text:
#ifndef TOI_H_INCLUDED
#define TOI_H_INCLUDED

#include "vector.h"
#include "dynstring.h"
#include "st.h"
#include <ctype.h>
#include <setjmp.h>
#ifndef __MINGW32__
#	include <ucontext.h>
#endif
#include <errno.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <signal.h>
#include <stdarg.h>
#include <math.h>

/*
 * Note that a TOI object is represented by the C data
 * type "VALUE," which is defined as an unsigned long here.
 *
 * These are actually pointers to objects allocated on the
 * heap, and the RAM address -- after being cast to an
 * unsigned long int -- is passed throughout the C functions
 * and treated like an object ID or as the data itself rather
 * than a pointer to the object's data.  This basic casting is
 * the foundation upon which all of TOI is built.
 *
 */
#ifndef VALUE
#	define VALUE unsigned long int
#endif

#ifndef GC_NEVER_FREE
#	define GC_NEVER_FREE -32767
#endif

/* Basic macros for object allocation/manipulation */
#define ALLOC(type) (type*)memalloc(sizeof(type))
#define NEW_OBJ(type) (VALUE)ALLOC(type)

#define OBJ_SETUP(obj,objtype) do {\
	if (TEST(obj) && (obj != Qtrue))\
	{\
		if (objtype != T_THREAD)\
			vector_push(THREAD(cur_thr)->obj_stk, (void*)obj);\
		BASIC(obj).type = (int)objtype;\
	}\
} while (0)

/* Test a TOI object for its boolean-logic value */
#define TEST(obj) ((obj) && ((obj) != Qnil))

/* Macros for casting TOI objects to their C-type in order to
   access (or assign to, or otherwise use) their C struct values.
	Note the simple, basic CAST macro, which casts the long int
	back to a struct pointer (and nothing more). */
#define CAST(obj,type) ((type*)obj)
#define BASIC(obj) (CAST(obj,struct goon)->b)
#define ARRAY(obj) CAST(obj,Array)
#define HASH(obj) CAST(obj,Hash)
#define STRING(obj) CAST(obj,String)
#define INTEGER(obj) CAST(obj,Integer)
#define INT(obj) INTEGER(obj)
#define FLOAT(obj) CAST(obj,Float)
#define KLASS(obj) CAST(obj,Klass)
#define CLASS(obj) KLASS(obj)
#define THREAD(thr) CAST(thr,Thread)
#define IOSTREAM(obj) CAST(obj,IOStream)
#define SYMBOL(sym) CAST(sym,Symbol)
#define MCALL(mc) CAST(mc,MCall)
#define CREF(ref) CAST(ref,Cref)
#define BRANCH(obj) CAST(obj,Branch)
#define EXCEPTION(obj) CAST(obj,TOIException)
#define ASSIGN(obj) CAST(obj,Assign)

/* These expand to the type of an object (int, or `enum type') */
#define TYPE(obj) (BASIC(obj).type)
#define TYPE_OF(obj) TYPE(obj)

/* Throw an exception unless the type of an object matches */
#define Check_Type(o,t) check_type(o,t)

/* These expand to the `struct klass' object that represents an
   object's class/superclass (which store all defined methods) */
#define CLASS_OF(object) BASIC(object).klass
#define SUPER_CLASS(obj) ((TYPE(obj) == T_CLASS) ? KLASS(obj)->super : cObject)

/* Expands to a char pointer corresponding to the object's type */
#define type2cstring(obj) typestr[TYPE(obj)]

#define print_error(str) fprintf(stderr, "%s\n", str)
#define fail(str) do {\
	if ( TEST(THREAD(cur_thr)->excobj) )\
	{\
		throw_exc(cur_thr, 1, (VALUE*)string_new(str));\
		abort();\
	}\
	else\
	{\
		print_error(str);\
		abort();\
	}\
} while (0)

#ifdef sizeofptr
#	undef sizeofptr
#endif

#define sizeofptr(ptr) (int)*((int*)(ptr - sizeof(int)))

/* global vars (primarily classes that should be available to any
   source file) */
extern VALUE cur_thr;
extern VALUE cur_class;
extern VALUE cself;

extern st_table *gv_tbl;
extern st_table *scache_tbl;

extern VALUE cKernel;
extern VALUE cObject;
extern VALUE cClass;
extern VALUE cMethod;
extern VALUE cArray;
extern VALUE cHash;
extern VALUE cNumeric;
extern VALUE cFloat;
extern VALUE cInteger;
extern VALUE cThread;
extern VALUE cSymbol;
extern VALUE cString;
extern VALUE cIOStream;
extern VALUE cFile;
extern VALUE cGC;
extern VALUE cException;

extern VALUE Qtrue;
extern VALUE Qnil;
extern VALUE Qretry;
extern VALUE Qnewline;
extern VALUE Qrecv;
extern VALUE Qdot;
extern VALUE Qbreak;
#define Qfalse Qnil
#define MCall Mcall

/* prototypes for any funcs used by most (or all) files */
VALUE intern(char *);
VALUE sym2ref(VALUE);

VALUE define_class(VALUE, VALUE);
VALUE define_method(VALUE, VALUE, VALUE(*)(), int);
VALUE define_soft_method(VALUE,VALUE,VALUE);
VALUE define_global_method(VALUE, VALUE(*)(), int);
VALUE define_global_function(VALUE, VALUE(*)(), int);
VALUE define_singleton_method(VALUE, VALUE, VALUE (*)(), int);

VALUE obj_iv_set(VALUE,VALUE,VALUE);
VALUE obj_iv_get(VALUE,VALUE);

VALUE var_in_scope(VALUE, VALUE);
VALUE mcall_call(VALUE);

VALUE float_new(float);

VALUE integer_new(int);

VALUE string_new(char *);
char string_c_last_char(VALUE);

VALUE symbol_to_s(VALUE);

VALUE ary_new();
VALUE ary_push(VALUE,VALUE);
VALUE ary_pop(VALUE);
VALUE ary_aref(VALUE,VALUE);
VALUE ary_shift(VALUE);
VALUE ary_unshift(VALUE,VALUE);
VALUE ary_length(VALUE);

VALUE hash_new();
VALUE hash_aset(VALUE,VALUE,VALUE);
VALUE hash_aref(VALUE,VALUE);

VALUE file_new(char *, char *);
VALUE file_write(VALUE, VALUE);
VALUE file_close(VALUE);

VALUE mcall_new(VALUE, VALUE, int, ...);

VALUE get_method(VALUE,VALUE);
VALUE get_singleton_method(VALUE,VALUE);

char *str2cstr(VALUE);

VALUE inspect(VALUE);

VALUE define_global_variable(VALUE, VALUE);
VALUE define_global_function(VALUE, VALUE (*)(), int);

VALUE define_variable(VALUE, VALUE);
VALUE set_variable(VALUE, VALUE);
VALUE get_variable(VALUE);

VALUE eval_thread(VALUE,VALUE);
VALUE eval_stack(vector_t*);
VALUE eval_cell(VALUE);

VALUE push_self(VALUE);
VALUE pop_self();

VALUE push_cell(VALUE);

VALUE push_scope();
VALUE pop_scope();
VALUE set_cur_env(st_table *);

VALUE main_thread();
VALUE thread_new();

VALUE check_type(VALUE,int);
VALUE kind_of_p(VALUE,VALUE);

VALUE toi_funcall(VALUE, VALUE, int, ...);
VALUE funcall(VALUE, char *, int, ...);

VALUE softwrap_new(VALUE);
VALUE softwrap_call(VALUE, VALUE);

VALUE throw_exc(VALUE, int, VALUE *);

/*
 * This MUST be called for any object that
 * the garbage collector shouldn't free()
 *
 */
VALUE gc_never_free(VALUE);

void Init_thread();
void Init_symbol();
void Init_string();
void Init_class();
void Init_kernel();
void Init_numeric();
void Init_integer();
void Init_float();
void Init_array();
void Init_hash();
void Init_iostream();
void Init_gc();

void *memalloc(int);
void memdealloc(VALUE);

int object_refcount_down(void *);
int object_refcount_up(void *);
int object_refcount_check(void *);

void toi_init(int, char**);

/* Enumerate all possible TOI object types */
enum obj_type {
	T_NIL = 0,
	T_TRUE = 1,
	T_CREF = 2,
	T_MCALL = 3,
	T_THREAD = 4,
	T_CLASS = 5,
	T_SYMBOL = 6,
	T_STRING = 7,
	T_INTEGER = 8,
	T_FLOAT = 9,
	T_ARRAY = 10,
	T_HASH = 11,
	T_IOSTREAM = 12,
	T_ASSIGN = 13,
	T_BRANCH = 14,
	T_BREAK = 15,
	T_FILE = 16,
	T_BEGIN = 17,
	T_RESCUE = 18,
	T_EXCEPTION = 19,
	T_RETRY = 20,

	/* TODO: the following are currently unimplemented */
	T_TRY,
	T_CATCH,
	T_LABEL,
	T_JUMP,
	T_RETURN,
	T_NEWLINE,
	T_DOT,
};

/* string-descriptions of the types (type val == idx: order-sensitive) */
static const char *typestr[] = {
	"Nil",
	"True",
	"Cref",
	"Mcall",
	"Thread",
	"Class",
	"Symbol",
	"String",
	"Integer",
	"Float",
	"Array",
	"Hash",
	"IOStream",
	"Assignment",
	"Branch",
	"Break",
	"File",
	"Begin",
	"Rescue",
	"Exception",
	"Retry",

	/* TODO: unimplemented */
	"Try",
	"Catch",
	"Label",
	"Jump",
	"Return",
	"Newline",
	"Dot",
};

/*
 * All objects that can be referenced from within a TOI script
 * have a structure member called "b" of type "struct basic," as
 * seen below.  It absolutely MUST be the first member element of
 * any TOI object, and the compiler absolutely MUST respect the
 * order in which struct elements are defined in the source.
 *
 * To check an object's type, we just check the first element of
 * its struct: if that isn't guaranteed to be the basic info, TOI
 * will either segfault or just behave totally unpredictably.
 *
 *
 * If the reader is unclear as to how this works: the compiler
 * makes the first ``sizeof(struct basic)'' bytes of all TOI
 * objects the same, regardless of their higher-order data type.
 *
 * When we reference these first bytes by casting the data to a
 * ``(struct goon*)'' and accessing the struct member ``b'', the
 * compiler is producing machine code that accesses the first bytes
 * at whatever RAM address the C identifier is referencing.
 *
 * Due to this behavior, so long as the compiler uniformly organizes
 * all of these structs based on the source code definitions, we can
 * ignore any data beyond those first bytes and use them to check any
 * object's ``struct basic'' data to know how we should deal with the
 * rest of the data.
 *
 */
typedef struct basic {
	int type;
	int refcount; /* references to this object (used by the GC) */
	VALUE klass;
	void (*reap)(VALUE); /* func to free object's RAM; if defined, called as `reap(VALUE self)' */
	st_table *iv_tbl; /* any instance variables tied to this object */
} Basic;

/* Used as a universal cast for checking object types */
struct goon {
	Basic b;
};

typedef struct string {
	Basic b;
	dynstring_t *ptr;
} String;

typedef struct array {
	Basic b;
	vector_t *ptr;
} Array;

typedef struct hash {
	Basic b;
	st_table *ptr;
} Hash;

typedef struct integer {
	Basic b;
	long int num;
} Integer;

typedef struct phloat {
	Basic b;
	float num;
} Float;

/* Symbols represent st_table entries (they're ultimately
   hash keys for the method/variable tables) */
typedef struct symbol {
	Basic b;
	char *ptr;
} Symbol;

/* IOStream objects encapsulate files, sockets, etc. */
typedef struct iostream {
	Basic b;
	VALUE path;
	int lineno;
	FILE *fread;
	FILE *fwrite;
} IOStream;

typedef struct toi_exception {
	Basic b;
	VALUE strerror;
	VALUE thr;
	VALUE body_thr;
	VALUE rescue_thr;
	VALUE catch_type;
	unsigned char retry;
} TOIException;

/* Classes hold instance methods (im_tbl) and singleton
   methods (sm_tbl) (both C funcs and TOI meths) */
typedef struct klass {
	Basic b;
	VALUE sym;
	VALUE super;
	st_table *im_tbl;
	st_table *sm_tbl;
} Klass;

/* A Cref is a wrapper for a C function pointer */
typedef struct cref {
	Basic b;
	VALUE (*ptr)(ANYARGS);
	VALUE self;
	VALUE parmsym;
	int argc;
} Cref;

/* Mcall objects are similar to Crefs, but they only
   represent TOI-defined methods (no compiled funcs) */
typedef struct mcall {
	Basic b;
	VALUE thr;
	VALUE sym;
	VALUE self;
	int argc;
	VALUE argv[8];
} Mcall;

/* Wrapper for dynamic (runtime) variable assignment */
typedef struct assign {
	Basic b;
	VALUE lhs;
	VALUE rhs;
} Assign;

/* For holding if/while data */
typedef struct branch {
	Basic b;
	int loop;	/* loop flag (is this a `while' or an `if') */
	VALUE brk;
	VALUE cond;
	VALUE cond_true;
	VALUE cond_false;
} Branch;

typedef struct toi_jmpbuf {
	Basic b;
	VALUE thr; /* the thread this jmpbuf is local to */
	int ip; /* instruction pointer (destination) */
	int ret; /* return pointer (position to return to) */
} Jump;

/* A TOI "Thread" object is a very broad, general data
   structure.  They hold various information about a
   given thread of execution (environment, stack, and
	other necessary values).  They serve not only as
	thread containers, but also as scope structures. */
typedef struct thr {
	Basic b;
	VALUE up; /* one-level-up scope */
	VALUE recv; /* current receiving object for funcalls */
	VALUE last;

	int ip;
	int prio; /* thread's priority */
	int cnt; /* round-robin count (for scheduler) */
	unsigned char alive_p; /* `eligible for scheduling' flag */
	unsigned char soft_def; /* is this a soft (in-script-defined) method? */

	VALUE branch; /* is this a branch? (for parser) */
	VALUE excobj; /* the most immediate BEGIN object (for exception handling) */

	VALUE callsym; /* the symbol this soft-def'd method will be assigned to */
	VALUE parmsym; /* symbol that parameter passed will be referred to as */
	VALUE arg; /* the actual parameter passed */

	st_table *env_tbl; /* local environment table */
	vector_t *obj_stk; /* locally-defined objects (free()'d when thread is deallocated) */
	vector_t *self_stk; /* stack of receiving objects */
#ifdef SYMBOL_CACHE
	vector_t *modified_syms;
#endif

	vector_t *env_stk;
	vector_t *tok_stk;
	vector_t *stack;
} Thread;

#endif

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Gradients in compositions in the starchy endosperm of wheat have implications for milling and processing
Paola Tosi, Jibin He, Alison Lovegrove, Irene Gonzáles-Thuillier, Simon Penson, Peter R. Shewry
Wheat is the major food grain consumed in temperate countries. Most wheat is consumed after milling to produce white flour, which corresponds to the endosperm storage tissue of the grain. Because the starchy endosperm accounts for about 80% of the grain dry weight, the miller aims to achieve flour yields approaching this value.
Scope and Approach
Bioimaging can be combined with biochemical analysis of fractions produced by sequential pearling of whole grains to determine the distributions of components within the endosperm tissue.
Key Findings and Conclusions
This reveals that endosperm is not homogeneous, but exhibits gradients in composition from the outer to the inner part. These include gradients in both amount and composition. For example, the content of gluten proteins decreases but the proportion of glutenin polymers increases from the outside to the centre of the tissue. However, the content of starch increases with changes in the granule size distribution, the proportions of amylose and amylopectin, and their thermal properties. Hence these parts of the endosperm differ in the functional properties for food processing. Gradients also exist in minor components which may affect health and processing, such as dietary fibre and lipids. The gradients in grain composition are reflected in differences in the compositions of the mill streams which are combined to give white flour (which may number over 20). These differences could therefore be exploited by millers and food processors to develop flours with compositions and properties for specific end uses.
Trends in Food Science and Technology
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2018.09.027
Published - 1 Dec 2018
10.1016/j.tifs.2018.09.027Licence: CC BY
Accepted Manuscript Accepted author manuscript, 3.03 MBLicence: CC BY-NC-ND
https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0924224418301055Licence: CC BY
Dive into the research topics of 'Gradients in compositions in the starchy endosperm of wheat have implications for milling and processing'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
Endosperm Medicine & Life Sciences 100%
Triticum Medicine & Life Sciences 70%
Flour Medicine & Life Sciences 61%
endosperm Agriculture & Biology 55%
flour Agriculture & Biology 41%
wheat Agriculture & Biology 36%
glutenin Medicine & Life Sciences 21%
Amylopectin Medicine & Life Sciences 19%
Jibin He
jibin.hetees.acuk
SHLS Life Sciences - Principal Lecturer - Staffing & Resources (Life Sciences)
Centre for Sustainable Engineering
Tosi, P., He, J., Lovegrove, A., Gonzáles-Thuillier, I., Penson, S., & Shewry, P. R. (2018). Gradients in compositions in the starchy endosperm of wheat have implications for milling and processing. Trends in Food Science and Technology, 82, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2018.09.027
Tosi, Paola ; He, Jibin ; Lovegrove, Alison et al. / Gradients in compositions in the starchy endosperm of wheat have implications for milling and processing. In: Trends in Food Science and Technology. 2018 ; Vol. 82. pp. 1-7.
@article{73a09357f8b74322b428abfd80b5fe55,
title = "Gradients in compositions in the starchy endosperm of wheat have implications for milling and processing",
abstract = "BackgroundWheat is the major food grain consumed in temperate countries. Most wheat is consumed after milling to produce white flour, which corresponds to the endosperm storage tissue of the grain. Because the starchy endosperm accounts for about 80% of the grain dry weight, the miller aims to achieve flour yields approaching this value. Scope and Approach Bioimaging can be combined with biochemical analysis of fractions produced by sequential pearling of whole grains to determine the distributions of components within the endosperm tissue.Key Findings and ConclusionsThis reveals that endosperm is not homogeneous, but exhibits gradients in composition from the outer to the inner part. These include gradients in both amount and composition. For example, the content of gluten proteins decreases but the proportion of glutenin polymers increases from the outside to the centre of the tissue. However, the content of starch increases with changes in the granule size distribution, the proportions of amylose and amylopectin, and their thermal properties. Hence these parts of the endosperm differ in the functional properties for food processing. Gradients also exist in minor components which may affect health and processing, such as dietary fibre and lipids. The gradients in grain composition are reflected in differences in the compositions of the mill streams which are combined to give white flour (which may number over 20). These differences could therefore be exploited by millers and food processors to develop flours with compositions and properties for specific end uses.",
author = "Paola Tosi and Jibin He and Alison Lovegrove and Irene Gonz{\'a}les-Thuillier and Simon Penson and Shewry, {Peter R.}",
doi = "10.1016/j.tifs.2018.09.027",
journal = "Trends in Food Science and Technology",
Tosi, P, He, J, Lovegrove, A, Gonzáles-Thuillier, I, Penson, S & Shewry, PR 2018, 'Gradients in compositions in the starchy endosperm of wheat have implications for milling and processing', Trends in Food Science and Technology, vol. 82, pp. 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2018.09.027
Gradients in compositions in the starchy endosperm of wheat have implications for milling and processing. / Tosi, Paola; He, Jibin; Lovegrove, Alison et al.
In: Trends in Food Science and Technology, Vol. 82, 01.12.2018, p. 1-7.
T1 - Gradients in compositions in the starchy endosperm of wheat have implications for milling and processing
AU - Tosi, Paola
AU - He, Jibin
AU - Lovegrove, Alison
AU - Gonzáles-Thuillier, Irene
AU - Penson, Simon
AU - Shewry, Peter R.
N2 - BackgroundWheat is the major food grain consumed in temperate countries. Most wheat is consumed after milling to produce white flour, which corresponds to the endosperm storage tissue of the grain. Because the starchy endosperm accounts for about 80% of the grain dry weight, the miller aims to achieve flour yields approaching this value. Scope and Approach Bioimaging can be combined with biochemical analysis of fractions produced by sequential pearling of whole grains to determine the distributions of components within the endosperm tissue.Key Findings and ConclusionsThis reveals that endosperm is not homogeneous, but exhibits gradients in composition from the outer to the inner part. These include gradients in both amount and composition. For example, the content of gluten proteins decreases but the proportion of glutenin polymers increases from the outside to the centre of the tissue. However, the content of starch increases with changes in the granule size distribution, the proportions of amylose and amylopectin, and their thermal properties. Hence these parts of the endosperm differ in the functional properties for food processing. Gradients also exist in minor components which may affect health and processing, such as dietary fibre and lipids. The gradients in grain composition are reflected in differences in the compositions of the mill streams which are combined to give white flour (which may number over 20). These differences could therefore be exploited by millers and food processors to develop flours with compositions and properties for specific end uses.
AB - BackgroundWheat is the major food grain consumed in temperate countries. Most wheat is consumed after milling to produce white flour, which corresponds to the endosperm storage tissue of the grain. Because the starchy endosperm accounts for about 80% of the grain dry weight, the miller aims to achieve flour yields approaching this value. Scope and Approach Bioimaging can be combined with biochemical analysis of fractions produced by sequential pearling of whole grains to determine the distributions of components within the endosperm tissue.Key Findings and ConclusionsThis reveals that endosperm is not homogeneous, but exhibits gradients in composition from the outer to the inner part. These include gradients in both amount and composition. For example, the content of gluten proteins decreases but the proportion of glutenin polymers increases from the outside to the centre of the tissue. However, the content of starch increases with changes in the granule size distribution, the proportions of amylose and amylopectin, and their thermal properties. Hence these parts of the endosperm differ in the functional properties for food processing. Gradients also exist in minor components which may affect health and processing, such as dietary fibre and lipids. The gradients in grain composition are reflected in differences in the compositions of the mill streams which are combined to give white flour (which may number over 20). These differences could therefore be exploited by millers and food processors to develop flours with compositions and properties for specific end uses.
U2 - 10.1016/j.tifs.2018.09.027
DO - 10.1016/j.tifs.2018.09.027
JO - Trends in Food Science and Technology
JF - Trends in Food Science and Technology
Tosi P, He J, Lovegrove A, Gonzáles-Thuillier I, Penson S, Shewry PR. Gradients in compositions in the starchy endosperm of wheat have implications for milling and processing. Trends in Food Science and Technology. 2018 Dec 1;82:1-7. Epub 2018 Sep 28. doi: 10.1016/j.tifs.2018.09.027

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


One of the more complex issues of the middle-east is the Israeli/Palestinian conflict. While the conflict is usually portrayed as a physical one through various media outlets, it is also evident on an educational level. A report by the Human Rights Watch (2001) on the school systems of Israel deduced that the education system discriminates against Palestinian citizens.
The Israeli government implements two different school systems, one for Jewish citizens and another for Palestinian citizens. Under international law the Israeli government may offer separate education and curricula systems for linguistic and/or religious purposes while still ensuring that they do not discriminate in the process, yet this does not seem to be the case in Israel.
Palestinian Arab curricula has been structured so as to limit individual motivation and to ensure that the Palestinian minority is 'submissive' to the Jewish majority. Despite a 'promise' from the Director General of Israel's Minister of Education to remove the larger gaps between the school systems in a year, the Israeli government was still allocating less money per Palestinian than Jewish school children in 2004.
While Palestinian teachers are having to make do with larger class sizes, a lack of resources and text books their Jewish counterparts enjoy smaller class size, better basic facilities such as, libraries, laboratories and recreational spaces. For Palestinian children the drop-out rate is three times more than that of Jewish children, with Palestinian children being less likely to pass the national matriculation exam to achieve their high school certificates. These discrepancies are also seen in university entry numbers, with only a small number of university students being of Palestinian decent.
One major difference of the school systems in terms of subjects, was that Palestinian children are taught in Arabic while Jewish children are taught in Hebrew. For the Palestinian children Hebrew is taught as a second language yet Jewish schools do not require their students to learn Arabic at an educational level.
Yet this discrimination does not stop at the school children but also extends to the teachers, as Palestinian teachers are required to undergo a security test – without their knowledge- and a Shin Bet stamp (General Security Service) before they are able to be hired.
These discrepancies are evident, yet the Supreme Court of Israel has never found the educational system, in cases of discrimination against a Palestinian student, to be guilty of a violation of the international law.


text:
MUSIC: INTRODUCING: DANCEHALL GIVE US THEIR RACER OF A TRACK, 'Vs and Gs'
Written by SNOG Team
DANCEHALL are a punk-infused, garage rock band from London. According to their Facebook page, the trio have been around since January, but their definitive sound implies that this band - whether individually or not - have been brewing creativity for a bit longer than that.
Photo taken from DANCEHALL Facebook page
Have a listen to their third SoundCloud listing, Vs and Gs. This rampant track is A-side to the band's debut 7" vinyl release, coming to you lovely people on October 21st.
By pumping hints of shoegaze into an already adrenaline-feulled set-up, DANCEHALL have birthed a sound that epitomises the phrase "a feast for your ears". They've merged two almost-but-not-quite-the-same genres together, successfully creating an infectious track, that you can't help but dance to.
"...[the song] is about the relationship (love/hate) that we have with ourselves, our patriarchs, and our shit lives..."
It's a dead good listen. Give it a shot:
DANCEHALL are playing a few dates in October. If you're thinking straight, then you'll go see them. If you're not thinking straight, then you'll still go see them. Theirs is the kind of sound that just keeps on giving in a live setting. Catch them at these times:
07 October: The Amersham Arms, London
12 October: The Quadrant, Brighton
14 October: The Shacklewell Arms, London
30 October: Rough Trade 40th Anniversary - The Shacklewell Arms, London
Find DANCEHALL on the following sites:
Facebook - https://www.facebook.com/dancehalltheband/
Twitter - https://twitter.com/dancehallband
Instagram - https://www.instagram.com/dancehallband/
SoundCloud - https://soundcloud.com/dancehallband


When Chipotle Mexican Grill reported its third quarter earnings this week, the results were predictably bleak.
Last year's E. coli crisis occurred during the third quarter, and the year since saw restaurant traffic plummet. Third quarter profits this year were down 95% compared to the same period last year.
So how does a restaurant chain recover from that? Chipotle has a plan, which executives outlined during a conference call Tuesday night. Some of the plan revolves around reducing its exposure in other restaurant chains and focusing solely on its core business.
But the company also outlined changes at Chipotle Mexican Grill restaurants, which it hopes will bring back its core customer base. It's adding a dessert to the menu, it's stepping up digital ordering capabilities, and for the first time since 2012, plans an extensive national ad campaign.
Steve Ells, Chipotle's founder and co-CEO, told analysts on the conference call that the last year has been the most difficult in the company's history. At one time last year, Chipotle was forced to temporarily close more than 30 stores in six states after health officials traced E. coli to a common ingredient in the chain's food.
The restaurants have reopened and the company adopted new food handling procedures, and there have been no reported incidents since.
In an effort to win back consumers, Chipotle has been testing two desserts, one of which will be offered as a permanent part of the menu.
During the last quarter, Chipotle expanded its menu with the addition of chorizo, which it said proved popular and helped boost sales.
The company is also redesigning its digital ordering system, which is able to take food and catering orders by mobile and fax. The enhancements are designed to make the process more efficient.
At the same time, Ellis said the company is testing a system that will allow customers to place their orders at the restaurant using a tablet, if they encounter long lines.
Finally, Chipotle hopes to win back customers with advertising – for the first time turning to television as a marketing medium. Ellis said the company has not yet settled on an ad agency, but said it expects consumers nationwide will be seeing the chain's commercials next year.


text:
For Confederate Memorial Hall, see Memorial Hall, Vanderbilt University.

Alumni Hall is a historic building on the campus of Vanderbilt University in Nashville, Tennessee. Designed in the Collegiate Gothic style by Henry C. Hibbs, it was built in 1925 to commemorate the 44 Vanderbilt men who died in World War I. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2011. The building was renovated in 2013 and is currently used as a student center.

References

Vanderbilt University
Buildings and structures in Nashville, Tennessee
National Register of Historic Places in Nashville, Tennessee
University and college buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Tennessee
School buildings completed in 1925
1925 establishments in Tennessee

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Electronic Arts' DICE studio has announced continued improvements to Battlefield 4, even as the company prepares to launch its cops-and-robbers-themed successor Battlefield Hardline.
The launch of Battlefield 4, the latest title in EA's military-themed first-person shooter franchise, did not go smoothly: numerous bugs led DICE to cease work on all other projects until they could be addressed and even resulted in a lawsuit from investors who believed they had been misled as to the quality and robustness of the title ahead of its launch. In March, DICE claimed that fixing the multiplayer network code bugs was one of the studio's top priorities, and now it's announced the progress it has made on that front.
In an official blog post, associate producer David Sirland stated that fixes released this month have improved various multiplayer issues including the feeling of being impossibly killed when behind cover or before a damage indicator appears. The work is far from complete, however, with more releases due to launch over the coming months - an embarrassingly long time since the original release of the game.
The company has also announced the Core Gameplay Initiative, in which it will make modifications to various in-game variables to better balance the title. The first area of focus is the newly-released Dragon's Teeth expansion pack, which added a Ballistics Shield players had noted was significantly overpowered. The modifications now make it impossible to one-hit kill with the shield, and solve a flaw that made a shield-bearer invulnerable to AP rounds from tanks. The company has also confirmed impending changes for the Rush game mode on Siege of Shanghai, Zavod 311 and Operation Locker maps.
Rick sets his sights on Rebellion's sharpshooter sequel.


Investment in the Cuban corrugated cardboard industry through a shareholding in the Spanish company Trade Packaging S.A.
Remshalden, September 18th, 2017 - Klingele Group, one of the leading independent manufacturers of corrugated base paper and packaging made from corrugated cardboard, is investing in the promising market in Cuba through its Spanish subsidiary Klingele Embalajes. Klingele has a shareholding in the Spanish holding company Trade Packaging S.A. and will therefore operate two corrugated cardboard plants and a folding box plant in Cuba in the future. Klingele is continuing on its expansion course with this commitment: the company recently announced its shareholding in the Scandinavian Peterson Group with six sites in Sweden, Denmark and Norway.
Klingele's investment is being made in the wake of the economic reforms that President Raùl Castro introduced after the death of his brother Fidel. These are mainly aimed at strengthening private enterprise and getting more foreign companies involved in the local economy.
Klingele is also now one of these: the company puts itself and its partner Trade Packaging in a unique competitive position with its investment. The percentage share in the Cuban packaging company Compacto Caribe S.A could be increased to 51% with Klingele's shareholding in Trade Packaging, while the Cuban state will hold 49% in the future. This is an exception in the country characterised by its centrally planned economy where the state normally has a shareholding of at least 50% in joint ventures.
Trade Packaging previously held a share of 50% in Compacto Caribe with a folding box plant in Palma Soriano and a corrugated cardboard plant in San Jose. With Klingele on board, the Cuban state is incorporating the two corrugated cardboard plants of the second Cuban producer Cubapel into the company that was formerly 100% state-owned. In return, investments will be made in both plants that were built in Havana and Santiago de Cuba in the 1970s.
Only two corrugated cardboard plants and one folding box plant with a total of 263 employees remained after closing and relocating the production from San José to Havana. They are in a good position to supply the 11 million inhabitants on the over 1,000 kilometre long island.
Klingele is mainly contributing to the joint venture in Cuba with investments in machinery and technical know-how. The focus is on reliable machine technology that runs on a stable basis. Klingele is therefore opting for a new BHS corrugated cardboard system in the Havana plant that meets the requirements in terms of production safety. Spare parts and support will be provided by BHS Mexico.
An extensive investment plan of $ 20 million was approved to lay the foundations for future growth. Further investments are intended to be made especially in processing machines and their printing technology, in the power and steam supply and in adhesive systems. The aim is to double the current capacity of around 40 million m² of corrugated cardboard packaging in the plants in Havana and Santiago de Cuba.
There is also potential in the supply of the Cuban plants with high-quality corrugated base paper from the company's own paper mill in Weener (East Frisia). The paper currently used in Cuba does not meet the quality requirements for high-quality packaging; imports from Weener can achieve substantial improvements in this area – and expand the sales channels for the Weener paper mill at the same time.
Demand especially from the fishing and local industry The demand for corrugated cardboard packaging mainly comes from the fishing and seafood sector as well as the local tobacco, beverage and pharmaceutical industry.
Currently around half of the demand is met by import because the appropriate production capacities were not available up until now, in particular for high-quality packaging. With a view to safeguarding the future of the industry, the objective of the state is to bring the corrugated cardboard plants to a competitive level and to strengthen the domestic economy. Klingele's commitment gives it the opportunity to invest in a protected market with a solid price level at the same time and to break into a new sales market.
Klingele Group is an international supplier of paper, corrugated cardboard packaging solutions and adhesives. The family-owned company founded in 1920 with headquarters in Remshalden near Stuttgart, Germany, is now run in the third generation by Dr. Jan Klingele. The company including its affiliated partners has a presence for its customers in Europe, Africa and Central America in their Paper and Packaging business divisions with 2 paper mills, 12 corrugated cardboard and 8 processing plants. These plants employ a total of 2,400 people and achieved a turnover of € 620 million in 2016. The product range includes corrugated base paper based on waste paper as well as innovative and sustainable packaging solutions (primarily made of corrugated cardboard) for numerous industries and applications. Klingele is also a founding member of Blue Box Partners, the largest European alliance for packaging solutions.
Trade Packaging S.A. was founded as a Spanish joint venture between the two families Ruiz de Huidobro and Penate who have worked in different packaging companies in Cuba for many years. Trade Packaging and Klingele Embalajes have been working successfully together for many years in the packaging sector.


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Posted in Tropical Update, Weather Forecast
Tropical Waves Forecast To Bring Scattered Showers, Isolated Thunderstorms This Week
Monday, 7 June 2021, 0:00
Tropical Update Overview:
— Area of Interest: The National Hurricane Center is forecasting an area of low pressure to develop by the end of this week, giving the area a low chance of tropical cyclone formation over the next 5 days. The system poses no threat to T&T.
— Tropical Wave 4 – A weak tropical wave, east of T&T, is forecast to move across the country on Monday into early Tuesday.
— Tropical Wave 6 – A low-latitude, weak tropical wave in the Central Tropical Atlantic, is forecast to move across T&T on Wednesday into Thursday, bringing scattered showers and isolated thunderstorms.
— Tropical Wave 7 – A tropical wave has just emerged off West Africa. Significant Saharan Dust will hinder this wave as it moves across the Atlantic, forecast to move across T&T early next week.
Total Precipitable Water Imagery showing the Tropical Waves (analyzed by the National Hurricane Center, Weather Prediction Center, and TTWC) that exist east of Trinidad and Tobago.
— Impacts to T&T – There are no direct tropical threats facing T&T over the next 5 days. Tropical-wave-enhanced rainfall is forecast mainly on Monday, Wednesday into Thursday, and possibly from late Sunday into next week. The main hazards include heavy rainfall and gusty winds, particularly in moderate to heavy showers or thunderstorms, bringing the risk of street flooding or flash flooding. In thunderstorm activity, frequent lightning is possible. Gusty winds up to and in excess of 55 KM/H may cause power dips/outages, downed trees, and localized wind damage. Landslides and minor riverine flooding may be possible mainly on Monday to saturated soils and elevated river levels.
Before we dive into the forecast and tropical update, a few notes:
Tropical waves are a normal part of the rainy season.
Not every tropical wave will form into a tropical cyclone.
Weaker tropical waves produce more rainfall across Eastern parts of the islands with mostly cloudy conditions and a few showers across western parts of the islands.
Rainfall will be more isolated and intermittent with weaker tropical waves that do not have ITCZ or upper-level support.
Saharan Dust may weaken tropical waves.
Tropical Waves
Area of Interest In The Southwest Caribbean
The National Hurricane Center Tropical Weather Outlook as of 8:00 PM Sunday 6th June 2021
As of the 8:00 PM Tropical Update, the National Hurricane Center is forecasting an area of low pressure developing in the southwestern Caribbean Sea by Thursday or Friday. Some gradual development will be possible thereafter as the system moves slowly northwestward toward Central America over the weekend.
Between 80% and 85% of the European ensemble models show this system producing winds of tropical depressions strength over the next 5 days, with up to 30% of the EPS runs showing tropical-storm-force winds in the Gulf of Mexico. The operational UK model is also hinting at development later this weekend.
The European EMCWF ensemble models (EPS) showing the probability of tropical-storm-force winds over the next 5 days across the Atlantic Basin. (weathermodels.com)
This system, whether it forms or not, poses no threat to T&T and the Lesser Antilles. The next name on the list of names for the 2021 Atlantic Hurricane Season is Bill.
List of names for the 2021 Atlantic Hurricane Season, including the supplemental list of names.
Tropical Wave 4
Tropical Wave 4 analyzed from 124 southward, along 56W, with scattered moderate convection and widespread cloudiness. (Weathernerds)
As of 11:00 PM, the 4th tropical wave for the 2021 Atlantic Hurricane Season is located from 14N, along 56W, based on our analysis. The wave axis is moving westward around 15 knots (18 to 27KM/H). The wave is at the edge of a Saharan
Dust surge. The wave is also embedded in a strong wind shear environment, which is limiting the convection, resulting in scattered moderate showers 5N to 10N between 46W and 58W.
This tropical wave is forecast to move across T&T on Monday, with moisture moving across the island as early as the early-morning hours. However, there is dry air at the low- to mid-level of the atmosphere, and with strong wind shear, heavy showers and thunderstorms will struggle to develop. Still, cloudiness will increase from mid-morning through the afternoon, and with increased moisture, few showers and thunderstorms are possible from the late morning through the afternoon.
Heavier rainfall, though sparse, is forecast to favor southern and eastern areas of Trinidad, with rainfall spreading across the country as the day progresses into early Tuesday. Conditions will dry out as a surge of Saharan Dust arrives across the region.
Tropical Wave 6 is analyzed further east from 11N southward along 35W. (Weathernerds)
As of 11:00 PM, the 6th tropical wave for the 2021 Atlantic Hurricane Season is located from 11N southward, along 35W, based on our analysis. The wave is embedded in a dry, Saharan Dust surge in which dry and dusty air is hindering the development of strong convection. Isolated showers are noted in the vicinity of the ITCZ from 02N to 05N between 37W and 34W.
This wave is forecast to move across the region on Wednesday into Thursday. Overall instability and moisture will be favorable for the development of cloudy weather, scattered showers, and isolated thunderstorms.
Atmospheric conditions are forecast to be marginally favorable through the 48 hour period, particularly on Thursday, for heavy showers and thunderstorms. However, Saharan Dust and strong to very strong wind shear from the west will limit the strength of showers and thunderstorms, as well as keeping overall heavier rainfall totals east of T&T.
As of 11:00 PM, the 7th tropical wave for the 2021 Atlantic Hurricane Season is located from 10N southward, along 19W, based on our analysis. The wave axis is moving westward around 10 to 15 knots (18 to 27 KM/H) with numerous strong showers and isolated thunderstorms.
This wave recently emerged in the Atlantic Ocean, and model guidance shows the wave making its way across the Lesser Antilles early next week. However, it is too early to tell what impacts, if any, this wave may have on T&T. Notably, dense Saharan Dust will be present across the Atlantic as this wave moves westward.
The Forecast
At this time, there are no alerts, watches, or warnings issued for T&T from the Trinidad and Tobago Meteorological Service.
Monday: Initially, partly to mostly cloudy and windy conditions are forecast through the early morning, with brisk showers. By mid-morning, cloudiness is forecast to build across Trinidad and later Tobago, with few showers and isolated thunderstorms favoring Trinidad through the afternoon. Periodic showers with brisk rainfall and isolated thunderstorms are forecast throughout the remainder of Monday into the overnight hours with partly to mostly cloudy skies.
Tuesday: Early morning showers and the isolated thunderstorm are forecast to give way to a mostly hazy, windy, and sunny day with few brisk isolated showers. However, cloudiness is forecast to increase near midnight, with showers returning to T&T.
Wednesday: Mostly cloudy to overcast conditions with scattered showers and thunderstorms and periods of rain through the day, with thunderstorm activity favoring Trinidad. Barring the lingering shower or two, conditions will briefly settle into the evening, with a resurgence of rainfall possible near midnight.
Thursday: From midnight, periods of rain with scattered showers and isolated thunderstorms are forecast, mainly favoring Trinidad, and continue through the late afternoon, with cloudy, windy, and hazy periods. Conditions will settle into the evening, becoming increasingly hazy due to a surge in Saharan Dust
Friday: Windy and hazy conditions are forecast throughout the day, with brisk, isolated showers across the country, interrupting mostly sunny to partly cloudy skies. Similar conditions are forecast into the night and through the weekend.
Through the forecast period, Saharan Dust concentrations will be high to significant, particularly from Thursday onward. Seas are forecast to remain moderate in open waters and less than 1.0 meters by choppy in sheltered areas. In heavy showers or thunderstorms, sheltered seas may become choppy.
Across both islands, overnight lows are forecast to be mild, with daytime highs warm.
The minimum low for Trinidad is forecast to be 23.0°C to 25.0°C. In Tobago, a minimum low between 24.0°C to 26.0°C is forecast. The maximum high for Trinidad and Tobago is forecast to be between 30.0°C and 33.0°C, higher across Trinidad.
Temperatures may record higher in urban and built-up areas, particularly between 9:00 AM and 3:00 PM. The maximum heat index in Trinidad is forecast to be between 35.0°C and 40.0°C while across Tobago between 33.0°C and 36.0°C. The warmest temperatures are likely on Tuesday and Friday.
On days with increased cloud cover, such as Monday, Wednesday and Thursday, maximum high temperatures may be lower.
Temperatures in cities, such as Port of Spain, tend to be much higher than surrounding locations due to a phenomenon called the Urban Heat Island Effect. There are several causes, but the main instigator for this phenomenon tends to be increased dark surfaces such as roads and pavement in cities, absorbing solar radiation more than surrounding areas.
Forecast Impacts
Tropical-wave-enhanced rainfall is forecast mainly on Monday, Wednesday into Thursday, and possibly from late Sunday into next week. The main hazards include heavy rainfall and gusty winds, particularly in moderate to heavy showers or thunderstorms, bringing the risk of street flooding or flash flooding. In thunderstorm activity, frequent lightning is possible. Gusty winds up to and in excess of 55 KM/H may cause power dips/outages, downed trees, and localized wind damage. Landslides and the very low risk of riverine flooding may be possible mainly on Monday to saturated soils and elevated river levels.
Sustained surface winds up to 35 KM/H. In shower activity, gusts up to and in excess of 55 KM/H are possible. With wind gusts in excess of 55 KM/H, whole trees are expected to be in motion, and there may be some inconvenience when walking against the wind gusts. Light outdoor objects may topple or become airborne such as garbage cans, potted plants, loose galvanize or construction material and other outdoor furniture. Tents may jump. Older/weaker trees may fall, bringing down utility poles and lines.
Over the next seven days, overall higher rainfall is forecast to favor eastern and southern Trinidad and Tobago, with accumulations between 25 to 50 millimeters. However, localized totals in excess of 50 millimeters are possible in prolonged heavy showers or isolated thunderstorm activity. Note that highly isolated areas across Western areas of Trinidad may exceed daily forecast totals.
Monday: Between 5 to 15 millimeters of rainfall across the country, with isolated totals up to 25 millimeters, favoring southern and eastern Trinidad. In highly isolated areas such as across western coastal Trinidad, isolated totals could exceed 25 millimeters.
Tuesday: Less than 5 millimeters across the country, with highly isolated totals exceeding that amount.
Wednesday: Between 5-20 millimeters across the country, with higher rainfall totals favoring eastern and southern halves of Trinidad in excess of 25 millimeters.
Thursday: Less than 10 millimeters across the country, with higher rainfall totals favoring southern and southwestern Trinidad, up to 20 millimeters.
Friday: Across the country, less than 5 millimeters. Little to no rainfall is expected.
Generally, with heavy showers and thunderstorm activity, street flooding, particularly in flood-prone areas or areas with poor drainage, is possible as well as flash flooding in areas where more prolonged heavy rainfall may occur. On Monday, there is a low risk of riverine flooding due to elevated river levels coming out of this past weekend.
Other Weather Impacts
Lightning: Lightning is possible in thunderstorm activity. Lightning can cause power outages, voltage dips, damage to life and property, particularly during cloud-to-ground lightning strikes.
Landslides: With saturated soils, landslides are possible in elevated areas, particularly hilly areas in southern and northeastern Trinidad, as well as across Tobago.
Why I May Not/Will Not See Rainfall?
A frequent complaint is the forecast is wrong because I didn't experience any rainfall. Scattered showers mean that you, individually, may experience some showers intermittently throughout the day and there is a higher chance for this activity than isolated activity. Widespread showers mean that nearly all persons and areas may experience rainfall.
On Monday, Wednesday, and the first half of Thursday, isolated to scattered rainfall is forecast, with highly isolated to no rainfall through the remainder of the forecast period.
Tagged 2021 Atlantic Hurricane Season, 2021 Tropical Wave 04, 2021 Tropical Wave 06, 2021 Tropical Wave 07, 2021 Wet Season, Area of Interest, National Hurricane Center, Tropical Wave, Tropical Weather Outlook, Weather Forecast
← Spring Tides & Moderate Seas Forecast For T&T This Week
La Soufrière Scientific Update: Several Lahars Recorded This Past Weekend →


1. The design of the balcony or loggia under the office. In order to create an atmosphere of the office on the balcony you need a minimum of furniture and a little imagination. A small table, a computer chair and a few shelves for small things, that's all it takes to create a workplace. For more comfort in the interior of the loggia and the design of the balcony you can place a small sofa, then in your office there will be an additional rest area.
2. Transformation of the loggia interior to the workshop. The workshop is essentially the same office, with the only difference being that the table here needs a little more than for a laptop, after all, creative individuals usually do everything on a grand scale. You can also put in the workshop a small comfortable pouf and a compact cabinet for all the necessary tools. For a creative person it is very important to have a corner in the house where you can realize your fantasies and ideas.
3. Arrangement of a balcony or loggia under the winter garden or a greenhouse. Since almost all plants love light, good lighting is very important for creating a greenhouse. Also you need to take care of additional isolation of the balcony, as many plants do not like drafts. If desired, you can arrange an additional recreation area in your winter garden, using a small sofa for this.
4. Transformation of the interior design of the loggia under the dining room. To free up more space in the kitchen, you can dream up and take out a place for dining out of it, a loggia and a balcony combined with a kitchen are suitable for this as well as possible. Especially if a wonderful landscape opens from the windows of the newly-opened dining room. To organize the dining room you only need a kitchen table and several chairs. The rest of the interior details depend on your imagination.


text:
Genesys hiring 2016 Batch BE/B.Tech Graduates as Software Engineer Trainee - Chennai - April 2016
Genesys hiring 2016 Batch BE/B.Tech Graduates as Software Engineer Trainee in Chennai. Eligible candidates can apply through online.
Company: Genesys
Genesys, (also known as Genesys Telecommunications Laboratories, Inc.), is a company that sells customer experience and call center technology to mid-sized and large businesses. It sells both cloud-based and on-premises software. Genesys is headquartered in Daly City, California and has offices in Canada, Latin America, Europe, the Middle East, Africa, Asia, and Australia. The company was founded in 1990 and was most recently acquired by Permira Funds and Technology Crossing Ventures in February 2012. Paul Segre has led the company since 2007. In February 2015, the company announced its 2014 revenue of $850 million.
Job Profile: Software Engineer Trainee
Qualification: 2016 Batch BE/B.Tech (C.S/ECE/IT)
Job Location: Chennai
Salary: Will be announced during selection
- BE/B.Tech from an authorized university
- Good Academics
Last Date: 11 May 2016


text:
Games In Development
RMMV New hand drawn Kawaii Game - The Isle of Bobbin
Thread starter Ihavenoskin
adventure game cute exploration happy kawaii kindness relaxing
Ihavenoskin
The Isle of Bobbin
Survive and chill in this cute, organic, fabric adventure game.
Madeline's husband went to the 'Isle of Bobbin' on an adventure but never returned; leaving her life behind her, and she sets off to find him.
Cute fabric style artwork
Explore the beautiful Isle of Bobbin
Survive by collecting and crafting hundreds of recipes and items
Decorate your home in many styles, and with the furniture, you build in the workshop
Grow fresh organic food in your garden or forage for wild food in the woods
Meet the fantastic cast of eccentric islanders, help them with their quirky daily lives
Go out on the town and see a show at the theatre, work a shift in the cafe or teach a lesson in the school, who knows what will happen!
Celebrate the seasons as they change from Spring, Summer, Autumn and Winter
This game contains no meat products, no money, no violence, no religious iconography! Just fun.
This adventure specifically started over 1 year ago, but have to say that it really started since childhood, and what we believe makes our game so unique.
Ok, so let's start with the basic premise of the game. You play as Madeline, a bunny who is married to a famous journalist and adventurer. One day she sets off on an assignment to a mysterious island called the 'Isle of Bobbin' to report back on its inhabitants and history.
Madeline waits for 4 seasons, but he never returns; not being the type of bunny to wait until it's too late; Madeline leaves their home behind and sets off to the Isle herself in search of her husband.
So, pretty simple stuff really. But what makes this game different from most other survival, stuck on an island game... for me it's about the meaning behind the game and the way the game feels.
What we're trying to do with this game is create a need to explore but also relax at the same time, survival and relaxation are seldom in the same sentence, and it's getting this balance right that we feel makes the difference. More about that to follow, but we wanted to quickly go over the art style.
As you can see from the screenshots, it's like fabric sewn together with a colourful bonanza. We only began to take drawing at all seriously in the last year, and we tried many different styles to get to this point.
So what can you do in this game?
First of all, we wanted the player to be able to forage for food and then cook it. So we began to plan out many ideas for recipes for things like Apple Pies, Vegetable Salads or Mushroom Soup. Then we could reverse engineer these to know what types of vegetables or fruit the player would find. We took all these recipes and programmed a way of having a cooker which would use a plugin to create a crafting/cooking system. It's easy stuff but hard work to research all these recipes and create the hundreds of in-game items.
Now we had a way of replenishing health how would the player lose it?
This was going to be a big part of the game. We wanted the player while exploring, would gradually lose health when either interacting with the environment or moving across maps.
So again... how do you do this and not make the game a time-pressured panic attack? We still want the player to relax... and we wanted to promote a sense of freedom and choice within the game. One way we've got around this is to not use an in-game timer which is counting the seconds the player is playing and decrease the health but to have the player loose health only when moving from one map to the other - this way we could easily balance the amount you lose vs the amount of time the player moves from one map to the next. Also, this gives the player control over deciding to move from one map to the next... for instance we wanted the player to be able to think "should I move on, or is it time to sleep or eat another meal?"
In terms of game design, this gives a player choice and promotes freedom but within the boundaries that the developer can set.
This tied in nicely with the time system - this system also is linked to map movements, move to a map it's plus one to the in-game clock... stay on a map, time standstill. We know this might sound awkward at first, but we didn't want to have the player feel like time is slipping away. This is bad enough in real life, let alone when you're trying to play a game! (And let more time slip away).
So that covers off a few of the mechanics of the Isle of Bobbin; there are many more things we could cover here however please keep reading/watching for more on the development of this game.
Take a look at the screenshots and our trailer below. I'd love to know what you think!
Feel free to follow the progress on YouTube, Instagram, Twitter etc.
IMAGES/SCREENSHOTS/TRAILER
Here is the main character Madeline
Here is a small number of the cast of The Isle of Bobbin
Its Autumn!
And here is Summer/Spring
A cold Winter night on the farm
And even colder days!
Find out the word on the street from the eccentric characters of the Isle of Bobbin
Good luck on the Journey when the time comes...
Reactions: Milk Bar Prophet, Black Pagan, Hyouryuu-Na and 11 others
ex0rschism
Neurotic Artist
I love the craftbook art style, really charming.
(After watching Happy Tree Friends I get suspicious of cute and innocent looking media haha )
Reactions: fizzly, thedeanreynolds and Ihavenoskin
RitualTeeth said:
Thanks so much. It was tempting to go down that route but I'm keeping this one a happy game
Reactions: ex0rschism
Ihavenoskin said:
Yeah, I think the happy & sentimental tone really compliments the art
(although the contrast between cute and disturbing can be really entertaining haha)
I'm glad that's coming across
BlueMage
Slime Lv99
RMVX
It look pretty cute
BlueMage said:
Thank you, I was hoping that would be the reaction
Reactions: Marquise*
This is lovely. It looks like a children's book.
Treynor said:
All these comments are making my day, thank you so much
Akiyama
OMG! I love this art!
Reactions: Ihavenoskin
Pre-Merge Boot
Looks so adorable! And it sounds like there are some interesting mechanics at play, too.
I notice there are bars for hunger, thirst, and energy; you also draw a parallel to other survival games in the description. However, you also mention you don't want the game to feel overly stressful, and the interaction with other friendly islanders (as well as the emphasis on cooking) make me feel like maybe this is less of a survival game and more of a Harvest Moon-esque RPG with more of a goal and narrative.
In that line of thought - Do you have a very clear idea about what kind of game are you trying to make? Where is the bulk of the game's challenge going to come from? What are some of the biggest "high moments" your player will feel, and do each of your mechanics contribute to creating those high moments? What happens to the player if their Hunger/Thirst fall to zero? Is it possible you are trying too hard to shoehorn in foraging mechanics to a game that doesn't really need them, and the walking around and managing these basic survival needs will just become boring (because they are pretty easily managed but don't really "move the game forward")?
I recommend you ask yourself these questions and similar ones, and think long and hard about their answers. Between the artwork and the general concept of the game, I believe you have a potentially brilliant game in the works here, but you have to nail the game design as well if it's going to become brilliant. For example, looking at the screenshot of the town, it really doesn't look like the kind of atmosphere I'd expect characters to starve or die of thirst. So if avoiding death (or other 'failure states') is the purpose of foraging and cooking, it's worth thinking through maybe reworking some of the mechanics. For example, maybe cooking certain foods is how you gain the trust/friendship of some of these eccentric residents, and their help is somehow needed in completing your journey and finding Madeline's missing husband. Then it feels like each ingredient you find is helping move the game forward, instead of walking on a treadmill to preserve your basic needs.
Feel free to PM me (or @ me in this topic) if you'd like any more advice, or if you'd like me to playtest an Alpha version for you.
Wavelength said:
Thanks so much for taking you time to write this, Also you're 100% spot on about the clash of 2 game styles/mechanics. It's a juxtaposition that actually led to the game being created as I believe I can crack this and actually make it possible to Survive and Chill.
Answers to your questions below:
In that line of thought - Do you have a very clear idea about what kind of game are you trying to make? Yes, I promise I do. It's the conundrum which is moving this project forward and the blend of two opposing game mechanics which will hopefully make the game unique
Where is the bulk of the game's challenge going to come from? The challenge is up to the player maybe one day you want to garden, work in the cafe, go exploring, foraging or whatever you like. The overall challenge will be to find your missing husband - or forget about him and enjoy your day lol
What are some of the biggest "high moments" your player will feel, and do each of your mechanics contribute to creating those high moments? Finding that costume you wanted, seeing families brought back together, helping an insecure squirrel overcome their fears, finally climbing that huge mountain in the background of the game, finding your husband and many many more things. Hopefully the player will get small highs through achieving daily tasks they choose and then bigger ones as they progress.
What happens to the player if their Hunger/Thirst fall to zero? You're clever; this question is key to balancing the two styles. The answer is you go home, you don't die.
Is it possible you are trying too hard to shoehorn in foraging mechanics to a game that doesn't really need them, and the walking around and managing these basic survival needs will just become boring (because they are pretty easily managed but don't really "move the game forward")? No, well at least I hope not. This is massively important to me as you know if this game becomes about checking your health every 5 mins then why bother! But also I want people to get that great feeling when they can finally make the apple pie that gives them the most return on hunger vs, time foraging, or be able to plan their day ahead of time. One thing for sure, the survival elements are in the background but remind the player to move on and make the most of their day. If it's too many mechanics I'll pull them out; but this game has been carefully planned to be this way - but I'm not afraid to change it if we need too.
Edit - sorry, one thing that's very key to your questions is that health, hunger, thirst doesn't link to the timer but only to each action you take. So this puts the pressure of depleting bars on player choice and not how quickly you can do things before the timers run out - this is very important as it diffuses the panic at the start of each day.
Thanks so much for your kind words and support. You're obviously a game designer with your ability to see the issuing I'm facing - but hopefully you'll understand this is what drives me forward.
Reactions: Wavelength
Akiyama said:
So sweet. Thanks
First of all, thanks for the kind, heartfelt compliments. I really appreciate them. Second of all, after reading your responses, I feel a lot more confident that you've already asked yourself a lot of the right questions (and will continue to do so). You seem to have a pretty sharp focus on what kind of experience you want to offer your player, and as long as you line up the mechanics (and tone) with that experience, I agree with you that you'll be able to bring together these apparently clashing genres into a great game.
It sounds like your hunger/thirst/energy are essentially a triad of "stamina systems" that limit how much you can do (or better yet, how far you can go physically/geographically, if traveling requires "actions") in a day, rather than slowly inching you closer to a failure scenario. I'm glad that's the case! It was the dynamic I was most worried about, and thankfully the fear was mostly unfounded.
I think your biggest design challenge, then, will be finding ways to make all of the different things you can find/forage/make/befriend useful, or at least "cool" enough to have that the player doesn't mind that it isn't that useful. And I trust you'll be able to do that.
Wishing you all the best with your game dev, and once again PM me or whatever if you ever feel like talking design!
So glad to have met you and thanks so much. I completely agree with you; if it's not working out then I definitely need to refocus and I'm happy to make changes. I'll defiantly be coming your way for help in the near future as we are clearly aligned on how this game should work. Have a great day
NinjaKittyProductions
Professional Murder Hobos
This game looks freakin' adorable. Any time frame on a release or a demo?
NinjaKittyProductions said:
Thanks! It's so appreciated!
Demo - Not yet, there will be something but I'm not quiet sure when.
Release is the end of 2020.
Hey, just wanted to show off the stand at GamesCon Middle East - complete with hand made versions of the trees and sky from the game
We got some good feedback so far from the people trying out the game which is great!
Reactions: Milk Bar Prophet, Marquise*, ex0rschism and 2 others
potatopoofer
Nice aesthetic.
potatopoofer said:
Really appreciate your comment, thanks


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Three New Missions
Posted on March 23, 2020 by Admiral Starblayze
It's been a while since we posted on our blog—and the world is hunkered down to slow the spread of COVID-19—so we figure it's high time we share some cheery news. Today we're delighted to showcase three brand new missions, which have been added to our library.
The first mission, Malignant, was actually added to our library about a month or so ago as part of our ongoing beta test for DFA 2.0. Its inaugural flight was used to showcase the IKS Marvel to a group of educators in Michigan, who loved it.
It's a fairly short-duration mission (about 30 minutes) that showcases a wide variety of different locations that are available in a Dream Flight Adventures mission. These include outer space, the ocean, and the bloodstream.
If this isn't timely enough for you, I don't know what is. Quarantine is a brand new mission based on current events, and it features a contagious virus that is spreading like wildfire. The world has gone into lockdown, but with travel restricted and medical researchers in quarantine, finding a cure for the virus has become extremely difficult.
Enter the Infinity Knights—the renowned protectors of peace and justice throughout the universe. Maybe, just maybe, their quick wits and advanced technology can produce a solution.
Your mission is to investigate the disease, gather materials for a cure from the four corners of the Earth, and save the world!
And last but not least, Escape Velocity is an exciting race against time to capture a devious Orion Pirate.
This mission is modeled after the classic Carmen Sandiego games. The crew moves throughout the solar system, and at each planet they receive clues pointing them toward the next location. They must work quickly to stop a space pirate from stealing top secret technology.
We're excited to have this lineup of three exciting new mission additions, and we look forward to the (hopefully not too distant) future when our bright-minded students return to their schools and can take them out for a spin.
‹ Test Flights Aboard the IKS Marvel
Dream Flight Adventures 2.0 is Released! ›


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FIS Partners with Banks and Credit Unions to Speed Relief to U.S. Small Businesses and Merchants Impacted by Coronavirus
April 3, 2020 at 7:00 AM EDT
FIS is leveraging its Real-Time Lending Platform to enable financial institutions to process loans under the CARES Act.
FIS is also waiving minimum monthly service charges for merchant clients in April and providing other value-added services to assist small businesses and merchants.
JACKSONVILLE, Fla.--(BUSINESS WIRE)--Apr. 3, 2020--
Financial services technology leader FIS™ (NYSE: FIS) announced today that it is enabling the ability for U.S. banks and credit unions to provide loans and other critical economic relief to small businesses and merchants under the U.S. Small Business Administration (SBA) Paycheck Protection Program within the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (CARES) Act enacted this week by the U.S. Department of Treasury.
The Payroll Protection Program authorizes lenders to provide up to $349 billion in funds to U.S. small businesses and merchants impacted by the coronavirus (COVID-19). The loans will be forgiven if used to pay for payroll costs and other authorized expenses. All funds must be distributed by June 30, 2020.
Due to the traditional time- and paper-intensive nature of the lending process, many banks and credit unions will be challenged to meet anticipated high demand for loans under the relief program. To streamline and speed the process, FIS is working with a growing number of financial institutions to leverage its proven Real-Time Lending Platform, which digitizes and automates the lending process. The SBA-approved FIS Real-Time Lending Platform is currently being used by a range of financial institutions for originating a high volume of loans and can be scaled to meet anticipated demand under the PPP program.
In addition to supporting small businesses and merchants through technology, FIS is waiving minimum monthly service charges for the month of April for its U.S. and U.K. merchant clients. The company is also providing other value-added services including free virtual terminal access for U.S. merchants and retailers who are enrolled in the Worldpay from FIS iQ online portal for use in remote processing.
"As a critical infrastructure provider, FIS is committed to bringing the full force of our scale and resources to keep the global economy running and to assist small businesses, merchants and our other clients during this enormously challenging period," said FIS Chairman, CEO and President Gary Norcross. "I am extremely proud of the work our employees are doing to help our clients, and the industry, manage through this global crisis and come out stronger on the other side."
FIS has created a COVID-19 Online Resource Center to provide its clients with options and information to adapt and rebound in the face of COVID-19. The company will continually update the site with new offers of assistance during the current health crisis.
Kim Snider, +1 904.438.6278


Riverside Doctors' Hospital Williamsburg is proud to celebrate its 5th anniversary serving the people of Williamsburg as well as those in the surrounding communities. To mark this achievement, Riverside Doctors' Hospital Williamsburg is hosting a series of events both at the hospital and out in the community. All events are free and open to the public.
Join us for food/refreshments and to learn how Doctors' Hospital and its team of highly-experience health professionals serve the Williamsburg region!
Meet & Greet with Riverside Medical Group Williamsburg Providers!
Have you ever met a Rheumatologist, Gastroenterologist or Cardiologist? Now you can … as well as many others who provide trusted medical care in the Williamsburg community! Food and refreshments will be served!
This interactive event will teach kids the basics about first aid and how to respond in a medical emergency.


April 28, 2012 Athletic Resources is chosen to install new basketball flooring for the City of Ocala.
Naples based Athletic Resources has been chosen to supply new sports flooring at the Ed Croskey Center Gymnasium in Ocala, Florida.
Naples based athletic flooring and sports equipment supplier, Athletic Resources, has been chosen to supply new sports flooring in the Ed Croskey Center Gymnasium. The existing facility is located in the City of Ocala and will be receiving a facelift consisting of interior painting and new vinyl sports flooring. The project is scheduled for completion in late August 2012.
Athletic Resources is Florida's number one supplier of athletic flooring and gymnasium equipment. For over twelve years, Athletic Resources has provided sports flooring and gym equipment to Florida's top institutions. Athletic Resources services all of Florida and Georgia. Athletic Resources represents the following suppliers: Aacer Sports Flooring, Spalding, Sheridan Seating, Mats Inc., Gared, and Institutional Products. For more information on Athletic Resources, you may visit their website at www.athleticresources.com.


When nature sinks into snow-white silence, winter has arrived. And in this thoughtful time of year it comes to us again, that incomparable yearning for places that enchant us. For people who warm our hearts. And for moments that make us happy. Two exceptional timepieces from Glashütte Original participate in the magic of this cold time of year. With cool elegance and the rich traditions of the German art of watchmaking, the Senator Cosmopolite, in shining stainless steel, and the sparkling PanoMatic Luna cast a spell on their admirers.
They use IATA international airport codes in three colours to indicate the traveller's destination. The 24 time zones that deviate from GMT by a full hour are each represented by an IATA code in black; an additional 8 with half-hour deviations present codes in blue, and the remaining three, each with a three-quarter hour offset from GMT, show an IATA code in red. Positioned at 9 o'clock is the newly designed day/night display with a small sun and stylised starry night sky.
83 diamonds totalling 1.09 carats lend the PanoMatic Luna the brilliance of ice crystals in the winter sun. Precisely 64 white brillant-cut diamonds adorn the finely polished, 39.4-mm stainless steel case. An additional 18 brillant-cut diamonds on the dial's rod indexes take up this brilliance in an elegant fashion. The glittering ensemble is topped off by a large, 3 mm brilliant-cut diamond on t e winding crown. A light blue Louisiana alligator leather strap with pin buckle echoes the heavenly blue of the dial and rounds off the timepiece, which features the manufactory's 90-12 automatic movement, with subtle grace.


It is commonly accepted that the Beowulf epic was from the Anglo-Saxon period. It is so commonly accepted because of the strong evidence in the story. Then, because of all of these parallels that can be drawn it is safe to say that a reader who is unaware of Anglo-Saxon society cannot fully understand this epic. That is why I plan to explain the basic principles of this society to better comprehend the epic at There is obviously very little reference to women in this story. In class it was discussed that it may be due to the little importance of women during the time eriod.
However, I have found that during the Anglo-Saxon period females were not of little significance. They believed that in women there was an element of holiness and prophecy. They even asked advice of their women. It is also true that women were often arranged in marriage to keep peace. This may seem insulting but isnt it a compliment to believe that a woman can turn anger into an armistice. It is argued that perhaps women were mostly left out of the story because the poet chose instead to develop the meaning of male to male friendships.
This is supported by many works of the era while many of them centered around male characters. The warriors in Beowulf did have wives and families but it is suggested that this was insignificant to the story. The male friendships were highly valued at the time. Beowulf was surrounded by noble warriors who would have protected him with their lives. This sort of brotherhood is formed that is One of the biggest debates surrounding Beowulf is that of religion. Did the poet intend for this to be a Christian based work.
While I will not be discussing the issue in depth there is one aspect of it that had been bothering me. It is that of the strong emphasis of revenge in the text. This makes it seem as though Beowulf does not fit the Christian value system at all. Yet I found that the tooth for a tooth, eye for an eye was not so literal at the time. It was strongly encouraged that instead of avenging the death of your kin by killing the one who had committed the crime that the killer should pay a werglid or manpayment.
These werglids were ased upon the deceaseds social standing. An eorl or nobleman was worth twelve hundred shillings, a ceorl or ordinary free man was worth two hundred shillings, and a slave whether he was killed or just damaged beyond repair was worth only one pound. The church also declared that priests were equivalent to nobleman in these cases and their monasteries received any compensation. Anglo-Saxon culture placed value on public esteem. Many believe that treasure was very important. However, to be respected and loved by everyone was a mans worth.
Treasure seemed to be accumulated from this love and respect. But this treasure was not meant to be hoarded. Often a gift was given away. This helped a hero to stay well-liked. It is pointed out that in Beowulf he is buried with his treasure. This does not mean that the people placed importance on this. They were simply making a point that a priceless ruler had just died. The hoard could have easily been used to buy peace. It was so hard in the 7th and 9th centuries to keep out of war that a peaceful king was the greatest wealth.
Beowulfs people ecognized this and that is why they buried his riches with him. Because they knew that he was worth it tenfold. All of these aspects of Anglo-Saxon culture make Beowulf a more credible and maybe even more interesting story. It is a sort of James Bond. The hero is placed in an existing place and precise historical context which makes it easier to swallow. Since most people are aware of modern culture, James Bond is easily interpreted. Just these few Anglo-Saxon facts that have been discussed can also develop a better understanding of Beowulf.


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ABOUT VHL
2020 - Second $120,000 CVHLA and CRS Research Grant Announced!
DONATE to the Canadian VHL Alliance
Future Fundraising
Fundraising led by the Rick Bracey Memorial baseball tournament in Surrey BC and the Ontario Walk and Dance fundraising and the countless individual donations from across the country have allowed the CVHLA to put up a second $60,000 spread over 2020 and 2021 for Canadian Cancer Research. Our partner, the Cancer Research Society (CRS), has matched this with their own $60,000.
This is the second CRS partnership! in 2018 the CVHLA and CRS partnership identified Dr. Najafabadi's McGill research as an excellent fit for the CVHLA money.
Due to the strength of the VHL grant applications, in 2018 the CRS also funded another VHL related research grant in Toronto for $120,000.
Your $120,000 raised turned into $360,000 for VHL research here in Canada!!
Please click here for an update on Dr. Najafabadi's May 2019 grant update
Canadian VHL Alliance (CVHLA) Research Funding
Since 2018 we have created $240,000 in Canadian VHL research grants with our partner the Cancer Research Society!
2020 - $120,000 Research Grant Partnership
In November of 2019 the Canadian VHL Alliance (CVHLA) has entered into a second partnership with The Cancer Research Society (CRS), a Canadian based organization that will match the $60,000 CVHLA donation, to create a $120,000 grant that will be awarded in 2020.
The first partnership between the CVHLA and the CRS in 2018 created a grant that was won by Dr. Najafabadi (see above for details)
More about the Cancer Research Society (CRS)
In 2017 the Cancer Research Society has funded the following projects that are related to the VHL gene and/or ccRCC:
Dr. Ryan Russell, University of Ottawa: Characterization of VHL-mediated RB regulation in renal cancer
Dr. Stefan Taubert, The University of British Columbia (UBC): Exploring Mediator-dependent stress resistance as a new target (a protein acting downstream of VHL, in the same molecular pathway)
Dr. Yasser Riazalhosseini, McGill University: KDM5C mutations as determinants of sex-dependent therapy in renal cell carcinoma
Dr. Damu Tang, McMaster University: Characterization of CYB5D2-mediated suppression of clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC)
Three grants on VHL were funded by the Cancer Research Society in the past years:
Sandra Turcotte, U of Moncton (2012-2014): The late-stage of autophagy: A role for the tumor suppressor gene von Hippel-Lindau in lysosomal degradation
Amin Pause, McGill University (2006-2008): The von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) protein suppresses angiogenesis by maintaining extracellular matrix integrity
Stephen Lee, University of Ottawa (2004-2006): Dissecting the oncogenic pathway of VHL loss kidney cancer
Our CVHLA goal is to apply a very large percentage of our donations directly to funding Research Projects.
The video below describes a research project the US based VHL Alliance has funded. The CVHLA has supported these efforts in the past.
Other Research Resources
Click here to link to The National Health Institute Research Database on von Hippel-Lindau Disease
Click here to link to National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke von Hippel-Lindau Disease (VHL) Information Page
Click here to link to The Scientist, April 2001 article,
Understanding the the VHL Tumor Suppressor Complex


Last Thursday, we reported on Rush Of Fools' stolen trailer and gear. Below is an update issued by the band's management yesterday... "Dear Friends, Just wanted to update you that as of today, no news on the trailer or stolen goods. NBC Montgomery is doing a story tonight (7/7) on the band and the trailer, so maybe that will turn something up. We have set up a DONATE button on their website and myspace..."


TIPS FOR USING PHOTOGRAPHY TO HELP WITH YOUR WRITING!
What is common between this photo and writing an excellent academic assignment for college or University?
When you are writing, you need to have a solid entry point! Your language needs to have colour, your writing, flow and interest. The written piece of work also needs to have an overarching structure. Your written submission will have different sections with different areas of emphasis. Though ultimately, each section will link to another section to ensure overall cohesion.
Have a least one or a few stand-out points – some strong, takeaways that leave a lasting impression with the reader.
Thank you so much photography – I knew it would help with my writing!
For help with your academic, business or career writing click here.


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De Irrawaddy of Ayeyarwady is de belangrijkste rivier van Myanmar. Met een lengte van ruim 2170 kilometer en een stroomgebied van ruim 400.000 km² is het ook een van de grootste rivieren van Zuidoost-Azië. De rivier stroomt vanaf de bergen van de Hengduan Shan in het noorden van Myanmar naar de Andamanse Zee in het zuiden, waar de rivier een 300 kilometer brede rivierdelta vormt. De rivier wordt ook wel de "Weg naar Mandalay" genoemd.

Fysiografie
De Irrawaddy ontstaat door het samenvloeien van de rivieren Nmai en Mali in de noordelijke divisie Kachin. Beide rivieren ontstaan uit gletsjers in de gebergten in het noorden van Myanmar, rond 28° noorderbreedte. De oostelijke tak, de Nmai, is qua volume de grootste, maar is onbevaarbaar door de sterke stroming. De kleinere, westelijke tak, de rivier de Mali, heeft ondanks enkele stroomversnellingen wel bevaarbare delen.

Ten oosten van de Nmai ligt de bergketen Gaoligong Shan. Parallel met de Nmai, maar ongeveer vijftig kilometer oostelijker (aan de andere zijde van de Gaoligong Shan) stroomt de Salween eveneens naar het zuiden.

35 kilometer na de samenvloeiing van de Nmai en de Mali ligt Myitkyinā. Ongeveer 240 km na de samenvloeiing van de Nmai en de Mali ligt de stad Bhamo, de noordelijkste plaats die gedurende het hele jaar bevaarbaar is. In het natte seizoen is de rivier in het noorden grotendeels onbevaarbaar, in de droge tijd kan men de rivier bevaren vanaf de stad Myitkyinā. Laatstgenoemde plaats is ook waar de rivier wordt overbrugd door de Bala Min Htin-brug.

Tussen Myitkyinā en Mandalay, stroomt de Irrawaddy door drie duidelijk te herkennen versmallingen:
 Ongeveer 65 kilometer stroomafwaarts van Myitkyinā is de eerste versmalling.
 Ten zuiden van Bhamo maakt de rivier een scherpe westelijke draai, het alluviaal bekken van Bhamo verlatend, om door de kalksteenrotsen van de tweede engte te snijden. Deze versmalling is ongeveer 90 meter breed op het smalste punt en wordt omgeven door 200 tot 300 meter steil oplopende rotsen.
 Ongeveer 100 km ten noorden van Mandalay, in Mogok, stroomt de rivier door de derde versmalling.

Tussen Katha en Mandalay is de loop van de rivier vrij recht, bijna precies naar het zuiden. De uitzondering hierop is bij de stad Kabwet, waar een plak lava de rivier dwingt een scherpe draai naar het westen te maken. De plak lava is het Singu-plateau, een vulkanisch veld ontstaan in het Holoceen. De lava is afkomstig uit een spleet in de aardkorst, door de bevolking Letha Taung genoemd. De lava is afkomstig van een spleet in de aardkorst, en bedekt een oppervlakte van ongeveer 62 km². Deze versmalling verlatend in Kyaukmyaung, vloeit de rivier als een brede, open stroom door het droge centrale midden van het land: het culturele hartland - waar grote gebieden uit alluviale vlakten bestaan. Voorbij Mandalay maakt de rivier een abrupte westelijke draai alvorens af te buigen naar het zuidwesten, alwaar deze zich met de rivier Chindwin verenigt en in zuidwestelijke richting verdergaat.

Waarschijnlijk stroomde het noordelijke deel van de Irrawaddy oorspronkelijk ten zuiden van Mandalay en kwam toen via de huidige rivier Sittoung uit in de Golf van Martaban en waarschijnlijk is zijn huidige westelijke loop geologisch gezien van recente datum. Onder haar samenloop met Chindwin, blijft de Irrawaddy door de dichtbevolkte droge streek in de nabijheid van Yenangyaung meanderen, waarna ze globaal in de richting van het zuiden stroomt. In haar zuidelijke benedenloop, tussen Minbu en Prome, vloeit de rivier door een smalle vallei tussen het met bos bedekte Arakangebergte (van Rakhine) aan de westelijke kant en die van het Pegugebergte in het oosten.

De Irrawaddy-delta
De delta van de Irrawaddy start op ongeveer 93 km ten noorden van Hinthada (Henzada). De beide zijden van de delta worden aangegeven door de zuidelijke uitlopers van het Pegugebergte in het oosten en het Arakangebergte in het westen. De meest westelijke stroom die de delta van water voorziet is de rivier de Bassein en de meest oostelijke stroom is de rivier de Yangon. Op de linkeroever van deze laatste rivier ligt de gelijknamige vroegere hoofdstad van Myanmar, Yangon (Rangoon). Omdat de Yangonrivier slechts een secundair kanaal is, is de stroom van water ontoereikend om te verhinderen dat de haven van Yangon dichtslibt, en dus is uitbaggeren noodzakelijk. Het reliëf van het deltalandschap is laag maar niet vlak. De grond bestaat uit fijn slib, dat onophoudelijk door vruchtbaar alluvium bijgevuld wordt, dat stroomafwaarts door de rivier wordt meegedragen. Als resultaat van zware regenval, en tektonische beweging en de sedimentlading van de rivier, breidt het deltaoppervlakte zich uit in de Andamanse Zee met een snelheid van ongeveer 50 meter per jaar.

Het belang van de Irrawaddy
Al ongeveer 1200 jaar vormt de rivier de levensader van het land. Vele steden, waaronder een van de voormalige hoofdsteden van Myanmar, Mandalay, zijn aan de rivier gelegen. Veel van deze steden zijn nog steeds voor het grootste deel van hun handel afhankelijk van de rivier. Naast dit belang voor de scheepvaart is de Irrawaddy ook een belangrijke visgrond voor de bevolking. Vooral de nijltilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), een geïntroduceerde soort, en de rohu (Labeo rohita) zijn belangrijk voor de commerciële visvangst. Ook zijn duizenden hectaren landbouwgrond in de nabijheid van de rivier afhankelijk van het rivierwater voor irrigatie van de gewassen.

Belangrijke steden en dorpen aan de Irrawaddy
 Putao
 Myitkyina
 Bhamo
 Katha
 Kyaukmyaung
 Mandalay
 Sagaing
 Chauk
 Bagan
 Nyaung-U
 Magway
 Pyay
 Hinthada
 Pantanaw

Cycloon Nargis
Op 3 mei 2008 trok de cycloon Nargis een verwoestend spoor door Myanmar. Dit had ook een enorme impact op de Irrawaddy-delta, die belangrijk is voor de voedselvoorziening van het land. Een vloedgolf, veroorzaakt door de cycloon, trof de kwetsbare delta, die bekendstaat als de 'rijstschuur' van het land. De storm veroorzaakte een vloedgolf van 3 tot 4 meter hoog die vele inwoners verraste. Langs deze kust bestaan bovendien grote getijverschillen en de combinatie van getijdenvloed en stormvloed versterkten elkaar.
In de afgelopen decennia is veel van het oorspronkelijke mangrovebos langs de kust gekapt om grond vrij te maken voor landbouw. Hiermee is echter ook een belangrijke buffer tegen stormvloeden verdwenen. Kenmerkend voor de Irrawaddy-delta is ook de lage ligging ten opzichte van het zeeniveau: 5000 km² van het gebied ligt onder springtijniveau en 5000 km² ligt slechts ongeveer 30 centimeter hoger dan zeeniveau.

Vermeldingen in de moderne cultuur
 Robbie Williams bracht in juli 2001 het album 'Sing When You Are Winning' uit, met daarop als vijfde single 'The Road to Mandalay'.
 In 1926 kwam 'Road to Mandalay' uit, een thriller van Tod Browning. Oorspronkelijk uitgevoerd in zwart-wit en zonder geluid, is er slechts een incomplete versie van de film overgebleven.
 In 1995 werd de Australische televisiefilm 'Singapore Sling: Road to Mandalay' uitgebracht met John Waters en Josephine Byrnes. De film speelt zich af in Zuidoost-Azië en valt onder het genre van de avonturenfilm.
 In 1991 kwam de door Ken Russell geproduceerde documentaire 'Road to Mandalay' uit. Deze productie gaat niet letterlijk over de 'Road to Mandalay', ofwel de Irrawaddy, maar over het gevoel van avontuur dat deze rivier zou oproepen. Russell gebruikt dit om de situatie en gebeurtenissen in zijn eigen woonplaats Southampton te beschrijven.
 De Irrawaddy Publishing Group (IPG, gevestigd in Chiang Mai, Thailand) beheert onder de naam 'The Irrawaddy', een tijdschrift (in zijn huidige vorm sinds 1999) en website, met onafhankelijke nieuwsreportage over Myanmar & Zuidoost-Azië. De IPG is in 1993 opgericht door Myanmarese journalisten wonend in Thailand.

Flora en Fauna
De irrawaddydolfijn is genoemd naar de rivier.

Referenties

Rivier in Myanmar
Stroomgebied van de Indische Oceaan


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Pathetic Motorways
The main archive for Ringways research, a joint UK roads research project is stored over on CBRD. If you're already familiar with the Ringways, there's the place to go for the full in-depth experience. If you're a newcomer to the whole thing, then read on...
I keep hearing about these 'ere Ringways, what are they all about?
That's the idea of you being here, isn't it.
All smugness aside, the Ringways were designed to be a motorway network for London. There are parts of the plan that were built and exist today, and other parts were bodged together upon cancellation of the plan. In other places, there are strange linear gaps in the urban area, and in others there are lines of "tin shed" development.
All evidence that points towards the grand masterplan that was under development in the 1960s and 1970s.
Haven't I read somewhere about a plan for motorways in London before that date?
Indeed you have - probably on here somewhere!
Motorways in London are not a new thing - in the 1920s there was a plan for an elevated motorway across the city, whilst the late 1930s brought plans for various improvements to London's road network.
The immediate predecessor to the Ringways came from the 1943 County of London Plan and 1944 Greater London Plan, the story of which is more fully told on the A-Ring feature.
Ah yes, very interesting. But what happened next?
Well, in the early 1960s, the then-London County Council sharpened their pencils, and started thinking about roads. Not just any old ordinary road, but a whole plan-full of them. We know that the LCC sat on them, and kept awfully quiet about the whole thing, but slowly plans started to leak out. Before much could be done, the LCC was abolished in 1965, and the Greater London Council formed instead, and they continued the LCC's work. Indeed, if anything they got all over-excited about the whole thing.
To cut a long story short, they (in conjunction with the Ministry of Transport) came up with a whole collection of plans, both for the Ringways themselves, and for the radial routes that would come in from outside London. Generally speaking, the GLC were responsible for the inner routes, whilst the Ministry were responsible for the routes in the outskirts.
Slowly, these plans were revealed, and the sense of horror in various parts of London rose with each successive announcement. Ringway 1 was revealed to the public in 1966, and then Ringway 2 in 1969. At first, the London Boroughs were generally supportive, but as the public mood changed, so did the politicians.
In 1973, following the outcome of the Greater London Development Plan, Ringway 1 reached the Cabinet. In a meeting on 18 February, the plan was approved by the Cabinet. The Ringways were on!
Success for the planners, eh?
You would think so, anyway. This state of affairs lasted a whole two days, before the Treasury killed the whole thing off as simply being too expensive for words.
That's mad!
It is rather, isn't it. The problem then became one of what to do about the outer Ringways. The answer? A bodge.
Oh, what a surprise.
Yes, I'm shocked by that revelation too.
Parts of the two outer Ringways, 3 and 4 were about to start construction. So, the bright idea was brought up that the two rings should be bodged together into one London Orbital. So there you have it: today's M25. Halves of two different ring roads, with bits tacked on to join the two up. Is it really any surprise that it has the reputation it has, with parts of it being widened to six lanes in each direction, with all sort of cleverness to keep it moving; when you realise that it's one bodged loop, when in the 1960s they thought that four proper ones would be necessary?
When you put it like that, perhaps not, no.
So, let's get on with looking at the plans in a bit more detail...
Ringway 1 >>
Ringways for Beginners
Ringway 1
The Radials
CBRD Histories: Ringways
CBRD Ringway Map
search PM
Ask PM
Might Have Been Map
Northern and Western M'way
Motorway Numbering
Secret History of Motorways
Special Roads
Tyne Side Story
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