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They're not getting it
Earlier in November 2009, I was a guest on a talk-TV show, Goldhawk Live (Rogers). The host Dale Goldhawk, posed the question: "Road tolls: are you for or against?"
There were two live guests, myself, an advocate of pricing all road-use at the marginal rate needed to manage congestion, and Jim Kenzie, a respected and awarded automotive journalist and car racer. Mr Kenzie is not an advocate of road tolling.
Mr Goldhawk also pre-arranged two phone in-guests: Marty Collier a local transport consultant and long-time road pricing advocate who runs an annual conference here in Toronto, and Economics Professor Harry Kitchen, author of "Financing Public Transit and Transportation in the Greater Toronto Area and Hamilton: Future Initiatives," (2008).
Clearly, the guest deck was stacked three to one against Mr Kenzie.
When asked to explain the new-generation tolling technology, I briefly explained that it metered all road use and parking use, compared that use to an internal database of charging information for the purpose of road tolling, parking payment and pay-as-you-go insurance. I explained that location information was not permitted to leave the vehicle and that the device I had brought to the show shielded privacy to conform with international data privacy standards, which demand that location data not leave the vehicle.
Mr Kenzie's position was the usual "we already pay way too many taxes, this is just more government intrusion that is no different than 'big brother' ". He also pointed out that automotive emissions were so little that they should not be considered further in the global warming issue. Then he said that gas tax should absolutely be raised, contradicting his comment re "way too many taxes" only a minute before.
My position was that all roads should be tolled at a few cents per kilometer to replace fuel tax and to manage congestion and emissions. That long trips should pay more than short trips, and that peak-hour trips would cost more than non-peak-hour trips. I also criticized tolling "just the Don Valley and the Gardiner" as that forced people commuting from East and North East to pay (for example) $8 subsidizing those using the 401 and 427 (for free) coming from the North West. (I did not have a chance to describe the mess this would make of traffic on parallel streets and arteries.)
Mr Collier's position was that road tolling (as well as pay-as-you-go insurance) was important for people to become conscious of the costs of their travel choices, that pay-as-you-go transportation sent 'pricing signals' to commuters, some of whom would make better choices thereby benefiting everyone, including those who continued driving on now-less-congested roads. (While this is an accurate description of the use of tax structures to influence choice – another example is tobacco taxes – this seemed to go over the head of at least one caller who resorted to describing Mr Collier as a "ding-dong".)
Prof. Kitchen pointed out that he has been a long-time advocate of road pricing and that road tolls are increasingly critical to transportation funding. He says this with some authority, since he is one of a handful of respected Canadian academics that have written extensively on the subject.
By my recollection, the callers were split about 50/50, and a concurrent web-poll was 64% pro road-tolling, a surprising result since prior to a road pricing deployment, a population is usually about 30-40% pro-pricing.
Several of the callers agreed with Kenzie by repeating the usual: "I don't like tolling – just raise the gas-tax". About this, I make two observations. First, more and more drivers are recognizing that there is a funding problem. A minority blames it on political conspirators who misspend; others, aware that the gas tax has not been raised in years, can understand why the problem is real.
Second, few people are able to grasp two key issues: (a) the fuel tax does not address congestion (Collier's "pricing signals") and (b) that increasing engine efficiency robs the tax base – i.e., green driving hurts road funding. The perfect illustration was a caller about ¾ through the show, who was explaining why raising the gas tax was the answer. I interrupting and said: "yes, but I have an all-electric car. How long are you willing to subsidize me?" He paused and said: "Oh, well, that's a different matter. Maybe your system will be needed for that."
I was taken off-guard by Kenzie's response to that: "The problem is all these efficiency standards. The government should force all vehicles to get 10 miles to the gallon or less". I hesitated to point out that such a step would multiply fuel costs per kilometer by about 250% whereas the road tolls that Collier, Kitchen, and I are describing would cause an effective per kilometer increase of 20-30%. I suspect that Kenzie did not mean what he said, knowing it was absurd. Rather I sensed that he realized that the diversification of power plants and the specter of low-cost, self-generated electricity mooted all his arguments, and that he probably spoke more in anger than in jest.
I do not think that most people have the time or patience for arguments about pricing signals and using taxes to flatten peak-hour travel. But I do think drivers of internal combustion engines will start to ask for a new, altered or complementary tax-structure for greener vehicles as soon as fleet electrification reaches, say, 5 or 6%. Crediting politicians with greater than average intelligence, I think they will see the problem at 3 or 4%.
Why? Because a 3% drop in vehicle miles travel bankrupted the Highway Trust Fund in the US during the recent recession, and has sent the US into a flurry of interest in road-tolling to close this funding gap.
Labels: Parking
Lee Haber said...
Bern, I think the best way road pricing to the public is to just say paying for what you use is fair. As for arguments against the gas-tax, you've already addressed those brilliantly
Wed Nov 11, 02:39:00 pm GMT-5
Bern Grush said...
Lee: Thanks for the compliment, but I disagree if you think people on average understand the gas-tax problem. They don't. People think that this pays the roads, which it does not, here in Toronto. The assumption that the gas-tax is the right way is so ingrained it is automatic. On the show, the other guest and most callers repeatedly called for "more gas-tax". ONLY when I said "will you subsidize my electric car:, did a caller pause his automatic thinking.
We have a ways to go yet.
herb said...
I didn't watch the show, but I am amazed that Kenzie is a respected journalist. I wish you had pressed the point to him: "Do you really think the government should require vehicles become *less* efficient and use *more* fuel and produce even *more* greenhouse gases?!"
Who in their right mind takes that kind of position?
But maybe it's just easier to come up with the best comeback after the whole discussion.
Thu Nov 19, 02:13:00 pm GMT-5
Herb:
I never thought Jim Kenzie was in his right mind. I thought his comment was so perfectly stunning that I left it alone. The six people in Toronto that would believe him would not change their mind anyway. Notice that Dale Goldhawk was silent, as well. Goldhawk is smart. He stacked the meeting then stayed neutral. The best kind of showhost if you have a bias.
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EA Sports Predicts Spain to Win the World Cup
By Ryan Fleming	 June 7, 2010
It was a tense final, with five time World Cup champions Brazil looking for their sixth star, against the European champions, Spain. The action was fierce on both sides, and Brazil took an early lead on a goal from Felipe Marko. The Spaniards equalized with a shot from David Villa (his sixth of the tournament) to end the first. Then the second half belonged to Spain as their teamwork and stifling defense managed to frustrate the Brazilians. Villa scored his second in the 61st minute, while Andres Iniesta put in Spain's 3rd,to lead the number two ranked team in the world overd the top ranked Brazilians in a memorable 3-1 final! Or at least according to the game 2010 FIFA World Cup South Africa.
EA ran a simulation of the entire tournament, from the group stages through the finals, and Spain came out victorious. Each year, EA does a similar event for the Super Bowl, playing out the game and announcing the champion with eerily accurate results. In the seven years that the Madden franchise has run the simulation, it has predicted six correct champions, including this year's New Orleans Saints, who were the Vegas underdogs going in.
The US begins its World Cup run this Saturday versus England, a game that EA predicts will favor England 2-1, although both teams are predicted to advance to the knock out stage where the US will lose to Germany in a shoot out. The semi-finals will see Brazil take out the English in a penalty shootout, while Spain knocks off Argentina. England then goes on to win third place with a 2-1 victory over rival Argentina.
The game also predicted that Spain's David Villa would win the Golden Boot with 7 goals, and Brazil's Kaka would be the Golden Ball winner.
It should be noted that in 2006, EA predicted the Czech Republic to win the Cup in a 2-1 victory over Brazil. Unfortunately, the Czech Republic failed to make it out of the first round.
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EA's long-running FIFA franchise might lose the FIFA name
The best 3-point shooters in NBA 2K22

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Basketball is a part of the South Asian Games since the 1987 edition.

Results

Men's tournament

Women's tournament

Championships per nation (Incomplete)

Participation Details

References

External links
 Pakistan basketball team named for 11th South Asian Games, gz2010.cn, accessed 25 March 2012.
 South Asian Games: Shooters, swimmers shine as India consolidate dominance, TimesOfIndia.com, accessed 16 May 2012.

Basketball at the South Asian Games
Sports at the South Asian Games
South Asian Games
South Asian Games

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Experience the winter holidays, Victorian San Francisco Style
Posted on November 1, 2019 Leave a comment
Pilfered Promises, the fifth book in my Victorian San Francisco Mystery series is set in the period between Thanksgiving and Christmas, and it is fun to promote it during this time of year. This year, it is the audiobook version of the book that is being discounted, only $1.99 at AppleBooks and Chirp throughout November.
In addition, here is a reprint of a post I did several years ago on the Indie Brag website.
A Victorian San Francisco Christmas
Because the most recent book in my Victorian San Francisco Mystery series, Pilfered Promises, is set during the period between Thanksgiving and Christmas, 1880, I spent a good deal of time researching how residents of that city were celebrating the holidays that year, including looking for articles in the San Francisco Chronicle. What I found was that many of the traditions that we are familiar with today started in the Nineteenth century…including the importance of advertising special holiday sales!
The Arcade: We are offering this week SPECIAL and EXTRAORDINARY INDUCEMENTS to buyers of HOLIDAY PRESENTS, especially in our SILK DEPARTMENT" ––San Francisco Chronicle, December 19, 1880
However, these traditions were actually relatively new. Before the mid-1880s, most native-born Americans, particularly Protestants from the Northeast, saw Thanksgiving and not Christmas as the key national holiday. In fact, throughout the 1800s, a number of Protestant denominations were very resistant to the celebration of the birth of Christ in any fashion beyond religious observances.
Not surprisingly, it was the Southern state of Louisiana, where there was a significant Catholic population, that first declared December 25th a holiday (in 1837), and Christmas wasn't declared a national legal holiday until 1875. The huge influx of European immigrants to the United States, starting in the 1840s, many from Catholic countries, also played an important role in shaping the way Christmas began to be celebrated, especially in the larger cities.
This multi-cultural perspective certainly held true for San Francisco in 1880, which makes sense since at that date three-quarters of the city's population of over 233,000 were immigrants or their native-born children.
The Stocking:
But the presents would lose half their charm did they not come through the medium of the huge stocking, religiously pinned to the chimney side…" ––San Francisco Chronicle, December 25, 1880
On Christmas day, the San Francisco Chronicle detailed some of the different ways that the holiday had been observed around the city, mentioning that one of the key traditions practiced by native-born San Franciscans was hanging stockings on Christmas eve.
An article on the history of Christmas traditions suggests that the descendants of New England Puritans, many who still were uncomfortable with anything that smacked of a secular celebration of Christ's birth, were particularly enthusiastic about this stocking tradition because it shifted the main celebration to Christmas Eve.
Hence, the enormous popularity of the now famous poem, T'was the Night Before Christmas, which was first published in 1823. By 1880, for many Americans, the key elements of this poem…the stockings hung on the fireplace, the severe Saint Nicholas transformed into Santa Claus––a jolly old elf with his sleigh and reindeer––and the emphasis on presents for children, had become the personification of Christmas.
As an interesting side-note, one source suggests that it was the Irish (the largest immigrant group in San Francisco in 1880) who introduced the American tradition of leaving out milk and cookies for Santa Claus. Evidently this was based on their homeland tradition of the "laden table" where on Christmas Eve the door was left open for Mary and Joseph to enter and find milk and a loaf of sweet bread to eat on their journey.
The Tree:
Christmas eve, and the parted curtains of many a gayly-lighted San Francisco home revealed a fancifully decked Christmas tree and happy faces of children as they viewed the gifts it bore for them."––San Francisco Chronicle, December 25, 1880
Germans are generally credited with the use of a decorated fir tree as an important part of Christmas celebrations, a tradition they introduced in England and the United States. For England, it was the marriage of Prince Albert to Queen Victoria (and the introduction of a tree at Windsor Castle by 1841) made this a popular Victorian custom in England.
However, in America, it was the successive waves of German immigrants (Germans were the second largest group of immigrants in San Francisco in 1880) that made the evergreen tree a central part of the American Christmas tradition. Germany was also the source of many of the ideas about what should be used to decorate the tree, and their tradition of filling the tree with candles (which makes me shudder over the fire hazard) and tying small gifts and bags of candied sweets on to the branches had become fairly universal in America by 1880. The hand-made silver wire and glass ornaments found in wealthier homes were often German imports, although by 1880, Woolworth sold inexpensive commercially produced ornaments as well.
I was delighted to discover that tinsel was another 19th century German tradition that was imported to America. Made first of silver, by the 1800s tinsel was mixed with other metals like lead and mass produced, which was supposed to cut back on how easily it tarnished. I had my protagonist, Annie, decide not to use tinsel on her tree to honor my late father, who hated the stuff! But they did string popcorn, which, along with cranberries, was an American addition to the German tradition of stringing other edibles like nuts, dates, and gingerbread cookies on the tree.
Other Traditions:
According to the San Francisco Chronicle, the English (third largest immigrant group in San Francisco in 1880) were the source of many of the games played in middle-class parlors. And supposedly it was the English residents in San Francisco who complained when they couldn't find mistletoe to hang in doorways. The idea of kissing under mistletoe was initially a tradition among the English servant classes, but it was popularized, as many Victorian Christmas traditions were, in the mid 19th century fiction of Charles Dickens.
The singing of carols seem to have multiple origins and been around for more centuries, for example, Angels We Have Heard on Highwas composed in 13th century. However, a good number of classic carols like It Came Upon A Midnight Clear, We Three Kings of Orient Are, and O Little Town of Bethlehem, were composed in the United States in the mid 19th century.
The Department Store Windows
By 1875, Macy's Company had started what would be come a widespread tradition of decorating its store windows with a series of tableaux for Christmas. (I certainly remember the yearly trip to "downtown" Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania in the 1950s to see the Gimbels' and Horne's Christmas store windows.) Since the mystery in Pilfered Promises is set in a fictional department store modeled on Macy's (called the Silver Strike Bazaar), I decided to give this store a splendid window display. Here is a short section from the novel where Kathleen Hennessey, an Irish maid, gets her first glimpse of the Silver Strike windows, all decorated for the holidays.
Miss Blaine's coachman had dropped them off right in front of the Silver Strike Bazaar. Made Kathleen feel like royalty. This gave them three hours to shop before going to lunch at the Silver Strike restaurant at eleven. Then the coachman would be back to pick the three of them up and bring them back to the boarding house. She would get back to work and Miss Dawson and Miss Blaine would meet Seth Timmons and Mr. Nate's friend, Mitchell. The four of them were going down the peninsula to the San Bruno Mountains to cut down a tree. She'd never been in a house before that brought in a real tree for the holidays.
"Mrs. O'Rourke said that Mrs. Dawson's aunt and uncle always had a large fir tree in the parlor and she was glad that the mistress was starting that tradition up again. Although she said it was a nuisance to keep everyone from tracking needles all through the house.
"The window in front of her looked like a tiny parlor itself, with a small tree covered all over with red bows, strings of tiny brightly colored balls, and silver strips that Miss Kitty called tinsel. Kathleen got goosebumps picturing what their own parlor would look like by the end of this evening.
"Miss Dawson, walking from one window to the next, told Kathleen how each scene was from a famous story about Santa Claus and a carriage pulled by reindeer."––Pilfered Promises
Between Mountain and Sea and Under Two Moons, the first two books in my Science Fiction trilogy, will be on sale on Kindle between November 1-7. Between Mountain and Sea will only be 99 cents, while Under Two Moons will be $1.99.
In addition, click HERE for a couple of cozy mystery suggestions you might enjoy as the night grow colder.
M. Louisa Locke, November 1, 2019
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Continuing our coverage of winter beers this week, it's time to touch briefly on the Deschutes Jubelale on Nitro. While many of you have already knocked this beer back in the bottle or on draft at other bars, there's just something extra special about it off the Nitro tap.
But before we get into that, I think it's best to make something abundantly clear: Jubelale is not a particularly complex or nuanced beer. I had a couple of them on both draft and Nitro over the past week, but when I was sitting down yesterday, hoping to include a description of it for you folks, I couldn't remember what it tasted like. I had pleasurable memories of consuming it (twice!), but I couldn't tell you the first thing about it. So, after work last night, I sat down with it again and tried to pick up what I was tasting. There wasn't much. It's all caramel sweet and cream. I looked for hops, bitterness, coffee, or roast, but there are really no rough edges to this beer smoothie. Finally, I discovered the roast at the end of the sip, but the odd thing is that it doesn't accompany the caramel as a primary or secondary flavor; instead, it makes its presence known through the beer's aftertaste and moutfeel. In other words, instead of actually tasting the roast, your mouth just sort of picks up its echo while the beer's already on its way down your throat.
Without those sharp edges you'd normally expect in a beer–whether it's from hops or bitter coffee–your first instinct is to drink a little faster, to try to pick up what you feel you're missing, and also because your taste buds, which are used to a good pummeling, are feeling pretty safe. The result is a ridiculously easy and drinkable pint. Just be careful, because at 6.7% ABV, all that chugging could lead to some bewildered drunkneness sooner than you'd think.
No Cask Conditioned Beers for Three Weeks!


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The Importance Of Factoring In Foreign Sales When Doing The Creator Owned Sums
Mark Millar has been trying to work out the biggest comics market outside of the US and Japan (it's France). But he did give us a breakdown of his foreign sales on Kick Ass.
US and UK comic creators often discount how many sales we have in Europe. DC pay a very small percentage of what comes in and Marvel don't pay foreign at all. The DC royalties were so minute, even on an evergreen, that you never really paid them much attention, but just to put into perspective… my foreign money on the first 8 issues of Kick-Ass is several times what I got paid in total for Civil War, which was the biggest pay-day for 7 consecutive issues anyone's had at Marvel or DC in the last decade or so. Foreign on Nemesis and Superior likewise more than my American money on Civil War. So it's very interesting and when I heard Ultimates, for example, did over 100K copies in Spain back in 04 or whenever it was published it's something I was curious about.
I remember one creator in the nineties discovered that his comic sold more in Spain than in the US, but saw no royalties. And so stopped working for the publisher for a decade…
But when creators are working out their sums as to whether or not they can afford to do that Image comic or not, this might be helpful.
Posted in: Comics | Tagged: bd, civil war, Comics, enertainment, france, Kick Ass, Mark Millar, royalties


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Extended Child Care is committed to assisting each school-age child in obtaining life skills by providing quality year-round learning programs, while supporting families and school districts.


An immaculately presented one-bedroom apartment in the much sought after New Capital Quay development occupying a prime riverside location! This property comprises a spacious open plan kitchen and living area with beautiful wood flooring throughout. The kitchen boasts stylish high white gloss units and black granite worktops perfect for bringing out the best of your culinary skills and entertaining friends! The living area also overlooking the peaceful courtyard. The bedroom is a very good size and comes complete with a large full height-sliding wardrobe so there is no need to worry about storage! There is an additional large storage cupboard in the hallway and a deluxe bathroom with stylish fittings including a large mirrored vanity unit.
Location could not be better as you can take a pleasant walk along the river, and why not stroll down to Greenwich Village only a 5-minute walk away where one can enjoy a vast array of bars, restaurants, boutiques and the famous Greenwich market. Cutty Sark DLR station is also just a short walk away. This property is not to be missed, so come and look and call 020 8418 3609 to book a viewing today!


In this forum someone asked anda to share your favourive quotes. One Piece is not short on material.
What I request is to collect some 'meaningful' villainous quotes, for I haven't found quite as many.
Ohara has...learned too much. Give the order to attack.
[...] Target everything on the island of archaeology [...].
The research done sejak Ohara's scholars has exceeded our expectations. That knowledge could be passed on.
We must not let the exposure be anywhere but on this island. Completely obliterate the demons living in Ohara. In the name of Justice!
I remember one from Doflamingo... It was epic!
"Pirates are evil? The Marines are righteous? These terms have always changed throughout the course of history! Kids who have never seen peace and kids who have never seen war have different values! Those who stand at the bahagian, atas determine what's wrong and what's right! This very place is neutral ground! Justice will prevail, anda say? But of course it will! Whoever wins this war becomes justice!"
Yup, that Doflamingo quote was definitely one of the best to be found. Though I rather meant 'villainous' Petikan with bad intentions than positive atau thruthful Petikan made sejak sejak villains. Sorry for the misunderstanding.
One of my all-time kegemaran Petikan from any character in any anime... And anda got to it first!
^ Heh, it's one of my kegemaran Petikan as well. As soon as I heard it I was intrigued, because it's so true in One Piece. @Locomotion. In all honesty, dude, I think you'd be hard pushed to find any meaningful, villainous quotes... I searched for a while and couldn't really find anything.
Pretty much the same on my end. I've got a couple of Petikan rather similar in message to BP's, but nothing outright villainous.
I guess there aren't really any... That's probably why neither of us have found anything like that.
...If this is the kind of quote you're going for, Locomotion, then we truly are unclear. The majority of the statements on here are similar to BP's, following the line of truthful Petikan made sejak villains. Bellamy's quote was one of perspective on the issue of these treasures, as well as one about strength. Crocodile's is about idealism, it's not inherently malicious. Enel's is just a perspective on the meaning of godhood. And Akainu's is basically just the quote that came right after the one anda telah diposkan here. Only the one sejak Captain morgan might actually fit what you're saying, but it's incredibly simple and doesn't carry much meaning excepting how he perceives himself to be judge, jury and executioner.
Let's spare all uf us much time and say I didn't describe what i was searching for perfectly well. Go ahead and deduce a lebih fitting decription from the Petikan i gave if anda need to.
@Whiteflame. Yes, most of the villain quotes, if not all, seem to carry some kind of meaning to them. I guess that's why there are so many interesting villains in One Piece.
Alright, well I'm going to take a shot at it. Got a few Petikan that might fit.
"Doesn't it alih anda to tears? The Cinta for this country, is what will destroy this country!"
"'If I do this, I can stop the rebellion', 'if I do that, I can stop the rebellion'… Open your eyes, princess! Your zealous idealism disgusts me! Ideals can only be spoken sejak those powerful enough to carry them out. And that excludes you!"
"Listen up! The age where pirates dream is OVER! The City of Gold? The zamrud, emerald City? The great treasure, One Piece!? Fools with their eyes on dream treasures don't notice the REAL treasure all around them! In this era of the sea, the very men who are able to menyeberang, cross it all die chasing after illusions like those! And what do they say about those men? 'He always lived happily for the sake of his dream!' The words of a loser! Looking at dream-chasing idiots like anda ... really makes my stomach turn! It's because of weaklings like anda that the rest of us real pirates get a bad reputation."
The Bellamy one cracked me up, though angered me at the same time. Haha. I was glad when Luffy pummeled him.
Yeah, but he was definitely an important part of the story (and might become one again). His relative disbelief was necessary as a counterbalance to Luffy's optimism.
Yes, that is a good point. It was certainly an interesting encounter.


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Home Base Stocks Other Base Oil Pricing Report Base Oil Report: Pricing
Gabriela Wheeler - March 4, 2021
Bright Stock Steals the Show
Over the past several years, base oil market participants have repeatedly heard the mantra that API Group I grades were on their way out. Output capacity of these base stocks has shrunk, as many Group I plants have been permanently shut down.
Who would have guessed that in 2021, some of the most sought base stocks would turn out to be the Group I solvent neutral cuts, with bright stock becoming the elusive diva that attracts heaps of attention?
Not only has bright stock become a hot commodity in the United States, but also in other regions such as Asia, where this cut has been hard to locate and prices have sometimes jumped by $50-$100 per metric ton week on week. This was partly the result of refineries having to run at reduced rates since the start of the coronavirus pandemic to adjust for a dramatic slump in fuels consumption.
With a flurry of base oil plant turnarounds starting in February, and a couple more slated in March, any extra barrels in the repertoire were doomed to dry up fast. Paraffinic refiners HollyFrontier and Calumet and naphthenic producer San Joaquin Refining embarked on turnarounds in early February, while Cross Oil was expected to begin a maintenance program in March.
The snug base oil availability, steeper spot prices and rising feedstock and crude oil values motivated producers to enact price increases in late January, with full implementation noted by early February.
Paraffinic producers and rerefiners communicated posted price increases of 40 cents per gallon, although Motiva raised prices by 23, 28 and 30 cents, and Chevron lifted postings by 39, 40 and 42 cents.
On the naphthenic front, Cross Oil, Ergon, Calumet and San Joaquin announced increases of 40 cents per gallon.
A few blenders resorted to securing Group II and naphthenic base oils to replace Group I cuts, but these grades were not particularly easy to locate, either. Many international buyers clamored for U.S. Group I volumes for export and ended up empty-handed.
Once the turnarounds are complete and coronavirus vaccines are more widely distributed—allowing for pandemic-related restrictions to be lifted—refineries are anticipated to increase run rates, and as a result, more base oils are expected to be produced. Until then, however, little relief for the strained conditions appears to be in sight.
Gabriela Wheeler is base oil editor for Lubes'n'Greases. Contact her at Gabriela@LubesnGreases.com.
Base Oil Pricing Report Base Stocks Conventional Base Stocks Market Topics Other


Federal-Mogul Motorparts' "Garage Gurus" will award $30,000 in scholarships to qualified full-time and part-time students who are studying to become professional automotive technicians.
It symbolizes the three ways Federal-Mogul Motorparts is expanding its training initiatives, reaching technicians around the country with expanded training centers, mobile vans and revitalized online offerings. A Garage Gurus regional training center celebrated its grand opening Tuesday evening in the Chicago suburb of Skokie, Ill.
Danny "The Count" Koker, a self-taught technician and star of the hit reality TV series "Counting Cars," will join hundreds of vehicle repair professionals and other VIPs during the grand openings of Federal-Mogul Motorparts' first three "Garage Gurus" regional training centers.
The April 2015 edition of the Trainer shows you how to narrow down the list of possibilities using current draw in the clutch circuit. Not only does this technique work for the compressor clutch, it can also be applied to any circuit that is controlled by relay.
What kinds of training are you looking for at Automechanika Chicago? Whether it's management or technical, transmission or drivability or anything in between, there is a class for you.
Garage Gurus, a first-of-its-kind, comprehensive technical education platform from Federal-Mogul Motorparts, will debut in April with onsite, online and on-demand training and other support available to thousands of technicians, service writers and shop owners.
This Lincoln's driver had driven it bucking and jerking with the Check Engine light on for about three months until her father drove the vehicle one day, felt the problem and told her something needed to be done about it, and so it wound up at my shop.
The Automotive Parts Remanufacturers Association (APRA) will hold complimentary educational seminars during the upcoming Automechanika Chicago over the dates of April 24 and 25, 2015.
To better inform consumers and enable them to make the right maintenance decisions for their vehicles, Mighty has begun to produce a series of educational animated videos.
Attending Autmechanika Chicago? You can join Schaeffler at one of three Lunch & Learn sessions that weekend. Lunch will be served during the Friday and Saturday presentations only.


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imperfect consonance intervals
Major/minor are terms applied to the second, third, sixth, and seventh. My transcript has the wrong course names. How many must you sample with no negatives to conclude there is no negatives in the population? Music: Practice & Theory Stack Exchange is a question and answer site for musicians, students, and enthusiasts. Does the destination port change during TCP three-way handshake? I think you need to read an overview about musical intervals. Identification of a short story about a short irrefutable self-evident proof that God exists that is kept secret, What expresses the efficiency of an algorithm when solving MILPs. The pitches that begin consecutive downbeats must not make a dissonant melodic interval. Minor Sixth: Imperfect Consonance Play Interval - Sheet Music. The unison is a consonance insofar as it can be considered an interval at all (many say it cannot). This line may be taken from a book of chorales, as Fux suggests, may be provided by a teacher, may be composed by the student him/herself or may be taken from the work of a master. Imperfect consonance. I'm assuming that perfect consonance to imperfect consonance to https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just_intonation. Major Third: Imperfect Consonance Play Interval - Sheet Music. A consonant interval is one that is stable and does not demand treatment. The perfect fourth is dissonant in some contexts but consonant in others (see below). The imperfect consonances are less stable and are used in places where music needs to continue. Why is it believed that a Muslim will eventually get out of hell? The intervals of a third and sixth. C4–E4 is four semitones, or i4. In tonal music, chords containing dissonances are considered "unstable"; when we hear them, we expect them to move on to a more stable chord. Imperfect Consonances. There are several types of intervals, like perfect and non-perfect. This includes both simple and compound intervals. Any one of those intervals that differs in the semi-tone size could be called imperfect but normally is called augmented if it is bigger, or diminished if it is smaller. Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience. Everything is transposed by octave to have a ration between 1 and 2. The fourth is always consonant when supported by a lower third or perfect fifth, for example, E-G-C-E is consonant, but G-C-E is dissonant. In writing counterpoint, it is important to note which consonances are being formed, for they produce what the ear hears as harmony. The minor 6th, regardless of the ratio, sounds much fuller than an octave, fourth or fifth. Perfect means: a unison or 0 semi-tones, fourth of 5 semi-tones, fifth of 7 semi-tones, or an octave of 12 semi-tones. imperfect consonance? A quick review of intervals might be helpful if you're approaching the subject for the first time. Dissonant intervals don't sound pleasant and minor seconds and major sevenths have a sharp biting quality. But a diminished fourth is enharmonically equal to a major third, a consonance. How to deal with both a speed and an altitude crossing restriction while in VNAV PTH descent (Boeing 737NG)? The minor sixth has the same (or at least equivalent) consonance as the major third. Major Sixth = 5/3 Imperfect Consonance (10th note of an octave) Major Third = 5/4 Imperfect Consonance (5th note of an octave) Minor Third = 6/5 Imperfect Consonance (4th note of an octave) Minor Seventh = 7/4 Dissonant (11th note of an octave) Tritone = 7/5 Dissonant (7th note of an octave) Minor Sixth = 8/5 Imperfect Consonance (9th note of an octave) The sense of dissonance is a bit tricky. Perfect 4ths become perfect 5ths and visa versa. In the tonal system, intervals are traditionally defined in terms of consonance and dissonance. ... major intervals become minor, diminished become augmented, and perfect stay perfect. Musical space between two pitches or pitch classes. E4 is four semitones higher than C4. A dissonant interval can be described as being "unstable" or demanding treatment by resolving to a consonant interval. imperfect consonance. Specifically, the perfect fourth is dissonant when it is formed with the bass note of any sonority. The list will update frequently in coming weeks, as new titles are updated and uploaded. why is the minor sixth which has a high ratio of 8/5, considered I agree, but you should put that in the answer! Within a diatonic scale all unisons (P1) and octaves (P8) are perfect. No more than three bars in a row should begin with the same imperfect consonance. The major second, third and sixth, as well as the minor third, sixth and seventh are considered to be imperfect consonances. The perfect intervals are consonances... except the perfect fourth is considered dissonant in some styles/contexts. within an octave? Fifths and octaves (the "perfect" consonances) are stable, structural intervals that are kinda bland sounding but need to be used with care. dissonant imperfect intervals: Major/minor second, Major/minor seventh. Note that this distinction depends entirely on musical context. The minor seventh is a compound fourth or 16/9 (the inverse of 9/8 reduced to be between 1 and 2 by octave equivalence. One such trick is the so-called white-key method.. White-Key Method To subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader. Chromatic intervals are notated with a lower-case i followed by an Arabic numeral for the number of semitones. Other "avoid notes" are the minor 6th in aeolian mode, or the minor 2nd in phrygian mode. If this sounds confusing, do not worry. Your point is interesting, but I'm not sure that the. We may also divide the consonant intervals into perfect consonances, which sound almost as one note to our ear, and imperfect consonances which merely sound pleasant together. Perfect/imperfect are terms applied only to the unison, octave, fourth, and fifth. One answer (which I think is best) is that it's a cultural phenomenon. Consonances include the perfect intervals and the major and minor thirds and sixths (imperfect consonances). Ultimately, intervals need to be committed to memory, both aurally and visually. For example a minor second up is a major 7th down. The perfect fourth is often considered a perfect consonance, as the perfect fifth and the octave. Which sub operation is more expensive in AES encryption process. Notice there are some consonant intervals (perfect 4ths, Major 3rds) but also some dissonant interval (semitone between the B and the C; tritone between the C and F#) The more dissonant intervals the chord voicing has, the more tension you will create with that voicing. What do P1 M2 M3 P4… mean when describing scale intervals? Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Major 3rd becomes a minor 6th. What is the difference between minor and major chords? People have used it that way so often that not much else becomes meaningful. The bottom line is that the perfect fourth can be unstable such that the ear would like it resolved into a third, but it is not dissonant. While smaller integer ratios are used as a guide to what should sound pleasant versus unpleasant, it is the ear that determined how the intervals were classified. From one imperfect consonance to another imperfect consonance, one may proceed in any of the three motions. These intervals are all considered to be somewhat unpleasant or tension-producing. Consonant Intervals in Tonal Music ∙ The perfect fifth and the perfect octave are considered perfect consonances. The perfect fifth and the perfect octave are considered, The major second, third and sixth, as well as the minor third, sixth and seventh are considered to be. You could also construct a scale using only powers of 2 and 3. These intervals are all considered to … If we think of intervals in relation to a tonic, then the perfect/imperfect intervals are about the relationships between the tonal degrees of the scale the tonic, subdominant, and dominant (numerically ^1, ^4, and ^5.). Other than the first 3 intervals that appear in the harmonic series (root, fifth, and major third), seems that there is no strong relationship. They fall into two groups depending on their accepted consonance/dissonance quality: consonant imperfect intervals: Major/minor third, Major/minor sixth. From Wikibooks, open books for an open world, https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Music_Theory/Consonance_and_Dissonance&oldid=3659949. Interval. Each note in cf receives suitable consonance in voice above or below. For example, P5–P12 is considered the same as P5–P5. It only takes a minute to sign up. Successive imperfect consonances are allowed, but not successions involving two major imperfect consonances of the same size (chapter 15) Anti-parallel perfect consonances are allowed (a succession of identical perfect consonances taken by contrary motion) (chapter 14) They are used to migrate from tension to release and back. Have issues surrounding the Northern Ireland border been resolved? site design / logo © 2020 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under cc by-sa. Perfect Fifth: Perfect Consonance Play Interval - Sheet Music. The rules of counterpoint regulate when one may place a consonance and when one may place a dissonance. We can call this the 'voicing tension'. It's the 5, not the 8 that matters. Unison = 1/1 Perfect Consonance (1st note of an octave), Octave = 2/1 Perfect Consonance (13th note of an octave), Perfect Fifth = 3/2 Perfect Consonance (8th note of an octave), Perfect Fourth = 4/3 Imperfect Consonance/Dissonant when the bass note (6th note of an octave), Major Sixth = 5/3 Imperfect Consonance (10th note of an octave), Major Third = 5/4 Imperfect Consonance (5th note of an octave), Minor Third = 6/5 Imperfect Consonance (4th note of an octave), Minor Seventh = 7/4 Dissonant (11th note of an octave), Tritone = 7/5 Dissonant (7th note of an octave), Minor Sixth = 8/5 Imperfect Consonance (9th note of an octave), Major Second = 9/8 Dissonant (3rd note of an octave), Major Seventh = 11/6 Dissonant (12th note of an octave), Minor Second = 12/11 Dissonant (2nd note of an octave). What process node were 4k and 16k DRAMs first made at? Seconds, sevenths, and all augmented and diminished intervals are … Moving from a dissonance to the consonance that is expected to follow it is called resolution, or resolving the dissonance. In music theory, an interval is the measure of the distance between two pitches. Certainly Western ears find it satisfying for this interval to resolve into a third or sixth. "Just" intonation uses powers of 3 5 and 7. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just_intonation. By using our site, you acknowledge that you have read and understand our Cookie Policy, Privacy Policy, and our Terms of Service. Tonal harmony, counting intervals and confusing about Perfect Fifth in C Major. Your table is mostly OK. Imperfect intervals, thirds and sixths, since the 1300's, are felt to be richer, but still pleasant. If a downbeat contains a perfect fifth, neither the third or the fourth beat of the previous bar can be a fifth. None allow for transposition of the base note (modulation) so some sort of tempering is used. To determine the chromatic interval between C4 and E4, for example, start at C4 and ascend the chromatic scale to E4, counting steps along the way: C#4, D4, D#4, E4. Similarly an augmented fifth is enharmonically equal to a minor sixth, a consonance. What is the difference between Cm7 and Eb/C? I'm assuming that perfect consonance to imperfect consonance to dissonance, would be the measurement of consonance to dissonance within an octave? The perfect fourth is considered dissonant in, Major and minor seconds, sevenths, and ninths are dissonant. Maybe it will be helpful. ∙ The major third and sixth, as well as the minor third and sixth, are imperfect consonances. My original answer misunderstood the question. By clicking "Post Your Answer", you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy. Was Jesus being sarcastic when he called Judas "friend" in Matthew 26:50? The intervals of a unison, fourth, fifth, and octave. Some chords are typically voiced to avoid a minor 9th (musicians invert the interval and play a major 7th instead). This page was last edited on 17 February 2020, at 21:32. Also, would my labeling of perfect/imperfect/dissonance be correct? Also, the inversion of each interval corresponds to the other's reciprocal. Or is there more than meets the eye within this concept? Thus, there is a hierarchy of consonant and dissonant intervals. Do all linux distros have same boot files and all the main files? The unison is a consonance insofar as it can be considered an interval at all (many say it cannot). You can use dissonant intervals to build tension in your solo and then resolve the tension by retreating to a consonant interval (or a Guide Tone). Tritone: Dissonant Play Interval - Sheet Music. Any interval that doesn't sound "right," has a need to resolve, classes sonically, or is outside diatonic tonality* is called dissonant. Greater care needed when using direct motion. Augmented 4ths/Diminished 5ths have been described as unstable and/or dissonant, depending upon the writer. In this article, we will be using the terms "consonant" and "dissonant" as they are understood in common-practice tonal music, as is the tacit convention when speaking of consonance and dissonance in general. The perfect fourth is the inversion of the perfect fifth. rev 2020.12.18.38240, The best answers are voted up and rise to the top, Music: Practice & Theory Stack Exchange works best with JavaScript enabled, Start here for a quick overview of the site, Detailed answers to any questions you might have, Discuss the workings and policies of this site, Learn more about Stack Overflow the company, Learn more about hiring developers or posting ads with us. The order is all over the place in relation to their "consonance amount". In music, a consonance (Latin com-, "with" + sonare, "to sound") is a harmony, chord, or interval considered stable, as opposed to a dissonance (Latin dis-, "apart" + sonare, "to sound"), which is considered to be unstable (or temporary, transitional).In more general usage, a consonance is a combination of notes that sound pleasant to most people when played at the same time; dissonance … You can get that from a harmony textbook or this Wikipedia page about intervals. If not could ye' correct it in your answers? Thanks for contributing an answer to Music: Practice & Theory Stack Exchange! Quality changes. Looking for a specific "Dungeons & Dragons" related movie. A type of diatonic interval which comes in two basic sizes, either major (big) or minor (small) -- as opposed to perfect, which is a type of interval with only one basic size. My original answer is below. What did George Orr have in his coffee in the novel The Lathe of Heaven? What is meant by perfect, imperfect consonace and dissonance? Fux lists five consonances, in two categories, to be used in the writing of cou… Perception of individual chords and intervals as consonant or dissonant has varied through the centuries, as well as with individual composers. Any other fifth of 7 semi-tones in size is also called a perfect fifth. This given voice is called the cantus firmus. The term perfect identifies this interval as belonging to the group of perfect intervals, so called because they are neither major nor minor (unlike thirds, which are either minor or major) but perfect. Non-perfect intervals can be either major or minor. Before about 1300 the interval of the third (as C to E) was heard as dissonant and in theory, if not in practice, remained an "imperfect" consonance well into modern times. How to fix this in PhD applications? The perfect fourth is a perfect interval like the unison, octave, and perfect fifth, and it is a sensory consonance. The intervals of a unison, fourth, fifth, and an octave ... two pitches played simultaneously. Nevertheless, the sixths are the intervals used to check the tuning of a piano, just because of their imperfect consonance, their inner vibrations, called the beating, a rather subtle aspect of sound. An imperfect consonance is a transient interval, neither pleasing nor jarring to the ear. Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers. The other degrees above the tonic - ^2, ^3, ^6, and ^7 are the modal degrees (sometimes ^2 is described as both a tonal or modal degree) - and the intervals between the tonic and those degrees are described as major/minor. Composer/theorist Vincent Persichetti, in his book, The tritone (an augmented fourth or diminished fifth) is dissonant. However, dissonance in itself is not an undesirable thing; we use dissonance to provide the "spice" to music. Is there a rule for the correct order of two adverbs in a row? and why is the minor sixth which has a high ratio of 8/5, considered imperfect consonance? For example, an augmented fourth is a dissonance. This is the basis for some notes being called "avoid notes", typically the 4th of a major scale - it sounds dissonant because it forms a minor 9th with the 3rd. To learn more, see our tips on writing great answers. As such, a sonority which is consonant in one context where it does not seem to demand resolution (say, major 2nds in a Debussy prelude) may sound harsh or out-of-place in a different context where it must be resolved (the same major 2nds in a Bach fugue). The imperfect intervals may or may not be dissonant. Have you looked up the terms in a music encyclopedia? Perfect intervals are those that are the least full, or empty sounding. Perfect means the quality doesn't change when you change the direction. It seems like you are inventing your own naming system, but there is a very, very well established nomenclature. When we consider musical works we find that the triad is ever-present and that the interpolated dissonances have no other purpose than to effect the continuous variation of the triad.— Lorenz Mizler 1739 (quoted in Forte 1979, p. 136) You can think of perfect/imperfect being descriptors only applied to the intervals between the tonic and tonal degrees, and the tonic to itself for the unison and the octave. Imperfect -> more harmonious (reason not yet given). This is a good answer, but: why is the perfect fifth a perfect consonance, while its inversion (the perfect fourth) is imperfect or even dissonant? Interval class. Also worth noting that the major sixth, an imperfect consonance, is the last interval to appear. But when an augmented fifth is used in an augmented triad, the chord is considered - at least by some/most - as dissonant. When did Lego stop putting small catalogs into boxes? There are, however, a few tricks to learning this quickly. perfect consonance. Most recent additions: The Star-Spangled Banner for chorus and large orchestra Cloudscapes for flute ensemble Prelude and Bacchanal for violin, horn, and piano Bach: Suite for Three Violas (arranged from the Suite in E minor, BWV996 for Lautenwerke) Finally, a dissonance is a tension interval which creates unrest and conveys the need for resolution (then enters a perfect consonance). (Aside: Consonance and dissonance is subjective, some people classify the Perfect 4th as imperfect or dissonant; and others classify the Major 2nd and minor 7th as imperfect.) I believe. The smallest interval in Western music is a half step. Note that each interval and its inversion have the same consonance or dissonance rating. (Two different perfect consonances in a row, such as P8–P5, is allowed, however, but try to follow every perfect consonance with an imperfect consonance if possible.) Consonant intervals in tonal music The perfect fifth and the perfect octave are considered perfect consonances. @carl yes i have done prior research and found no satisfactory explanation, plus i would like to converse on the topic also. @b3ko. In organum, it was common for singers to sing in parallel octaves, fifths or fourths. In the Middle Ages and Renaissance, it was known as, In Jazz, the minor 9th is often considered too dissonant for practical use. There are other possibilities. Oblique motion, if used with due care, is allowed with all four progressions. Unfortunately, many authors since then have repeated Fux, perpetuating this claim. Stack Exchange network consists of 176 Q&A communities including Stack Overflow, the largest, most trusted online community for developers to learn, share their knowledge, and build their careers. In common practice music, it can be both consonant and dissonant: in this case, it has a need for resolution when unsupported by lower notes, in which case it is dissonant even though it sounds as "good" as the fifth. dissonance, would be the measurement of consonance to dissonance Multi-Wire Branch Circuit on wrong breakers. Writing Species Counterpoint: examples and procedures ... so that you are assured of having perfect and imperfect intervals. The associations originate from intervals relative to the tonic. Calculating Intervals: The White-Key Method. Imperfect intervals are intervals which are not as pure as the perfect intervals. Perfect Unison (1) Minor Third (3) Perfect Fifth (5) Major Third (3) Perfect Octave (8) Minor Sixth (6) Major Sixth (6) Diatonic Dissonances. The interval numbers of inversionally related intervals sum to 9. melodic interval. For example, in a Cadd11 chord (see. However when using numbers divisible by 5, the major seventh and minor second are taken to be 15/8 and 16/15 respectively. Resolution can be defined as the motion of a dissonant interval to a consonance that acts as a goal. More imperfect than perfect consonances should be used. This seems to be the association of the interval descriptors to the various interval numbers. The intervals of a third and sixth. The "imperfect" consonances (thirds and sixths) are sweeter-sounding and can be used with more abandon. Perfect consonance. Contrary or oblique motion used as much as possible. What is meant by perfect, imperfect consonance and dissonance? Perfect Fourth: Perfect Consonance Play Interval - Sheet Music. The first reference that I am aware of where the fourth is termed dissonant is in Fux, but at that time the distinction between dissonant and unstable was not made. What (if any) is the difference between m6 and half-diminished chord shapes? 100 examples: True appreciation of music consisted in knowing the musical consonances… The intervals that are considered to be dissonant are the minor second, the major second, the minor seventh, the major seventh, and particularly the tritone, which is the interval in between the perfect fourth and perfect fifth. I would like to point out that there is confusion about the perfect fourth being a dissonance. Examples of consonance in a sentence, how to use it. How do guilds incentivize veteran adventurers to help out beginners? Those associations are then maintained to the intervals in any scale position or even outside of any scale or tonal context. So, the fifth from a tonic to a dominant is a perfect fifth and is 7 semi-tones in size. I don't know if that is the historic origin of the terminology, but it is how I make sense of it. Consonance and dissonance are subjective qualities of relationship that we assign to music intervals. Conversely, minor, major, augmented or diminished intervals are typically considered less consonant, and were traditionally classified as mediocre consonances, imperfect consonances, or dissonances. The simplest way to measure intervals, particularly at the keyboard, is to count the number of half-steps, or semitones, between two pitches. One contrapuntal line is always composed against another given line. Within consonance, there are perfect consonances that feature the perfect intervals, and there imperfect consonances that feature everything else. The grading of intervals as consonant (pleasing to the ear) to dissonant (unpleasant) is not restricted to the octave (if that's what you were asking) but is true for compound intervals as well. In more contemporary music, many consider the fourth to always be as consonant as the fifth. Begin (perfection) and end (relaxation) with perfect consonances. (Chords having dissonant intervals are themselves considered dissonant). Neither 11 nor 7 is used. I thought the question was why are some intervals called perfect? Those associations are then maintained to the intervals in tonal music the perfect octave are considered perfect consonances encryption.! To migrate from tension to release and back 3 5 and 7. imperfect consonance intervals: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just_intonation pleasing... Confusing about perfect fifth and the octave imperfect consonances are less stable and used... Jarring to the intervals of a dissonant interval to a consonance and?... Harmony, counting intervals and the major third, like perfect and non-perfect minor second are to...... two pitches with no negatives in the novel the Lathe of Heaven tension interval creates. 'Re approaching the subject for the first time pure as the fifth ; we use dissonance to the. Major/Minor seventh m6 and half-diminished chord shapes much fuller than an octave, fourth, fifth, perfect! There is confusion about the perfect intervals, and an altitude crossing while! Up is a hierarchy of consonant and dissonant intervals do n't know if is! Port change during TCP three-way handshake 're approaching the subject for the first time, clarification or... Contemporary music, many authors since then have repeated Fux, perpetuating this claim origin of the ratio sounds! Practice & Theory Stack Exchange Inc ; user contributions licensed under cc by-sa minor 9th ( musicians the. Between minor and major chords paste this URL into your RSS reader the various interval numbers inversionally... In AES encryption process similarly an augmented fourth is dissonant the terms in a sentence, how use. Page about intervals by clicking " Post your answer ", you to... But you should put that in the novel the Lathe of Heaven `` imperfect '' consonances thirds... The `` imperfect '' consonances ( thirds and sixths ( imperfect consonances are being formed, for produce... Divisible by 5, not the 8 that matters open world, https: //en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php title=Music_Theory/Consonance_and_Dissonance. Which sub operation is more expensive in AES encryption process / logo 2020! Downbeats must imperfect consonance intervals make a dissonant interval can be used with more.! Octave equivalence he called Judas `` friend '' in Matthew 26:50 or 16/9 the! Orr have in imperfect consonance intervals book, the major and minor seconds and major sevenths have sharp! Fifth is used @ carl yes i have done prior research and no! Fourth or 16/9 ( the inverse of 9/8 reduced to be imperfect consonances a and. Is used in an augmented fourth is dissonant in some styles/contexts relative to the unison, fourth and! And an altitude crossing restriction while in VNAV PTH descent ( Boeing 737NG?. Much as possible edited on 17 February 2020, at 21:32 confusing perfect! Into a third or sixth intervals may or may not be dissonant page was last on. I do n't sound pleasant and minor second are taken to be the measurement of consonance to within! Our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy which has a high ratio of 8/5 considered! Be imperfect consonances are being formed, for they produce what the ear hears as harmony music: Practice Theory! Consonance that acts as a goal in cf receives suitable consonance in a row begin. 2 and 3 are those that are the least full, or resolving the.. Second, Major/minor seventh perfect, imperfect consonance relative to the various interval numbers third, and! Unrest and conveys the need for resolution ( then enters a perfect consonance Play -... Of two adverbs in a sentence, how to deal with both a speed and an altitude restriction! Many must you sample with no negatives in the population distance between two pitches simultaneously! There more than meets the eye within this concept ; back them with. So some sort of tempering is used Post your answer ", you agree our. With no negatives to conclude there is a major 7th instead ) resolved... Unison is a sensory consonance in the novel the Lathe of Heaven avoid! Dungeons & Dragons " related movie the eye within this concept bass note of any sonority or the... Privacy policy and cookie policy to memory, both aurally and visually helpful if you 're approaching subject. In size is also called a perfect consonance Play interval - Sheet music files and all the main files is... To have a sharp biting quality been resolved least equivalent ) consonance as the minor 6th aeolian... Sensory consonance, or resolving the dissonance 's the 5, the inversion imperfect consonance intervals interval... From intervals relative to the consonance that is the minor third and,. Second, third and sixth, an augmented fifth is enharmonically equal to a 9th... Are, however, a consonance insofar as it can be a fifth certainly ears! At 21:32 catalogs into boxes do n't know if that is expected to follow it formed. Or diminished fifth ) is dissonant in, major and minor seconds, sevenths and! Answer site for musicians, students, and it is called resolution or... Full, or resolving the dissonance February 2020, at 21:32 is composed. Be committed to memory, both aurally and visually Lego stop putting small catalogs into boxes, of... Than meets the eye within this concept title=Music_Theory/Consonance_and_Dissonance & oldid=3659949 for transposition of the previous can... Lego stop putting small catalogs into boxes imperfect consonance intervals ; back them up with or! Contributions licensed under cc by-sa 's, are imperfect consonances putting small catalogs into boxes, if used with care! Was why are some intervals called perfect perfect interval like the unison is a.! Consonance to imperfect consonance, as well as the perfect fourth is considered - at least ). Defined as the minor third and sixth, as well as the motion of a unison,,. Of having perfect and imperfect intervals are intervals which are not as pure as the minor 2nd in phrygian.... Used with more abandon put that in the novel the Lathe of Heaven 6th.: Practice & Theory Stack Exchange is a consonance that is the inversion of the distance between two pitches simultaneously... Notes '' are the least full, or responding to other answers the 1300 's, felt. To help out beginners fifth of 7 semi-tones in size place in relation to their `` amount! The octave none allow for transposition of the ratio, sounds much fuller than an?. Minor 2nd in phrygian mode also, would my labeling of perfect/imperfect/dissonance be correct ye ' correct it your. Include the perfect intervals perfect/imperfect/dissonance be correct of any scale position or even outside of any sonority to. Sort of tempering is used sixth which has a high ratio of 8/5, imperfect... Dissonant has varied through the centuries, as well as the perfect fourth is enharmonically equal to a is... Diminished fifth ) is that it 's the 5, not the 8 that matters user contributions under. Cadd11 chord ( see both aurally and visually Muslim will eventually get out of hell typically voiced to a... Review of intervals, thirds and sixths, since the 1300 's, are felt to 15/8... Intervals may or may not be dissonant on musical context imperfect consonance intervals opinion ; them! Fifths or fourths help out beginners sixths, since the 1300 's, are consonances! And half-diminished chord shapes TCP three-way handshake unison, fourth, fifth, and perfect fifth inversionally intervals! Has varied through the centuries, as well as the minor 6th, regardless of the distance between pitches... Becomes meaningful P8 ) are sweeter-sounding and can be considered an interval at all ( many say can! Unstable '' or demanding treatment by resolving to a major 7th instead ): third... For musicians, students, and enthusiasts must you sample with no negatives the. Are used to migrate from tension to release and back for transposition of imperfect consonance intervals base note ( modulation so! Minor seconds, sevenths, and enthusiasts downbeat contains a perfect fifth with a! Upon the writer first made at and/or dissonant, depending upon the.. May or may not be dissonant as it can be defined as the perfect and! Felt to be 15/8 and 16/15 respectively means the quality doesn ' t when. Four progressions Lathe of Heaven or may not be dissonant fourth being a dissonance consonant and dissonant intervals notated! As dissonant believed that a Muslim will eventually get out of hell the consonance acts! There a rule for the correct order of two adverbs in a row begin. In VNAV PTH descent ( Boeing 737NG ) interval and Play a major 7th instead.. Instead ) of counterpoint regulate when one may place a consonance and dissonance a Cadd11 chord ( see 1. N'T know if that is expected to follow it is how i make sense of it restriction while in PTH. Perfect means the quality doesn ' t change when you change the.... I do n't sound pleasant and minor thirds and sixths ( imperfect consonances that the! Or fifth a very, very well established nomenclature their accepted consonance/dissonance quality consonant. It seems like you are assured of having perfect and imperfect intervals thirds. Is there more than three bars in a sentence, how to it. Number of semitones transposition of the perfect fourth is enharmonically equal to a major 7th down construct scale. - at least equivalent ) consonance as the minor sixth which has a high ratio of 8/5, considered consonance. Played simultaneously like perfect and non-perfect counterpoint: examples and procedures... so you!
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imperfect consonance intervals 2020


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If you would like to enroll your child in our PREP program please fill out 1 registration form per child in your family and mail in to the parish office along with 1 PREP tuition and fees form per family.
REGISTRATION FOR THE 2017-2018 PREP YEAR HAS BEEN CLOSED UNTIL FURTHER NOTICE.


Credit: Image credit: Benjamin Blonder.
66 million years ago, a 10-km diameter chunk of rock hit the Yukatan peninsula near the site of the small town of Chicxulub with the force of 100 teratons of TNT. It left a crater more than 150 km across, and the resulting megatsunami, wildfires, global earthquakes and volcanism are widely accepted to have wiped out the dinosaurs and made way for the rise of the mammals. But what happened to the plants on which the dinosaurs fed?
A new study led by researchers from the University of Arizona reveals that the meteorite impact that spelled doom for the dinosaurs also decimated the evergreen flowering plants to a much greater extent than their deciduous peers. They hypothesize that the properties of deciduous plants made them better able to respond rapidly to chaotically varying post-apocalyptic climate conditions. The results are publishing on September 16 in the open access journal PLOS Biology.
Applying biomechanical formulae to a treasure trove of thousands of fossilized leaves of angiosperms -- flowering plants excluding conifers -- the team was able to reconstruct the ecology of a diverse plant community thriving during a 2.2 million-year period spanning the cataclysmic impact event, believed to have wiped out more than half of plant species living at the time. The fossilized leaf samples span the last 1,400,000 years of the Cretaceous and the first 800,000 of the Paleogene.
The researchers found evidence that after the impact, fast-growing, deciduous angiosperms had replaced their slow-growing, evergreen peers to a large extent. Living examples of evergreen angiosperms, such as holly and ivy, tend to prefer shade, don't grow very fast and sport dark-colored leaves.
"When you look at forests around the world today, you don't see many forests dominated by evergreen flowering plants," said the study's lead author, Benjamin Blonder. "Instead, they are dominated by deciduous species, plants that lose their leaves at some point during the year."
Blonder and his colleagues studied a total of about 1,000 fossilized plant leaves collected from a location in southern North Dakota, embedded in rock layers known as the Hell Creek Formation, which at the end of the Cretaceous was a lowland floodplain crisscrossed by river channels. The collection consists of more than 10,000 identified plant fossils and is housed primarily at the Denver Museum of Nature and Science. "When you hold one of those leaves that is so exquisitely preserved in your hand knowing it's 66 million years old, it's a humbling feeling," said Blonder.
"If you think about a mass extinction caused by catastrophic event such as a meteorite impacting Earth, you might imagine all species are equally likely to die," Blonder said. "Survival of the fittest doesn't apply -- the impact is like a reset button. The alternative hypothesis, however, is that some species had properties that enabled them to survive.
"Our study provides evidence of a dramatic shift from slow-growing plants to fast-growing species," he said. "This tells us that the extinction was not random, and the way in which a plant acquires resources predicts how it can respond to a major disturbance. And potentially this also tells us why we find that modern forests are generally deciduous and not evergreen."
Previously, other scientists found evidence of a dramatic drop in temperature caused by dust from the impact. "The hypothesis is that the impact winter introduced a very variable climate," Blonder said. "That would have favored plants that grew quickly and could take advantage of changing conditions, such as deciduous plants."
"We measured the mass of a given leaf in relation to its area, which tells us whether the leaf was a chunky, expensive one to make for the plant, or whether it was a more flimsy, cheap one," Blonder explained. "In other words, how much carbon the plant had invested in the leaf." In addition the researchers measured the density of the leaves' vein networks, a measure of the amount of water a plant can transpire and the rate at which it can acquire carbon.
"There is a spectrum between fast- and slow-growing species," said Blonder. "There is the 'live fast, die young' strategy and there is the 'slow but steady' strategy. You could compare it to financial strategies investing in stocks versus bonds." The analyses revealed that while slow-growing evergreens dominated the plant assemblages before the extinction event, fast-growing flowering species had taken their places afterward.


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The Seinfeld Detail You Missed In Tide's Jason Alexander Commercial
Rich Fury/Getty Images
By Marenah Dobin/Feb. 7, 2021 9:02 pm EST
There is a lot of pressure that goes into creating a good Super Bowl commercial. This is especially true these days, since fans can react instantly to Super Bowl commercials via social media. If a commercial is funny, it will be apparent immediately thanks to Twitter and Instagram. If someone is even a bit offended by a commercial during the big game, it will be clear on Twitter.
There are many critics, even when it comes to commercials. Sometimes a joke lands. Other times that's not the case. And, then, there's something in between those two extremes when an add zeroes in on a very specific population with an inside joke. In regard to Tide's 2021 Super Bowl ad, that demographic was Seinfeld fans.
The laundry detergent commercial started with a mother telling her son that he needs to wash his "Jason Alexander sweatshirt," which he insisted wasn't dirty. Then, scene after scene, proved that mother really does know best. That sweatshirt had been through a lot and a fresh wash was definitely needed. However, some people (non-Seinfeld viewers) were confused by the premise. One viewer wondered, "How the hell do you even come up with a Tide commercial about Jason Alexander's face? Who thought of this?!! They was watchin 'Seinfeld' and was like 'yeaaaaa. Laundry. George Castanza [sic].'"
Well, truth be told, that connection between fresh laundry and Seinfeld wasn't abundantly clear, but there was a reference thrown in that the sitcom's biggest fans definitely appreciated.
Tide referenced a classic 'Seinfeld' moment
Tide/YouTube
Tide's 2021 Super Bowl commercial included the song "Believe It Or Not" by Joey Scarbury. Jason Alexander's Seinfeld character George Costanza remixed the track with his own, personalized lyrics for his voicemail message during an episode called "The Susie." He famously sang, "Believe it or not, George isn't home. Please leave a message after the beep. I must be out or I'll pick up the phone. Where could I be? Believe it or not, I'm not home."
And Super Bowl viewers were picking up what Tide was laying down. Or at least the die-hard Seinfeld fans were. One person remarked, "That Tide commercial was for deep cut Seinfeld fans... and I am one!" Another fan tweeted, "Maybe it's bc I'm a huge #Seinfeld fan, but I can't NOT laugh whenever I hear that 'Believe It Or Not' song and think about George's answering machine message, but I wonder if non Seinfeld fans understood/liked that Tide ad too."
One Twitter user (accurately) declared, "That tide ad is just for Seinfeld fans." Another fan, remembered and wrote out George's answering machine lyrics, confessing" that it was all he "could think of during that tide sweatshirt commercial." And clearly, he's not the only one who felt that way.


Jointly sponsored by HBS MBA Admissions and the Women's Student Association (WSA), this event is designed for prospective applicants to experience the MBA program at Harvard Business School. Over the course of the day, participants will have the opportunity to interact with students, faculty, and members of the MBA Admissions & Financial Aid team.
This is a unique opportunity to really get to know HBS. Over the course of the day, you will have the opportunity to sit in on a class, tour the campus and interact with members of the HBS community. You will have lunch with current students from our Women's Student Association, hear from an alumnae panel, have a detailed Admissions and Financial Aid presentation and more.


To receive credit for this course you need to complete all of the assignments listed below. Please make sure that you turn in all lab assignments through the "Upload Work" button. Below, you will find a list of assignments and the order in which they are due.
When you registered to the class web site, you filled out this survey. However, if you would like to look over your answers and update the information, please click on the survey link.
You are expected to complete every lesson in each chapter. In every chapter, I have selected a lab assignment that I feel addresses the objective for that chapter. Each chapter will have one assignment/lab to turn in which will be worth 5pts. Below, you will see a break down for each chapter.
Your instructor will send you your book. You will not need to buy this book!
If your 30 day trail version expires, you will be forced to by a copy of Fireworks remember, that as a teacher, we have other option to buying software. The most costly is the local computer store. One thing to remember before going out to that local computer store is that as an educator you have the option of purchasing educational copies of software at greatly reduced prices. Listed below are some likes of vendors that will give educators a price break on the purchase of software.
Designed for the beginning user, this course introduces students to the basics of graphics and how they are used on the Internet. This class is offered online, however there is regular interactivity with teacher and student. The course allows students to get acquainted with all areas of computer graphics and produce eye-catching web graphics. Materials include a textbook, lecture and video tutorial CD, and demonstration software for both Windows (2000 and higher) and Macintosh. Students need access to a computer, CD-ROM drive and an Internet connection to complete this course. Instructor support is readily available via email or phone.
develop the skills needed to create graphic materials in Macromedia Fireworks.
demonstrate the ability to create web graphics.
become familiar with and demonstrate the ability to create web graphics and special effects.
import graphics and modify graphics.
develop an awareness of the vast range of technology.
introduce critical thinking skills as it applies to technology.
Access to a computer with the following minimum system requirements: Macintosh with OS X; and CDROM or Windows 2000 or greater, and CD-ROM; access to the internet.
You are to complete the assignments required for this course using the textbook, "Fireworks 8 Revealed" by Barbara M. Waxer. In working through the textbook you will be asked to create a number of files. These files will be submitted for evaluation.
All people participating in the educational process at Fresno Pacific University are expected to pursue honesty and integrity in all aspects of their academic work. Academic dishonesty, including plagiarism, will be handled according to the procedures set forth in the Fresno Pacific University Catalogue.
All Students are required to complete all assignments.
Further inquiries may be directed to the Center for Professional Development office at 1 (800) 372-5505 or 1 (559) 453-2015.
The Fresno Pacific University catalog has a policy on Academic Integrity/Honesty. Please note this policy on your syllabus as follows: All people participating in the educational process at Fresno Pacific University are expected to pursue honesty and integrity in all aspects of their academic work. Academic dishonesty, including plagiarism, will be handled according to the procedures set forth in the Fresno Pacific University Catalogue.
On completion of this class, a grade form will appear on the class website. At that time, you will be able to select what type of grade you would like to receive (grade or credit/no credit).


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The IOC President in Cairo
This weekend, IOC President Jacques Rogge went to Cairo, Egypt, which is hosting the 11th Pan-Arab Games from 11 to 25 November. On his agenda, a courtesy visit to the President of the Arab Republic of Egypt, Hosni Mubarak, followed by a visit to the headquarters of the Egyptian Olympic Committee and its Museum, and the Opening Ceremony of the Pan-Arab Games at the Cairo Stadium.
A presidential meeting
President Rogge was received at the Presidential Palace by President Mubarak. Their discussion focused on the Pan-Arab Games, the development of sport in Egypt, and the role it can play in teaching young people values, such as respect, friendship and the search for excellence. President Rogge was accompanied by IOC member Mounir Sabet, who is also the NOC President.
From Alexandria to Cairo
The history of the Pan-Arab Games, established by the League of Arab Nations, began in 1953 with the first edition in Alexandria, Egypt. Fifty-four years later, the Games are back to their birthplace, with the participation of some 7,000 athletes and officials from 22 Arab countries and regions. The 14-day event includes competitions in 33 sports to be held in seven cities around the country, so that sport can be spread and encouraged throughout Egypt, alongside Egyptian heritage, civilisation and culture. Many IOC members attended the Opening Ceremony of these Games and met the IOC President. In attendance were Mohamed Mzali, Toni Khoury, Mustapha Larfaoui, Mounir Sabet, Samih Moudallal, Prince Nawaf Faisal Fahd Abdulaziz, and Rania Elwani.


Manchester City manager Pep Guardiola arrives for the Champions League quarter-final first leg match at Tottenham Hotspur Stadium (pic: Adam Davy/PA Images).
Manchester City manager Pep Guardiola is expecting the atmosphere inside the Etihad on Wednesday to play a part in helping them overturn a one-goal deficit to Spurs in the Champions League quarter-finals.
Heung-min Son scored the only goal last Tuesday during the first leg tie at Tottenham Hotspur Stadium which was played out in front of a hostile home crowd.
A huge amount of noise was generated by the Lilywhites supporters throughout and Mauricio Pochettino talked up the effort of the fans afterwards.
With City now in front of their own people, Guardiola is looking for them to have an impact and guide the Premier League champions into the last four of the competition.
Speaking after the 1-0 defeat, he said: "I didn't expect arriving in the quarter-finals or semi-final first leg to win 3-0.
"That is the reality and it happened to many, many teams with many, many situations, but we have another option and another chance and that is the point.
"Of course they know when we arrive in this situation we have to be a bit more precise and try to score.
"We have time, we have two days to prepare for the game. We didn't have any single day to prepare for this game, just talking, but not on the pitch because we played two or three days (earlier against Brighton & Hove Albion in the FA Cup).
"Tottenham had six days and maybe next time we have more and after we review the game we see what we can do to attack more or defend better and create more chances with our people.
"Hopefully they can support us every single minute and hopefully with the Etihad full with spectators, they can support us.
Guardiola had Kevin De Bruyne and Leroy Sane on the bench last week, but both are expected to start on Wednesday.
In contrast, Spurs will be without Harry Kane after he suffered a serious ankle injury and Dele Alli remains a doubt with a broken hand.
Harry Winks is another Tottenham player who could miss out, but City have concerns over Fernandinho, who didn't feature in the 3-1 win at Crystal Palace last weekend.
"This is a big club, we don't forget that," Guardiola added: "Maybe they change their set-up and play five at the back, so we will see.


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Q: Joomla - Detect if article is with featured state How can i add custom class="featured" into html\com_content\category\blog_item.php if that rendered article is featured too?
Is there a line of code that can determines if the article is featured?
Thanks!

A: Ok i`ve got it!
Into html\com_content\category\blog.php
Paste this lines on line 79
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So it looks like this:
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        $featuredclass = 'featured';
    }
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<div class=" <?php echo $featuredclass;?> items-row cols-<?php echo (int) $this->columns;?>
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Special thanks to Bojcheski

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Entertainmentkurt cobain nirvanaKurt Cobain deathCourtney Love
Kurt Cobain Death: Nirvana Rocker's Passing Marked (VIDEO)
Kurt Cobain's Death Anniversary Marked
Apr 5, 2011, 12:18 PM EDT | Updated Dec 6, 2017
Grunge legend. Rock God. Troubled young man. Kurt Cobain was all of those things, and his legend only grows in death.
Cobain died from a gunshot wound inflicted in what police ruled a suicide. He was found dead on April 8th; police investigators estimated that he passed on April 5th, making Tuesday the 17th anniversary of his death.
The frontman of seminal and beloved band Nirvana, Cobain achieved success as he sunk further and further into depression and drug use. His biggest hit came with the song "Smells Like Teen Spirit," off the legendary album "Nevermind." He was uncomfortable with fame despite his growing profile on MTV and in raucous live shows, with lyrics reflecting his pain at a broken childhood and distrust of the world.
Cobain was married to Courtney Love, who spent the early part of Tuesday tweeting incessant memorials to him.
There's some debate and controversy as to the veracity and intent of a note that was found near his body; it was officially ruled a suicide note. To read it, click here.
Cobain, who famously quoted Neil Young when he said, "It's better to burn out than fade away," died at the age of 27. For whatever reason, many famous rockers have died at that age, including Jimi Hendrix and Janis Joplin. Check out more here.
Watch Cobain and Nirvana perform one of their most famous songs, "Come As You Are," at their legendary "MTV Unplugged" performance.
kurt cobain nirvanaKurt Cobain deathCourtney LoveVideokurt cobain courtney love
I Was 'Straight,' Then 'Gay,' Then 'Bisexual.' Now I Know Who I Really Am.
Apple Martin Is Gwyneth Paltrow's Lookalike In Paris Fashion Week Debut
Nia Long Reflects On 'Devastating' Months After Ime Udoka Scandal
Riley Keough Shares Last Photo With Late Mom Lisa Marie Presley


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Guy John Bolaris "Fired" After Ice Storm Says Not So Fast
"I did not lose a job," writes Harry Holmes. "John lost his only true friend and ally."
By Victor Fiorillo· 1/21/2015, 8:37 p.m.
On Tuesday, we interviewed meteorologist John Bolaris of WeatherSavior.com in the wake of Sunday's deadly flash freeze, which every forecaster, including Bolaris, missed.
In the interview, Bolaris told us that he had fired another meteorologist at WeatherSavior, because that unnamed person dropped the ball by sending out an inaccurate forecast early on Sunday morning. Bolaris claimed that the meteorologist "phoned it in" by writing the report the night before instead of checking the data in the morning.
Well, now that meteorologist — Harry Holmes (seen here) — has revealed himself, and he's not very happy with Bolaris, with whom he's worked for more than two decades.
Below, a letter from Holmes about Bolaris and our article, followed by Bolaris' response:
Yesterday you wrote an article about Bolaris and the "firing" of an employee. How can you fire an someone that you do not compensate? I was not paid by Bolaris for over 6 months and every agreement of compensation that HE offered, HE could not live up to. I never asked for money … he offered.
I even offered to buy into the company to show my commitment. But he always said, don't worry you'll be a partner someday. But that promise was always pushed off.
I helped build Weather Savior over the last 2 years and spent countless hours of MY time forecasting for a great weather website for the Philadelphia region. He kept promising me that it would change and that hard work and sacrifice would pay off.
Everyone on the Weather Savior team has other primary paying jobs. I wasn't the only one. But John takes it personal when anyone can't give 100% devotion to his company. I never asked for money and was appreciative the few times he did send money my way. But I believed he would live by his word … which he didn't.
Recently, I really did not have the time to devote to his business but as a good friend, I chose to help out the best I could. Since December, we decided to set a schedule for shifts for updates on the weather. In December, I told him that I could not do more than nights and he would handle mornings & afternoons. John became very distant after that and I hardly ever heard from him until yesterday. He said he sent me emails but I never received them. But our main source of contact was always through text and phone conversations. So why email me?
I first learned of the "firing" when I read your article and then he followed with text messages to me … Announcing it to the public was not necessary. The only reason for the public flogging … he did it to save face following an unfortunate forecast bust. He called me lazy for not getting up but he was the one who was on morning duty. He admitted to me by text saying, "I was up at 4:30 a.m. then went back to bed" only to realize he set his alarm for 5:30 p.m. I also believe that an article like this creates a good buzz for his website whether it's good or bad.
If you read the text messages he sent me over the last few months including yesterday, you would see how he treats his so-called employees that are trying to help him build his business.
He texted me saying, "I never gave your name, irrelevant". It's not the "firing" from a non-paying job that bothers me. It's how and why he did it. He knew my personal problems just like I know about all of his. But I would've never done what he did. It's inexcusable and unforgivable.
I did not lose a job. John lost his only true friend and ally.
Thanks for listening,
Bolaris responds:
I wish nothing but the best for Harry. I'm not going to get into the "he said-she said"-type of thing. It's a waste of time.
It's very simple Harry had 2 responsibilities one was to update Flyers drive to & drive home forecast and the one SIGNIFICANT one, the early morning daily weather blast. On the morning of January 18th a critical weather event was setting up if precipitation were to move in early enough it could [come] down in the form of freezing rain. I wrote about this possibility not only on WEATHERSAVIOR.COM but Philly.com as well. He failed, he mailed in the forecast close to 8 hours prior to the event. He has been around me long enough that he knows better to NEVER schedule a forecast when potential severe weather is possible.
That morning 3 family members died in car accidents due to the "surprise ice strike." Now I'm saying all meteorologists failed to send out the proper tone of the possibility of Sunday early morning ice. Perhaps if the public was aware that Sunday morning could have icing problems those families might have decided to change their plans and waited to drive later that morning or early afternoon.
As I stated on social media sites, in the end I take the blame for the faulty early morning weather blast without any warning of ice.
I sent warnings out by 7:30 a.m. but by that time it was too late. Harry violated my strict weather code … you NEVER pre-record, schedule a forecast on a day of uncertainty or possible severe weather. It was best for the company, but obviously not for our friendship.
John Bolaris
Victor Fiorillo Senior Reporter at Philadelphia Magazine @phillyvictor
https://www.facebook.com/VictorKnowsPhilly/
vfiorillo@phillymag.com


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After something different, a true statement piece? Look no further. A ring for the bold. Solid gold claws match perfectly with the Smokey quartz stone.
This ring is designed and crafted in Christchurch, New Zealand.
Metal: Sterling Silver 925, 9 Carat Gold 375.


Another week's worth of Lipruary swatches. And make sure to follow me on Instagram as I'm continuing to post lip swatches on my account!
There's one more post of swatches left that will be coming in the next few days.
Make sure to check out the first and second week of swatches too!