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Sample locations (black dots) overlain on the 7.6 14C ka BP (8.4 cal ka BP) map of Dyke (2004) with three remaining ice caps labeled. Red dots are minimum-limiting radiocarbon greater than or equal to 8.4 cal ka BP; green dots are radiocarbon ages that provide a 300-yr range from just after 8.4 cal ka BP (8.4 to 8.1 cal ka BP).
Isostatic adjustment data and relative sea level history. (a) Change in the production rate scaling factor through time due to isostatic uplift (for sample QC-24) using the procedure of Rinterknecht et al. (2004). (b) Relative sea level history for eastern James Bay. Solid circles are 14C ages from Hardy (1976) calibrated using a ΔR of 310 ± 50 yr (Barber et al. 1999) and CALIB 5.01 (1σ error bars shown); open diamonds are 10Be ages (1σ error bars shown).
The 10Be chronology for the western margin of the Labrador sector of the Laurentide Ice Sheet, deglaciation forcing, planktonic Labrador Sea δ18O, and relative sea level data. Dark gray bar denotes the error-weighted mean age of collapse of the Labrador sector Ice Cap at 6.8 10Be ka with 1σ standard error (±0.2 10Be ka); the light gray bar indicates the postulated rapid sea level rise from 7.6 to 6.9 cal ka BP (Blanchon and Shaw 1995). (a) 10Be ages with 1σ error bars (open diamonds date the emergence of the coast; filled diamonds date deglaciation) (see Fig. 1 for sample location). Open triangle is the timing of the marine limit (see Fig. 2). Line is the linear fit (R2 = 0.08) to the deglacial 10Be ages (filled diamonds) and marine limit (open triangle). Calibrated radiocarbon dates from the 6.5 14C ka (7.45 cal ka BP) map (open circles) and the 6.0 14C ka (6.8 cal ka BP) map (closed circles) of Dyke (2004). (b) June insolation at 60°N (Berger and Loutre 1991). (c) G. bulloides δ18O record from the Labrador Sea (Hillaire-Marcel et al. 2001). (d) Relative sea level data: closed squares from Tahiti (Bard et al. 1996) and open squares from the Caribbean (Lighty et al. 1982) (recalibrated using CALIB 5.01). The 1σ age error bars are shown along with the growth habitat of the corals.
Positive-degree-day model results for the center of the ice sheet. The terminus bn rates for model simulations are as follows: the solid line is −5 m yr−1 bn, the dashed line is −10 m yr−1 bn, and the dashed–dotted line is −15 m yr−1 bn.
Rapid Holocene Deglaciation of the Labrador Sector of the Laurentide Ice Sheet
Anders E. Carlson 1 , Peter U. Clark 1 , Grant M. Raisbeck 2 , and Edward J. Brook 3
1 Department of Geosciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
2 Centre de Spectrométrie Nucléaire et de Spectrométrie de Masse, IN2P3/CNRS, Orsay, France
https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI4273.1
Retreat of the Laurentide Ice Sheet (LIS) following the Last Glacial Maximum 21 000 yr BP affected regional to global climate and accounted for the largest proportion of sea level rise. Although the late Pleistocene LIS retreat chronology is relatively well constrained, its Holocene chronology remains poorly dated, limiting our understanding of its role in Holocene climate change and sea level rise. Here new 10Be cosmogenic exposure ages on glacially deposited boulders are used to date the final disappearance of the Labrador sector of the LIS (LS-LIS). These data suggest that following the deglaciation of the southeastern Hudson Bay coastline at 8.0 ± 0.2 cal ka BP, the southwestern margin of the LS-LIS rapidly retreated ∼600 km in 140 yr and most likely in ∼600 yr at a rate of ∼900 m yr−1, with final deglaciation by 6.8 ± 0.2 10Be ka. The disappearance of the LS-LIS ∼6.8 10Be ka and attendant reduction in freshwater runoff may have induced the formation of Labrador Deep Seawater, while the loss of the high albedo surface may have initiated the Holocene Thermal Maximum in eastern Canada and southern Greenland. Moreover, the rapid melting just prior to ∼6.8 10Be ka indicates that the remnant LIS may be the primary source of a postulated rapid rise in global sea level of ∼5 m that occurred sometime between 7.6 and 6.5 cal ka BP.
* Current affiliation: Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
Corresponding author address: Anders E. Carlson, Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1215 W. Dayton St., Madison, WI 53706. Email: acarlson@geology.wisc.edu
Keywords: Glaciers; Albedo; Climate change; Ice sheets; Sea level
The Laurentide Ice Sheet (LIS) was the largest of the former Northern Hemisphere ice sheets and had a significant effect on climate and sea level during the last glaciation (Clark et al. 1999). Over the area of North America that was glaciated by the LIS, ice sheet retreat caused 1) a weakening of high pressure centered over the ice sheet and attendant changes in atmospheric circulation, 2) warmer temperatures induced by the reduced height and extent of its high albedo surface, and 3) a decrease in precipitation minus evaporation (Mitchell et al. 1988; Bartlein et al. 1998; Kutzbach et al. 1998; Pollard et al. 1998). Additionally, retreat of the LIS accounted for the largest proportion of the deglacial sea level rise, and associated freshwater fluxes to the North Atlantic Ocean may have affected the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation.
Understanding the role of the LIS in climate and sea level change requires a well-dated chronology of changes in its spatial dimensions. Although the retreat chronology of the LIS during the late Pleistocene (21–11.5 ka BP) is relatively well constrained by hundreds of 14C dates and extensive moraines that document the age and position of the retreating ice margin, its subsequent Holocene retreat history remains poorly known with the exception of the Baffin Island/Foxe Basin region (Fig. 1) (Dyke 2004; Miller et al. 2005). The existing Holocene chronology captures the gross pattern of deglaciation, including ice-margin retreat toward the three main centers of mass (Labrador, Keewatin, and Baffin Island/Foxe Basin), and the opening of Hudson Bay ∼8.4 cal ka BP (Barber et al. 1999), which caused the LIS to fragment into three ice caps that were remnants of the three originally coalescent ice centers (Fig. 1). In general, however, the details of Holocene deglaciation of the LIS remain poorly constrained outside of the Baffin Island/Foxe Basin region, largely because most of the few available 14C ages are considered unreliable (Dyke 2004).
We address these issues by developing a chronology for the final retreat of the Labrador sector of the LIS (LS-LIS), which was the largest of the three remaining ice caps, using cosmogenic 10Be exposure ages from boulders sampled along a transect across north-central Quebec (Fig. 1). While 10Be dates are analytically less precise than radiocarbon dates, cosmogenic ages directly date the actual timing of deglaciation, whereas radiocarbon ages date the arrival of vegetation to a region sometime after deglaciation. Radiocarbon ages are also restricted by the availability of lakes for coring and the assumption that the bottom of the lake sediments was reached. Furthermore, bulk radiocarbon ages in northeastern Canada have an inherent problem of contamination by old carbon (Short and Nichols 1977; Dyke 2004) reducing their accuracy. Currently, the timing of the marine limit and eight minimum limiting bulk radiocarbon ages, only four of which are near the inferred ice margin, constrain the retreat of the LS-LIS in north-central Quebec (Hardy 1976; Dyke 2004). Our new chronology thus represents a significant improvement over the existing limited radiocarbon chronology (Dyke 2004) in constraining the final disappearance of the LS-LIS and its relationship to Holocene climate change and sea level rise.
We sampled 13 granitic or gneissic Precambrian boulders along an ∼650 km long transect parallel to the general retreat direction of the western margin of the LS-LIS from the coast of James Bay to near the Quebec–Labrador border, providing a spatial resolution of about one sample every 50 km and a relatively continuous record of ice retreat (Fig. 1). This transect was accessed via the Canadian Highway linking hydroelectric dams on the La Grande River. We only sampled isolated boulders on bedrock highs that were greater than 1 m in height in order to reduce the possibility of snow cover (Table 1). None of our boulders were shielded significantly by the surrounding topography. All samples were from the top 1 cm from the center of horizontal surfaces on the highest part of each boulder in order to minimize the attenuation correction for cosmogenic nuclide production with depth. Each sampled boulder showed evidence of glacial abrasion such as polish and striae, indicating removal of previously exposed surfaces and absence of significant postglacial erosion. The Quebec/Labrador region experienced extensive periods of erosive, wet-based ice cover during the last glacial period, as reflected by numerous ice flow indicators eroded into the bedrock surface (Veillette et al. 1999), suggesting that the effects of inherited 10Be are minimized in our samples.
Targets were prepared for accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) following the procedures of Licciardi (2000) and Rinterknecht (2003), and 10Be/9Be ratios were measured at the AMS facility at Gif sur Yvette, France (Raisbeck et al. 1994) relative to National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) standard 4325, using the certified ratio of 2.68 × 10−11. Ages were calculated using the production rate of 5.1 10Be atoms g−1 yr−1 at sea level and high latitude (Stone 2000), scaled for latitude and altitude according to Lal (1991) and Stone (2000), and reduced by 14% because of the different standard used in these measurements compared to that used to make the production rate measurements (Middleton et al. 1993).
Following the method used by Rinterknecht et al. (2004), we corrected our data for the considerable isostatic uplift that our samples have experienced since deglaciation (Fig. 2a). We determined the elevation history of each boulder following deglaciation using the isostatic maps of Andrews and Peltier (1989) and relative sea level curves of Hardy (1976) and Mitrovica et al. (2000). We convert this history into a time-varying production scaling factor and then calculate the time-averaged scaling factor. This decreases our production scaling factor by 5%–8% (Fig. 2a, Table 1). In addition, our three samples closest to James Bay experienced initial cover by seawater due to isostatic submergence and high relative sea level. Given the 90% reduction in production cosmogenic nuclides at a depth of 5 m below sea level, we thus assume that these boulders date the emergence of the coastline due to isostatic rebound rather than deglaciation.
We calculated 1σ error using counting statistics and a conservative 5% machine error (long-term variability in the standards). We did not propagate any additional error involved in the production rate or scaling factors. In comparing 10Be years to calendar years (cal yr), there is an additional uncertainty (∼10%) involved in the production rate calibration, isostatic correction, and scaling factors.
Because the exposure ages on our three westernmost samples (QC-2, 4, and 6; Table 1) date isostatic emergence from seawater rather than initial deglaciation, we treat them separately from those samples farther to the east that date deglaciation. These three ages are in good agreement (at 2σ) with the calibrated radiocarbon ages that constrain the postglacial emergence history of the James Bay coast (Hardy 1976) (Fig. 2b). The age of the highest marine shoreline (marine limit) from a reservoir corrected, calibrated mollusk shell indicates that deglaciation of this part of the James Bay coastline occurred 8.0 ± 0.2 cal ka BP.
The second group consists of our remaining 10 samples that date deglaciation as the ice margin retreated to the east. Because these samples overlap at the 2σ uncertainty level (Table 1, Fig. 3a), we are unable to exclude any one sample from the population despite the suggestion of two older dates in the east (QC-23 and QC-25). All of the ages are also statistically indistinguishable from the mean of sample ages at 1σ.
There is the suggestion of a west-to-east trend in this sample group, and a linear fit to the data including the timing of the marine limit suggests that retreat occurred between 7.4 and 6.8 10Be ka in ∼600 yr with a corresponding retreat rate of ∼900 m yr−1 (Fig. 3a). Although the R2 value (0.08, P = 0.37) indicates no statistical significance to this fit, it still implies very rapid to essentially instantaneous retreat. To estimate the actual timing of deglaciation, we calculate an error-weighted mean age of 6.8 ± 0.2 10Be ka (at 1σ) from this statistically indistinguishable group (Fig. 3). We report the error-weighted mean age because the standard deviation of the mean of sample ages (665 yr) is about what is expected from the average analytical error (685 yr) (Bevington and Robinson 2002). We determine the error of this mean age (1σ = ±0.2 10Be ka) using the standard error of the dataset (Bevington and Robinson 2002).
In addition to a linear fit, we also use Monte Carlo retreat simulations to calculate the timing of ice margin retreat for this second group of samples, including the timing of the marine limit. We generated 3000 possible retreat scenarios assuming a normal distribution with the analytical uncertainty centered on each sample age. From these scenarios, we arrive at the average or most recurring retreat rate, providing an estimate for the duration of retreat. The results of the Monte Carlo simulations suggest that the LS-LIS deglaciated in 620 ± 760 yr, in agreement with the ∼600 yr suggested by the linear fit to the data.
The 10Be age of deglaciation at 6.8 ± 0.2 10Be ka is bracketed by the two bulk radiocarbon dates of 7.29 ± 0.14 and 6.31 ± 0.05 cal ka BP on gyttja at 70° to 69°W (Dyke 2004) (Fig. 3a). Another five bulk radiocarbon ages at 73°W on gyttja and lake sediment place ice retreat sometime before 6.52 ± 0.14 to 7.50 ± 0.07 cal ka BP (Dyke 2004) (Fig. 3a). The variability in these bulk radiocarbon dates and possibility of old carbon contamination makes inferring the timing of deglaciation from these radiocarbon dates difficult, but the dates do bracket our 10Be chronology and the age we calculate for deglaciation.
Our calculated retreat rate is also considerably faster than the one established from the existing radiocarbon compilation chronology (Dyke 2004), which suggests a more gradual eastward recession of the ice margin from 8.4 to 6.0 cal ka BP. In particular, our data suggest that, following deglaciation of the northeastern James Bay coast 8.0 ± 0.2 cal ka BP, the western margin of the LS-LIS remained semistationary before beginning a rapid retreat ∼7.4 to 7.0 10Be ka. Thus, our 10Be ages provide a more accurate record of the time of deglaciation because they date the initial exposure of a boulder following deglaciation versus radiocarbon ages, which date the arrival and accumulation of vegetation with an inherent possibility of old carbon contamination.
Our 10Be ages provide the first direct dating of the retreat of the LS-LIS. These data suggest that, following deglaciation of the coastline at 8.0 ± 0.2 cal ka BP (age of the marine limit) (Fig. 2b), the LS-LIS disintegrated rapidly just before 6.8 ± 0.2 10Be ka (Fig. 3). The rapid deglaciation of the center of the LIS over Hudson Bay between 9.0 and 8.4 cal ka BP was likely caused by an extensive calving margin associated with proglacial lakes and marine incursion up Hudson Strait (Barber et al. 1999; Dyke 2004). Calving cannot explain the rapid collapse of the LS-LIS ∼6.8 10Be ka, however, because the ice margin was land based at that time. Instead, we attribute the rapid margin retreat to top-down melting induced by a large rise in the equilibrium line altitude (ELA). Such a rapid rise in the ELA may have been in response to the deglaciation of Hudson Bay ice, which would have reorganized regional atmospheric circulation and induced warming through the increase in the thermal capacity of Hudson Bay seawater relative to ice. However, the atmospheric effects of this would be immediate with only a slight lag in the seawater effects, and the LS-LIS remained near the western coast from 8.4 to 8.0 ka with only minor inland retreat until ∼7.4 to 7.6 ka when it rapidly retreated.
Another possible explanation for the abrupt rise in ELA involves the persistence of ice over eastern Keewatin, west of Hudson Bay, and Foxe Basin, north of Hudson Bay (Fig. 1), which would produce a regional high pressure system that could deflect the summer westerlies south of the LS-LIS. Accordingly, the northward migration of this seasonally warm air mass following deglaciation of Keewatin and Foxe Basin could have caused the rapid rise in ELA. However, the timing of ice retreat in Keewatin is poorly constrained by only four minimum limiting radiocarbon dates, three of which are far removed from the ice margin (Dyke 2004), and the corresponding chronology of deglaciation (sometime after 8.0 to 6.8 cal ka BP) is indistinguishable from that of the LS-LIS. The deglaciation of Foxe Basin is constrained by 11 minimum limiting radiocarbon dates, with retreat commencing after 7.8 cal ka BP and complete by 7.45 to 6.8 cal ka BP, also indistinguishable from that of the LS-LIS (Dyke 2004).
We modeled the inferred response of the LS-LIS to a rise in the ELA using a positive-degree-day model that calculates ice thickness (h in meters) as a function of the difference between the original ice thickness (h0 in meters) and net mass balance bn (in m yr−1), which depends on the ice thickness h and time (t in years):
We initialize the ice thickness (2320 m) to be the same as that determined by an ice sheet model (Licciardi et al. 1998). Mass balance increases linearly with elevation and decreases linearly with time as more ice (lower albedo and rougher surface than snow) is exposed. The model does not include ice dynamics, which would cause faster draw down of the ice surface, making this model a conservative treatment of the deglaciation process. Using reasonable bn values for an ice sheet without an accumulation zone (−5 to −15 m yr−1 at the terminus increasing to −0.1 m yr−1 at 2320-m ice thickness), the model suggests that the LS-LIS could have melted within 860 ± 170 yr (Fig. 4), in good agreement with the estimated retreat time based on our Monte Carlo simulations of the 10Be ages and the linear fit to the ages (Fig. 3a).
Simulations with numerical climate models indicate that removal of the LIS would induce warming over eastern North America to northern Europe (Mitchell et al. 1988; Pollard et al. 1998; Renssen et al. 2005). In support of this, paleoclimate records show a delayed onset of the Holocene Thermal Maximum (HTM) between 7 and 6 cal ka BP over central and northeastern North America and southern Greenland, lagging behind the HTM onset in Alaska, Arctic Canada, and northern Greenland of 11.0 to 8.0 cal ka BP (Kaufman et al. 2004; Kaplan and Wolfe 2006). This indicates that the remnant LIS delayed the insolation-induced HTM across the western Atlantic and lower Arctic latitudes by up to 4000 yr relative to the insolation maximum at ∼11 ka BP (Fig. 3b) through the attendant cooling associated with its high albedo.
Our results also suggest that rapid melting of the LS-LIS between 8.0 and 6.8 10Be ka and most likely between 7.4 and 6.8 10Be ka may be the primary source for a postulated interval of rapid global sea level rise of ∼5 m that occurred sometime between 7.6 to 6.5 cal ka BP (Fig. 3) (Blanchon and Shaw 1995). Blanchon and Shaw (1995) attributed this meltwater pulse (mwp) to an Antarctic source, but, at least for the West Antarctic Ice Sheet, ice sheet thinning did not accelerate until after 7.0 cal ka BP (Conway et al. 1999; Stone et al. 2003), indicating that this ice sheet did not contribute significantly to the event. The exact timing and rate of this mwp is uncertain, with coral data from Tahiti indicating that the event occurred between 7.6 to 6.9 cal ka BP at a rate of ∼10 mm yr−1 (Bard et al. 1996; Montaggioni et al. 1997), whereas coral data from the Caribbean (Lighty et al. 1982) suggest it occurred between 7.0 to 6.5 cal ka BP at a rate of >45 mm yr−1 (Blanchon and Shaw 1995) (Fig. 3). Nevertheless, within dating uncertainties, our data suggest that the period of rapid melting of the LS-LIS would have contributed ∼3 m (Licciardi et al. 1998) to the mwp. The additional 2 m of sea level rise during this period may be mainly sourced from the Keewatin sector, which deglaciated by 8.0 to 6.8 cal ka BP (Dyke 2004), and the Baffin Island/Foxe Basin sector of the LIS (Dyke 2004; Miller et al. 2005). Any additional sea level rise after 7.0 cal ka BP must then be attributed to the continued deglaciation of Antarctica (Stone et al. 2003) and the ∼1 m of sea level rise remaining in the Baffin Island/Foxe Basin sector (Licciardi et al. 1998), which continued to deglaciate through the remainder of the Holocene (Miller et al. 2005).
The disappearance of the LS-LIS at 6.8 ± 0.2 10Be ka is coincident with the initiation of Labrador "Deep Seawater" (LDSW) formation at ∼7.0 cal ka BP (Hillaire-Marcel et al. 2001). We postulate that melting of the LS-LIS up to 6.8 10Be ka may have freshened and stratified the Labrador Sea, thus preventing the formation of LDSW (Cottet-Puinel et al. 2004). The enhanced freshwater flux associated with the final rapid melting may be recorded by a light planktonic foraminifer δ18O anomaly in the Labrador Sea (Fig. 3) (Hillaire-Marcel et al. 2001). The subsequent disappearance of the majority of the LIS allowed the establishment of a more saline surface water mass in the Labrador Sea ∼7.0 cal ka BP (Solignac et al. 2004), which would allow convection and LDSW formation. Retreat of the Greenland ice sheet (GIS) may also have contributed to freshening of the Labrador Sea, but this is likely of a much smaller magnitude because the glacial–interglacial adjustment of the GIS was largely complete by the early Holocene (∼10 to 8 cal ka BP) (Bennike and Björck 2002). The initiation of LDSW and attendant heat dissipation to the atmosphere may then have been an important feedback to the warming associated with the HTM in eastern Canada and Greenland.
We thank A. Carlson for help in the field, and F. Anslow, L. Ersek, B. Goehring, K. Lake, and V. Rinterknecht for discussions and help in the lab. Reviews by M. Kaplan, J. Licciardi, S. Marshall, and one anonymous reviewer greatly improved the manuscript. This research was supported by grants from NSF (BCS-0402325, A.E.C. and P.U.C.) and GSA (A.E.C.). Tandetron operation is supported by the IN2P3 and INSU divisions of the CNRS.
Citation: Journal of Climate 20, 20; 10.1175/JCLI4273.1
Sample characteristics, 10Be concentration, scaling factors, age, and error. All samples were 1 cm thick. An attenuation length of 150 g cm−2 and density of 2.8 g cm−3 were used to scale sample thickness; 50 g of pure quartz was dissolved for each sample. Measured blanks yielded no counts and were thus assumed negligible relative to measured concentrations. One-sigma error is calculated from counting statistics and 5% machine error.


One of those passage is by James, one by Peter, and one by Paul.
James speaks of various trials and notice he says "when" not "if." Trials come in various colours and shades. Some are a light grey, like an irritation or a disappointment. This passage applies to all kinds of trials, from little annoyances which are part of everyday experience to the most severe suffering. From financial pressures, to injustice and oppression, disputes with believers, disputes with those who don't believe.
Prejudice, gossip, illness and even death. When trials arrive, the believer is told to "consider it all joy." Well it sure doesn't mean that you're going to find what you're going through fun, in any way. But he is saying, "Make up your mind to consider this trial as something about which you should approach with expectation". Something which presents itself as an opportunity for spiritual growth and maybe even a sign of God's favour.
The Greek word for "testing" of your faith means not only tested but, "approved." A bit like a manufacturer may run a product on a testing bench in order to prove that when sold it will do a task without failing because it has been proved to be reliable. James is talking about an approved faith, that is, a faith that has been found to be fit for purpose.
God will uses this type of faith to bring His children to spiritual maturity, either to develop something already in us that we will need more of in the future or to either add something to our character we currently lack.
That's the insight James offers on the challenges of the spiritual life.
Like James, Peter writes also about "various trials." He uses the same Greek word as James did for various, which means "many different coloured trails." The background events to what is being written here in Peter 1st letter was the news of growing opposition and persecution of believers in Asia Minor. Modern day Turkey Hostility and superstition were mounting and these believers were being slandered and attacked because of their faith (1 Pet. 3:14-15). They were also hated because of their decision to withdraw from what they considered the sinful practices of sacrificing to the Roman Gods or even the Emperor. Peter tells us, they were facing charges of disloyalty to the state. (1 Pet. 2:13-17). However, the startling point Peter makes is that when believers are grieved by all kinds of trials they are to "rejoice!" That seem counter intuitive to me. But we are told the same in Matthew where it says "Rejoice and be exceedingly glad, for great is your reward in heaven". Our faith is more valuable than gold we are told. The choice of using gold as an illustration is deliberate because gold is tested and refined to reach higher and higher states of purity. Trials may indeed bring us to the end of ourselves however in doing so they may force us to depend on the Lord.
The faith that is developed will be rewarded, and the reward will be praise, honour, and glory at the Judgment Seat of Christ. We will stand before the Lord and hear that approval spoken out directly from the Lord Himself when he says, "well done, good and faithful servant" (Matt. 25:21; 1 Cor. 4:5). Pain endured now, produces approval and acclaim later. So that's what Peter and James say, so what about Paul.
The Greek word translated "tribulations" in the KJV, or Suffering here in the NIV actually means "pressure" and is used figuratively of any distress, affliction, physical hardship, or sufferings. Today we would use the word "stress ", in a similar way. This sort of situation can be dangerous for us because it often provokes complaints, griping, and even grumblings against the Lord. It is not the trial itself that produces the perseverance it's our reaction to it. It is the effect or our faith remaining firm through that trial which produces endurance.
Believers can rejoice in trials because they know that if they trust God and endure, they will grow to spiritual maturity today and receive glory in the future. James, Peter, and Paul are all saying the same in slightly different ways.
In his book Straight from the Gut, the autobiography of Jack Welch, one the 20th centuries richest and most successful industrialists he tells of growing up as a devoted Irish-Catholic. He was an altar boy, and, as an adult, his religion was so important to him that he was known to travel more than an hour to attend mass every Sunday. However, his commitment to faith changed the day his mother died of a heart attack. He writes, "I felt cheated, angry, and mad at God for taking my mother away." He claims still to believe in a God of sorts, but says he lost his heart for religion that day and no longer attends church. For him, his faith was not something that endured the trials of life.
20 years late he produced an even better translation of the scripture in the regional language.
There are two ways in which we may be brought to our knees before the lord, in this life It might be the mountaintop, or it might be the valley. On the mountaintop we might overwhelmed by God's presence, and that's a wonderful thing. In the valley we may feel overwhelmed by his absence. However, both places God may use to bring us to our knees. One, in utter awe, the other, in utter dependence, and both events can be a wonderful thing. Either situation is OK if we remain faithful to Him.


Tightly-woven loops of 100% plush terry cotton make this robe gorgeously soft, absorbent and durable. And it's the perfect weight bath robe – never too hot, never too light. Details include two front pockets, a hanging loop, and a self-fabric belt. A full shawl collar and adjustable turn-back cuffs add a touch of luxury.


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About SAP SE / SAP News Center / Ecosystem
Why Businesses are Shifting to Buying Software Online
November 18, 2019 by SAP News
WALLDORF — SAP SE (NYSE: SAP) today said a new survey showed that more than 80 percent of organizations no longer use the calendar to time their enterprise software solution purchases.
The results of the survey, conducted by Futurum Research and sponsored by SAP, identify industry shifts in business-to-business (B2B) buyer expectations and preferences.
"B2B buying is at a turning point," said Sharon Ruddock, head, SAP Digital Commerce group, SAP. "Companies are moving away from traditional enterprise-buying habits in search of speed, transparency and simplicity on digital channels. SAP is ensuring our customers experience the most convenient, frictionless buying process as they engage in digital commerce on the online marketplaces SAP offers. With our digital resources, including SAP Store, SAP App Center and SAP.com, customers can easily discover, try and buy software solutions online."
About 1,000 B2B decision-makers from small to enterprise-level companies across 11 major industries responded to the survey. Notable findings include:
Strategic business initiatives are driving the shift towards digital B2B buying.
Almost half (49 percent) of the respondents cited moving to the cloud as the leading motivation in their shift to digital buying.
Supporting the needs of digital transformation efforts is also driving this change in buyer behavior, with 48 percent indicating the importance of shifting to digital purchasing.
Cutting costs and operational efficiency play a large role. Over 43 percent and 36 percent, respectively, highlighted these factors as key motivations for the move to online buying.
Customers want more transparency and freedom in their buying process.
Nearly 90 percent of respondents said they consider product trials to be an important feature in their digital buying process.
Eighty-five percent of businesses rated one-on-one online product and video product demos as very important when digitally buying enterprise software solutions.
Four out of five organizations noted that paid proofs of concept are important factors in making their digital purchasing decisions.
B2B customers are motivated by the ease and pace of B2C shopping.
Two-thirds of respondents cited time and resource efficiency as a primary reason for making enterprise software purchases online. About 45 percent cited convenience.
Forty-three percent noted operational speed as a principal motivator. About 37 percent named simplicity and less friction as top motivators.
"Consumers have become accustomed to simple online one-click buying in their personal lives, and now business purchasers want that level of simplicity and convenience to translate to their professional lives as well," said Daniel Newman, CEO, Futurum Research. "Enterprise software providers must adhere to this consumerization of B2B sales or risk losing out on deals as a result of outdated and lengthy purchase cycles. Committing to this evolution, SAP is leading the charge in digital buying, giving customers the assets they need to purchase software simply, the way they prefer – online."
About the 2019 B2B Digital Buyers' Journey Study
SAP sponsored Futurum Research's study, which included responses from approximately 1,000 decision-makers, business unit leaders, IT leaders and enterprise software buyers. They work for companies ranging from fewer than 500 employees to over 50,000 employees and across 11 major industries in North America, Brazil, the United Kingdom, Germany, France and China. The study was conducted in the spring and summer of 2019.
For more information and to access a full copy of the findings, please visit 2019 B2B Digital Buyers' Journey: Trends, Challenges and Predictions.
Access free software trials and buy software from SAP and its partners online at the SAP Store site, SAP App Center and SAP.com. Follow the SAP Digital Commerce group on Twitter at @SAPDigital.
Visit the SAP News Center. Follow SAP on Twitter at @SAPNews.
As the Experience Company powered by the Intelligent Enterprise, SAP is the market leader in enterprise application software, helping companies of all sizes and in all industries run at their best: 77% of the world's transaction revenue touches an SAP system. Our machine learning, Internet of Things (IoT), and advanced analytics technologies help turn customers' businesses into intelligent enterprises. SAP helps give people and organizations deep business insight and fosters collaboration that helps them stay ahead of their competition. We simplify technology for companies so they can consume our software the way they want – without disruption. Our end-to-end suite of applications and services enables more than 437,000 business and public customers to operate profitably, adapt continuously, and make a difference. With a global network of customers, partners, employees, and thought leaders, SAP helps the world run better and improve people's lives. For more information, visit www.sap.com.
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SAP Press Room; press@sap.com
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text:
Run AOC: fun run or 'fund' run?
Queens Ledger
Apr 30, 2019 | 9795 views | 0 | 1373 | |
Former AOC challenger Anthony Pappas lurks in the background...
...and was eventually escorted out by police.
ALL PHOTOS: WALTER KARLING
Sometimes trouble follows you, and sometimes you bring it upon yourself. Both happened to Congresswoman Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez on Saturday in Astoria.
First, the trouble she could have avoided. Ocasio-Cortez hosted an event that was billed as "a Family Fun Run supporting U.S. Congresswoman Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez's Green New Deal" in Astoria Park.
Nearly 400 runners ponied up $30 to take part in the event, with kids paying $20 each to run in a kids' 1K. More than $11,000 was raised.
What was apparently not clear to runners was that the event was actually a campaign fundraiser for Ocasio-Cortez, with many participants under the impression their money was going to be used to help save the planet.
A legal disclosure on a website promoting the fun run informs participants that the registration fees are contributions to "AOC for Congress" and subject to Federal Election Commission rules.
Which means some people may have inadvertently broken election laws, which prohibit parents from contributing their own funds in their child's name. So unless that three-year-old running the kids' 1K paid their entry fee from their allowance, their parents may have – technically – broken the law.
All of which could have been avoided if the campaign had made it more clear that is was a fundraiser for AOC, and not necessarily for her Green New Deal directly.
Needless to say the story made national headlines, and AOC continues to find herself in the middle of the spotlight.
And then there's the kind of trouble that follows you. A disheveled Anthony Pappas showed up at the event looking to speak with the freshman congresswoman.
Pappas, you probably don't remember, ran as a Republican against AOC in the general election after her stunning primary defeat of then-congressman Joseph Crowley. Pappas only received about 13 percent of the vote.
The 72-year-old St. John's professor was carrying a Green New Deal bag and distributing copies of an eight-page manifesto he penned outlining his issues with the judicial system, primarily a lack of accountability for sitting justices.
That was a central theme of his campaign. When our editorial board sat down with him last year to discuss the issues, that was primarily all he wanted to talk about. Obviously, he feels like some judge done him wrong at some point in the past and won't let it go.
Staffers blocked Pappas from speaking with Ocasio-Cortez, and he was eventually escorted away by two police officers.
Just another day in the life of AOC!


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Will BT be the big winner from spectrum auction?
Communications minister Ed Vaizey has set the end of 2011 as the closing date for the auction of so-called 4G spectrum.
Ian Grant
Communications minister Ed Vaizey has set the end of 2011 as the closing date for the auction of so-called 4G spectrum. The question is whether the government will make the same mistakes as it did in 2000, when it extracted £26.4bn from investors for 3G, starving the network operators of cash to build their networks quickly, thus slowing delivery of fast cheap access to customers.
A spokesman for communications regulator Ofcom, which will design and run the auction, said the government was keen to see competition based on "features".
"This is not all about cash (generation)," he said.
Likely bidders
Nominally the UK has five mobile network operators: they are Vodafone, O2, Orange, T-Mobile and 3UK. But this is misleading in two ways. Orange and T-Mobile are being merged by their parent companies, France Telecom and Deutsche Telekom respectively. Together they will form the largest single UK operator, with about 29.5 million customers.
Spokesmen for the firms say they will keep both brands, for the time being, as they provide different market propositions.
There are also a number of mobile virtual network operators, led by Virgin Mobile, Tesco and BT, which resell capacity on the operators' physical networks. According to Ofcom, these operators hold about 13% of the market.
Shared infrastructure
More important is the fact that the mobile network operators have been allowed to share infrastructure. Vodafone and O2 have palled up, as have Orange and T-Mobile, dragging in 3UK through its prior roaming arrangement with Orange.
"The net effect, for practical purposes, is that the UK has only two physical mobile networks," says Vodafone UK CTO Jeni Mundy.
Having only two bidders in an auction is unlikely to maximise the money the government would like to be able to take from the deal, so it has specifically instructed Ofcom to assess likely future competition in mobile markets, before and after the auction. "The competition assessment shall include consideration of the potential for new entry into those markets," it said.
What Ofcom won't say is whether it will consider the idea of a regulated infrastructure supplier, similar to BT's Openreach, for the mobile industry. A spokesman deferred such questions until after Ofcom completes its assessment.
Stefan Zehle, chief executive of Coleago Consulting, a specialist telecoms consultancy, said the recent 4G spectrum in Germany provides a benchmark for the UK.
"After the merger of Orange and T-Mobile the UK will also have four mobile operators, the same as Germany. However, in the UK we may have a new entrant, BT, bidding for spectrum. This may increase prices," he said.
BT declined to comment on whether it would bid, or even whether it would consider bidding. However, it has a track record of interfering with spectrum negotiations, has trialled wireless broadband in rural areas, and recently tied up with radio signal distributor Arqiva to offer "long range radio" specifically for the national smart meter project.
So, would BT pitch to run the nation's fixed and mobile communications infrastructure?
It has already earmarked £2.5bn to provide fibre connections to exchanges that serve some two-thirds of the population. Fibre for backhaul to their core networks is precisely what the mobile network operators need, especially as smartphone usage grows, along with the traffic they generate.
The smartphone effect
In Ofcom's 2009 market survey, sales of smartphones were picking up, both in units terms and as a percentage of total sales: unit sales had reached 1. 23 million, almost 16% of sales.
Recent figures from Nokia, the world's biggest mobile phone maker, suggest that smartphones are now 25% of sales.
Ofcom also found that 80% of iPhone users accessed browser services, and more than half used downloaded apps to access information. As the other smartphone operators build up their online stores and stocks of apps and content, their customers will start to copy iPhone users.
Mundy says the rise in content traffic is one thing, but smartphones also deliver a huge boost to the amount of signalling traffic on the network as they poll for e-mail updates and other alerts. According to Cisco, global mobile data traffic will double every year through 2014 to reach 3.6 exabytes per month by 2014.
As a result, network operators are desperate for more frequencies to cope with the rise in traffic volumes. They also need the extra capacity to deliver new, data-rich services such as streamed video, which they need to shore up margins that regulators are eroding.
But if they could offload that traffic to a nearby fibre network, their need for more bandwidth would fall, cutting how much they would pay for spectrum.
So, how much are they prepared to pay?
The German government received €4.38bn (£3.73bn) for its 800MHz frequencies, or an average of €0.73 per MHz per head of population. This was less than a quarter of the €3.41 ($4.17) per MHz per head that the US government managed to get for its auction in the comparable 700MHz band, and less than half what some expected the auction to deliver. Coleago says the average price for 4G frequencies was even lower, €0.15 or $0.19 (see table). In total, this was one-twelfth of the £24.6bn UK mobile network operators paid for 3G spectrum.
Zehle accepts that the 4G auctions will go ahead, but he argues that mobile network operators should resist future government invitations to bid for more spectrum. Scarce bandwidth would allow operators to raise prices for guaranteed traffic, shore up margins, give investors a better return, and possibly attract new entrants, he says.
The next 18 months promises to see all these issues explored thoroughly. The process is likely to test, severely if not to destruction, the coalition government's commitment to free markets.
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LG / Google Nexus 5 Photos Show Up At The FCC: Fully Assembled, Not For Sale [IMAGES]
By Aatif | September 13th, 2013
FCC is proving to be the Leaky Cauldron these days (Harry Potter fan, anyone?), with respect to shedding more light on upcoming devices, especially when it comes to something as big as the (possible) new Nexus 5 from LG. Just recently, the agency has published (perhaps unintentionally) a series of what appears to be the internal and external photos of the new Nexus 5 Android smartphone as a joint venture between Google & LG.
The device appears remarkably similar to what we saw accidentally showcased in an official video from Google that promoted the upcoming version of the Big G's mobile operating system, Android 4.4 KitKat. It also conforms to what a last-week Nexus 5 specs leak suggested, again from FCC, regarding what the new device might contain inside its beautiful exterior.
The FCC posted images were discovered, ironically, within a filing for a Verizon version of the LG G2, which the company had filed for a "class 2 permissive change" to the original entry, which were meant to introduce and approve a few necessary hardware changes. However, the resulting photos that were published by the FCC clearly showcased a device that is most definitively not the Verizon G2, but rather, more similar to what we saw in the earlier leaks for the possible Nexus 5.
While neither LG nor Google have even announced a new Nexus phone for this year, there are certain indicators out there that it might be more than just a hypothesis. For one, the Nexus 4 is approaching its one-year anniversary, and generally, in the smartphone world of today, that usually signals that a successor might be close. Furthermore, we've now seen two leaks – one, an official KitKat video from Google showcasing a not-seen-before Nexus branded phone, and the other one being an FCC leak that indicated a really high-end flagship – that are a very good sign of something being in works.
There is also the fact that Android 4.4 KitKat will not be just an incremental upgrade, but rather a new major version, and if the amount of marketing that Google and Nestle / Hershey are putting behind the new collaboration is indicator of anything, it would be a shame to not get a new Nexus phone alongside the release. Let's see if the leaks materialize into something real.
(Source: FCC)
Google & KitKat – Four Fingers, Two Videos And One Nexus 5 Leak
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text:
Musicians prepare to take the field for competitive season
Photo submitted
Junior Jonathan Petesch plays his flute during the band's field show before the homecoming football game on Sept. 11. Their first competition was on Sept. 26, where they took first place.
Jordan Plybon, Staff Writer
During halftime of football games, another team takes the field. The marching band has also started their competitive season with their first field competition on Saturday, Sept. 26. The band brought back first place from the Smith Cotton contest.
The band's field show this year includes performing to the songs "Uptown Funk" by Bruno Mars, "And I'm Telling You I'm Not Going," from the movie Dreamgirls, and "Want You Back" by Jackson 5.
"We have practiced very hard to get where we are today," said senior Austin Reynolds. Reynolds, along with senior Claudia Schmitz are the drum majors.
Band had a camp over the summer from Aug. 3 to 20 from 6-9 pm. Now, they practice four days a week from seven to eight in the morning.
They have to practice very hard because they have to learn three pieces of music in very little time.
Just like any sport, band is a family, and they all need each other.
"They are my homies," said sophomore Naomi Meyers.
Even though the band practices can be very stressful, it can also be fun.
"It's fun because it's like we are all one big happy family," said sophomore Emily Stantorf.
In band, there are many different roles they play, from instrumentalist, to drum major to color guard. They all have to work together to create their show.
There is a lot of work done in band and it could be a very good skill to have when they older.
"You can get scholarships from good colleges," freshman Chloe Lux said.
There are many sacrifices made to be a part of the band.
"Many of our volleyball girls are going to miss the first game in one of our tournaments because they have a band competition," said freshman Abby Foster.
They also have limit your priorities so you can attend all the band camps, practices, and performances. Band takes a lot of time and work.
Jordan Plybon is a freshman and this is her first year writing for The Wildcat. She is involved in basketball and pep club. She enjoys cooking, playing...
Tiami Conwell
This is Tiami Conwell's first year on the newspaper staff. Conwell is a freshman interested in the elements of newspaper production, especially editorial cartoon artwork. Conwell is very interested...


text:
How indie rock's next big thing became yesterday's news
Photo by Timothy Mahoney.
Out this week, filmmaker Sally Irvine's documentary Days Like These follows the short-lived career of one of Indie Rock's best kept secrets. We spoke with her about the film and the band's history.
Rhode Island's Scarce was shot out of a cannon in 1994 and became a band that every record label had to sign, only a few months after forming. They recorded a stellar debut and took to the road, following their seemingly pre-destined path to superstardom. The series of events that followed confounds anyone who's ever been a fan.
You've talked to quite a few Scarce fans. Can you describe how people feel about the band and the music they've made? I would imagine it's quite passionate.
Very. Somebody even said that seeing them again after all of these years was like a religious experience. I interviewed an assortment of people, including other musicians like Kristin Hersh (Throwing Muses) and Joe Lally (Fugazi), all of whom said amazing things.
How did you end up choosing this as a documentary subject?
I went to see them when they played a one-off show in London late last year. Joyce gave me a copy of her book and we got talking about making a feature film out of it, which was too expensive of an idea. I'm an independent filmmaker. So I suggested that we make a documentary.
I saw the band on their way up, at the CBGB's show that landed them a deal. Do you get the impression that, at the time, they were as surprised as anyone by all of the sudden attention?
Yes. They'd only been a band for a couple of months and they recorded The Red Sessions in a week. There was this huge, fast rise to fame.
If you listen to Deadsexy now, it might seem impossible that this is a record which could have a commercial life. But if you put it in the perspective of the time it makes sense; bands like Mudhoney were in Rolling Stone, Smashing Pumpkins had taken distortion mainstream…there was a definite feeling that even if it wasn't Deadsexy that did it, Scarce would definitely hit it on the next album. Would you agree?
Photo: lfletcher
I would have thought so. Their music was a lot more thoughtful and intelligent than what some bands were chucking out. They always had something that was just a bit different. Even how they dressed – everyone else was in ripped jeans and here they were all dressed up. The album doesn't sound at all dated now.
Then everything went wrong. For the uninitiated, can you encapsulate what happened to the band around 1995, right as they were about to click?
They got picked up by A&M, after being chased by 24 record labels. Everyone wanted to sign them. Then there was a big holdup of a year because Chick was previously signed to Sire and Sire Records sued him. They couldn't play, they couldn't tour – they were just left holding on for a year.
They finally settled for something like $90,000 and then their drummer left. They had to re-record the album with a new drummer. They went through about four or five drummers before Joe and the day after he started Chick had a brain hemmorage.
Chick and Joyce. Photo: lfletcher
He was in hospital for two or three months. They went back on the road even though Chick wasn't in a good place – his balance was funny and he couldn't hear properly. They were under pressure from the label. He and Joyce ended up fighting and the band just fell apart.
I'm wondering how you approached all of this in the documentary. It's a really sad, tragic story. Was it difficult to find some kind of inspirational arc? I mean, essentially, it's like watching a ship sink.
I was very conscious about this and I wanted to approach it objectively. The beginning is about their rise to fame, then into all of the shit that happened to them. But I have made sure that the end is pretty positive, because they're back and people seem to be so pleased.
What do they make of all of this?
They can't believe the reaction they're getting. I don't think they planned to make a comeback. They just got back together because they like playing together. They've been quite astonished by the reaction they've gotten.
Did you talk to the band about their lives post-Scarce?
Yes. Joyce and Joe played together for a little while but that didn't work out. Chick never stopped playing. He was playing bars in Providence and toured Europe. Joyce got married, had a family and wrote the book. When I interviewed Joe, he said that he'd had a feeling that one day they'd get back together. It took ten years.
I see that there are some shows in the UK. Can you explain how you're rolling out the movie a bit?
We're doing four dates in the UK. Each show is a support band who are Scarce fans, then the documentary and then Scarce will do a set. We'll then go over to The States and do a show in New York and Providence. We're hoping to do a much bigger US tour next year.
You've done a documentary on a band that's made only one album. I'm not sure that's ever been done before.
They may only have one album but they probably have one of the greatest stories of any band. It wasn't just one awful thing that happened to them. It was a whole series of tragedies. But they've still come back fighting.
Be sure to check out Nathan Larson of A-Camp's Five You've Never , in which he manages to discuss both Burt Lancaster and falafel. Also, feel free to stroll through Berlin's Ramones Museum and check out some of the best literal videos ever made.


'Astro Navigation Demystified' makes the art of astro navigation (also called celestial navigation) easy and enjoyable to learn. This large, comprehensive manual of astro navigation is written in plain language and as the title suggests, it seeks to dispel the aura of mystery which surrounds the subject. Astro Navigation Demystified was written by Jack Case, a retired naval officer who believes that astro navigation is not just for navigators; the subject is an interwoven mix of geography, astronomy, history and mathematics and should appeal to both mariners and scholars alike.
Astro Navigation Demystified is available in both paperback and e-book formats from Amazon.com Amazon.uk Amazon.de Amazon.in and other Amazon sites worldwide.
The e-book version can be read with Kindle, iPhone, iPad, PC and Mac platforms and will be downloaded automatically by Amazon to your device. A free Kindle Reading App can also be downloaded from Amazon.
David Clark, Master Mariner and Admiralty Pilot, says "This an ideal book for learning the art of astro navigation. It is perfect for navigation students, both professional and leisure orientated.


1st pair purchase of prescription glasses, reglaze, prescription sunglasses, sunglasses, contact lenses (inc. over the counter purchase and Complete Contact Care scheme).
2nd pair option must be for the same customer, to the same prescription and purchased within 30 days of the 1st pair option. Contact lenses cannot be used as both 1st & 2nd pair options.
2nd pair discount applies to lowest priced option, including lens trade ups. Valid with one additional purchase of prescription glasses, reglaze, prescription sunglasses, sunglasses and 3 months supply of contact lenses (over the counter purchase or Direct Debit) or 1 pair of specialist lenses.
Offer is available to both adults and children.
Not to be used in conjunction with any other offer, discount or promotion.
Available to NHS customers when voucher applied at face value. 2nd pair discount for children is applied to the children's NHS price. For adults purchasing from the children's range, the discount will be applied to the full retail price. NHS not applicable in Jersey.
Selected stores only, subject to availability.
This offer is only available when buying glasses, sunglasses or contact lenses in store.


text:
Definition of Thomson. Meaning of Thomson. Synonyms of Thomson
Here you will find one or more explanations in English for the word Thomson. Also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word Thomson and, of course, Thomson synonyms and on the right images related to the word Thomson.
Definition of Thomson
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Thomson process
Thomson process Thomson process [After Elihu Thomson, American inventor.] A process of electric welding in which heat is developed by a large current passing through the metal.
Thomsonian
Thomsonian Thom*so"ni*an, a. (Med.) Of or pertaining to Thomsonianism. -- n. A believer in Thomsonianism; one who practices Thomsonianism.
Thomsonianism
Thomsonianism Thom*so"ni*an*ism, n. (Med.) An empirical system which assumes that the human body is composed of four elements, earth, air, fire, and water, and that vegetable medicines alone should be used; -- from the founder, Dr. Samuel Thomson, of Massachusetts.
Thomsonite Thom"son*ite, n. [From R. D. Thomson, of Glasgow.] (Min.) A zeolitic mineral, occurring generally in masses of a radiated structure. It is a hydrous silicate of aluminia, lime, and soda. Called also mesole, and comptonite.
Meaning of Thomson from wikipedia
- Thomson may refer to: Thomson (surname), a list of people with this name and a description of its origin Thomson baronets, four baronetcies created for...
- Thomson Reuters Corporation (/ˈrɔɪtərz/) is a Canadian multinational m**** media and information firm. The firm was founded in Toronto, Ontario, Canada...
- William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin, OM, GCVO, PC, FRS, FRSE (26 June 1824 – 17 December 1907) was an Ulster Scots mathematical physicist and engineer who...
- Sir Joseph John Thomson OM PRS (18 December 1856 – 30 August 1940) was an English physicist and Nobel Laureate in Physics, credited with the discovery...
- Mickael "Mick" Gordon Thomson is an American heavy metal musician. Born in Des Moines, Iowa, he is best known as one of two guitarists in the band Slipknot...
- Lea Katherine Thompson (born May 31, 1961) is an American actress, director, and television producer. She is best known for her role as Lorraine Baines...
- In thermodynamics, the Joule–Thomson effect (also known as the Joule–Kelvin effect, Kelvin–Joule effect) describes the temperature change of a real gas...
- Joshua Joseph Thomson (born September 21, 1978) is an American mixed martial artist, currently signed to Bellator MMA, where he currently works as an...
- Lily Chloe Ninette Thomson (born 5 April 1989), known professionally as Lily James, is an English actress. She studied acting at the Guildhall School...
- separately identified effects: the Seebeck effect, Peltier effect, and Thomson effect. The Seebeck and Peltier effects are different manifestations of...
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text:
AI helpers aren't just for Facebook's Zuckerberg: Here's how to build your own
By Nick Heath in Innovation on January 4, 2016, 6:29 AM PST
Why you don't need to be Tony Stark to get started on creating your own digital assistant.
Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg wants his AI to be able to interact 'like a person'.
Image: Facebook
Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg has announced that 2016 will be the year he creates his own personal AI to look after his home and his family.
Zuckerberg wants to use the AI to control his home using his voice, to recognise friends and open the door for them and to help him check on his newborn daughter Max.
But while building your very own digital concierge seems like the preserve of billionaires like Zuckerberg, the tech needed to forge your own virtual assistant is increasingly available to everyone.
Today there are a growing number of online services that provide the tools such an AI would rely upon. To name a few: voice recognition is available through Amazon's Alexa Voice Service, facial and emotion recognition via Microsoft's Project Oxford, natural language processing for understanding what is said and written via IBM Watson Services, and machine learning via the Amazon Web Services and Microsoft Azure cloud platforms.
Not only are these services available to anyone but many are initially free for personal use, for instance Microsoft's Project Oxford allows developers to make 5,000 free calls a month to its computer vision API.
You also don't need be a programming genius to piece together a simple app drawing on these services, thanks to the availability of SDKs that let you get started using a range of programming languages. For instance, anyone with a reasonable knowledge of JavaScript and Node.js can put together a simple app that recognises people using Microsoft's Project Oxford face detection API, using this intuitive and freely available Node module.
To collect information on what you're saying and doing, an AI aide could also require sensors beyond those available on computers and phones. Building this home-made hardware isn't as tricky as it once was, with help available in the form of the IBM mBed IoT Starter Kit and other electronics aimed at amateur makers.
Alongside phone-centric assistants such as Google Now and Apple Siri, one of the first products to introduce voice-controlled services to the home has been the Amazon Echo smart speaker, which relies on the Amazon Alexa Voice Service at the back end. It's a product that Zuckerberg says he uses to choose music by voice when looking after his daughter. But he says the service is lacking in some regards and intends to build an assistant with a broader range of capabilities.
"In this case it means I'll be able to interact with it like a person: I'll talk to it, it can see me and my facial expressions, it'll be able to predict some of what I need ahead of time, etc.
"I'm very interested in using voice and face recognition to set lights and temperature as well depending on who is in what rooms, etc. For example, I like rooms colder than [my wife] Cilla, but it's possible to just see who is in what room and adjust the temperatures automatically."
Zuckerberg predicts his AI will be "kind of like Jarvis in Iron Man", again reinforcing the idea that DIY digital helpers are exclusive to super rich playboys. But you don't need to be Tony Stark to start hacking together an AI assistant, why not give it a go?
More on AI
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7 trends for artificial intelligence in 2016: 'Like 2015 on steroids'
Just in time for holiday shopping, e-commerce gets AI upgrade with IBM Watson
Our robot overlords, TechRepublic podcast 20
Python is eating the world: How one developer's side project became the hottest programming language on the planet
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By Nick Heath
Nick Heath is chief reporter for TechRepublic. He writes about the technology that IT decision makers need to know about, and the latest happenings in the European tech scene.
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Benjamin Park, Ph.D. Cambridge, "teaches history at the University of Missouri," and is "associate editor for [the new] Mormon Studies Review" (175), a publication of the Neal A. Maxwell Institute for Religious Scholarship at Brigham Young University (http://maxwellinstitute.byu.edu/). Since the administrators of the Maxwell Institute have selected Park to serve as associate editor for their new flagship publication, his views on Mormon Studies undoubtedly reflect the "new direction" the Institute wishes to pursue in their future publications. As such, Park's review essay, "The Book of Mormon and Early America's Political and Intellectual Tradition" (Journal of Book of Mormon Studies 23 (2014): 167-175), can perhaps serve as a mirror reflecting some of the assumptions undergirding this "new direction." My purpose here is not to evaluate the merits of his review, but to try to understand the presuppositions and methodological assumptions that Park brings to bear on the Book of Mormon and Mormon studies in general.
Park insists that "the Book of Mormon has mostly received a rather parochial academic framework" (167). Elsewhere he likewise pleads that "scholars of the Book of Mormon should [not] return to the parochial and exceptionalist framework that has so plagued Mormon studies in the past" (174). Alas, he does not tell us what this "parochial and exceptionalist framework" is, nor precisely how it has "plagued" Mormon studies. Equally enigmatically, he informs us that "now that the shackles of Mormon historiography's exclusive nature have been shed, the real work of contextualization and interpretation can begin" (175). What "shackles"? Again, he does not tell us. All we know is that things have at last changed for the better. Unfortunately, Park's comments in this vein can be taken as little more than rhetorical posturing, since he neither details what specific "parochial," things he believes have "plagued" Mormon studies, nor does he footnote specific scholars whose ideas have spread this plague of parochialism.
Let me offer some clarification. Park is using academic code language, which, though it may seem innocuous and opaque to an ordinary reader, nonetheless transmits a set of presuppositions and scholarly agenda to the initiated who share Park's world-view. It seems patently obvious that Park is referring, at least in part, to the traditional publications of the Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies, and the Maxwell Institute before the regime change that took place two and a half years ago in June 2012. It remains unclear, however, how a scholar, journal or even an institute publishing an article or book arguing for the historicity of the Book of Mormon can somehow "plague" or "shackle" all other scholars in an entire field. Did it really require the institutional dismantling of traditional historicity-based Book of Mormon studies at BYU to somehow free Park and other like-minded scholars from these invisible "shackles"? Apparently. Although again frustratingly vague, I suggest that by "exceptionalism" Park means claims that the Book of Mormon is an ancient revelation from God, rather than an ordinary human text of the early nineteenth century. Instead, Park apparently believes that we should view early Mormonism as unexceptional, in other words, just like everything else in the early nineteenth century.
Here Park conflates the very important and legitimate study of the reception history of the Book of Mormon with its original contextual history. Reception history is the study of how early Mormons and non-Mormons understood and interpreted the Book of Mormon after its publication in 1830, and how those interpretations have changed through time. Despite the shackles that have plagued Mormon studies for so long, such a study has actually been writen by Terryl Givens, and published by Oxford University Press (By the Hand of Mormon: The American Scripture that Launched a New World Religion, (Oxford, 2002)). Shackles should be made of sterner stuff. This reception history is indeed a part of "American intellectual and social history." Contextual history, on the other hand, is the study of the meaning of a book in the cultural, intellectual and religious context in which it was first written. As any student of the Bible knows, reception history and contextual history are two quite different things, and must be carefully distinguished. For example, studying the reception history of the King James translation of the Bible is an important field; but no one believes that understanding how early Englishmen and Americans understood the the King James translation of the Bible can tell us anything about the original meaning of the Bible for the author and audience some 1500 or more years earlier.
Now, unless a Ph.D. from Cambridge has become a grossly debased coin of the realm, I am quite confident that Park is aware of this important distinction. For him, however, it is a distinction without a difference. If the Book of Mormon was written by Joseph Smith in the late 1820s, its contextual history and its reception history are both set in the same "American intellectual and social history during the early republic." Park's approach must necessarily reject the historicity of the Book of Mormon. Otherwise, his numerous statements on the matter are simply incoherent. Thus, as an early nineteenth century document, the Book of Mormon is not an authentic revealed scriptural history of the visit of the risen Christ to a covenant people in America. Rather it is "just another voice in a rancorous chorus that had been filling the American religious amphitheater since the nation's founding" (169)—a concept he admits "might chop away at Mormonism's distinctive message" (169). Indeed.
Although often frustratingly vague, Park is never shy about affirming the nineteenth century origins of the Book of Mormon. He advocates "approaching the Book of Mormon as a way to examine an American problem" (171), something that is methodologically reasonable only if the Book of Mormon is an American book. He likewise feels we should use "the linguistic environment [of pseudobiblical literature in early America] order to contextualize the Book of Mormon" (172). Elsewhere he claims that "the Book of Mormon is best seen as one of many examples that embody the same cultural strains [of pseudobiblilcal literature]" (173). He praises Shalev for asking "new questions concerning the Book of Mormon's [early American] linguistic and political context" (173). He likewise lauds the "push to contextualize the Book of Mormon within America's revelatory heritage" (173). None of these methodological claims make any sense whatsoever unless one assumes that the Book of Mormon is an early nineteenth century book.
Many will no doubt applaud Dr. Park for his forthright presentation of his views on the ahistoricity of the Book of Mormon. Indeed, I find it quite refreshing after the all-to-frequent public obfuscations by many scholars regarding their rather obvious private rejection of the Book of Mormon's historicity. And, as an associate editor of the new Mormon Studies Review, Park's approach should help illuminate the intellectual underpinnings of the "new direction" undertaken by the Maxwell Institute administration some two and a half years. I'm delighted the Institute has at last had the courage to take a stand, even if indirectly, by publishing an article that presumes—rather than demonstrates or argues for—the inauthenticity and ahistoricity of LDS scripture.
Perhaps—as BYU's ongoing institutional acceptance and financial support for the "new direction" of the Maxwell Institute seems to indicate—now is the proper time for more LDS scholars to at last come out of the closet and publicly affirm their belief that the Book of Mormon is not the ancient scripture it claims to be, but is rather an early nineteenth century "pseudobiblical writing," that should be studied as part of "America's Political and Intellectual Tradition" (168). If so, I only ask that they do so clearly and unequivocally.
Dan Peterson has made some similar observations at his blog.


text:
Q: Can I convert an getElementbyId into a number to make a math operation in JavaScript? This is a basic calculator project. I am having trouble to return the result, after any button is clicked it returns NaN. It has something to do with the input and how it translate into a number, but ".value" doesn't seem to be working
html file:
<!DOCTYPE html>

    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
    <title>Calculator</title>
    <link rel="stylesheet" href="/style.css">

Calculator

    <input type="text" id="num1-el">
    <input type="text" id="num2-el">

    <button onclick="add()">Add</button>
    <button onclick="subtract()">Subtract</button>
    <button onclick="divide()">Divide</button>
    <button onclick="multiply()">Multiply</button>

Sum:

In the JS file I can see that the variables get the elements but it can't make a math operations with them, even with parseInt and .value
JavScript file:
let num1 = parseInt(document.getElementById("num1-el").value)
let num2 = parseInt(document.getElementById("num2-el").value)

let sum = document.getElementById("sum-el")

let operation

function add() {
    operation = num1 + num2;
    sum.textContent += operation + " | ";
}

function subtract() {
    operation = num1 - num2;
    sum.textContent += operation + " | ";
}

function divide() {
    operation = num1 / num2;
    sum.textContent += operation + " | ";
}

function multiply() {
    operation = num1 * num2;
    sum.textContent += operation + " | ";
}

Can someone help with this please? Thank you!
ps: This is my first question in stack overflow and english is not my first language, so I apologize in advance for any basic mistake

A: When the script runs, num1 and num2 get their values just one first time, and both would be undefined. Therefor when you click the buttons and trigger functions, all results would be NaN.
Try this way:
let num1, num2

function getNumbers() {
    num1 = parseInt(document.getElementById("num1-el").value)
    num2 = parseInt(document.getElementById("num2-el").value)
}

function add() {
    getNumbers();
    operation = num1 + num2;
    sum.textContent += operation + " | ";
}

/* other functions */

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Last weekend, I found myself sitting in my car, staring at a feeder outside a house in Pouch Cove (~25 minutes from my own house) — for the third time that week. I was waiting for a visitor that eluded me the previous two trips, and starting to feel that my newest nemesis bird was about to have the last laugh yet again.
Then it happened … a female NORTHERN CARDINAL flew in out of nowhere, landed on the feeder for a few brief seconds, then disappeared behind a tangle of bare twigs in a nearby shrub. It was a brisk -25C (windchill) outside, but I rolled down my window, watched and snapped off some really poor photos during the next few minutes. It was rarely unobscured by something (branches, twigs, snow or even the feeder), but it was there — and it was a long-awaited "tick" on my Newfoundland bird list!
Northern Cardinals are surprisingly rare in Newfoundland. There was just one (undocumented) record prior to 2005 when one over-wintered on the island's Great Northern Peninsula, and just two more confirmed records in the following ten years. However, the past few months may have signalled a change to that claim, as there have been more records (at least five!) this fall and winter than ever before. In fact, two (one male, one female) have been frequenting feeders on the Burin Peninsula for the past few months. This female in Pouch Cove is the easternmost so far, and close enough to St. John's that most of the local birders (like me!) have been able to add it to their coveted lists.
Ten days prior to seeing this extreme Northern Cardinal (perhaps the most northeastern record ever?), I was watching another at the very opposite end of its breeding range – in the decidedly warmer weather (+30C) of northern Belize! And while I have only poor photos of both to share, I have the very cool memory of seeing them at their extremes this February!
I was leading an Eagle-Eye Tours trip in Ontario (Point Pelee, Rondeau, Long Point & Algonquin) when I first heard the news … a brilliant adult PURPLE GALLINULE was discovered roaming on the Waterford River in St. John's – just minutes from my house!! Despite the fact I was enjoying awesome birds & birding in some wonderful places, there was still a sting to knowing I was missing such a great bird on my home "patch".
As luck should have it, this colourful visitor from the south decided to stick around — and I arrived home in plenty of time to catch up with it on May 16. What a stunner!
After missing this bird on my first attempt to see it on May 15, I was very happy to spot this bright purple head poking out of the grass the following morning. What a sight in urban St. John's!
After a few minutes, this beautiful bird graced me by wandering out of the grass to forage along the river bank, sometimes in plain view and other times disappearing into the grass. It was wary, but not frightened by my presence as I sat quietly nearby.
Purple Gallinules are residents of marshes and other grassy wetlands from the southern United States to South America, so very much out of place on a river in eastern Newfoundland. In fact, before this I had only seen this species in Honduras and Trinidad & Tobago! This individual may have arrived on strong southerly winds of late April, which also brought warm weather and numerous herons/egret to Newfoundland at that time. With its secretive habits, it could easily have went unnoticed for the next few weeks until it was reported by some fishermen on May 12. It seems to be healthy and doing well, still present as of at least May 23 (although I imagine it has struggled with the cold weather of the past 24 hrs as I write this).
Surprisingly, the gallinule even flew up and perched in a tree above the river for several minutes – something I haven't heard other observers report during its nearly two weeks so far. What a wonderful experience!
Incredibly, Purple Gallinule is a more regular vagrant to our shores than you might expect. This bird represents ~30th record for the island, but the first that has "chasable" by local birders and/or has been seen for more than one day. Most records are in late fall or winter, and the majority of those immature birds that are more prone to vagrancy. Many have been found moribund or already succumbed to the elements and its long journey north. A bright spring adult was a real treat — and a great "welcome home" surprise after my own wanderings!