text:
\section{Introduction}

\label{intro}

Dilute magnetic semiconductors (DMS) are materials of great promise in
modern technology because they combine semiconductor transport and magnetic
properties allowing reach and physically meaningful interplay between them.
\cite{furdyna1988a,dietl1994a} Basically, there are two types of wide
bandgap semiconductor alloys in which cations are substituted by randomly
distributed magnetic atoms, such as Mn \cite{furdyna1988a,Ohno2001b}. In
some of them, such as (II,Mn)VI (Cd$_{1-x}$Mn$_{x}$Te, for instance) the
substituting magnetic impurity Mn is isoelectronic. We will call these
materials type I DMS. Here, the magnetic impurities are not electrically
active. However, they can effectively modify electronic transport \cite
{shapira1985a,shapira1990a} and magnetism \cite{dietl2001a,ferrand2001a} due
to exchange coupling of the free carriers spins to the spins of magnetic
atoms .\ As a result, scattering of the free carriers by the localized
magnetic moments determines their mobility that is substantially spin and,
therefore, magnetic-field dependent. It leads to giant magnetoresistance
(MR), positive or negative \cite{shapira1985a,shapira1990a,nam2003a}. (If
carriers are localized, the above coupling causes spin-polaron effects that
substantially affect the magnetotransport properties of type I DMS \cite
{dietl1983a,petukhov2000a}.)

More complex situation occurs in type II DMS, such as (III,Mn)V or (IV,Mn)
alloys where Mn atoms serve as acceptors. Examples are Ga$_{1-x}$Mn$_{x}$As
\cite{matsukura1998a,Ohno1998b} and Ge$_{1-x}$Mn$_{x}$ \cite
{macdonald2005a,li2005a,jamet2006a} magnetic semiconductors. Here, contrary
to the type I DMS, atomic-spin scattering essentially involves charged
impurities a substantial fraction of which are magnetic interstitials. In
these materials, both the effects of the atomic-spin scattering and the
scattering off the charged impurities are related to each other. They cannot
be treated by means of a simple Matthiessen's rule \cite{ashcroft1976a}.

In this paper we will concentrate mainly on spin-dependent scattering which
determines mobility of free carriers in DMS taking into account the
spin-disorder effects that are intrinsic for these materials. There are two
sources of the spin-disorder effects in question: (a) the thermodynamic
fluctuations of atomic spins \cite{degennes1958a,haas1968a,kuivalainen2001a}%
, which are present even in the ordered type I magnetic materials with $x=$
1 \cite{degennes1958a,haas1968a}, and (b) the built-in spatial fluctuations
of local concentrations of the magnetic impurities \cite{michel2004a}, which
are substantial for type II DMS even in the absence of magnetic field due to
the long-range nature of \ Coulomb interaction.

The theory of spin-disorder scattering off the thermodynamic fluctuations of
the local magnetization due to atomic moments of the magnetic atoms has been
developed by P. G. de Gennes and J. Friedel for magnetic metals \cite
{degennes1958a} and for ordered magnetic semiconductors by C. Haas \cite
{haas1968a}. In particular, they showed the application of an external
magnetic field freezes out the above fluctuations thus leading to \textit{%
negative} MR. C. Michel \textit{et al} \cite{michel2004a} ignored such
effects but took into account scattering off the built-in fluctuations of
the local concentration of magnetic atoms only. They demonstrated that the
field-induced decrease in the mobility associated with these inhomogeneities
can be responsible for \textit{positive} MR in DMS. It is evident, however,
that both the above effects should be treated on an equal footage because
they have a common source - magnetic atoms. Such a treatment is especially
important because, as has been just mentioned, these spin-disorder
effects usually give competing contributions to MR of DMS. In this paper we
develop an approach that allows us to consistently tackle the problem of the
mobility of the majority and minority spins carriers by taking into account
the exchange, Coulomb, and deformation effects in scattering by the very
same magnetic atoms.

In Section~\ref{relaxation_time} we will calculate the relaxation time due
to scattering by magnetic impurities, which determines the mobility of free
carriers to be analyzed in Section~\ref{mobility}. In Section~\ref{GMR} we
will calculate the MR of different types DMS, which is in a substantial part
defined by the spin-disorder effects associated with scattering of the free
carriers off magnetic impurities.

\section{Relaxation Time}

\label{relaxation_time}

Let us consider a charge carrier in an extended state $\left| \phi _{\mathbf{%
k}}\left( \mathbf{r}\right) X\alpha \right\rangle $, where $\phi _{\mathbf{k}%
}\left( \mathbf{r}\right) =\left| \mathbf{k}\right\rangle $ is the Bloch
function of the band state of energy $\epsilon _{\mathbf{k}}$ and of wave
vector $\mathbf{k}$, $X^{\pm }$ is the electron spin up (+) or down (-)
function, and $\alpha $ is an eigenfunction of the atomic-spins Hamiltonian
with a temperature dependent probability $w_{\alpha }$ for the state $\alpha
$ to occur. (For the sake of simplicity we will ignore a complex nature of
the angular momentum structure of the energy spectrum of such free carriers,
like holes \cite{ashcroft1976a,dietl2001a} in semiconductors, just assuming
that the carriers possess spin $s=\pm 1/2$.) For magnetic impurities
randomly located at points $\mathbf{R}_{i}$, the probability of their given
configuration

\begin{equation}
dF\left( \mathbf{R}_{1},...,\mathbf{R}_{M}\right) =\stackunder{i=1}{\Pi }%
\frac{d\mathbf{R}_{i}}{\Omega },  \label{probability}
\end{equation}
where $\Omega $ is the volume of the system. At a given temperature, the
magnetization of the system

\begin{equation}
M=xNg\mu _{B}\overline{\left\langle J_{z}\right\rangle }=M_{sat}\overline{%
\left\langle J_{z}\right\rangle }/J  \label{magnetization}
\end{equation}
is expressed in terms of the average projection of the component of the
atomic spin $\mathbf{J}_{i}$, located at point $\mathbf{R}_{i}$, along the
direction $z$ of the magnetization. Here $N$ is the concentration of the
sites in the (sub)lattice that contains magnetic atoms of the fractional
concentration $x=N_{m}/N\leq 1$, $g$ is the Lande-factor of the
magnetic-atom spin, $\mu _{B}$ is the Bohr magneton, $M_{sat}=xNg\mu _{B}J$
is the saturation magnetization; the brackets represent thermal averaging
while the bar represents the averaging over the spatial configurations of
magnetic atoms:

\begin{equation}
\overline{\left\langle J_{z}\right\rangle }=\int dF\left( \mathbf{R}_{1},...,%
\mathbf{R}_{M}\right) \sum_{\alpha }w_{\alpha }\left\langle \alpha \left|
J_{iz}\right| \alpha \right\rangle =JB_{J}\left( y\right) .  \label{J_av}
\end{equation}
Here $B_{J}\left( y\right) $ is the Brillouin function \cite{ashcroft1976a}
of the atomic spin $J$ and of the argument $y$ to be found from the
mean-field equation \cite{furdyna1988a,dietl1994a}, which depends on the
absolute temperature $T$ and external magnetic field $H$. (For the DMS well
into paramagnetic phase, $y=g\mu _{B}HJ/T$.) Throughout this paper, the
temperature $T$ is measured in the energy units ($k_{B}=1$).

We will start our consideration of a scattering time from the simplest case
of a free carrier coupled to randomly distributed non-magnetic impurities by
means of the non-exchange interaction:

\begin{equation}
U_{n-m}\left( \mathbf{r}\right) =-\sum\limits_{i}V_{n-m}\left( \mathbf{r}-%
\mathbf{R}_{i}\right) .  \label{non-exchange}
\end{equation}
The probability, per unit time, of a free-carrier transition from a state
with the wave vector $\mathbf{k}$ to a state $\mathbf{k}^{\prime }$, which
is averaged over all possible configurations of impurities, is given by:

\begin{equation}
\overline{P_{n-m}\left( \mathbf{k,k}^{\prime }\right) }=\frac{2\pi }{\hbar }%
\overline{\left| \left\langle \mathbf{k}\left| U_{n-m}\right| \mathbf{k}%
^{\prime }\right\rangle \right| ^{2}}\delta \left( \epsilon _{\mathbf{k}%
}-\epsilon _{\mathbf{k}^{\prime }}\right) .  \label{transition}
\end{equation}
Assuming the isotropy of the dispersion \ law $\epsilon _{\mathbf{k}}$ one
can express the corresponding relaxation time that appears in the Boltzmann
transport equation in terms of the above transition probability (\ref
{transition}) as follows \cite{ashcroft1976a}:

\begin{equation}
\frac{1}{\tau _{\mathbf{k}}^{n-m}}=\frac{\Omega }{\left( 2\pi \right) ^{3}}%
\int d\mathbf{k}^{\prime }\left( 1-\widehat{\mathbf{k}}\cdot \widehat{%
\mathbf{k}}^{\prime }\right) \overline{P_{n-m}\left( \mathbf{k,k}^{\prime
}\right) }.  \label{tau}
\end{equation}
Then ignoring a spatial dependence of the periodic parts of the Bloch
functions, it is easy to show that \cite{efros1988a}

\begin{equation}
\frac{1}{\tau _{\mathbf{k}}^{(n-m)}}=\frac{1}{\left( 2\pi \right) ^{2}\hbar }%
\int d\mathbf{k}^{\prime }\left( 1-\widehat{\mathbf{k}}\cdot \widehat{%
\mathbf{k}}^{\prime }\right) \Psi _{n-m}\left( \left| \mathbf{k-k}^{\prime
}\right| \right) \delta \left( \epsilon _{\mathbf{k}}-\epsilon _{\mathbf{k}%
^{\prime }}\right) ,  \label{tau1}
\end{equation}
where

\begin{equation}
\Psi _{n-m}\left( \mathbf{k}\right) =\int d\mathbf{r\exp }\left( -i\mathbf{kr%
}\right) \overline{U_{n-m}\left( \mathbf{r}\right) U_{n-m}\left( \mathbf{0}%
\right) }  \label{Fourier}
\end{equation}
is the Fourier transform of a pair correlation function of the non-exchange
part (\ref{non-exchange}) of the random impurity potential. For a simple
isotropic dispersion law $\epsilon _{\mathbf{k}}=\hbar ^{2}k^{2}/2m$ with an
effective mass $m$, Eq. (\ref{tau1}) yields

\begin{equation}
\frac{1}{\tau _{k}^{(n-m)}}=\frac{m}{4\pi \left( \hbar k\right) ^{3}}%
\int\limits_{0}^{2k}dzz^{3}\Psi _{n-m}\left( z\right) .  \label{tau2}
\end{equation}

In magnetic semiconductor, the free carrier is coupled to the randomly
distributed magnetic atoms by the following interaction:

\begin{equation}
U_{m}\left( \mathbf{r}\right) =-\sum\limits_{i}\left[ \mathbf{sJ}%
_{i}U_{ex}\left( \mathbf{r}-\mathbf{R}_{i}\right) +V\left( \mathbf{r}-%
\mathbf{R}_{i}\right) \right] ,  \label{exchange}
\end{equation}
where $U_{ex}\left( \mathbf{r}\right) \simeq \beta _{ex}\delta \left(
\mathbf{r}\right) $ is the exchange coupling potential strongly localized
within the unit cell containing a magnetic atom ($\beta _{ex}N\simeq 1eV$)
\cite{dietl1994a,dietl2001a}, $\mathbf{s}$ is the electron spin; $V\left(
\mathbf{r}\right) $ is a non-exchange part of the magnetic-impurity
potential of the Coulomb and/or deformation nature. The probability per unit
time for an electron from a state with the wave vector $\mathbf{k}$ and with
spin up (+) or down (- ) to get transferred to a state with $\mathbf{k}%
^{\prime }$ and with spin up (+) or down (-) while the state of the atomic
spins undergoes transition from $\alpha $ to $\alpha ^{\prime }$ is \cite
{haas1968a}

\begin{equation}
P_{m}\left( \mathbf{k}\pm \mathbf{\alpha ,k}^{\prime }\pm \alpha ^{\prime
}\right) =\frac{2\pi }{\hbar }\left| \left\langle \phi _{\mathbf{k}}\left(
\mathbf{r}\right) X^{\pm }\alpha \left| U_{m}\right| \phi _{\mathbf{k}%
^{\prime }}\left( \mathbf{r}\right) X^{\pm }\alpha ^{\prime }\right\rangle
\right| ^{2}\delta \left( \epsilon _{\mathbf{k}}^{\pm }+\epsilon _{\alpha
}-\epsilon _{\mathbf{k}^{\prime }}^{\pm }-\epsilon _{\alpha ^{\prime
}}\right) .  \label{probability1}
\end{equation}
Here for the simple isotropic conduction band,\bigskip
\begin{equation}
\epsilon _{k}^{\pm }=\epsilon _{0}^{\pm }+\frac{\hbar ^{2}k^{2}}{2m}
\label{epsilon_k}
\end{equation}
and $\Delta =\epsilon _{0}^{-}-\epsilon _{0}^{+}$ is the Zeeman splitting of
the electron spin-split conduction sub-bands.

For the scattering processes that go without spin flip, thermal averaging
over the initial spin states, summation over the final spin states, and
averaging over the impurity configurations yield

\begin{eqnarray}
\sum_{\alpha ^{\prime }}\overline{\left\langle P_{m}\left( \mathbf{k+\alpha
,k}^{\prime }+\alpha ^{\prime }\right) \right\rangle } &=&\sum_{\alpha
^{\prime }}\sum_{\alpha }w_{\alpha }\int dF\left( \mathbf{R}_{1},...,\mathbf{%
R}_{M}\right) P_{m}\left( \mathbf{k+\alpha ,k}^{\prime }+\alpha ^{\prime
}\right)  \nonumber \\
&=&\frac{2\pi }{\hbar \Omega ^{2}}\int dF\left( \mathbf{R}_{1},...,\mathbf{R}%
_{M}\right) \sum_{\alpha ^{\prime }}\sum_{\alpha }w_{\alpha }\times
\nonumber \\
&&\sum_{i}e^{i\left( \mathbf{k}^{\prime }-\mathbf{k}\right) \mathbf{R}%
_{i}}\left\{ \frac{1}{2}U_{ex}\left( \mathbf{k-k}^{\prime }\right)
\left\langle \alpha \left| J_{iz}-\left\langle J_{iz}\right\rangle \right|
\alpha ^{\prime }\right\rangle +\right.  \nonumber \\
&&\left. \left[ V\left( \mathbf{k-k}^{\prime }\right) +\frac{1}{2}%
U_{ex}\left( \mathbf{k-k}^{\prime }\right) \left\langle J_{iz}\right\rangle
\right] \delta _{\alpha \alpha ^{\prime }}\right\} \times  \nonumber \\
&&\sum_{j}e^{i\left( \mathbf{k-k}^{\prime }\right) \mathbf{R}_{j}}\left\{
\frac{1}{2}U_{ex}^{*}\left( \mathbf{k}^{\prime }\mathbf{-k}\right)
\left\langle \alpha ^{\prime }\left| J_{jz}-\left\langle J_{jz}\right\rangle
\right| \alpha \right\rangle +\right.  \nonumber \\
&&\left. \left[ V^{*}\left( \mathbf{k}^{\prime }-\mathbf{k}\right) +\frac{1}{%
2}U_{ex}^{*}\left( \mathbf{k}^{\prime }-\mathbf{k}\right) \left\langle
J_{jz}\right\rangle \right] \delta _{\alpha \alpha ^{\prime }}\right\}
\delta \left( \epsilon _{\mathbf{k}}^{+}+\epsilon _{\alpha }-\epsilon _{%
\mathbf{k}^{\prime }}^{+}-\epsilon _{\alpha ^{\prime }}\right)  \nonumber \\
&=&\frac{2\pi }{\hbar \Omega ^{2}}\sum_{ij}\overline{e^{i\left( \mathbf{k}%
^{\prime }-\mathbf{k}\right) \left( \mathbf{R}_{i}-\mathbf{R}_{j}\right)
}\left[ \frac{1}{4}\left| U_{ex}\left( \mathbf{k-k}^{\prime }\right) \right|
^{2}\left( \left\langle J_{iz}J_{jz}\right\rangle -\left\langle
J_{iz}\right\rangle \left\langle J_{jz}\right\rangle \right) +\right. }
\nonumber \\
&&\left. \overline{\left| V\left( \mathbf{k-k}^{\prime }\right) +\frac{1}{2}%
U_{ex}\left( \mathbf{k-k}^{\prime }\right) \overline{\left\langle
J_{z}\right\rangle }\right| ^{2}}\right] \delta \left( \epsilon _{\mathbf{k}%
}^{+}-\epsilon _{\mathbf{k}^{\prime }}^{+}\right) ,  \label{P1_av}
\end{eqnarray}
\newline
where $U_{ex}\left( \mathbf{k}\right) $ and $V\left( \mathbf{k}\right) $ are
the Fourier transforms of the exchange and non-exchange parts of the
magnetic impurity potential. Similarly, for the scattering accompanied by
the double spin-flip processes when both the electron and magnetic atom flip
their spins simultaneously,

\begin{eqnarray}
\sum_{\alpha ^{\prime }}\overline{\left\langle P_{m}\left( \mathbf{k+\alpha
,k}^{\prime }-\alpha ^{\prime }\right) \right\rangle } &=&\sum_{\alpha
^{\prime }}\sum_{\alpha }w_{\alpha }\int dF\left( \mathbf{R}_{1},...,\mathbf{%
R}_{M}\right) P_{m}\left( \mathbf{k+\alpha ,k}^{\prime }-\alpha ^{\prime
}\right)  \nonumber \\
&=&\frac{2\pi }{\hbar \Omega ^{2}}\int dF\left( \mathbf{R}_{1},...,\mathbf{R}%
_{M}\right) \sum_{\alpha ^{\prime }}\sum_{\alpha }w_{\alpha }\times
\nonumber \\
&&\sum_{i}e^{i\left( \mathbf{k}^{\prime }-\mathbf{k}\right) \mathbf{R}%
_{i}}\left[ \frac{1}{2}U_{ex}\left( \mathbf{k-k}^{\prime }\right)
\left\langle \alpha \left| \left( J_{ix}+J_{iy}\right) \right| \alpha
^{\prime }\right\rangle \right] \times  \nonumber \\
&&\sum_{j}e^{i\left( \mathbf{k-k}^{\prime }\right) \mathbf{R}_{j}}\left[
\frac{1}{2}U_{ex}^{*}\left( \mathbf{k}^{\prime }\mathbf{-k}\right)
\left\langle \alpha ^{\prime }\left| \left( J_{ix}+J_{iy}\right) \right|
\alpha \right\rangle \right] \delta \left( \epsilon _{\mathbf{k}%
}^{+}+\epsilon _{\alpha }-\epsilon _{\mathbf{k}^{\prime }}^{-}-\epsilon
_{\alpha ^{\prime }}\right)  \nonumber \\
&=&\frac{\pi }{\hbar \Omega ^{2}}\sum_{ij}\overline{e^{i\left( \mathbf{k}%
^{\prime }-\mathbf{k}\right) \left( \mathbf{R}_{i}-\mathbf{R}_{j}\right)
}\left| U_{ex}\left( \mathbf{k-k}^{\prime }\right) \right| ^{2}\left(
\left\langle J_{ix}J_{jx}\right\rangle +\left\langle
J_{iy}J_{jy}\right\rangle \right) }\times  \nonumber \\
&&\delta \left( \epsilon _{\mathbf{k}}^{+}-\epsilon _{\mathbf{k}^{\prime
}}^{-}\right)
\end{eqnarray}
Similar expressions can be derived that describe the averaged probabilities
for the (-) $\rightarrow $ (-) and (-) $\rightarrow $ (+) processes.

As a result, one can calculate, in the first Born approximation, the inverse
relaxation time for an electron with the wave vector $\mathbf{k}$ and the
spin up (+) or down (-) as follows:

\begin{eqnarray}
\frac{1}{\tau _{\mathbf{k}}^{\pm }} &=&\frac{\Omega }{\left( 2\pi \right)
^{3}}\int d\mathbf{k}^{\prime }\left( 1-\widehat{\mathbf{k}}\cdot \widehat{%
\mathbf{k}}^{\prime }\right) \sum_{\alpha ^{\prime }}\left[ \overline{%
\left\langle P_{m}\left( \mathbf{k\pm \alpha ,k}^{\prime }+\alpha ^{\prime
}\right) \right\rangle }+\overline{\left\langle P_{m}\left( \mathbf{k}\pm
\mathbf{\alpha ,k}^{\prime }-\alpha ^{\prime }\right) \right\rangle }\right]
\nonumber \\
&=&\frac{1}{\left( 2\pi \right) ^{2}\hbar \Omega }\int d\mathbf{k}^{\prime
}\left( 1-\widehat{\mathbf{k}}\cdot \widehat{\mathbf{k}}^{\prime }\right)
\sum_{ij}\overline{e^{i\left( \mathbf{k}^{\prime }-\mathbf{k}\right) \left(
\mathbf{R}_{i}-\mathbf{R}_{j}\right) }\left\{ \left[ \frac{1}{4}\left|
U_{ex}\left( \mathbf{k-k}^{\prime }\right) \right| ^{2}\left( \left\langle
J_{iz}J_{jz}\right\rangle -\left\langle J_{iz}\right\rangle \left\langle
J_{jz}\right\rangle \right) \right. \right. }+  \nonumber \\
&&\left. \overline{\left| V\left( \mathbf{k-k}^{\prime }\right) \pm \frac{1}{%
2}U_{ex}\left( \mathbf{k-k}^{\prime }\right) \overline{\left\langle
J_{z}\right\rangle }\right| ^{2}}\right] \delta \left( \epsilon _{\mathbf{k}%
}^{\pm }-\epsilon _{\mathbf{k}^{\prime }}^{\pm }\right) +  \nonumber \\
&&\left. \overline{\frac{1}{4}\left| U_{ex}\left( \mathbf{k-k}^{\prime
}\right) \right| ^{2}\left( \left\langle J_{ix}J_{jx}\right\rangle
+\left\langle J_{iy}J_{jy}\right\rangle \right) }\delta \left( \epsilon _{%
\mathbf{k}}^{\pm }-\epsilon _{\mathbf{k}^{\prime }}^{\mp }\right) \right\} .
\label{tau3}
\end{eqnarray}
Here the terms in the right part, which involve the atomic spins correlation
functions, are responsible for scattering off the thermodynamic fluctuations
of atomic spins. By virtue of the fluctuation-dissipation theorem\cite
{landau1980a} the first of them can be expressed in terms of the static
value of the $z$-component (longitudinal component) of the magnetic
susceptibility $\chi _{z}=\chi _{\Vert }$:

\begin{eqnarray}
\Psi _{\parallel }\left( \mathbf{k}-\mathbf{k}^{\prime }\right) &=&\frac{1}{%
4\Omega }\sum_{i,j}\overline{e^{i\left( \mathbf{k}^{\prime }-\mathbf{k}%
\right) \left( \mathbf{R}_{i}-\mathbf{R}_{j}\right) }\left| U_{ex}\left(
\mathbf{k-k}^{\prime }\right) \right| ^{2}\left( \left\langle
J_{iz}J_{jz}\right\rangle -\left\langle J_{iz}\right\rangle \left\langle
J_{jz}\right\rangle \right) }  \nonumber \\
&=&\frac{T\left| U_{ex}\left( \mathbf{k-k}^{\prime }\right) \right| ^{2}\chi
_{\Vert }\left( \mathbf{k}-\mathbf{k}^{\prime }\right) }{4\left( g\mu
_{B}\right) ^{2}}.  \label{chi_z}
\end{eqnarray}
Similarly,

\begin{eqnarray}
\Psi _{\perp }\left( \mathbf{k}-\mathbf{k}^{\prime }\right) &=&\frac{1}{%
4\Omega }\sum_{i,j}\overline{e^{i\left( \mathbf{k}^{\prime }-\mathbf{k}%
\right) \left( \mathbf{R}_{i}-\mathbf{R}_{j}\right) }\left| U_{ex}\left(
\mathbf{k-k}^{\prime }\right) \right| ^{2}\left\langle
J_{ix}J_{jx}\right\rangle }  \nonumber \\
&=&\frac{1}{4\Omega }\sum_{i,j}\overline{e^{i\left( \mathbf{k}^{\prime }-%
\mathbf{k}\right) \left( \mathbf{R}_{i}-\mathbf{R}_{j}\right) }\left|
U_{ex}\left( \mathbf{k-k}^{\prime }\right) \right| ^{2}\left\langle
J_{iy}J_{jy}\right\rangle }  \nonumber \\
&=&\frac{T\chi _{\bot }\left( \mathbf{k}-\mathbf{k}^{\prime }\right) \left|
U_{ex}\left( \mathbf{k-k}^{\prime }\right) \right| ^{2}}{4\left( g\mu
_{B}\right) ^{2}},
\end{eqnarray}
where $\chi _{\bot }=\chi _{x}=\chi _{y}$ are transversal components of the
magnetic susceptibility in a direction perpendicular to magnetic field. The
second term in the right part of Eq. (\ref{tau3}) represents scattering off
a random built-in potential of magnetic atoms due to the spatial
fluctuations of their local concentrations. Similarly to Eqs (\ref{tau1})
and (\ref{Fourier}) describing scattering by non-magnetic atoms, it can be
expressed in terms of the Fourier transform of the corresponding correlation
function:

\begin{equation}
\Psi _{m}\left( \left| \mathbf{k-k}^{\prime }\right| \right) =\frac{1}{%
\Omega }\sum_{i,j}\overline{e^{i\left( \mathbf{k}^{\prime }-\mathbf{k}%
\right) \left( \mathbf{R}_{i}-\mathbf{R}_{j}\right) }\left| V\left( \mathbf{%
k-k}^{\prime }\right) \pm \frac{1}{2}U_{ex}\left( \mathbf{k-k}^{\prime
}\right) \overline{\left\langle J_{z}\right\rangle }\right| ^{2}}.
\label{Psi_m}
\end{equation}
It should be mentioned here that in the case of non-degenerate
semiconductors, where the typical wave numbers of scattered free carriers
are small, one can usually ignore the dispersion of the Fourier transforms
of the correlation functions described by Eqs (\ref{Fourier}) and (\ref
{chi_z}) - (\ref{Psi_m}). The exclusion is to be made for the charged
impurities, magnetic and/or non-magnetic, when the corresponding Fourier
transforms $V_{n-m}(\mathbf{k})$ and $V(\mathbf{k})$ involved diverge at
small $k$.

\subsection{Type I DMS}

We can further simplify expression (\ref{tau3}) for the relaxation time in
the type I magnetic semiconductor compounds where the magnetic centers are
isoelectronic. In this case, the potential of such a center consists of the
exchange and deformation components, both short-range ones,

\begin{equation}
U_{m}^{\left( i\right) }\left( \mathbf{r}\right) =-\left[ \mathbf{sJ}%
_{i}U_{ex}\left( \mathbf{r}-\mathbf{R}_{i}\right) +V\left( \mathbf{r}-%
\mathbf{R}_{i}\right) \right] =-\left[ \mathbf{sJ}_{i}\beta _{ex}+\beta
_{def}\right] \delta \left( \mathbf{r}-\mathbf{R}_{i}\right) ,
\label{potential1}
\end{equation}
where $\beta _{ex}$ is the exchange coupling constant and, for ternary solid
solutions,  $\beta _{def}=N^{-1}dE_{C}/dx$ is the deformation potential
constant of the relevant band edge $E_{C}$ \cite{efros1988a,michel2004a}.
So, exactly like for any mixed semiconductor compound (see Ref. \cite
{efros1988a}), the Fourier transform of the potential correlation function

\begin{equation}
\Psi _{m}\left( k\right) =Nx\left( 1-x\right) \left| \beta _{def}\pm \frac{1%
}{2}\beta _{ex}\overline{\left\langle J_{z}\right\rangle }\right| ^{2},
\label{Psi_m1}
\end{equation}
where $\overline{\left\langle J_{z}\right\rangle }$ is given by Eq. (\ref
{J_av}). The magnetic-field dependence $\overline{\left\langle
J_{z}\right\rangle }$  follows that of the magnetization (\ref{magnetization}%
). As a result, using simple isotropic dispersion law (\ref{epsilon_k}) and
relations similar to (\ref{tau2}), Eqs (\ref{J_av}), (\ref{chi_z}) - (\ref
{potential1}) yields

\begin{eqnarray}
\frac{1}{\tau _{I}^{\pm }\left( k\right) } &=&\frac{m\beta _{ex}^{2}k}{\pi
\hbar ^{3}}\left\{ \frac{T}{\left( 2g\mu _{B}\right) ^{2}}\left[ \chi
_{\Vert }+2\chi _{\bot }F^{\pm }\left( 1\mp \frac{2m\bar{\Delta}}{\hbar
^{2}k^{2}}\right) ^{1/2}\right] +\right.   \nonumber \\
&&\left. Nx\left( 1-x\right) \left| \frac{\beta _{def}}{\beta _{ex}}\pm
\frac{JM}{2M_{sat}}\right| ^{2}\right\} .  \label{tauI}
\end{eqnarray}
Here $F^{\pm }=1$ if the average Zeeman band splitting \cite{dietl1983a}

\begin{equation}
\bar\Delta \left( H\right) =xN\beta _{ex}JB_{J}\left( y\right) +g^{\ast }\mu
_{B}H=\frac{\beta _{ex}M\left( H\right) }{g\mu _{B}}+g^{\ast }\mu _{B}H
\label{Zeeman}
\end{equation}
is less than $\hbar ^{2}k^{2}/2m$, otherwise $F^{+}=0$ and $F^{-}=1$. (In
Eq. (\ref{Zeeman}) $g^{\ast }$ is the electron $g$-factor.)

In the above expression (\ref{tauI}) for the relaxation time of the type I
DMS, the term in the square brackets is responsible for scattering off the
thermal fluctuations of atomic spins. In particular, the term with $\chi
_{\Vert }$ describes the scattering processes that go without spin flip. The
term with $\chi _{\bot }$ takes into account the scattering accompanied by
the double spin-flip processes. For the majority-spin carriers (+), the
latter processes (+) $\rightarrow $ (-) gradually disappear with the
increase of the applied magnetic field because the energies of the
final-state subband progressively exceed that of the initial-state subband.
As a result, the corresponding transitions become energetically less
favorable

The last term in the right part of Eq. (\ref{tauI}) describes scattering off
the\ spatial fluctuations of the local concentrations of magnetic atoms (see
Fig.~\ref{potfig}). For the ordered magnetic semiconductors, such as EuSe or
ErAs, where magnetic atoms form a regular sub-lattice, $x=1$, this term
disappears. Then Eq. (\ref{tauI}) coincides with one obtained by Haas \cite
{haas1968a}. Meanwhile, in the limit of the saturation magnetic fields, when
the thermal fluctuations are frozen out because both $\chi _{\Vert }\left(
H\right) =\partial M/\partial H$ and $\chi _{\bot }\left( H\right) =M/H$ \
\cite{haas1968a,dietl1983a} tend to zero, for $\left| \beta _{def}/\beta
_{ex}\right| >>J$ we recover the expression for the scattering time in
disordered nonmagnetic alloys \cite{efros1988a}.

\begin{figure}[tbph]
\bigskip
\bigskip
\includegraphics[width=.85\linewidth]{Fig1.eps}
\vskip -100pt
\caption{(Color online.) Built-in magnetic-impurity potential in DMS in the
absence (a) and in the presence (b) of external magnetic field for the case
when $b=\beta _{def}/\beta _{ex}>1$.}
\label{potfig}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Type II DMS}

In these materials, both the magnetic impurities and the compensating
non-magnetic centers are charged, so that the spin-independent components of
their potentials are of the screened Coulomb form $V_{C}\left( r\right) $
for which the Fourier transform \cite{ashcroft1976a}

\begin{equation}
V_{C}\left( k\right) =-\frac{4\pi Ze^{2}}{\kappa \left(
k^{2}+r_{0}^{-2}\right) }.  \label{Coulomb}
\end{equation}
Here $Ze$ is the charge of a center, $\kappa $ is the dielectric constant
and $r_{0}$ is the screening length. We will use this dependence while
calculating the Fourier transforms of the relevant correlation functions (%
\ref{Psi_m}) and (\ref{Fourier}) due to magnetic and non-magnetic
impurities, respectively:

\begin{equation}
\Psi _{n-m}\left( k\right) =N_{n-m}\left[ \frac{4\pi Z_{n-m}e^{2}}{\kappa
\left( k^{2}+r_{0}^{-2}\right) }\right] ^{2},  \label{Psi_nm}
\end{equation}

\begin{equation}
\Psi _{m}\left( k\right) =N_{m}\left[ \frac{4\pi Z_{m}e^{2}}{\kappa \left(
k^{2}+r_{0}^{-2}\right) }\pm \frac{\beta _{ex}JM}{2M_{sat}}\right] ^{2},
\end{equation}
Here $Z_{i}e$ and $N_{i}$ are the charge and concentration of the magnetic ($%
m$) and non-magnetic ($n-m$) impurities. Then by employing Eq. (\ref{tau2})
it is easy to obtain the following expression for the relaxation time in the
type II DMS with large enough screening length ($kr_{0}>>1$):

\begin{eqnarray}
\frac{1}{\tau _{II}^{\pm }\left( k\right) } &=&\frac{1}{\tau _{k}^{\pm }}+%
\frac{1}{\tau _{k}^{(non-m)}}=\frac{m\beta _{ex}^{2}k}{\pi \hbar ^{3}}%
\left\{ \frac{T}{\left( 2g\mu _{B}\right) ^{2}}\left[ \chi _{\Vert }+2\chi
_{\bot }F^{\pm }\left( 1\mp \frac{2m\bar{\Delta}}{\hbar ^{2}k^{2}}\right)
^{1/2}\right] +\right.   \nonumber \\
&&\frac{N_{m}JM}{2M_{sat}}\left( \frac{JM}{2M_{sat}}\pm \frac{4\pi Z_{m}e^{2}%
}{\beta _{ex}\kappa k^{2}}\right) +\left. 2\pi N^{*}\left( \frac{e^{2}}{%
\beta _{ex}\kappa k^{2}}\right) ^{2}\ln \left( 2kr_{0}\right) \right\} ,
\label{tauII}
\end{eqnarray}
where $N^{*}=$ $N_{m}Z_{m}^{2}+N_{n-m}Z_{n-m}^{2}$ is the effective
concentration of the charged impurities. Here, like in Eq. (\ref{tauI}), the
first term in the braces is responsible for scattering off the thermodynamic
fluctuations of the atomic spins. The second and the third terms describe
the input from the built-in fluctuations of the local impurity potential. In
particular, the last term is due to scattering off charged impurities,
magnetic and non-magnetic. (For these materials we obviously have ignored
the short-range deformation potential.) It should be noted that the presence
of an ''interference'' term in the second term in the braces violates
empirical Matthiesen's rule \cite{ashcroft1976a} because the impurity
scattering processes involve the Coulomb and magnetic forces that originate
from the same atoms. It can be seen that these processes are not independent
even within the first Born approximation.

\section{Calculating Mobility}

\label{mobility}

If the relaxation time is known, one can use the standard approach to
calculate the mobilities of the majority (+) and minority (-) spin carriers
\cite{haas1968a}
\begin{equation}
\mu ^{\pm }=\frac{q\hbar }{3m^{2}}\frac{\sum\limits_{k}k^{2}\left( \partial
f_{k}^{\pm }/\partial \epsilon _{k}^{\pm }\right) \tau _{k}^{\pm }}{%
\sum\limits_{k}f_{k}^{\pm }},  \label{mu}
\end{equation}
where $f_{k}^{\pm }$ are the Fermi distribution functions for the spin-split
subbands and $q=\pm e$ is the carrier charge. By means of Eq. (\ref{tauI})
we find that for type I non-degenerate DMS

\begin{eqnarray}
\mu _{I}^{\pm } &=&\mu _{0}^{(I)}\int\limits_{0}^{\infty }dt\exp
(-t)t\left\{ \frac{T}{\left( 2g\mu _{B}\right) ^{2}N}\left[ \chi _{\Vert
}+2\chi _{\bot }F^{\pm }\left( 1\mp \delta /t\right) ^{1/2}\right] \right. +
\label{muI} \nonumber\\
&&\left. x\left( 1-x\right) \left| \frac{\beta _{def}}{\beta _{ex}}\pm \frac{%
JM}{2M_{sat}}\right| ^{2}\right\} ^{-1},
\end{eqnarray}
where

\begin{equation}
\mu _{0}^{(I)}\left( T\right) =\frac{2\left( 2\pi \right) ^{1/2}q\hbar ^{4}}{%
3m^{5/2}N\beta _{ex}^{2}T^{1/2}}.  \label{mu_0}
\end{equation}
Here $F^{\pm }=1$ if the dimensionless average Zeeman band splitting $\delta
=\left( \epsilon _{0}^{-}-\epsilon _{0}^{+}\right) /T=\bar{\Delta}/T\leq 1$,
otherwise $F^{+}=0$ and $F^{-}=1$. With the well known from the Hall effect
theory coefficient $\gamma _{H}=\mu _{H}/\mu =3\pi /8$ for the scattering by
isoelectronic impurities \cite{sze1981a}, in the limit of the saturating
magnetic fields and for $\left| \beta _{def}/\beta _{ex}\right| >>J$, one
can easily obtain by means of Eqs (\ref{muI}) and (\ref{mu_0}) the
expression for the Hall mobility $\mu _{H}$ in mixed non-magnetic alloys
\cite{efros1988a}. And again, in the limiting case of the ordered magnetic
semiconductors ($x=1$) we retrieve the expression for the mobility $\mu
_{I}^{\pm }$ obtained by Haas\cite{haas1968a}.

\begin{figure}[tbhp]
\includegraphics[width=.9\linewidth]{Fig2.eps}
\caption{(Color online.) Mobility of the minority (a) and majority (b) spin
carriers as a function of magnetic field for different values of the
parameter $b=\beta _{def}/\beta _{ex}$.}
\label{mufig}
\end{figure}

Fig.~\ref{mufig} shows the mobilities of spin-up and spin-down carriers in
the type I DMS calculated by means of Eq. (\ref{muI}) for different values
of parameter $b=\beta _{def}/\beta _{ex}$. We used $N\left| \beta
_{ex}\right| =1eV$ \cite{dietl2001a,ferrand2001a}, $J=5/2,$ $x=0.02$, and $%
T=50K$ in our calculations. It can be seen that, as a rule, the mobility of
spin down carriers drops while that of the spin up carriers rises with the
application of the magnetic field. The latter (b) is dominated by scattering
off the thermodynamic fluctuations of the atomic spins, which is suppressed
by magnetic field. Simultaneously, with the application of magnetic field,
the former (a) is more and more determined by scattering off the built-in
fluctuations of the local concentration of magnetic atoms because the input
from the double spin-flip (+) $\Rightarrow $(-) processes of scattering by
the thermal fluctuations are substantially reduced for these processes are
accompanied by the absorption of the increasingly greater amounts of thermal
energy. Contrary to that, the spin-up mobility drops and spin-down mobility
rises with magnetic field only if the deformation potential constant $\beta
_{def}$ is large and have the same sign as the exchange coupling constant $%
\beta _{ex}$. Then in those both cases the zero-magnetic-field mobility is
governed by scattering off the build-in fluctuations of the deformation
potential of magnetic impurities (Fig.~\ref{potfig}(a)). The application of
the magnetic field increases the amplitude of the impurity potential
fluctuations for the majority-spin carriers and decreases the above
amplitude for the minority spin carriers (Fig.~\ref{potfig}(b)), which
explains the calculated dependencies.

For the type II non-degenerate DMS with large enough screening length ($%
8mTr_{0}^{2}/\hbar ^{2}>>1$), Eqs (\ref{tauII}) and (\ref{mu}) yield

\begin{eqnarray}
\mu _{II}^{\pm } &=&\mu _{0}^{(II)}\int\limits_{0}^{\infty }dt\exp
(-t)t\left\{ \frac{T}{\left( 2g\mu _{B}\right) ^{2}N_{m}}\left[ \chi _{\Vert
}+2\chi _{\bot }F^{\pm }\left( 1\mp \delta /t\right) ^{1/2}\right] \right. +
\nonumber \\
&&\left. \frac{JM}{2M_{sat}}\left( \frac{JM}{2M_{sat}}\pm \frac{Z_{m}T_{0}}{%
Tt}\right) +\frac{N^{*}}{2\pi N_{m}}\left( \frac{T_{0}}{2Tt}\right) ^{2}\ln
\left( 8mTtr_{0}^{2}/\hbar ^{2}\right) \right\} ^{-1}.  \label{muII}
\end{eqnarray}
Here $\mu _{0}^{(II)}\sim T^{-1/2}$ is given by Eq. (\ref{mu_0}) where $N$
is to be changed for the concentration of magnetic impurities $N_{m}$. In
Eq. (\ref{muII}), we introduced parameter $T_{0}=2\pi e^{2}\hbar ^{2}/(\beta
_{ex}\kappa m)$, which is of the order of 1 eV, so that at practically all
temperatures $T<<T_{0}$. Therefore, the last term in the expression in the
braces in the right part of Eq. (\ref{muII}) is much larger than the
previous two. As a result, the mobility here is dominated by scattering off
charged impurities and is approximately described by \cite
{conwell1950a,sze1981a}

\begin{equation}
\mu _{II}^{\pm }\simeq \mu _{CW}\left( T\right) =\frac{2^{7/2}\kappa
^{2}T^{3/2}}{N^{*}q^{3}m^{1/2}\ln \left( 24mTr_{0}^{2}/\hbar ^{2}\right) }.
\label{mu_BH}
\end{equation}
Eq. (\ref{muII}) allows someone to easily calculate small
magnetic-field-dependent corrections to the Conwell-Weisscopf expression (%
\ref{mu_BH}).

\section{Application to GMR}

\label{GMR}

An applied magnetic field changes the conductivity of DMS
\begin{equation}
\sigma =q\left( \mu ^{+}n^{+}+\mu ^{-}n^{-}\right)  \label{conductivity}
\end{equation}
because it affects both the mobility $\mu ^{\pm }$ and the concentration of
the majority and minority spin carriers, which for non-degenerated DMS is
equal to

\begin{equation}
n^{\pm }=\frac{1}{2}N_{c}\exp \left( -\frac{E_{C}-\Gamma ^{\pm }-F\mp \bar{%
\Delta}/2}{T}\right) .  \label{concentration}
\end{equation}
Here $F$ is the Fermi energy, $N_{c}$ is the density of the conduction band
edge $E_{C\text{ }}$states and

\begin{equation}
\Gamma ^{\pm }=\frac{x\left( 1-x\right) m}{2\pi N\hbar ^{2}a}\left( \beta
_{def}\pm \beta _{ex}\frac{JM}{2M_{sat}}\right) ^{2}  \label{Gamma}
\end{equation}
is the shift of the bottom of the spin-split sub-bands, which is caused by
the renormalization of the energy spectrum by the fluctuating short-range
electronic potential in mixed ternary compounds including type I DMS \cite
{efros1988a,michel2004a}. In Eq. (\ref{Gamma}), $a$ is the lattice constant.

Let us, for the sake of simplicity, assume that the total concentration of
the free carriers, $n=n^{+}+n^{-}$, does not depend on magnetic-field. It is
usually correct when the concentration is determined by shallow non-magnetic
impurities for which the ionization energy does not depend on magnetic field
\cite{haas1968a}. Then the MR can be calculated as

\begin{eqnarray}
\frac{\Delta \rho \left( H\right) }{\rho \left( 0\right) } &=&\frac{\sigma
\left( 0\right) }{\sigma \left( H\right) }-1=\left[ \frac{\mu ^{+}\left(
H\right) /\mu (0)}{1+\exp \left( -\left( \bar{\Delta}\left( H\right) +\gamma
(H)\right) /T\right) }+\right.   \nonumber \\
&&\left. \frac{\mu ^{-}\left( H\right) /\mu (0)}{1+\exp \left( \left( \bar{%
\Delta}\left( H\right) +\gamma (H)\right) /T\right) }\right] ^{-1}-1,
\label{MR}
\end{eqnarray}
where $\mu ^{\pm }\left( H\right) $ is given by Eq. (\ref{muI}), $\bar{\Delta%
}\left( H\right) $ is given by Eq. (\ref{Zeeman}), and $\gamma (H)=\Gamma
^{+}\left( H\right) -\Gamma ^{-}\left( H\right) $.

Fig.~\ref{mrfig} shows the magnetoresistance of DMS calculated by means of
Eq (\ref{MR}) with the same set of parameters we used to generate Fig.~\ref
{mufig}.
\begin{figure}[tbph]
\includegraphics[width=.9\linewidth]{Fig3.eps}
\caption{(Color online.) Magnetoresistance of DMR for different values of
the parameter $b=\beta _{def}/\beta _{ex}$ with (b) and without (a)
band-edge shift taken into account.}
\label{mrfig}
\end{figure}
The first set of graphs (a) represents the MR calculated without the shifts (%
\ref{Gamma}) of the spin-split band edges taken into account ($\gamma (H)=0$%
), whereas the second set (b) takes this effect into consideration. (Here we
used $m=0.1m_{e}$ and $N=4/a^{3}$ \cite{dietl2001a,ferrand2001a} in our
calculations). One can see that MR is predominantly governed by the
magnetic-field dependence of the mobility of the majority carriers, which
itself is dominated by scattering off the thermodynamic fluctuations of
atomic spins. As a result, the MR is usually negative because both the
magnitude of these fluctuations and related scattering decrease with the
application of magnetic field. For the model under discussion the MR becomes
positive only if the deformation potential constant $\beta _{def}$ is large
and has the same sign as the exchange coupling constant $\beta _{ex}$ ($%
b=\beta _{def}/\beta _{ex}=5$). In that case, the zero-magnetic field
mobility is dominated by scattering off the large build-in fluctuations of
the deformation potential of magnetic impurities. The application of the
magnetic field increases the amplitude of these fluctuations for the
majority-spin carriers thus leading to positive MR. Taking into account the
renormalization of the band edges does not substantially change the MR with
an insignificant exclusion for the case of $b=\beta _{def}/\beta _{ex}=-5$
when the MR becomes slightly less negative.

In the recent publication \cite{li2007a} the authors analyzed the observed
MR of $Mn:Ge$ DMS by using a modified version of the atomic spin scattering
model under consideration. In the paramagnetic phase, these materials reveal
large positive MR. It has been demonstrated \cite{li2007a} that this
phenomenon is related to superparamagnetic nature of magnetic clusters with
enhanced concentration of $Mn$ atoms. In addition, antiferromagnetic
coupling between magnetic atoms in the superparamagnetic clusters has been
taken into account, which, together with an anisotropy of the magnetic
susceptibility, is shown to promote positive MR.

In summary, we analyzed spin-dependent electrical conductivity in DMS where
free carriers are scattered off randomly distributed magnetic impurities.
The mobility of the minority and majority spin carriers is shown to be
governed by competing impurity spin-disorder effects caused by (a)
thermodynamic fluctuations of the atomic spins and (b) random impurity
potential generated by the spacially fluctuating concentration of the
magnetic atoms. The former effect usually dominates the mobility of the
majority-spin carriers. It is quenched by external magnetic field leading to
giant negative magnetoresistance. Depending on material parameters, the
spin-dependent scattering rate may be enhanced due the growing fluctuations
of local Zeeman splittings of the expanded electronic states leading to
positive magnetoresistance in such DMS.

This work was supported by ONR Grant N00014-06-1-0616.

\bibliographystyle{/home/andre/tex/bibtex/apsrev}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


The Hong Kong Institute of Chartered Secretaries (HKICS) and KPMG China conducted a survey of Hong Kong-based senior management, focusing on risk management in the Hong Kong and China market. With new corporate governance requirements for companies listed or looking to list in Hong Kong, the intention was to capture what the 'new normal' for risk management looks like in the region. This survey gathered data from 279 respondents from across a range of industries.


text:
EXCLUSIVE: "Today, Aan: Men At Work is a cult film on TV channels. Firoz Nadiadwala has approached me to make Aan 2" – Madhur Bhandarkar : Bollywood News
Madhur Bhandarkar in an exclusive interaction with Bollywood Hungama talked about the problems he faced after his debut directorial Trishakti (1999), starring Arshad Warsi, Milind Gunaji and Sharad Kapoor, sank without a trace. It took him a while before he found a producer for his next film, Chandni Bar (2001). Starring Tabu, it was a hard-hitting subject which Madhur knew was his forte. He was compelled to make a commercial fare with Trishakti but in Chandni Barhe followed his heart. It paid him dividends as it emerged as a critical as well as a commercial success.
EXCLUSIVE: "Today, Aan: Men At Work is a cult film on TV channels. Firoz Nadiadwala has approached me to make Aan 2" – Madhur Bhandarkar
After Chandni Barhis two films, Set (2003), a political drama starring Raveena Tandon, and Aan: Men At Work (2004) also didn't work at the box office. Did that lead to another round of struggle for him?
To which, Madhur Bhandarkar told Bollywood Hungama, "No. Set was highly critically acclaimed. As for Aan: Men At Workit is a cult film on TV channels today. In fact, Firoz Nadiadwala has approached me to make On 2. He feels that the world we showed in that film is relevant even today.
Talking further about Aan: Men At WorkMadhur Bhandarkar said, "I collaborated with stalwarts in the film like Akshay Kumar, Suniel Shetty, Irrfan Khan, Shatrughan Sinha, Paresh Rawal and Om Puri. I really had a great time working on that film."
Aan: Men At Work tells the story of honest and brave Mumbai Police officers who take on the corrupt politicians and gangsters.
Meanwhile, Madhur Bhandarkar is currently having a busy time. He is gearing up for the release of his film Babli Bouncerstarring Tamannaah Bhatia, on September 23. A few months later, his hard-hitting movie, India Lockdown, would also be released. Both Babli Bouncer and India Lockdown would directly premiere online.
Also Read: Chandigarh Kare Aashiqui actor Abhishek Bajaj to be seen in Madhur Bhandarkar's next film Babli Bouncer
More Pages: Aan – Men at Work Box Office Collection , Aan – Men at Work Movie Review
BOLLYWOOD NEWS – LIVE UPDATES
Catch us for latest Bollywood News, New Bollywood Movies update, Box office collection, New Movies Release , Bollywood News Hindi, Entertainment News, Bollywood Live News Today & upcoming movies 2022 and stay updated with latest hindi movies only on Bollywood Hungama.
YouTube and its knack for adding ads
Huge Fire rips through a Telecom Office Building in China

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Peace in the Holy Land: Justice for Palestine & Israel
In 2015, at the United Church of Christ's 30th General Synod, representatives voted to support the denomination's divestment from companies benefiting from Israel's illegal occupation of the West Bank and from four international corporations with proven records of human rights violations in connection with the conflict.
Over 40 members of Peace United wrote a letter in support of the resolution, encouraging synod representatives to vote for it.
Why Israel/Palestine Matters to Peace
In April 2016, on April 29 and 30, Peace United will host an international gathering of activitists and religious leaders exploring the Palestinian call to boycott, divestment and sanctions. In particular, the two-day conference will highlight KAIROS-PALESTINE, a 2009 letter from Palestinian clergy and theologians, calling on Christians in the west to support the strategy of economic nonviolence.
We're committed to conversation, strategy and hope--in the spirit and manner of King's Civil Rights Movement and Mandela's South African Freedom Movement and Gandhi's 'satyagraha' in India. We will not treat those who disagree with contempt. And we will not use broad strokes to demean entire peoples, nations or religions. Instead we seek a peace that reconciles all peoples and creates the conditions for mutual creativity and health. For all.
You'll find more information and on-line registration here below.
Register for April 2016
An easy link to on-line registration for the April 29-30 conference at Peace United Church.
Schedule for April 29-30
See an up-to-date schedule of plenary speakers, workshops and events.
"972" on Boycott
Up-to-Date Reporting
Learn more about the BDS movement and how it's being covered in Israel itself. 972 Magazine is an important journalistic voice in Israel itself, reporting on politics, conflict and efforts to bring peace and resolution.
Bargouti Interview
Omar Bargouti on BDS
A plenary speaker in April, Omar Barghouti is co-founder of the BDS movement. Opinionated, direct...here he gives an interview on the BDS' founding in human rights principles and challenges activists face in promoting social change.
Omar Barghouti (left) and Lara Kiswani (right): speakers at the April Conference
Particularly important to several of us has been the witness of Israeli and Palestinian peacemakers. Rulah and Yael at Sadaka-Reut Youth Partnership (above) were especially clear and helpful in calling on Western allies to pursue creative and nonviolent economic strategies.
What is Kairos Palestine?
An Urgent Call
Read the 2009 document that calls on Christians to hear the cry of the Palestinian church...and its call to nonviolence and solidarity. What's the message? What kind of theology stands behind the call? What might it mean to offer the oppressed church 'a privileged voice' in our theological and ethical discernment?
US & Palestinian Christians Meet
April 19 and 20, 2016
"The United Church of Christ will remain a friend and ally with our partners and the people of Palestine," says UCC General Minister John Dorhauer. "While we recognize the right of the State of Israel to exist within secure and recognized borders, we will nonetheless continue to challenge that government to end its illegal occupation of Palestinian territories, and continue to assert Palestinian rights to self-determination in a state of their own."
Read the Peace United Letter
Support for General Synod
In 2015, over 40 members and friends wrote a letter of support, articulating a sense of solidarity with Palestinian church leaders and Israeli peacemakers and urging the UCC's adoption of a bold resolution on divestment and boycott.
Letter to the United Church of Christ
From Desmond Tutu of South Africa
Read an inspiring letter of support for UCC activists from Desmond Tutu, Nobel Laureate and Archbishop Emeritus in South Africa. Tutu's spirited support for Palestinian leaders in the nonviolent movement has cost him dearly; still he speaks out with passion and urgency.
NEWS REPORT: Religion & Ethics Newsweekly as seen on on PBS
THE REV. MITRI RAHEB: The Importance of Solidarity & Nonviolence
Resources and Ideas
UCC General Synod Action
What the UCC Did in 2015 and Why
A report on the UCC's action at General Synod 30 in 2015 and why it matters.
Mustafa Barghouti on Liberation
Why Oppression Hurts
Human rights activist and Palestinian physician, Mustafa Barghouti was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize (by Northern Ireland's own laureate Mairead Maguire in 2010. An advocate for Palestinian civil society and grassroots democracy, he cofounded Al Mubadara (the Palestinian National Initiative), along with Dr. Haider Abdel-Shafi, Ibrahim Dakak and Edward Said, and currently serves as its secretary general. An alternative to the Palestinian political parties Fatah and Hamas, Al Mubadara aims to build the institutional framework of Palestinian civil society and promote the principles of internal democracy and good governance. He is a cousin of BDS co-founder Omar Barghouti.
Does BDS Unfairly Target Israel?
What About Anti-Semitism?
Much is said about the BDS movement and its 'unfair targeting' of Israel. Does this promote anti-Semitism arouind the world. Here you'll find reflection on criticism of Palestinian activism and the BDS movement.
An Open Letter to American Jews
Edo Konrad on the urgency of change and the importance of support for peacemaking efforts.
Witness of Young Adults
Calling Out for Solidarity
Palestinian and Israeli leaders--young adults committed to new ideas and patterns of peace--speak out on the need for action and nonviolence.


The Traders Expo will be held at the Marriot Marquis Hotel in from February 20 – 23, 2011. I've decided to make the trip.
I'll be speaking on the 21st from 1:30 – 2:30pm. I'll be discussing some of of my favorite research and trading ideas. I hope to have the opportunity to meet severall blog readers and subscribers at the event.


Fillers & Adhesive Supplies at Edmonton Fasteners & Tools Ltd.
Filler repairs damaged wood and dries very hard. It's easy to sand and can take screws and nails without splitting.
3M 261C Bondo Body Filler - 14 Oz.


text:
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Capitals hit wall in St. Louis, lose 5-1 to Blues
/ by Andrew Gillis
The Capitals started out firing against the St. Louis Blues, but couldn't add onto their lead when they had the chance. As it turned out, that's what burned them in the end in a 5-1 loss in St. Louis on Friday.
The team is now 20-7-8 on the season with a quick turnaround before tomorrow night's game against the Minnesota Wild.
Here are a few takeaways from the Capitals' loss:
Second Period Blues
The Capitals allowed just six shots in the second period. The problem was that the Blues scored on half of them.
In a period that, statistically, didn't look terrible, the Capitals fell behind by what turned out to be an insurmountable margin during a Blues onslaught. The back-breaking goal was an Ivan Barbashev goal at 19:59 of the second period to put the Blues up 4-1 and chase Capitals goalie Ilya Samsonov.
In all, they weren't wildly outplayed in the second period necessarily, but the Blues made good on their chances and the Capitals didn't.
Early push nets just one goal
For a score that didn't reflect it, the Capitals were a few bounces away from turning the game into a significant lead in the first 10 or so minutes.
Ville Husso made a few stellar saves and the Capitals narrowly missed a few in-tight chances that could've put them up two or three goals in the early going. The Blues struggled to get out of their own end in the first 10 minutes, but Washington did not make them pay.
As it turned out, the fact that the Capitals put just one in the net ended up costing them.
Top line Hathaway as lineup juggled
Neither T.J. Oshie nor Nicklas Backstrom were in the lineup on Friday against the Blues, which left coach Peter Laviolette in a position where he had to juggle the lineups a bit.
That left Connor McMichael in the press box as a healthy scratch and Garnet Hathaway on the top line with Alex Ovechkin and Evgeny Kuznetsov.
It hasn't been a clean year for the Capitals injury or COVID-wise, as they've still only played just one game this year with all four of their top centers in the lineup. But for now, that streak will continue and they'll have to keep making due with what they can.
Samsonov pulled
After he allowed the fourth goal at 19:59 of the second period, Laviolette made the decision to end Samsonov's night. All four goals he allowed, on 16 total shots, came at even strength.
Zach Fucale replaced Samsonov in his first appearance since a shutout performance in Detroit against the Red Wings. In relief, he stopped all eight shots he faced.
The Capitals will play the Wild on Saturday night, but the starting netminder for that game remains unclear after Friday's outcome. Vitek Vanecek has not played since Dec. 19 and it remains unclear when he will return.
Since mid-November, Samsonov has played well and seemed to find his footing. Friday against the Blues was certainly one of the few games he hasn't played well in since that time.


text:
Konami, Stern, Compu-Games A/S, Artic Electronics Co.
Vectrex Controller
Arcade, Vectrex, Commodore 64, Tomy Tutor and VIC-20
Digital Platform(s)
European Release Date(s)
North American Release Date(s)
Japanese Release Date(s)
Scramble is a horizontally scrolling shoot 'em up arcade game released in February 1981.[1] It was developed by Konami, which distributed the game in Japan, and was manufactured and distributed by Stern in North America. It was later ported to the Vectrex. It was followed by a sequel called Super Cobra.
3 Legal history
4 Notes and references
The player controls an aircraft, referred to in the game as a "Jet," and has to guide it across a scrolling terrain, battling obstacles along the way. The ship is armed with a forward-firing weapon, and bombs; each weapon has its own button. The player must avoid colliding with the terrain and other enemies, while simultaneously maintain its limited fuel supply, which diminishes over time. More fuel can be acquired by destroying fuel tanks in the game.
The game is divided into six sections, each with a different style of terrain and different obstacles. There is no intermission between each section; the game simply scrolls into the new terrain. Points are awarded based upon the number of seconds of being alive, and on destroying enemies and fuel tanks. In the final section, the player must destroy a "base". Once this has been accomplished, a flag denoting a completed mission is posted at the bottom right of the screen. The game then continues by returning you to the first section once more, with a slight increase in difficulty.
Player(s) controls a ship that must infiltrate the five levels of the Scramble system and destroy the Base in the sixth. The first level has the player over a decidedly hilly terrain. Players must dodge or destroy enemy missiles shot from the ground. There are also bases that can be destroyed for points and fuel tanks that will increase the player's fuel level. The second level is inside a cavern. The quarters are not tight, but the swarms of enemy saucers make maneuvering difficult at best, and the same targets of bases, rockets and fuel tanks are found on the ground from the first level.
The player exits the cavern and is assaulted by a storm of fireballs in the third level. The fireballs are fast and indestructible and must be manically dodged and the same ground targets from the first two levels are also present. The fourth, or City level flies the player over a large metropolis. Missiles fired at the player from the tops of buildings again become a threat and there are the usual ground targets present as well. The fifth level sends the player into obnoxiously tight machine tunnels. Pilot error is the only (though formidable) enemy and the only targets this time around are the fuel tanks.
The final level has the player make an attack run on the Base, defended only by its position in a deep valley. After the destruction of the Base, the player begins again.
Gameplay is further complicated by the player's ship's consumption of fuel. If the player's ship runs out, it crashes into the ground below. Fuel is replenished by the destruction of the fuel tanks that liberally dot the ground during the levels. Each time the player destroys the Base, the ship's fuel consumption increases, dramatically increasing the challenge. Players can also shoot four missiles at a time in the air and drop up to two bombs at a time at ground or air targets and there are a few skill levels to choose from.
Legacy[edit | edit source]
Scramble was cloned to many of the computer systems and game consoles of the time. Its direct sequel was the helicopter arcade game Super Cobra, and the somewhat modified Fort Apocalypse.
An updated version of Scramble is available in Konami Collector's Series: Arcade Advanced by inputting the Konami Code in the game's title screen. This version allows three different ships to be chosen: the Renegade, the Shori, and the Gunslinger. The only difference between the ships besides their appearance are the shots they fire. The Renegade's shots are the same as in the original Scramble, the Shori has rapid-fire capabilities triggered by holding down the fire button, and the Gunslinger's shots can pierce through enemies, meaning they can be used for multiple hits with a single shot.
According to the Nintendo Game Boy Advance Gradius Galaxies intro and the Gradius Breakdown DVD included with Gradius V, Scramble is considered the first in the "Gradius" series.
However, the Gradius Portable guidebook issued a few years after by Konami, lists Scramble as part of their shooting history, and the Gradius games are now listed separately
Scramble was included on Konami Arcade Classics in 1999.
Scramble joined the Xbox Live Arcade library for the Xbox 360 on September 13, 2006, its release having been delayed from September 6, 2006 due to bugs.
Scramble made the list of Top 100 arcade games in the Guinness World Records Gamer's Edition
Scramble was made available on Microsoft's Game Room service for its Xbox 360 console and for Windows-based PCs in March 24, 2010.
Legal history[edit | edit source]
Scramble was the subject of an important court case in the field of Intellectual Property, specifically copyrights. In Stern Electronics, Inc. v. Kaufman, 669 F.2d 852, the Second Circuit held that Stern could copyright the images and sounds in the game, not just the source code that produced them.[2]
Notes and references[edit | edit source]
↑ Scramble at the Arcade History Database
↑ Brandon Rash. Case: Stern Elec. v. Kaufman (2nd Cir. 1982). Patent Arcade. Retrieved on 2006-09-16
Gradius Portable Official Guide. Konami. 2006. ISBN 4-86155-111-0.
Scramble at the Arcade History Database
Scramble at Museum of the Game
Retrieved from "https://gamicus.gamepedia.com/index.php?title=Scramble&oldid=733651"
Compu-Games A/S
Artic Electronics Co.
Shoot 'em ups


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text:
Supreme Court Refused To Give Legal Recognition To Arya Samaj Marriage Certificate
Arya Samaj Marriage Certificate: The Supreme Court on Friday said that the Arya Samaj has no authority to issue a marriage certificate and rejected the bail plea of an accused of abduction and rape of a minor girl. Gave. A vacation bench of Justice Ajay Rastogi and Justice BV Nagarathna rejected the argument of the counsel for the accused that the girl is an adult and they have married in an Arya Samaj temple and the marriage certificate in this regard has been placed on record.
The bench said that Arya Samaj has no right to issue marriage certificate. This is the job of the officers. Advocate Rishi Matolia, appearing for the complainant girl, appeared in view of the 'caveat petition' and said that the girl has made specific allegations of rape against the accused in her statement recorded under Section 164 of the Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC).
Rajasthan High Court rejected the bail plea of the accused
Thereafter, the bench dismissed the petition of the accused. On May 5, the Rajasthan High Court had rejected the bail plea of the accused. Against him for the offense punishable under sections 363, 366A, 384, 376(2)(n) and 384 of the Indian Penal Code (IPC) and Section 5 of the Protection of Children from Sexual Offenses (POCSO) Act, Padukalan police station area in Nagaur. An FIR was registered in the matter, on the basis of which he was arrested.
There was talk of marriage in Arya Samaj temple
The counsel for the accused had argued before the High Court that the FIR has been lodged with a delay of one and a half years and the complainant has not given any explanation regarding the said delay in registering the FIR. He had said that the accused is an adult girl and the marriage between the accused and the accused has already taken place in the 'Arya Samaj' temple and the marriage certificate is also available on record.
Instructions were given before
The High Court had said that the prosecutor in his statement recorded under Section 164 of CrPC has made a specific allegation of rape against the petitioner. It was also said that the girl had given a statement that the accused had taken her signature on a blank paper and had also made a video of the incident. Significantly, on April 4, the Supreme Court had stayed the Madhya Pradesh High Court order directing Arya Samaj to get married as per the provisions of the Special Marriage Act, 1954.
Target Killing: Efforts are being made to spoil the environment, minority employees are being sent to safer places
Sidhu Moose Wala Murder: How Lawrence Bishnoi became a gangster, who is involved in the gang? Know about his enemies
Bank Account Interest Rates Are Rising — How You Can Take Advantage
Unemployment rates rises for Black, Hispanic women


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text:
University research theme mapping: A co-word analysis of scientific publications
Isti Surjandari Prajitno, Arian Dhini, Nurman Wibisana, Esther Widya Impola Lumbantobing
There is a necessity for a research centre to identify its main research theme and its subject linkages. On the other hand, rapid growth in the number of scientific publications has raised extensive data issues. Thus, it is difficult to detect the main subject and its relationships using traditional methods. Some quantitative methods in data mining have been developed and applied to solve these problems. Co-word analysis, as one of the most powerful tools in content analysis, is able to find the interrelationship among research themes based on the co-occurrence frequency of word/phrase pairs. As a result, the trend in research theme development is identifiable and future research plans could be effectively determined. As a case study, research publications from Universitas Indonesia (UI) academicians during the last five years (2010-2015) were analyzed. The data source for this study, are all those articles which have been indexed in Scopus, EBSCO, JSTOR, and ProQuest. The study generated strategic diagrams which show research themes of UI publications in each year and over the last five years. The last five years' map shows that there are eleven main research themes in UI publications. This result can be used as a base for evaluating the previous research themes set by policy makers of UI.
International Journal of Technology
https://doi.org/10.14716/ijtech.v6i3.1462
Big data analysis
Co-word analysis
Research theme mapping
10.14716/ijtech.v6i3.1462
Dive into the research topics of 'University research theme mapping: A co-word analysis of scientific publications'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
University Research Business & Economics 100%
Scientific Publications Business & Economics 90%
Indonesia Business & Economics 53%
Data Mining Business & Economics 25%
Quantitative Methods Business & Economics 21%
Case Study Research Business & Economics 18%
Research Center Business & Economics 18%
Diagrams Business & Economics 17%
Prajitno, I. S., Dhini, A., Wibisana, N., & Lumbantobing, E. W. I. (2015). University research theme mapping: A co-word analysis of scientific publications. International Journal of Technology, 6(3), 410-421. https://doi.org/10.14716/ijtech.v6i3.1462
Prajitno, Isti Surjandari ; Dhini, Arian ; Wibisana, Nurman ; Lumbantobing, Esther Widya Impola. / University research theme mapping : A co-word analysis of scientific publications. In: International Journal of Technology. 2015 ; Vol. 6, No. 3. pp. 410-421.
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journal = "International Journal of Technology",
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Prajitno, IS, Dhini, A, Wibisana, N & Lumbantobing, EWI 2015, 'University research theme mapping: A co-word analysis of scientific publications', International Journal of Technology, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 410-421. https://doi.org/10.14716/ijtech.v6i3.1462
University research theme mapping : A co-word analysis of scientific publications. / Prajitno, Isti Surjandari; Dhini, Arian; Wibisana, Nurman; Lumbantobing, Esther Widya Impola.
In: International Journal of Technology, Vol. 6, No. 3, 01.01.2015, p. 410-421.
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T2 - A co-word analysis of scientific publications
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AU - Wibisana, Nurman
AU - Lumbantobing, Esther Widya Impola
N2 - There is a necessity for a research centre to identify its main research theme and its subject linkages. On the other hand, rapid growth in the number of scientific publications has raised extensive data issues. Thus, it is difficult to detect the main subject and its relationships using traditional methods. Some quantitative methods in data mining have been developed and applied to solve these problems. Co-word analysis, as one of the most powerful tools in content analysis, is able to find the interrelationship among research themes based on the co-occurrence frequency of word/phrase pairs. As a result, the trend in research theme development is identifiable and future research plans could be effectively determined. As a case study, research publications from Universitas Indonesia (UI) academicians during the last five years (2010-2015) were analyzed. The data source for this study, are all those articles which have been indexed in Scopus, EBSCO, JSTOR, and ProQuest. The study generated strategic diagrams which show research themes of UI publications in each year and over the last five years. The last five years' map shows that there are eleven main research themes in UI publications. This result can be used as a base for evaluating the previous research themes set by policy makers of UI.
AB - There is a necessity for a research centre to identify its main research theme and its subject linkages. On the other hand, rapid growth in the number of scientific publications has raised extensive data issues. Thus, it is difficult to detect the main subject and its relationships using traditional methods. Some quantitative methods in data mining have been developed and applied to solve these problems. Co-word analysis, as one of the most powerful tools in content analysis, is able to find the interrelationship among research themes based on the co-occurrence frequency of word/phrase pairs. As a result, the trend in research theme development is identifiable and future research plans could be effectively determined. As a case study, research publications from Universitas Indonesia (UI) academicians during the last five years (2010-2015) were analyzed. The data source for this study, are all those articles which have been indexed in Scopus, EBSCO, JSTOR, and ProQuest. The study generated strategic diagrams which show research themes of UI publications in each year and over the last five years. The last five years' map shows that there are eleven main research themes in UI publications. This result can be used as a base for evaluating the previous research themes set by policy makers of UI.
KW - Big data analysis
KW - Co-word analysis
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Prajitno IS, Dhini A, Wibisana N, Lumbantobing EWI. University research theme mapping: A co-word analysis of scientific publications. International Journal of Technology. 2015 Jan 1;6(3):410-421. https://doi.org/10.14716/ijtech.v6i3.1462


text:
SDMP Records
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NYC Rock/Reggae Band AñaVañA Releases Ambient Instrumental CD
Rock/Reggae band AñaVañA will be releasing their second CD entitled RUB (SDMP Records) on November 11th.
New York, NY, November 06, 2005 --(PR.com)-- Rock/Reggae band AñaVañA will be releasing their second CD entitled RUB (SDMP Records) on November 11th. They will be releasing their next full length record in 2006, and are releasing RUB as an interlude piece between their two full length CDs.
The RUB CD is instrumental, and has flavors of reggae, latin, classical, pop, rock, and dub. Guitars, piano, trumpet, didgeridoo, bass, and drums are some of the instruments found on this eclectic CD.
RUB contains 8 tracks, simply entitled Scene 1- Scene 8, and the running time is just under 50 minutes. The CD is a departure from their first record, and shows a more mellow side to AñaVañA.
AñaVañA continues to write and record new material while preparing for live appearances in support of RUB.
"AñaVañA has it all… musicianship and control in their songwriting… very refreshing… Rock, Reggae, Latin and a little Jazz… very unique" ---- Breakthrough Connections
"An intriguing blend of Rock and Reggae... "---- Dagwood Radio
The record, song samples, and show dates are available at: www.anavana.com
Ian C. Bouras
2025 Broadway, Suite 23K
ana_vana@yahoo.com
www.anavana.com
Click here to view the company profile of SDMP Records
Click here to view the list of recent Press Releases from SDMP Records


Have you always thought that there was only one way to serve or use breast milk? And that was for little ones to drink as is. Have you ever wondered what other wonderful ways breast milk could be useful?
After doing some research I have put together some recipes I found and even came up with myself. I modified some of these for my liking and here they all are!
and ½ tsp vanilla (optional) blend well.
Now put that mixture in a quart sized ziplock bag.
Set that bag aside and put 5 cups crushed ice plus ¼ cup rock salt (or kosher salt if you don't have rock salt) into a gallon sized ziplock bag.
Next put the quart size sealed ziplock bag into the gallon sized ziplock bag and shake, massage, shake, massage, and shake some more. Keep doing this until your mixture turns into an ice cream like consistency.
Shake, shake, shake some more, and well.. yup keep on shaking until you have butter!
This is a great alternative for babies who are lactose intolerant and you would like to have a butter substitute for them.
Using regular oat meal or baby oat meal follow instructions on box using about a ¼ less amount of water than the recipe says to use.
*Example recipe says use 1 cup water, then use ¾ cup water or 1/2 cup, then use 3/8 cup. Honestly, you could just eyeball it. This will leave the oatmeal overly sticky. You want it this way.
*do not use any kind of milk when cooking.
After the oatmeal is cooked and cooled just enough not to be hot, add a teaspoon of breast milk at a time and stir until creamy enough. Adding the breast milk after cooking helps keep most of the nutrients in tact and not boiled out.
When my daughters had pink eye I tried using my breast milk on one of them and amazingly enough it actually cured her pink eye within the week. I just squeezed a drop of my breast milk into her eyes and had her look around to get it all over, then after a minute I let her get up. The results just amazed me. From my single experience this actually works.
Have a recipe you know about you want to submit? Let us know and we will check it out!
Next story Real Woman, Real Help.. Flange sizing. Is your flange the right size?


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Schumer Reveals: Egregious Loophole Makes Millions Of New Yorkers Soc. Sec. Numbers Accessible At Touch Of Computer Button; Potential For Identity Theft Is Enormous
Millions of New Yorkers are at risk for identity theft, Senator Charles E. Schumer revealed today as he exposed a giant flaw in an information database that allows almost anybody's personal information to get into the wrong hands. Schumer sent a letter to the head of Westlaw, a data search company based in Minnesota, asking that an egregious loophole in their Internetbased PeopleFind be disabled for use by its clients. The program allows subscribers to log in, type in the name of the person … Continue Reading
Schumer: More Than $127,000 Awarded To Nurse Training Programs In New York City
US Senator Charles E. Schumer today announced that the CUNY Research Foundation and Trustees of Columbia University will receive a combined $127,175 in federal funds for nurse training programs. The money was awarded through the Advanced Education Nursing Traineeships Grant Program and it will create opportunities for nurses trainees, help to advance their medical education and ultimately, improve health care in New York. CUNY will receive $18,693, and $108,482 will go to Trustees of Columbia Un… Continue Reading
Schumer Joins Rochester Business Leaders To Discuss Alternatives To Passport Rule That Take Into Account Security And Fast Ferry
US Senator Charles E. Schumer today joined Rochester business leaders to discuss the local impact of a new proposal to require passports at the USCanada border. Speaking with Fast Ferry officials, Schumer detailed the importance of securing our border, and heard from community leaders concerned with the economic impact of requiring passports to travel to or from Canada and the US. Schumer specifically addressed how progress with the Fast Ferry could be impacted if new proposal is approved as it … Continue Reading
Schumer: USTR Rejection of China Trade Investigation Ignores Problem
The United States Trade Representative (USTR) issued a statement this afternoon rejecting the China currency section 301 petition. Senator Chuck Schumer, author of the China Free Trade Act and the Currency Manipulation Definition Act, issued the following statement in response: For a third time, the Administration is turning a blind eye to Chinas unfair trade practices. While I appreciate that the Bush Administration conceded this week for the first time that Chinas policies are damaging to th… Continue Reading
Schumer Urges DHS To Grant Montserratians Deferred Enforced Departure Allows Them Another 12-18 Months To Get Affairs In Order
As over 500 Montserratians face immediate deportation after being denied an extension of Temporary Protected Status, today Senator Charles E. Schumer called on the Department of Homeland Security to grant the refugees and their Americanborn children Deferred Enforced Departure (DED). DED status is given to refugee groups in the US, who have no other way to stay here legally if they would be put in danger by returning to their home countries. It allows the refugees to stay here for an additiona… Continue Reading
Schumer: Feds Will Start Binghamton Depot Property Disposal Process Within Two Weeks; Chenango Valley School District Can Then Acquire It
At the urging of US Senator Charles E. Schumer, the General Service Administration (GSA) has announced that the Binghamton Depot property will begin the disposal process within the next two weeks. Schumer secured the timeline from the GSA so the Chenango Valley School District can move forward with its plans to purchase the land and build a new athletic complex. In early March Schumer urged GSA Administrator Stephen Perry to issue a status report as soon as possible and detail the next steps for… Continue Reading
With NY Gas Prices Approaching Record Highs, Senator Demands President Release Oil Reserves To Drop Gas Costs
U.S. Senator Charles E. Schumer today vowed to fight to lower prices for New Yorkers who are already paying more than 21 cents per gallon more for gas than last year, as analysts warn another 24 cent hike could be just around the corner. Schumer today unveiled a new study showing that the average New York family with two cars is paying $255 more this year than last year and is leading a bipartisan coalition of Senators in calling on the Administration to release stored government oil reserves th… Continue Reading
Schumer Calls For Passengers To Be Checked With Terror Watch Lists Before Planes Depart
News reports today indicate that an Alitalia Flight on its way to Boston from Milan, Italy has been diverted because a passengers name matched a name on the Terrorist Watch List. Sen. Schumer, longtime advocate for better aviation and homeland security released the following statement: Sen. Chuck Schumer said, Just last week, an Air France flight was diverted because the passenger list was not checked before the flight departed. This is becoming a regular occurrence, and it should be a wake up… Continue Reading
Schumer: Thousand Island Bridge At Alexandria Bay Right Place For Innovative Border Crossing Plan That Keeps Traffic Moving While Maintaining Secure Border
U.S. Senator Charles E. Schumer today announced he is supporting Alexandria Bay for the second site for implementation of a Shared Border Management plan at the U.S.Canadian border. Schumer lobbied aggressively to launch the first pilot program at the Peace Bridge in Buffalo, where the inspection facility will be on the Canadian side of the border. A 2004 agreement brokered by Schumer requires a second border site at which the customs facility is located on the U.S. side and today Schumer said A… Continue Reading
To Bring Gas Prices Down, Schumer Demands FTC Block Newly Announced ChevronTexaco-Unocal Merger
With gas prices hitting record highs around the country, as consumers pay 49 cents more now than they were paying last year at this time, and with summer just around the corner threatening to push gas prices even higher, U.S Senator Charles E. Schumer called on the FTC to block the ChevronTexacoUnocal merger and to review the ExxonMobil merger and the ChevronTexaco mergers to asses their impact on gasoline prices and retail competition. Additionally, he led a letter from 10 Senators to the FTC u… Continue Reading
Schumer Statement For Local Advisory Panel On Montrose VAMC
U.S. Senator Charles E. Schumer today testified via phone to the CARES Local Advisory Panel, outlining the importance of the community advisory board and his commitment to maintaining the critical services provided at Montrose VA hospital. Schumer, who visited the Montrose VA hospital and testified to the CARES Local Advisory Panel in 2003, successfully lobbied to maintain impatient domiciliary and rehabilitation services. Statement of Senator Charles E. Schumer for the CARES Local Advisory Pa… Continue Reading
Sen. Schumer And Ambassador Wilson Ask For Suspension Of Roves National Security Clearance
Today U.S. Senator Chuck Schumer and Ambassador Joseph Wilson called for the suspension of White House Deputy Chief of Staff Karl Roves security clearance until the investigation of the leak of CIA Agent Valerie Plames identity is resolved. Also, Schumer is cosponsoring an amendment to Homeland Security spending bill, offered by Sen. Carl Levin which would suspend or revoke security clearances for federal employees who have disclosed classified information. Schumer said, I was the first to cal… Continue Reading
Gas Prices At Record Highs In Rochester And The Finger Lakes Region; Schumer Again Urges Deployment Of Strategic Petroleum Reserve
Today U.S. Senator Charles E. Schumer again called on President Bush to use the Strategic Petroleum Reserve (SPR) to bring down recordhigh gas prices. According to today's reports, barrels of oil traded for $65.85 on Wednesday and the national average per gallon of regular gasoline was $2.56 on Wednesday, and in some areas exceeded $3.00 per gallon. In the Finger Lakes Region today, the average regular gasoline price was even higher, selling for $2.61 per gallon, up 10 percent from last mont… Continue Reading
Schumer Response To Bush News Conference
Today President George W. Bush held a press conference to encourage the Congress to move forward to pass major legislation including an energy bill and his Social Security privatization plan. Sen. Chuck Schumer released the following statement in response to the Presidents news conference: The Presidents energy bill is of, by, and for the large energy companies, and it does far too little to encourage the number one way we can become independent of foreign oil conservation. Moreover, the House… Continue Reading
Schumer, Clinton Announce Key Senate Panel Backs Over $57 Million For National Technical Institute For The Deaf At Rochester Instutte Of Technology
U.S. Senators Charles E. Schumer and Hillary Rodham Clinton today announced that the Senate Appropriations Committee approved $57,279,000 under the FY06 LaborHHS Appropriations Act for the National Technical Institute for the Deaf (NTID) at Rochester Institute of Technology. The bill, which was approved by the Committee last week, must now be approved by the full Senate before being sent to a House and Senate Conference Committee and eventually being signed into law. Schumer had aggressively lob… Continue Reading
Schumer: Over $20,000 Coming To Southern Tier Economic Growth, Inc.
US Senator Charles E. Schumer today announced that $20,189 in federal funds was awarded to Southern Tier Economic Growth, Inc. for research that will lead to the creation of a business development strategy for the sevencounty region centered on Chemung County. The funds are being awarded through the Appalachian Regional Commission (ARC). "This is great news for the Southern Tier," Schumer said. "It is important for the area to have a plan to ensure a flourishing economy. Both lo… Continue Reading
Schumer on Emergency Aid for Victims of Hurricane Katrina
Mr. President, tonight our nation is experiencing one of the most tragic and heartrending natural disasters in our history. Entire towns have been destroyed. Lives upturned, families lost, and the chaos we have all watched unfold continues even tonight. Our hearts go out to the people of Louisiana, Mississippi and all of the Gulf states affected by Hurricane Katrina. And our prayers go out most of all to those still stranded in New Orleans and those who have lost loved ones. The images on TV a… Continue Reading
In Wake Of London Bombings Schumer Asks Administration, Congress Must Reconsider Defeat Of Mass Transit Homeland Security Funding
Subway stations, bus lines and commuter rail lines are still vulnerable to terrorist attack and need federal support to bolster security efforts, Senator Charles E. Schumer warned today. Just last week after the first attack on London, the Senate inexplicably rejected a 1.16 billion dollar increase in mass transit security funding. In addition, the MTA is unable to spend its federal money where it is needed most. Though the MTA is desperately in need of more bombsniffing dogs, overtime for polic… Continue Reading
Schumer: Bureau Of Prisons Process Must Be Examined And Fixed Immediately, Pen Pal Privileges For Terrorists Must Stop
Today Senator Charles E. Schumer sent a letter to Harley G. Lappin, Director of the Federal Bureau of Prisons asking for an immediate investigation into the outrageous cases of maximum security prisoners who were convicted of bombing the World Trade Center in 1993 encouraging future terrorist attacks from their jail cells. News reports indicate that individuals convicted of committing terrorist acts against the United States have been allowed to spread their hateful propaganda and recruit futu… Continue Reading
Schumer Proposes Legislation To Ensure That Passport Alternatives Are Allowed At US-Canada Border
US Senator Charles E. Schumer today introduced federal legislation to reverse plans for a passport requirement at the USCanada border. Schumer filed an Amendment to the Department of Homeland Security Appropriations bill, mandating that the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) accept more affordable and accessible alternatives to passports. A vote on the amendment is expected this week during consideration of the overall bill on the floor. Passage of the overall bill is expected sometime this w… Continue Reading


HOUSTON — A resident of a local assisted senior living community has been reported missing in the Westchase area. According to the Houston Police Department, it's urgent the resident is found as he suffers from Alzheimer's disease.
Charles Decker, 75, is a resident at the Treemont Assisted Living Retirement Community in the 2500 block of Westerland Drive. Investigators said he was last seen at the home around 9:05 p.m. Thursday. He was wearing a lime green short sleeve shirt, dark blue pants and prescription glasses.
Decker is about 6 feet tall and weighs around 200 pounds. He has blonde hair and blue eyes.
Anyone with information should contact the HPD missing persons unit at 832-394-1840.


The Chief of the Australian Army, Lieutenant General David Morrison, AO, officially handed over the command of the Army at a parade in Canberra today.
After four years as the Army's Chief, Lieutenant General Morrison has passed command to Lieutenant General Angus Campbell, DSC, AM.
Lieutenant General Morrison expressed his gratitude to his colleagues, friends and family for their support during his 36 year career which has included roles in Operation Lagoon in Papua New Guinea, INTERFET in Timor Leste; Commanding Officer of the Second Battalion, The Royal Australian Regiment (2 RAR), Commander of the 3rd Brigade, and Commander, Forces Command.
"It has been an honour and privilege to serve with and lead the talented men and women, military and civilian, of the Australian Army," he said.
"At all levels in our Army, from General to Lance Corporal you have my enduring respect for the manner in which you put service before self in the Nation's name. To the soldiers – you are our Army and your capacity for selfless courage is second to none.
"Today I hand over stewardship to Lieutenant General Campbell with levels of capability at their highest in our history and with a culture made stronger by the commitment of all to live to our values of courage, initiative, respect and teamwork.
Lieutenant General Campbell has served as the Commander of the Joint Agency Task Force for Operation Sovereign Borders, overseen operations in the Middle East as Commander Joint Task Force 633 and commanded on operations in Timor-Leste. Lieutenant General Campbell will officially take command of the Australian Army at 12:01am, Saturday, 16 May 2015.
Read Lieutenant General Morrison's speech.


Apply Now to Become an Egg Donor!
We're delighted that you are considering becoming an egg donor and we welcome you to West Coast Egg Donation (WCED). We have had the privilege of witnessing the incredible joy that creating a family through egg donation and surrogacy provides parents many times. We hope that you will join us in this rewarding journey and become an egg donor.
What Makes West Coast Egg Donation a Special Place for Donating Eggs?
It takes a special person to consider donating your eggs and we work very hard to ensure that your experience is positive. The commitment required will be matched by WCED's consistent support, clear direction, and helpful coordination of care. We will be there every step of the way as you donate your eggs. Our egg donors remain completely anonymous unless both parties—donor and intended parent(s)—agree otherwise.
Egg donation (sometimes called ovum donation) is used in cases where a person wishes to have a child, but is unable to achieve a pregnancy for various reasons. This may be due to a medical condition, age, sexual orientation, or choosing to be a single parent. The gift an egg donor provides for an individual/couple in need is both remarkable and generous. By donating your eggs, your generosity will help create a family for those who could not by themselves.
Start Today and Earn a $50 Visa Gift Card!
For a limited time, West Coast Egg Donation is offering a $50 Visa Gift card to egg donor candidates who attend an interview and are approved for our program. Offer ends April 15, 2019.
Become an Egg Donor: Apply Today!
Before you get started on the path to donating your eggs, be sure to review the egg donor requirements to see if you qualify. If you meet the criteria to become an egg donor, please fill out our egg donor application.
Once your online application is complete, a representative will call you to discuss any questions and to schedule an interview. You will then undergo an egg donor screening process to ensure you are a good fit for WCED's egg donation program.
Once a woman has been accepted as a WCED egg donor, they are entered into our password protected egg donor database where only registered parent(s) can access and view your profile. Intended parent(s) will have the opportunity to review the database to select a donor. Once chosen, we will confirm the your availability. Then you will have a psychological evaluation, medical screening and legal review before the egg donation cycle begins. Egg donors are advised to consult with independent attorneys specializing in reproductive law to answer any legal questions about the process of egg donation (referrals are available upon request).
To donate eggs, you will be given medications via daily injections that will help to develop multiple sacs called follicles. The follicles are where the eggs mature. During this phase, you will have frequent office visits to monitor progress. When the physician determines the follicles are the right size, the egg retrieval will be scheduled. For more information on the procedure please refer to our page on the egg donor process.
Thank you for your interest in West Coast Egg Donation agency. Donating eggs provides another family with the gift of life. We'd love to talk with you if you are interested in learning more about becoming a donor or egg donor pay. If you would like more information, please call (877) 492-7411 toll free, (949)-861-4800 or contact us online.
We would like to thank prospective egg donors everywhere for considering this noble and generous act. We look forward to hearing from you.


With over 196 acres of parkland and 7 acres of building, it takes a small army to keep Alexandra Palace running and open for all to enjoy. Central to our work at the Palace is our team of dedicated volunteers. During Volunteers' Week we wanted to share their stories and celebrate their work.
Volunteers are involved in all aspects of life at the Palace, from helping maintain the award-winning Park and conducting tours to stewarding and assisting our Creative Learning team. Once a fortnight Laura from our Fundraising Team receives mentoring from Beth – a volunteer at the Palace and Civil Servant. Their story demonstrates how volunteering benefits all involved.
To find out more and see how you can get involved, contact the volunteering team.
I am a Senior Civil Servant at the Cabinet Office. I'm also a proud Crouch Ender with a passion for the arts. Ever since I was a child, coming through Finsbury Park on the train from Newcastle, I have felt a thrill when I catch a view of Ally Pally up on the hill. I had the privilege of a hard hat tour of the Theatre one wet weekend in early 2017, led by the wonderful volunteers Jeannie and Sally. I felt inspired. The chequered history of the theatre, its beauty even in decay, and the team's vision for how it would be brought back to life.
When I enquired about volunteering opportunities, I was impressed with the professionalism and thought that went into recruitment and tailoring opportunities to fit individual skills and interests. My availability is limited to my day off work when my children are at school. Mentoring the new addition to the restoration projects team sounded like a perfect fit. I could bring my corporate experience to someone starting out in their career as a way of contributing to the restoration of the Palace.
Laura was recruited shortly after, and we meet every 2 or 3 weeks. We have worked on various projects focused on supporting the Theatre restoration in particular. I have been so impressed with Laura's commitment to developing a career in heritage, her instinct for bringing people together across different teams to get the best possible outcome, and her readiness to develop and deliver new initiatives. I mentor colleagues at work in the Civil Service, but one of the unexpected benefits of mentoring in a completely different sector is how much I learn from Laura about making a historical palace resonate in a modern community.
Volunteering here allows me to contribute in a small way to the ongoing story of Alexandra Palace and gives me experience in a sector I may want to move into in the future. The opportunities are so varied – I would recommend it to anyone.
I am a historian and Museum Studies graduate with a passion for museums and heritage. In the summer of 2017 I was finishing my Master's degree and placement in the Creative Learning team at Alexandra Palace when I was lucky to gain a paid job in the restoration projects team, starting September 2017. Whilst having undertaken several internships, volunteer placements, and casual jobs, this was to be my first position in the 'real world'.
In my current position I engage with supporters who have donated to our East Wing Restoration Project, manage the donor database, organise and deliver tours, help with the delivery of some events, and have continued providing some support to the Creative Learning team. No two days here are the same; my job is varied and I never know what might crop up. It is also an exciting time to be working at Alexandra Palace with the completion of our current Heritage Lottery Funded project happening at the end of this year. The Palace has such a varied and eclectic history and I enjoy sharing our enthusiasm and excitement with the public.
Beth and I meet around once a fortnight and it is a chance to share thoughts, feelings, and ideas. We have worked on how to structure my thoughts, visions and goals into work-plans and job-review documents, have discussed how to manage conversations in the workplace, and shared thoughts on how I can progress in my chosen career path – how I can identify and develop necessary skills.
There are many reasons why I value this mentoring scheme and would therefore recommend being mentored. It provides the chance to talk to someone with an unbiased viewpoint and fresh perspectives – the value of Beth being from a completely different career and organisation is key to the success of this scheme. It also gives me the chance to take a break from 'normal' work for a couple of hours every fortnight. Away from all of that, it forms a friendship.