There is none (although see below for theories).
It may help to recall briefly what the Torah, the five books, also called the Pentateuch, say. In the first book, known as Genesis to the Greeks, which means the Beginning, Abraham is an ordinary citizen who is born in Ur, which is ruled by the Chaldeans. Ur is in Sumeria in Mesopotamia. He then travels a long way with his family to Canaan and then south to the Negeb peninsula. There he lives for some time, but due to a famine decides to move to Egypt. All this time he is presumably an ordinary citizen. In Egypt, Abraham's wife becomes the consort of the Pharaoh, so Abraham is richly rewarded, but bad omens befall the Pharaoh so Abraham leaves and goes back to the Negeb. Eventually, his progeny return to Egypt and his great grandson, Joseph, becomes a powerful minister in Egypt. There ends the story of the first patriarchs.
As we can see from this story, everything revolves around Abraham and his family who are essentially private individuals, therefore, there is no reason we should expect to have any archaeological evidence of their having existed no more than we have the evidence of any number of millions of other private people that lived during those times.
The first of them that might have a record of any kind is Joseph, who is reputedly a high minister in Egypt. However, the identification of Joseph with any archaeologically known person is highly conjectural. In this respect there is a book "The Hebrew Pharaohs of Egypt: The Secret Lineage of the Patriarch Joseph" by Ahmed Osman. In Osman's book he conjectures that Joseph is the same person as Yuya, prime minister of the 18th dynasty pharaoh Tuthmose IV, and he gives various evidence supporting this theory. However, at the end of the day it is difficult to prove this theory one way or another.
Was Yuya Joseph? That's the theory of Osman's book.
Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged ancient-history judaism or ask your own question.
Can the new testament be a valid historical record on the real life of Jesus?
Was the grooming ritual of clipping one's toe/fingernails common practice in the ancient civilizations of the Mediterranean/Mesopotamia?
What do we currently know about the ethnic origins of Jews?


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Newcastle Want To Bring Liverpool Player To The Club In January Loan Move
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Eurosa est un sous-genre du genre Rosa (rosiers et églantiers), famille des Rosaceae. C'est l'un des quatre sous-genres mais de loin le plus important, il regroupe la grande majorité des espèces du genre.

Caractéristiques générales

Origine et distribution
Les rosiers du sous-genre Eusosa sont distribués dans presque toute l'aire de diffusion du genre Rosa : Europe, Asie et Amérique du Nord.

Subdivisions

Ce sous-genre se subdivise en 11 sections :
 Banksianae, rosiers à fleurs blanches et jaunes de Chine,
 Bracteatae, trois espèces asiatiques, dont deux de Chine et une d'Inde,
 Caninae, espèces à fleurs roses et blanches d'Asie, d'Europe et d'Afrique du Nord,
 Carolinae, rosiers à fleurs blanches, roses et rose brillant d'Amérique du Nord,
 Chinenses, rosiers à fleurs blanches, roses, jaunes, rouges et multicolores de Chine et de Birmanie,
 Cinnamomeae, les rosiers « cannelle », rosiers à fleurs blanches, roses, lilas, myrtille et  rouges présents dans toute l'aire de diffusion du genre sauf l'Afrique du Nord,
 Gallicanae, rosiers à fleurs rose à pourpre ou panachées d'Asie occidentale et d'Europe,
 Gymnocarpae, petit groupe d'espèces se différenciant par le réceptacle caduc sur le fruit ; une espèce vient d'Amérique du Nord (Rosa gymnocarpa), les autres d'Asie orientale,
 Laevigatae', une seule espèce à fleurs blanches originaire de Chine,
 Pimpinellifoliae, rosiers à fleurs blanches, roses, jaune brillant, mauves et rose panaché d'Asie et d'Europe,
 Synstylae'', rosiers à fleurs blanches, roses et pourpres de toute l'aire de diffusion du genre.

Culture et utilisation

Voir aussi
 Rosier
 Liste des espèces du genre Rosa

Rosier
Rosaceae
Sous-genre de plantes (nom scientifique)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


WITH HIS HEART SET ON HOLLYWOOD.
Before receiving an Emmy Award, or working with studios like Industrial Light + Magic, Ubisoft, Paramount Pictures and Blur, or speaking in front of crowds of 5,000+ people on worldwide tour events. Allan was a 14-year old kid from Australia, that dropped out of school second-week of Grade 9. And that hardly even went to school at all prior to that.In the mid 90's, no internet, no experience, no help or support. Allan's only goal was to work his way from Australia to Los Angeles and create visual effects, and supervise films on set.
Get exclusive access to all of Allan McKay's most high-end material not available to the public.
More info to come – but please enjoy a video that was filmed at Mindtrek conference in Europe last year. I discuss how I created all of the ash visual effects for God of War.


So, it was presented the project to build four more nuclear power plants with capacity of 1,000 MW each, two in the Northeast and two in the Southeast, according to the .
What is the procedure to get an internship in Kota Thermal Power Plant in summer term? How can one get a internship in power plant as a mechanical engineer? What is the career prospects in thermal power plant as a fresher from mechanical engineer?
Nov 29, 2011· Smaller space is required compared to hydro power plant Economical in initial cost compared to hydro plants and running costs are less compared to gas plants or diesel plants Thermal plants can be placed near load centers unlike hydro and nuclear plants.
The process of electrical power generation, in a coal fired thermal power plant is one of the most widespread and conventional methods, of bulk power generation all over, as it vastly feeds the power requirement of a 7 billon plus population all across the globe. The increased size needs increase in .
2.1.4 Solar Updraft Tower Plant 10 2.1.5 Summary 11 ... The four main types of solar thermal power plants developed and tested so far are: − Parabolic trough and Fresnel trough technology − Central receiver system (also called power tower or solar tower) ... cost by making more effective use of the power .
COMPARISON OF THERMAL POWER PLANT WITH OTHER BASIC PRINCIPLE OF THERMAL POWER PLANT A Thermal Power Station is a power plant in which the prime mover is steam driven. Water is heated, turns into steam and spins a steam turbine which drives an electrical generator.
The IAEA has a safety knowledge base for ageing and long-term operation of nuclear power plants (SKALTO) which aims to develop a framework for sharing information on ageing management and long term operation of nuclear power plants.
Thermal Power Plant Jobs - November 2018 | Indeed.
67 Thermal Power Plant jobs available on Indeed. . Faculty, Plant Supervisor, Control Room Operator and more!
In Power Plant Cable Condition Monitoring EPRI Workshop: San Francisco, 1988. Sakurai, Y.; etal In 11th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering Evaluation of the Cable Quality Affected by Environmental Condition at PWR Plants in Japan, 2003.
Many power plant owners are concluding it makes more sense to shut down a coal-fired power plant than to try to bring it into compliance with known regulations or keep up with new and increasingly tighter regulations on power plant owner-operators.
building blocks necessary to assemble a 50 MWe geothermal power plant (e.g., steam or gas turbines, generator sets, switch gears, etc.) are readily adaptable from conventional power plant technology.
The Geysers, 22 geothermal power plants located in California, is the only example of geothermal dry steam power plants in the United States. Geothermal Flash Steam Power Plants Geothermal flash steam power plants uses water at temperatures of at least 182°C (360°F) .
Nov 20, 2018· LMP considers the Paks 2 nuclear power plant expansion project the "worst deal of the century" and recommends that the government should cancel the agreement it signed with Russia on the upgrade, one of the party's lawmakers said.


how do you test your faith?
When you see someone do you love them automatically with Godly love of course... you do not have to stare or look at their clothes to love them you just stop and stare well not really but something like that and you just already fall in love for that person for being the beautiful and precious creation of God. Now you do have to examine their lifestyle though... to determine whether or not they are thirsty for the love of God. For example if I were to be walking down a street and I saw someone homeless then I would give them food without a doubt our I would check my pockets and give them what I have because I see the Christ that is dwelling in the poor and the lowly. I know I am faithful because my first thought in a person that I meet is the benefit of the doubt. I do not look at someone and judge them for the wrongdoings or the lifestyle that they live I stare into their eyes as I talk and I pray while I speak hoping that the beam of light from my eyes penetrates their soul.
when you test your faith you go out loving others unconditionally just as commanded of you and to all who know Jesus Christ.
I hope I didn't go too off tangent for you but I hope this answers your question.
But if we walk in the light, as he is in the light, we have fellowship with one another, and the blood of Jesus, his Son, purifies us from all[b] sin. 8 If we claim to be without sin, we deceive ourselves and the truth is not in us. 9If we confess our sins, he is faithful and just and will forgive us our sins and purify us from all unrighteousness. 10 If we claim we have not sinned, we make him out to be a liar and his word has no place in our lives.
3 We know that we have come to know him if we obey his commands. 4 The man who says, "I know him," but does not do what he commands is a liar, and the truth is not in him. 5 But if anyone obeys his word, God's love[b] is truly made complete in him. This is how we know we are in him: 6Whoever claims to live in him must walk as Jesus did.
9 Anyone who claims to be in the light but hates his brother is still in the darkness. 10 Whoever loves his brother lives in the light, and there is nothing in him[c] to make him stumble. 11But whoever hates his brother is in the darkness and walks around in the darkness; he does not know where he is going, because the darkness has blinded him.
Great Video by Paul Washer.
Great video Carla. It made me cry so much. Next time give us heads up with the tissues.
Oh, Michelle; excellent words of wisdom and grace! We should not seek intentionally for our faith to be tested. We should pray as our Lord taught us to pray, "Father, do not lead us into testing!" This world, the flesh, and the devil will test us enough. Let us cry, "Lord, I believe; help thou my unbelief!" Father, strengthen our faith and deliver us from the evil! God will use our circumstances - what He allows - what He lets pass through His fingers to reach us, tempered to weakness - to strengthen our faith: to show His Strength and Grace in us. Little children, let us be careful not to apply the pastoral remonstrances of the First Apostles and the Apostolic Fathers too directly and too often literally to ourselves like a Strong Astringent directly to our sensitive skin. Paul's challenge in 2 Corinthians 13 was directed at those who were departing from his simple teachings and were being led astray by the false apostles who were seeking to corrupt their simplicity in Christ with (1) the false gospel of indulgence (of Greek Epicrrean influence), (2) the false gospel of the hierarchy of spiritual gifts (the Gnostic influence), and the false gospel of being bound to the Law (the Judaic heresy). If you see yourself or others being led astray by these influences, then cry-out and quickly flee back to the safety of the simplicity of the Gospel of God that Paul taught, but do not seek to be tested!


Picault's parents live in Cutler Bay, but he has relatives in New York City, where he was born, and his godfather lives in Maryland. Philadelphia is the latest stop on a journey he began dreaming about as a young boy playing youth soccer for West Kendall, Coral Springs, Weston and Miami Strike Force. He attended Killian High for a year and then left for Europe.
Union executives have high hopes for Picault, whose grandfather Max Antoine played for the Haitian National Team and father Leslie played in the Major Indoor Soccer League.
His speed was one of his main selling points.
That is the same adjective used by Klinsmann describing Picault last summer.
▪ Miami FC opens camp: Miami FC starts training for the 2017 season on Monday morning at St. Thomas University. Coach Alessandro Nesta and his 28 players will begin preparations for their second season. They have preseason games planned against MLS teams Toronto FC and Chicago Fire, and their season begins March 25.
The club signed six new players over the off season — former NASL Golden Boot winner Stefano Pinho, defender Tyler Ruthven, midfielder Dylan Mares, 2016 NASL Best XI midfielder Michel, midfielder Cizario and goalkeeper Ryan Herman.
Cameron defends Trump: Stoke City defender Geoff Cameron, who plays for the U.S. national team, says he supports President Donald Trump's immigration policy that temporarily bars people entry into the U.S. from seven majority Muslim countries.
The executive order was criticized by U.S. captain Michael Bradley last week, who said Trump was "out of touch" with America.
Cameron told Sports Illustrated: "I believe it's important to support our president, whether he was your candidate or not. I am pleased he is making security of all Americans one of his top priorities. Our enemies have stated — and in Europe they have proven — they will take advantage of lax immigration procedures for the purposes of staging attacks. A temporary pause on immigration for the purpose of evaluating and improving vetting procedures makes sense.
English Premier League: Chelsea (59), Tottenham (50), Arsenal (47), Liverpool and Manchester City (46).
La Liga: Real Madrid (46), Barcelona (45), Sevilla (42), Atletico Madrid (39), Real Sociedad (35).
Serie A: Juventus (51), Napoli (48), Roma (47), Inter (42), Lazio (40).
Bundesliga: Bayern Munich (46), Leipzig (42), Dortmund and Hoffenheim (34), Hertha Berlin (33).
Ligue 1: Monaco (52), Nice and PSG (49), Lyon (37).
Sunday: Manchester City vs. Swansea (8:30 a.m., NBCSN); Leicester City vs. Manchester United (11 a.m., NBCSN); Pumas UNAM vs. Pachuca (1 p.m., Univision); Celta Vigo vs. Real Madrid (2:35 p.m., BEINÑ).


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Tag: commercial litigation
15-Year 'Course of Dealing' Clarifies Oral Agreement for Tax Sale Notices – IL First Dist.
The would-be tax deed buyer in Wheeler Financial, Inc. v. Law Publishing Co., 2018 IL App (1st) 171495 claimed the publisher defendant's erroneous sale date in a required tax sale notice thwarted its purchase of a pricey Chicago property.
A jury found for the publisher defendant on the buyer's breach of oral contract claim since the plaintiff failed to properly vet the draft "Take Notice" (the statutory notice provided by a tax deed applicant that gives notice to the owner) supplied by the defendant before publication. The plaintiff appealed.
Affirming the jury verdict, the First District discusses the nature of express versus implied contracts, the use of non-pattern jury instructions and when course of dealing evidence is admissible to explain the terms of an oral agreement.
Course of dealing – Generally
There was no formal written contract between the parties. But there was a 15-year business relationship where the plaintiff would send draft tax deed petition notices to the defendant who would in turn, publish the notices as required by the Illinois tax code. This decade-and-a-half course of dealing was the basis for jury verdict for the publisher defendant.
Section 223 of the Restatement (Second) of Contracts defines a course of dealing as a sequence of previous conduct between parties to an agreement "which is fairly regarded as establishing a common basis of understanding for interpreting their expressions and other conduct."
A course of dealing "gives meaning to or supplements or qualifies their agreement" and can be considered when determining the terms of an oral contract. Where contract terms are uncertain or doubtful and the parties have – by their conduct – placed a construction on the agreement that is reasonable, such a construction will be adopted by the court. [¶ ¶ 77-78]
Course of Dealing – The Evidence
Here, the course of dealing proof was found in both trial testimony and documents admitted in evidence.
At trial, current and former employees of the publisher defendant and plaintiff's agent all testified it was the parties' common practice for defendant to first provide draft Take Notices to plaintiff for its review and approval prior to publication. E-mails introduced in evidence at trial corroborated this practice.
In addition, plaintiff's affiliated tax lien company's own handbook contained a published policy of plaintiff reviewing all Take Notices for accuracy before the notices were published. [¶¶ 35, 83-85]
The appeals court agreed with the jury that the defendant sufficiently proved the parties course of dealing was that defendant would give plaintiff a chance to review the Take Notices before publication. And since the plaintiff failed to adhere to its contractual obligation to review and apprise the defendant of any notice errors, plaintiff could not win on its breach of contract claim. (This is because a breach of contract plaintiff's prior material breach precludes it from recovering on a breach of contract claim.)
Jury Instructions and A Tacit Exculpatory Clause?
Since no Illinois pattern jury instruction defines "course of dealing," the trial court instructed the jury based on Wald v. Chicago Shippers Ass'n's (175 Ill.App.3d 607 (1988) statement that a prior course of dealing can define or qualify an uncertain oral agreement. [¶ 96] Since Wald accurately stated Illinois law on the essence and reach of course of dealing evidence, it was proper for the jury to consider the non-pattern jury instruction.
The court then rejected plaintiff's argument that allowing the legal publisher to avoid liability was tantamount to creating an implied exculpatory clause. The plaintiff claimed that if the publisher could avoid liability for its erroneous notice date, the parties' agreement was illusory since it allowed the defendant to breach with impunity.
The court disagreed. It held that the parties' course of dealing created mutual obligations on the parties: plaintiff was obligated to review defendant's Take Notices and advise of any errors while defendant was required to republish any corrected notices for free. These reciprocal duties placed enforceable obligations on the parties.
Where specifics of an oral agreement are lacking, but the parties' actions over time plainly recognize and validate a business relationship, a court will consider course of dealing evidence to give content to the arrangement.
Where course of dealing evidence establishes that a breach of contract plaintiff has assumed certain obligations, the plaintiff's failure to perform those requirements will doom its breach of contract claim.
Posted on October 24, 2018 October 25, 2018 Categories Real estate litigationTags commercial litigation, course of dealing, course of performance, evidence, implied in law, implied-in-fact contract, IPI, jury instructions, oral contract, take notice, tax deed
7th Cir. Addresses Guarantor Liability, Ratification Doctrine in Futures Trading Snafu
Straits Financial v. Ten Sleep Cattle, 2018 WL 328767 (N.D.Ill. 2018) examines some signature business litigation issues against the backdrop of a commodities futures and trading account dispute. Among them are the nature and scope of a guarantor's liability, the ratification doctrine as applied to covert conduct and the reach of the Illinois consumer fraud statute.
The plaintiff brokerage firm sued a Wyoming cattle rancher and his company to recover an approximate $170K deficit in the defendants' trading account. (The defendants previously opened a non-discretionary account with plaintiff for the purpose of locking in future livestock prices.)
The ranch owner counter-sued, alleging a rogue trader of plaintiff made unauthorized trades with defendants' money over a three-month period. Defendants counter-sued for consumer fraud, breach of fiduciary duty and conversion. After a seven-day bench trial, the court entered a money judgment for the defendants and the plaintiff appealed.
In substantially affirming the trial court, the Seventh Circuit first tackled the plaintiff's breach of guaranty claim. In Illinois, guarantees are strictly construed and a guarantor's liability cannot extend beyond that which he has agreed to accept. A proverbial favorite of the law, a guarantor is given the benefit of any doubts concerning a contract's enforceability. A guarantor's liability is discharged if there is a "material change" in the business dealings between the parties and an increase in risk undertaken by a guarantor.
Here, the speculative trading account (the one where the broker made multiple unauthorized trades) differed vastly in form and substance from the non-discretionary account.
Since the two trading accounts differed in purpose and practice, the Court held that it would materially alter the guarantor's risk if he was penalized for the plaintiff's broker's fraudulent trading spree. As a result, the Seventh Circuit affirmed the trial judge's ruling for the defendant on the guarantee claim.
The Court then rejected plaintiff's ratification argument: that defendants' authorized the illegal churned trades by not timely objecting to them
An Illinois agency axiom posits that a person does not have an obligation to repudiate an illegal transaction until he has actual knowledge of all material facts involved in the transaction. Restatement (Third) of Agency, s. 4.06.
Illinois law also allows a fraud victim to seek relief as long as he renounces the fraud promptly after discovering it. A party attempting to undo a fraudulent transaction is excused from strict formalism, too.
Here, the ranch owner defendant immediately contacted the plaintiff's broker when he learned of the improper trades and demanded the return of all money in the non-discretionary trading account. This, according to the Court, was a timely and sufficient attempt to soften the impact of the fraudulent trading.
The Court affirmed the trial court's attorneys' fees award to the defendants on its consumer fraud counterclaim. The Illinois Consumer Fraud Act, 815 ILCS 505/10a(c)(the "CFA") allows a court to assess attorneys' fees against the losing party.
The plaintiff argued that the trial judge errored by awarding attorneys' fees expended by defendants in both CFA and non-CFA claims. Plaintiff contended the trial judge should have limited his fee award strictly to the CFA claim.
Rejecting this argument, the Seventh Circuit noted that under Illinois law, where statutory fraud (which allow for fees) and common law (which don't) claims arise from the same operative facts and involve the same evidence at trial, a court can award all fees; even ones involved in prosecuting or defending non-fee claims. And since facts tending to prove fraudulent trading "were woven throughout [the] case and the work done to develop those facts [could] not be neatly separated by claim," the District court had discretion to allow defendants' attorneys' fees claim incurred in all of its counterclaims and defenses.
The Court then reversed the trial judge's holding that the defendants failed to mitigate their damages by not reading plaintiff's trading statements or asking about his accounts. A breach of contract or tort plaintiff normally cannot stand idly by and allow an injury to fester without making reasonable efforts to avoid further loss.
But here, since the plaintiff's broker committed fraud – an intentional tort – any "contributory negligence" resulting from defendant not reading the mailed statements wasn't a valid defense to the rogue broker's fraudulent conduct.
This case shows the length a court will go to make sure a fraud perpetrator doesn't benefit from his improper conduct. Even if a fraud victim is arguably negligent in allowing the fraud to happen or in responding to it, the court will excuse the negligence in order to affix liability to the fraudster.
This case also illustrates how guarantors are favorites of the law and an increase in a guarantor's risk or a marked change in business dealings between a creditor and a guarantor's principal will absolve a guarantor from liability.
Finally, Ten Sleep shows that a prevailing party can get attorneys' fees on mixed fee and non-fee claims where the same core of operative facts underlie them.
Posted on September 18, 2018 Categories Real estate litigationTags business torts, commercial litigation, consumer fraud, fraud, guarantor, intentional tort, ratification, trial
Earned Bonus Is Proper Subject of Employee's Wage Payment Claim; Reliance on Employer Pre-Hiring Statements Is Reasonable – IL ND
After leaving a lucrative banking position in Florida for a Chicago consulting gig, Simpson v. Saggezza's (2018 WL 3753431 (N.D.Ill. 2018) plaintiff soon learned the Illinois job markedly differed from what was advertised.
Among other things, the plaintiff discovered that the company's pre-hiring revenue projections were off as were the plaintiff's promised job duties, performance goals and bonus structure.
When plaintiff complained, the Illinois employer responded by firing him. Plaintiff sued the defendants – the employer and a company decision maker – for unpaid bonus money under the Illinois Wage Payment and Collection Act, 820 ILCS 115/1, et. seq. (IWPCA) and for other common law claims. Defendants moved to dismiss all claims.
In denying the bulk of the defendants' motion, the Court discussed the nature and reach of earned bonus liability under the IWPCA in the context of a motion to dismiss.
The IWPCA defines payments as including wages, salaries, earned commissions and earned bonuses pursuant to an employment contract. 820 ILCS 115/12. An earned bonus is defined as "compensation given in addition to the required compensation for services performed." Il. Admin. Code, Title 56, s. 300.500.
The IWPCA allows an earned bonus claim only where an employer makes an unequivocal promise; a discretionary or contingent promise isn't enough. So as long as the plaintiff alleges both an employer's unambiguous promise to pay a bonus and the plaintiff's satisfactory performance of the parties' agreement, the plaintiff can make out a successful IWPCA claim for an unpaid earned bonus.
Here, the plaintiff sufficiently alleged a meeting of the minds on the bonus issue – the defendant-employer unequivocally promised a $25,000 bonus if plaintiff met a specific sales goal – and that the plaintiff met the goal.
The court then partially granted the employer's motion to dismiss the plaintiff's statutory and common law retaliation claims.
IWPCA Section 14(c) prevents an employer from firing an employee in retaliation for the employee lodging a complaint against the employer for unpaid compensation. 820 ILCS 115/14(c). Since the plaintiff alleged both an agreement for earned bonus payments and that he was fired for requesting payment, this was enough to survive a motion to dismiss.
The court did, however, dismiss plaintiff's common law retaliatory discharge claim. To prevail on this claim, a plaintiff must allege (1) he was terminated, (2) in retaliation for plaintiff's conduct, and (3) the discharge violates a clearly mandated public policy.
The Court rejected the plaintiff's argument that an IWPCA violation was enough to trigger Illinois public policy concerns. The court held that to invoke the public policy prong of the retaliation tort, the dispute "must strike at the heart of a citizen's social rights, duties and responsibilities." And since the Court viewed an IWPCA money dispute to a private, economic matter between employer and employee, the employer's alleged IWPCA violation didn't implicate public policy.
Lastly, the Court denied the defendant's motion to dismiss plaintiff's fraud in the inducement claim. In this count, plaintiff alleged he quit his former Florida job in reliance on factual misstatements made by the defendant about its fiscal health, among other things.
To sufficiently plead fraudulent inducement, a plaintiff must allege (1) a false statement of material fact, (2) known or believed to be false by the person making it, (3) an intent to induce the other party to act, (4) action by the other party in reliance on the truth of the statement, and (5) damage to the plaintiff resulting from the reliance. To be actionable, a factual statement must involve a past or present fact; expression of opinions, expectations or future contingencies cannot support a fraudulent inducement claim.
Where there is a disparity in knowledge or access to knowledge between two parties, the fraudulent inducement plaintiff can justifiably rely on a representation of fact even if he could have discovered the information's falsity upon further investigation.
While the defendant argued that the predicate fraud statements were non-actionable embellishments or puffery, the court disagreed. It found that plaintiff's allegations that defendant made factually false statements about the defendant's financial state and the plaintiff's job opportunities were specific enough to state a claim.
The court noted that plaintiff alleged the defendants supplied plaintiff with specific financial figures based on historical financial data as part of their pre-hiring pitch to the plaintiff. Taken in totality, the information was specific and current enough to support a fraud claim.
Earned bonuses are covered by IWPCA; discretionary or conditional bonuses are not;
The common law retaliation tort has teeth. It's not enough to assert a statutory violation to implicate the public policy element. A private payment dispute between an employer and employee – even if it involves a statutory violation – won't rise to the level of a public policy issue;
An employer's false representations of a company's financial status can underlie a plaintiff's fraud claim since financial data supplied to a prospective hire is information an employer should readily have under its control and at its disposal.
Posted on September 5, 2018 September 5, 2018 Categories Real estate litigationTags business torts, commercial litigation, employment law, fraud in the inducement, Illinois, IWPCA, litigation, Wage Payment and Collection Act


text:
Die Moderhinke (Syn. Schafpanaritium, Klauenfäule, Dermatitis pustulosa necroticans, Paronychia contagiosa) ist eine weltweit verbreitete, bakterielle Erkrankung der Klauen bei Wiederkäuern, insbesondere bei Schafen. Gerade bei Schafen nimmt die Erkrankung häufig einen besonders schweren Verlauf mit hochgradigen Schmerzen an den Klauen. Die Moderhinke ist in der Nutztierhaltung von Schafen mit erheblichen ökonomischen Schäden verbunden, nicht nur in Mitteleuropa, sondern z. B. auch in Großbritannien, Neuseeland und Australien. Das Schafpanaritium wird durch das Bakterium Dichelobacter nodosus verursacht, sekundär ist häufig auch Fusobacterium necrophorum beteiligt. Die Erkrankung zeigt sich in einer eitrigen Entzündung der Klauen. Von der schmierigen, grau-weißen Masse der Eiterherde an den erkrankten Klauen geht ein unangenehmer, faulig-süßlicher Geruch aus, der der Krankheit ihren Namen (aus modern und hinken) gab.

Ursachen
Der Erreger Dichelobacter nodosus hat auf Weiden und im Boden eine begrenzte Lebensdauer von rund 14 Tagen, besonders auf feuchten Böden von teils bis zu 42 Tagen (unter günstigen Bedingungen sogar bis zu 6 Monaten), in verseuchtem Klauenmaterial und in erkrankten Klauen jedoch jahrelang, teils bis zu 3½ Jahren.

Die Erkrankung verbreitet sich durch indirekte Übertragung über den Boden durch kontaminierte Weiden auf immer weitere Tiere. Die Moderhinke ist hochansteckend und führt dadurch zu einer besonders schnellen Ausbreitung innerhalb der Herde. Dabei spielen zusätzlich eine Reihe von Umweltfaktoren eine Rolle. So wird die Erkrankung durch feuchte Böden in Verbindung mit mangelhafter Klauenpflege stark begünstigt. Andererseits ist die Empfänglichkeit der Tiere für diese Erkrankung sowohl bei heißen, trockenen Wetterbedingungen als auch bei sehr tiefen Temperaturen herabgesetzt. Auch die Schafrasse spielt eine Rolle: Bei Merinoschafen wurde eine signifikant erhöhte Empfänglichkeit für Moderhinke ermittelt, während z. B. Romney-Schafe resistenter sind. Von anderen Nutztieren können Ziegen und auch Rinder betroffen sein, jedoch mit milderen Verlaufsformen. Die Moderhinke tritt auch bei Wildwiederkäuern auf wie Muffelwild, Gämsen und Steinböcken.

Krankheitsbild und Diagnose
Die Entzündung beginnt meist an nur einem Fuß im Zwischenklauenspalt (Interdigitalspalt) und greift dann auf die anderen Gliedmaßen über. Im weiteren Verlauf kommt es besonders bei bösartigen Verlaufsformen zu einer fortschreitenden Unterminierung der Klauenwand sowie zur Auflösung des Klauenhorns mit einer Ablösung des Wand- und Sohlenhorns von der Klauenhaut. Im Bereich der Ablösungszone befindet sich unter dem losen Horn eine übel riechende grau-weißliche Masse als Produkt des Eiterungsprozesses. Infolge der hochgradigen Schmerzen besteht Lahmheit (Stützbeinlahmheit).

Bei der Erkrankung der Vorderklauen knien die Tiere im fortgeschrittenen Stadium beim Fressen und teils auch bei der Fortbewegung auf den Vorderfußwurzelgelenken (Karpalgelenken) der Vorderläufe, um die Klauen von den Schmerzen zu entlasten. Bei der Erkrankung der Hinterläufe werden die Hinterbeine entweder abwechselnd entlastet (mit Schonhaltung der Hinterläufe) oder die Tiere fressen im Liegen. Eine fortgeschrittene Ablösung des Horns führt zum Ausschuhen (Ablösung des gesamten Hornschuhes). Einer in Bewegung befindlichen Schafherde folgen die moderhinkekranken Schafe humpelnd und hinkend mit charakteristischem Kopfnicken am Schluss. Schwer erkrankte Tiere laufen teilweise auf drei Beinen. Beim Übergreifen der Entzündungen auf die Klauengelenke kommt es zum Festliegen. Zu den weiteren Symptomen zählt die Abmagerung der betroffenen Schafe und Lämmer im fortgeschrittenen Stadium der Moderhinkeerkrankung. Die klinische Diagnose kann anhand der charakteristischen Veränderungen am Klauenhorn und anhand des typischen Geruchs gestellt werden.

Die Erkrankung kann über den Moderhinkescore eingeteilt werden:
 Score 0: klinisch gesund
 Score 1: Zwischenklauenspalt feucht, gerötet, Haarausfall
 Score 2: ausgebreitete Entzündung im Zwischenklauenspalt mit schmierigem Belag, Horn am Rand der inneren Klauenwand leicht geschädigt
 Score 3: deutlich schmierige Beläge im Zwischenklauenspalt, verändertes Horn unterhalb der inneren Klauenwand und im Bereich der Sohle
 Score 4: ausgedehnte Loslösung des Hornes über die Sohle bis zur äußeren Wand der Klaue mit starker Schädigung des darunterliegenden Gewebes
 Score 5: Ausschuhen (Ablösung des kompletten Klauenhorns von der Klaue)

Wirtschaftliche Folgen
Die Moderhinke führt in den befallenen Herden durch Produktionsverluste zu großen wirtschaftlichen Schäden: Verminderte Wollproduktion der betroffenen Schafe, Abmagerung der adulten Schafe durch schmerzbedingte Futterverweigerung bei längerem Krankheitsverlauf, geringere Säugeleistung, dadurch erhöhte Lämmerverluste und geringere Gewichtszunahme bei Lämmern, Kümmern von moderhinkekranken Lämmern. Dies zieht geringere Gewinnmargen der Tierhalter bei der Woll-, Fleisch- und Milchvermarktung nach sich. Zur Sanierung großer Schafherden wurden in Neuseeland, Australien und in der Schweiz mit Erfolg Bekämpfungsprogramme etabliert. In Deutschland fehlt bisher ein staatliches Sanierungsprogramm (Stand 2011).

Behandlung
Eine Behandlung der Moderhinke ist sowohl aus wirtschaftlichen Gründen als auch aus Tierschutzgründen erforderlich. Zu den Behandlungsschritten gehören: Restlose Entfernung des gesamten losgelösten Klauenhorns und der eitrigen Masse durch Ausschneiden, Besprühen der behandelten Klauen mit einem antibiotisch wirksamen Wundspray und/oder Klauenbäder, antibiotische Allgemeinbehandlung schwer erkrankter Tiere, Trennung gesunder von kranken Tieren, Nachkontrolle und Nachbehandlung in einwöchigem Abstand bis zur Heilung, Impfung.

Zunächst werden auf einer möglichst betonierten Fläche oder auf einer Plane außerhalb der Stallungen die Klauen sorgfältig beschnitten. Bei stark befallenen Klauen müssen die erkrankten Stellen möglichst behutsam mit einem scharfen Messer oder Skalpell entfernt werden. Nicht desinfizierte Transportfahrzeuge und Klauenmesser können eine Gefahr für gesunde Tiere darstellen, da eine Übertragung möglich ist. Entfernte Hornteile sind zu sammeln und zu verbrennen oder tief zu vergraben, so dass die gesunden Tiere damit nicht mehr in Berührung kommen können. Die Klauenkorrektur dient u. a. der Diagnose, zudem können lokal wirkende Medikamente besser zum Einsatz kommen. Traditionell werden die Klauen möglichst eine Minute lang in Formalin-, Zinksulfat- oder Kupfersulfatlösung gebadet (Klauenbad). Das Zinksulfat-Präparat Golden Hoof aus England hat dort eine offizielle Zulassung zur Moderhinkebekämpfung ohne Wartezeit auf Fleisch und Milch. Es ist daher EU-weit eine legale Alternative, um das Klauenbad durchzuführen. Seit Dezember 2010 ist in Deutschland außerdem ein Biozid aus den USA als Klauenbad zugelassen (Dragonhyde, T-HEXX Animal Health). Heutzutage werden vielfach auch lokal aufgebrachte Antibiotika eingesetzt (z. B. CTC-Blauspray). Möglich ist auch eine systemische Antibiose, auch in Kombination mit lokal aufgebrachten Antibiotika. Durch den Einsatz von Antibiotika können selbst ohne vorangegangene Klauenbehandlung Heilungsraten von mehr als 85 % erreicht werden. Auch die gesunden Tiere müssen zur Vorbeugung durch ein Klauenbad getrieben werden. Die Tiere müssen danach auf eine Weide gebracht werden, die mindestens ein halbes Jahr nicht benutzt wurde, um eine Neuansteckung der gereizten Klauen zu vermeiden.

Bei der Moderhinke handelt es sich um eine Herdenerkrankung. Die ausschließliche Behandlung einzelner erkrankter Tiere ist daher nicht ausreichend. Für eine erfolgreiche Bekämpfung der Moderhinkeerkrankung ist eine Herdensanierung erforderlich. Ein beispielhaftes und erfolgreiches System zur Moderhinkesanierung wurde in der Schweiz etabliert. Durch konsequente Untersuchungen und Behandlungen nach einem festgelegten Schema wird sichergestellt, dass nur moderhinkefreie Schafe und Ziegen gealpt werden (hierzu: Technische Weisungen für das Moderhinke-Sanierungsprogramm des Schweizer Beratungs- und Gesundheitsdienstes für Kleinwiederkäuer (BGK) vom 1. Januar 2010). Grundlage bilden hier u. a. Separierung der erkrankten Tiere, Ausschneiden der Klauen, Klauenbad und engmaschige Kontrollen. Auch große Herden können mit dieser Methode saniert werden. Einzeltiere, die ungenügend auf die Behandlung ansprechen, müssen ausgemerzt oder zumindest strikt isoliert werden. Anhand der erfolgreichen Sanierungen in Australien, in der Schweiz sowie in Bhutan und Nepal wird deutlich, dass Moderhinkersanierungen auch flächendeckend möglich sind.

Zur Sanierung erkrankter Bestände ist zusätzlich zu Klauenpflege und -behandlung eine Impfung empfehlenswert (z. B. mit Footvax), wegen starker Impfreaktionen unter Aufsicht eines Tierarztes. Die Impfung senkt den Infektionsdruck erheblich. Die Impfung allein reicht jedoch zur Sanierung nicht aus. Derzeit ist Footvax der einzige kommerzielle Impfstoff in Europa, Australien und Neuseeland, der als prophylaktische Impfung zum Schutz gegen die Moderhinke oder als therapeutische Impfung bei bereits erkrankten Tieren erhältlich ist (Stand 2011). Daneben dürfen in Deutschland bestandsspezifische Impfstoffe hergestellt werden, die aber im Vergleich mit Footvax keine erhöhte Wirksamkeit haben.

Vorbeugung
Zur Vorbeugung gegen Moderhinke gehören: die Absonderung erkrankter Tiere, regelmäßige Klauenkorrektur (Ausschneiden der Klauen), regelmäßige Klauenbäder, systemische Antibiose, Impfschutz, Resistenzzucht, Meidung von Triebwegen und Weiden anderer Herden, Aufschotterung, Trockenlegung oder Auszäunung häufig benutzter nasser Stellen (z. B. in Stallnähe) sowie mehrwöchige Quarantäne und Isolierung zugekaufter Tiere. Neu hinzugekaufte Tiere sollten vorsorglich mehrmals mit dem oben beschriebenen Klauenbad behandelt werden.

Tierschutzaspekte
Die Moderhinke ist eine tierschutzrelevante Erkrankung, denn sie ist für die betroffenen Tiere stets mit erheblichen Schmerzen, Leiden und Schäden verbunden. Die dabei auftretende entzündungsbedingte Reizung, degenerative Umbildung und Schädigung der besonders schmerzempfindlichen Klauenlederhaut (verbunden mit dem Eiterungsprozess und der Ablösung des Horns) verursacht bei jedem Schritt hochgradige Schmerzen und infolgedessen Lahmheit. Wie oben beschrieben knien speziell die an den Vordergliedmaßen erkrankten Schafe auf den Karpalgelenken der Vorderläufe, um die Klauen von den Schmerzen zu entlasten. Dies kennzeichnet bereits ein fortgeschrittenes Stadium der Erkrankung, so dass die entzündungsbedingten Schmerzen schon länger bestehen, und ist in hohem Maße tierschutzrelevant. Beim weiteren Fortschreiten der Moderhinkeerkrankung bewegen sich die betroffenen Schafe vorwärts, indem sie schmerzbedingt kniend auf den Gelenken der Vorderläufe vorwärtsrutschen.

Da die Moderhinke in einer Herde wochen- und monatelang erhebliche Leiden und Schmerzen verursacht, ist beim Auftreten der Erkrankung ein passives, untätiges Abwarten nicht mit § 2 Tierschutzgesetz vereinbar.

Auch wenn keine aktive Quälerei durchgeführt wird, erfüllt ein Schafhalter, der die moderhinkebedingten Schmerzen und Leiden seiner Tiere über einen längeren Zeitraum passiv bewusst in Kauf nimmt, nach § 17 Nr. 2b Tierschutzgesetz den Tatbestand einer Straftat (Leidenszufügungen bzw. Quälerei durch garantenpflichtwidriges Unterlassen). Das Unterlassen der Hilfeleistung durch den Tierhalter reicht hier für eine Strafbarkeit bereits aus, da er eine Garantenpflicht für das Wohl der Tiere hat. Das Mittreiben der an Moderhinke erkrankten, lahmenden Schafe mit der wandernden Herde verstärkt zusätzlich die starken Schmerzen der betroffenen Tiere. Hier handelt es sich um strafbare Verstöße gegen § 17 Nr. 2b Tierschutzgesetz durch aktives, quälerisches Zufügen von Schmerzen. Bei im Freien gehaltenen Wanderherden sind daher die lahmen Tiere aus der Herde herauszunehmen und bis zur Heilung separat an einem geeigneten Ort zu pferchen.

Aus tierschutzrechtlichen und aus wirtschaftlichen Gründen ist bei Moderhinkebefall eine Bestandssanierung der Herde erforderlich, da andernfalls die hochinfektiöse Erkrankung permanent über den Boden auf die bisher gesunden Tiere durch Ansteckung übertragen wird und immer neue Tiere in tierschutzrelevanter Weise erkranken.

Literatur
 Behrens, Heinrich: Tierschutzprobleme in der Schafhaltung. In: Deutsche Tierärztliche Wochenschrift. Jahrgang 98, 1991, Heft 1, , S. 26–28, hier S. 27.
 Behrens, Heinrich, Ganter, Martin, Hiepe, Theodor: Lehrbuch der Schafkrankheiten. 4. Auflage. Parey Buchverlag, Berlin 2001, ISBN 3-8263-3186-9, S. 234–237.
 Empfehlungen für die ganzjährige und saisonale Weidehaltung von Schafen. Hrsg. vom Tierschutzdienst Niedersachsen. 3. Auflage 2009, darin Anlage 6: Behandlungshinweise Moderhinke und Anlage 7: Klauenbäder, S. 66–69 (PDF-Datei; 3,4 MB).
 Ganter, Martin, Lottner, Sophia: Klauenkrankheiten IV – Moderhinke konsequent und erfolgreich sanieren. In: Deutsche Schafzucht. Jahrgang 2004, Heft 21, , S. 4–8.
 Ganter, Martin, Winkelmann, Johannes: Farbatlas Schaf- und Ziegenkrankheiten. Eugen Ulmer Verlag, Stuttgart 2008, ISBN 978-3-8001-5380-0, S. 97–100.
 Deborah Greber: Moderhinke beim Schaf – neue Ansätze zur Sanierung. In: veterinär spiegel Band 27, 2017, Heft 3, S. 114–118, DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-116456
 Korn, Stanislaus von: Schafe in Koppel- und Hütehaltung. Eugen Ulmer Verlag, Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3197-8, S. 184–185.
 Kümper, Harald, Stumpf, Hans-Joachim: Moderhinke – Ein Tierschutzproblem. In: Amtstierärztlicher Dienst und Lebensmittelkontrolle. Jahrgang 7, 2000, , S. 289–291.
 Kümper, Harald, Stumpf, Hans-Joachim: Moderhinke als Tierschutzproblem. In: Hartwig Bostedt (Hrsg.): 7. Tagung über Schaf- und Ziegenkrankheiten der Fachgruppe Krankheiten der Kleinen Wiederkäuer, Gießen 12. Mai 2000. Deutsche Veterinärmedizinische Gesellschaft, Gießen 2002, ISBN 3-935747-07-1, S. 1–5 (zu den veterinärmedizinischen, tierschutzrechtlichen und strafrechtlichen Aspekten der Moderhinke auf der Basis mehrerer Gerichtsurteile).
 Kümper, Harald: Moderhinke bei Schafen und Ziegen. In: Veterinär-Spiegel 2008, , Heft 3, S. 161–166.
 Kuhlemann, Jaana: Epidemiologie und Bekämpfung der Moderhinke auf regionaler Ebene. Diss. Hannover 2011 (PDF-Datei; 2,6 MB).
 Lottner, Sophia: Felduntersuchung zur Bekämpfung der Moderhinke bei Schafen mittels Vakzinen und genetischer Marker. Diss. Hannover 2006 (PDF-Datei; 1,3 MB).
 Schlolaut, Wolfgang, Wachendörfer, Günter: Handbuch Schafhaltung. 5. Auflage. DLG-Verlag, Frankfurt (Main) 1992, ISBN 3-7690-0492-2, S. 286–288.
 Strobel, Heinz: Klauenpflege Schaf und Ziege. Grundlagen, Praxis, Moderhinke. Eugen Ulmer Verlag, Stuttgart 2009, ISBN 978-3-8001-5851-5, S. 95–138.
 Technische Weisungen für das Moderhinke-Sanierungsprogramm des Schweizer Beratungs- und Gesundheitsdienstes für Kleinwiederkäuer (BGK), Fassung vom 1. Januar 2010 (PDF-Datei; 0,1 MB).
 Winter, Agnes: Lameness in sheep. Crowood Press, Ramsbury, Marlborough 2004, ISBN 1-86126-721-5.

Weblinks
 Moderhinke und weitere typische Tierschutzdefizite in der Schafhaltung

Einzelnachweise

Bakterielle Infektionskrankheit bei Wiederkäuern


From the inception of the idea for this blog, I desired written contributions of others to be included. Before this issue the main content for general articles and features were the thoughts of individuals other than myself. I do not have a problem voicing my opinion or my ideas, however, I wanted to ensure that via this vehicle other opinions are shared. As fate would have it, this issue will contain much of my voice with a sprinkling of others for flavoring.
During March designated as Women's History Month the theme is 'HER' and just as the months prior it is with a twist. Looking at a topic directly can be boring and bland and that is one thing that I never want associated with 'PaisleyPerspective'. Therefore after reading this issue get some inspiration from the females in your world and write to submit content for the next issue. My belief is that if we all contribute our voice 'PaisleyPerspective' can be its best.
This issue is filled with poems focused on women and articles that give an insight into my world. Our successes and failures are often dictated by our state of mind, what we believe is possible or impossible. Above all we are only as good as our own best selves, which is often determined by our life circumstances. In the feature you will read about how sharing space with those who inspire can assist in propelling us to work and inspire others. Before getting to the feature you will be given a feast of poetic verse from new and established voices.
Finally, I have indicated that this issue is primarily filled with my voice, which is not done by choice but necessity. It is ultimately my goal to have submissions that will fill the issue with other voices. However, I will always be waiting and ready to give my own PaisleyPerspective, sharing my opinions and ideas.


Have you been feeling sad a lot lately, can't seem to shake the blues? Do you know someone who has changed in some way, like no energy, lack of concentration, libido decreased? Would you like to feel better? Get relief and understanding in this class. In this class we will explore the faces of depression. How do the mental health professionals determine if we are sad or are experiencing a Major Depressive Disorder episode? AND what do we do then? Are we stuck being sad for life, can we change the way we are feeling? Do we have to take medication to make it all better? What can we do to be the real US again.
Feeling sad, low energy, low libido, irritable can indicate you are experiencing an episode of Major Depressive Disorder. Notice the diagnosis is "disorder" this is not a mental Illness that is untreatable and maintained only with medication. It is a disorder and like physical flu can go away.
In this class we will be discussing Adult Depression. Depression presents itself differently in teens and children. Dysthymia is a depression that is milder than Major Depression and lasts for at least two years. Bipolar Disorder is also a Mood Disorder that usually includes Depression. In this class I want to explore Depression that is not dysthymia or bipolar disorder. This class offers a printable check list to determine if your sad is deep enough to be diagnosed as a Major Depressive Disorder Episode.
Communication can be the most important aspect of any relationship. Communication is the key to letting others know how we feel and what we need. We communicate in many ways. Our body language and our walk can communicate who we are, how we are feeling, and the condition of our health. Our eyes communicate feelings and opinions. Even sighs and groans communicate. The way we touch, or do not touch, tells others about us. Our words are not the only communication tools we use.
We will address how to learn to use our words in order to communicate in a way others can hear. We will also learn to communicate in a way that will allow us to feel heard. In an assertive way that gets our needs and wishes heard and perhaps met in a healthy way that will enhance your relationship and bring you closer together. Remember, you may agree to disagree, there is no wrong, just right and right. You can experience the same event and have a totally different memory of the event. Not right and wrong but different.
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A relationship help class to revitalize your marriage or relationship right into hot monogamy. Find your soul mate in your very own home. This class is designed for a couple to experience together. You will learn effective communication, fair fighting, and how to deepen your emotional intimacy. Your relationship will revitalize into HOT monogamy. Find your soul mate in your very own home with this relationship help course. Get the love you deserve.
If we ignore pleasure, we are not fully developed emotionally. Pleasure is a wonderful ingredient in a healthy relationship. Today we sometimes get the message, "men give pleasure and women receive." Some men don't give themselves permission to receive pleasure. When they do, their relationship deepens and becomes more intimate and solid.
1. Talking, sharing from the heart, and even working through issues together can increase our emotional intimacy.
2. Breathe together: Take time to BE together. Notice each other's breath. Close out the hectic/everyday world and just be with each other.
3. Heart salute: Sharing what pleases you about your partner.
4. Four hour pleasure homework: THE BEST PART.
This class will give you tools to express your anger in a healthy manner. Real time tested effective anger management methods to keep your cool. Communicate effectively, stay calm, lower stress, lower anxiety, keep your power feelings, and stay out of trouble.


Three hometown heroes recently collected some impressive honors. Baseball standout Jordan Patterson was selected for a minor league baseball all-star team, while prep stars Sean Collins and Lacey Sumerlin have been named among the state's top athletes.
● USA didn't have to look far to sign one of the nation's best high school track athletes. The Jaguars only had to drive down Old Shell Road to McGill-Toolen Catholic High School to find Sean Collins.
The 2014-15 Gatorade Alabama Boys Track and Field Athlete of the Year will bring his high-flying act to USA after signing a scholarship. The statewide honor not only recognizes his athletic excellence, but also his academic achievements (3.66 GPA). He has volunteered on behalf of St. Mary's Home, which assists children who have been abused, neglected or abandoned.
The 5-foot-9, 150-pound Collins is now eligible for the national Gatorade award. He stands a good chance, thanks to his 17-foot, 3.25-inch effort in April at the Mobile Challenge of Champions. This was a state record and the fifth best in the United States. Collins recorded a 17-foot vault in May to win the Class 7A state title.
The pole vault is not his only event. At the state meet, he compiled 6,103 points to finish second in the decathlon. He was just 57 points behind teammate Chris Taylor, who has also signed with USA.
During the indoor season, Collins reached a height of 16 feet, 6.5 inches, the seventh-best in the nation. He also won the state indoor title in February.
"Sean is an outstanding competitor," USA track coach Paul Brueske said. "He's a local guy. I've known the family for many years; and his brother, Charles, is a junior javelin thrower for us. We're real excited about having him stay in town and help us win a Sun Belt Conference championship.
"We believe Sean can help us continue to grow as a program, and that having him on the team is going to help us attract more top-flight student-athletes, which will allow us to build the program into a perpetual contender every year for a conference title," Brueske added.
● Lacey Sumerlin led Baker to the Class 7A state girls softball title and a 50-6-1 record last season, earning the 2014-15 Gatorade Alabama Softball Player of the Year honor.
The 5-foot-11 shortstop and right-handed pitcher was a team leader for the Honeybees. She compiled a .435 batting average, with 12 home runs and 68 runs batted in. On the mound, she was 22-1 with a 1.35 earned run average. A first-team all-state selection and the Coastal Alabama Player of the Year, she picked up 16 doubles, five triples, 30 stolen bases and 71 runs scored.
In the classroom, Sumerlin maintained a 3.89 GPA. She volunteers locally on behalf of nursing home and youth sports programs.
Sumerlin will carry her skills into the Southeastern Conference next year, having signed a scholarship with the University of Georgia.
● Local sports fans have followed Patterson's career for quite some time. He lettered four seasons in baseball, basketball and football with the Baker Hornets.
The 6-foot-4, 215-pound slugger stayed close to home to play for the University of South Alabama (USA). He continued to shine for the Jaguars as the Sun Belt Conference Player of the Year in 2013, and went on to be a Colorado fourth-round draft pick.
Patterson just finished the first half of this season with the Modesto Nuts, the Class Advanced A affiliate of the Rockies. He leads the California League in triples (10), is fourth in slugging percentage (.568), fifth in batting average (.314), plus sixth in runs scored (48), doubles (20) and on-base percentage (.387).
Patterson was named Player of the Month in the South Atlantic League last season as a member of the Asheville Tourists. He was promoted to Modesto before the start of this year.
Read an extended interview with Patterson in this week's feature by Tommy Hicks.
● USA has announced it will play a football team from the Pac 12 Conference for the first time. The Jaguars will travel to the historic Rose Bowl stadium to play UCLA on Sept. 17, 2022.
This will be the fourth California school USA has faced. The Jags played UC-Davis in 2010 and Cal Poly in 2011, and will face San Diego State the next two seasons.
Head coach Joey Jones continues to take on teams from power conferences. USA has already played Mississippi State, South Carolina, Tennessee and North Carolina State. They will travel to Nebraska on Sept. 12, and have future dates with Oklahoma State, LSU and Ole Miss.
● There have been several staff changes at local colleges.
Matt Luther has been named the women's golf coach at USA. He has spent the last two seasons as assistant coach at Oklahoma, which included a fourth-place finish at the NCAA Championships. A former club professional, he was head coach of the men's and women's teams at St. Thomas College in Texas.
Spring Hill College has announced two administrative staff changes. Craig Kennedy has been hired full-time as Compliance Coordinator while Badger softball head coach Alison Sellers-Cook has been promoted to assistant athletic director/senior woman administrator.
After spending two seasons as a graduate assistant on the USA soccer program, Jo Chubb has been promoted to assistant coach for the 2015 seasons. A former North Alabama star, Chubb helped guide the last two Sun Belt Conference freshmen and offensive players of the year.


To start off play in the Future's League the Lake Mary Cudas (4-4) traveled to Sanford Memorial Stadium to play the red hot Sanford Monarchs (5-4). The game was a low scoring affair as both teams starting pitchers were dominate to at the beginning of the game as both teams were held scoreless through 4 innings. The first run of the game was pushed across by the Cudas in the top of the fifth inning Jason Jucker (Brevard College) drove in Dexter Martin (FAMU), on a two out RBI single. The Monarchs were able to push across a run in the bottom of the sixth after a Britt Crawford (University of West Florida) two out RBI single tied things up. A late RBI double by Zack Swift (Concordia University Wisconsin) gave the Monarchs a 2-1 lead in the eighth inning that they never gave back. Both starting pitchers were brilliant in tonights game, Kevin Ortiz struck out 8 in 6 innings, while only allowing one run in a losing effort for the Cudas. Gabriel Servi threw 7 innings only allowing 1 run and striking out 7 which helped push the Monarchs win streak to 5 games.
The first place Winter Park Freedom (5-3) visited the Winter Garden Tangelos (3-6) in the second Monday game in the Future's league. Scoring happened early and often for the Freedom as they put up 4 runs in the first 2 innings. Winter Garden responded in the bottom of the fourth inning putting up 4 runs to tie the game up. As the scoring continued the game entered the top of the ninth with a score of 8-6 with the Freedom leading. The top of the ninth is where things started to unravel as the Freedom put up 7 runs to take a 15-6 to secure the win. Harry Storch III (Lawrence Technological University) finished 3-5 in the win for the Freedom.
The red hot Sanford Monarchs take their 5 game win streak to the Winter Park to play the Freedom. The Monarchs strike first putting up a run in the top of the first coming off leadoff double by Harrison Keslar (Mars Hill University). Sanford put up 3 more runs in the top of the fourth inning as Matt Levenson (Winthrop University) drove in 2 with a single. The Freedom answered back in the bottom of the frame with 3 runs of their own as Wade Cuda (Stetson University) hit a 2 out RBI triple to clear the bases. A Zack Johnson (Robert Morris University) solo home run in the top of the sixth pushed the lead to 5-3 for the Monarchs. The Monarchs continued to push across runs as 3 total runs were put across in the seventh and the eighth inning. Winter Park's comeback was cut short as they scored two runs in the bottom of the ninth inning making the final score 8-5. Matt Levenson finished 3 for 4 with 3 RBIs for the Monarchs. Despite the loss Wade Cuda finished 3 for 4 with 4 RBIs for the Freedom. This win extends the Monarchs win streak to 6 games and moves them into first.


text:
Q: Why no text colors after using CreateFile("CONOUT$" ...) to redirect the console back to the active screen buffer? I had an old app based off of this setup (but more advanced): https://stackoverflow.com/a/33441726/1236397
Basically, it runs, processes stuff, and closes, and only opens a window if it needs to (runs via another application).  Since porting this to Visual Studio 2017 on Windows 10 the output window failed to work. After a bit more investigation it appears the issue was related to the standard output being redirected for non-console applications (output type must be "Windows Application" to initially hide all windows).  In this scenario, while debugging, there is no text output, which requires resetting the redirected output. This is done using CreateFile("CONOUT$", ...) to get and redirect the console back to the display buffer output.
[DllImport("kernel32.dll", CharSet = CharSet.Auto)] //, EntryPoint = "CreateFileW", SetLastError = true, CharSet = CharSet.Auto, CallingConvention = CallingConvention.StdCall
private static extern IntPtr CreateFileW(
      string lpFileName,
      UInt32 dwDesiredAccess,
      UInt32 dwShareMode,
      IntPtr lpSecurityAttributes,
      UInt32 dwCreationDisposition,
      UInt32 dwFlagsAndAttributes,
      IntPtr hTemplateFile
     );

const UInt32 GENERIC_WRITE = 0x40000000;
const UInt32 GENERIC_READ = 0x80000000;
const UInt32 OPEN_EXISTING = 0x00000003;

const int STD_INPUT_HANDLE = -10;
const int STD_OUTPUT_HANDLE = -11;
const int STD_ERROR_HANDLE = -12;

var outFile = CreateFileW("CONOUT$", GENERIC_WRITE, FILE_SHARE_WRITE, IntPtr.Zero, OPEN_EXISTING, /*FILE_ATTRIBUTE_NORMAL*/0, IntPtr.Zero);
var safeHandle = new SafeFileHandle(outFile, true);
SetStdHandle(STD_OUTPUT_HANDLE, outFile);
var fs = new FileStream(safeHandle, FileAccess.Write);
var writer = new StreamWriter(fs) { AutoFlush = true };
Console.SetOut(writer);

This works; however, there is no color support.  How can colors be enabled?

A: As it turns out, after much digging, it seems there's a mode that does not get set when the application runs in  "Windows Application" mode:
ENABLE_VIRTUAL_TERMINAL_INPUT (doc)
This is how to set it:
if (GetConsoleMode(outFile, out var cMode))
    SetConsoleMode(outFile, cMode | ENABLE_VIRTUAL_TERMINAL_INPUT);

However, it still would not work, and this is where my issue was.  That if statement will ALWAYS fail because only GENERIC_WRITE was specified for CreateFileW()!  Turns out GENERIC_READ ALSO needs to be set, otherwise, you cannot read the current mode. The CreateFileW line should be this:
var outFile = CreateFileW("CONOUT$", GENERIC_WRITE | GENERIC_READ, FILE_SHARE_WRITE, IntPtr.Zero, OPEN_EXISTING, /*FILE_ATTRIBUTE_NORMAL*/0, IntPtr.Zero);

My final code is different from this, but I wrapped up an example here for others if needed:
var outFile = CreateFileW("CONOUT$", GENERIC_WRITE | GENERIC_READ, FILE_SHARE_WRITE, IntPtr.Zero, OPEN_EXISTING, /*FILE_ATTRIBUTE_NORMAL*/0, IntPtr.Zero);
var safeHandle = new SafeFileHandle(outFile, true);
SetStdHandle(STD_OUTPUT_HANDLE, outFile);
var fs = new FileStream(safeHandle, FileAccess.Write);
var writer = new StreamWriter(fs) { AutoFlush = true };
Console.SetOut(writer);
if (GetConsoleMode(outFile, out var cMode))
    SetConsoleMode(outFile, cMode | ENABLE_VIRTUAL_TERMINAL_INPUT);

A lot of time was wasted trying to figure this out from info scattered everywhere, so I hope this helps save someone else time. ;)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
SPACE for Gosforth
Gosforth High Street
Breathe – In the City
This is the second of four SPACE for Gosforth blogs that together make up our response to the Council's Clean Air consultation.
Our first blog set out our review of the Council's proposed measures including a charging clean air zone and an alternative approach made up of a lower emission zone where non-compliant vehicles are banned and there are tolls on the city centre bridge.
In this blog we propose measures for the city as a whole and specifically for the City Centre Air Quality Management Area (AQMA).
The approach we have taken is to adapt the Council's proposals with the aim of reducing exposure to pollution and achieving compliance with limits as quickly as possible. As we said in our review of the Council's proposals, we do not believe the proposals as presented meet this legal requirement.
We have also prioritised, where possible, engineering measures rather than charging. These are similar to the city of Ghent's circulation plan, which led to a 20% improvement in air quality and has also been shown to be beneficial for the city's economy.
Other measures are based on our review of what works to reduce air pollution.
SPACE for Gosforth response to the Council's Clean Air consultation: Part 2
Re: Achieving compliance with legal limits for nitrogen dioxide
In this response, SPACE for Gosforth has completed a comprehensive review of the Council's proposals. We propose additional measures, using local knowledge and the best evidence available to us, to assist the Council in meeting its objectives. These measures include:
A variant of the Council's proposed LEZ and tolls
A wider Clean Air Zone covering the area between the Metro line in the north and the Tyne
Specific measures in the city centre and Gosforth to reduce traffic and enable alternatives
Measures that can be implemented quickly to reduce exposure prior to the implementation of a CAZ or LEZ
Suggestions for management of the implementation to make compliance by 2021 the most likely outcome
Where possible we have tried to avoid charging, but also recognise that measures not supported by some sort of restriction or financial incentive are unlikely to be effective.
We believe the SPACE for Gosforth proposals would be likely to achieve compliance by 2021, and would reduce exposure more quickly than the measures proposed by the Council.
SPACE for Gosforth proposals to meet air quality limits
The plans proposed by the Council have a number of issues that need addressing:
Not achieving compliance until 2023, where the requirement is to be compliant as soon as possible.
Issues relating to the CAZ / LEZ boundary including traffic diverted onto residential streets.
Optimism bias in the modelling, in particular in relation to bus, HGV and taxi compliance.
Potential adverse consequences as a result of the charge level required for a CAZ D to achieve air quality limits.
A risk, for the LEZ scenario, that measures will not meet limits or reduce exposure sufficiently quickly on Gosforth High Street and the Coast Road.
A risk that diverted traffic will increase pollution in areas bordering the CAZ / LEZ.
Issues with fairness, in that all diesel and petrol vehicles pollute but that the measures don't reflect that or the level to which they pollute.
A lack of measures to reduce exposure quickly in advance of a CAZ or LEZ being implemented.
SPACE for Gosforth wishes to propose measures to address these issues, which we believe could achieve full compliance in 2021. On that basis, we don't believe it would be lawful for the Council to propose a plan where compliance would only be achieved in 2022 or 2023.
For convenience, we have grouped these measures into those that affect the city as a whole (listed below), those affecting Newcastle City Centre (in section 6) and those affecting the Gosforth AQMA (in section 7). We have selected measures as far as possible based on our review of evidence for what types of measure will be effective (see Appendix B).
Many of the measures can be implemented very quickly to reduce exposure prior to the compliance date. In section 10 we have set out some proposals for implementation and monitoring. To save time we suggest, where possible, that measures are initially implemented on a temporary basis then adjusted as the actual impact becomes know, rather than relying on further time-consuming and potentially inaccurate modelling.
What we are unable to do, without having the resources available to us that the Council has, is to optimise the plan for cost to meet the Government's value for money test. So, while we are reasonably confident of the overall effect, it might be possible to achieve the same outcomes for a lower cost.
Measures proposed citywide are as follows. Target dates are estimates based on what we have seen in other cities and are set to be challenging but achievable if the Council and Government do not introduce any further delays and work to implement measures starts as quickly as possible.
Citywide Measures and Target dates for completion
A01 Public information about and better enforcement of anti- idling laws. Share messages about air quality via variable message signs to encourage people to walk, cycle or take public transport. By 09/2019
A02 High frequency bus route branding introduced to be similar to the Metro as a way of attracting new people to use the bus. To apply to routes with 5 or 10 minute frequency. By 11/2019
A03 Implement emissions-based charging for use of the Haymarket bus station in advance of A06 below. By 01/2020
A04 Implement a taxi exemption scheme that give registered taxis access to through routes in the city centre where drivers have given a commitment to no idling, have completed low-emission driving training and support air quality monitoring set out in measure D08. Such a scheme could also include commitments not to exceed speed limits, no pavement parking and cycle awareness training. By 01/2020
A05 Retrofit bus engines to be EURO VI compliant for all buses that pass through the CAZ B in A06 below. This will result in lower emissions per bus.
Our expectation is that this will only be achieved in the shortest possible timescales if Government commits funding. By 08/2020
A06 Implement a CAZ B for buses, coaches, HGVs and taxis with area bounded by The Tyne, the A1, the Metro line and the A19, and also including Garden Village. We believe this is likely to be sufficient alongside other measures proposed but if not the Council could consider making this a CAZ C or CAZ D. By 08/2020
A07 Implement toll charges on the Tyne Bridge, Redheugh Bridge and the Swing Bridge as per the Council's proposal. Toll prices set to achieve compliance in first full calendar year. By 08/2020
A08 LEZ for buses, coaches, HGVs and taxis but covering the Urban Core (Newcastle city centre and Spital Tongues) rather than the Council's proposal. By 12/2020
The CAZ B (measure A06) and LEZ (measure A08) areas are shown in Figure 3 below. These areas are defined in accordance with the good practice set out in the Government's Air Quality Plan (Annex F).
Figure 3 – SPACE for Gosforth proposals for a CAZ B / LEZ
The CAZ B boundary is the smallest area that meets the Government's criteria for boundaries and includes within it both the Gosforth and city centre AQMAs. Further measures to apply inside the LEZ are set out in section 6 including the removal of through traffic (other than buses and taxis) and the application of a 20mph speed limit.
As well as resolving issues relating to the boundary of the LEZ / CAZ this also mitigates the risk that areas outside the zone will see increased pollution and will help to achieve limits on Gosforth High Street, at Haddricks Mill and along the Coast Road.
The Council's Strategic Case explains that the 'Outer' CAZ, which covered the same area as the CAZ B above plus North Gosforth, Forest Hall, Killingworth and part of Gateshead, was unlikely to lead to air quality compliance by itself. The Council does not explain which areas specifically remained above the limit in its modelling but our expectation is that the Tyne bridges and CME were likely to be the main locations because of the high traffic volumes. For that reason we believe bridge tolls will also be required.
In ClientEarth v Secretary of State for the Environment Food and Rural Affairs (Case No: CO/1508/2016), the Government's QC explained that charges would be set at a level to ensure compliance. While we are unable to judge what that level should be we can propose a structure that might better reflect the impact on air quality of each vehicle using the bridges.
With this approach, vehicles would have to be registered with the Council's payment system to receive any of the discounts. The example charges are set so that lower emission vehicles pay less, but also recognising that even electric vehicles are the source of some emissions through brake and tyre wear.
Different charges might apply for HGVs, buses and coaches. For taxis we suggest a small discount for taxis signed up to the exemption scheme described above. Given taxis pollute just as much if not more than a private vehicle we don't see any reason for a complete exemption.
Additional measures for the City Centre AQMA
The measures set out above address a number of the sources of air pollution in the city centre. Specifically:
Cleaner buses will help address air pollution in most city centre locations but especially around Percy Street, John Dobson Street, Market Street, New Bridge Street and Grainger Street.
The bridge tolls will reduce traffic levels on the main roads around the city centre and may reduce traffic heading into the city. That might reappear though in the form of other traffic heading into the city from the north, west or east.
Cleaner taxis will help, especially around Central Station.
That still leaves a number of locations, including Percy Street and the Central Station where the Council's modelling said even a £12.50 daily charge on older private vehicles would not achieve air quality limits. Additional measures are therefore required for these locations.
Figure 4 sets out the main measures we are proposing including the introduction of a consistent 20mph speed limit everywhere within the urban core area (marked by the updated LEZ boundary), a 40mph limit on the Central Motorway, removing through-routes for private vehicles and specific abatement including at Haymarket and by Swan House roundabout.
To determine what approach to use, we have considered what types of traffic are present in each location and what priority should be placed on each. For Percy Street, for example, traffic will mainly be a mix of:
Service vehicles and deliveries to Eldon Square
Private vehicles parking in Eldon Square and Eldon Gardens car park
Click and collect traffic
Private cars travelling through north-bound but not stopping
Air quality measures will not be effective if their effect only changes the mix of traffic rather than to reduce overall traffic levels. For example, if through traffic is stopped but is replaced by vehicles queuing to park, that might actually increase pollution levels overall.
We have also drawn out a basic cycle network structure as a starting point that can be built on when future funding becomes available. This is to ensure that cycling into the city is possible via traffic-free routes from all directions, and that it is possible to access destinations around the city once there. Additional routes to Science Central and the west of the city will also need to be provided.
Figure 4 – SPACE for Gosforth proposals for the City Centre AQMA
A large part of the traffic across the city centre is there to visit rather than to pass through. Asking non- stopping traffic to use the ring road instead (Council policy UC9) is not unreasonable and will help reduce traffic levels and pollution inside the ring road. It is also low cost, quick to implement and will reduce traffic queues and potentially create space for wider pavements or cycle facilities.
Measures also need to be considered for visiting traffic, so that it doesn't grow to take the space vacated by through-traffic. This can be managed through the use of parking restrictions and fees. The right level for parking charges would have to be determined but this is something that can be monitored monthly with tweaks made at relatively short notice to ensure compliance with air quality limits.
Pricing on-street parking to encourage people to use the major car parks can reduce traffic circulating to look for on-street parking spaces. Best practice suggests that pricing should aim to have at least 20% of on- street spaces free at any given time so that people who need it can easily find a space to park.
More details of the SPACE for Gosforth proposals for the city centre are included in the table below. Most urgently we are asking the Council to revisit the Percy Street proposals that are designed to enable large volumes of through traffic, and where people cycling are expected to share the road with cars, buses and lorries.
B01 Pause and review Percy Street plans. Re-plan based on lower vehicle volumes and look for opportunities to improve facilities for active travel (walking and cycling). By 06/2019
B02 Monthly Clean Air Days – Blackett St in 2019 prior to full bus loop implementation (measure B10). By 08/2019
B03 Remove on-street parking on Grey Street. By 09/2019
B04 Ban the use of portable diesel generators within the City Centre AQMA. By 09/2019
B05 Increase parking charges at Eldon Square / Eldon Garden car parks, including Alive After 5, set to a level so there is no queuing and air quality limits are met. By 10/2019
B06 Any remaining on-street parking charges set to target 20% spaces being free at peak times, to reduce circulation looking for spaces. Fees should be higher than for off-street parking to encourage people to use main car parks. By 10/2019
B07 Install hedges to reduce exposure, especially at Haymarket, Central station, the Swan house roundabout and Coast Road. By 10/2019
B08 Remove through traffic from the Urban Core as per Council Policy UC9, with exemptions for buses. Suggested locations are marked on figure 4. By 01/2020
B09 Taxi exemptions from measure B08 for EURO VI compliant taxis that also commit to and comply with a new Taxi Driving quality standard described in measure A04. By 01/2020
B10 Implement the City Centre "bus loop" to remove all traffic from Blackett Street (except cycles). By 01/2020
B11 A new free-to-use city centre low/zero-emission shuttle bus connecting key locations but especially Central Station, Haymarket Bus Station and the RVI. By 01/2020
B12 Implement a taxi ban on Grainger Street. By01/2020
B13 All roads within the Urban Core set to 20mph. By 01/2020
B14 Lower the speed limit on the Central Motorway to 40mph. By 01/2020
B15 Cycling improvements especially to connect with the Tyne Bridge, Quayside and roads west of the city, and to improve access to Central Station. Initially, for speed of implementation, these can be completed with temporary 'bolt-down' kerbs to give protection from traffic. By 03/2020
These proposals should be positive for buses, taxis and cycling:
For buses, less traffic should mean fewer delays in the city centre. Increased parking fees and the bridge tolls also make buses more attractive compared to private vehicles so should encourage greater use.
Taxis also benefit from reduced traffic in the city centre. In section 6 we set out an idea for an 'exemption scheme' for taxis and would suggest that any taxis registered with this scheme would also be able to use new bus gates that enforce the new measures B08. The quid pro quo is that taxis would no longer be able to access Grainger Street in order to improve air quality there.
Safer better-connected cycle routes will help access major destinations within the city. These will need to be linked to a good quality citywide network so people can make their whole journey in safety.
People who wish to use private vehicles may in future have to pay a little more for the privilege but in return will get a better experience because it will be easier to find a parking space with shorter queues to enter car parks. The free city centre bus shuttles, similar to those implemented in Manchester, will mean quicker access from car parks to locations across the city rather than having to drive around the city to a car park on the far side. The city environment when they get there will also be improved by having less traffic; not least the air quality will be better.
This may also interest you...
2018 – 10 years of the Gosforth and City Centre AQMAs
Air Quality – What Works?
NO2 Air Pollution
Fixing Air Pollution – at a Snail's Pace
Join SPACE for Gosforth
This entry was posted in Air quality, Consultation and tagged Breathe Clean Air, Bridge Tolls, CAZ, council consultation, LEZ, Road Charging on August 10, 2019 by SPACE for Gosforth.
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1 thought on "Breathe – In the City"
Stephen Brown August 11, 2019 at 10:05 am
Thanks for the blog.There are a lot of worthwhile ideas and proposals within it.
Follow @space4gosforth
@space4gosforth
RT @welovesalters: Being used by residents and also people from the surrounding areas. That's the kind of cut through traffic we love to se…
RT @welovesalters: Residential street successfully reclaimed by people. It's amazing what happens when the cut through traffic is stopped.…
.@NewcastleLabour might be of interest https://t.co/iAKGvWtW9l
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text:
Re-Arming the Royal Solomon Islands Police (RSIP)
By Frank Short from Bangkok
Monday, 29 December 2008 08:11 AM
Solomon Times Online
The question of re-arming the Royal Solomon Islands Police (RSIP) continues to capture public attention in the Solomons since my own comments on the subject in your online publication some weeks ago.
In a letter to the Editor of the Solomon Star newspaper on 23 December 2008, Honiara's Andrew Radclyffe, in his usual deft manner, correctly quoted the provision in the Police Act which provides for the Commissioner of Police to authorise the issuing of fireams to the members of the force, but he also raised another interesting question. This is what he wrote -
"There have been a number of calls in recent times for the police to be re-armed.
It is worth recalling that police officers did not in fact carry arms on a day to day basis so those in favour of "re-arming" should make it clear what they mean.
The Police Act says that the police shall be entitled to carry arms for the performance of their duties but that no firearms shall be carried except with the authority of the Commissioner of Police given under and in accordance with the general or special directions of the Prime Minister acting in his discretion.
It is clear from the Act that it is intended that firearms not be carried as a matter of course but only when authorised by the Commissioner.
So far as I am aware that provision is still in force.
Do the supporters of firearms want those same rules to apply or do they want police officers to carry guns at all times?
Andrew Radclyffe"
On occasions when I, as the Commissioner of Police, authorized the carrying of arms in the past to the personnel responsible for the safety and personal protection of the Governor-General or the Prime Minister, or even during the early period of the ethnic violence when police officers were coming under constant armed attack when responding to serious criminal incidents, I insisted that such arms were kept concealed as far as possible and to guard against the slightest misuse of their arms. I quote from the order I issued at the time.
"It cannot be too strongly impressed upon all police officers how essential it is, not only to guard against the slightest misuse of their arms, but to observe the utmost forbearance that humanity and prudence can dictate, before incurring the moral as well as the legal responsibility of firing upon a person.
It should be constantly borne in mind that, however well justified a police officer may consider himself in firing, the act, whether it results in loss of life, or otherwise, may become the subject of investigation. A police officer must therefore be prepared to prove that he acted with humanity, caution and prudence, and that he was compelled by necessity alone to have recourse to firearms. At the same time he must not be deterred from doing what, in the circumstances in which he is placed, appears to be absolutely necessary, as a last resort, in the interests of law and order."
In the recent letter that I wrote to your online publication( on the same subject of re-arming the police), I cautioned about doing so until the members of the Royal Solomon Islands Police can be judged to be fully accountable and effectively managed. I said, also, that some of my officers had either neglectfully or willfully disobeyed my orders in the past. An example was the unauthorized issuing of arms to the police by the then Police Commander of the Central Islands Province which led to the fatal shooting of Ishmael Panda on Bungana Island by a police constable that had earlier been suspended from duty by myself for misconduct. The Police Commander was himself reprimanded following the tragedy and the police constable prosecuted and convicted of manslaughter.
On learning of the incursion of the group of militants on Bungana Island I had immediately instructed the then Assistant Commissioner of the National Reconnaissance and Surveillance Force (NRSF) not to deploy police personnel with arms and to use caution and patience in forcing the militants to surrender. I recall saying that time was on our side.
My personal view remains that the police should not carry arms as a matter of course, but less lethal methods of dealing with violent offenders should be investigated. There are numerous types of non-lethal weapons currently in wide use by overseas police services, some for self-protection and others for crowd and riot control. This position also reinforces my view that there are deeper issues behind some of the urban violence, vandalism and anti-social behaviour that has plaqued Honiara of late. The social conditions need addressing cautiously but positively to alleviate the causes of much criminal behaviour. A heavy handed police reaction could very well provoke an already troublesome trend and community driven policing policies perhaps need reinforcing.
Frank Short
Bangkok.
Disclaimer: The views and opinions expressed in this letter are those of Frank Short and do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of Solomon Times Online.


I've been metal stamping anything and everything!
I had my son do some washers a couple weeks ago...with a large punch set.
I got a smaller scriptier alphabet set and did some more!
Lots of washers...and other stainless steel things!
I did pennies the other day too!
These are fun for necklaces, keychains or as zipper pulls!
Aren't we thankful for close-ups!?
so amazing different nice creativity and idea i suggest just put it on selling some classified.
Hello...use a sharpie to color in the space, wipe it off with a tissue.