READY TO TRY FOR A PR AWARD? THIS IS THE YEAR TO DO IT!
Are you considering entering your best public relations work into the local Image Awards competition (March 9 deadline) or state Golden Image Awards competition (May 21 deadline)? We can help!
Now's your chance to get the details on how to improve your odds of taking home accolades. Join us at our Feb. 14 information session.
In the session, Volusia-Flagler FPRA board members Vickie Pleus, APR, CPRC, and Cindi Lane, APR, winners of multiple Image Awards and Golden Image awards, will assist interested FPRA members to select their project and understand the essential elements of each award entry's two-page summary, as well as share online resources that will help members create the best entries possible.
Conducted annually, the Image Awards competition provides PR practitioners an excellent platform to be recognized in their home markets for their outstanding public relations tools and programs. The Image Awards also works to give entrants insights for entering their work, if they choose, into FPRA's statewide competition: the Golden Image Awards. The Golden Image Awards have become a standard of public relations excellence in Florida.
Join us for this highly-informative session on Wednesday, Feb. 14, 8:30 – 10 a.m., at the Synergy Billing Conference Room, 1410 LPGA Blvd #148, Daytona Beach, FL. Please RSVP to Jeannette Duerr, APR, at jduerr@synergybilling.com so we can ensure there's a donut and coffee awaiting you.


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SALMOND TO APPEAR IN COURT ON SEXUAL ASSAULT AND ATTEMPTED RAPE CHARGES
Former Scottish first minister Alex Salmond is due to appear in court on a series of sexual assault and attempted rape charges. The preliminary hearing is to take place at the High Court in Edinburgh today.
Mr Salmond faced a total of 14 charges, including two counts of attempted rape, when he appeared at Edinburgh Sheriff Court on January 24.
He has previously denied the allegations and said he will defend himself "to the utmost" in court.
The 64-year-old was Scotland's first minister from 2007 to 2014.
The result of the 2014 referendum - a 55% to 45% vote to stay in the UK - led to him stepping down as first minister and SNP leader.
No room for Brexit re-negotiation - Juncker
that's according to european commission president jean-claude juncker. addressing the european parliament in strasbourg...
NIGEL FARAGE SAYS RIVALS ARE 'PLAYING IT SAFE'
the brexit party leader accused the rivals of being overly cautious during the bbc event, saying it was "not terribly ex...

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Futuristic metallic navy blue finish on hull. Stripped out interior – speed racing cruiser. Vessel one the Admirals Cup in 1985 and is offered for sale in need of restoration. Builder is Neville Hutton and built in England by Rob Humphreys.
Vessel is under shrinkwrap and on the hard in Oyster Bay, New York.


text:
Grupo Televisa is a Mexican multimedia mass media company. A major Latin American mass media corporation, it often presents itself as the largest producer of Spanish-language content.

In April 2021, Televisa and Univision Communications announced that they had proposed a merger between Televisa's media and entertainment assets with Univision, which would form a new company to be known as TelevisaUnivision. The transaction was completed on January 31, 2022, with Televisa owning a 45% stake of the company.

Company

History

Since its beginning, the company has been owned by the Azcárraga family. The company has been led and owned by three generations of Azcárraga; each has marked an era for the company and, until October 2017, each had passed the ownership of the company to his son upon his death.

Emilio Azcárraga Vidaurreta (1955–1972)
Grupo Televisa was founded in 1955 as Telesistema Mexicano, linking Mexico's first three television stations: XHTV-TV (founded in 1950), XEW-TV (1951) and XHGC-TV (1952). Along with Emilio Azcárraga Vidaurreta, the O'Farril family and Ernesto Barrientos Reyes, who had signed on Mexico's first radio station, XEW-AM, in 1930, were co-owners of the firm. Its headquarters, known as Televicentro, were originally located on Avenida Chapultepec in downtown Mexico City. The building opened on 10 February 1952.

The channel was the first national network to be broadcast in color in 1963. Before the launch, Telesistema began airing in color in the late 1950s in select cities along the U.S.-Mexico border, given the fact that color signals were already present since the start of US color television in the decade starting from 1954.

In 1968, Telesistema's main competitor, Televisión Independiente de México (TIM), entered Mexico City with XHTM-TV Canal 8. At the time, both Telesistema and TIM (which was based in Monterrey) competed with another new station, XHDF-TV channel 13, which also started transmissions in 1968. Over the next four years, both networks competed in content and image until they merged, taking on the name "Televisa" in 1973. In the merger deal, the owners of Telesistema had 75 percent of the stocks, while the owners of Televisión Independiente had the rest, which were sold to Telesistema later because of financial problems.

On 7 September 1970, 24 Horas debuted and became one of Mexico's most-watched news programs. The host, journalist Jacobo Zabludovsky, anchored the newscast for almost three decades.

The 1973 merger brought in another new face who would later help revolutionize television and pop music: Raúl Velasco and his Sunday program Siempre en Domingo, which was, from the start, being aired on Telesistema. Its successful run of 29 seasons (1969–98) not only featured the best pop artists from Spain and Latin America as well as from English-speaking countries, but also the most successful local singers, and its broadcast into many countries in both North and South America helped promote Latin pop to millions of television viewers.

Emilio Azcárraga Milmo (1972–1997)
On 17 August 1972, Emilio Azcárraga Vidaurreta died, and Emilio Azcárraga Milmo succeeded him as company president and owner. On 8 January 1973, both Telesistema Mexicano and Televisión Independiente de México merged, taking on the name Televisa, an acronym for Televisión Via Satélite in Spanish. In 1975, brothers Emilio Diez Barroso and Fernando Diez Barroso began working in the presidency offices of Televisa.

Televisa started to transmit several programs produced by the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México in 1977. On 3 March 1983, Channel 8 was reformatted to become a cultural channel, offering informative programs, debates and cultural shows. In 1985, a frequency swap moved the station from channel 8 to 9, and Televisa also decided to swap its callsign for that of XEQ-TV, which had been on channel 9 and broadcast from Altzomoni; the XHTM callsign was moved to that station, which was moved to channel 10. Canal 9 eventually became Galavisión, now known as Gala TV.

On 19 September 1985, an earthquake measuring 8.1 on the Richter scale caused widespread damage in Mexico City and destroyed the south tower of Televisa's main building. Nonetheless, Televisa's transmissions were not seriously affected. However, several dubbed TV shows were lost.

In 1991, Televisa, with help from Japanese public television network NHK (Nippon Hōsō Kyōkai), began its first broadcast in HDTV, using the Japanese Multiple sub-Nyquist sampling Encoding MUSE system, the first in Latin America. Between 1993 and 1994 Televisa was about to buy Italian local TV station GBR, based in Rome, planning to import in Italy the network's mixed sport-telenovelas formula, but the transaction was ultimately aborted.

It was Azcárraga Milmo who presided over the launch of company owned Noticias ECO in 1988, which was the first Spanish language cable and satellite news network in Latin America.

Emilio Azcárraga Jean (1997–2017)

In April 1997, Milmo died and Emilio Azcárraga Jean succeeded him as the president of the company. Azcárraga Jean was 29 years old and he was one of the youngest executives in Mexico at that time. In December 1997, Televisa joined with other Mexican media companies to create a marathon known as Teletón, whose mission is to provide knowledge about physical disabilities, giving a strong message about respect, equality and support to people in these conditions. This movement from media, enterprises and Mexicans is reflected in the buildings created with the money from this Marathon, named Centros de Rehabilitación Infantil (CRIT). It is said that sponsors use it as a way to deduce taxes as the Teletón takes place at the end of the fiscal year and therefore allows companies to deduce their donations before declaring their incomes. Televisa introduced a new logo on January 1, 2001, putting eight lines instead of ten, and it closely resembles the previous logo. Changes include the sun now being a 3D ball, which in turn making the logo an eye, and the wordmark was brought back and in Helvetica Black.

Televisa is the largest mass media company in Latin America, and it is owned by the Azcárraga family. Televisa controls 66% of the 465 television concessions. Also Televisa owns television programing and broadcasting, programing pay television, publishing distribution, cable television, radio production and broadcasting, football teams (Club Necaxa and Club America), stadiums, Televisa editorial (that makes books, newspapers and magazines), paging services, professional sports and business promotion, film production and distribution, dubbing, operation of horizontal internet portal, DVD distribution, EMI Televisa music, Playcity casino, etc.

There is complicity between Mexican media and government. Media and political power in México have a symbiotic relationship where the economic elites that control the media (Televisa and TV Azteca) are privileged in exchange for their support for the policies and actions of the government. In México the mass media owners are likely to have access to high levels of the Mexican government. On 3 May 2006, the community of San Salvador Atenco was violently repressed by the Mexican police who used excessive force and committed severe human rights violations. This event was one of the most violent repressions in the nation's history. This event is important because it shows how Televisa and TV Azteca were involved in inciting and supporting the repression of the people of Atenco by the government in México. The approval of the repression of Atenco by TV Azteca and Televisa can be seen as a clear example of the collaboration between mass media and government. Televisa and TV Azteca through their news programs support government policies without criticism and dismiss alternative voices to the dominant discourse. When this event occurred, mass media portrayed the farmers of Atenco as a radical social movement without reporting the reason behind the mobilization. In México the mass media are not there to provide objective information, México is under the shadow of authoritative journalism, in which they are only there to endorse an agenda that is aligned with the government.

In August 2014, Televisa announced it would acquire the remaining shares in Mexican cable firm Cablecom that it did not already own for a fee of around $653.96 million. In September 2014, it was announced that Grupo Salinas would acquire Grupo Televisa's 50 percent stake in Mexico's third largest wireless operator Iusacell for a fee of $717 million. In January 2016, Televisa introduced a new branding, including a new logo design: an updated version of the company's logo from 1973, and a new slogan "Tu companía, tu más".

Post-Azcárraga family leadership; sale of content assets to Univision (2017–present)
Emilio Azcárraga Jean renounced the leadership of Televisa in October 2017, although he remains chairman of the company's board of directors. The newly appointed leader of the company will be the first not to be part of the Azcarraga family. The move was made to combat the massive decline in Televisa's viewership created by the rise in popularity of Netflix and other video streaming services, becoming more popular than cable television, as well as the end of the duopoly of private channels caused by the arrival of new players in the 2010s.

On April 13, 2021, Televisa announced that it would sell its content assets to its longtime US partner, Univision Communications which it will combine Televisa's four free-to-air brands in Mexico, pay-TV networks, its Videocine movie studio, and the Televisa trademark; with Univision's broadcast and cable television, radio, and digital assets. The merger is targeted to be completed by the end of the year, subject to US and Mexican regulatory reviews, and the new company will be known as TelevisaUnivision. Televisa will own 45% of the combined company and will retain its Club America football team,  telecommunication, pay-TV and publishing businesses, as well as the station licenses and other infrastructure for the company's four networks.

The merger was approved by the Federal Telecommunications Institute (IFT) on September 15, 2021. The merger was approved by the US' FCC (Federal Communications Commission) on January 24, 2022, while the sale was completed on January 31 of that same year.

Properties and services

Properties or partial properties

Televisa is the second-largest media conglomerate in Latin America behind Grupo Globo, with interests in television broadcasting, programming for pay television, international distribution of television programming, direct-to-home satellite services, publishing and publishing distribution, cable television, radio production and broadcasting, professional sports and show business promotions, paging services, feature film production and distribution, dubbing, and the operation of a horizontal Internet portal. TelevisaUnivision Mexico's telenovelas generally run only one season and are broadcast internationally. The conglomerate has partially to complete interest in the following companies:

Telecommunications and pay-television industry
Cable providers
 Izzi Telecom (formerly known as Cablevisión México) is the internet, fixed telephony and cable TV provider of Grupo Televisa. The company is made of several formerly separate companies (Cablevisión DF, Cablemas, Cablevisión Monterrey, Cablecom and Telecable) combined to provide competition against Telmex.
 Sky México

Publishing (books, magazines and newspapers)
Editorial Televisa
Vanidades
TVyNovelas
Rolling Stone Mexico
Muy Interesante (Mexico)
 Intermex (Editorial house)

Websites
 Comercio Más (Internet EsMas.com)
 Televisa Digital (Internet)
 N+ LIVE

Studios
 Televisa Chapultepec
 Televisa San Ángel
 Televisa Santa Fe
 Televisa Guadalajara
 Televisa Monterrey
 Televisa Puebla

Other
 Más Fondos (Investment Group)
 Volaris (Airline) (Sold on 16 July 2010)
 Playcity Casino (Gambling)
 Multijuegos (Lotto)

In November 2006, an American embassy cable released through WikiLeaks listed Cablevisión and SKY México (both owned by Televisa), among "Mexico's monopolists", with control over a majority of Mexico's cable and satellite television, respectively.

Media networks

Televisa is the largest shareholder of TelevisaUnivision, which provides programming throughout Mexico through four networks, and in the United States via Univision and UniMás through local affiliates. 253 Mexican local television stations (54.8% of the total commercial stations), and 59 US local television stations air programming from all six terrestrial networks.

TelevisaUnivision also operates a subsidiary called Televisa Networks (it's still often recognized within the entertainment industry by its previous moniker, Visat). This subsidiary is responsible for the distribution of Televisa programmes by satellite. The company also distributes the international feed of Las Estrellas via satellite to Latin America, Europe, Australia, and New Zealand.

Programming

Criticisms and controversies

Political bias, defamation and impartial news coverage
Due to Televisa's multiple and diverse areas of business and political interests around the country, Latin America and the U.S., it has been often accused of airing misleading information about individuals or organizations in which may exist a conflict of interest. Many remember the famous phrase from the former owner of Televisa Emilio Azcarraga Milmo referring to himself as a "soldado del Partido Revolucionario Institucional (PRI)" (soldier of the Institutional Revolutionary Party), the longtime ruling political party in Mexico that held presidency of Mexico uninterruptedly for 71 years from 1929 to 2000, however, with his death and the arrival of his son Emilio Azcarraga Jean to the head of the network, there was the promise to cut all political ties with the PRI. However, if the relationship ended or not has been widely disputed, along with their impartiality when it comes to their economic interests in diverse business areas.

Francisco Ibarra and Emilio Maurer
Long before 1991, Televisa exercised strong control over the Mexican Football Federation (Federación Mexicana de Fútbol) in which they participated with the ownership of two teams (Club América and Necaxa). However, that year a rival group, Imevision (now TV Azteca) took control over the federation with Francisco Ibarra as the acting president and Emilio Maurer as Secretary, both of whom started a series of changes concerning mainly to the administration of a poll of money earned in sponsorships of the National Soccer Team; this fight resulted in a prosecution through several TV channels owned by the network resulting in Ibarra and Maurer being expelled from the Federation, even Maurer being incarcerated. Rumors of then President of Mexico Carlos Salinas de Gortari being involved in this prosecution began to circulate, however, this was never confirmed.

Santiago Creel Miranda
In 2008, the approval of a series of laws that would enable the Federal Institute of Elections (IFE) to buy in exclusive airtime for political campaigns on TV networks, radio and newspapers for all political parties, that would undermine the economical revenue of Televisa and TV Azteca in marketing political candidates to public election posts, led to the virtual "disappearance" in news shows and other programming of Televisa network (along with TV Azteca) in retaliation to Santiago Creel Miranda and other lawmakers (senadores) of all political parties involved in the approval of these laws.

Issac Saba Raffoul
In 2010, Televisa (along with competitor TV Azteca) began airing a series of reports in their news shows in which
they claimed that businessman Isaac Saba Raffoul held a monopoly in the field of pharmaceuticals distribution along with the country with their enterprise Grupo Saba, those affirmations occurred as a consequence of the business partnership between Isaac Saba Raffoul and General Electric to become the third national television network. This partnership, in the potential case of becoming successful in acquiring rights from the Federal Government to transmit along the country, would have diminished the TV market share of Televisa and TV Azteca.

Grupo Reforma
In 2011, Televisa began airing a series of reports related to publication of classifieds on newspapers owned by Grupo Reforma (a large holding of businesses that includes newspapers, online news and others) of women offering sex service, often offered as massage service, escort service, etc. implying these could lead to various crimes like human trafficking, sexual slavery, kidnapping of women and others (prostitution laws in Mexico are very ambiguous). Although those classifieds are published in a wide range of newspapers around the country, Televisa specifically targeted Grupo Reforma's publications. Analysts say this was a retaliation against Grupo Reforma for their extense coverage of the affair of their star news anchor Carlos Loret de Mola, all of this, however, as a retaliation itself to the fact that Televisa obtained licenses to provide third and fourth generation wireless services in partnership with communications giant Nextel.

Carlos Slim Helu (Telmex)
In 2011, Televisa began airing reports concerning an allegedly monopoly of Telmex and America Movil (Telcel) on national cellular phone service and claiming that customers were being overcharged; also claiming that fees to interconnect to existing cellular grid and infrastructure to third parties were excessively high. This fight occurred when both companies were trying to obtain from the Federal Government the rights to offer to customers "Triple Play" which means that one carrier could provide cellular service, television and internet in one complete package. However, this matter resulted on interminable courtroom fights between both parties and the decision has been delayed so far.

Pablo Salazar Mendiguchia
In 2011 Televisa began airing an extense coverage on the arrest and incarceration of Chiapas ex-governor Pablo Salazar Mendiguchia, accused of several crimes, this coverage was prolonged and very extensive. In an interview with journalist Carmen Aristegui, famed writer and analyst Rafael Loret de Mola accepted to some degree that perhaps a political prosecution was occurring, but that his main concern was that he had (and showed on air) a legal document in which Adela Micha Zaga (a news anchor with Televisa) gives legal power to then ex-governor Pablo Salazar Mendiguchia (also a lawyer) to act as an inmobiliary agent to sell a condo she possessed a few years ago. His concern was about a "perverse" relation between Salazar and Televisa journalists.

May 2012 rallies
On 19 May 2012 a series of rallies "Marchas Anti-Peña" (Rallies Against-Peña) were held across the country (D.F., Guadalajara, Monterrey, Pachuca, Aguascalientes, Chihuahua, Tuxtla Gutierrez, Jalapa, Colima, and others). In addition to proclaiming dislike of Enrique Peña Nieto (the political candidate of the PRI), the protest was also aimed at the news coverage of Peña Nieto, principally by the program Tercer Grado. The rally organizers claimed that Televisa was actively assisting Peña Nieto to win the forecoming election and that their intense coverage of his activities as the Governor of Estado de Mexico, helped him position as the No. 1 in opinion polls. Rallies also occurred outside of Televisa San Angel (Televisa headquarters), where some of the protesters were permitted to air their points of view on a nationwide telecast.

As of 2011, its closest competitors are TV Azteca (also in Mexico) and TVE (Spain). In 2012, he was embroiled in controversy since the progressive movement, headed by leading left into Mexico Andrés Manuel López Obrador, was openly accused of sponsoring the PRI candidate Enrique Peña Nieto.

Money laundering

On 23 August 2012, 18 alleged company employees were arrested in Nicaragua, accused of international drug trafficking, organized crime and money laundering; six vans that bore the logo of the media company also were seized which had professional production equipment for television transmission and registered in the name Televisa SA de CV, where drugs and $9.2 million in cash were transported. According to statements of the television itself, detainees do not belong to Televisa, and the vehicles were registered with false documents to the Ministry of Transport and Roads of the Federal District. Supposedly stationery used in these forgeries (especially some business cards and letterhead) involved Amador Narcia, a reporter who disappeared from Televisa News following this scandal.

Televisa political bias in favor of Margarita Zavala controversy
On 21 November 2016 Televisa released a telenovela (soap opera) titled La candidata (The candidate ["La" is a feminine noun]) portrayed by actress Silvia Navarro as Regina Bárcenas (whom acts as the speculated fictional stand-in for Margarita Zavala) and Rafael Sánchez Navarro as her husband Alonso San Roman (which acts as the speculated fictional stand-in for Felipe Calderón). It is heavily speculated this television program, was created in order to favor Zavala in the 2018 elections against MORENA's political candidate Andrés Manuel López Obrador whom Televisa supposedly does not want as president due to his left-leaning political viewpoints.

Alleged under-coverage of Jaime "El Bronco" Rodriguez Calderon
Previous to the release of the telenovela, during the same year Televisa found in itself on another political bias controversy showing bias against Nuevo León's governor Jaime "El Bronco" Rodríguez Calderón who is a potential 2018 presidential candidate It happened on 11 September 2016, during a Live-Television News broadcast from "Monterrey al Dia" where Televisa news reporter, Karla Minaya, mistakenly said: "" ("we have to try that the governor, for sure, is mentioned the least possible") which was perceived to show clear signs of political bias from the network. The Mexican newspaper El Universal published on social media a video of the event, which was covered by national news media although Televisa did not cover the story and declined to comment. El Bronco's predecessor Rodrigo Medina de la Cruz had spent 4000 millions of pesos on payments to television news media (Televisa included), supposedly to clean his image. Sick of what he considered to be the corruption in the Mexican media, El Bronco had previously vowed to not spend a single peso on purchasing favorable media coverage. So supposedly in retaliation, the Mexican Televisa news mentioned him the least possible, or with biased news coverage of unfair criticisms and defamation. In El Bronco's own words:  (There are 314 denouncements of stolen cars, we retrieved 229, but since we didn't pay Televisa, Multimedios and TV Azteca they don't show it. We have disbanded a band of thieves of cars and trucks. We have said it on every press round, but Televisa, Multimedios and TV Azteca don't show it.)

Earthquake in Mexico City 2017 fake news controversy
In September 2017, an earthquake devastated Mexico City in the state of Mexico. During the news coverage of the devastation, Televisa reported there was a little girl named Frida Sofia trapped within the debris of a fallen school. However, soon after it was revealed that in fact Frida Sofia never existed. Outraged with the fake news within times of crisis, rival network TV Azteca whose television schedule of the day included The Simpsons, decided to air the episode Radio Bart. Because the plot of the Simpsons episode consisted on Bart Simpson doing a prank, where he fooled the people on Springfield to think a little kid named "Timmy O'Toole" was trapped in a hole, mirroring the way Televisa fooled Mexico about Frida Sofia. The usage of such airing choice to criticize their rival network's fake news was praised by their viewers and international news media alike, leading to Timmy O'Toole becoming a trending topic in social media, due to the Mexican people explaining their support through internet memes. Televisa was heavily criticized for sharing such fake news, because those news made rescue teams waste time initiating an effort to save the non-existing girl, distracting them from saving the real people who were trapped in the debris.

Denigratory treatment towards women
In the Netflix documentary Cuando conocí al Chapo: La historia de Kate del Castillo focused on the story of how actress Kate del Castillo met Mexican drug dealer Joaquín "El Chapo" Guzmán. The aforementioned former Televisa actress, along producer Epigmenio Ibarra, both stated that during the 90's Televisa treated actresses as sex objects, going as far as offering them to investors and publicists.

Partnerships with other television networks

Televisa and Univision

Televisa has an ongoing relation with the US-based Univision network, dating back to the 1960s, when Univision's predecessor, the Spanish International Network (SIN), was owned by Telesistema Mexicano, Televisa's predecessor.

In October 2010, Televisa agreed to take a 5% stake in Univision and to extend and expand the companies' long-term program license agreement. The new program license agreement will include Internet and mobile rights and cover key Mexican football (soccer) rights and will run through at least 2020.

Televisa and Telemundo
On 18 March 2008, Televisa and NBCUniversal announced a 10-year multiplatform agreement that would allow 1,000 hours of Telemundo programming from news, entertainment programs, specials, and sports to be broadcast over not only its Galavision channel (XEQ-TV), but also its SKY Channel and Cablevision cable system starting in April, as well as a planned Telemundo pay TV channel to be launched later in 2008. Marketingymedios

Televisa's uncompleted agreement to acquire a stake in Nextel Mexico
In January 2010, Televisa announced an offer to acquire a 30% stake in Nextel Mexico from NII Holdings for US$1.44 billion. However, they later terminated the agreement.

In popular culture

Film depiction
The perceived political favoritism of Televisa towards the PRI, and the concept of the "cortinas de humo (smoke screens)" was explored in the Mexican black-comedy film The Perfect Dictatorship (2014), directed and written by Luis Estrada, whose plot directly criticizes both the PRI and Televisa. Taking place in a Mexico with a tightly controlled media landscape, the plot centers around a corrupt politician (a fictional stand-in for Enrique Peña Nieto) from a political party (serving as a fictional stand-in for the PRI), and how he makes a deal with TV MX (which serves as a stand-in to Televisa) to manipulate the diffusion of news towards his benefit, in order to save his political career. The director made it based on the perceived media manipulation in Mexico.

References

External links

  Televisa website
  Esmas, Televisa's Internet portal
  NovelaLounge, News on upcoming Televisa telenovelas

1991 initial public offerings
Companies based in Mexico City
Companies listed on the Mexican Stock Exchange
Companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange
Mexican brands
Television broadcasting companies of Mexico
Television channels and stations established in 1973
Mass media companies established in 1973
Mexican companies established in 1973
Conglomerate companies of Mexico

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Who sang the original song I want a Hippopotamus for Christmas?. I Want a Hippopotamus for Christmas. Shirley Temple. I want one too but my cat said no: Want to watch this again later?. I Want A Hippopotamus For Christmas; Artist Gayla Peevey;. Top 10 Shirley Temple Independent Dance Numbers - Duration:. " I Want a Hippopotamus for Christmas" is a Christmas novelty song written by John Rox (1902–1957) and performed by Gayla Peevey (10 years old at the time) in 1953.
The song peaked at number 24 on Billboard magazine's pop chart in December 1953. Read about I Want a Hippopotamus For Christmas by Shirley Temple and see the artwork, lyrics and similar artists. Shirley Temple never sang I Want A Hippopotamus for Christmas, it was written in 1953 (Shirley was an adult by then) and was recorded by Gayla Peevey.
Cute Christmas Song sung by a kid that had their heart set on gettng a Hippopotamus for Christmas - - - (this is NOT shirley temple singing - its Gayla Peevey, who was 10 years old in 1953 and an Oklahoma girl. Shirley Temple never sang I Want A Hippopotamus for Christmas, it was written in 1953 (Shirley was an adult by then) and was recorded by Gayla Peevey, who was 10 at the time. Yes, I know that it wriiten all over the internet that it's a Shirley Temple song, but for the life of me I don't understand why, it doesn't sound anything like her!.
I want a hippopotamus for Christmas Only a hippopotamus will do Don't want a doll, no dinky Tinker Toy I want a hippopotamus to play with and enjoy Who sang the original song I want a Hippopotamus for Christmas?. either shirley temple or gayla peevey. probably shirley temple. The FSDB Dance Troupe performs to the song" I Want A Hippopotamus For Christmas" during their end of the year performance.
Song is called 'I want a hippopotamus for Christmas'. It makes me laugh just reading the title. Every time this song plays on the radio, we all sing along to it and we also add our own little twist to it. Read about I Want a Hippopotamus For Christmas by Shirley Temple and see the artwork, lyrics and similar artists.
Shirley Temple never sang I Want A Hippopotamus for Christmas, it was written in 1953 (Shirley was an adult by then) and was recorded by Gayla Peevey, who was 10 at the time.
Dec 01, 2007 · I want a hippopotamus for Christmas, only a hippopotamus will do Don't want a doll, no dinky tinker toy I want a hippopotamus to play with and enjoy I Want a Hippopotamus for Christmas Arranger: J.
Daniel Smith Label Brentwood Choral Level Moderately Easy Voicing SATB. This fun novelty Christmas song was originally written in 1953 by John Rox and was recorded by 10-year old Gayla Peevey. Dec 14, 2006 · sherlie temple was the person who originally sang the song i want a hippopotamus for christmas I want a hippopotamus for Christmas Only a hippopotamus will do Don't want a doll, no dinky Tinker Toy I want a hippopotamus to play with and enjoy Directed by Michelle Pabalate.
Animation of the song 'I Want a Hippopotamus for Christmas. ' 51 Weeks: 51 Songs From The Past: Week 49: Gayla Peevey – I Want A Hippopotamus For Christmas It's that time of year when many of us tune in our ears to festive songs; many of which only make it out once a year (just like Father Christmas). Nov 20, 2009 · Cute Christmas Song sung by a kid that had their heart set on gettng a Hippopotamus for Christmas - - - (this is NOT shirley temple singing - its Gayla Peevey, who was 10 years old in 1953.
) Gayla Peevey never dreamed that her once-famous song, "I Want a Hippopotamus for Christmas, " would experience a boost in popularity sixty years after its recording. Now a new generation, the grandchildren of the original audience, has rediscovered the song, and Gayla is surprised to find herself in the role of celebrity once again. Full and accurate LYRICS for" I Want A Hippopotamus For Christmas" from" Shirley Temple" : I want a hippopotamus for Christmas, I don't think Santa Claus.


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need to rediscover your passion for the work?
crave a chance to explore big ideas in a safe space with like-minded colleagues?
want to "reconnect what you do with who you are?"
hope to end the school year with a sense of spring's resilience?
The "Draw from the Deep Well" Retreat offers a quiet, supportive space for such exploration. Buoyed by the new and re-emerging life that marks a Minnesota spring, it's a rare "oasis" in a parched and hectic world. It's an opportunity to explore your own sense of identity, purpose, and calling in the teaching life; to reweave the deep connection between your "soul and role"; and to renew your capacity to live and work from a place of wholeness and authenticity. Grounded in the truths of your own stories and questions, and guided by the Circles of Trust® model and the bestselling book The Courage to Teach by Parker J. Palmer, this retreat invites you to step with intention into a time and place apart and to take a well-deserved respite from the end-of-year craziness.
Some additional details:
We'll begin with dinner Thursday evening, March 31 and end shortly after lunch on Saturday, April 2. We will gather in the beauty of the spring landscapes at Prairie Oaks Institute, at the edge of Belle Plaine, Minnesota, just southwest of the Twin Cities. The retreat will be led by Chris Johnson, PhD, a Courage and Renewal® facilitator and founder of The Milkweed Group; and Courage and Renewal® facilitator-in-preparation Patti Hoffman (Director of the Center for Education & Learning at Minnesota State University, Mankato).
We are able to make this life-giving opportunity available for a "set your own investment" sliding-scale suggested donation of only $195 - $255, which includes lodging, meals, materials, and program. Please let us know well in advance if you have any dietary restrictions. You'll receive further details about what to bring, how to prepare, and so on, from the facilitators in late March.
Space is limited to 15 participants, so please register early (by March 27 at the latest) at www.POIteachspring2016.eventbrite.com .
What are the benefits of Courage to Teach?
CTT helps each educator strengthen his or her sense of identity and integrity. Men and women, individuals of all backgrounds and belief systems, experienced educators and novices—each has a unique experience based on the questions she or he brings. Across the nation, educators report common powerful benefits:
a renewed passion for teaching
strengthened relationships with colleagues
increased commitment to vocation
more time spent reflecting on professional practice
improved relationships with students
revitalized capacity as leaders for educational change.
For more information about Parker J. Palmer and the Courage to Teach, as well as the Circles of Trust approach, please visit the website for the Center for Courage and Renewal at www.couragerenewal.org.
We look forward to having you with us!
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text:
Beatriz Michelena (February 22, 1890 – October 10, 1942) was a Venezuelan American actress and singer during the silent film era, known at the time for her operatic soprano voice and appearances in musical theatre. She was one of the few Latina stars visible on the silver screen in the United States in the 1910s. She was a leading lady in each film project she was involved in and, after the failure of California Motion Picture Company, co-founded a production company with her husband George E. Middleton, producing four of her own movies.

She wrote popular articles for newspapers, including an advice column for girls, describing what it was like to be an actress, and answering questions from readers. For adult readers, Michelena wrote other pieces such as a history of the moving picture industry. In 1920 when she stopped making films, she returned to her career as a singer.

Michelena faded from historiography for many years, but her place in history has recently been re-examined; she was mentioned in 2002 in a presidential proclamation and her 1914 film Salomy Jane enjoyed a limited re-release in 2008.

Early life

Beatriz Michelena was born in New York City in 1890, six years after her sister Vera Michelena. Her father was a noted tenor Fernando Michelena, whose Spanish parents had settled in Caracas, Venezuela, where he was born. Her mother, Frances Lenord, was an operatic soprano and pianist.

Over much of her childhood, Michelena's parents toured with the Emma Abbott Grand Opera Company a traveling theatre company that performed famous operas translated to English for American audiences. Beatriz's father in later life taught music and worked as a vocal coach and, at the time of his death, was serving as president of Arrillaga Musical College, San Francisco. Beatriz and her sisters Vera and Teresa Luisa were trained by their father in classical voice and drama studies, and they followed in his footsteps by beginning singing careers of their own.

Vera first appeared onstage in the Princess Chic Opera company (1901) at 17, taking a leading role in The Man from China (1904). Beatriz, too, performed with Princess Chic in 1901, taking chorus roles suitable for a child of 11. By mid-1904, with Vera busy pursuing her career in New York, Fernando Michelena settled in San Francisco, California to teach voice. There, he raised Beatriz and continued to train her, a soprano, in operatic vocal techniques. He passed his stage experience to his daughter: the way to move as another person, the way to make simple but authoritative gestures, and the way to build intensity over the span of a performance. Maria Antonia Field, a Californian writer, would later chronicle her time as a student of Michelena's father in her book, Five Years of Vocal Study under Fernando Michelena.

Marriage and stage career
On Sunday, March 3, 1907, Michelena married George E. Middleton, a prominent San Francisco automobile dealer, the "happy culmination" of a romance that had begun in their school days. The private wedding took place at 232 Divisadero Street, the home of the parents of bridesmaid Margaret McGovern, "a lifelong friend of the bride". Judge Thomas F. Graham performed the ceremony. The couple spent a few weeks in Los Angeles for their honeymoon.

Middleton was the manager of the local Middleton Motor Car Company and the son of a California timber baron. He introduced Michelena to his society friends and business partners, including the trustees of Charles Crocker's estate who had rebuilt the St. Francis Hotel after the 1906 earthquake and fire.

After two years spent absent from the stage, in October 1910, "Beatriz Michelena Middleton" received a "full ovation" at the Garrick Theater for her role in The White Hen, a musical comedy set in Austria. Rotund comedian Max Dill, leader of the acting company, was the star of the show, given 14 minutes of applause upon entering the stage. For her performance, Michelena was sent flowers worth "a small fortune", according to the San Francisco Call theater writer, Walter Anthony. Starring actress Lora Lieb, native to San Francisco but unknown as a performer, took less applause.

Middleton and Michelena gave an interview to Anthony after The White Hen was an established hit. Middleton said that he had kept his wife off the stage, that he "didn't like the idea of musical comedy", but would not have objected to her appearance in "grand opera". Nonetheless, he agreed to an offer from Max Dill. Michelena said that she had so far spent her married life studying to perform three operatic roles: Carmen and Micaëla in Carmen, and Violetta Valéry in La traviata. She said that prior to appearing at the Garrick Theater, she had been afraid that her stage training had been lost. Michelena said she had to overcome her own fears as well as her husband's objections.

At the end of November, Michelena quit Dill's company, reporting that she had been billed underneath Lora Lieb in theater publicity, against the arrangement she had made with company manager Nat A. Magner. She said she refused to put her famous family name in second place.

On December 6, 1910, a story in the Call talked about Michelena and her sister having been "discovered" seven years previously by John Slocum, the manager who worked with the girls in the Princess Chic company. According to the story, Slocum had been trying to get Michelena to sign a long-term contract, but was beaten out in that regard by Middleton, "the athlete and clubman about town", whom she had married. A week earlier, Michelena had "caused a sensation" by resigning from the Max Dill company, but subsequently agreed to appear for four performances in Slocum's traveling production of The Kissing Girl, normally featuring Michelena's good friend, the actress Texas Guinan, who was willing to step down for a few days while Michelena covered the starring role of Christina. Michelena was quoted as saying,

Following the three performances in San Francisco and one in Oakland, Michelena and her husband took seats in the audience to watch Guinan perform the play's title role in San Jose's Victory Theater on December 15.

Michelena excelled in a singing role in The Tik-Tok Man of Oz in 1913. That year, during the autumn season, Michelena was a featured star of the Mechanics' Fair, an engineering and auto show in San Francisco. Following that, she sang at the inauguration of the Lincoln Highway, the nation's first transcontinental road. The western terminus celebration at the Valencia Theatre in San Francisco was organized by the Motor Car Dealers' Association, October 31, 1913.

California Motion Picture Company

Middleton set up the California Motion Picture Company in San Rafael in 1912 for the purpose of shooting promotional footage of the automobiles he was selling. He determined that his pretty wife could star in movies made by his company. By 1914, Middleton and Michelena were making three major films at the same time.

The first feature completed by CMPC was Salomy Jane, screened initially at the St. Francis Hotel by invitation only. Michelena's role was Bret Harte's Salomy Jane Clay, an energetic daughter of an emigrant miner. She is wooed by four men but prefers a fifth played by British heartthrob House Peters.

The movie saw limited nationwide distribution and was judged a hit by viewers who were impressed by the wild California scenery: giant redwood trees, winding roads hugging rocky bluffs and the Russian River  Michelena's dominant portrayal of the title role was also an appeal. Journalist Josephine Clifford McCracken wrote of her in the June 1915 issue of Overland Monthly:

One CMPC shooting location was on family property near Boulder Creek, California where Middleton's father had established a timber holding now known as the Middleton Tract. Other filming locations included undeveloped portions of Sonoma, Santa Cruz and Marin counties. In San Rafael, the studio boasted a large glass-walled and -roofed building that let in light but not wind so that shooting for indoor scenes could take place in full light without the telltale flapping of tablecloths and clothing blown by gusts. Considered expensive at the time, the company used a 1,250 Bell & Howell movie camera, worth about $ in current value. The camera held two reels of film so that two negatives were made of each scene. A second $700 camera provided a third reel of the same scene, from another perspective.

Even though Salomy Jane didn't return a profit (likely due to second-string distribution channels), its favorable reception convinced Middleton that his wife could challenge the world's top movie star, Mary Pickford. Every CMPC movie was from that time forward intended to be a star vehicle for Michelena. Unfortunately, Michelena's ego expanded with the glowing reviews of her skill, and her demands for star treatment brought heavier expenses to productions that continued to lose money. Mignon, The Lily of Poverty Flat, A Phyllis of the Sierras, Salvation Nell and The Rose of the Misty Pool all failed to turn a profit, and a lavish production of Faust which was in production in 1915 was given until the end of the year to be completed. Faust wasn't done by January 1916, and CMPC president Herbert Payne shut the film company down and filed for bankruptcy. Faust was never released.

Writer

In 1915 and 1916, Michelena wrote the regular newspaper column "Talks with Screen-struck Girls", carried at first by the San Rafael Independent on Tuesdays but then appeared on Sundays in other newspapers: San Francisco Examiner and the Prescott Journal-Miner (Arizona). She wrote about the ideal qualities found in an actress, and what girls might do to develop them.

She received a torrent of letters from readers—many were from girls asking "Must I be able to ride" and "Must I be able to swim". In response, Michelena described in the column how those skills were helpful to a movie actress, but not absolutely necessary; she said they "are accessories to, rather than the substance of the thing ... I would advise every girl entering motion pictures to learn to ride and swim and do all the rest of it, but I would have her realize their subordination to the really artistic side of the profession."'

On May 7, 1916, Michelena wrote to caution girls wishing for fame on the silver screen that many like themselves ended up "broken in spirit", with shattered expectations. She advised them to stay home and avoid "bitter disappointment" in movie making. In July, she discussed some of the specifics of the mental challenges of acting:

In addition to her column, Michelena wrote occasional articles intended for a wider readership. She wrote in October 1916 about the history of the moving picture industry in a multiple-article series, beginning her account with a retelling of Eadweard Muybridge's action photograph of Governor Leland Stanford's racehorse named Occident. She defined this high-speed image as essential to the development of moving pictures.

Michelena Studios

Middleton and Michelena bought their bankrupt film company for "a few thousand dollars" in 1917 and renamed it Michelena Studios. Their new company was called Beatriz Michelena Features, and shooting began on their next feature-length film, Just Squaw. Michelena's lead character was a white woman raised by American Indians, a woman who does not realize her racial heritage until after she falls into forbidden love with a white man. The movie played for only a week in San Francisco in 1919, and did not return a profit.

The moviemakers' new distributor, Robertson-Cole, was unable to find the right market for Heart of Juanita and The Flame of Hellgate in 1920. American audiences had grown more sophisticated, yet Michelena Studios was still employing their earlier production techniques. After shooting The Flame of Hellgate, Middleton and Michelena stopped making movies altogether. She returned to her singing performances and he returned to his car sales. They reportedly divorced in the mid-1920s, though Middleton told the 1930 US Census that they were married. The union produced no children.

Retirement and final years
After leaving film work, Michelena continued with her singing career, and toured Latin America (1927) where she was warmly received as part of a 30-person troupe of singers and dancers performing the operas Carmen and Madama Butterfly. The San Francisco Chronicle reported that this was "the first invasion of those countries by an American operatic star in repertoire performances". Afterward, she retired from singing, and returned to San Rafael to live near her old film studio. Between 1937 and 1941, she sold 10 of the 26 real estate parcels that together had formed her studio lot. On October 10, 1942, after a surgical operation in San Francisco, she died at the age of 52. Her sister Vera Michelena and her ex-husband George Middleton survived her.

Legacy
The Michelena Features studio facility in San Rafael sat empty through the 1920s with its solitary metal-clad brick vault housing all the company's nitrate films, including the earlier ones shot by CMPC. In 1931, boys playing with a firecracker at the deserted lot set the vault and all of its flammable contents spectacularly on fire. Every known copy of Michelena's movies was destroyed, a loss that Middleton estimated at $200,000; worth about $ million today. In 1996, an 82-year-old nitrate copy of Salomy Jane was found in Australia; it was sent to the Library of Congress for preservation. Awareness of Michelena's contribution to early film, and her role as a groundbreaking Hispanic star, rose in 2002 with a proclamation made by President George W. Bush upon the occasion of National Hispanic Heritage Month in which he listed her as one of America's influential Latino actors. In 2008, a new print of Salomy Jane was released for limited distribution.

Filmography

See also
Myrtle Gonzalez
List of Hispanic and Latino American actors

References
Notes

Bibliography

External links

Beatriz Michelena at the Women Film Pioneers Project
Photo of Beatriz Michelena in costume in San Anselmo

1890 births
1942 deaths
20th-century American actresses
American musical theatre actresses
American silent film actresses
American sopranos
American women in business
20th-century American women writers
American film actresses
Hispanic and Latino American actresses
American people of Venezuelan descent
Actresses from New York City
Western (genre) film actresses
Actors from San Rafael, California
Singers from New York City
Writers from New York City
20th-century American singers
20th-century American women singers
Women film pioneers


text:
Q: Name for a functor with this property? Let $F:C \to D$ be a functor. Then, for all $c \in C_0$ we have an induced functor $F/c:C/c \to D/Fc$. Suppose that for each $c$, $F/c$ has a right adjoint. There's surely a name for such a functor. What is it and where can I read about them?
Note: I am not assuming that $C$ has a terminal object- in fact, the example I have in mind does NOT have one.

A: I would call a functor $F : C \to D$ locally a left-adjoint if for every functor $G : I \to C$ ($I$ small), the induced functor $F : (C \downarrow G) \to (D \downarrow FG)$ is a left-adjoint. This is basically the assertion that every $(C \downarrow c) \to (D \downarrow Fc)$ is a left-adjoint plus a natural compatibility condition on the adjoints, which is probably given automatically in most examples.

A: If the right adjoints are also a right inverses, than such functors are called (Grothendieck) fibrations. If the right adjoint are full and faithful, than such functors are called Street fibrations.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Jenny Read, Ignacio Serrano-Pedraza, Michael Widdall, David Peterzell; Sensitivity to horizontal and vertical sine-wave corrugations defined by binocular disparity: factor analysis of individual differences reveals discrete processes with broad orientation and spatial frequency tuning. Journal of Vision 2016;16(12):833. doi: 10.1167/16.12.833.
Sensitivity functions for horizontally- and vertically-oriented depth corrugations both peak in modulation spatial frequency at 0.2-0.4 cycles/degree, with higher sensitivity for horizontal than vertical corrugations (both defined by horizontal disparities). In order to elucidate the spatial frequency and orientation tuning of underlying processes, we analyzed two data sets using factor analytic techniques developed to estimate the number and tuning of spatial channels (Peterzell et al.,1993; 1995; 1996; 2000). The first set (Widdall et al., unpublished; 16 deg displays, n=30 individuals), was for 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, and 1.4 (1.2 or 1.6) cycles/degree. A principal component analysis of disparity sensitivities (log arc sec) determined that two significant factors accounted for 70% of the variability. Following Varimax rotation to approximate "simple structure," one factor clearly loaded on to low spatial frequencies (0.4 c/deg and below), while the second was tuned to higher spatial frequencies (0.8 and 1.4 c/deg). Both factors had nearly identical tuning for horizontal and vertical patterns. In a second very small data set (Bradshaw & Rodgers, 1999; 20 degree displays, n=6 individuals), two or three factors accounted for 89% or 96% of the variability, with just one factor underlying the horizontal data, and at least two factors underlying the vertical data. The finding of separate factors for low and high spatial frequencies are consistent with previous studies (Witz & Hess, 2013; Serrano-Pedraza et al., 2013). The failure to find separate factors for horizontal and vertical corrugations in the larger data-set is surprising. Individuals' sensitivity to horizontal and vertical gratings were highly correlated at most spatial frequencies, even though the neuronal mechanisms are believed to be different, suggesting that sensitivity is limited mainly by the initial encoding of disparity.


DEFINITION: Any writing that conveys information or explains something.
HOW DO YOU WRITE AN INFORMATIONAL ESSAY?
2. Select three (or more) general areas you want to research about your topic. These general areas will be expanded to be one or more paragraphs each.
GENERAL AREAS: 1) habitat, 2) life span, and 3) how they camouflage.
3. Research your topic; focus on your general areas.
4. Begin your essay by writing an Introductory Paragraph.
this paragraph. This paragraph is also where you introduce your three general areas.
cuttlefish's habitat, understand it's life span, and investigate how they are masters of camouflage.
5. Write at least one paragraph for each general area you researched.
QUOTES: Quote directly from your sources. Be sure to cite your source!
CONCRETE DETAILS: Be very specific about details. Use senses: see, hear, touch, taste, and smell.
6. Write a Concluding Paragraph.


text:
BEST CURRENT PRACTICE
Errata Exist
Network Working Group                                           D. Meyer
Request for Comments: 4384                                 February 2006
BCP: 114
Category:  Best Current Practice
BGP Communities for Data Collection
Status of This Memo
This document specifies an Internet Best Current Practices for the
Internet Community, and requests discussion and suggestions for
improvements.  Distribution of this memo is unlimited.
Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2006).
BGP communities (RFC 1997) are used by service providers for many
purposes, including tagging of customer, peer, and geographically
originated routes.  Such tagging is typically used to control the
scope of redistribution of routes within a provider's network and to
its peers and customers.  With the advent of large-scale BGP data
collection (and associated research), it has become clear that the
information carried in such communities is essential for a deeper
understanding of the global routing system.  This memo defines
standard (outbound) communities and their encodings for export to BGP
route collectors.
Meyer                    Best Current Practice                  [Page 1]
RFC 4384          BGP Communities for Data Collection      February 2006
1. Introduction ....................................................2
2. Definitions .....................................................3
2.1. Peers and Peering ..........................................3
2.2. Customer Routes ............................................3
2.3. Peer Routes ................................................3
2.4. Internal Routes ............................................4
2.5. Internal More Specific Routes ..............................4
2.6. Special Purpose Routes .....................................4
2.7. Upstream Routes ............................................4
2.8. National Routes ............................................4
2.9. Regional Routes ............................................4
3. RFC 1997 Community Encoding and Values ..........................5
4. Community Values for BGP Data Collection ........................5
4.1. Extended Communities .......................................7
4.2. Four-Octet AS Specific Extended Communities ................9
5. Note on BGP UPDATE Packing ......................................9
6. Acknowledgements ................................................9
7. Security Considerations ........................................10
7.1. Total Path Attribute Length ...............................10
8. IANA Considerations ............................................10
9. References .....................................................11
9.1. Normative References ......................................11
9.2. Informative References ....................................11
1.  Introduction
BGP communities [RFC1997] are used by service providers for many
its customers and peers.  Communities are also used for a wide
variety of other applications, such as allowing customers to set
attributes such as LOCAL_PREF [RFC1771] by sending appropriate
communities to their service provider.  Other applications include
signaling various types of Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) (e.g.,
Virtual Private LAN Service (VPLS) [VPLS]), and carrying link
bandwidth for traffic engineering applications [RFC4360].
With the advent of large-scale BGP data collection [RV] [RIS] (and
associated research), it has become clear that the geographical and
topological information, as well as the relationship the provider has
to the source of a route (e.g., transit, peer, or customer), carried
in such communities is essential for a deeper understanding of the
global routing system.  This memo defines standard communities for
export to BGP route collectors.  These communities represent a
significant part of information carried by service providers as of
this writing, and as such could be useful for internal use by service
providers.  However, such use is beyond the scope of this memo.
Finally, those involved in BGP data analysis are encouraged to verify
with their data sources as to which peers implement this scheme (as
there is a large amount of existing data as well as many legacy
peerings).
The remainder of this memo is organized as follows.  Section 2
provides the definition of terms used as well as the semantics of the
communities used for BGP data collection, and Section 3 defines the
corresponding encodings for RFC 1997 [RFC1997] communities.  Finally,
Section 4 defines the encodings for use with extended communities
[RFC4360].
2.  Definitions
In this section, we define the terms used and the categories of
routes that may be tagged with communities.  This tagging is often
referred to as coloring, and we refer to a route's "color" as its
community value.  The categories defined here are loosely modeled on
those described in [WANG] and [HUSTON].
2.1.  Peers and Peering
Consider two network service providers, A and B.  Service providers A
and B are defined to be peers when (i) A and B exchange routes via
BGP, and (ii) traffic exchange between A and B is settlement-free.
This arrangement is also typically known as "peering".  Peers
typically exchange only their respective customer routes (see
"Customer Routes" below), and hence exchange only their respective
customer traffic.  See [HUSTON] for a more in-depth discussion of the
business models surrounding peers and peering.
2.2.  Customer Routes
Customer routes are those routes that are heard from a customer via
BGP and are propagated to peers and other customers.  Note that a
customer can be an enterprise or another network service provider.
These routes are sometimes called client routes [HUSTON].
2.3.  Peer Routes
Peer routes are those routes heard from peers via BGP, and not
propagated to other peers.  In particular, these routes are only
propagated to the service provider's customers.
2.4.  Internal Routes
Internal routes are those routes that a service provider originates
and passes to its peers and customers.  These routes are frequently
taken out of the address space allocated to a provider.
2.5.  Internal More Specific Routes
Internal more specific routes are those routes that are frequently
used for circuit load balancing purposes and Interior Gateway
Protocol (IGP) route reduction.  They also may correspond to customer
services that are not visible outside the service provider's network.
Internal more specific routes are not exported to any external peer.
2.6.  Special Purpose Routes
Special purpose routes are those routes that do not fall into any of
the other classes described here.  In those cases in which such
routes need to be distinguished, a service provider may color such
routes with a unique value.  Examples of special purpose routes
include anycast routes and routes for overlay networks.
2.7.  Upstream Routes
Upstream routes are typically learned from an upstream service
provider as part of a transit service contract executed with the
upstream provider.
2.8.  National Routes
These are route sets that are sourced from and/or received within a
particular country.
2.9.  Regional Routes
Several global backbones implement regional policy based on their
deployed footprint and on strategic and business imperatives.
Service providers often have settlement-free interconnections with an
Autonomous System (AS) in one region, and that same AS is a customer
in another region.  This mandates use of regional routing, including
community attributes set by the network in question to allow easy
discrimination among regional routes.  For example, service providers
may treat a route set received from another service provider in
Europe differently than the same route set received in North America,
as it is common practice to sell transit in one region while peering
in the other.
3.  RFC 1997 Community Encoding and Values
In this section, we provide RFC 1997 [RFC1997] community values for
the categories described above.  RFC 1997 communities are encoded as
BGP Type Code 8, and are treated as 32-bit values ranging from
0x0000000 through 0xFFFFFFF.  The values 0x0000000 through 0x0000FFFF
and 0xFFFF0000 through 0xFFFFFFFF are reserved.
The best current practice among service providers is to use the
high-order two octets to represent the provider's AS number, and the
low-order two octets to represent the classification of the route, as
depicted below:
0                   1                   2                   3
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|            <AS>               |         <Value>               |
where <AS> is the 16-bit AS number.  For example, the encoding
0x2A7C029A would represent the AS 10876 with value 666.
4.  Community Values for BGP Data Collection
In this section, we define the RFC 1997 community encoding for the
route types described above for use in BGP data collection.  It is
anticipated that a service provider's internal community values will
be converted to these standard values for output to a route
collector.
This memo follows the best current practice of using the basic format
<AS>:<Value>.  The values for the route categories are described in
the following table:
Category                                 Value
Reserved                                 <AS>:0000000000000000
Customer Routes                          <AS>:0000000000000001
Peer Routes                              <AS>:0000000000000010
Internal Routes                          <AS>:0000000000000011
Internal More Specific Routes            <AS>:0000000000000100
Special Purpose Routes                   <AS>:0000000000000101
Upstream Routes                          <AS>:0000000000000110
Reserved                                 <AS>:0000000000000111-
<AS>:0000011111111111
National and Regional Routes             <AS>:0000100000000000-
Encoded as                               <AS>:<R><X><CC>
Reserved National and Regional values    <AS>:0100000000000000-
<AS> is the 16-bit AS
<R>  is the 5-bit Region Identifier
<X>  is the 1-bit satellite link indication
X = 1 for satellite links, 0 otherwise
<CC> is the 10-bit ISO-3166-2 country code [ISO3166]
and <R> takes the values:
Africa (AF)                            00001
Oceania (OC)                           00010
Asia (AS)                              00011
Antarctica (AQ)                        00100
Europe (EU)                            00101
Latin America/Caribbean Islands (LAC)  00110
North America (NA)                     00111
Reserved                               01000-11111
|            <AS>               |   <R>   |X|        <CC>       |
For example, the encoding for a national route over a terrestrial
link in AS 10876 from the Fiji Islands would be:
<AS>  = 10876 = 0x2A7C
<R>   = 00010
<X>   = 0
<CC>  = Fiji Islands Country Code = 242 = 0011110010
In this case, the low-order 16 bits are 0001000011110010 = 0x10F2.
|           0x2A7C              |           0x10F2              |
Note that a configuration language might allow the specification of
this community as 10876:4338 (0x10F2 == 4338 decimal).
Finally, note that these categories are not intended to be mutually
exclusive, and multiple communities can be attached where
4.1.  Extended Communities
In some cases, the values and their encoding described in Section 4
may clash with a service provider's existing community assignments.
Extended communities [RFC4360] provide a convenient mechanism that
can be used to avoid such clashes.
The Extended Communities attribute is a transitive optional BGP
attribute with the Type Code 16 and consists of a set of extended
communities of the following format:
|  Type high    |  Type low(*)  |                               |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+          Value                |
|                                                               |
For purposes of BGP data collection, we encode the communities
described in Section 4 using the two-octet AS specific extended
community type, which has the following format:
|      0x00     |   Sub-Type    |    Global Administrator       |
|                     Local Administrator                       |
The two-octet AS specific extended community attribute encodes the
service provider's two-octet Autonomous System number (as assigned by
a Regional Internet Registry, or RIR) in the Global Administrator
field, and the Local Administrator field may encode any information.
This memo assigns Sub-Type 0x0008 for BGP data collection, and
specifies that the <Value> field, as defined in Section 3.1, is
carried in the low-order octets of the Local Administrator field.
The two high-order octets of the Local Administrator field are
reserved, and are set to 0x00 when sending and ignored upon receipt.
For example, the extended community encoding for 10876:4338
(representing a terrestrial national route in AS 10876 from the Fiji
Islands) would be:
|      0x00     |      0x0008   |           0x2A7C              |
|      0x00     |      0x00     |           0x10F2              |
4.2.  Four-Octet AS Specific Extended Communities
The four-octet AS specific extended community is encoded as follows:
|      0x02     |    0x0008     |    Global Administrator       |
| Global Administrator (cont.)  |           0x10F2              |
In this case, the four-octet Global Administrator sub-field contains
a four-octet Autonomous System number assigned by the IANA.
5.  Note on BGP UPDATE Packing
Note that data collection communities have the potential of making
the attribute set of a specific route more unique than it would be
otherwise (since each route collects data that is specific to its
path inside one or more ASes).  This, in turn, can affect whether
multiple routes can be grouped in the same BGP update message, and it
may lead to increased use of bandwidth, router CPU cycles, and
memory.
6.  Acknowledgements
The community encoding described in this memo germinated from an
interesting suggestion from Akira Kato at WIDE.  In particular, the
idea would be to use the collection community values to select paths
that would result in (hopefully) more efficient access to various
services.  For example, in the case of RFC 3258 [RFC3258] based DNS
anycast service, BGP routers may see multiple paths to the same
prefix, and others might be coming from the same origin with
different paths, but others might be from different region/country
(with the same origin AS).
Joe Abley, Randy Bush, Sean Donelan, Xenofontas Dimitropoulos, Vijay
Gill, John Heasley, Geoff Huston, Steve Huter, Michael Patton,
Olivier Marce, Ryan McDowell, Rob Rockell, Rob Thomas, Pekka Savola,
Patrick Verkaik, and Alex Zinin all made many insightful comments on
early versions of this document.  Henk Uijterwaal suggested the use
of the ISO-3166-2 country codes.
7.  Security Considerations
While this memo introduces no additional security considerations into
the BGP protocol, the information contained in the communities
defined in this memo may in some cases reveal network structure that
was not previously visible outside the provider's network.  As a
result, care should be taken when exporting such communities to route
collectors.  Finally, routes exported to a route collector should
also be tagged with the NO_EXPORT community (0xFFFFFF01).
7.1.  Total Path Attribute Length
The communities described in this memo are intended for use on egress
to a route collector.  Hence an operator may choose to overwrite its
internal communities with the values specified in this memo when
exporting routes to a route collector.  However, operators should in
general ensure that the behavior of their BGP implementation is
well-defined when the addition of an attribute causes a PDU to exceed
4096 octets.  For example, since it is common practice to use
community attributes to implement policy (among other functionality
such as allowing customers to set attributes such as LOCAL_PREF), the
behavior of an implementation when the attribute space overflows is
crucial.  Among other behaviors, an implementation might usurp the
intended attribute data or otherwise cause indeterminate failures.
These behaviors can result in unanticipated community attribute sets,
and hence result in unintended policy implications.
8.  IANA Considerations
This memo assigns a new Sub-Type for the AS specific extended
community type in the First Come First Served extended transitive
category.  The IANA has assigned Sub-Type 0x0008 as defined in
Section 4.1.
In addition, the IANA has created two registries for BGP Data
Collection Communities, one for standard communities and one for
extended communities.  Both of these registries will initially be
populated by the values described in Section 4.  IETF Consensus, as
described in [RFC2434], usually through the Global Routing Operations
Working Group (grow), is required for the assignment of new values in
these registries (in particular, for <Value> or <R> in the table of
values for the route categories in Section 4).
Meyer                    Best Current Practice                 [Page 10]
9.  References
9.1.  Normative References
[ISO3166]       "ISO 3166 Maintenance agency (ISO 3166/MA)", Web
Page:  http://www.iso.org/iso/en/prods-services/
iso3166ma/index.html, 2004.
[RFC1771]       Rekhter, Y. and T. Li (Editors), "A Border Gateway
Protocol (BGP-4)", RFC 1771, March 1995.
[RFC1997]       Chandra, R. and P. Traina, "BGP Communities
Attribute", RFC 1997, August 1996.
[RFC4360]       Sangli, S., Tappan, D., and Y. Rekhter, "BGP Extended
Communities Attribute", RFC 4360, January 2006.
9.2.  Informative References
[HUSTON]        Huston, G., "Interconnection, Peering, and
Settlements",
http://www.isoc.org/inet99/proceedings/1e/1e_1.htm
[RFC2434]       Narten, T., and H. Alvestrand, "Guidelines for
Writing an IANA Considerations Section in RFCs", BCP
26, RFC 2434, October 1998.
[RFC3258]       Hardie, T., "Distributing Authoritative Name Servers
via Shared Unicast Addresses", RFC 3258, April 2002.
[RIS]           "The RIPE Routing Information Service", Web Page:
http://www.ripe.net/ris, 2004.
[RV]            Meyer, D., "The Routeviews Project", Web Page:
http://www.routeviews.org, 2002.
[VPLS]          Kompella, K., et al., "Virtual Private LAN Service",
Work in Progress, April 2005.
[WANG]          Wang, F. and L. Gao, "Inferring and Characterizing
Internet Routing Policies", ACM SIGCOMM Internet
Measurement Conference 2003.
Author's Address
EMail: dmm@1-4-5.net
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Nose: Fragrant and tropical fruits with floral notes, vanilla and mango.
Palate: There's mango throughout, spicy barley, gentle oak and creamy richness.
Finish: A touch of allspice, vanilla and fragrant pear skin.
I had my first taste of Kavalan Concertmaster.
It was beautiful, smooth flowing with a wonderful aroma.
I got this as a Christmas present about three years ago.
Initially it tastes ok, nothing to write home about. The fact that I've had it three years and there's still some in the bottle probably tells you more than a thousand words of tasting notes.
It's ok for hot toddies and cooking.
Fortunately bought this reduced to clear and with a £8 off 40 coupon otherwise might have felt a bit cheated.
Simply put, this is one Whisky I look forward to having more of.
First, am struck by the creamy feel and full balanced taste. The fullness dips a bit in the middle, but begins and ends very well.
Nice caramel color, and excellent nose. I could have sniffed it for hours, but hey, I was thirsty! A very full and complex nose.
First impression wasn't great, but after a second try I'm glad I bought it. You can smell the mango on the nose, and the palate is pretty good - though not overly complex. I'd give it a shot if you had the chance.
Many a better single malt (and a lot more expensive to be drunk), but still a sound single malt all the same. Anything is better than a JW. Well done Kavalan.
My husband had a blind tasting (thanks to your xmas gift) and thought the taste was interesting? A bit too floral for his taste though, and best with no water added, but he was glad he tried it. There is much better out there, from Scotland.
This was a pleasant surprise. Visiting Bangkok all the Scottish single malts were very expensive. As i am only here a short time I wanted a small bottle to avoid customs re-entering a Muslim country. The 20cc bottle at about 15 pounds fitted the bill.
On opening you can smell the honey. It is quite sweet but not badly so. I added a small amount of water to lessen the intensity and it became a good evenings drink, quite acceptable.
If I were thinking of buying something from the East I would always got for Nikon which I think is very good but being British (English/Scots) I usually stay in the UK for my whisky (although Penderyn is worth a mention).
It's actually pretty wonderful. Very first impression not overwhelming, but quickly revealed wonderfully fruity sweetness (nothing beats a Taiwan mango) and smoothness. Somehow this isn't cloying - it's just very quaffable indeed.
3 bottles whiskys opened last night. Johnnie Walker XR 21YO, Glenfiddich 12 YO and Kavalan Single Malt. JW and Glen finished but left 70% of Kavalan SM. Not smooth and after taste is a bit sharp. Not my preference.
Distillery itself started in 2005. Pretty young but not bad.
I laughed at one of the comments that said this is a mox of 12 & 14 year old. It cant be. The distillery itself started in 2005.
This whisky is fruity, light & easily drinkable. But has no qualities of an aged whisky. Further, letting the whjsky evolve in the bottle makes it less drinkable.
I was bought this as a present. My usual taste strongly favours peat so wasnt expecting to enjoy! Fortunatly i was not disapointed... Inital flavour its rather medicinal, not the worst, however its very raw on the pallet with a fairly rancid aftertaste. I imagine it would be an acceptable mixer but nothing else. First whisky (upto 60 or so) that i have not enjoyed! If you like highland park and central Scotland whiskys then give it a try.
It's a decent single malt.
Tastewise I do taste a malt whisky. Enjoyable but nothing over the top.
Finishes sweet, malty and feintly oaky.
Overall a bit dissapointed, but i'll give it another try in a couple of days or a week or so..
I was on a 2+1 deal and two (!) people of the staff convinced me to try the Kavalan. Now I've tasted it and I'm not overly impressed. The color of the whiskey is very dark and it already makes you wonder if this is a real single malt. The first impression is the significantly fruity taste which I don't like too much, but there is also some smoky flavor in it, which I do like. The aftertaste is stingy and raw, not smooth as I would like it. So, I didn't quite get what I expected. Not a single malt that I'm looking for, which would be smokier and smoother.
What a finish. On the nose, kind of like a good single malt 15 year old scotch. On the palate, quite interesting taking it's time to open up for you. But on the finish, it is magnificent, utterely amazing.
After reading a heap of good reviews, I had the opportunity to try this one.
While not a bad whiskey, it didn't impress me, it reminds me a bit of the Yamazaki, which I'm also not a huge fan of.
I had this one randomly.
A friend had called me over for a story narration. I tried a few single malts and I quite liked this one. Not too old and not famous enough yet. But like Almost Everything Japanese (including Beers and Electronics), it's a class act. Very interesting.
Surprisingly good for a beginner!
For me this may be no award winner and the combination of raw oakiness, sugary syrupy notes and vanilla make it a bit more bourbon than scotch but this offering from Kavalan is pleasant enough and very promising indeed.
great balance.. not blowing you away..
rather drink this than other over priced mac series..
I forgot to add a star rating in my review . . . got to be 8 out of 10 if the Revival 15 is a 9/10 !
I had a bottle of Solist earlier this year and couldn't believe the depth of flavour and the incredible finish it had, one of the best whiskies I've ever tasted even if it's young.
This is not in the same league but it's still very good, well up with The Balvienie 17, The Macallan fine oak and others. The Glendronach Revival 15 still has the edge on depth and taste, that really is a remarkable whisky for the price but this no age Kavalan is very nice indeed with a very fruity nose, quite sweet fruit, a great taste again sweet fruit, very little wood and a long finish. The finish is probably not as good as many Scottish whiskies, nothing really wrong with it but it feels hot with little flavour after a while - I suspect older expressions would be nicer in the finish in particular.
Really nice whisky, great value at £40 which is what Waitrose were selling it for when they stocked it for a short while. I'll buy it again !
I only like whisky as its the only spirit that sooths me. Wine and brandy do not agree with me. I found Kavalan very enjoyable and relaxing. I drink to relax and never over the limit as to be intoxicated.
We tasted this on January 10, 2015. Most members were not impressed. This is not a typical single malt. Very sweet and fruity. Price here is over $100 Canadian.
I currently live in Taiwan, and though the people here have a deep passion for whisky, it mostly gets diluted with lots of water/tea or is shotted. From their drinking culture I expected a fast bottled, quick to neck whisky made with little care.
I was wrong. Somehow, despite the age of the distillery, this was perhaps the best whisky i've tasted all year. A lively, fruity flavor which leaves a rich, smooth feel.
You'll have to overcome the young age aspect to pay £55+ for it, but its worth it.
I bought this for my boyfriend who is a big fan of whiskey. He said this whiskey is very smooth and a hint of fruity. And he said he loves it!! So if you are looking for something unique and good and want to play safe on the taste you should give a shot on this.
The Asians are catching up..
Kavalan is yet another fine example of a new Asian distillery that is coming out with some fantastic single malt. The Kavalan Single Malt is one of their entry level expressions but it sure packs a punch.
The nose highlights the lovely notes of the Oak and Vanilla from the cask in which this spirit was matured in as well some distinct fruity notes.. I'd say more Mango and Papaya is what stood out for me..
The continuity and consistency about this malt was probably what made it so special.. It was like the palate was a continuation of the nose with those juicy Mango flavors along with the Vanilla and a dash of spices. The best part though was how the malt has this rich creamy feel to it in your mouth and boy that felt really nice!
Finally as I mentioned earlier the finish too had its fair share of the Vanilla and the Oak in it.. its like the Cask had given the spirit all it could.. and left the perfect imprint on it.
All in all this one is a thumbs up.. looking forward to tasting more expressions from them..
As a small but long time single malt collector I had the opportunity to travel to Taiwan and try their local single malt, the kavalan. Went for their 40% standard kavalan single malt. Light but well rounded with a range of fruits. Long lasting with a warm finish. Fit in well between Japanese and Scottish single malts.I can see the Kavalan range becoming much more common and popular in the UK.
Had this Kavalan whisky in Taiwan, we went to the distillery for tasting it actually came out pretty great. I love it, it is so smooth and the nose has a touch of chocolate. This is one of my favorite whisky.


text:
Michael McGlinchey (Wellington, 7 de janeiro de 1987) é um futebolista profissional neozelandês que atua como volante, e atualmente defende o Wellington Phoenix.

Carreira
Michael McGlinchey fez parte do elenco da Seleção Neozelandesa de Futebol na Copa de 2010 e nas Olimpíadas de 2012.

Ligações externas
Perfil em O Gol

Naturais de Wellington
Futebolistas da Nova Zelândia
Futebolistas do Celtic Football Club
Futebolistas do Dunfermline Athletic Football Club
Futebolistas do Central Coast Mariners Football Club
Futebolistas do Motherwell Football Club
Futebolistas do Vegalta Sendai
Futebolistas do Wellington Phoenix Football Club
Jogadores da Seleção Neozelandesa de Futebol
Jogadores da Copa do Mundo FIFA de 2010
Futebolistas nos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2012
Futebolistas da Copa das Confederações FIFA de 2017


The Best Books Ever: Goodbye Google Friend Connect! Are you ready??
Goodbye Google Friend Connect! Are you ready??
There are only 3 weeks left until Google Friend Connect and Google Reader disappear. If you are looking for a good Google Reader replacement (or improvement in my mind), I highly recommend Blog Lovin'.
I hope that you decide to stick with us via Networked Blogs, Blog Lovin or any other RSS feed. We love our readers and want you to be around for awhile!


text:
Sustainable Technologies
Sustainable Technologies in the Community
10 Innovations in Water Purification
'Super Sand'
Warehouses on the River Elbe in Hamburg, Germany around the time residents suffered a cholera epidemic that killed 7,500. Hulton Archive/Getty Images
Sand and gravel have been used to purify water for thousands of years, and in 1804, a Scotsman named John Gibb designed and built the first filter that strained water through grains of sand to remove bigger particles of contamination. His technology worked so well that pretty soon, London and other big cities in Europe were using it to make river water look clearer and taste better.
By the late 1800s, scientists figured out that filtering made water safer to drink as well, since the particles stopped by the filtering were the ones that helped to transmit the microbes that caused water-borne diseases. The value of filtering was demonstrated in 1892, when the city of Hamburg, which got its drinking water from the River Elbe, suffered a cholera epidemic that killed 7,500 people, while the neighboring city of Altona, where water from the same river was filtered, escaped almost untouched [source: Huisman and Wood].
But recently, researchers have figured out how to coat sand grains with graphite oxide to create "super sand" that reportedly can filter harmful substances such as mercury from water five times as effectively as ordinary sand. Workcontinues to find ways to make super sand absorb even more contamination, and eventually use it in developing countries where water supplies are dangerously polluted [source: Science Daily].
New Technology Turns a Sunny Day into Safe Water
Have We Hit the Peak Recycling Point?
Cockroach Farms Turn Food Trash Into Treasure
Bricks Made of Urine — Our Pee Is 'Liquid Gold'
Why Don't More Cities Require Green Roofs?


If you wish to be seen by an NHS Physiotherapist you can now arrange your own appointment by following the link below and completing an online referral form. The Physiotherapy department will triage your request and then contact you by telephone to arrange a convenient appointment.
Alternatively contact either The Cam Surgery or Uley Surgery to obtain a referral form. Referral forms can also be obtained from The Vale Hospital in Dursley.
There are a range of different services provided to help people with every type of foot or ankle problem. If you are not sure which of these specialist areas is relevant, don't worry as they will be able to use the information you or your GP give on the referral form to make sure you see the right person.
Please click the link below to go to the NHS webpage, once there click on the heading Podiatry. Complete the online form and the department will be in touch with you.


Do you desire an extra space in your home to cook meals, socialize with guests and gather with family? While you may have exhausted the indoor possibilities, have you considered creating an outdoor room? The St. Martin Outdoor Kitchen from The Outdoor GreatRoom Company offers the solution, holding everything you need to add an outdoor kitchen complete in one attractive package of tile and stucco. This gas grill island showcases the very best materials, from the stainless steel grill down to the Ameristone Tan stucco; we promise it will look at home out on your patio or deck. Loaded into this grill island you will find extraordinary features, such as the Danby refrigerator, MP3 and Radio sound system, Puck lighting and a large, 36" Cook Number Gas Grill. The neighborhood will never be the same with the smells of your culinary creations drifting through front and backyards, attracting nosey neighbors, curious children and famished family members!


Jordan Brand has always loved a good hybrid model, and the Jordan 6 Rings is definitely one of their best. Returning to shelves after originally debuting in 2008 to commemorate Michael Jordan's 6 NBA titles, the 6 Rings incorporates elements from every Air Jordan model he wore during those championship seasons: the Air Jordan 6, 7, 8, 11, 12, 13 and 14. This new colorway showcases the classic Jordan "Bred" colorway with a a black patent leather and nubuck upper and varsity red accents on top of a AJ 13 sole unit.


text:
See all in News Literacy Network: find the right fake news and critical literacy teaching resources
Work with a media organisation
A number of media organisations offer fantastic opportunities for young people to experience workshops about news and the media. This page sets out some of the opportunities available for students.
BBC Young Reporter
The BBC School Report project is aimed at 11-18-year-old students. Schools and colleges taking part can benefit from opportunities such as BBC events and training, content creation workshops, media professional mentors and career talks.
The Burnet News Club from the Economist Educational Foundation is designed for children aged between 8 and 14. It is a network of state school news clubs which develop young people's critical thinking and literacy skills through discussions about current affairs.
The Charlotte Project
Aiming to improve news literacy among 15-18-year-olds, the Charlotte Project provides free workshops delivered by professional journalists.
The Guardian Education Centre
The Guardian Education Centre provides a range of programmes to enable visitors to interact with the news and to get a realistic understanding of what it is like to work in a busy news gathering organisation.
Irish News critical literacy project
This programme introduces students to the world of newspapers through a multi-week course. During the course students undertake a range of activities to build their inference and deduction skills as well as their familiarity with newspapers. Students also receive a copy of the Irish Times.
London Connected Learning Centre
This article from London CLC sets out some examples of their work around fake news. It also includes examples from their fake news workshops - look at their upcoming events for more news about these.
NewsWise
The free NewsWise programme provides a range of curriculum-mapped resources for teachers which include workshops delivered by journalists. The events and resources aim to support Key Stage 2 pupils to navigate the world of news.
Speakers for Schools is a scheme which helps state secondary schools and colleges to host talks from leading figures from a wide range of backgrounds, free of charge. A number of figures from journalism and the media have given talks through this scheme.
The Student View
The Student View places leading journalists from over 20 publications in schools, delivers in-person media literacy workshops and publishes pupils' views on their platform.
The Times and The Sunday Times News Literacy Programme
Under this free programme students follow real stories, research and investigations by leading journalists at The Times and The Sunday Times. The programme helps them to think critically about the news.
Fake news and critical literacy evidence review Sep 17
Commission on Fake News and Critical Literacy call for evidence
Fake news and critical literacy: final report