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Ophthalmic Imaging in Common Retinal Conditions:
Advancing How We See the Eye
By Keyvan Koushan, MD, FRCSC
In contrast to most organs, the eye can be studied and visualized at different levels. The imaging modalities of the retina and choroid have been expanding steadily, enabling us to learn more about the structure and function of these tissues. These advances in technology have led to better understanding of various retinal diseases. This issue of Ophthalmology Rounds gives an overview of the most commonly used imaging tools in the field of retina, and briefly discusses their application in a number of common retinal diseases.
Various Retinal Imaging Modalities
Fundus photography
First introduced by Jackman and Webster in 1886,[1] fundus photography has become an essential component of retinal evaluation and documentation. Fundus cameras utilize light flash illumination and principles of indirect ophthalmoscopy to record retinal images. Light is generated by a viewing lamp or electronic flash. It then passes through a series of filters and mirrors and is shaped into a doughnut configuration (ie, the central portion is not illuminated). This doughnut of light is then reflected off the retina. With correct camera alignment, the reflected light will pass through the centre of the illuminating doughnut and is recorded by a film or digital camera.[2] The viewing angle of most fundus photography cameras ranges between 30° and 50°. Images with a 45° to 60° field of view are generally referred to as wide-angle images. The standard 7-field fundus photography is used primarily in clinical trials and uses 7 images of 30° each to capture a wider fundus view (Figure 1). Ultra wide-angle images are obtained using the newer laser-based cameras and capture images up to 200° wide. These cameras use different wavelengths of laser light to obtain multiple images and then recreate the colours in the final image. This technique has been shown to have very good diagnostic agreement with 7-field standard stereo photographs and clinical examination in the setting of diabetic retinopathy (DR) or pigmented choroidal masses.[3,4]
Monochromatic retinal imaging
Vogt described the use of green light to enhance visualization of ocular fundus and termed it "red-free."[5] This technique uses different reflectance properties of fundus layers to enhance visualization of certain fundus structures using monochromatic illumination using filters. Blue, green, or red filters are commonly used for this imaging modality and each provides enhanced contrast for specific fundus structures. For instance, the green light (also known as "red-free") is partially reflected by the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and is absorbed by blood. It has minimum scatter and provides great contrast and a good overall view of the fundus.
Figure 1. Standard 7-field Early Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) fields.
Fluorescein angiography (FA)
FA uses the same optical principles of fundus photography but also uses the fluorescence property of fluorescein sodium: absorption of light at shorter wavelengths and re-emission at higher wavelengths. Fluorescein sodium is excited by blue light (wavelength 465-490 nm) and re-emits yellow-green light (wavelength 520-530 nm). The camera has a blue filter that only allows the blue light to enter the eye. Some of this blue light is reflected off the retina back to the camera, and some of it excites the fluorescein sodium inside the blood vessels or elsewhere in the retina. The re-emitted yellow-green fluorescent light along with the reflected blue light re-enters the camera and passes through a yellow-green filter before it is recorded in a grey scale. Therefore, any re-emitted yellow-green light is recorded as bright by the camera and other colours will be recorded as dark.[6] Confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (cSLO), used by devices such as Heidelberg Spectralis® HRA and Optos® 200Tx systems, uses monochromatic laser light (instead of flash light) to excite fluorescein sodium molecules and confocal image capturing for enhanced focusing. This significantly increases image resolution and reduces artifacts associated with flash-based FA, such as short wavelength scatter and autofluorescence from the crystalline lens.[5,7] Ultra wide-angle FA has the advantage of capturing pathology beyond the equator. Optos cameras can capture images as wide as 200° (centred on the mid-vitreous; (Figure 2A). Heidelberg systems with contact or noncontact lens accessories can also capture images as wide as 150° (Figure 2B).
Figure 2. Wide-angle fluorescein angiography (FA) images of 2 patients with proliferative sickle cell retinopathy. A: Optos® device. B: Heidelberg Spectralis® with the Staurenghi lens. Areas enclosed in dashed lines represent retinal neovascularization. The area enclosed in the solid line (2B) represents peripheral ischemia.
In all modalities, hyperfluorescence would indicate any of these scenarios: 1) leakage of the dye (eg, leakage from microaneurysms in DR); 2) pooling of the dye (eg, in pigment epithelial detachments [PEDs]); 3) RPE window defects allowing more pronounced fluorescence of choroid and sclera (eg, geographic atrophy in age-related macular degeneration [AMD]); or 4) staining of structures with the dye (eg, staining of drusen in AMD). In contrast, hypofluorescence would indicate either tissue hypoperfusion (eg, macular ischemia in DR) or blockage of fluorescent light (eg, presence of epiretinal hemorrhage in DR).
Indocyanine green angiography (ICGA)
ICG absorbs and emits light in the near infrared spectrum: its maximum absorption is at 790 nm and its maximum emission is at 835 nm. ICGA is an ideal method of imaging choroidal pathology since the dye allows for visualization through the RPE, retinal xanthophyll, and retinal fluid spaces (Figure 3). In addition, its high molecular weight (774.96 Da) and high plasma-bound portion (98%) lead to minimal leakage of the dye from healthy fenestrated choroidal vessels. Therefore, choroidal hyperfluorescent areas in ICGA (plaques or hot spots) usually indicate pathology.[6]
Figure 3. Indocyanine green angiography demonstrating a subretinal pigment epithelium (RPE) choroidal neovascular (CNV) lesion (circled in dashed line). Reproduced with permission from Ryan SJ. Retina. 5th ed. Philadelphia (PA): Elsevier Saunders; 2013. Copyright © 2013. Elsevier Health Science Books.
Fundus autofluorescence (FAF)
FAF imaging is a method of imaging naturally or pathologically occurring lipofuscin granules (and other minor fluorophores) of the ocular fundus. Lipofuscin accumulation in RPE cells is a hallmark of aging. Excessive accumulation of lipofuscin marks many diseases that affect the RPE such as AMD or various forms of pattern dystrophy. Lipofuscin granules have autofluorescent properties, meaning that when stimulated by blue light, they emit fluorescent light in the green-yellow spectrum.[6] Similarly, near-infrared autofluorescence (NIA) uses other fundus fluorophores (such as melanin) that possess autofluorescence properties in the near-infrared spectrum.[8,9] Hence, both FAF and NIA provide noninvasive visualization of pathologic changes in the RPE (Figures 4A-4C).[10]
Figure 4. Multimodal imaging for dry age-related macular degeneration (AMD) with geographic atrophy of the RPE. A: FA. B: Fundus autofluorescence. C: Near-infrared autofluorescence. Used with permission from Kellner U et al. Retina. 2010;30(1):6-15.
Fundus cameras can be equipped with FAF imaging capability with relatively inexpensive filters to limit the excitation light in the blue spectrum and the emitted light in the orange-green spectrum. The technical challenge in FAF imaging using these cameras is the very low level of naturally occurring fluorescent light of the fundus compared to the intensity of fluorescent light emitted during FA as well as the interference from the natural autofluorescence of cataractous lenses. cSLOs (eg, Heidelberg Spectralis or Optos 200Tx) address these problems through use of a single low-energy laser wavelength to excite the fluorophores and appropriate filters for the emitted light. Use of confocal optics in cSLO systems also eliminates the problem of light scattering and secondary reflectance.[11]
Ultrasound uses acoustic waves with frequencies >20 kHz. Higher frequencies mean shorter wavelengths, which translate to less penetration into tissues but higher resolution of final images. The common B-scan ultrasound technology employed in retinal imaging typically uses frequencies of 8–10 MHz and penetrates to a depth of about 40 mm; however, its image resolution is only around 0.5–0.9 mm. By contrast, ultrasound biomicroscopy, which is used in detailed anterior segment imaging, uses frequencies of 20–50 MHz, has a depth of penetration of only 5–10 mm, and a resolution of 0.04 mm. Velocity of waves, their reflectivity, angle of incidence, and absorption by the medium all influence the final image. Velocity depends on the density of the conducting medium.
A-scan ultrasound uses a unidimensional depiction of sound reflectivity to infer information about axial length and ocular structures. Angle of incidence must be monitored exactly when deriving information from an A-scan image since an improperly positioned probe can lead to inaccurate axial length measurements. B-scan ultrasound uses a probe that sweeps along a plane to produces multiple A-scans on that plane. The result is a 2-dimensional ultrasound image of the eye that can be used to derive information about conditions such as ocular tumours, retinal detachments, retinal tears, vitreous hemorrhage, or posterior vitreous detachment.
Optical coherence tomography (OCT)
The advent of OCT has made a significant impact on retinal imaging and the entire practice of ophthalmology. OCT is based on the principle of low-coherence interferometry, meaning the interference of a reference light and the light that is back-reflected from tissues are used to construct images of retinal layers. These interference patterns are used to construct axial A-scans at each incident point. The combination of these A-scans is used to construct 2-dimensional B-scans, which are the images familiar to most users.[6]
OCT offers very-high-resolution retinal imaging that has allowed precise management and follow-up of many retinal diseases. Most commercial OCT machines offer an axial resolution of 5 µm and research instruments have even higher axial resolutions; however, the lateral resolution is limited by pupillary-induced diffraction of light and is around 20 µm.[12] Early OCT technology, known as time-domain OCT, used a single light detector and a moving mirror to construct each A-scan. This would limit the acquisition speed of the instrument to a few thousand A-scans per second. Spectral-domain (SD) OCT – also known as Fourier-domain OCT – offers significantly faster acquisition speeds through the use of an array of detectors and multiple wavelengths of light across a spectrum (hence the name "spectral-domain"). With this technology, up to 100 000 A-scans can be obtained per second. Most commercial SD-OCT instruments offer speeds of 27 000–40 000 A-scans/second.
Swept-source (SS) OCT uses a laser beam that sweeps across a range of wavelengths. These wavelengths are generally longer (~1 µm range) than those used in SD-OCT (~840 nm range), have deeper tissue penetration, and allow improved choroidal and scleral imaging. The photodiode receivers of SS-OCT machines are able to operate at very fast speeds, leading to short acquisition times. There are, however, a few trade-offs with SS-OCT technology. Since the image resolution is reduced with increasing wavelengths, SS-OCT images have slightly degraded resolution compared to SD-OCT images. Furthermore, increased absorption of longer wavelengths by water restricts the range of bandwidths that can be used by SS-OCT, which further limits image resolution.[6,13]
OCT angiography (OCT-A) is a transformative extension of the OCT technology that uses motion contrast to image retinal and choroidal blood flow without the use of a contrast agent. The basis of OCT-A is to repeatedly scan an area and then examine sequential images for changes.[14] The resulting image looks like an angiogram, but has the advantages of short acquisition time (~3 seconds) and easy repeatability. In addition, OCT-A images provide 3-dimensional information about the location of the visualized structures, which allows clinicians to easily differentiate normal and abnormal superficial retinal, deep retinal, and choroidal microvasculature (Figures 5A-5D). However, unlike the traditional FA, OCT-A is unable to show vascular leakage. As a result, the clinician must deduce the leakage information from the retinal cystic changes on juxtaposed OCT images (Figures 5E, 5F). In addition, the current OCT-A technology is prone to image degradation due to eye movements, projection artifacts, and other factors.[14]
Figure 5. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) angiography of the left eye of a patient with neovascular AMD. A: Vascular of the superficial retina. B: Vasculature of the deep retina. C: Outer retina with traces of aberrant vasculature (this panel would normally be devoid of any vessels). D: Choriocapillaris layer showing the CNV membrane (encircled with dashed line). E,F: Juxtaposed OCT B scans demonstrating the intraretinal fluid as a result of the CNV. Images courtesy of Dr. David Chow, Toronto Retina Institute.
Imaging Modalities in Select Chronic Retinal Conditions
Macular holes
OCT is the primary imaging modality used in the diagnosis, management strategy, and follow-up of macular holes. In fact, the International Vitreomacular Traction Study Group has developed an entirely OCT-based anatomical classification system for different stages of vitreomacular traction (VMT) and macular holes.15 According to this classification, vitreomacular adhesion (VMA) is defined as perifoveal vitreous separation with remaining vitreomacular attachment that is not disturbing the foveal anatomy. This can lead to VMT, which is characterized by distortion of the foveal contour and may include pseudocysts, macular schisis, cystoid macular edema, or subretinal fluid. VMT can be subclassified based on OCT measurements into focal (£1500 µm) or broad (>1500 µm) vitreomacular attachment. A full-thickness macular hole (FTMH) is a foveal lesion characterized by interruption of retinal layers from internal limiting membrane to RPE.[15] FTMH can in turn be with or without VMT, which has implications on available treatment options (Figures 6A, 6B).
Figure 6. Examples of vitreomacular abnormalities imaged with OCT. A: Vitreomacular traction (VMT). B: Full-thickness macular hole with no residual VMT.
Chronic central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR)
CSCR is a poorly understood condition that primarily affects young to middle-aged men. Exogenous steroids, stress, and "type A" personality are possible risk factors.[16,17] The pathophysiology of this condition is believed to involve the choriocapillaris and RPE, resulting in accumulation of subretinal fluid with decreased and distorted vision.[18] Multiple imaging modalities can be used to discern information about the characteristics of CSCR in each patient. The commonly used modalities are OCT, FA, and FAF. ICGA and OCT-A may also have a role in the management of this condition.
OCT is the primary imaging modality to diagnose and follow patients with CSCR (Figures 7A, 7B). The main OCT finding is the presence of subretinal fluid that usually involves the foveal centre. Other OCT findings include outer retinal and pigment epithelial irregularities such as PEDs. On occasion, intraretinal fluid is also seen on OCT images of chronic CSCR cases. The clinician has to rule out concurrent choroidal neovascular (CNV) membrane in these cases.
Figure 7. OCT of an eye with chronic central serous chorioretinopathy. A: Baseline. B: Moderate reduction of subretinal fluid 5 months after focal and micropulse laser treatment.
FA may be used to detect leaking RPE spots that cause the subretinal fluid. Identification of these spots supports the diagnosis and is also important for possible laser treatment (Figures 8A, 8B). Also, as previously mentioned, FA is used to rule out CNV in questionable or chronic cases. Identification of patches of RPE alterations outside the affected area or in the contralateral eye supports the diagnosis of CSCR.
Figure 8. FA of the right eye of a patient with chronic central serous chorioretinitis. A: Early phase of the angiogram showing a pinpoint early leakage (arrow). B: The later phase of the angiogram showing the smokestack appearance of the leakage point (arrows).
Classically, ICGA shows multiple areas of choroidal hyperpermeability in mid to late phases of the angiogram. These areas tend to surround the RPE leaks but may also be seen outside the leakage area and in the contralateral eye.[18] Identification of these spots is important for possible treatment of CSCR with full- or half-fluence photodynamic therapy.[19]
OCT-A is not a routine imaging method for the diagnosis of CSCR since it is unable to show leakage; however, new data suggest that abnormal choriocapillaris blood flow in CSCR can be visualized by OCT-A. Specifically, areas of reduced choriocapillaris blood flow surrounded by hyperperfused areas have been observed in chronic CSCR cases.[20]
Pathophysiology of DR is related to capillary wall changes due to chronic hyperglycemia. These changes lead to vascular incompetence and chronic hypoxia and subsequent structural changes in the retina.
FA remains an important modality in documenting various pathological changes seen in DR. FA can document diffuse or focal vascular leakage in DR and can be used to guide focal macular laser for the treatment of diabetic macular edema. FA is also an important modality for the diagnosis of macular ischemia, which is identified as an expanded foveal avascular zone (FAZ). Furthermore, FA is routinely used to identify or confirm the presence of retinal neovascularization at the disc (NVD) or elsewhere (NVE) (Figure 9). Wide-angle FA is particularly useful for identification of peripheral areas of nonperfusion and retinal neovascularization, which can easily be missed in clinical examination.
Figure 9. Ultra-wide-angle FA (using Optos®) of an eye with proliferative diabetic retinopathy demonstrating multiple areas of retinal neovascularization and diffuse macular leakage.
OCT as a noninvasive diagnostic tool is used for routine follow-up of patients with DR. OCT is particularly useful for documentation and follow-up of diabetic macular edema, which is seen as macular thickening on OCT. On the other hand, excessive macular thinning (such as ganglion cell complex thinning) on OCT can be suggestive of macular ischemia.[21,22] OCT-A shows promise in documenting vascular changes of DR. OCT-A has been shown to document expansion and remodeling of FAZ, and vascular plexus remodeling in diabetic patients.[23-25]
AMD is a frequent cause of visual loss among older, particularly Caucasian, patients. Specific genetic risk alleles, lighter iris pigmentation, female sex, history of smoking, and history of sun exposure are other important risk factors.[26-28] AMD is generally divided into nonexudative (dry) and exudative (neovascular or wet) types, the latter being associated with CNV membranes. Multiple imaging modalities are used to document the status of AMD and, in particular, to differentiate exudative from nonexudative cases.
FA is the traditional imaging modality for documenting and characterizing the CNV lesions in exudative AMD. Based on the pattern of leakage in FA, CNV lesions can be characterized as classic or occult.[29] Classic CNV is characterized by early hyperfluorescence that increases in size and intensity in mid and late phases of the angiogram. Occult CNV encompasses 2 patterns of leakage: 1) fibrovascular PEDs, which appear as early defined areas of stippled hyperfluorescence that may or may not show leakage in the later phases of the angiogram (Figure 10); 2) late leakage of undetermined origin, which usually appears as poorly defined hyperfluorescence in mid or late phases of the angiogram (Figures 11A-11C). In the era of photodynamic therapy, classifying the CNV lesions into classic versus occult had significant implications for the treatment decisions. In the era of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) therapy, FA-guided classification of lesions into classic versus occult does not change the treatment paradigm anymore, but obtaining a baseline FA helps confirm the diagnosis of exudative AMD and is used to rule out other masquerading lesions (such as chronic CSCR).
Figure 10. Occult (type 1) CNV membrane. FA showing fibrovascular pigment epithelial detachments (PEDs) as early defined areas of stippled hyperfluorescence (circled in dashed line). Used with permission from Ryan SJ. Retina. 5th ed. Philadelphia (PA): Elsevier Saunders; 2013. Copyright© 2013. Elsevier Health Science Books
Figure 11. FA of an occult CNV membrane showing later leakage of undetermined source. A: Early phase with no apparent choroidal hyperfluorescence. B: Mid-phase showing mild hyperfluorescence temporal to fovea. C: Late phase showing hyperfluorescence temporal and nasal to fovea.
Figure 12. OCT of the eye imaged in Figure 11 showing the neovascular PED (red arrows) and intraretinal fluid (green arrows).
Although ICGA is no longer routinely used in AMD cases, it can further characterize the location of CNV lesions in exudative AMD. In particular, ICGA is very helpful in visualizing sub-RPE CNV lesions (also known as type 1 or occult; Figure 3)[29] or retinal angiomatous proliferation.
FAF can be useful for documentation and follow-up of geographic atrophy in dry AMD. Geographic atrophy will appear as dark (hypoautofluorescence) areas in FAF images, which can be used for serial documentation of these lesions.
OCT has become the primary imaging modality for diagnosis and follow-up of both dry and wet AMD. OCT can document pigment epithelial and retinal atrophy in dry AMD and is particularly useful for documenting manifestations of exudative AMD, including PEDs, intraretinal and subretinal fluid, and retinal thickness/volume.[30] It can also show hemorrhages and CNV lesions (Figure 12).[31] In follow-up of patients with exudative AMD, most clinicians use the presence of subretinal or intraretinal fluid in OCT as objective evidence of lesion activity. OCT-A provides a novel method of visualizing the neovascular membranes in wet AMD.[32] These lesions have been described as medusa (ie, branching in all directions from the centre of the lesion) or seafan (ie, branching to one side of the lesion from a stem).[33] Serial OCT-A scans can be used to document response to anti-VEGF therapy and it has been documented that the size and vessel density are reduced with anti-VEGF therapy (Figures 13A-13E).[34]
Figure 13. CNV membrane response to anti-vascular endothelial growth factor injection imaged with OCT angiography (OCT-A). A-D: Rapid shrinking and disappearance of the CNV complex in response to monthly ranibizumab injections. E: Reappearance of the CNV complex after the treatment interval is extended to 6 weeks. The lower panes represent to OCT B scans of the corresponding OCT-A images. Images courtesy of Dr. David Chow, Toronto Retina Institute.
Sickle cell retinopathy (SCR)
SCR constitutes a spectrum of proliferative and nonproliferative ischemic vascular changes seen in patients with sickle cell disease. Wide-angle FA is useful to identify and/or confirm peripheral neovascularization (NV) in SCR patients (Figures 2A, 2B), and can demonstrate areas of peripheral nonperfusion that could be sites of future NV.
Choroidal nevi and melanomas
Choroidal nevi are common posterior segment findings seen in up to 7.9% of Caucasian patients.[35] Identification of a nevus commonly raises the possibility of malignant transformation to a choroidal melanoma. Therefore, proper documentation of nevi with fundus photographs and ultrasound is important for detection of early malignant transformation. If available, FAF images are also helpful for documenting presence of overlying drusen, which is a favourable prognostic sign.
Documenting base diameter and height of choroidal nevi and melanomas is an important application of B-scan ultrasound for these conditions. These dimensions have important prognostic and treatment implications for these lesions according to Collaborate Ocular Melanoma Study (COMS) results.[36,37] In case of the lesion height, lesions with a height of ≥2.0 mm are generally considered small melanomas, and lesions <2.0 mm in height are generally considered nevi.[38,39] Acoustic hollowness (ie, low internal reflectivity in A-scan) is also more suggestive of melanoma than a nevus. However, documenting growth (or lack of) in serial photographs and ultrasound is the most important factor to differentiate a choroidal melanoma from a nevus.
The common imaging modalities used to document various retinal diseases range from traditional (eg, fundus photography) to more novel (eg, OCT angiography). These modalities can all enhance our understanding of common retinal diseases. Retinal imaging devices have been constantly advancing with steady technological improvements, and the use of multimodal imaging can greatly enhance our understanding of various retinal diseases.
Dr. Koushan is a retina specialist at Mount Sinai Hospital and Toronto Retina Institute. He is a faculty member of the Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, University of Toronto, and a Principal Investigator of the Diabetic Retinopathy Clinical Research Network.
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Disclosure Statement: Dr. Koushan has no disclosures to report in association with the contents of this issue.
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Events / Tournaments / Golf Blog / Golf News
Justin Rose is back to world number one
by Bogeys to Birdies · 06/11/2018
Justin Rose is back to world number one again after he won the Turkish Airlines Open to limit American Brooks Koepka's reign to just two weeks.
Rose himself only stayed at the summit for a fortnight last month after assuming the position for the first time when losing to Keegan Bradley in a playoff at the BMW Championship, but the 38-year-old vowed quickly to reclaim the crown – and do it this time with a victory.
And after finishing third in China the previous Sunday, Rose was true to his word as he, at last, retained a title.
"A double whammy," he called it as he prepared for a night of celebration at the Regnum Carya resort. "I'm sure we'll re-toast getting to No 1 and this time, we have some silverware to do it with," Rose added. "Last time, it was muted because I was still so mad at not winning the tournament, but this time, I have that double-winning feeling so it might be a bit more fun.
"It's taken me two decades to defend a title so that's great. I was very keenly aware of losing the play-off to Keegan and my playoff record of late hasn't been great.
"I really wanted to buck that trend. Being world No 1 doesn't make you one-under on the first tee the next time you play, but it's something to be proud of for sure."
In truth, this playoff triumph over the 23-year-old Chinese Haotong Li was hardly a thing of beauty, regardless of the riches it reaped, which included a cheque for more than £900,000.
Starting the day three behind after a poor climax to his third round, Rose played the first 10 holes in four-under to claim a share of the lead and went ahead on the next when Li bogeyed.
It seemed to be a formality for Rose when he birdied the 14th to go two ahead, but Li then made a stunning eagle on the par-five 15th, with Rose three-putting for a par.
Rose struck back with an approach to four feet on the 16th, but then it all became rather ugly. Rose three-putted the 17th and missed a four-footer for par on the 18th to card a 68 and a 17-under total. However, Li also three-putted for a 71.
If that was bizarre, then when the pair returned to the 18th for the first extra hole, it veered into farce. Rose missed from 15 ft for birdie before Li amazingly three-putted from just nine feet. Li's three-footer to extend the match was horrid. It did not even touch the cup.
"There were moments out there where it looked like both of us weren't holding our nerve very well," Rose said. "The 18th green is a treacherous one, and it took a couple of scalps there at the end. I do have to spare a thought for Haotong. He's hit a positive putt to try and win, and that green is very tough. That's a tough way to finish."
Certainly, it is no shame to lose to Rose, whatever the circumstances.
What a run it has been from the 2013 US Open champion, who went on to strike gold at the 2016 Olympics. In his last 31 events, he has won five and amassed 24 top-10s.
Rose's record in Turkey is yet more staggering. He has played four events in the country, won three of them and finished third in the other. In all, he has earned more than £3.1 million in the Antalya region, having played only 17 competitive rounds. That works out at more than £180,000 per 18 holes – or £10,000 per hole.
"You could say I like it here, yes," Rose said with a wink.
Belgium's Thomas Detry and Spain's Adrian Otaegui shared third on 15-under after both shot 65s, while two Englishmen in Tommy Fleetwood and Danny Willett were in joint seventh following a 69 and 70 respectively.
Fleetwood moved to within just over one million points of Francesco Molinari at the top of the European Tour order of merit and will have the chance to usurp his Ryder Cup partner in the season's denouement in Dubai in two weeks' time.
Rose is up to third but confirmed he would strangely skip the finale. "The reasons will become apparent next year," he said cryptically.
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Bogeys to Birdies says:
Yes Tiger was a very hard act to follow, but Justin Rose has a lot of talent and he will be striving to keep hold of his number one spot. Cheers for the comments and keep in touch.
Bogeys to Birdies
Yes great to see him at the number one spot, golf rankings can change pretty quickly though so we will have to wait and see how long his tenure lasts? Thanks for the comments.
Hi Taetske,
Thanks for the comments on article Justin Rose is back to world number one, it might be short lived though because Brooks Keopka is looking like taking back the spot! We will have to wait and see, keep in touch.
Hi Javier,
Justin Rose put in a lot of hard work to become the world number one and I am sure that he will no doubt get more major championships before too long, good luck with the new post in South America, great resort you work for!
Taetske says:
Good afternoon Michael,
That is good news that Justin Rose is number one again. I think it would have been exciting to be there and watch the game. You said on the 18th he missed a four footer, so frustrating at that level. It is about 20 years ago that I watched an important tournament on the coast. Severiano Ballesteros missed a put like that. He got mad and nearly broke his putter over his knee when, at the last moment, he realized hundreds of people were watching him so he resisted.
I live on the Costa del Sol and played golf for 11 years up to 2010. I wonder if at the age of 68 I am now too rusty to start again?
Thank you for this nice post which made me remember happy rounds.
Regards, Taetske
Emmanuel Buysse says:
Where is the time Tiger Woods was the number one.
Everybody knew him, including me, but honestly, I never heard about Justin Rose.
Who is better, Woods or Rose? I think I already know the answer, but I want to hear it from you.
Anyway, what do you think about Pieter Colsaerts?
Javier Weffer says:
It is just great to find out that Justin Rose is on top of the ranks I just remember watching him on tv when he was just a kid in the final day of British Open about 20 years ago and, wondering what ever happen to this wonder kid. I am glad things finally clicked for him. Even when I am not following Golf as much as other sports I still keeping my eye on the sport for the big tourneys. I was a tennis coach for 29 years and had the opportunity to work in a couple of places with a golf course in Florida and an around the world including academies and training centers, I will follow your site for future references since I just became a rep in South America for a well-known Tennis and Golf Resort in South Florida,
BEazzy Shifts says:
Hi there. Thank you for sharing this information. It is good to hear again that Justin Rose is back to number one. Lol. It is pretty crazy and sad to see a winner become a loser. He was a winner and became a loser. But after much practice and confession and action, he came on top again. I love his positive speech. Kudos.
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Something fell in the media forest about a month ago. More than 500 people heard it, but the impact will affect thousands of marketing professionals and billions of ad dollars.
What fell was the wall of media planning silos—walls that have historically separated TV from print, from the Internet—a defensive wall that each medium has used in the past to protect its turf and its budget. On April 10, under the banner of the "CrossMedia Forum: Night of the Media Heavyweights—Round 3," the heads of many media trade associations representing magazines, Internet, outdoor, radio, direct marketing, cable TV, broadcast TV and newspapers spoke not just about their respective strengths, but also of how important it is to integrate with others, especially the Internet. Each medium prepared responses as to why theirs should be included in the media mix for two "mock" campaign briefs that were presented by Kenneth Romanzi, svp and COO, domestic for Ocean Spray Cranberries, Inc., and Bill Sidwell, director, global brand strategy and management for Hewlett-Packard.
"It's funny. Three years ago, I was the only guy up here talking about the Internet. Now, I notice that a lot of people are talking about the Internet, which is a good thing," said Greg Stuart, president of the Interactive Advertising Bureau.
Stop right there: That level of media "kumbaya" is still an important milestone in this industry, especially when it comes from the people paid to advocate the strengths of one medium.
This is an evolution from Round 1 of the "Night of the Media Heavyweights," a concept hatched three years ago by market research company Dynamic Logic that now serves as an unofficial cross-media integration milestone marker.
The terms used by the media trade representatives to describe themselves showed a blurring of media lines. In his blog, Millward Brown's Nigel Hollis rightly points out that Ellen Oppenheim, evp and chief marketing officer of the Magazine Publishers of America, referred to magazines as an "on-demand medium." This concept may go beyond paper, as Hollis later references an MIT Media Lab "fish wrap" project that aims to create a flexible computer screen that can be held like a newspaper or magazine but has digitally generated content.
Even ABC Television Network's Mike Shaw, who represented broadcast TV—the "800 pound media gorilla"—emphasized the importance of cross-media planning. While it surprised many in the audience, ABC's parent company, Walt Disney, had already announced plans to revamp its Web site with a broadband theater section, in which select shows, along with ads, can be watched via the Internet. This represents "a sharp turnaround at Disney's TV unit," according to The Wall Street Journal's Brooks Barnes.
No longer do they claim that their medium can do the job alone. The consumer is too elusive, and no one medium has the commanding reach and control it once had. In fact, Ocean Spray's Romanzi, whose company was one of the featured advertisers of the event, suggested broadening the discussion to non-media platforms, such as traveling events, in-store media and PR. The stage could get very crowded very quickly if we add Wal-Mart TV, Verizon, TiVo or other forms of emerging media.
Which brings us to another point underscored by Round 3: Why does the stage need to get wider? Because everyone acknowledges that media planning in silos no longer cuts it, and you need to consider multiple touchpoints; and it's necessary to handle more digital platforms that enable consumer control. But if we widen the stage and add more touchpoints, including non-media ones, you could easily have more than 100 people on stage talking about how they can reach the elusive consumer. Not only would that be a difficult event to manage, it would be tough to be a marketer trying to make decisions like this every day.
So, part of the challenge is figuring out how wide to go. And when you go wider with more touchpoints, how do you extend measurement so planning and assessing ROI doesn't become mind-bogglingly difficult?
Round 3 audience polling showed its "No. 1 cross-media wish" is better cross-media measurement and research metrics. Don't worry—with this in mind, Dynamic Logic and Millward Brown will start working on Round 4 soon.


NFPA 13R-2019: Standard for Installation of Sprinkler Systems in Low-Rise Residential Occupancies has been released. It revises the 2016 edition of the same standard.
Fires can strike without warning. They can happen when one least expects it. Being prepared for these situations is crucial when it comes to fire safety. Sprinkler systems are a valuable piece of machinery that, when used properly can help combat fires.
An NFPA report on sprinklers found that from 2010 to 2014, "the death rate per 1,000 reported fires was 87% lower in properties with sprinklers than in properties with no automatic extinguishing systems. The civilian injury rate was 27% lower and the firefighter fireground injury rate per 1,000 fires was 67% lower in sprinklered properties than in fires in properties without AES." This is a sizeable number, so it is important to have guidance when it comes to sprinkler systems.
NFPA 13R-2019 provides assistance specifically on the installation of sprinkler systems in low-rise residential occupancies. More specifically, NFPA 13R-2019 covers the installation and design of automatic sprinkler systems used for defense against fire hazards in residential occupancies up to and including four stories in height that are located in buildings not exceeding 60 feet in height above grade plane. NFPA 13R-2019 makes it clear that the standard is constructed around the idea that the sprinkler system is built to safeguard against a fire that started from a single ignition location. NFPA 13R-2019 does not relate to water mist fire protection systems (these are covered by NFPA 750-2019).
NFPA 13R-2019 specifies a sprinkler system that assists in the detection and control of fires in residential buildings. NFPA 13R-2019 can be used to enhance protection against injury, death, and harm to property. The sprinkler system it covers should be designed in a way that improves an occupant's chances of escape in the room where the fire originated.
There is new definition for carport.
Added guidelines regarding where pipe and tube listed for light hazard can be used in an ordinary hazard application.
New guidelines about beam rules for sprinklers installed under and adjacent to beams. These include new figures.
Reorganized Chapter 9, Water Supplies, and the domestic demand tables have been moved from the annex to the body of the standard. The values are updated.
There are new images that help to make clear sprinkler location and clearances needed around fireplaces.
Sprinklers are a strong deterrent against hazardous events involving fire. Fire safety remains crucial in fighting fires. NFPA 13R is an American National Standard.
NFPA 13R-2019: Standard for Installation of Sprinkler Systems in Low-Rise Residential Occupancies is available on the ANSI Webstore.


Foster Pepper has a long-standing tradition of giving back to the Pacific Northwest community through direct pro bono legal advocacy, community service, charitable contributions and service on nonprofit boards of directors. The firm strongly encourages participation by its attorneys in public service activities and those that will help represent individuals and organizations that do not have equal access to justice.
Each year, Foster Pepper attorneys from all practices and with all levels of experience contribute more than 3,000 hours of pro bono time to organizations and individuals around the region. Pro bono service is more than a commitment for Foster Pepper; it is a long-standing tradition and part of the firm's culture. In addition to time, Foster Pepper supports more than 100 nonprofit organizations, donating more than $300,000 annually.
The firm's Pro Bono program is thoughtfully managed by Pro Bono Committee Chair Jack Zahner and an eight-person committee.
The 2017 Pro Bono Annual Report highlights the work Foster Pepper attorneys have done on behalf of clients and organizations in need.
Please note: Foster Pepper accepts pro bono clients only through qualified legal service providers. If you need pro bono assistance, please contact Northwest Justice's CLEAR line. CLEAR is Washington's toll-free, centralized intake, advice and referral service for low-income individuals seeking free legal assistance with civil legal problems.
Outside King County: Please call 1-888-201-1014 weekdays from 9:15 a.m. until 12:20 p.m. PT or TTY - 1-888-201-9737.
Within King County: Please call 211 for information and referral to an appropriate legal services provider Monday through Friday from 8:00 am – 6:00 pm. You may also call 206-461-3200 or toll-free 1-877-211-WASH (9724).
Foster Pepper provides support to various 501(c)(3) organizations through charitable contributions, community service and financial sponsorships. The following organizations have recently received support from Foster Pepper.


In September 1987, a redesigned Civic was introduced with increased dimensions and a lower hood line. A wide range of models and trim levels were offered for various markets around the world. The most notable of which was the Japanese market SiR (featuring the B16A DOHC VTEC engine). All U.S. models featured electronic fuel injection, but carbureted models were still available elsewhere. The fourth generation saw the introduction of a fully independent rear suspension across the entire model range. In addition, the Honda CRX continued to be part of the Civic family which included the HF, DX, and Si model in the U.S.A / four door version called the Ballade was built, under agreement, by Mercedes Benz South Africa / models were 1500 16v, 1600i 16v, and 1600i 16v DOHC.


The EL037 has 4 input channels when used with the EL005 logger (3 channels are available when used with the EL008), each channel can be be configured independently (using jumpers) to measure ±2.5 V, ±10 V or 4-20 mA. It can also route an external power supply (perhaps 12 V or 24 V, depending on the requirements of the input devices) to each of the input devices. Connections to the input channels are via screw terminals.
Ask for EL037 detailed specification.


The TI-700 is an NTEP and Canadian certified digital indicator. The front half of the enclosure is made of Polycarbonate, and the rear half of the enclosure is made of durable and waterproof ABS. It is equipped with a large multi-color reverse LCD display and capacitive touch keypad. It is capable of driving 8-350Ω resistive strain gage load cells. The TI-700 can also work wirelessly with an optional TI-500RFTM wireless weighing module. This simple device can handle a multitude of functions. Applications include Peak, Totalizing (Accumulation), Hold, and Live Weight. Sealed ABS enclosure is rated for IP67.
Standard communications include one RS-232C port.
Options include: 2nd RS-232, RS-485, Bluetooth, 0-10V output, 4-20mA, Wi-Fi and a rechargeable battery.


text:
The Archery Library
Old Archery Books, Articles and Prints
homebooksarticlesprintsnews
Home > Books > Bows and Arrows for Boys > Introduction
[ Title Page | Contents | Chapter I: Making the Bow ]
One of the most ancient and fascinating of all sports is the practice of archery. Archery, though now a pastime, was in ancient times a very necessary skill, one upon which a man's very life often depended, for bows and arrows found their first place in aiding man in his struggle for existence. To this fact, perhaps, can be traced the great fascination of the sport. Bows and arrows were developed from very elemental forms, into elaborate weapons for hunting and warfare. So closely is this weapon bound up with the history of mankind, that through the relics found in our museums, we can trace the development of the races of man. The native genius of each race shows itself very clearly in the development and peculiar form of this primitive weapon.
The bows vary in length from 30 inches, a length which seems to be quite common among our Indians, to bows of 7 feet in length as used by the Japanese. The arrows were made to fit the length of draw on the type of bow used, and were from 12 inches to 3 feet in length. Materials used were those most available and best suited to the man and his tools. The greatest progress and the greatest achievement in the use of the bow and arrow seem to have come from Northern Europe. The Normans used a bow about 6 feet in length and arrows from 28 to 30 inches, passing them on to the English at the time of the Norman Conquest. England practically paved her way to the greatness which she now claims, by the strong arm of the English yeoman, his yew bow, and his 28-inch, gray-goose-feathered arrows. The crossbow and the gun superseded the bow as implements of warfare and hunting, but these are now obsolete when compared with modern, high-powered firearms. Yet in England, France, and Belgium, there are many who still have a fondness for this sport of kings. In the United States, in addition to a National Archer's Association, there are clubs scattered throughout the length and breadth of the land. In the past few years, there has appeared more interest in this country as a result of the archery practice of the Boy Scouts, and due also to the stories and experiences of Dr. Saxon Pope and Arthur Young of San Francisco, dealing with their many hunts and excellent skill in archery.
This is a very brief summary of a few outstanding points that interested me in the sport, and there will be many pages written in the future on the long bow and the cloth-yard, feathered arrows, even though we have nearly perfect firearms that supersede by far the best accomplishments of the bow. A great part of the appreciation of archery tackle comes from its actual manufacture, and it is this fact which has prompted me to put down in pictures, drawings, and written words, the steps which I have found most effective in the manufacture of archery tackle. To give, in written words and pictures, the experience I have had working with the boys in my shop in making the tackle is rather difficult, but it seems justified when I think back over the difficulties I have had to surmount in getting this information.
For this venture, I owe the boys credit because of their enthusiasm in trying to acquire bows and arrows that would aid them in passing successfully their tests for the archery merit badge. For the actual knowledge of making the tackle, and the sources of materials suitable for the making of this equipment, I am indebted to many helpful men in Oakland, California, who have been exceedingly patient in instructing me in the practice of archery. Their sincere desire to have others enjoy the sport prompted their sacrifice, and so I, in turn, pass it on in this way, that it may bring to others all the pleasure it has brought me and the boys with whom I have worked.
Juvenile archery has during the past been neglected and unfairly hampered in its development. By simplifying the steps in making the tackle, and by organizing the material to work with, it will be possible for juniors to have their own archery clubs and develop the sport in this country as adults have. This development will be permanent only when boys can make their own equipment, at moderate cost, and shoot in competition with boys of their own age.
With these points in mind, I submit the following pages in the hope that the sport will develop and give pleasure to juniors as it has to many hundreds of men and women in this country. I would advise boys to follow the steps carefully in the construction of their tackle as these are the simplest, rather than the most elaborate, instructions for beginners, each step being essential to the production of a workable bow and arrow.
Next update:
Le Tir à l'Arc
by de Bertier et al.
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Both cards are so pretty! I have bookmarked your video - can't wait to see how you made that cute Easter card!
It was a lot of stamping, lol. Thank you for visiting my blog.
You are very welcome. I'm so happy you like the release and I'm sure Karen is too. Thank you for visiting my blog.
Those chicks are adorable. Great use of the tree image. Both great cards.
Aren't they. The one holding the balloon is my favorite. I swear, I have an unhealthy fascination with balloon images, lol. Thank you for visiting my blog.
Both are great cards Koren. The tree is beautiful on its own and I love that you just coloured the leaves, very striking.
That was really difficult. I used Nuvo drops to color them. But it sure was fun. Thank you Teresa.
Love the egg card and great idea for using the tree in differnt way. So cute.
Your cards are adorable ! I love your little eggs and chicks (and I had plenty fun watching the video !). Thanks for sharing.
I'm so glad you like the video. Thank you for watching it and for visiting my blog.
Great cards. Love all the eggs on the first one.
Me too, it was fun. Thank you for visiting my blog.
I am a sucker for the chick cards. I didn't get the music chicks and I'm so regretting it. Thank you for visiting my blog.
Love your cards... The background filled with chickies and eggs is AWESOME!
Thank you so much and thank you for visiting my blog.
Great cards and wow great stamping on your 1st card! Thanks for the tutorial on technique.
You're welcome and thank you for visiting my blog.
What a seriously cute card with all those eggs - wow! Love the simplicity of your second card too.
Awesome cards, both of them!
It was a lot of work, but fun. Thank you.
These cards are wonderful...love the grid of cute cicks and eggs on the first!
Two fabulous cards! That first one must have taken forever, but it's really fun!
Wow, awesome designs of both cards. The first one is just so adorable and love all the colors! The 2nd card is quite stunning.
Love both cards! The chicks are super cute! Great Easter card!
Both cards are awesome—especially the first one! Thanks for sharing them!
Love the simple tree on the black.
Simple and plain and so pretty.
That chick card is fantastic.
So much work that really paid off.
I love your cards!! I also love that you post family pictures of your little boy, he's about the same age as my oldest grandson. I would love to have some Your Next Stamp stamps . . .thanks!
both cards are awesome, but I love your background in your first card!!!
Wow...beautiful stamps on beautiful cards.
Both cards are fantastic! But, eeeeeeek, the chicks and Easter egg background is fantastic!
Your first card is so colourful and cheery. Love the simple elegance of the second.
Both of your cards are great ! I love the colorful eggs cards !


A Plano ISD student was bitten by a snake Tuesday morning at a camp in Collin County, a school district spokeswoman said.
The fifth-grade student at Shepard Elementary was walking near trails at the YMCA Collin County Adventure Camp and stepped into a grassy area where the snake was, Lesley Range-Stanton said.
It's not clear what type of snake bit the student. Camp and medical staff responded quickly, and the child got "immediate and appropriate attention and care," Range-Stanton said.
No additional information was provided about the student's condition.
It's the first time someone from Plano ISD has been bitten by a snake at the camp, which is part of the district's science curriculum, but procedures were in place for dealing with the bite, the district spokeswoman said.
The camp, about 17 miles northeast of McKinney, offers outdoor education, retreats and other activities on 400 acres of Blackland prairie, according to the website.


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From Kentucky Horsewear, these bibs help prevent rubs from your horses rugs on the chest.
Made to Kentucky's usual high standards, available in summer and winter versions.
The winter version features a fleece trim and artificial rabbit skin lining. The summer version features Kentucky Horsewear super soft fabric all over.


These are some videos I got of Hideki Matsui during Wednesday night's Game 1 of the AA Eastern League's Northern Divisional Playoffs, Godzilla's first pro game in months.
Though a considerable number of media members turned out to cover this game specifically because of Hideki Matsui, as did a lot of the fans in attendance, the patronage was suprisingly low for a playoff game featuring a Yankee star outfielder making his first pro appearance in four months. Only 5,114 turned out for the Wednesday night game, compared to the Trenton season average of over 5,900. Nevertheless, when the teams were intorduced, Matsui got far and away the loudest cheers.
Yankee OF and Hero of All Japan, Hideki Matsui, getting cheered as he steps to the plate for his first at-bat in a professional game in nearly four months. matsui broke his wrist diving for a ball in the outfield on May 10th against the Red Sox, and he's now making his rehab starts as a DH for AA Trenton, which is in the Eastern league Norther Divisional playoffs.


text:
Kalman Packouz was an Orthodox rabbi who pioneered various Jewish educational initiatives geared towards baalei teshuva ("returnee to Judaism") outreach.

Biography
Packouz was raised in Portland, Oregon, and attended Temple Beth Israel, a Reform temple. In 1979, after receiving rabbinical ordination in Jerusalem, Packouz started the first Aish HaTorah branch in St. Louis.  Packouz served for ten years as executive director of Aish HaTorah international operations, and was head of the Miami office of Aish HaTorah's worldwide programs.  He was a contributor to simpletoremember.com. He was also a special correspondent for the Sun Sentinel. He was married and the father of nine children, including former international arms dealer and inventor David Packouz. Packouz died in 2019.

Intermarriage book
Packouz spoke out on Jewish continuity through marriage, and in 1976 authored the book, How to Stop an Intermarriage. The book was later expanded and retitled as: How to Prevent an Intermarriage - A Guide For Parents to Prevent Broken Hearts.

Shabbat Shalom Weekly
In 1992, Packouz launched the Shabbat Shalom Weekly, an electronic publication distributed each week via fax and email.

Kotel Webcam
In 1997, Packouz created Window on the Wall, a 24-hour live webcam from the Western Wall in Jerusalem.

References

External links
Shabbat Shalom Weekly
Window on the Western Wall, Israel
 How to Stop an Intermarriage Website

Rabbis of Aish HaTorah
American Haredi rabbis
American Orthodox rabbis
Year of birth missing
2019 deaths
20th-century American rabbis
21st-century American rabbis

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text:
import { ImageContentAdmnistrableItem } from '../shared/image-content-administrable-item';
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export class Presentation extends ImageContentAdmnistrableItem {

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How is the summer going?
My summer has been full of a bunch of traveling so far and has a lot more traveling yet to come.
Two days ago we took a bullet train across China and yesterday we flew to Taiwan.
But it got me thinking about travel for our weekly challenge this week. It is a short challenge but it is a pretty important one for this season.
Something about this time of year, with lots of extra outings, gets the car full of clutter. Food, clothes, toys, books, … and a lot of trash seem to collect and multiply.
Take some time this week to clean out the car.
Separate trash and each persons belongings into different bags while you are cleaning the car. This is a great use for disposable shopping bags and makes it easy to finish the job when you walk back into the house (instead of just moving several bags of clutter from one area to another).
If you have kids, or pets, or other dirty activity in the back seat, use an old table cloth to lay over the back seat. It is much easier to pull it out and shake it (and occasionally wash it) than to try and get all the crumbs brushed out. Seat covers in the front are a great idea too because they are much easier to wash than the actual seats.
Keep both reusable shopping bags and disposable shopping bags under a seat in the car so it is easier to clean out trash or carry more items in after a shopping trip.
Keep a small pack of wet-wipes or car-wipes in the glove compartment so you can wipe off the dash.
Thanks so much for coming by! Have a wonderful week!
Some great ideas Lorilee. We just got home from a trip yesterday and will be leaving again tomorrow. We love to travel, but when you're living in the car a lot, things can get pretty cluttered. Hope that you and family have a wonderful time in Taiwan.


We all want the Longhorns in the top 25, but there are other numbers that matter.
Count me among the legion of fans who love the Texas Longhorns and who look forward to sporting events with intense anticipation. Seeing the orange and white take the field, the court, or the diamond fills me with pride, even when our teams are not on top. But as much as I love watching Longhorn athletes compete and succeed, I know that whether or not our teams are ranked among the nation's top 25, what really defines our university is the success of its schools and colleges.
The University of Texas at Austin has spent decades climbing its way toward the top echelons of higher education. In recent years many of its schools, departments, and programs have been touted as among the nation's best. Scan the campus and you'll see several in the top 25. According to the latest U.S. News & World Report rankings, the graduate program of the College of Education is ranked 10th overall, No. 3 among publics. The Cockrell School is tied for 10th, its chemical engineering program No. 4, and environmental engineering is No. 5. The McCombs School of Business, ranked No. 7 overall, continues its long run of having the No. 1 accounting program in the country. Overall, UT-Austin is tied for the 16th-best public university in the U.S.
These are some encouraging numbers, but there is more work to do. All universities rely increasingly on their alumni to improve. At the Texas Exes, we formalize that process with programming, scholarships, and communication efforts like this magazine. Our chapters and networks around the world provide extensive opportunities for the Longhorn diaspora to stay informed and involved. Our UT Advocates program organizes alumni by legislative district to engage with state and national lawmakers. This October, we hosted our first-ever Longhorns on the Hill legislative day in Washington, D.C., where alumni visited the Texas Congressional delegation and encouraged federal support of higher education.
There is much more we can and will do, and I ask that you join us. Rankings are, in part, about resources. So if you can, please consider donating. Rankings are also about caliber, so we need alumni involved in bringing promising students from their area to UT. Doing so requires only your time, as well as some enthusiasm. I know that many of our younger alumni could provide plenty of both.
Just as we would never settle for seeing the football or basketball or baseball teams in the middle of the pack, nor should we be complacent about our university's national ranking being anything less than No. 1.


I will be the first to say I'm very confused by the muscle exaggeration though. Trying my best I promise. Our Barry will grow into The Flash Cisco's shirt.
Now I believe in The Flash Cisco's shirt. I believe we are neglecting spelling, but I cannot think it is worth as much and is justified in having as much time in the sixth year as any other study of the school course, surely not if the proper amount of attention to spelling has been given in the first five years. In a good school the modern studies music, drawing, manual training and domestic science will be recognized. The two last will be needed worse in some schools than others.
The The Flash Cisco's shirt fashioned home life is fast disappearing. Whether this is better or worse is not ours to discuss. The fact is that under the modern trend pupils are not taught to do the homely and valuable tasks that was so common forty years ago. Then the boy made his sled, his wagon, his hobby horse, and his ball bat. Now he buys them and loses the greatest good of all, the skill and the development in making them. He got his manual training then in his home life, now, except on the farm, he gets scarcely any of such training, and must depend upon the initiative of the school, else go forever without it. The girl then was busy with helping her mother in the house work.


Electronic gurus AGP are set to release their latest double A-Side single, Hollywood / Motionsickness via War Room Records.
The once one-man band has now grown to four as they share the burden of a hazy, distorted sound.
Brainchild of Andrew Gordon Parry he is now joined by Danye's Daniel Martindale, AJHD's Alastair Dunn and Dead Hedge Trio's Michael Paul Metcalfe.
Leading track Hollywood is full of kaleidoscopic vibes, channeling 80s video game kicks.
Wanting to broaden their horizon, the track offers hope and adventure, embracing the eagerness of aching to see the world around us.
The track itself pays homage to the likes of Mac DeMarco in a distant dream-like state.
Guitars of west coast America and hazy electro tones pave the future for AGP, seeing them live will surely be an out of this world experience.
AGP will perform at Festevol Gardens at the Invisible Wind Factory on April 30 and the Bido Lito! Social on May 18 at North Shore Troubador.


TrueBridge Capital Partners is seeking a highly productive and motivated Operations Associate to fill a full-time position on its Operations Team. The associate will report directly to the CFO and will provide support to the entirety of the TrueBridge team in areas of accounting, tax, fund administration, cash management and compliance. Ideal candidates must have in-depth accounting experience, a high degree of attention to detail, and strong organizational and analytical skills. The position is a great opportunity to work with a growing premier investment management firm.
TrueBridge is a leading venture capital investor located in Chapel Hill, NC with approximately $2.3 billion under management. The firm invests in venture and micro/seed funds, as well as directly in technology startups. TrueBridge has a partnership with Forbes Media, Inc. and works with them to produce several marquee annual venture capital rankings such as: the Midas list of top technology investors, and the Next Billion Dollar Startups List of outstanding next generation technology companies. TrueBridge is a cohesive team of sixteen experienced professionals with an entrepreneurial spirit and collaborative culture.


On behalf of the P@W National Executive Board, we're delighted to let you know Pride at Work's triennial convention will be August 23-25, 2018 in Phoenix, Arizona at the Sheraton Grand Phoenix.
Our theme this year, Proud and Powerful, is the very essence of Pride at Work's mission to build power for LGBTQ working people. At a time when even our president is sowing division amongst working Americans, Pride at Work is engaged in enacting our shared agenda through unity and strength.
Please join us in Phoenix to build power for LGBT working people, to stand together in solidarity, and to take action in our shared struggles for equality and all working people's rights.
New This Year: You no longer need to buy a separate ticket for the gala – it is now included in your total ticket price. If you would like to bring a plus one, you may purchase additional tickets below.
View the program. Please note that timings and events are subject to change.
All members in good standing are eligible to attend convention. If you are a member of a local Pride at Work chapter, please check with your chapter leadership about who will be the official delegate(s) from your chapter. Official delegates cast votes on behalf of the entire chapter.
Room rates are $119 per night. Book by July 22, 2018 to receive the conference rate.
For those who need to call to book your room, ask for the Pride at Work Triennial Convention room block to secure the correct rate.


Cornell-educated core faculty was brought in during the early days of the College of Hawai'i to help build a foundation for the University of Hawai'i's future.
One such was Arthur Lynn Andrews; He was born in 1871 in McLean, New York and received a MA and his doctorate from Cornell University.
When he arrived in the islands in 1910, he first joined the College of Agriculture and Mechanic as an English professor. College classes were held in a remodeled residence in the backyard of a high school at Beretania and Victoria; the entire student enrollment was 17.
Andrews was active in all aspects of university life. He did not play football but is said to have introduced the famous Statue of Liberty feint play to island teams.
Andrews became the first Dean of the College of Arts and Science, when the College of Hawai'i was transformed into the University in 1920.
Debate was once a major part of the university. Andrews founded the debate and forensics program in 1924, modeling it after the world famous Oxford Union.
Construction of the Manoa Campus almost stopped during the great depression in the 1930s. Exceptions were projects for which the Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA – under the 'New Deal') provided the manpower.
One such project at the University was an Outdoor Theater. The University provided $5,213 (cost of materials) and $50,000 was provided by the FERA.
The Outdoor Theatre was designed by Ralph Fishbourne and Professor Arthur R. Keller served as the consulting engineer. The landscape designer was a noted UH graduate and landscape architect in Hawaiʻi, Richard Tongg.
The structure was designed with a 5,500 person seating capacity with some of the stone material for the seating coming from Fort Ruger.
The approximate size of the space is 200 feet wide by 300 feet long. The curve of the Outdoor Theatre portion has a sweeping 60-foot radius. The Outdoor Theatre seating is partially sunken into the ground, with the stage area set below grade. The 25 foot by 35 foot concrete surface at the center of the raised stage gives way to lawn, used as an extension of the formal stage.
It opened on June 20, 1935. Originally the structure was called Andrews Amphitheatre (named after Andrews,) but President Gregg Sinclair renamed it "Arthur L. Andrews Outdoor Theatre" in an attempt to use the proper descriptive vocabulary, since 'Amphitheatre' refers to a structure that wraps all of the way around the stage.
The graduating class of 1935 was the first to hold commencement ceremonies in the Outdoor Theatre. The theatre was dedicated at the Annual Commencement on June 12, 1945, to Dr Andrews who had died a month earlier.
In the 1970s there was discussion of adding a retractable roof in order to guarantee dry events, but these ideas were terminated in favor of keeping the garden design preserved and open to daylighting. Andrews served as a venue for graduation ceremonies, speeches, and concerts.
On January 4, 1893, the Hawaii Bureau (later Board) of Agriculture and Forestry was established in the Kingdom of Hawaii. From the remnants of the Royal Hawaiian Agricultural Society (1850–1869), the Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association was established in 1895, and during this period, the seeds of the US Agricultural Experiment Station were planted.
The Farmers' Institute, along with the Hawaiian Poultry Association, organized the Territorial Agricultural Exhibits in 1906 and 1908. Institute members also voted to petition the US Secretary of Agriculture to assign a tobacco expert to Hawai'i and to assist in a soil survey.
Meanwhile, it wasn't until thirty years after the editorial noted at the beginning that, "An act to establish the College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts of the Territory of Hawai'i" was passed by the Hawai'i's Territorial Legislature and was signed into law by Governor George Carter on March 25th, 1907.
The University of Hawaiʻi began as a land-grant college, initiated out of the 1862 US Federal Morrill Act funding for "land grant" colleges. Since the federal government could not "grant" land in Hawaiʻi as it did for most states, it provided a guarantee of $30,000 a year for several years, which increased to $50,000 for a time.
The campus was a relatively dry and scruffy place, "The early Mānoa campus was covered with a tangle of kiawe trees, wild lantana and panini cactus".
The new College of Hawaii campus was also a working farm from the first day. A majority of the property, once cleared of rocks and brush, went to the college's teaching farm. It appears the first structures built were a poultry shed and a dairy barn.
In 1912, the college moved to the present Mānoa location (the first permanent building is known today as Hawaiʻi Hall.) The first Commencement was June 3, 1912. On July 1, 1920, the College of Hawaiʻi became the University of Hawaiʻi.
On July 1, 1929, the US Agricultural Experiment Station came under joint management of USDA and the university, and all the federal employees who had been operating as federal extensions agents were transferred to the university. David Crawford, the university president, was also the first permanent director of extension under the newly formed relationship.
One of the most unique aspects of agricultural research and education in Hawai'i, since the early 1900s, has been the cooperative relationship that prevailed among various entities concerned with creating successful agriculture in the Islands.
The College of Agriculture was established in 1947 when faculty from the Cooperative Extension Service and the Experiment Station merged with the agriculture and home economics teaching faculty in the College of Applied Science.
One of the oldest artifacts of Hawai'i's Extension Service is 'Minnie Lee', the Extension hibiscus (a cross between the 'Agnes Galt' hibiscus and a "common yellow" variety.) This large yellow flower with a pinkish-red throat became a symbol of the program's statewide outreach organization.


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IC 5076 ist ein Reflexionsnebel im Sternbild Schwan.

Einzelnachweise

Individueller astronomischer Nebel
Index-Katalog


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Home » Tenders » Americas » Saint Lucia » Addendum No. 3 -Pre-Qualification Documents for Millennium Highway and West
Addendum No. 3 -Pre-Qualification Documents for Millennium Highway and West Tender
MINISTRY OF INFRASTRUCTURE, PORTS, ENERGY AND LABOUR has floated a tender for Addendum No. 3 -Pre-Qualification Documents for Millennium Highway and West Coast Road Reconstruction Project. The project location is Saint Lucia and the tender is closing on 22 Apr 2020. The tender notice number is , while the TOT Ref Number is 42123518. Bidders can have further information about the tender and can request the complete tender document by Registering on the site.
Country : Saint Lucia
Summary : Addendum No. 3 -Pre-Qualification Documents for Millennium Highway and West Coast Road Reconstruction Project
Deadline : 22 Apr 2020
Competition : NCB
Purchaser : MINISTRY OF INFRASTRUCTURE, PORTS, ENERGY AND LABOUR
URL :http://www.govt.lc/
Tender are invited for ADDENDUM NO. 3 PRE-QUALIFICATION DOCUMENTS FOR MILLENNIUM HIGHWAY AND WEST COAST ROAD RECONSTRUCTION PROJECT CIVIL WORKS, SAINT LUCIA Owner: Department of Infrastructure, Ports and Energy Project Name: Millennium Highway and West Coast Road Reconstruction Project Date of Issue: April 7, 2020 This Addendum modifies the Pre-Qualification Documents by additions, deletions, clarifications, corrections, or other types of modifications. Addendum No.3 is to be considered part of the Prequalification Documents through its issuance by the Owner/Employer. Upon receipt of this Addendum, the Proposer shall review the identified additions, deletions, clarifications, corrections, or other types of modifications as may be included herein and include same in their proposal to be submitted on the noted date, as though such additions, deletions, clarifications, corrections or other types of modifications as may be included herein where part of the original Bid Documents (inclusion in and modification of the Prequalification Documents). It is required that this Addenda be signed in Acknowledgment of Receipt, and a copy of this page returned to the Owner/Employer for the record. By returning the signed page, the Proposer states that they have reviewed the contents of Addendum No.3 and that all items listed as included in the Addendum (on page 2 of the Addendum) are present. Attach this sheet, signed as required, to the Prequalification Documents Submission
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The master's degree is awarded when a student completes required coursework and submits an acceptable thesis or achieves a passing score on a comprehensive examination. The policies on the general requirements for master's degrees are found in the Academic Senate bylaws and regulations section 500.
The M.F.A. Plan I capstone event will consist of a presentation of a critical body of work as a project or show. This project may take several forms depending upon the graduate program's degree requirements as approved by the Graduate Council.
Under the Master's Comprehensive Exam or Report Plan (Plan II), a student must complete a minimum of 36 units of upper division and graduate level work, of which at least 18 units must be graduate courses in the major field and not more than 9 units of research units. The candidate must achieve satisfactory performance on a comprehensive examination or a comprehensive report; the degree requirements may specify additional required units above the minimum. A comprehensive examination may be written, oral, or both according to the approved degree requirements of the graduate program. The program should inform their students of the exam's general subject matter before an examination takes place.
Every student must file an official application for Candidacy for the Degree of Master of "____" after completing one-half of their course requirements and at least one quarter before completing all degree requirements. The forms for Candidacy can be found under Forms. Students will pay the candidacy fee to the university Cashier's Office prior to submitting the candidacy form to Graduate Studies. This fee is non-refundable. A completed form includes a list of courses the student will take to complete degree requirements, as well as signatures from the program. If changes must be made to the student's course plan after he/she has advanced to candidacy, the graduate adviser must recommend these changes to Graduate Studies. If the candidacy is approved, Graduate Studies will send a copy to the thesis committee chair (if applicable), the appropriate graduate staff person, and the student. If Graduate Studies determines that a student is not eligible for advancement, the graduate program and the student will be told the reasons for the application's deferral. Some reasons for deferring an application include: grade point average below 3.0, outstanding I grades, a grade of U, a grade of D+ or below in required courses, or insufficient units. A student must be registered to advance to candidacy.
Students participating in a Plan II program may take the comprehensive examination once they have advanced to candidacy. When they take the exam, students must be registered or on filing fee. The results of all examinations must be reported to Graduate Studies using the Master's Exam Report Form in a timely manner. The graduate adviser's signature on this form signifies that the student has completed all program requirements for the degree. A student's name will not be placed on a degree list until the completed report form is returned to Graduate Studies.
Research for the master's thesis is to be carried out under the supervision of a faculty member of the program and must represent an original contribution to knowledge in the field. The thesis research must be conducted while the student is enrolled in the program. After the graduate adviser and major professor approve the thesis topic, the graduate adviser will nominate a thesis reading committee, and the Dean of Graduate Studies will appoint the committee via the Candidacy for the Master's Degree - Thesis Plan I form. The student will then write his/her thesis and submit it to the committee for review and approval in accordance with the program's approved degree requirements.
The thesis is to be submitted to the thesis committee at least one month before the student plans to make requested revisions. All committee members must approve the thesis and sign the title page (to certify their satisfaction with the thesis) before the thesis is submitted to Graduate Studies for final approval.
The student is responsible for observing the filing dates and preparing the thesis according to the proper format. Candidates must submit the thesis electronically, see instructions on how to submit a thesis.


Yes, unicorns are real and we want one! This magic unicorn night light is for believers only. With all the sparkly, feel-good vibes you need to brighten up your day, our magic unicorn nightlight is gorgeous for a kids room but equally magic for big kids and unicorn lovers of all ages. Guaranteed to bring beams of joy!


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Deloitte adds London Transport exec to local operations
Deloitte has announced its newest financial advisory partner is the director who launched various flagship projects for Transport for London, and also served as chief executive of Infrastructure Australia.
Appointments	Jotham Lian 13 August 2018
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The former boss of Infrastructure Australia, Philip Davies, will join the big four firm on 3 September, following the end of his three-year term in the government sector, where he was responsible for shaping the future of Australia's infrastructure policy.
Mr Davies' appointment will see him make a return to Deloitte, following six years as a management consultant at Deloitte's UK member firm.
Before joining Infrastructure Australia, Mr Davies established and led AECOM's Infrastructure Advisory Asia Pacific business, providing government and private sector clients with infrastructure policy, strategy, business, program, planning and operations advice.
Mr Davies was also director of traffic operations for Transport for London, where he developed a long-term vision for real-time traffic management in London, including establishing the city's transport control centres.
Mr Davies also held various board positions in commercial and public life, including as deputy chair of the Committee for Sydney, and a board member of Infrastructure Partnerships Australia.
"We are thrilled to have Philip join our firm and our team. As a highly qualified engineer and infrastructure expert with over 25 years' experience, he brings a unique set of skills coupled with broad technical understanding in planning and economics, underpinned by his global experience in engineering, construction, and the operation of infrastructure assets," said Deloitte Asia Pacific Leader for Infrastructure and Capital Projects Luke Houghton.
Mr Davies welcomed the opportunity to return to Deloitte, noting a period of change and uncertainty for the infrastructure industry.
"I'm excited to return to Deloitte, especially at a time when the firm is taking a more holistic approach to the Asia Pacific region," said Mr Davies.
"This is particularly important as our major cities respond to population growth and our infrastructure services transform to maintain the quality of life and the liveability of our cities, which are expected by our communities."


A customer in Fairview, PA called Total Foundation Solutions to address movement in their foundation wall. After careful inspection, we decided that applying Carbon Armor straps would provide stabilization to the wall. Securing both the wall & the homeowner's peace of mind.


The Trail "53 km" Stanca work "will be changed again to allow to pass also in the Territory of the City of Mango, and inside the " regional wine Moscato Hills" located in the beautiful castle in the center of the country.
Accordingly closes the circle of the area of Moscato causing the Trail integrates further into the territory and its magnificent wine landscapes declared by 'UNESCO World Heritage Site.
We will be present with our stand at Sciacche trail of the Cinque Terre in March, the Maremontana in April, the Matterhorn xtrail in July to the LUT (lavaredo ultra trail) in June, to publicize the trail of Muscat and the territory of S. Stefano Belbo, Cossano Belbo, Mango, Camo and Castiglione Tinella (CN) – Italy. We meet thousands of trailers from 5 continents to which we will propose our trails and the beauty of the area. On the program: conviviality, sharing and exploitation of sports ethics.


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Star Slammers: The Complete Collection!
Comic News, IDW
Walter Simonson is one of the most acclaimed creators working in comics today. In a career spanning more than 40 years, Simonson co-created Manhunter, drew the New York Times best-selling Alien graphic novel (both in collaboration with Archie Goodwin), wrote and drew a much-lauded four-year run on The Mighty Thor, and is currently re-inventing Norse-mythology in the pages of Ragnarök here at IDW. And then there was Star Slammers.
Star Slammers was first published as a Marvel Graphic Novel in 1983 and then as a five-issue mini-series that detailed the adventures of the greatest group of mercenaries the galaxy has ever known—they could out-shoot, out-fight and out-kill anybody, and became the most successful businessmen in history.
Now, IDW Publishing is pleased to announce Star Slammers: The Complete Collection by Walter Simonson. Collecting the graphic novel and mini-series, as well as short stories, covers, and pin-ups. And, for the first time ever, this volume will print the orginial version of Star Slammers—produced by Simonson as a class project at the Rhode Island School of Design a year before he became a professional comics creator. More than 60 pages of never-before-seen work, a treasure-trove for any Walter Simonsonfan.
As a very special bonus, every copy of the first printing of Star Slammers will have a bound in signature plate, each signed by Simonson in his trademark "dinosaur" signature, and at no extra cost. Look for this special collection to hit shelves in February
Updated: December 5, 2014 — 9:12 pm
Tags: IDW, Simonson, Star Slammers
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