and while learning. The answer of each chapter is provided in the list so that you can easily browse throughout different chapters and select needy one.
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Notes and Study material for class 11 Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Business Studies and Physical Education are also given to download. नागराजन के अलबम के हिट हो जाने के बाद राजप्पा के मन की क्या दशा हुई? Inculcating the habit to practice writing answers should start much before reaching class 10 so that the concept of how to write answers quickly and correctly sets in much before the board exams. Our aim at Vedantu is to hand out every enabler to the students which will aid them to prepare and score well in the exams. Tiwari Academy, under the guidance of expert teachers, provides data driven support to all the middle school students which allows them to diagnose and improve their studies. Download or view online all the solutions. It will be done as soon as possible so that students can take benefits of these.
राजप्पा अलबम के जलाए जाने की बात नागराजन को क्यों नहीं कह पाता है? तुम अपने शौक के लिए कौन-सा तरीका अपनाओगे? You can also download contents for Business studies, P. A mentor is assigned to every student who is responsible for ensuring that the child is progressing well and does not have any concerns with the classes. Tiwari Academy has established credibility in online contents providing as well as in mail supporting helps. We at Vedantu are invested in getting the best out of all our students and helping them in every possible way to score good marks. लेखक ने राजप्पा के टिकट इकट्ठा करने की तुलना मधुमक्सी से क्यों की? राजप्पा ने नागराजन का टिकट-अलबम अँगीठी में क्यों डाल दिया? It has been a constant endeavour of the website to provide appropriate links content links to students to hone their latent skills of self-studying and avoid spending money in coaching institutes. All the contents are now available in both the mode: Online as well as Offline.
This model of inclusive studies is aimed at imparting conceptual knowledge of the subject and at the same time, ensuring that learning does not feel like a burden to the students. When the study materials are readily available, preparation for exams becomes much easier for the students. उत्तर:- मधुमक्खी विभिन्न फूलों से रस इकट्ठा करती है उसी प्रकार राजप्पा ने भी विभिन्न स्थानों और व्यक्तियों से टिकट इकट्ठा कर अपना अलबम तैयार किया और नागराजन को उसके मामा ने बना-बनाया अलबम भेज दिया था। मैं अपना शौक पूरा करने के लिए राजप्पा का तरीका अपनाउँगा क्योंकि अपनी मेहनत से प्राप्त की हुई वस्तु का गर्व और आनंद अलग ही होता है। 8. नागराजन ने अलबम के मुख्य पृष्ठ पर क्या लिखा और क्यों? Students can now select their teacher and time of tuition and have the online classes from the comfort of their home. To give direct benefits, we have removed the login system on this website.
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The London Pearly Kings & Queens Society Costermongers Harvest Festival Parade Service took place on Sunday at Guildhall Yard.
I know fruit and vegetable terminology is really confusing. We have a Polyglot Vegetarian, but where is the polyglot fruitarian?
For years I have known that Zwetschge is difficult to translate into English. The standard exemplar is sweet and can be eaten raw. It is commonly translated as damson because of its small size. But a damson is small and sour, and makes good jam. I suppose the best English translation is zwetsche (the G got lost, but it just indicates a diminutive). One also encounters damson plum, but I don't know if that helps. And some people even throw the term prune into the mix.
But it seems I failed to define Zwetschge properly. I was thinking of taking some back to England for the neighbours, but I gradually realized that what I was seeing in the market as Zwetschgen were what I would call plums.
Yesterday at the market, at an organic veg stall with two types of Zwetschge, I was told that in everyday German, Pflaumen are round and Zwetschgen are oval!
Now I know that Californian plums are round, but Victoria plums are longish. But this is rubbish.
So no Zwetschgen for my neighbours in England. They would wonder why I was bringing plums all that way.
To be fair, I was told there are masses of different Zwetschgen.
Curiously, the Wikipedia entry for Pflaume does not link to plum, but to Prunus domestica. Perhaps that's why Frau Albrecht was selling both Zwetschgen and Hauszwetschgen.
In other news, I encountered the Roter Weinbergpfirsich.
It was sold as a Blutpfirsich.
Up to then I thought Weinbergpfirsich (vineyard peach) just referred to those flat peaches that have become so fashionable (Plattpfirsiche). But I was told that was not so – the term properly (if such a thing exists in fruit terminology) refers to old garden peaches that have furry skins and don't keep well. I got some yellow ones too, but I have now eaten them, and I've converted the red ones into compote.
Fortunately I have found my old copy and sent it to Jimmy's Catladder blog.
I can't find anything about it now. Possibly the ladders have gone. I think the big windows at the ends of blocks are the kitchens where the prisoners can make themselves food in their break times and presumably fed cats too. It's mainly a women's prison, but I think it was in the men's section that the cats were.
We translators spend a long time arguing about the (mis)translation of the German word Impressum into English.
In this connection it's sometimes suggested that the duty to have such a notice of contact details for legal purposes is a German peculiarity. It fits so well into the image of German bureaucracy. But not at all – it's an EU requirement, and has been implemented in the UK too.
There's a post (in German) on the terrors of the UK equivalent today by Max-Lion Keller in it-recht kanzlei.
This is about online shops, so I don't think translators have to have it. Nor do German online businesses, unless they have a branch in the UK – then they can use their friendly German Impressum.
(g) where the service provider undertakes an activity that is subject to value added tax, the identification number referred to in Article 22(1) of the sixth Council Directive 77/388/EEC of 17 May 1977 on the harmonisation of the laws of the member States relating to turnover taxes—Common system of value added tax: uniform basis of assessment(1).
(2) Where a person providing an information society service refers to prices, these shall be indicated clearly and unambiguously and, in particular, shall indicate whether they are inclusive of tax and delivery costs.
It's pretty draconian. Of course, we do not find any term there equivalent to Impressum.
Pinsent Masons have a guide here.
It was amusing to see the CDU in Berlin dancing to An Tagen wie Diesem (sp?) by the Tote(n) Hosen (that was difficult to spell in an English sentence). Watch them here, led by Volker Kauder.
Here's the song plus translation.
The band distanced itself from the use of its songs in political campaigns (strafakte.de).
Is this a violation of the rights of personality of Die Toten Hosen?
This Piraten poster is the one I have most often seen defaced.
It's looking rather colourful here. Not only did Bavaria have elections last Sunday, Hesse has them next Sunday at the same time as the Bundestag elections.
Sat-nav devices have at least three times let me down just when I wanted to drive back to Germany, and I once got lost in Frankfurt am Main and found myself facing this Russian Orthodox church of St. Nicholas.
I was lucky enough to actually stop there on Sunday.
However, we were not welcome. The church is not for tourists, but for God. My friend said she was from Frankfurt, but this made no difference. Photos of the interior were not welcome and we were rapidly escorted out.
We were told that had we attempted to photograph the inside of a mosque, we would have found our heads cut off next to our bodies. The Russians were less aggressive, however.
Somehow I feel Nathan der Weise would have seen things differently.
Ken Adams drew my attention to his post on German speakers and the use of 'will' in contracts. The subject is why some Germans don't like the use of 'will' as opposed to shall.
1. 'will' and 'wollen' have completely different meanings (I'm not convinced by the wordreference definitions, or rather by the examples it gives, which to me seem to be 'also rans' rather than good illustrations.
Apropos 'simple future': there are at least five ways of expressing the future in English and they overlap with modal meanings. 'Will' often implies a promise.
Ken refers to 'will' in contracts as 'language of policy', which I need to investigate further.
In my experience, contracts of insurance often use 'will' for the insurer and 'shall' for the insured. I take the two verbs both to mean an obligation, although stylistically (but not legally9 there is a sense of 'will' being an act of grace and favour from the more powerful party.
In translations, I sometimes use 'will' mixed with 'shall' myself, but I may avoid it because I fear the German client may not like it. At one of the conferences I attended some weeks ago, someone mentioned the phenomenon where translators simplify the English language in order to avoid arguments with clients.


text:
for 120 & 160
What is an Average of 120 & 160
getcalc.com's average of two numbers calculator to find what is the mean or average value of two positive numbers. 140 is an average of two given numbers 120 & 160. The corresponding formulas, examples & workout may help students, teachers or professionals to learn, teach or practice the average of two numbers calculation.
Average of 120 & 160 and nearest numbers
119 160 279 139.5
The below example with step by step calculation shows user to know how to find what is the average of numbers 120 & 160.
The given numbers are 120 & 160
sum = 120 + 160 = 280
= 140
Thus, 140 is an average of positive integers 120 and 160.
What is an average of 121 and 160?


WASHINGTON – Dr. Ben Carson, the former surgeon who criticized President Obama over his lack of leadership and health care plan earlier this year, now claims he was unfairly targeted by the IRS because of his comments against the administration.
During an interview on "The O'Reilly Factor" Wednesday, Carson says the Internal Revenue Service started looking into his real estate holdings following his comments against the White House at the National Prayer Breakfast in February.
Carson says he had never had a problem with the tax-collecting agency until he spoke out against the president. Eventually, the IRS conducted a full audit against Carson and found no wrongdoing, he said.


A Trick Of The Light by The Villagers. Tab and Chords.
Author guitarbytheglassPosted on July 2, 2018 November 21, 2018 Categories Chord Chart, Finger Picking2 Comments on A Trick Of The Light by The Villagers. Tab and Chords.


Ryan McGill, 44, the reigning WHL coach of the year, is in his second stint as head coach of the Kootenay Ice, returning to the club for the 2012-13 season. McGill worked with the NHL's Calgary Flames for six seasons, serving as an assistant coach with the Flames from 2009-11 after four years as head coach of their AHL affiliates in Omaha and Quad Cities. McGill was the head coach of the AHL's Hartford Wolfpack for three seasons from 2002-05 after guiding the Ice from 1998-2002. McGill led Kootenay to two Memorial Cup appearances, in 2000 and 2002, winning the championship in 2002.
This year, Canada's National Junior Team will gather in Brossard, Quebec., for practices on Aug. 4-5, before playing exhibition games in Lake Placid, N.Y., against Finland (Aug. 7), Sweden (Aug. 8) and the United States (Aug. 10).


text:
Q: Find $g'(0)$ when $f(0) = 2$ and $f'(0) = 3$ (SFU Mathematics 180) Let $g(x) = f (2 - f(x))^2$ where $f(0)=2$ and and $f'(0) = 3$. Find $g'(0)$, simplifying your answer completely.
I have no clue where to start. I've tried to differentiate $g(x)$ but I'm pretty sure I'm not doing it right...
This is what I have done so far:
$g'(x) = 2 f(2-f(x)) • -f'(x)$
$g'(0)= 2 f(2-f(0)) • -f'(0)$
$= 2 f(2-2) • -3$
$= 2 f(0) • -3$
$= 2 f(0) • -3$
$= 2 • 2 • -3$
$= -12$
Edit: seems like I gotta review the chain rule xD

A: Use the chain rule on $g(x)$. Working from the outside in, your problem is
$$g(x) = f(2-f(x))^2$$
First differentiate $j(x) = x^2 \implies j'(x) = 2x$. Also, $j(x) = h(x) \implies j'(x) = h'(x)$ and $j(x) = 2-h(x) \implies j'(x) = -h'(x)$
$$g'(x) = \Big(2f(2-f(x))\Big)\Big(f'(2-f(x))\Big)\Big(-f'(x)\Big)$$
$$=-2f(2-f(x))f'(2-f(x))f'(x)$$
Now, you provided that $f(0) = 2$ and $f'(0) = 3$. So
$$g'(0) = -2f(2-2)f'(2-2)3$$
$$=-6f(0)f'(0)$$
$$=-6*2*3 = -36$$

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
<!---
  category: AudioVideoAndCamera
  samplefwlink: http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/p/?LinkId=620563&clcid=0x409
--->

# Test Localization sample

This application test the localization with UWP Windows 10 Applications.

To be completed

Related topics
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To be completed

System requirements
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**Client:** Windows 10

Build the sample
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To be completed

1. If you download the samples ZIP, be sure to unzip the entire archive, not just the folder with the sample you want to build.
2. Start Microsoft Visual Studio 2015 and select **File** \> **Open** \> **Project/Solution**.
3. Starting in the folder where you unzipped the samples, go to the Samples subfolder, then the subfolder for this specific sample, then the subfolder for your preferred language (C++, C#, or JavaScript). Double-click the Visual Studio 2015 Solution (.sln) file.
4. Press Ctrl+Shift+B, or select **Build** \> **Build Solution**.

Run the sample
--------------

The next steps depend on whether you just want to deploy the sample or you want to both deploy and run it.

**Deploying the sample**
1.  Select **Build** \> **Deploy Solution**.

**Deploying and running the sample**
1.  To debug the sample and then run it, press F5 or select **Debug** \> **Start Debugging**. To run the sample without debugging, press Ctrl+F5 or select**Debug** \> **Start Without Debugging**.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub