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Home2020 ElectionsChallenging Times Demand Focus on Fundamentals of Democracy
Challenging Times Demand Focus on Fundamentals of Democracy
October 1, 2020 2020 Elections, Democracy, Democratic Engagement, RAISE the Vote Comments Off on Challenging Times Demand Focus on Fundamentals of Democracy
By Eric Schwartz
Without question, I anticipate the coming semester to be the most difficult of my college teaching career. Like many others, I will provide virtual instruction in all my courses—an unforeseen challenge, but also an invitation to do things differently. My students and I face a pandemic that threatens health and livelihoods, but I think we can work with these difficulties. No, the most fundamental challenge I anticipate is the need to explain and defend the democratic processes and norms of the political system of the United States. The very assumptions of civic engagement now are threatened to an extent that I have never witnessed in this country. At this time when so much about our institutions is being challenged by events and political currents, I have responded by increasing my focus on the fundamentals, not taking for granted my students' understanding of or agreement with the building blocks of democratic governance.
As I have watched the changes in our political system, I have modified my curriculum and my teaching methods.
This situation did not arise suddenly. For the last four years, I have balanced the necessity of maintaining a non-partisan approach with the imperative of noting examples when democratic institutional norms are violated. Calls for the peremptory jailing of political opponents characterize dictatorships, not democracies. Vilifying the free press weakens a key element of democratic governance, and raises the potential of authoritarian rule. Ignoring judicial rulings runs contrary to the system of checks and balances that has been a foundation of our imperfect democratic system for more than 230 years. For the sake of our students and our democratic institutions, professors must clearly discuss such developments in our politics clearly, and note violations of norms unambiguously.
As I have watched the changes in our political system, I have modified my curriculum and my teaching methods. The year after the 2016 election, I designed and introduced "Mass Media & Democratic Politics," a course examining how media consumption patterns affect the functioning of democratic institutions. The next year, I added an introductory lecture about epistemology to my American Politics course, making clear the civic responsibility we share to thoroughly question and investigate the information we use when forming our political positions. Two years ago, I wrote a detailed lecture to defend the very concept of democracy, understanding that no longer can I assume that my students and I share the opinion that democracy is a good thing.
Last year, I drew from the research of Acemoglu & Robinson (2006), and of Carles Boix (2003) to create an in-class exercise, effectively demonstrating how raising the stakes of the game affects democratic processes. Each student was randomly given a certain quantity of "money." The majority of students received a modest sum, but a few students were allocated a sum that made them rich, in the terms of the game. I then formed small groups of students –and gave them the task of funding a bridge, a project that would benefit the community to which they belonged.
To fund this project, students allocated resources, redistributing wealth. As theory would predict, the student groups that contained wide differences in wealth were much less likely to successfully fund construction of an infrastructure project that would benefit the entire community. While there were some exceptions, in general the students with exceptional resources would not agree to cooperate with the democratic process of allocating funding for the project. They withdrew from the negotiations, believing that their own self-interest would not be served by a community project. The exercise was well received. The students got it. They experienced directly how stark differences in wealth hinder effective negotiation. And really, what is democracy in some sense than a constant process of negotiation?
While their analyses of democracy and institutions differ in particulars, Acemoglu, Robinson, and Boix explore how the scale of the material stakes affect the ability of democratic institutions to function. Boix makes the analogy to a card game. In order to play the game of democracy, there has to an acceptance that one may lose the game. The implicit understanding that allows democracies to function over time is that the stakes are not "all or nothing." One may lose the game – lose an election – but then another game will begin at some prescribed time – and there will be an opportunity to win again.
As I plan this fall's lectures and activities, I've pulled out a book that is not from the political science literature. Nonetheless, Getting to Yes (1981) by Fisher, Ury & Patton has a lot to say about how democratic institutions can function best. Nowadays the political process in the United States is usually seen as a competition, increasingly a zero-sum game. But negotiation is vital for democratic processes to function. And if we look at democratic governance as a set of negotiations about decisions, we perhaps can get some ideas about getting our system of governance back on track. The chapter headings alone provide guidance: Don't bargain over positions. Separate the people from the problem. Focus on interests, not positions. Invent options for mutual gain. And insist on using objective criteria. Insist on using objective criteria! Wow. What a concept!
I am currently devising an exercise to demonstrate the connections between these negotiating principles and democratic institutions. Organizing such activities for on-line courses has its inherent problems but they are surmountable. Our democratic institutions now face existential threats. They too are surmountable, but to be overcome, it is our responsibility as instructors to face them and talk about them honestly to our students.
Eric Schwartz is a guest contributor for the RAISE the Vote Campaign. The views expressed in the posts and articles featured in the RAISE the Vote campaign are those of the authors and contributors alone and do not represent the views of APSA.
Eric Schwartz, assistant professor of political science, has been teaching at Hagerstown Community College in Hagerstown, MD since 2012. His primary research interests are comparative politics, international relations, and media studies. In his previous career, he was a newspaper reporter and editor.
Acemoglu, Daron and James A. Robinson. 2006. Economic Origins of Democracy. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Boix, Carles. 2003. Democracy and Redistribution. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Fisher, Roger, William L. Ury and Bruce Patton. 2011. Getting to Yes: Negotiating Agreement without Giving In. New York: Penguin Random House.
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University of Waikato Theses
Higher Degree Theses
Towards the development of an integrated ethical decision-making framework for Sri Lankan accountants: A developing country context
Liyanapathirana, Nirupika Samanthi
Liyanapathirana, N. S. (2018). Towards the development of an integrated ethical decision-making framework for Sri Lankan accountants: A developing country context (Thesis, Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)). The University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand. Retrieved from https://hdl.handle.net/10289/11918
Permanent Research Commons link: https://hdl.handle.net/10289/11918
The rash of corporate collapses, fraud, and corrupt activities seen all around the world in recent years has not only provoked criticism of accountants, but also prompted researchers world-wide to increasingly turn their attention to the ethical decision-making process. Sri Lanka, the focus of this thesis, has a unique culture; on the one hand, it flourishes within Buddhism, while, on the other, it is one of the world's most corrupt nations. Given that setting, the overarching research objective guiding this study is to develop an integrated ethical decision-making framework for the accounting profession in Sri Lanka, a developing country.
Drawing from Rest's (1986) four-component model, the study attempts to understand the ethical decision-making process of Sri Lankan accountants. A number of other extant models/frameworks and ethical philosophies were used as theoretical lenses in conjunction with Rest's model to interpret the findings.
The study took a mixed methods approach to create a research framework. Written and video vignettes developed specifically for the study, data collected through 40 semistructured interviews, and a questionnaire survey completed by 315 accountants formed the foundation of this framework. In the process of developing an integrated ethical decision-making framework for Sri Lankan accountants, the study achieved three subobjectives and addressed seven research questions.
The study's first research subobjective is achieved by exploring the nature of ethics and the ethical decision-making of Sri Lankan accountants. While the accountants who participated in this study have different opinions about ethics and ethical decision-making, the majority agree on three key points: ethics is a complex topic; it plays a crucial role in their decision-making; and, the accountant's role is challenging, given the corrupt environment in Sri Lanka.
The aim of the second research subobjective is to examine the association between ethical philosophies and the decisions of Sri Lankan accountants. The rationales accountants offered for the decisions they made were interpreted using a number of ethical philosophies which were included in the study's framework of analysis. The finding that Sri Lankan accountants' decision-making centres primarily, not only on various rules, rights, justice, and deontological principles, but also on religious ethics, represents a unique finding.
The third research subobjective is accomplished by contributing to the literature on the impact individual, organisational, professional, and moral intensity factors exert on the ethical decision-making of Sri Lankan accountants. As have prior studies, this study also finds that the role of these factors is mixed and inconclusive in the context of Sri Lanka, a developing country.
This thesis' overarching research objective of developing an integrated ethical decision-making framework for the Sri Lankan accounting profession is achieved in three ways: through the framework of analysis; the ethical decision-making checklist; and, the recommendations that accompany the framework of analysis.
This study makes both methodological and theoretical contributions. At a methodological level, the study developed customised vignettes in written and video form to stimulate the participants' responses to the issue of ethical decision-making. In addition, the incorporation of video vignettes into the interview process marks one of the study's distinctive and innovative contributions to methodological knowledge. At the theoretical level, the findings contribute to the literature by offering an integrated ethical decision-making framework for Sri Lankan accountants. In making that contribution, this thesis argues that ethical decision-making constitutes a "wicked problem" in Sri Lanka, a context in which corruption is pervasive.
Samkin, Grant
Davey, Howard
Low, Mary
The University of Waikato
All items in Research Commons are provided for private study and research purposes and are protected by copyright with all rights reserved unless otherwise indicated.
Higher Degree Theses [1349]

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Currently in her 10th year at the Conservancy, Victoria is responsible for protecting and managing the fiduciary funds, securities and assets of the organization.
She oversees the department that is responsible for all of the organization's accounting & HR functions. This includes procuring and administering medical/vision/dental plans, long term disability, life insurance and a 401k retirement plan.
Additionally she oversees all hiring practices and pre-employment screenings and is responsible for the all insurance and risk management, organization wide. She is responsible for establishing and maintaining all of the organization's accounting principles, practices and procedures.
Victoria has been in the accounting/finance field for over 24 years, starting in the for-profit arena. She migrated to the non-profit field in 1997 and has been here ever since.
Victoria has a Bachelor's degree in Accounting from International College (Now Hodges University). Although not in the Conservancy's programmatic fields, she feels blessed to be able to help achieve the Conservancy's mission by giving them a solid financial foundation.


In a short statement released on Sunday, Samsung Electronics claims to have made a breakthrough in Wi-Fi technology that could allow for a 1GB file to be downloaded in under three seconds.
The company also claims that their new technology offers a five-fold increase in speed compared to that provided by existing devices. It also said that the company has bridged the gap between theoretical and actual speeds creating a technology that is 10 times faster than the existing 2.4GHz and 5GHz Wi-Fi devices. Another upside of this existing technology is that it eliminates interference from nearby cellphones and tablets. The company hopes to bring the device to the mass market in the near future.
While there are a lot of positive things about this new technology, there's also a very grim downside, having high-speed Wi-Fi technologies don't speed up your broadband connection, only your home/work/area internal network. For your browsing speeds to get faster, your broadband company will have to get behind this technology as well.
The effective range for the whole 60GHz experience is very short, its only about 15 feet. So, yeah, if you are in the next room from this device, you probably wont be able to use the device to its maximum availability. It would be good for sharing content between a device and a TV, but it wouldn't blanket an area like current Wi-Fi technologies can.
Samsung wishes to apply the new Wi-Fi standard to audio-visual and medical devices, telecommunications equipment, and it will be an"integral to developments relevant to the Samsung Smart Home and other initiatives related to the Internet of Things," according to the company.


Andrew Marr interviewed Education Secretary Michael Gove on June 26th 2011.
Now it's a brave Education Secretary who describes the school exam as "discredited" just as tens of thousands of students are in the middle of their GCSEs and A levels. So, Michael Gove, is brave. He believes educational standards in England must be driven up, and more rigorous exams is one way to achieve that. Schools themselves are changing with new free schools, many more academies outside local authority control. There's not yet overwhelming public support for all of that according to one poll today, so let's hear from Michael Gove, the man himself. Good morning to you.
and your letter to schools has been interpreted as saying you actually think that things should go as far as parents going in to take lessons.
Well parents going in to help certainly. My concern about the strike is twofold. I think there are two areas which are particularly worrying. I think if schools aren't open on Thursday there'll be massive inconvenience for working parents, in particular single parents, who will have to rearrange childcare at very short notice. I think it's wrong for people who are working hard to have their lives disrupted in this way, so I think it is right that schools should stay open. Maybe they won't be offering the traditional menu, but I think they should be open so that children are doing something purposeful and people aren't inconvenienced. And there's another concern I have as well. I've been worried for some time now that the reputation of teachers in this country is not as high as it should be. They do an amazing job. In other countries teaching is a high prestige profession. I think over the last few years we've been moving in that direction. I think more and more respect has been accorded to teachers, and quite rightly so. But I do worry that taking industrial action, being on the picket line, being involved in this sort of militancy will actually mean that the respect in which teachers should be held is taken back a little bit, and I think that would be a shame really for all of us who want a better education system.
You're not going to listen to them about their pensions unless they do something like this.
Well I have enormous sympathy for the position that many teachers find themselves in because pensions are an integral part of making sure that teachers are well rewarded. But we've got negotiations at the moment. Peter Hain earlier said that the important thing to do was to carry on talking and that's what we're doing. There are proper negotiations involving the government, the TUC and a variety of unions in order to make sure that we can have pensions that are fair to teachers but fair to other taxpayers as well. And that's why I think this action is premature. I was a union member in my youth as well and I went on strike, and I don't think it solved anything. It only made the situation worse for everyone involved. When we've got this opportunity for open dialogue in order to make sure that teachers get the rewards they deserve and taxpayers are respected as well, let's stick to the talks and let's not have the sort of militancy that will disturb family life for hundreds of thousands of people across the country, and also I think will mark a retrograde step for the profession just a the moment when more and more people are realising how many great teachers we have in the classroom.
And of course the teachers are only one part of a much wider move for strikes, particularly on the pension issue, and we do seem to be heading to a confrontation between the government and many of the public sector unions. There has been talk of the possibility of further legislation.
Do you think that we are approaching that sort of territory?
Well I think legislation has to be kept under review, and I think the person who put it best was Vince Cable when he went to speak to the GMB. Now nobody could mistake Vince for being you know Norman Tebbit's younger brother, but Vince was perfectly clear: if the public are inconvenienced, then the demand from the public will be for some sort of change - whether in the law or whatever - in order to make sure that we do not have militancy which disrupts family life.
So you'd be talking about something like a requirement for an absolute majority of members to vote for a strike before it happened?
Well there are different options, and the one thing that I don't want to do is to ratchet up the rhetoric because I think it's important that we get back to talking. And in particular I enjoy the conversations that I have with teaching union leaders. The individual leaders of the unions that are going out on strike this week - Christine Blower at the NUT, Mary Bousted at the ATL - are very committed people who want the best in the system. I think they've made a mistake; they sometimes think I've made a mistake. But I don't want to get into a pitched battle with them, but what I do want to emphasise is that the public I think have a very low tolerance for anything that disrupts their hardworking lifestyles.
And you think overall most schools can be kept open this week?
Well I don't know what the numbers will be, but what we want to do is to do everything possible in order to ensure that schools stay open so that family life isn't disrupted.
Let me turn to exams. You were pretty scathing about the quality of GCSE and A levels at the moment and some people thought it was odd timing because kids were doing it at this time; certainly, as I said, brave. But what can you actually do to change these exams?
Well I think the critical thing we have to do is to look at what's happening to exams and to curricular across the globe. And one of the things that's happened unfortunately over the last 10 years is that other countries have had more rigorous exams, they've had curricular which are more relevant to the 21st century, and we've got to catch up. In the last few weeks we've seen the exam boards make a number of mistakes, which I think are heartbreaking for those students who are sitting exams and who are given the wrong questions or the wrong facts, so we need change. And one particular change which we're going to implement this week, which will start in 2012, is we're going to change the way in which GCSEs operate. The last government introduced modularisation into GCSEs. In effect they took the straightforward examination with which people were familiar and they turned it into bite-sized chunks. That was bad for a couple of reasons.
Which you can do before you sit an exam?
Precisely. The problem that we had is that instead of sitting every part of a GCSE at the end of the course, bits of it were taken along the way. And those bits could be re-sat. That meant that instead of concentrating on teaching and learning, you had people who were being trained again and again to clear the hurdle of the examination along the way and that meant that, unfortunately, less time was being spent developing a deep and rounded knowledge of the subject.
Candidly do you think this system, the modular system of GCSEs, is stacking the cards in favour of ever higher grades at the end of the exams?
I think it's a mistake and I think that the culture of resits is wrong. I think that what we need to do is to make sure certainly at GCSE that you have a clear two year run. More broadly, I think if you're looking at the way in which grades are awarded, the real question for me is not are our exams tougher or easier than they were when you and I were boys. The real question is are our exams keeping pace with what's happening in other countries. Because ultimately the generation which is now arriving at university aren't competing with the likes of us for jobs. They're competing with children and young people in Singapore, China, Hong Kong, Australia, New Zealand, Canada. In all of these nations, their education system is changing and we've got to keep pace.
And we've got to keep up. So in practical terms, Ofqual (I think is the body in charge of all of this) are going to get proposals from the government this week.
What's the timetable after that? You said by next year there'll be different exams?
We asked Ofqual, the official regulator, to help us, and they recommended that what happens is that all the individual modules that can be taken before the end of the course are all taken together. It won't start in September of this year because obviously we don't want to disrupt things in mid-flow, but from September 2012 all new courses will be taught in a way which means that all the modules are taken at the end. The other good thing that Ofqual are going to do is they're going to make sure that there's an emphasis once more on spelling, punctuation and grammar. It was the case that marks for these used to be awarded. Then that was swept away in many subjects. Any subject which has got a sustained section of writing in it - history, geography and so on - will have spelling, punctuation and grammar once more in the mark scheme in order to ensure that we prepare people for real life and for university.
These are words and sentiments that a lot of people in your party will associate with the grammar schools, and your schools minister was very fulsome in his praise for grammar schools and what they've done to education and to social mobility in this country. Now we had understood that under this government grammar schools were going to be kept at their current level, there was going to be no chance of expansion, and that by and large you were pretty you know down on them. Is that changing?
We are not changing policy with regard to building new grammar schools, but what we are doing is allowing all good schools to admit more pupils. So if you've got a grammar school in those areas where there are selective schools like Kent or Lincolnshire, it can expand the number of pupils it admits. But it's also the case that high performing comprehensives in those parts of the country where there are no grammar schools - in my own county of Surrey or in Hertfordshire or Lancashire or wherever - those high performing comprehensives can admit more students as well. Because we both know that in areas like London, you've got great schools in places like Hackney and Hammersmith that have people desperate to get into. They could expand their numbers. The local authorities are a bit chary of that. We want to ensure that people get their first choice.
you're not allowed to open one; whereas the areas which do have them can expand?
So no new grammar schools ever?
No new grammar schools. But a concentration on learning I think the most important lesson of the last 30 years, which is that the debate over selection is fascinating, but what's more important is the debate over what actually goes on in every classroom. And one of the things that we've done wrong in this country is we've automatically assumed in the past that only a small elite can succeed, only 25 or 30 per cent can ever for example go onto university or onto fruitful you know high earning jobs. I think that's quite wrong and the experience of other countries tells us that in fact we can have a comprehensive system which is comprehensively excellent.
What about teachers themselves because one of the criticisms has been made that frankly some people are coming through into the teaching profession without enough of an intellectual mental background themselves to be good teachers in the future?
Well I think a) teachers are better than ever now; but b) we do need to ensure that that process of improvement accelerates. So one thing that we will be doing is changing the way in which we select and train teachers. It used to be the case that in order to be a teacher, you had to pass a maths or an English test, but only at the end of your year of teacher training, and there were an infinite number of opportunities to retake that exam. I think that's barmy. I think you need to raise the bar right at the beginning and to say we'll have a tough literacy and a tough numeracy test, and we'll also insist that those people who want to be teachers have got good degrees and that way we can reinforce the very welcome trend towards better teachers than ever before.
Isn't this quite a tough menu for would be teachers? We're going to make it harder to come into the profession, you're going to have to work longer for a smaller pension and your pay is not going up.
Also you shouldn't go on strike or protest too much.
I think the very fact that you shouldn't go on strike is an indication that we're treating teachers as professionals. You know you don't see hospital consultants going on strike, and I don't believe that teachers and head teachers should. It's within their rights, it's a civil right, but I think it is wrong in terms of the reputation of the profession. But overall, I don't make any apology for saying that I expect that we should have the best qualified group of people in teaching; and because of the other changes that we're making, teachers in academies for example are better paid than ever before.
Alright. Michael Gove, thank you very much indeed for joining us this morning.


and looked myself in the mirror.
I was still tired, depressed, a mess.
"Do I know him?" I thought.
I hadn't seen my father in weeks.
I hadn't seen my dad in years.
But I saw my mother every day, in tears.
when I had the courage to look.
because I simply didn't care to try.
Netflix was my special nightlight.
decided to walk a different line.
I was a blind boy led by blind men.
I was seventeen and unseen.
I want to be a different man.
I want to be better than them.
but I will reshape their design.
I will break free from their kind.
will be able to lean on me, and not fall.
and do all I can to support her.
and not the blinded image I was given.
Where they left, I will stay.
Where they sat, I will stand.
Where they yelled, I will whisper.
Thanks for giving A Different Man a read. It's based off of things that really happened in my life–the things that are either the hardest or the easiest things to write about. This was a hard one for me. It's never an easy thing to reopen old wounds and pull something out of them that might, somehow, help someone else find a peace with their own history. If you'd like to share what it means to you, or if you have any thoughts about the poem, feel free to share them in the comments below.
If you enjoyed the poem and want more content, you can follow my blog to stay updated on all things BJL and stay notified of my weekly posts. I'm also on Twitter, Instagram, and Facebook; you can find that info and more on my Contact page. If you want to read more now, check out last week's post to read my short story, The Ultimate Measure, or scan through my library of books, all of which are available in paperback and eBook on Amazon.
Weekly Writing Prompt: Write about something from your past, or someone/something important to you. Writing can be very therapeutic, so give it a shot!
Your poem brought tears to my eyes. I felt the nuances of your feelings. You are a wonderful writer, Ben. I am so proud of you!


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Q: Show that $f$ is bijective and also to study the injectivity of the function $g:[1,\infty)\rightarrow \mathbb{R}$, $g(x)=x^{2}+(f(x)-4)x-2f(x)+7$, Let $f:[1,\infty)\rightarrow [1,\infty)$ be a function such that for every $x\in [1,\infty)$, $f(f(x))=2x^{2}-3x+2$. I am required to show that $f$ is bijective and also to study the injectivity of the function $g:[1,\infty)\rightarrow \mathbb{R}$, $g(x)=x^{2}+(f(x)-4)x-2f(x)+7$, for every $x\in\mathbb{R}$.
For the first task I selected  $x,y \in [1,\infty)$ such that $x\neq y$. Then, $f(f(x))=f(f(y))$ iff $2x^{2}-3x=2y^{2}-3y$, meaning that $2x-3=2y-3 \iff x=y$, which is not true. Thus, the function is not injective.
For every $x \in [1,\infty)$, we want to show that there is a $z$  in $[1,\infty)$ such that $z=2x^{2}-3x+2$; because $2x^2-3x+2=2x(x-1)-(x-1)+1=(2x-1)(x-1)+1$ and  $x\geq 1$, then $2x\geq 1$ and $z \geq 1$, so there exists $z \in [1,\infty)$ such that $z=2x^{2}-3x+2$. Thus the function is surjective.
I am quite clueless on how to study the injectivity of the other function, not knowing who $f$ is and what properties does it have.

A: Your proof that $f$ is (not) injective has a flaw, since $2x^{2}-3x=2y^{2}-3y$ does not imply $2x-3=2y-3$. One can proceed as follows:
If $x, y \in [1, \infty)$ with $f(x) = f(y)$ then
$$
 2x^2-3x+2 = f(f(x)) = f(f(y)) = 2y^2-3y+2 \\
\implies 0 = (2x^2-3x+2) - (2y^2-3y+2) = (x-y)(2x+2y-3) \\
\implies x=y \, .
$$
The last conclusion holds because $2x+2y-3 \ge 1$ so that the second factor is not zero. This shows that $f$ is injective.
Your proof that $f:[1, \infty) \to [1, \infty)$ is surjective is correct, I would write it as follows:
$p(x) =  2x^2-3x+2$ maps $[1, \infty)$ onto $[1, \infty)$. For $z \in [1, \infty)$ there is a $x \in [1, \infty)$ such that $p(x) = z$. Then $y=f(x)$ satisfies
$$
 f(y) = f(f(x)) = p(x) = z \, .
$$
This shows that $f$ is surjective.

A: If $a:=f(f(x))=f(f(y))$ with $x\ne y$, then $x,y$ are two roots of the quadratic polynomial $2X^2-3X+2-a$. By Vieta, their sum is $x+y=\frac 32$, so they cannot both be $\ge 1$. This shows that $f\circ f$ is injective on $[1,\infty)$, hence so is $f$.
Or note that $$f(f(1+h))=2(1+h)^2-3(1+h)+2=1+h+2h^2$$
and read off that $f\circ f$ is a bijection of $[1,\infty)$ to itself.

A: For the second part, notice that $g(x)=(x-2)(f(x)+x-2)+3$.
We have $g(2)=3$.
If one can show that $f(1)=1$, then $g(1)=3$, and therefore $g$ is not injective.
From $f(f(1))=1$ we get $f(f(f(1)))=f(1)$, and then $2f(1)^2-3f(1)+2=f(1)$ which shows that $f(1)=1$.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Landing Your Dream Job Via Linkedin Queue Early!
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1. Build a LinkedIn profile from beginner to an All Star level.
2. Update your profile to reflect what you are really looking for.
3. Network with those working at your dream company.
4. Find hiring managers and Recruiters using LinkedIn search.
5. Sell your experiences and skills to attract opportunities to you.


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Yuvraj Malhotra Gets A New Bearded Look For Tara From Satara
By Team Bollyy	 On Nov 23, 2019
Actors have time and again experimented with their looks to make their character look more realistic. The charming Yuvraj Malhotra is a recent example for the same. The actor who is known for his chocolaty and clean shaved look, will now be seen carrying a full beard look for the show. The cute looking boy of Indian Television is all set to carry the look of an angry young man in Sony Entertainment Television's popular fiction show Tara From Satara.Tara from Satara is the story of a young girl Tara and her journey from being aimless to finding a purpose in life. Known for its concept of Dramality, the show has impressed audience through its unique storyline. Yuvraj Malhotra would be seen as the producer of the reality show Dancer no. 1. He has a pivotal role in the show who treats the show like his own baby. In Tara from Satara the actor will be seen in a never seen before avatar, which is a full-beard matured character.
When spoken to Yuvraj about his role in the show he said, "Tara from Satara is an unique story and I will be playing the role of RT who is the producer of Dancer No. 1. I will be seen playing a matured character and to make this different from the characters I have played in the past, I decided to experiment with my look. Previously, I always had a clean shaved look but for the first time, I will be seen carrying a beard. It was bit tough for me to adjust with the beard on the first place, I got stuff like beard gel, beard oil, beard brush to maintain it, as it is not an easy task and now when I see myself in the mirror I feel satisfied. I am glad that audiences are loving my role and have accepted me in this new avatar."
Tags: Bollywood, Bollywood News, Bollywood Updates, Television, Telly News, Yuvraj Malhotra, Tara From Satara
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Everyone Is Loving The Look Of Ishita Dutta
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text:
14.8: Case Study Heels Conclusion and Chapter Summary
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Book: Human Biology (Wakim & Grewal)
14: Skeletal System
Contributed by Suzanne Wakim & Mandeep Grewal
Professors (Cell Molecular Biology & Plant Science) at Butte College
Case Study Conclusion: A Pain in the Foot
Chapter Summary Review
You may have seen signs such as this one indicating that high-heeled shoes are not allowed on certain walking surfaces because of the risk of injury. High heels affect a person's balance, and wearers can easily twist their ankle on uneven or slippery surfaces, causing a sprain or even a fracture. Besides twisting an ankle, wearing high heels on a regular basis can cause a variety of other negative health consequences — some of which may be long-lasting.
Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\): Image used with permission. (CC BY 4.0; Sam Howzit; wikimedia.org).
As Melissa discovered at the beginning of the chapter, wearing high heels can result in a condition called metatarsalgia. Metatarsalgia is named for the metatarsal bones, which are the five bones that run through the ball of the foot just behind the toes (highlighted in the illustration below.) Wearing high heels causes excessive pressure on the ball of the foot, as described at the beginning of this chapter. Additionally, the toes are forced to pull upwards in high heels, which moves the fleshy padding away from the ball of the foot, adding to the overall pressure placed on this region. Over time, this can cause inflammation and direct stress on the bones, resulting in the pain in the ball of the foot known as metatarsalgia. The pain particularly occurs in weight-bearing positions such as standing, walking, or running — which is what Melissa was experiencing. There may also be pain, numbness, or tingling in the toes associated with metatarsalgia.
Figure \(\PageIndex{2}\): Illustration of the bones of the foot, with the metatarsal bones highlighted in pink. Image used with permission. (public domain; Henry Vandyke Carter; wikimedi.org)
Wearing high heels can also cause stress fractures in the feet, which are tiny breaks in the bone that occur due to repeated mechanical stress. This is due to the excessive pressure that high heels put on some of the bones of the feet. These fractures are somewhat similar to what occurs in osteoporosis when the bone mass decreases to the point where bones can fracture easily as a person goes about their daily activities. In both cases, a major noticeable injury is not necessary to create the tiny fractures. As you have learned, tiny fractures that accrue over time are the cause of dowager's hump, or kyphosis, which is often seen in women with osteoporosis.
Don't think you are immune to stress fractures just because you don't wear high heels! This injury also commonly occurs in people who participate in sports involving repetitive striking of the foot on the ground, such as running, tennis, basketball, or gymnastics. They may be avoided by taking preventative measures such as: ramping up any increase in activity slowly; cross-training by engaging in a variety of different sports or activities; resting if you experience pain; and wearing well-cushioned and supportive running shoes.
Melissa learned through her online research that wearing high heels can also lead to foot deformities such as bunions and hammertoes. As you saw in the concept Disorders of the Skeletal System, a bunion is a protrusion on the side of the foot, most often at the base of the big toe. It can be caused by wearing shoes with a narrow, pointed toe box — a common shape for high heels (see picture below). The pressure of the shoes on the side of the foot causes an enlargement of bone or inflammation of other tissues in the region, which pushes the big toe towards the other toes.
Figure \(\PageIndex{3}\): High heels with a narrow, pointed toe box and thin stiletto heels. Image used with permission. (CC BY 2.0; berthovanrhee; wikimedia.org)
Hammertoes are an abnormal bend in the middle joint of the second, third, or fourth toe (with the big toe being the first toe), causing the toe to be shaped similar to a hammer as seen in the picture below. The narrow, pointed toe box of many high heels, combined with the way the toes are squished into front of the shoe as a result of the height of the heel, can cause the toes to become deformed in this manner. Treatments for bunions and hammertoe include wearing shoes with a roomy toe box, padding or taping the toes, and toe exercises and stretches. If the bunion or hammertoe does not respond to these treatments, surgery may be necessary to correct the deformity.
Figure \(\PageIndex{4}\): Image used with permission. (CC BY-NC 3.0; CK-12 foundation)
Because the bones of the skeleton are connected and work together with other systems to support the body, wearing high heels can also cause physical problems in areas other than the feet. Wearing high heels shifts a person's posture and alignment and can put a strain on tendons, muscles, and other joints in the body. For instance, research from a team at Stanford University published in 2014 suggests that wearing high heels, particularly if the person is overweight or the heels are very high, may increase the risk of osteoarthritis (OA) in the knee due to added stress on the knee joint as the person walks. As you have learned, OA results from the breakdown of cartilage and bone at the joint. Because it can only be treated to minimize symptoms, not cured, OA could be an unfortunate long-term consequence of wearing high heels.
Melissa has decided that wearing high heels regularly is not worth the pain and potential long-term damage to her body. After consulting with her doctor, who confirmed she had metatarsalgia, she was able to successfully treat it with ice, rest, and wearing comfortable, supportive shoes instead of heels.
High heels are not the only kind of shoes that can cause problems. Flip-flops, worn-out sneakers, and shoes that are too tight can all cause foot issues. To prevent future problems from her shoe choices, Melissa is following guidelines recommended by medical experts that include:
Wearing shoes that fit well, have plenty of room in the toes, are supportive, and are comfortable right away. There should be no "break-in" period needed for shoes.
Avoiding high heels, especially those with heels that are over 2 inches in height; that have narrow, pointed toe boxes; or very thin heels. The heels pictured above are an example of a type that should be avoided!
If high heels must be worn, they should be worn for only a limited period of time.
As you have learned in this chapter, your skeletal system carries out a variety of important functions in your body, including physical support. But even though it is strong, your skeletal system can become damaged and deformed — even through such a seemingly innocuous act as wearing a certain type of shoe. Taking good care of your skeletal system is necessary to help it continue to take good care of the rest of you.
In this chapter, you learned about the skeletal system. Specifically, you learned that:
The skeletal system is the organ system that provides an internal framework for the human body. In adults, the skeletal system contains 206 bones.
Bones are organs made of dense connective tissues, mainly the tough protein collagen. Bones also contain blood vessels, nerves, and other tissues. Bones are hard and rigid due to deposits of calcium and other mineral salts within their living tissues. Besides bones, the skeletal system includes cartilage and ligaments.
The skeletal system has many different functions, including supporting the body and giving it shape, protecting internal organs, providing attachment surfaces for skeletal muscles, allowing body movements, producing blood cells, storing minerals, helping to maintain mineral homeostasis, and producing endocrine hormones.
There is relatively little sexual dimorphism in the human skeleton, although the female skeleton tends to be smaller and less robust than the male skeleton. The greatest sex difference is in the pelvis, which is adapted for childbirth in females.
The skeleton is traditionally divided into two major parts: the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton.
The axial skeleton consists of a total of 80 bones. It includes the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage. It also includes the three tiny ossicles in the middle ear and the hyoid bone in the throat.
The skull provides a bony framework for the head. It consists of 22 different bones: eight in the cranium, which encloses the brain, and 14 in the face, which includes the upper and lower jaw.
The vertebral column is a flexible, S-shaped column of 33 vertebrae that connects the trunk with the skull and encloses the spinal cord. The vertebrae are divided into five regions: cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal regions. The S shape of the vertebral column allows it to absorb shocks and distribute the weight of the body.
The rib cage holds and protects the organs of the upper part of the trunk, including the heart and lungs. It includes the 12 thoracic vertebrae, the sternum, and 12 pairs of ribs.
The appendicular skeleton consists of a total of 126 bones. It includes the bones of the four limbs, shoulder girdle, and pelvic girdle. The girdles attach the appendages to the axial skeleton.
Each upper limb consists of 30 bones. There is one bone, called the humerus, in the upper arm, and two bones, called the ulna and radius, in the lower arm. The wrist contains eight carpal bones, the hand contains five metacarpals, and the fingers consist of 14 phalanges. The thumb is opposable to the palm and fingers of the same hand.
Each lower limb also consists of 30 bones. There is one bone, called the femur, in the upper leg, and two bones, called the tibia and fibula, in the lower leg. The patella covers the knee joint. The ankle contains seven tarsal bones, and the foot contains five metatarsals. The tarsals and metatarsals form the heel and arch of the foot. The bones in the toes consist of 14 phalanges.
The shoulder girdle attaches the upper limbs to the trunk of the body. It is connected to the axial skeleton only by muscles, allowing mobility of the upper limbs. Bones of the shoulder girdle include a right and left clavicle and a right and left scapula.
The pelvic girdle attaches the legs to the trunk of the body and supports the organs of the abdomen. It is connected to the axial skeleton by ligaments. The pelvic girdle consists of two halves that are fused together in adults. Each half consists of three bones: the ilium, pubis, and ischium.
Bones are organs that consist mainly of bone, or osseous, tissue. Osseous tissue is a type of connective tissue consisting of a collagen matrix that is mineralized with calcium and phosphorus crystals. The combination of flexible collagen and minerals makes bone hard without making it brittle.
There are two types of osseous tissues: cortical bone tissue and spongy bone tissue. Cortical bone tissue is smooth and dense. It forms the outer layer of bones. Spongy bone tissue is porous and light. It is found inside many bones.
Besides osseous tissues, bones also contain nerves, blood vessels, bone marrow, and periosteum.
Bone tissue is composed of four different types of bone cells: osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts, and osteogenic cells. Osteoblasts form new collagen matrix and mineralize it, osteoclasts break down bone, osteocytes regulate the formation and breakdown of bone, and osteogenic cells divide and differentiate to form new osteoblasts. Bone is a very active tissue, constantly being remodeled by the work of osteoblasts and osteoclasts.
There are six types of bones in the human body: long bones such as the limb bones, short bones such as the wrist bones, sesamoid bones such as the patella, sutural bones in the skull, and irregular bones such as the vertebrae.
Early in the development of a human fetus, the skeleton is made almost entirely of cartilage. The relatively soft cartilage gradually turns into hard bone. This is called ossification. It begins at a primary ossification center in the middle of the bone and later also occurs at secondary ossification centers in the ends of the bone. The bone can no longer grow in length after the areas of ossification meet and fuse at the time of skeletal maturity.
Throughout life, bone is constantly being replaced in the process of bone remodeling. In this process, osteoclasts resorb bone and osteoblasts make new bone to replace it. Bone remodeling shapes the skeleton, repairs tiny flaws in bones, and helps maintain mineral homeostasis in the blood.
Bone repair is the natural process in which a bone repairs itself following a bone fracture. This process may take several weeks. In the process, periosteum produces cells that develop into osteoblasts, and the osteoblasts form a new bone matrix to heal the fracture. Bone repair may be affected by diet, age, pre-existing bone disease, or other factors.
Joints are locations at which bones of the skeleton connect with one another.
Joints can be classified structurally or functionally, and there is significant overlap between the two types of classifications.
The structural classification of joints depends on the type of tissue that binds the bones to each other at the joint. There are three types of joints in the structural classification: fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial joints.
The functional classification of joints is based on the type and degree of movement that they allow. There are three types of joints in the functional classification: immovable, partly movable, and movable joints.
Movable joints can be classified further according to the type of movement they allow. There are six classes of movable joints: pivot, hinge, saddle, plane, condyloid, and ball-and-socket joints.
A number of disorders affect the skeletal system, including bone fractures and bone cancers. The two most common disorders of the skeletal system are osteoporosis and osteoarthritis.
Osteoporosis is an age-related disorder in which bones lose mass, weaken, and break more easily than normal bones. The underlying mechanism in all cases of osteoporosis is an imbalance between bone formation and bone resorption in bone remodeling. Osteoporosis may also occur as a side effect of other disorders or certain medications.
Osteoporosis is diagnosed by measuring a patient's bone density and comparing it with the normal level of peak bone density. Fractures are the most dangerous aspect of osteoporosis. Osteoporosis is rarely fatal, but complications of fractures often are.
Risk factors for osteoporosis include older age, female sex, European or Asian ancestry, family history of osteoporosis, short stature and small bones, smoking, alcohol consumption, lack of exercise, vitamin D deficiency, poor nutrition, and consumption of soft drinks.
Osteoporosis is often treated with medications such as bisphosphonates that may slow or even reverse bone loss. Preventing osteoporosis includes eliminating any risk factors that can be controlled through changes of behavior, such as undertaking weight-bearing exercise.
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a joint disease that results from the breakdown of joint cartilage and bone. The most common symptoms are joint pain and stiffness. OA is thought to be caused by mechanical stress on the joints with insufficient self-repair of cartilage, coupled with low-grade inflammation of the joints.
Diagnosis of OA is typically made on the basis of signs and symptoms, such as joint deformities, pain, and stiffness. X-rays or other tests are sometimes used to either support the diagnosis or rule out other disorders. Age is the chief risk factor for OA. Other risk factors include joint injury, excess body weight, and a family history of OA.
OA cannot be cured, but the symptoms can often be treated successfully. Treatments may include exercise, efforts to decrease stress on joints, pain medications, and surgery to replace affected hip or knee joints.
As you have learned in this chapter, one of the important functions of the skeletal system is to allow movement of the body. But it doesn't do it alone. Movement is caused by the contraction of muscles, which pull on the bones, causing them to move. Read the next chapter to learn about this and other important functions of the muscular system.
1. Hematopoiesis is carried out by:
A. spongy bone tissue
B. periosteum
C. yellow bone marrow
D. red bone marrow
2. Which aspect of the skeleton is different between women and men?
A. Women have fewer ribs than men.
B. Men have fewer ribs than women.
C. Women have a differently shaped pelvis than men.
D. Women have more vertebrae then men.
3. True or False. Osteocalcin is a hormone produced by bone cells.
4. True or False. Vertebrae make up part of the rib cage.
5. For each of the following bones, indicate whether they are part of the axial or appendicular skeleton.
A. The ossicles of the middle ear
B. The femur
C. The phalanges
D. The bones of the cranium
E. The ilium
6. Why does the rib cage need to be flexible and why is it able to be flexible?
7. In general, what do "girdles" in the skeletal system do?
8. Which protein does bone mainly consist of?
A. Keratin
B. Collagen
C. Cellulose
D. Elastin
9. For each of the descriptions below, identify which process best fits the description. Use each process only once.
Processes: bone growth; bone repair; bone remodeling
A. New osteoblasts form from the periosteum and produce new bone tissue.
B. Cartilage grows, and the primary and secondary ossification centers move towards each other.
C. Osteoclasts break down bone tissue and osteoblasts build new bone tissue.
10. For each of the following processes, describe when it occurs.
A. Bone growth
B. Bone repair
C. Bone remodeling
11. Would swimming likely be more effective as an exercise for preventing osteoporosis or as a treatment for osteoarthritis? Explain your answer.
12. True or False. Use of anabolic steroids in the teenage years generally makes people taller.
13. True or False. The largest joint in the human body is the knee joint.
14. How much of an adult's skeletal mass is broken down and rebuilt each year?
A. None
B. 5 percent
C. 10 percent
D. 30 percent
15. Explain why some of the vertebrae become misshapen in the condition called dowager's hump, or kyphosis.
16. Explain why osteoarthritis often involves inflammation in the joints.
17. Osteoporosis can involve both excess bone resorption as well as insufficient production of new bone tissue. What are the two main bone cell types that carry out these processes, respectively?
18. True or False. Bone mass does not decrease as men age.
19. True or False. Ideally, a person's spine would be perfectly straight and rigid.
20. Compare and contrast a tendon and a ligament.
21. Describe two roles that calcium in bones play in the body.
22. How many bones are in the adult human skeleton?
B. 126
14.7: Disorders of the Skeletal System
15: Muscular System
Suzanne Wakim & Mandeep Grewal
Number of Print Columns


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Gutmann (IV-A)
Recommendation regarding Herbert Gutmann
1.115-A
Recommendation regarding Herbert Gutmann[1]
In a letter dated 15 June 2009, the Minister for Education, Culture and Science (hereafter referred to as: the Minister) requested the Restitutions Committee (hereafter referred to as: the Committee) to issue a recommendation concerning the application for restitution dated 24 February 2009 submitted by N.P., F.FG., M.MF., C.E.G. and N.M.G. (hereafter referred to as: the applicants). The application for restitution relates to various objects in the Netherlands Art Property collection administered by the State (hereafter referred to as: the NK collection). The current recommendation concerns the following four sculptures:
NK 2758, Anonymous, Hercules and the Erymantic wild boar, bronze on a white and red marble pedestal, Italy, 19th century, bronze.
NK 2965, Anonymous (previously attributed to P. Tacca), Faun, France, 19th century, bronze.
NK 2967, Anonymous, Bust of a Jesuit, Italy, c. 1625, bronze.
The Committee initially registered the Minister's recommendation request of 15 June 2009 under case number RC 1.115. In a letter dated 9 November 2009, the Minister then requested the Committee to add an application for the restitution of an earthenware dish (NK 615) to the file. The applicants had also claimed this object in their letter of 24 February 2009, but it was not submitted to the Minister for advice at the time. The Committee subsequently incorporated the claim to NK 615 in the file with the number RC 1.115.
Following the Minister's request for advice, the Committee instigated a fact-finding investigation. The results of the investigation were included in a draft report dated 20 June 2011. In a letter dated 19 July 2011, the Committee sent the draft investigatory report to the applicants for comment. In a letter dated 11 July 2011, the Committee also asked the heirs of Fritz Gutmann, another branch of the Gutmann family, for further information about the nature of the loss of possession of the currently claimed art objects and NK 615. In reply, the Fritz Gutmann heirs advised in a letter dated 28 July 2011 that they had no further factual information to add. Further to this, however, on 11 August 2011, they also submitted a claim to NK 615. In a letter dated 6 September 2011, the Minister then submitted this second claim to NK 615 to the Committee.
In response to the foregoing, the Committee decided to split the RC 1.115 file into two. The art objects that are only being claimed by Herbert Gutmann's heirs have been incorporated into file number RC 1.115-A, concerning which the Committee's partial recommendation is found below. In connection with the competing claims by two branches of the Gutmann family, the partial recommendation RC 1.115-A regarding NK 615 will be issued at a later date.
After several delays, the applicants responded to the draft investigatory report in a letter dated 31 October 2011. In this letter, the applicants withdrew their initial claim to NK 2947. The draft investigatory report was amended on the basis of the applicants' response. The investigatory report was then adopted on 19 December 2011. The Committee refers to this investigatory report for the facts underlying the current recommendation.
The applicants were represented in this procedure by lawyer O. Ossmann of Winterthur (Switzerland).
The applicants claim to be heirs of Herbert Max Magnus Gutmann (hereafter referred to as: Herbert Gutmann). In this connection, the Committee has taken cognisance of several legal inheritance documents, on the basis of which it saw no reason to doubt the applicants' status as persons entitled to Herbert Max Gutmann's property.
The applicants claim that the currently claimed objects belonged to the undivided estate of Eugen Gutmann, who died in 1925, and that his son Herbert Gutmann was entitled to one-sixth of this inheritance. The applicants furthermore state that Fritz Gutmann lost the currently claimed objects involuntarily during the Nazi regime. Fritz Gutmann was also a son of Eugen Gutmann, who administered the art collection that was part of the inheritance referred to, on behalf of the six heirs.
The relevant facts are included in the investigatory report dated 19 December 2011. The following is a summary.
Herbert Gutmann's father, the Jewish banker Eugen Gutmann (1840-1925), was co-founder of the Dresdner Bank AG established in Dresden in 1872. He was married to Sophie Magnus (1852-1915), with whom he had seven children, namely Lili, Antonie (Toinon), Walter, Herbert, Kurt, Max and Fritz Gutmann. When the head office of the Dresdner Bank moved to Berlin in 1884, the family followed. Eugen Gutmann built up an art collection that was famed in the art circles of the day. After Eugen Gutmann's death in 1925, this collection was held in joint ownership by his six children, each being entitled to one sixth (the eldest son Walter had already died in 1917).
The N.V. Trust & Administratie Maatschappij (Trustenad) had been set up in Amsterdam on 4 July 1921 to look after the financial interests of Eugen Gutmann's children.
Herbert Gutmann was born on 15 October 1879 as the fourth of Eugen Gutmann's children. He became deputy director of the Dresdner Bank branch in London in 1903. Herbert Gutmann had three children with his wife Daisy Stephanie Thekla Anna Bertha Luise von Frankenberg und Ludwigsdorf(f). The family lived alternately in Berlin and Potsdam, where Herbert Gutmann amassed his own art collection. From 1933, the Dresdner Bank, which was under government supervision, fell under control of the National Socialists. Herbert Gutmann was forced to resign from various of the bank's advisory bodies. In the early 1930s, he was also faced with financial difficulties. In April 1934, he put his art collection up for auction. He left Germany in October 1936 to settle in London. Herbert Gutmann died on 22 December 1942.
After his death, Eugen Gutmann's collection was administered by his brother Fritz. Fritz Gutmann had settled in the Netherlands in 1918 and had been granted Dutch nationality in 1924. He lived with his family in 'Huize Bosbeek', a country house near Heemstede, where he, too, amassed a large art collection. He kept the objects from the collection of his father, Eugen Gutmann, in a separate safe in Huize Bosbeek. It appears that in the period after Eugen Gutmann's death various changes took place in the composition of Eugen Gutmann's collection. For instance, various works of art from the collection were sold during that period. In addition, the investigation revealed that various works were at some time or other placed in consignment with art dealership K.W. Bachstitz in The Hague.
It is known of the currently claimed sculptures that they were recovered from Germany in 1946. This took place by reason of the fact that these objects had been acquired by the occupying forces from the Mannheimer collection, of which these sculptures had in any case been part since 25 June 1934 (see consideration 8).
The Ekkart Committee's eighth recommendation (2001) states as a condition for restitution that the title to the claimed objects is proved with a high degree of probability, and that there are no indications to the contrary. When assessing the current claim, it should first be established whether Herbert Gutmann's right of ownership to the currently claimed objects is proven with a high degree of probability. To do this, it is important that this right of ownership can be dated to a point in time relevant to the present application for restitution.
Source research has shown that the currently claimed sculptures were, in any case, part of the collection of Herbert's father, Eugen Gutmann, in 1912. All four objects – NK 2758, NK 2965, NK 2966 and NK 2967 – are listed in the catalogue Die Kunstsammlung Eugen Gutmann [The Eugen Gutmann Art Collection] from 1912, compiled by Otto von Falke.
The following emerged during the investigation with regard to the date and the circumstances of Eugen Gutmann's loss of possession, or of that of the successors to his estate. The currently claimed sculptures were included in a catalogue of the Mannheimer collection, dated November 1935 - March 1936, which provides the following information about the provenance: 'Aus der Sammlung Eugen Gutmann' [From the Eugen Gutmann Collection].
Fritz Mannheimer was a Jewish banker and art collector and a managing partner of the Mendelssohn & Co bank in Amsterdam. Over the years, Mannheimer built up an art collection in his villa in Amsterdam. On 25 June 1934, Mannheimer transferred his collection as collateral for a debt to Artistic, a company under English law, of which the Mendelssohn & Co. bank of Amsterdam was the sole shareholder. The collection remained in Mannheimer's house after the transfer.
It is of importance with regard to the current claim that Mannheimer evidently acquired the currently claimed sculptures before 25 June 1934. This is evidenced by the fact that each of these sculptures has what is known as an 'Artistic number'. The objects that Mannheimer had transferred to Artistic in 1934 were given these inventory numbers.
Together with the rest of the Mannheimer collection, the current sculptures were purchased by the German authorities during the occupation, after which they were taken to Germany.
As for the question whether the currently claimed paintings were still co-owned by Herbert Gutmann during the Nazi regime, the Committee considers the following. Given that the sculptures were listed in the catalogue of the Mannheimer collection, with the so-called 'Artistic numbers' next to the claimed works (see consideration 8), the conclusion must be that Eugen Gutmann's heirs lost possession of these objects in any case before 25 June 1934. Is has not become clear when this took place exactly. It may be that Eugen Gutmann himself, or his heirs, sold the works in the (long) period between 1912 and 1933 - that is, before the start of the Nazi regime.
In connection with this, the Committee notes that Eugen Gutmann himself sold part of his collection during the 1920s, and another part was sold by his heirs after his death in 1925. Specific reference is made to the sale of a triptych that is also part of the Netherlands Art Property Collection (inventory number NK 2947). Eugen Gutmann, or his heirs, probably sold this altar, which was originally part of this claim, to Fritz Mannheimer at some point between 1912 and 1927. This object was in any event in Eugen Gutmann's collection in 1912 and in Fritz Mannheimer's collection in 1927. The latter is evidenced by an article from that year that makes reference to the altar and also shows a picture of it, under which is the entry 'Amsterdam, Dr Mannheimer'. The Committee does not consider it impossible that the currently claimed works, mentioned in the Mannheimer catalogue together with the current NK 2947, were sold to Fritz Mannheimer in the (long) period between 1912 and 1927, possibly as part of the same transaction as NK 2947.
Given that the investigation has shown that various objects from the Eugen Gutmann collection were sold to Fritz Mannheimer in the twenty-one years between 1912 and 1933, including the current NK 2947 (see consideration 9), the Committee believes that there is an undeniable chance that the currently claimed works were also transferred to Mannheimer before the start of the Nazi regime.
The Committee is therefore of the opinion that it is not highly probable that the currently claimed objects still belonged to the Eugen Gutmann collection during the Nazi regime, making involuntary loss of possession pursuant to current restitution policy likewise not very probable.
The Restitutions Committee advises the Minister for Education, Culture and Science to reject the applicants' claim to NK 2758, NK 2965, NK 2966 and NK 2967.
Adopted at the meeting of 19 December 2011 by W.J.M. Davids (chair), J.Th.M. Bank, P.J.N. van Os, E.J. van Straaten, H.M. Verrijn Stuart, I.C. van der Vlies (vice-chair), and signed by the chair and the secretary.
(W.J.M. Davids, chair) (E. Campfens, secretary)
[1] The Committee has previously issued recommendations concerning the Gutmann family. For instance, on 6 December 2010, it issued a recommendation concerning a garniture (NK 3223a-e) that was claimed by Herbert Gutmann's heirs and the heirs of Fritz Gutmann (RC 1.114-A). In addition, the Committee also issued the following recommendations regarding the claims of Fritz Gutmann's heirs: RC 1.2, RC 1.113, RC 1.114-B.
Gerelateerde adviezen:
The Gutmann collection (Gutmann I)
Gutmann II
A sculpture in Fritz Gutmann's collection (Gutmann III-B)
A five-piece garniture from the Gutmann collection (Gutmann III-A)


text:
Posts Tagged 'digital intermediate'
The Hiero we deserve, not the Hiero we need…
The Foundry's Hiero launched last month, after a public beta period. Described as "a pipeline in a box", perhaps the best way to think about is a bells & whistles conforming system.
Here are some of the things it can do:
Conform media
Transcode or rename media
Track versions (to some extent)
Generate NUKE scripts
It's fully extensible through python, so in theory a lot of features can be customised to specific workflows. Quite frankly, I would have killed for this on almost every production I've worked on. It would have made a lot of data management chores a breeze. There are a few notably absent features, such as the lack of scene detection, and the extremely limited notation functionality, but that will happen in time no doubt.
The Foundry view Hiero as a kind of post-production hub, managing shots coming in, and shots going out. A client can view the latest overall version of a show, before going into a grading room. On one hand this is a necessary step: colour grading is less often about colour and more about asset management and versioning. This fulfils a crucial need: to have a stage that exclusively deals with editorial issues prior to grading. So with Hiero, the production team goes over to the Hiero system, reviews visual effect versions, checks editorial issues, delegates more work and so on. Unfortunately, it just doesn't work like that in the real world.
For starters, who's responsible for maintaining this hub? In general, the production team would lack the expertise required to manage the process, and in any case, from their perspective, they are paying everyone else to ensure the various pieces fit together. At the launch event, there were talks by people who'd been using it at visual effects houses The Mill and Framestore. But even these are edge cases: it would be extremely unlikely to have a single facility responsible for doing the bulk of the post work on a major film. On a typical film, The Mill might be handing off a bunch of effects to a DI facility elsewhere, and not really care how it fits in with elements from other sources (let alone that the production might not want the Mill having such a level of control over the film). Likewise, the DI facility will expect to just conform everything in the grading suite, as they always do. There wouldn't be much benefit to adding another link in the chain.
So it could fall to a third party, who would coordinate everything, but then who is going to pay for such a service? I agree with the principle of Hiero, and I'd argue that someone should be paying for such a service. But if there's one thing we know about post, it's that people hate having to change their workflows.
So where does that leave us? Currently Hiero is around $5,000 for a node-locked license, and that prohibits it from being considered a utility a freelancer could invest in, or that a facility would pay for "just in case". I hope that the Foundry can crack this problem, because it can arguably make post easier for all of us.
The Foundry offer a 15-day trial of Hiero, as with all their products.
Posted: April 9th, 2012
Categories: Tools
Tags: data management, digital intermediate, digital production, Hiero, release, review, software, Systems reviews, workflow
A problem of numbers…
Anyone working with digital intermediates will undoubtedly have experienced this situation.
You start off with a frame sequence, let's say 090000.dpx through 180000.dpx. However, there are gaps in the sequence (maybe because these frames were captured using an EDL, or maybe they've been selectively exported from a more complete timeline). You process them in some processing application, but now you have something more like 0000.dpx through 7864.dpx.
Often it doesn't matter how the modified files are named, such as if you are going to edit them into a timeline by eye, but sometimes you just really need the names to match and so you have to waste lots of time massaging all the filenames until they are just right.
I found myself in just that situation recently. We'd exported a bunch of frames from a timeline that needed some last-minute dust-busting. The quickest, most available option was to run through them all in After Effects. Great but then the problem was getting them back in. I imported the renders as a single, new reel, and then proceeded to cut and splice them back into the timeline shot by shot. That took around 2 hours. But we had time.
The next time we were in the same situation, I decided I would make like easy for myself. I essentially had a list of filenames I needed to use (from the original exported folder), so surely there had to be an easy way to automate renaming them. Well there wasn't, so I made one.
One of the things that I've come to love about working with OS X is AppleScript. The process of writing some AppleScript, testing and running it can be done (in this case) much more quickly than just doing everything manually. Granted, there's a learning curve, but the other good thing is that even if you can't program AppleScript yourself, you can benefit from someone else's.
With that in mind, I've released the AppleScript I made on Google Code. If you find it useful, let me know.
Posted: November 15th, 2010
Tags: AppleScript, data management, digital intermediate, mac, release, software, workflow
Introducing Synaesthesia…
Synaesthesia is the new software product by Surreal Road. It's been in development for around four years now, and is almost at a point where it is production-ready.
But what is it?
Having worked on all sorts of film and TV productions in different capacities (of greatly varying budgets), it often amazed me how "disconnected" every role seems. This is especially true in areas like post-production, where people employed to enhance or otherwise change particular shots would do so without any knowledge of the history of that shot. It might be possible to find out the camera and lighting setup used for a particular shot in some cases, but what about the intent behind that setup? What was the cinematographer aiming for, and how can I better enhance that, as opposed to the more usual practices of (at best) attempting to reverse-engineer a shot in order to understand it, or (at worst) changing things in a more haphazard manner until something looks good.
This was a problem I've encountered on almost every production, and in part it's unavoidable. The reality is that just as the writers are often left outside the gates of production, so too are the production crew long-gone when it comes to post. This also becomes a practical and logistical problem. Where is a particular reel of film? What was the time and date of a particular shot? On a very organised production, it is likely that the editor would be armed with most of this information, but in all other cases, there is simply no one around to ask.
I look at software created for the visual effects industry, and it is staggering: the functionality and capabilities of VFX software is advanced to the point where it's possible to use these tools to quickly create shots that are indistinguishable from reality. But when it comes to the actual production process, we're in a technological drought. Even popular writing software, such as Final Draft, is only slightly more useable than TextEdit, even with years of industry experience and development put into it. What was I supposed to use in my capacity as data manager on various things to stay on top of everything? Excel?
The solution of course, is that (those computer-savvy enough) people tend to cobble together some sort of database (usually in the ubiquitous FileMaker Pro) which serves the immediate needs of the production. Much of the time this works out rather well, the production ends up with a bespoke system that covers most of the bases, something "good enough". But what about those people who haven't the time or the resources to create something from scratch, or those people who just want to hit the ground running? Well, you are who Synaesthesia was designed for.
At its core, Synaesthesia is about keeping track of things about a production, from start to finish. Here's a typical scenario:
You have a production. You add notes, storyboards, descriptions of characters, of sets, all to get a sense of what it's about.
At some point you have a screenplay. You import that and it links all the scenes with sets and characters you've previously created, and adds anything that's missing.
You refine the script, importing new versions as you go along, further fleshing out what you want to shoot and so on.
You create a database of people and equipment you're going to need, and assign them to different parts of the production.
You start shooting. You log what's shot as it happens, along with notes, things like whether the take was good or not, what was recorded and making last-minute script updates.
You import data directly from digital footage (such as RED camera footage), in order to accurately log timecodes, and shooting parameters.
You start editing, having access to all your previous notes for each clip of footage that was shot. You can import sequences from an editing system and have Synaesthesia tell you which shot is used where. You can make changes to the edit from within Synaesthesia, and save those back to your editing system.
You can designate certain shots as needing effects work, and update those shots as new effects versions are completed.
Finally you can archive all the reels of footage, noting their locations, in case they're ever needed again.
That's quite a broad overview, and it assumes you're going to use Synaesthesia from start to finish. But perhaps the best part of it is that you don't have to. Maybe you're only concerned with pre-production, and just want a place to keep storyboards, concept art, and screenplay versions organised? Maybe you just want to log continuity during a shoot? Or maybe you just want to tweak a couple of edits? Well then, Synaesthesia can help you.
It's probably also helpful to mention what Synaesthesia (at least, in its current form) isn't for:
It's not for budgeting or scheduling
It's not a replacement for software such as Final Draft
It's not a replacement for systems such as Final Cut Studio
It's not a server-based system, (it's not possible for multiple people to make changes to the data at the same time).
A more detailed list of features is available here. As I've said, Synaesthesia isn't quite finished yet. It's capabilities are still being worked out. But there are several key principles that we'll always try to adhere to:
It will be simple to use
It will integrate with software you already use
It will give you the information you need
But more than anything else, I want it to be for whatever you (the user) need. With that in mind, we will be inviting people to try out pre-release versions in order to tell us what you like, what you don't, and what's missing. You can sign up for an invitation here.
Categories: News, Synaesthesia
Tags: beta, data management, digital cinema, digital image, digital intermediate, digital production, FCP, features, final cut pro, final cut studio, mac, release, shooting, software, Synaesthesia, workflow
Fix It In Post available for pre-order…
My latest book, "Fix It In Post" is available for pre-order now on Amazon.
Thanks to everyone who let me pick their brains over the course of the last few months.
The blurb:
"Finally! A well-written software agnostic guide to fixing common problems in post ranging from shaky camera to film look!"
—Jerry Hofmann, Apple Certified Trainer; FCP Forum Leader, Creative Cow; Owner, JLH Productions
Fix It In Post provides an array of concise solutions to the wide variety of problems encountered in the post process. With an application-agnostic approach, it gives proven, step-by-step methods to solving the most frequent postproduction problems. Also included is access to a free companion website, featuring application-specific resolutions to the problems presented, with fixes for working in Apple's Final Cut Studio suite, Avid's Media Composer, Adobe Premiere Pro, as well as other applications.
Solutions are provided for common audio, video, digital, editorial, color, timing and compositing problems, such as, but not limited to:
* automated dialogue recording, adjusting sync, and creating surround sound
* turning SD into HD (and vice-versa) and restoration of damaged film and video
* removing duplicate frames, reducing noise, and anti-aliasing
* maintaining continuity, creating customized transitions, and troubleshooting timecodes
* removing vignettes, color casts, and lens flare
* speeding shots up, slowing shots down, and getting great-looking timelapse shots
* turning day into night, replacing skies and logos and changing camera motion
Fix It in Post: Solutions for Postproduction Problems
Posted: February 1st, 2009
Tags: archiving, colour-correction, compression, corruption, data management, digital cinema, digital image, digital intermediate, DPX, DVCAM, formats, HD, interpolation, Publications, QuickTime, red, scaling, software, workflow
Red Seminar Slides…
Some people have requested a copy of the slides used for the Red camera post workflow I was involved in, so I've made a PDF version available for download.
Posted: December 23rd, 2008
Tags: digital intermediate, Publications, red, workflow
Copyright ©2010 Surreal Road Limited. step legally…


Peering down into Sonoma Valley from the Valley View Trail vista point.
Hood Mountain marks the highest point on the Mayacamas Mountains between the Sonoma and Napa valleys at 2,733 feet. Area Indians call the mountain Wilikos, meaning Willows. The park's 1,750 acres features 19 miles of trails shared by hikers, bicyclists and horseback riders. It marks the largest trail system of all Sonoma regional parks.
Taking along a trail map is advised. On numerous occasions we came across bare posts that appear to be intended as trail markers and may one day serve that purpose. For now, they serve merely to remind the hiker is indeed at an anonymous trail junction.
The view from the top of Hood Mountain. Thick tree and brush cover makes finding a vista point difficult.
From the southwest entrance to the park off of Pythian Road the trail immediately begins its ascent and almost never lets up. According to the official Hood Mountain web page on the Sonoma County Parks the trails are termed, "rugged". Aptly named we'd say. The trails here are challenging at times, perhaps some of the roughest in Sonoma Valley. Switchbacks cut through some of the steepness, but some segments, such as Hood Mountain Trail near the summit of Hood Mountain are straight shots that seem to rise almost vertically in front of a hiker. No hand holds are required but you'd not have to reach too far to touch the ground.
The soil on the Panorama Ranch Trail is less nutrient rich, causing the trees growing here to be shorter then elsewhere in the park.
The Lower Johnson Trail jumps onto and off of a paved road leading part way up the mountain. The path follows Hood Creek, which can be clearly heard and seldom seen.
A portion of the Bay Area Ridge Trail runs through the park. Following this path to the peak will add some extra mileage and time to reach the top. One is rewarded though with some impressive views of Sonoma Valley along the aptly named Valley View Trail. The peak of Sonoma Mountain on the other side of the valley can be seen here. For those wanting a great overlook over Sonoma Valley without the extra effort to get to the top of the mountain, this is your spot to hit.
Coppertone and Austin Explorer at the overlook on the Panorama Ranch Trail overlooking the Azalea Creek Canyon.
The summit at Hood Mountain can be a bit anti-climatic given the effort to reach it. A thick cocoon of trees and dense shrubs surrounds the peak, depriving hard working hikers of sweeping and breathtaking vistas. The hike up here was the breathtaking part. In actuality, if you look around the exposed area at the peak you can spot a smaller opening with a large rock sticking a few feet higher. If you climb to the top of that you'll be able to peer over the foliage blocking your view. It's not a 360 degree panorama, but it's beautiful nevertheless.
Gunsight Rock Overlook, perhaps a quarter mile beyond the peak and a bit lower in elevation, promises better views given the lay of the land and plant cover. This spot is also accessible from the adjacent Sugarloaf Ridge State Park.
Hood Mountain has a number of plant communities that call the steep slopes their home. One of the more interesting ones is the pygmy forest found along the Panorama Ranch Trail. The nutrient poor soil here results in stunted growth of some of the same species of tree that grow to double or more its size just a few hundred feet away. The more diminutive foliage also help to clear the sight lines for views into the Azalea Creek valley. It may not be Sonoma Valley, but here are some of the best views in the park.
Coppertone and I made use of the "Sugar Shuttle" to do a one way hike through Hood Mountain Regional Park to Sugarloaf Ridge State Park.
The temperature was quite a bit cooler than yesterday, so we thought we hit the jackpot. Surely, the fog would burn off as the Sun rose higher. It would, but would it burn off quickly enough?
We started off at the Los Alamos Road trailhead where the Sugar Shuttle dropped us off and quickly worked our way down Hood Mountain Trail. Our pace was interrupted now and then by banana slugs. We had seen them before on other hikes, but the frequency in which we encountered them today was uncommon. What was really interesting is when we came upon one eating a sprig of moss. I had never seen a banana slug eat before. When we encountered addition slugs later we offered up some moss we found nearby.
The water was flowing briskly in Santa Rosa Creekso the creek crossing was not as easy as it had been during our previous trips. The trail splits into two right before the creek with the trail leading into Sugarloaf Ridge to the left and continuing on to Hood Mountain to the right. We ended up going down the Sugarload fork, cross the creek and then hug the creek shore on the other side for the short distance until we could get back onto Hood Mountain Trail.
From that point the trail steadily climbs towards the summit. Hood Mountain Trail is a jeep trail that presents a wide path for hikers, cyclists and horses. At the junction with Summit Trail we considered taking the hiking-only path to the summit but found the trail there a bit more overgrown that we would have liked. So we continued on the main trail that roughly parallels to the top.
We did later join Summit Trail higher up when it intersected again and the trail there looked far more clear. The higher elevation helped thin some of the grass from Summit Trail, but so did the October 2017 fires. Parts of the trail looked like the scene of a post apocalyptic movie set. Blackened trees and brush stems reflected off an eery light. With that said, the evidence of recovery is abundant. Sprouts of new growth are popping out of the ground and even out of the trunks of trees many would have considered dead.
As we encountered in our previous visit to Hood Mountain the last segments to the top are very steep and tiring. When we reached the summit we took some time out to have lunch try and check out the views, which were non-existent. The fog had not burned off. The view from the top of Hood Mountain was never as great as from Gunsight Rock Overlook, so we had hopes that the time spent eating would deliver us some clearer weather.
We continue from the summit along Nattkemper Trail towards Gunsight Rock Overlook. The trail junction with the overlook spur was severly burned. The charred remains of the trail marker pointing to the spur was leaned up against and equally burned tree trunk. Miraculously, the overlook itself was not badly burned. We did not get a miracle today from the weather though. The fog, though thinning somewhat, was still too thick to provide a view over Sonoma Valley.
We continue down Nattkemper Trail, hiking along paths we had never been before and discover it's charms. There's an interesting mixture of steep grasslands and forested groves. The grasslands open up to the west, providing views over Sonoma Valley. Yes, the fog is lifting and with every open vista to the west we can see farther and farther. Just a bit too late for us!
We continue towards the boundary with Sugarloaf Ridge State Park where the trail turns into the Goodspeed Trail. There's extensive fire damage in sections here as well but an abundance and variety of wildflowers provide color to even the most burnt areas. We see a young lady passing by with a handful of picked wildflowers. Unfortunately this just means there are fewer flowers for other visitors to enjoy and fewer plants laying down seeds for next year's plants. Please enjoy the wildflowers where you see them!
At a bit over 9 miles and lots of climbing (over 2,000 feet) we were fairly tired heading back to our parked car. But the Goodspeed Trail provided some interesting experiences, including a tree trunk bridge over a creek crossing made somewhat easier by the installation of a climbing rope handrail to help steady oneself.
I think when we go back to get a view from Gunsight Rock Overlook without the fog I think we'll head out from Sugarloaf if we need to do an out and back. The distance to the overlook is a bit shorter and the elevation gain seems more consistant. But return we must. We can't let the fog get the best of us.
Even starting out at the Pythian Road Trailhead the trail gets steep. This turned out to be a harbinger of things to come.
We elected to take a series of trails up to the peak which represented the Bay Area Ridge Trail passing through the park. In hindsight this may have been shortsighted given the extra mileage it added onto the strenuous effort. Use a more direct route avoiding Valley View Trail if you're gunning for the summit alone.
The Valley View Trail was not without its merits though. It provided some wildflowers and some of the best views of Sonoma Valley on the trails. And this includes the views from the top of Hood Mountain.
Coppertone and I were not quite prepared for the steepness we encountered here as we made our way to the top of Hood Mountain. We knew there were switchbacks and elevation gain but were surprised to find a very steep grade awaiting us on the final pitch to the summit. We were tired.
Once at the top of peak it was a bit disappointing to not have wide sweeping views of the terrain below. The problem is the peak is hemmed in by thick foliage. We found a rock outcropping just off the peak area that rose high enough to peak over the brush and catch a glimpse of what we'd accomplished.
The views along Panorama Ranch Trail on the way down were also impressive. We stopped and exchanged camera duties with a couple and their dog so that we all were able to get in on the photos.
A couple of girls from an area junior college were on the trail and could be heard yelling out their frustrations with school and homework. Hate to break it to ya girls, but the real world isn't all it's cracked up to be. Enjoy your time in school while you can. I suggest more hiking, and silence.


text:
Spennymoor Town FC
With hope no one shall fail, we'll always be united!
Club History & Honours
Moors TV
Replica Kit
Polos & Tracksuits
Midgley joins Moors' management team
1st July 2018 3rd July 2018
Paul Midgley has joined Spennymoor Town's management team and will link up with Jason Ainsley and Tommy Miller ahead of the 2018/19 campaign.
Midgley, has held recruitment and coaching positions at Sunderland, Stockton Town, York City and English Schools FA.
The 31-year-old's career has spanned 13 years and has seen him become a UEFA qualified coach.
After joining the club, Midgley said: "When I spoke to Jay and Tommy I knew instantly that it was the right club for me.
"I have known Jay for a lot of years now and have got to know Tommy over the past few, so I think there will be a strong set up with the three of us in place.
"Watching the progression of the club over the past four to five years makes me excited to be involved from the inside, and let's hope we can go one better than last year.
"To work at National League North level and go to places like Stockport County, York City and Kidderminster is challenge I am really looking forward too.
"I am a young and hungry coach and I want to progress myself professionally, and I believe Spennymoor is the perfect place for me to do that with the superb infrastructure the chairman and his board have created.
"I cannot wait to get started and work alongside Jay, Tommy and the top players at the club."
← Gould swaps Stourbridge for Spennymoor
Moors bring in six players ahead of new season →
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My first piece of advice for anyone interested in tracing their family history is to use resources that require no money at all. That's right there are free genealogy products and services out there that you can utilize.
You CAN find information about your ancestors for FREE!
You just need to know where to look. Luckily I have done the hard work for you and have found plenty of free genealogy resources that you can use.
Free Genealogy Guides and Resources!
As you can see from the following posts there are plenty of ways that you can research your family tree without spending any money at all. I plan to continually add more guides, so please keep checking back for more helpful information right here.
Check Out Free Resources Before You Buy!
Sometimes the only way to get access to what you really want will be found at paid subscription sites, or through DNA testing for example.
But before you do go down that path first take a look at the free options that are available to you.
Why pay when something is free?
It is definitely worth checking if you can get something for nothing before you go ahead and hand over your hard-earned money.
That is why I have created this section of the site, to show you what free guides and resources that you can use.
That's right everything that I have found to be free is right here on this page.