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Spanish Grain Store's perfect season→
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Gore grabs the glory at Heroes of Speed
Topics: Auto Racing, Sports
The marquee matchup between David Summerbell Jr. and Doug Gore at the Jamaica Race Drivers' Club (JRDC) Heroes of Speed race meet at Dover Raceway in St. Ann on October 17 lived up to its top billing on an eventful afternoon of exciting racing and high drama. In the end, Gore registered another debilitating dent in Summerbell's armour of invincibility, taking the two MP4 races and the coveted Alfred Chen Trophy in the Thundersport 2 event to end 2011 on a fantastic high.
Gore's success at this meet follows up on his triumph at Independence of Speed in August, and has earned him the MP4 and Thundersport championships. Summerbell suffered an accident at the end of the second MP4 race after his brakes failed, but he would have been heartened by his times in both MP4 races, as they were faster than Gore's.
Below are excerpts of the transcript of post-meet interviews with David Summerbell Jr. and Doug Gore, conducted by Trudy Williams of JCK Consulting Group.
DAVID SUMMERBELL JR. INTERVIEW
Encountered Problems
The team has been working assiduously to try and have us ready for here, we brought a lot of things we wanted to run here, but encountered other problems. A piston in my engine got damaged and we brought one in and then it didn't fit and the problems just kept going. We then put another engine together and that one went, and then finally we got an engine out of a road car, Craig Lue's evolution, and that's what we raced today.
One of the Fastest Races
All along we've been keeping the sponsors in touch with what's happening, they've been fantastic and very supportive and getting us out there today. We had two good races. We didn't win, but we certainly can't take anything away from Doug. It was a good race, with what we had we put up our best. He was able to win the second race, which was more important, the two of us were so close. That must have been one of the fastest races held, and of course, after the race in slowing down I lost my brakes totally, the pedal went to the floor.
Again, this was one of the test things that went wrong. This was a new thing that we were doing but we just never had the test time to know how much we could get out of it…and going through the finishing line I lost brakes and, again, worrying about hitting into Doug at the end of a race…I mean, I just envisioned the worse and ended up going through the grass to avoid Doug and I went across the track and into the tyre barriers and further into all the trees and stuff and damaged the car.
It's not a panic situation, yes your heart skips a beat when your foot goes to the floor…my first thought is I'm going to be able to stop it on the asphalt, and I would have…I really think I would have, but then I realised that I was going to run into Doug because he had slowed down so much to celebrate and I was going to run into him and I couldn't have the two cars getting destroyed…I said, no just one…and took the straight into the grass on the left he had started to make the corner by then and he could see where I was and stopped in front,and I went right across the front of him and over.
He [Doug] was one of the first people to check on me, so as much as there is intense battle there is still camaraderie and concern, his team checked on me…
Persevered for the Fans
It certainly hasn't ended on a high. It's been a tough weekend but…still, I think, with everything, we could have given up early but I think we did the right thing and I think the team…the effort they put in wasn't in vain. We still produced some good races and I think the fans appreciated it, for us being here, and that makes it worthwhile to all of us.
Caribbean championships
We're trying to find a way. We haven't figured that one out yet. The car, I don't think will make it, but it doesn't mean that there are not other cars that we can probably get…we do have a fairly good lead in the championships so we don't need the best car to win it I think.
We want to out this car back together immaculately and get all the little things together. It's had a hard year. It's been travelling and we haven't had much time…from it left Jamaica to go to Barbados we've had no time with it. It went straight after racing in Jamaica, on to the ship in three days,raced in Barbados, came back, one week straight of work into this race meet…to have gone to Guyana. It takes a lot out of the car and the crew. We need to really re-look at that and see what is the best way forward is…
We're leading the Caribbean championship and we don't want to lose that. that's the first thing on the agenda then we can look at 2012. We have great support, total has come on board again and they are committed to Team Summerbell, Stewarts they also came on late this year ut very appreciated Arizona motorcraft batteries, with their support I think we will have what it takes to take back our crowns…all of them.
DOUG GORE'S INTERVIEW
Fantastic Year
This has been a fantastic year from the start when we started to talk to Adam Stewart about purchasing a car…to the end of the year, where it is now. You know, it's just one of those fantastic things, it's like a boyhood dream. When you think of how the year started and everybody coming back and saying, "Man, this car is not going to do it…two wheel drive against four wheel drive? It's not going to happen."
It's one of those things that you say to yourself, "I'm going to prove them wrong," and it just happened like that. Big ups to the team and the family and everyone who was supporting me from the beginning. At the end of the year like this, to end on such a good note, it's fantastic.
Lifelong Dream
The performance of the car…it is definitely testament to the crew. We've done lot's of time up here, we've spent weekends up here away from our families. My wife would say, "Hey Doug, when you coming home?", and I say to her, "Listen, I have to accomplish this, this is important. It is important for me." As I said before, on a lifelong dream. It just proved that everybody who was behind me from the start, they knew that this day was going to come.
All this preparation that we were doing, all the tinkering with the car, even trying out new rims this weekend to see if I would get the additonal grip…it did help. The car lasted longer. What was happening is that usually after about three laps the car would fall off tremendously and I would now have to be looking over my shoulder basically for Summerbell hounding me. Now, I was able to, when I needed the power…to press the gas and get it. It just goes back to prove that we understand the car…
Beat the King
I knew that he [David] had done so much to try and get here and kudos to him and his team. They've done some tremendous work and we've all gone through it, the late nights trying to get to Dover, trying to make sure that the fans are here to see a fantastic race, and he made it fantastic. And that's one of the reasons why we're here, was to go and beat the "King", and it just proves to him and his team that they were on top and you know what? The tide has changed.
You did say the King is dead, what do you have to say now?
Well, I think he's now the court jester (laughs)…I think he's now gone down to the joker (laughs).
David is a good friend of mine. Seriously, this is what it's all about and we're here because of him…he is the reason why we're here, really and truly. It was to up the game and if it wasn't for the likes of David Summerbell this probably would not have happened. I know he's going to come back big and strong next year and so are we. We have some plans in the making. Butch Stewart came here today and I think the bug has bitten him. He absolutely, thoroughly enjoyed it and he said, "Doug, whatever it takes." We're going to send back the car to Germany to do some upgrades…looking forward to it.
Looking forward, it's just bigger and better things. We have to keep up our game. we can't just sit back on our laurels…We can't so that. We have to make sure that we go out and look back at the car and make sure the car is in tip top condition. The car really feels strong right now and it's a good thing that we brought an endurance race car…as you can see, David lost his brakes on the last race…man these brakes look like they could go forever. So that's just one of the things about this car that is phenomenal.
RACE MEET NOTES
As some spectators at the event unwisely flocked to the Summerbell crash scene, a young boy was hit by one of the drivers after attempting to cross the track during a live race. The boy was rushed to the St. Ann's Bay hospital, and according to reports, is in stable condition.
In MP4 Race 1, Gore's time was time was 1:20.169 while Summerbell's was 1:19.586. In MP4 Race 2, Gore registered 1:19.660 while Summerbell clocked 1:19.589.
No surprise that Kyle Gregg won the three races in his class and is the Driver of the Year. He's definitely looking to step up ad has indicated his desire to roll with the big kids at Dover.
Stefan Chin remained the fastest thing on two wheels. Michelle Laidlaw made history by becoming the first female motorcycle racer at Dover.
Tags: David Summerbell Jr., Doug Gore, Dover, Dover Raceway, Heroes of Speed, JRDC, Kyle Gregg
High stakes at Heroes of Speed
JRDC season opener on April 8 & 9
Doug Gore dethrones Summerbell at Dover
Carnival of Speed at Dover
Chris Campbell fuelled by Fruta


Valley Kit Homes, Building Contractors - General, listed under "Building Contractors - General" category, is located at Serving your area Koah QLD, 4881, Australia and can be reached by 0755345182 phone number. Valley Kit Homes has currently 0 reviews.
Browse all Building Contractors - General in Koah QLD.


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Page last updated at 14:31 GMT, Wednesday, 22 October 2008 15:31 UK
Strevens praises team-mate Nurse
Dagenham & Redbridge striker Ben Strevens told BBC Essex he was delighted team-mate Jon Nurse scored his first goal of the season against Bournemouth.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


You can reach , a city district on the banks of the Alzette River, by foot from the city center or via an elevator that moves through a cliff into the river valley. A part of the city known for its greenery and slow-moving lifestyle, the district is also popular for its nightlife. You can admire the quaint European facades as you walk past pubs and restaurants. Consider wandering the narrow streets to lose yourself among the tiny boutiques and cafes. The district is small enough to tour quickly. Take a look at our Luxembourg City trip itinerary tool to schedule your visit to Barrio Grund and learn about what else to see and do during your holiday.
Walking through Luxembourg is encountering a landscape more beautiful than the other. High end down to the lower part (Grund quarter), it seems that you're returning some years. It's lovely!!
Beautiful scenery, between nature and architecture. Advisable to walk along the Alzette up to small waterfalls.
This is a stunning district, with great views of bridges, water and more. There are plenty of water reflections and it's definitely worth bringing a proper camera to capture them. If the weather's good, it's easy to spend quite a bit of time here.
A most magnificent place, oozing with old world charm. The uniformity of the constructions and the harmony with nature seen in Luxembourg City, is hard to beat!
Nice and cosy mini city in Luxemburg. Quiet part of town ideal for a stroll.
Perfect place to waste the time. The only inconvenience is that the public transport doesnt go directly by train feom Luxembourg and then you can take a bus but the visit is a must. People is charming and polite but you can talk better in french or german instead of English.
The lower town of Luxemburg. You can have a very nice walk from the upper town to the lower town, stopping at some view point spots to have great views looking down to the lower town. Then, in the lower town you can have nice walks along the river/creek there.
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The Christmas run-up can be frantic for small business owners. It's important to think about business basics like paying taxes and staff before you start decorating the tree.
Throwing a staff party can be a great way to see out the year and celebrate successes, but there are tax considerations to think about.
You can claim some costs of a party or staff gifts, but they may be subject to fringe benefit tax. This is paid on benefits workers get as a result of their employment.
Generally, you can claim the costs of gifts as a business expense, eg hampers or gift vouchers. But you may need to pay fringe benefit tax on these gifts.
A meal out provided by the business is an entertainment expense and you can claim 50% as a business expense.
You can deduct 100% of the cost of entertainment you provide to members of the public for charitable purposes. For example, if your business donates food to a party at a hospital.
When there's a public holiday on a day your employee usually works, they're entitled to a paid day off — no matter how long they've worked for you.
give them another paid day off later.
When a public holiday falls on a Saturday or Sunday, employees who don't normally work then get the following Monday as their paid public holiday — this is called Mondayisation.
Day after New Year's Day — Tuesday, 2 January 2018.
Any employee can ask to transfer a public holiday to another day.
You must consider requests unless you have a policy that prevents transferring public holidays.
Transferring public holidays (external link) — Employment New Zealand.
An employee is entitled to a full alternative day off if they work on a public holiday — no matter how many hours they worked that day.
they were on call but didn't work, and being on call didn't stop them doing what they wanted to with their day.


Earned the International Women's Day (2019) badge! Earned the Riding Steady (Level 24) badge!
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Earned the Photogenic Brew (Level 46) badge! Earned the Heavy Weight (Level 3) badge!
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Earned the Riding Steady (Level 23) badge! Earned the Photogenic Brew (Level 45) badge! Earned the Paint the Town Red (Level 2) badge! Earned the Luck of the Irish (Level 5) badge!
Earned the Brewery Pioneer (Level 27) badge! Earned the Ye Olde Pub badge!
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This second show from young, three-strong sketch outfit Sheeps is a lively piece of work with a slightly sophomoric edge to it that, with any luck, will be ironed out as the run progresses. As they drolly yank apart sketch conventions, along a knowingly spurious, Dan Brown-ish plot thread, Al, Jonno and the scrubbily bearded Liam need to be careful not to appear to be having more fun than the audience (which does happen occasionally), and they must also make sure their strongest lines ring out loud and true.
The latter is especially important, as the writing is really rather good: Liam's fixation with a silly statue of a hawk yields some particularly shiny nuggets, and the hapless Tudor lamenting the 16th century for being "full of disappointing music, and with crap everywhere" is kind of inspired, and not untypical. A little way to go with the presentation, then, but a smart and enjoyable offering even so, and warmly recommendable.


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Skip to contentSkip to ongoing events
Visual coding strategies implied by individual differences or adaptation
Seminar | November 21 | 12-1:30 p.m. | 560 Evans Hall
Speaker/Performer: Kara Emery, University of Nevada, Reno
An important goal of vision science is to understand the coding strategies underlying the representation of visual information. I will describe experiments and analyses where we have explored these coding strategies using two different approaches. In the first approach, we factor-analyzed individual differences in observers' color judgments to reveal the representational structure of color appearance. In contrast to conventional opponent-color models, these results point to a population code in which different color categories vary independently and for which there are no opponent axes. We also show that the factors underlying two-dimensional color space are fundamentally different from those of other two-dimensional visual attributes, such as planar motion. In a second study, we developed criteria for using patterns of adaptation aftereffects to discriminate between alternative coding models. We focus on two contrasting models of face aftereffects that have been proposed based on exemplar vs. norm-based encoding strategies. We show that the critical difference between these models, in terms of the aftereffect patterns they predict, depends more on how the channel activations are combined (decoding) rather than the properties of the channels themselves (encoding). Together, these results challenge assumptions of traditional coding theories and add to the value of individual differences and adaptation as tools for probing the coding strategies of visual perception.
Event contact: nrterranova@berkeley.edu


text:
Q: Does Cypress really scroll to the given element while clicking on it? Cypress declares that before performing dblclick() command and other actions it makes the command subject visible by means of scrolling to it. But I have a problem with this. In my test I have a chain of the commands:
cy.get(...).find(...).find(...).dblclick()

And if the element is outside the visible part of the screen, it is not clicked. If I use cy.wait(5000) before the chain of the commands and scroll the screen manually within those 5 sec. the dblclick() succeeds. So the question is do they really make scrolling?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Safeway in the Denver division. Expires, get Deal, used 194 times, brewDemon coupons, get a promo code for 15 off your first order when you sign up for the email list. Go back to m and proceed to checkout. About Zevia, zevia is a mid-size grocery retailer which operates the website. How to use Zevia promo codes. Used 526 times, sign-Up, sign-Up, used 406 times, save Now, used 112 times, show Recipes, used 317 times, where to Buy. Facebook, on, twitter, on, instagram, or, pinterest and subscribe to our newsletter. Once strained, add Zevia Sparkling Water then stir. Zevia promo codes sometimes have exceptions on certain categories or brands. Click to open the code, then click "copy" to copy the coupon code to your clipboard. Expires, get Deal, used 212 times, java Sok coupons 1 off two Welch's Fruit Snacks.
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For more low prices, check out Super Safeways weekly ad coupon matchup page. Sweetened with the miracle that is stevia leaf, and made with real ingredients, Zevia beverages deliver fizz and delight the natural way. Promo code didn't work? Read our expert guide to finding promo codes for stores that rarely offer them. Safeway Coupon Policy for the Denver Division which includes Colorado, Nebraska, New Mexico, Wyoming and South Dakota. 2) Fill out the form at m/coupon for the second coupon for 2 off. Find a promo code on this page. Wenn du auf unsere Website klickst oder hier navigierst, stimmst du der Erfassung von Informationen durch Cookies auf und außerhalb von Facebook. We also share recipes and weekly meal planning ideas based on sales to maximize your savings. Expires 09/30/2018, used 851 times, beer of the Month Club coupons. Zevia is a line of beverages sweetened with stevia and available in 14 flavors. . Show me all coupons.


He has the power to submerge himself in total darkness. She has the power to generate daggers made of light. Together, they make a great superhero team. But first, they will need to meet.
Check out a new 60-second promo trailer for Marvel's "Cloak & Dagger," the upcoming television series that's based on the 1980s superhero duo of the same name, and stars Aubrey Joseph (HBO's The Night Of) and Olivia Holt (Disney's Kickin' It) as the titular superheroes.
Created for the young adult-geared cable network Freeform by television writer-producer Joe Pokaski (Marvel's Daredevil, Heroes), the ten-episode drama will depict the origin story of Cloak and Dagger, beginning with their high school years when they were just a couple of young teenagers who didn't know each other or knew they had superpowers.
Tyrone Johnson (a.k.a. Cloak) is a high school athlete (played by Joseph) who is barely coming into his own when a chance encounter with Tandy Bowen (a.k.a. Dagger), a young pick-pocketing runaway (played by Holt), changes his life forever. It's the moment their hands touch that these two discover their powers are somehow linked to one another.
Co-starring Gloria Reuben (ER), Miles Mussenden (Queen Sugar), and Andrea Roth (Rescue Me) as the kids' respective parents, Marvel's "Cloak & Dagger" will launch Thursday, June 7th with a special two-hour premiere on Freeform.


According to Aviation Week's Military Aircraft Database, the USAF operates just a single Russian Helicopters Mi-171E. Seen recently at Miami's Opa Locka airport, this aircraft is possibly based in Northwestern Florida.
Slightly less of a rarity, but also flown by U.S. Special Operations Command across the globe, is this Dornier 328/C-146 Wolfhound, seen the following day at Orlando Airport. The USAF operates 20 of these former airliners, all in this commercial-style scheme.


text:
Q: Reverse a string using c# To reverse a string we convert it into an array of characters, then we use a for loop to print the reversed string. But in the below program we are getting characters from the string without converting it into characters. I am really confused how it has happened. Variable str is string then why str[i] is returning a character?
public static void Main() {
  string str = "hello mr singh";
  string temp ="";

  for (int i = str.Length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
    temp += str[i];
  }
  Console.WriteLine("Reverse string:" + temp);
  Console.ReadLine();
}

A: Try this:
string str = "hello mr singh";
char[] arr = str.ToCharArray();
Array.Reverse(arr);
_revArray = string(arr);

A: str is a string and you can reach each caractere of it using str[i], so to reverse the string the for loop begins from the last caractere int i = str.Length - 1 and store the results in a new string temp.
for example if you want to reverse the string "hello", the string length is 5 so the lopp will start from 4 so we will have:
str[4] = 'o', str[3] = 'l', str[2] = 'l', str[1] = 'e', str[0] = 'h'

finally store the results in the variable temp:
temp = str[4] + str[3]  + str[2] + str[1] + str[0];

so the resulted string is the concatenation of the caracters.
If you want a more efficient way to reverse a string check the answers for this question:
Best way to reverse a string


text:
package org.apache.asterix.runtime.aggregates.serializable.std;

import java.io.DataOutput;
import java.io.IOException;

import org.apache.asterix.formats.nontagged.AqlSerializerDeserializerProvider;
import org.apache.asterix.om.base.ANull;
import org.apache.asterix.om.types.ATypeTag;
import org.apache.asterix.om.types.BuiltinType;
import org.apache.hyracks.algebricks.common.exceptions.AlgebricksException;
import org.apache.hyracks.algebricks.runtime.base.IScalarEvaluatorFactory;
import org.apache.hyracks.api.context.IHyracksTaskContext;

public class SerializableSqlSumAggregateFunction extends AbstractSerializableSumAggregateFunction {
    private final boolean isLocalAgg;

    public SerializableSqlSumAggregateFunction(IScalarEvaluatorFactory[] args, boolean isLocalAgg,
            IHyracksTaskContext context) throws AlgebricksException {
        super(args, context);
        this.isLocalAgg = isLocalAgg;
    }

    @Override
    protected void processNull(byte[] state, int start) {
    }

    @Override
    protected void processSystemNull() throws AlgebricksException {
        // For global aggregates simply ignore system null here,
        // but if all input value are system null, then we should return
        // null in finish().
        if (isLocalAgg) {
            throw new AlgebricksException("Type SYSTEM_NULL encountered in local aggregate.");
        }
    }

    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
    @Override
    protected void finishSystemNull(DataOutput out) throws IOException {
        // Empty stream. For local agg return system null. For global agg return null.
        if (isLocalAgg) {
            out.writeByte(ATypeTag.SYSTEM_NULL.serialize());
        } else {
            serde = AqlSerializerDeserializerProvider.INSTANCE.getSerializerDeserializer(BuiltinType.ANULL);
            serde.serialize(ANull.NULL, out);
        }
    }

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Ostarine, also known as MK-2866, is what we call a Selective Androgen Receptor Modulator, or SARM. That means that this product directly affects anabolic activity without overloading the body with excessive hormones. Just like steroids, Ostarine targets androgen receptors, but unlike them, it does not convert into estrogen. Thanks to that, with Ostarine it is possible to avoid numerous side effects linked to steroid use.
There are tons of ways in which you can use Ostarine.
You can use it alone in a 12-week cycle. You can stack it with other SARMS, the most notable ones being LGD-4033 and MK677.
Do not exceed this dose no matter what junk you read on the internet. People might even take 100 mg/day. But don't be that guy who wants to add their name to the 'overdose obituary' section.
Stick to the recommended dose and with a good diet and regular lifting, you can gain up to 12 lbs. of lean mass. Even people who don't follow a diet and exercise routine have gained at least 7 lbs. in 12 weeks while using Ostarine.
It has one of the longest half-life (24 hours) among all SARMS. So, you don't need to divide your doses either. Just take one dose in the am.


A parallel processing system performs an application function by a plurality of processing unit contained within a single network. The parallel processing system includes at least one slave unit connected to a common network and capable of processing a specified amount of data at a particular processing speed. At least one master unit, which may include a local slave unit, is connected to the common network and initiates an application function to be processed by the slave units. The slave units are polled to determine the processing power of each slave unit, the resources available to each slave unit and the availability of each slave unit. One or more slave units are engaged in processing the application function. If a plurality of slave units are selected, the application function is divided into a plurality of portions of data and each portion is assigned and communicated to a specific slave unit for processing. Predetermined calculations are performed on each portion of data by each slave unit.
The present invention relates to a parallel processing system and, more particularly, to a parallel processing system for performing an application function by a plurality of processing units contained within a single network.
A typical parallel processing system comprises a plurality of processing units which are interconnected within a single network which together compute the result of a solvable problem. An advantage of the parallel processing system is the increased computing power derived from combining the processing power of several processing units. Typically, many prior art parallel processing units require a known, unchanging parallel processing system to be used. A function which is to be parallel processed is divided and communicated to a plurality of units such that each unit processes a portion of the entire function. Once each processing unit has completed processing its portion of the function, the processed portions of the function are combined to provide a completed function. However, many prior art parallel processing systems arbitrarily divide the application function among the plurality of processing units such that each processing unit completes its portion of the function at a different time. This leads to inefficient use of processing time. In addition, many of the processing units in the network typically are not utilized which further lowers the efficiency of the system.
An important aspect to parallel processing systems is the ability of the system to withstand equipment failures in individual processing units and the capability of continued operation. If a parallel processing system is unable to detect a failure in one of its processing units, the system will be unable to complete the processed function. Since the likelihood of a failure occurring during the computation of a given function is significantly high, a parallel processing system which is unable to detect failures is ineffective. On the other hand, if the parallel processing system can detect failures within a single processing unit, but the time necessary to check each processing unit is significant, the fault detect feature will counterbalance any benefit derived by using the parallel processing system.
There is a need for a parallel processing system which is capable of effectively dividing and processing an application function within a minimal amount of time in a processing environment that may change between subsequent executions of the application function. In addition, the parallel processing system should not affect the normal operations of each processing unit. Therefore, when a particular processing unit is not involved in a parallel process, the processing unit may engage in normal processing operations. The parallel processing system should be capable of running on any operating system and should include a plurality of processing units contained within a single network. A master unit controls the operating flow of the application function and divides the function among a plurality of slave processing units such that each processing unit completes its portion of the function at approximately the same time. Once each slave processing unit completes its portion of the application function, the processed data is transferred back to the master processing unit. In the event that a failure occurs in one of the processing units, the master processing unit reassigns the portion of the function allotted to the failed processing unit to another processing unit such that a completed application function can be performed.
A parallel processing system performs an application function by at least one processing unit contained within a single network. The parallel processing system comprises at least one slave unit. Each slave unit is connected to a common network and is capable of processing a specified amount of data at a particular processing power. At least one master unit is connected to the slave units through the common network. The master unit initiates an application function which is to be processed by the slave units. A polling means polls the slave units to determine the processing power of each slave unit and the resources available to the slave unit. A receiving means receives from each slave unit the processing power and the resources available to each slave unit. A selecting means selects a number of slave units to be engaged in processing said application function. A dividing means divides the application function in a manner defined by the application function into a plurality of specified portions of data. Each specified portion of data is communicated to a different slave unit for processing. A calculating means performs predetermined calculations as defined by the application function on each specified portion of data by each slave unit. An optional merging means merges each calculated portion of data in a manner defined by the application function at said master unit. The merged data represents the processed application function.
A method for performing parallel processing of an application function by at least one processing unit contained within a single network polls a plurality of slave units to determine the processing power of each slave unit. The master unit receives the processing power of each slave unit. The master unit selects a number of slave units to be engaged in processing the application function. The application function is divided in a manner defined by the application function into specified portions of data. Predetermined calculations as defined by the application function are performed on the specified portions of data. The calculated specified portions of data are optionally merged in a manner defined by the application function at the master unit to provide the application function.
The foregoing summary, as well as the following detailed description of the preferred embodiment, will be better understood when read in conjunction with the appended drawings. For the purpose of illustrating the invention, there is shown in the drawings an embodiment which is presently preferred, it being understood, however, that the invention is not limited to the specific methods and instrumentalities disclosed.
Referring to the drawings, wherein like numerals indicate like elements throughout, there is shown in FIG. 1 a schematic block diagram of a parallel processing system 10 in accordance with the present invention. The parallel processing system 10 contains a plurality of processing units which are contained within a single communications network 12. In the preferred embodiment, the network 12 is a local area network. However, it is to be understood by those skilled in the art that any particular type of local area network can be used or any other suitable means of communications without departing from the scope and spirit of the present invention. Each processing unit is preferably a conventional computer which includes a central processing unit (CPU), memory and file storage and as such will not be described in further detail. The processing unit may be defined as a process or a group of cooperative processes which execute on one or more CPUs. In the preferred embodiment, each CPU operates under the control of a multi-tasking operating system, such as, but not limited to, UNIX, OS/2 or any other suitable operating system.
The parallel processing system 10 includes at least one master unit 14 which stores an application function 16 which is to be executed by the parallel processing system 10. The application function 16 is preferably an application program that performs a specific function or functions of interest to the unit operator. For example, the application function 16 could relate to word-processing or calculating spread sheets. The master unit 14 also includes a status process 18 which monitors the use of the CPU within the master unit 14 and provides information relating to the operating system and the resources available to the particular unit. Such information can include the file storage space, the presence of a math co-processor, the amount of the available memory or any other resource information necessary to determine the suitability of a processing unit to perform a specific application. The master unit 14 includes a local slave unit 20 which is capable of processing a portion of or all of the application function 16. In the preferred embodiment, the local slave unit 20 uses the same CPU as the master unit 14.
Also contained within the network 12 are one or more remote slave units 24 which are capable of performing at least a portion of the processing of the application function 16. Each slave unit 24 contains a status process 26 which is capable of providing information relating to the resources available to the particular slave unit 24, and the processing power of the slave unit 24. An execution process 28 executes a portion of the application function once it is distributed to the particular slave unit 24. It is to be understood by those skilled in the art that any unit contained within the network 12 is capable of being designated as the master unit 14 so long as the unit is capable of executing an application function. It is further to be understood that more than one unit contained within the network can be a master unit 14 at the same time. The selection of a slave unit 24 used to process a particular application function may depend upon the availability of the slave unit 24 and the power with which the slave unit 24 is capable of processing the application function. In addition, if a particular slave unit 24 is processing its own application function or an application function from a different master unit 24, the slave unit 24 will be unavailable to the polling master unit 14.
Referring to FIG. 2, there is shown a general block diagram of the processing of an application function 16 by the parallel processing system 10. An operator interface 30 communicates data between the application function 16 and a computer operator. A communication may be, but is not limited to, a command with parameters that cause the application function 16 to execute or a graphical operator interface with menus.
A divide function 32 provides a strategy defined by the application function 16 for dividing an application calculate function among multiple units. The divide function 32 typically divides input and output data blocks into smaller ones. The divide function 32 is primarily based on the processing power of each unit as will be described in further detail hereinafter.
A calculate function 34 generates a desired output through programmed manipulation, as defined by the application function 16, of input data received from the master unit 14. The generated output can be processed data or performance of a specified action such as, but not limited to, data base records, numerical results, graphical displays, printing of reports or control of a process. It is to be understood by those skilled in the art that any application function 16 which is capable of being parallel processed can be generated by the calculate function 34.
A merge function 36 provides a strategy defined by the application function 16 for merging outputs from the different units which execute the calculate function 34. The merge function 36 is an optional function and is not necessary for completing the processing of an application function. For certain application functions, such as processing an array of numbers, for example, each processed portion of data may be communicated from the remote slave units 24 to the master unit 14 in a manner that eliminates the need for a merge function.
An abort function 38 selectively discontinues the execution of the calculate function 34 and is part of the fault tolerance processing. Typically, the abort function 38 is determined by the particular calculate function 34 being applied. The abort function 38 is also optional. The presence of the abort function 38 oftentimes provides better performance and more controllable terminations of the calculate function 34.
Application processing interface functions (API) 40 provide a means for an application function 16 to access parallel processing services provided by other slave units. An application function 16 is defined by a task definition. A task definition contains all of the information necessary for the execution of a calculate function 34. Among the information included in the task definition is the location and quantity of any input data required by the calculate function 34, destinations of and quantity of any output data expected to be generated by the calculate function 34, identification and location of the application defined functioning, information concerning minimum resource requirements a unit must have to execute the calculate function 34 and information to estimate the execution time of the calculate function 34 on a given unit.
The API functions 40 define the use of and content of the process control data used by the divide function 32 and the merge function 36. The process control data includes the total number of times the divide function 32 or merge function 36 should expect to be executed, the sequence number of the current execution of the divide function 32 or merge function 36, and other information necessary to control the application's divide function 32 or merge function 36. The API functions 40 also define the use of, but not the content of, the application control data. The application control data is used by the divide function 32 and the merge function 34 to manage the progress of their respective executions and the use of any additional system resources required when processing the application function in parallel. The API functions 40 control the allocation of the application control data and its assignment to subtask definitions.
In determining which slave units 24 will aid in the processing of an application function, the status process 18 or 26 determines the availability and type of resources available to the processing unit on which the status process 18 or 26 is executing. Information necessary for determining the status of a processing unit includes, but is not limited to, the following: the CPU type, the type of operating system, the organization method used by the mass storage device, the unit's base processing power as measured when used to process a single application, the unit's current processing power which is the amount that is currently available for use in processing a task definition, and the amount of free file space that is available for use in processing a task definition. The processing power of a particular remote slave unit 24 or local slave unit 20 is determined by estimating the execution time required by the slave unit to process a given task definition. Typically, the processing power depends upon the slave unit's CPU speed, available memory resources, and the availability of any specialized hardware that may be particularly suited to processing a given task definition.
The status process 18 determines the CPU speed of a particular unit by maintaining a record of its speed over one or more periods of time. The recorded CPU speeds are averaged to provide a CPU speed appropriate for determining a slave unit's processing power for the given task definition.
Slave units 24 compare their available resources as determined by status process 26 with the amount of resources required to complete the application function 16. Only slave units 24 which meet the requirements of the application function 16 will respond when polled by the master unit 14. Also the slave units 24 must be in an idle state. In the preferring embodiment, the idle state may be determined by: 1) comparing the slave unit's current processing power with its base processing power, and 2) comparing the slave unit's current processing power with the current processing power of the master unit 14 which is polling the slave units 24. However, it is to be understood by those skilled in the art that the idle state may be determined by any other suitable means without departing from the scope and spirit of the present invention. If the slave unit 24 is determined to be busy (not idle), the slave unit 24 will not respond.
Referring to FIGS. 3a-3d, there is shown a detailed flow diagram depicting the operation of the parallel processing system 10. An application function 16 to be processed by the parallel processing system 10 begins processing on the master unit 14 at block 50. API functions 40 are used to create and define one or more task definitions for the application function 16 in block 52. The task definition is placed on a task list to be processed in a logical manner by an appropriate combination of the master unit 14, the local slave unit 20 and one or more of the remote slave units 24.
Once a task list has been formulated, the application function processing is initiated at block 54. In block 56, it is determined whether the application function can be processed in parallel. If the application function 16 cannot be processed in parallel, stand-alone processing may be performed by the master unit 14 at block 58.
If it is determined that the application function 16 may be processed in parallel, the master unit first determines the amount of resources available to the master unit 14 by checking the status process 18 at block 60. The status process 18 includes information, such as the processing power of the local slave unit 20 and the available resources. In block 62, the master unit 14 polls the remote slave units 24 in an attempt to locate available slave units by sending a status request message. The status process 26 of each remote slave unit 24 provides the processing power and resources available for use by the master unit 14. The remote slave units 24 may return a number of possible responses.
If no slave units 24 are available to master unit 14, then the master unit 14 will initiate processing of the application calculate function 34 in block 66. Those slave units 24 which are available to aid in the processing of the application function 16 will send a message back to the master unit 14 in block 68. The slave unit 24 will respond in the affirmative that it has the necessary resources to process the application function 16. Slave units 24 responding in the affirmative are reserved for use by the master unit 14 for a specified period of time or until they receive notification that they have not been selected by the master unit 14. If the slave unit is unavailable, the message may indicate that the particular slave unit is already reserved but not in use by another master unit. Once the master unit 14 has received responses from all responding slave units 24, the master unit 14 must select the slave units which will perform the application function 16 in block 70. The master unit 14 typically selects those slave units 24 which have the most processing power to complete the application function 16. Once the master unit 14 has selected the slave units 24 to process the application function 16, the master unit 14 then notifies all slave units of the selected units 24 in block 76. A slave unit which has not been selected to process the application function 16 and receives the master unit 14 response, will immediately make itself available to other units requiring parallel processing. A slave unit 24 which has been selected by the master unit 14 will commit itself to the master unit 14 provided that it is still available for processing. In the event that a selected slave unit 24 is no longer available for processing, the master unit 14 will either assume that slave unit's processing responsibilities through the fault-tolerance mechanism or select an alternate slave unit for processing. If no remote slaves were selected, the master unit 14 will initiate processing of the application calculate function 34 in block 74.
When the selected slave units 24 receive notification of their selection, bidirectional communications are established between the master unit 14 and each remote slave unit 24 via a separate remote slave thread at block 78. In the preferred embodiment, the remote slave thread is a "lightweight" process executing under the control of the master unit 14. A lightweight process is one that is easily scheduled for execution by the operating system without the overhead of scheduling an actual process. The remote slave thread communicates data, executable software and processing information to and from the master unit 14 and the slave units 24. If at any time during the processing an unrecoverable error occurs in the bidirectional communications, the bidirectional communications will be severed. When this occurs, the slave unit 24 is immediately available for use by other master units 14. Subtask definitions assigned to the slave unit 24 with which bidirectional communications were lost will be processed by the master unit 14 according to the fault-tolerance mechanism.
Once the slave units 24 have been notified of the selections made by the master unit 14, subtask definitions for the selected slave units 24 and the local slave unit 20 are generated at block 80 for parallel processing by the slave units. Each subtask definition comprises a portion of the original task definition. The portion of the task definition which is assigned to each subtask definition is dependent upon the execution time required by a specific slave unit to process a portion of the task definition in comparison with the execution times required by the remaining slave units. The percentage of the task definition assigned to each subtask definition is determined at block 82. A divide function 32, provided by the application function 16, is used to define each subtask definition for the application function 16 at block 84. The divide function 32 may deviate from the assigned percentage. In the preferred embodiment, the division of the task definition into subtask definitions is organized such that each subtask definition requires substantially the same amount of processing time. However, it is to be understood by those skilled in the art that the subtasks may contain any arbitrary percentage of the task definition without departing from the scope and spirit of the present invention.
Once the value of the total percentage is greater than or equal to one hundred, no more calls to the divide function 32 are made. The divide function 32 is expected to return the percentage of the original task definition actually assigned to a subtask definition. The divide function 32 receives the requested percentage of the task definition to be assigned to the subtask definition and the counter values through the process control data as described above. The divide function 32 also has application control data allocated for its use.
Each subtask definition assigned to a remote slave unit 24 is communicated to the assigned slave unit 24 via the remote slave thread at block 88. Also, the data and executable software necessary for processing the subtask definition are communicated to the slave unit 24 via the remote slave thread at block 90. In addition, in the preferred embodiment, a caching mechanism may be used to store some executable software and some data at the slave unit 24. The caching mechanism eliminates the need for communicating the same information to the remote slave unit 24 during subsequent executions of the application function 16.
Once each portion of data has been received by the assigned slave unit 24, each slave unit 24 begins performing the necessary calculations via the execution process 28 at block 92. Prior to performing the calculations, the execution process 28 of each remote slave unit 24 must gain access to all resources required by the calculate function 34 at block 93. Accessing these resources includes locating and gaining permission to access the input, output and constant data assigned to the task definition. If one of the necessary resources cannot be located or accessed, the execution process 28 terminates operation and indicates a system failure.
Once all of the necessary resources are located, the calculate function 34 is executed at block 94. The calculate function uses API functions 40 to locate the data to be processed and to determine the destination of the output data.
While each slave unit 24 is processing the subtask definition or portion of data assigned by the master unit 14 during the calculate function 34, the slave unit 24 monitors the master unit 14 for detection of an abort signal at block 96. A master unit 14 may signal an abort if the local slave unit 20 has already completed the assigned subtask definition or in the event that the application function 16 is aborted. If the slave unit 24 receives an abort signal, the slave unit 24 terminates its execution process 28 and waits for further instructions from the master unit 14 at block 100. If the slave unit does not receive instructions from the master unit within a predetermined period of time, the slave unit 24 becomes available to all other master units. If the slave unit 24 does not receive an abort signal, the slave unit 24 continues the execution process in block 102.
Typically, a subtask definition is assigned to the local slave unit 20 of the master unit 14 for processing. Once the local slave unit 20 completes the processing of its assigned subtask definition and redefines the subtask definition to represent the actual output data generated by the execution of the application calculate function 34, the master unit 14 checks all slave units 24 to locate those slave units which have not completed their assigned subtask definition at block 128. A slave unit 24 may not complete its subtask definition due to a system error or to a slower than expected processing speed. The master unit 14 selects and assigns one of the incompleted subtask definitions for processing by the local slave unit 20 at block 132. If the remote slave unit 24 completes the subtask definition assumed by the local slave unit 20, then the local slave unit 20 aborts the processing of the subtask definition at block 118. The master unit 14 may then assign a different incompleted subtask definition from a different slave unit at block 132. If the local slave unit 20 completes the subtask definition prior to the assigned remote slave unit, the master unit 14 signals an abort to the remote slave unit to discontinue processing the subtask definition at block 126. The master unit 14 may check the slave units 24 at other times and may also assign subtask definitions to remote slave units.
As the execution process 28 for each slave unit 24 completes its assigned subtask definition, the subtask definition is redefined to represent the actual output data that was generated by the execution of the application calculate function 34 and is to be returned to the master unit 14. The new definition is used to create one or more output response messages at block 108 which are communicated to the remote slave thread at block 110. The remote slave thread uses the output response to redefine the subtask definition at the master unit 14 in block 112. The actual output data is now communicated form the slave unit 24 to the master 14 via the remote slave thread and the bidirectional communications at block 114.
Once the processing of all the subtask definitions has been completed including reception of all output data from remote slave units 24, the master unit 14 merges the output data and produces the resulting processed application function 16 at block 134. As each slave unit 24 completes its subtask definition, the slave unit 24 is available for processing by another master unit 14. At any time during the processing of a subtask definition by a slave unit 24 for a master unit 14, the slave unit 24 is available for local processing. Local processing will have priority over the processing of a subtask definition for another master unit 14. This may prevent the completion of the subtask definition processing for the master unit 14. In this case, the master unit 14 will process that subtask definition through the fault-tolerance mechanism.
The merge function 36 combines the output data from separate subtask definitions into locations specified by the original task definition and releases any system resources allocated during the execution of the divide function 32. The merge function 36 can use API functions 40 to retrieve information needed to determine how the output data is to be merged and what resources should be released. The merge function 36 may take advantage of the process control data and application control data as defined earlier.
The following is a specific example of a type of application function which may be processed by the parallel processing system of the present invention. It is to be understood by those skilled in the art that the following application function is merely exemplary and that any suitable type of application function may be processed by the parallel processing system. One type of application function which may be processed by the master unit 14 is the creation of a document using a word processing software program and including the function of spellchecking the document. In the preferred example, the document to be spellchecked is a lengthy document which would take a considerable amount of time for the master unit to spellcheck alone.
The document is defined in the application function, hereinafter referred to as the spellcheck function, as being capable of being parallel processed. A task definition is created which defines the document to be spellchecked. The master unit 14 polls a plurality of remote slave units 24 contained within a single network to determine if there are any available remote slave units 24 to process the document. If no slave units are available, the master unit 14 spellchecks the entire document.
Those remote slave units which are capable of performing the spellcheck function, i.e., which have the available resources and an adequate processing power, will respond to the master unit 14. The maximum number of remote slave units 24 that may be used by the master unit 14 are defined within the spellcheck function. In this particular example, it is assumed that the master unit can reserve up to four remote slave units 24 to complete the spellcheck function. It is to be understood by those skilled in the art that while four slave units is the chosen number of slave units to process the spellcheck function, that fewer slave units or no slave units may be used by the parallel processing system in the processing of the document.
The master unit 14 reviews the affirmative responses from the responding slave units 24 and selects up to four slave units 24 which have the most processing power. Once the slave units 24 have been selected by the master unit 14, the master unit 14 communicates a connect request message to all responding slave units 24 which indicates the chosen slave units and enables the unchosen slave units to be freed for use by other master units 14. In the event that the slave unit 24 is no longer available to the master unit 14, the master unit will reassign that portion of the spellcheck function which was to be assigned to the particular slave unit through the fault tolerance mechanism.
Next, a subtask definition which will contain a portion of the document and the software necessary to complete the spellcheck function by a slave units 20, 24 is created for each slave unit 20, 24. The divide function 32 is executed once for each subtask definition to divide the document among the subtask definitions to be processed by the slave units 20, 24. If the processing power of the slave units 24 and the local slave unit 20 are equal, the document can be equally divided among the remote slave units 24 and the local slave unit 20. In this case, since there are five slave units, including the local slave unit 20, the document can be divided into five equal portions. If, for example, the document is 100 pages long, each slave unit will spellcheck 20 pages of the document. If the processing power of the slave units differ, the subtask definitions will contain proportional amounts of the document such that each slave unit can complete its subtask definition at substantially the same time. For example, if the processing power of one of the slave units 24 is twice as much as another slave unit, the more powerful slave unit will receive twice as much of the document to be spellchecked as the less powerful slave unit.
Once each slave unit receives a subtask definition, it also receives the necessary data and executable software for spellchecking the document. The remote slave units 24 and the local slave unit 20 then perform the necessary calculations in order to spellcheck the document. Once the local slave unit 20 has finished spellchecking its portion of the document, the master unit 14 will determine if any of the slave units 24 have not yet completed their assigned subtasks, either due to being executed slower than was expected or a failure occurring at the slave unit. If the master unit 14 detects an incomplete subtask definition, the master unit 14 will assign the subtask definition to the local slave unit 20 to spellcheck that portion of the document. If the slave unit 24 finishes spellchecking the portion of the document prior to the local slave unit 20, the master unit 14 will abort spellchecking that portion of the document being performed by the local slave unit 20. If the local slave unit 20 completes spellchecking the document prior to the assigned remote slave unit 24, the master unit will abort the spellchecking of the document being performed by the remote slave unit 24.
As each remote slave unit 24 completes the subtask definition, the processed subtask definition is redefined to represent the actual output data generated by the calculate function 34 which in this example may be a list of misspelled words and their locations within the document. One or more output responses are communicated by the remote slave to the master unit 14 via the remote slave thread. As each output response is received by the master unit 14, the subtask definition at the master unit 14 is also redefined and the actual output data is received from the remote slave unit 24. The master unit 14 combines all of the output data received from the remote slave units 24 and the output data generated by the local slave unit 20 to obtain a completed list of errors within the spellchecked document. The list of errors within the spellchecked document can then be further processed by the master unit 14 as may be further defined in the application function.
From the foregoing description, it can be seen that the present invention comprises a flexible parallel processing system for performing an application function by at least one processing unit contained within a single network. It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that changes could be made to the embodiment described above without departing from the broad inventive concept thereof. It is understood, therefore, that this invention is not limited to the particular embodiment disclosed, but it is intended to cover all modifications which are within the scope and spirit of the invention as defined by the appended claims.
each slave unit including means for being accessible for performing local processing, the local processing having priority over and discontinuing the processing of the specified portion of data assigned to the slave unit, the master unit including means for having the option to select an alternate unit for processing the specified portion of data assigned to a slave unit performing local processing, the alternate unit being selected from the master unit and available slave units.
2. A parallel processing system according to claim 1, further including merging means defined by the application function for optionally merging each calculated portion of data at said master unit, said merged data representing a processed application function.
3. A parallel processing system according to claim 1 wherein said polling means further includes estimating means for estimating the processing power of each slave unit.
4. A parallel processing system according to claim 1, wherein said common network is a local area network.
5. A parallel processing system according to claim 1, wherein said master unit can be any one of the processing units located within the common network.
6. A parallel processing system according to claim 5, wherein said master unit includes a local slave unit.
7. A parallel processing system according to claim 6, wherein said local slave unit performs at least a portion of the processing of the application function.
8. A parallel processing system according to claim 1, further comprising fault tolerance means for determining the present status of each slave unit and for detecting an uncompleted calculated portion of data.
9. A parallel processing system according to claim 1, further comprising fault tolerance means for determining the present status of each slave unit and for detecting a fault occurring at the slave unit.
10. A parallel processing system according to claim 8, further comprising data assigning means for assigning a portion of data which has been originally assigned to a remote slave unit which is still calculating the portion of data to another slave unit for performing calculation functions on the assigned data.
11. A parallel processing system according to claim 9, further comprising data assigning means for assigning a portion of data originally assigned to a failed remote slave unit to another slave unit to perform the predetermined calculations on the assigned data.
12. A parallel processing system according to claim 1 wherein said master unit is adapted to process a particular application function as a single execution process.
h) optionally selecting an alternate unit for processing the specified portion of data assigned to a slave unit performing local processing, the alternate unit being selected from the master unit and available slave units.
h) merging, as defined by the application function, the calculated specified portions of data at said master unit to provide a processed application function.
j) assigning the specified portion of data originally assigned to the remote slave unit to another slave unit.
l) assigning the specified portion of data originally assigned to the failed remote slave unit to another slave unit.
18. A parallel processing system according to claim 17, wherein said master unit includes a local slave unit.
19. A parallel processing system according to claim 18, wherein said local slave unit receives a specified portion of data for processing.
20. A parallel processing system according to claim 17, further comprising calculating means for performing predetermined calculations defined by said application function on said specified portions of data by said remote slave units and said local slave unit.
21. A parallel processing system according to claim 20, further comprising optional merging means defined by the application function for merging each calculated portion of data at said master unit, said merged data representing a processed application function.
22. A parallel processing system according to claim 17, wherein said master unit can be any processing unit located within the common network.
23. A parallel processing system according to claim 21, further comprising fault tolerating means for detecting at a completion of a given event those remote slave units which are still calculating a portion of data.
24. A parallel processing system according to claim 23, further comprising data assigning means for assigning the portion of data which has originally been assigned to said remote slave unit which is still calculating the portion of data to another slave unit for performing the calculating functions on the assigned data.
25. A parallel processing system according to claim 21, further comprising fault tolerating means for detecting at a completion of a given event those remote slave units which have failed.
26. A parallel processing system according to claim 25, further comprising data assigning means for assigning the portion of data originally assigned to a failed remote slave unit to another slave unit to perform the predetermined calculations on the assigned data.


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Bee Koon, Poh, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
Bee Koon, Poh, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (Malaysia)
Bharatham, Hemabarathy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
BOON, YAP WEI, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (Malaysia)
BOON, YAP WEI (Malaysia)
BOON, YAP WEI, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
Boon Keng, Chan
Bradley, David, Department of Physics, University of Surrey (United Kingdom)
Briawan, Dodik, Bogor Agricultural University, Darmaga Campus (Indonesia)
BUDIN, S. B., Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
BUDIN, SITI BALKIS
Budin, Siti Balkis, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (Malaysia)
Budin, Siti Balqis, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (Malaysia)
Buhari, Siti Sabariah, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (Malaysia)
C. D., Chen,
C. F., Boon,, Institute for Medical Research (Malaysia)
C.A., MCCARTY
Celeste Ward, Elizabeth, The University of Queensland (Australia)
Chahed, Norashikin, Hospital Bukit Mertajam (Malaysia)
CHAI, SIAW CHUI, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (Malaysia)
CHE DIN, NORMAH
Che Din, Normah, Psychology Programme and Centre for Rehabilitation & Special Need, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (Malaysia)
Che Din, Normah, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (Malaysia)
Che Ismail, Elna Herawati
Che Jaafar, Che Ruhani, Ministry of Health (MOH) Malaysia (Malaysia)
CHE MALEK, NUR AIN HAFIZAH, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (Malaysia)
CHE MUT, NUR ANIS IZZATI, Medical Imaging Department, School of Health Sciences, KPJ Healthcare University College (Malaysia)
Cheah, Yong Kang, Universiti Utara Malaysia (Malaysia)
Chean Ling, Lau, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (Malaysia)
Chee Dhang, Chen, University of Malaya


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Using color to distinguish file types is disabled both by default and with --color=,never/. With --color=,auto/, ls emits color codes only when standard output is connected to a terminal. The LS_COLORS environment variable can change the settings. Use the dircolors command to set it.


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Home / Bible Commentaries / Joseph Benson's Commentary of the Old and New Testaments/ 2 Timothy
2 Timothy Overview
SECOND EPISTLE OF PAUL THE APOSTLE TO TIMOTHY.
Concenring the parentage, country, and education of Timothy, as also his conversion and appointment to the office of an evangelist, with some particulars of his life and labours, see the preface to the former epistle. That this second epistle was written while Paul was a prisoner at Rome is universally acknowledged; but whether during his first or second imprisonment, has been matter of debate. Hammond, Lightfoot, Cave, and Lardner, with several others, have maintained the former opinion; while Bishop Pearson, Whitby, Doddridge, Paley, and Macknight, with many more critics, contend for the latter: and the arguments they offer seem to be quite conclusive. The principal are the following: — 1st. It appears from chap. 2 Timothy 1:8, and 2 Timothy 2:9, that when the apostle wrote this epistle he was a prisoner in bonds: but these could not be his first bonds; for then he was, in libera custodia, dwelling in his own hired house, receiving all that came to him, no one forbidding him, (Acts 28:30-31,) and his bonds being known in Cesar's palace, and "to all others." But when he wrote this second epistle, he was in arcta custodia, in such close confinement, that Onesiphorus was obliged to "seek him out diligently," few knowing where he was to be found, chap. 2 Timothy 1:17. Secondly, In his first bonds, many of the brethren, being encouraged by his bonds, "were bold to speak the word without fear," (Philippians 1:14,) but when he wrote this second epistle all men had forsaken him, 2 Timothy 4:16. Thirdly, When he wrote his former epistle he had an expectation of being soon released, and of seeing his Christian friends again, 2 Timothy 3:14; but in this epistle he not only gives no hint of any such expectation, but evidently signifies the contrary, observing, 2 Timothy 4:6, "I am now ready to be offered," or "I am now offered," as ηδη σπενδομαι means, "and the time" της εμης αναλυσεως εφεστηκε, "of my dissolution is instant," or "is come." "I have finished my course," &c., "henceforth," λοιπον, "what remains, there is laid up for me a crown of righteousness," &c. From which words it is justly inferred, that when he wrote this he was in immediate expectation of death, either in consequence of Nero's menaces, or of some express revelation from Christ, such as Peter also probably had a little before his martyrdom. See 2 Peter 1:14. And from hence the ancients generally concluded that this was the last epistle that St. Paul wrote.
There appears to be no certainty where Timothy was when the apostle wrote this epistle to him; but his principal design in writing it seems evidently to have been, to prepare Timothy for those sufferings to which he foresaw he would be exposed; to forewarn him of the apostacy and corruption which were beginning to appear in the church, and at the same time to animate him by his own example, and from the powerful motives which the gospel furnishes, to the most vigorous and resolute discharge of every part of the sacred office to which he had been called. The epistle has three parts: I. The inscription, 2 Timothy 1:1-2. II. An invitation, "Come to me," variously expressed; 1. Having declared his love to Timothy, 2 Timothy 1:3-5, he exhorts him, "Be not ashamed of me," 1 Timothy 6 : 2 Timothy 1:6-14, and subjoins various examples, 2 Timothy 1:15-18. 2. He adds the two-fold proposition, (1.) "Be strong;" (2.) "Commit the ministry" to faithful men, 2 Timothy 2:1-2. The former is treated of 2 Timothy 2:3-13; the latter, 2 Timothy 2:14; with further directions concerning his own behaviour, 2 Timothy 2:15; 2 Timothy 4:8. 3. "Come quickly," 2 Timothy 3:9. Here St. Paul mentions his being left alone, 2 Timothy 3:10-12. Directs to bring his books, 2 Timothy 3:13. Gives a caution concerning Alexander, 2 Timothy 3:14-15. Observes the inconstancy of men, and the faithfulness of God, 2 Timothy 3:16-17. 4. "Come before winter," salutations, 2 Timothy 4:19-21. III. The concluding blessing, 2 Timothy 4:22.
From this epistle, as well as from the first to the Thessalonians, we may draw a convincing argument in favour of the certain truth and unspeakable importance of Christianity. "The apostle had been for some time under close confinement at Rome, at the mercy of a cruel and capricious tyrant. He had seen himself deserted by his friends in his greatest extremity, and had nothing before him but the certain prospect of being called to suffer death in the same cause to which he had devoted his life. In this situation how does he behave? Does he seem to look back with concern on his past conduct, or to reset the sacrifice he had made of all his worldly interest? Can we discover any thing that betrays a secret consciousness of guilt, or even a suspicion of the weakness of his cause? Nay, does he drop a single expression that can be interpreted as a mark of fear, or discomposure of mind, in the apprehension of those gloomy scenes that lay before him? Surely if he had been an impostor, or had entertained the least doubt of the doctrines he had taught, something of this kind must have escaped him when writing to so intimate a friend, with whom he could intrust all the secrets of his breast. On the contrary, upon the most calm and deliberate survey, he expresses an entire satisfaction in reflecting on the part he had acted, and earnestly recommends it to his beloved pupil to follow his example in maintaining the glorious cause, even at the hazard of his life. He appears, throughout his epistle, to have felt a strong inward conviction of the truth of those principles he had embraced, and glories in the sufferings he endured in support of them, triumphing in the full assurance of being approved by his great Master, and of receiving at his hands a crown of distinguished lustre. A behaviour like this, in one who had so considerable a share in establishing the Christian religion, and expected in a short time to seal his testimony to it with his blood, must be allowed a strong confirmation of the truth of those facts on which our faith depends. It is at least a convincing proof that the apostle was himself sincere in what he professed to believe; and when the several circumstances of his history are considered, and impartially weighed, it will appear as evident that he could not possibly be deceived, and, consequently, that his testimony is to be admitted in full force." — Doddridge.
Benson, Joseph. "Commentary on 2 Timothy:4 Overview". Joseph Benson's Commentary. http://odl.studylight.org/commentaries/rbc/2-timothy-0.html. 1857.


Again blowing a game they easily could have won, the Dallas Cowboys both reverted to 1-1 while also enduring a sizable ratings drop-off from last season's Game 2.
The 17-16 loss at Kansas City on Fox, which ran from 12:03 to 3:11 p.m., averaged 1,011,977 D-FW viewers. That compares to the 1,239,660 for 2012's Game 2, a 27-7 pasting at Seattle. The Cowboys also lost more than a half million viewers from the new season's opening crowd of 1,542,061. But that was on NBC's Sunday Night Football main stage, with the New York Giants typically a much bigger drawing card than the Chiefs.
Sunday's Cowboys-Chiefs game included 497,547 viewers in the advertiser-coveted 18-to-49-year-old demographic. And it squashed CBS' competing Texans-Titans game, which averaged 68,842 total viewers and 31,894 in the 18-to-49 age range.
CBS' following "Manning Bowl 3," pitting Peyton and Eli, then revved up to 722,841 total viewers. D-FW ratings are not precise for NBC's Sunday night Seahawks-49ers game, which was interrupted by a lengthy lightening delay and stretched deep into the night.
Over on Fox Sports Southwest, the cratering Texas Rangers' latest loss to Oakland was left in the dust with 61,958 viewers Sunday afternoon.
In Sunday's prime-time, non-sports numbers, a riveting episode of AMC's Breaking Bad (just two more to go now) averaged 254,715 viewers in the 8 p.m. hour. As usual, an extraordinary percentage of them -- 188,175 -- were in the 18-to-49 motherlode. In comparison, ABC's Sunday night telecast of the Miss America pageant averaged 79,735 viewers in the 18-to-49 range and 63,788 in direct 8 to 9 p.m. competition with Breaking Bad.
Saturday's big-ticket TV attraction -- the Alabama-Texas A & M showdown on CBS -- averaged 640,231 total viewers. Slightly more than half -- 334,887 -- were 18-to-49-year-olds.
In Friday's Nielsens, WFAA8's new 4 p.m. local newscast met some viewer resistance as it ended its first week. Its 41,305 total viewers ran well behind competing local news hours on CBS11 and NBC5 while also trailing Fox4's syndicated Judge Judy and CW33's Maury Povich. WFAA8 also badly trailed among 25-to-54-year-olds (main advertiser target audience for news programming).
CBS11 had the most total viewers at 10 p.m., but WFAA8 ran first with 25-to-54-year-olds.
Fox4 swept the 6 a.m. competitions and added 5 and 6 p.m. golds in the 25-to-54 measurement. WFAA8 had the most total viewers at both 5 and 6 p.m., overcoming a skimpy lead-in from its 4 p.m. edition.


text:
The Exploding Girl Blows Up
By Meryl Cates
Sometimes it seems like there's a different Zoe Kazan for everyone. Her range of work as an actress reveals so much imagination that it's easy to latch on. She was Frank Wheeler's little mistress in Revolutionary Road and a more assured (but still spankable) girlfriend in HBO's Bored to Death. On Broadway she has starred in A Behanding in Spokane and The Seagull, for which she earned a Drama Desk nomination. On top of it all, she's an emerging playwright with an upcoming New York debut (and an impressive New York theater pedigree, of course—her grandfather was legendary director Elia Kazan). Kazan's new play We Live Here, which tackles one family's turbulent dynamic, just brings us deeper into her creativity.
Before rehearsal, we spoke with Kazan about life lessons, switching between acting and writing, and how she can feel like she's just playing a game of Barbie.
MERYL CATES: Are you in and out of so many rehearsals right now? Previews for We Live Here start shortly.
ZOE KAZAN: They do start shortly. Yes, we are right in the thick of things—we are in the middle of the woods right now, cutting our way out with a machete. I'm still very much rewriting and in process with these actors, and they're coming along in their exploration of it. So it's very exciting. I love being on the other side of the table.
CATES: Let's talk about the play. It seems like a complex family drama—as family dramas tend to be—so tell me a little bit about it.
KAZAN: It's about a family, a close-knit family, with a lot of fissures in the surface that are coming together over the weekend of the wedding of the oldest sister. And issues start to come to the surface as old tensions arise. Hopefully, as the title implies, the audience feels like they are being allowed to peek into these people's homes.
CATES: Well it's always more compelling to have these emotionally charged, gut-wrenching gatherings offset by a festive atmosphere anyway.
KAZAN: [laughs] Yes, exactly. I mean, hopefully people come and laugh. The play is not like one big sob fest. I find, you know, most people don't want to be in pain, and don't want to have a confrontation, and don't want to have a bad experience. They want the weekend to go well. So in attempting to make the weekend go well, I think there is a lot of humor there.
CATES: So I saw an ad that said, "We can move out. But can we move on?" What inspired the storyline?
KAZAN: Well, I have a sister that I'm very close with, and that relationship is probably the most intense relationship of my life to date, probably of my life, period. I think that when you're close with a sibling, especially a sister, it's a relationship unlike any other. So I think that I was interested in exploring all the facets of that. The dark things and the bright things in that relationship, and that's probably where the first impetus of this came. And then the characters have slowly revealed themselves to me. It's definitely not autobiographical, but the question that our tagline proposes—which is sort of, "How do we grow up? How do we move on? How do we survive?"—I think is very much on my mind, even coming from a fairly happy house. I think it's hard to put aside the past and become a grown-up.
CATES: Right, and I think that's so relatable to everyone.
KAZAN: Yes, I hope so. I think so. I hope so for the sake of my play, and also hope that I'm not the lone 28-year-old person trying to figure out how to be an adult. [laughs]
CATES: If there are two kinds of writers, and this is completely a broad generalization moment here, do you let others comment as you're writing or do you keep it on lockdown?
KAZAN: I am very much in the instant-gratification camp. I am too much of an actor not to be. I am used to doing my work and having someone comment immediately. So I think that I'm a little hooked on that gratification structure. I don't like to show it to people for serious feedback very early, though; I like to do a lot of rewriting. So what I tend to do is work all day, and then at the end of the day, corral my boyfriend into reading what I've written that day, until we usually say, "Good, keep going." And I'm like, "What do you mean, keep going?" and he's like, "Keep going. Where is it going?' He's the one sort of putting things in perspective for me. I definitely feel like having that person to check in with is an important part of the process for me.
CATES: So there's such a talented cast, and Oscar Isaac seems great as the boyfriend kind of laden with secrets. He has that alluring mysterious vibe.
KAZAN: Yeah, definitely.
CATES: It's a wonderful cast.
KAZAN: The whole cast is amazing. I'm so excited. First of all, this is an ensemble play, so all the roles are important. I think it's rare to have a cast where all the actors are up to the task. I'm throwing a lot of rewrites, ideas, and feeding off of them. They're all being incredibly good collaborators.
CATES: Right now you're also filming your new movie He Loves Me, which you wrote and are acting in.
KAZAN: Yes, I just finished filming that at the end of August.
CATES: There are incredible actors in that too, including Paul [Dano, Kazan's boyfriend]. How has that been, working together?
KAZAN: You know, it was so challenging. Everyone told us that it was going to be hard, and we've worked together before and we've worked together really well, but I sort of didn't realize what it would be like both of us, we're the two stars of the film, so both of us working as hard as we possibly can, and me with this other hat on. On set, it was amazing every day. We couldn't have gotten along better, but imagine both halves of a partnership having the same day, every day, and 14-17-hour days and no one is home to cook the meals. [laughs] It was really, really hard, and the most fun thing I've ever done.
CATES: [laughs] I can imagine you can write the book on how to work with your man.
KAZAN: [laughs] Well, I'm learning, that's for sure.
CATES: Is it a totally different process for you, writing for screen and the stage?
KAZAN: Yes, it's so different, it's a totally different part of your brain. I mean, I'm learning as I go, and the past year has been amazing because I've gotten to work with Sam [Gold] on my play all year doing rewrites and showing them to him, and then work with Jon [Dayton] and Val [Faris] on the movie, on the script all year in preparation to shoot. So I feel like I've gotten a definite education about what a screenwriter does and what a playwright does.
CATES: And when you're working on them at the same time, I would imagine you have to constantly switch gears in your mind and kind of adjust accordingly.
KAZAN: Yeah, last fall was really bizarre, because I was in Angels in America at night and rewriting my play and rewriting my movie, and they were like three totally different parts of my brain that were firing at the same time.
CATES: Sounds like you have a lot going on in your head, but in a good way!
KAZAN: [laughs] It is, it is. It's funny, I think, when there is a fecundity, when there's a period of time when you are especially creative, you kind of owe it to yourself to kind of work overtime, and that is what I feel like has been happening to me. My brain has been going twice the speed that my body can go, so I'm trying to keep up.
CATES: You have performed so many different roles and personalities in movies and theater. Does that affect how you write your characters?
KAZAN: I guess a little; it feels like something is moving through you in the same way as it does when the acting is really firing on all cylinders. I sort of surprise myself when it's really good. You do all the preparation so you can surprise yourself, and I feel like that is sort of more true with writing. You set up the story, but the characters start talking, and they go places that you didn't expect. You have to follow. When I'm writing, I look like a fool because the parts are moving through me and I'm crying and laughing and making faces. Paul sometimes watches me writing, and he always laughs and breaks me out of it.
I'm definitely feeling whatever's going on pretty hard. It's like playing Barbies. You're holding the Barbies, but all of the action is happening inside of your head. You might be holding them or even speaking out loud, but really, all of the animation is internal. That's sort of how I feel about my writing. And then the really awful thing is that at the end of the day after crying and experiencing things, then you look at what you've written and you're like, "Hmm, there's half a page that's good here." Then you throw out everything else.
WE LIVE HERE PREVIEWS BEGIN SEPT. 22; THE PLAY OPENS OCT. 12 AT MANHATTAN THEATRE CLUB. FOR MORE ON THE PLAY, VISIT MTC'S WEBSITE.