text:
Patent application title: METHOD OF DEPOSITING OXIDIZED CARBON-BASED MICROPARTICLES AND NANOPARTICLES
IPC8 Class: AH01G1136FI
Class name: Electricity: electrical systems and devices electrolytic systems or devices double layer electrolytic capacitor
A process for the deposition of nano/microparticles, including at least graphene sheets on a support, comprises the following steps: oxidizing at least the graphene sheets; suspending the nano/microparticles in at least one solution comprising at least water as solvent; spraying, by hydrodynamic instability, each suspension over the substrate; heating the substrate, during each spraying, so as to promote the complete evaporation of the solvent from each part of each suspension sprayed over the substrate at a temperature less than or equal to one and a half times the boiling point of each solution and less than or equal to 200.degree. C.; annealing the deposit after the spraying(s) at a temperature sufficient to deoxidize at least the oxidized graphene present in the deposit and greater than the temperature of the substrate during the deposition step.
1. A process for the deposition of nano/microparticles, including at least graphene sheets, on a substrate, comprising the following steps: oxidizing at least the said graphene sheets; suspending the said nano/microparticles in at least one solution comprising at least water as solvent; spraying, by hydrodynamic instability, each suspension over the said substrate; heating the said substrate, during each spraying, so as to promote the complete evaporation of the said solvent from each part of each said suspension sprayed over the said substrate at a temperature less than or equal to one and a half times the boiling point of each said solution and less than or equal to 200.degree. C.; annealing the said deposit after the said spraying(s) at a temperature sufficient to deoxidize at least the oxidized graphene present in the said deposit and greater than the temperature of the said substrate during the deposition step.
2. The deposition process according to claim 1, wherein the said nano/microparticles are suspended in one said solution, the said solvent of which is more than 95% by weight composed of water (H.sub.2O) and preferably more than 99% by weight composed of water.
3. The deposition process according to claim 1, wherein a plurality of said suspensions are simultaneously sprayed over the said substrate.
4. The deposition process according to claim 1, the said nano/microparticles of which are chosen from carbon nanotubes, carbon nanofibers, carbon nanorods, carbon nanohorns, carbon onions and a mixture of these nano/microparticles, wherein the said nano/microparticles are oxidized before spraying them and wherein the said deposit, after the said spraying, is annealed at a temperature sufficient to deoxidize the said nano/microparticles.
5. The process according to claim 1, wherein at least one said nano/microparticle is wet oxidized with at least one element chosen from sulphuric acid, phosphoric acid, sodium nitrate, nitric acid, potassium permanganate and hydrogen peroxide.
6. The deposition process according to one of claim 1, wherein a heating element brought into contact with a support heats the said substrate and each said part of said suspension sprayed over the said substrate.
7. The deposition process according to claim 1, wherein the said deposit is annealed at a temperature of between 200.degree. C. and 400.degree. C.
8. A process for the manufacture of an electrode comprising, in superimposition, a deposit of nano/microparticles and a substrate, the said substrate comprising a current collector, the said deposit of nano/microparticles being obtained by a process according to claim 1.
9. An electrode, the said deposit of nano/microparticles of which is capable of being obtained by a process according to claim 1.
10. The electrode according to claim 9, wherein the said deposit comprises at least graphene and a type of said nano/microparticles chosen from carbon nanotubes, carbon nanofibers, carbon nanorods, carbon nanohorns and carbon onions.
11. A supercapacitor comprising at least one said electrode according to claim 9.
[0001] The invention relates to components for the storage of energy, in particular capacitors. The capacitors concerned are also known as "supercapacitors", characterized by a greater energy density than that of dielectric capacitors and a higher power density than that of batteries.
[0002] Supercapacitors generally comprise two porous electrodes impregnated with an electrolyte (an ionic salt in generally organic solution, a quaternary ammonium salt, such as tetraethylammonium tetrafluoroborate in acetonitrile or propylene carbonate, for example). These electrodes are generally separated by an insulating and porous membrane which makes possible the circulation of the ions of the electrolyte.
[0003] The first supercapacitors, known as "EDLCs" (Electrochemical Double Layer Capacitators), are based on a principle equivalent to that of conventional capacitors with polarizable electrodes and an electrolyte acting as dielectric. Their capacity originates from the arrangement of a double layer of ions and of electrons at the electrolyte/electrode interface. Today, supercapacitors combine, for the storage of energy, a capacitive component resulting from the electrostatic arrangement of the ions close to the electrodes and a pseudocapacitive component due to oxidation/reduction reactions in the capacitor.
[0004] The electrostatic component of the storage of energy is produced by a nonhomogeneous distribution of the ions of the electrolyte in the vicinity of the surface of each electrode, under the effect of the difference in potential applied between the two electrodes. The electrostatic component of the storage of energy confers a potentially high specific power and a very good behaviour during the charging and discharging cycles.
[0005] Materials having a very high ratio of specific surface to volume, having a porosity suited to ion storage at this scale, have been developed in order to increase the capacity of supercapacitors. The methods for manufacturing these materials have been directed towards the use of fullerenes, carbon nanotubes, activated carbon, carbon nanofibers or CNFs and graphene, which are advantageously light, inexpensive and ecologically appropriate.
[0006] Supercapacitors might replace conventional capacitors for applications having a high energy demand, exhibiting in particular extreme temperatures, vibrations, high accelerations or a high salinity. In these environments, batteries may not operate without their lifetime being greatly restricted (these conditions apply to radars, to motor sports, to electrical avionics and to military applications, for example).
[0007] Supercapacitors can also be applied to systems which require energy peaks over short times, of the order of the minute, for phases of acceleration of vehicles in ground transportation (motor vehicles, tramways, buses, "stop and start" devices, in which energy is recovered during the deceleration).
[0008] Supercapacitors might also be useful for the management of electricity in onboard systems, for rendering electrical installations secure, for rendering the energy supply of sensitive systems secure (radio sets, monitoring systems, military field, data centre), in networks of self-contained sensors for applications in monitoring industrial, complex or sensitive sites (hospitals, avionics, offshore platform, oil prospecting, underwater applications) and finally in renewable energies (wind power, recovery of atmospheric electrical energy).
[0009] In order to make an industrial application possible, the energy density and the power of supercapacitors have to be optimized. Furthermore, the internal resistance of a supercapacitor is today too high and poorly controlled. The usual supercapacitors are composed of activated carbons with nonhomogeneous and nonoptimized distributions of the size of the pores and use a polymeric binder to ensure the mechanical strength of their structure. This binder increases the internal electrical resistance of the capacitor and disadvantageously increases its weight. The unsuitable porosity also produces a resistance to ion transfer within the active material.
[0010] The publication by Bondavalli, P., Delfaure, C., Legagneux, P. and Pribat, D., 2013, "Supercapacitor electrode based on mixtures of graphite and carbon nanotubes deposited using a dynamic air-brush deposition technique", Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 160(4), A601-A606, discloses a process for the deposition of graphene nano/microparticles and of carbon nanotubes by hydrodynamic spraying of a suspension over a support. This process makes it possible to manufacture supercapacitors achieving high energy and power densities, without use of a polymeric binder, but requires the use of toxic and polluting solvents, such as N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) in order to make possible the suspension of the nano/microparticles.
[0011] The publication by Youn, H. C., Bak, S. M., Park, S. H., Yoon, S. B., Roh, K. C. and Kim, K. B., 2014, "One-step preparation of reduced graphene oxide/carbon nanotube hybrid thin film by electrostatic spray deposition for supercapacitor applications", Metals and Materials International, 20(5), 975-981, discloses the use of graphene oxide and of oxidized carbon nanotubes for an electrostatic spraying of a suspension over a support for the manufacture of supercapacitors. This process uses heating at 300.degree. C. during the deposition, of use in the reduction or in the deoxidation of the carbon-based structures present, but limits the manufacture of thick layers as the solution evaporates before the deposition. In addition, this process uses a water/ethanol mixture as solvent for the suspension of the oxidized particles. This characteristic reduces the evaporation temperature of the solvent, which also promotes evaporation of the solvent before deposition on the substrate and prevents the manufacture of a thick layer. Furthermore, the use of ethanol in the solvent is toxic and is not ecologically appropriate.
[0012] A subject-matter of the present invention is a process for the deposition of nano/microparticles, including at least graphene sheets, on a substrate, comprising the steps consisting in:
[0013] oxidizing at least the said graphene sheets;
[0014] suspending the said nano/microparticles in at least one solution comprising at least water as solvent;
[0015] spraying, by hydrodynamic instability, each suspension over the said substrate;
[0016] heating the said substrate, during each spraying, so as to promote the complete evaporation of the said solvent from each part of each said suspension sprayed over the said substrate at a temperature less than or equal to one and a half times the boiling point of each said solution and less than or equal to 200.degree. C.;
[0017] annealing the said deposit after the said spraying(s) at a temperature sufficient to deoxidize at least the oxidized graphene present in the said deposit and greater than the temperature of the said substrate during the deposition step.
[0018] Advantageously, the said nano/microparticles are suspended in one said solution, the said solvent of which is more than 95% by weight composed of water (H.sub.2O) and preferably more than 99% by weight composed of water.
[0019] Advantageously, a plurality of said suspensions are simultaneously sprayed over the said substrate.
[0020] Advantageously, the nano/microparticles of the deposition process are chosen from carbon nanotubes, carbon nanofibers, carbon nanorods, carbon nanohorns, carbon onions and a mixture of these nano/microparticles, in which the said nano/microparticles are oxidized before spraying them and in which the said deposit, after the said spraying, is annealed at a temperature sufficient to deoxidize the said nano/m icroparticles.
[0021] Advantageously, at least one said nano/microparticle is wet oxidized with at least one element chosen from sulphuric acid, phosphoric acid, sodium nitrate, nitric acid, potassium permanganate and hydrogen peroxide.
[0022] Advantageously, a heating element brought into contact with a support heats the said substrate and each said part of said suspension sprayed over the said substrate.
[0023] Advantageously, the said deposit is annealed at a temperature of between 200.degree. C. and 400.degree. C.
[0024] The invention also relates to a process for the manufacture of an electrode comprising, in superimposition, a deposit of nano/microparticles and a substrate, the said substrate comprising a current collector and the said deposit of nano/microparticles being obtained by a deposition process described above.
[0025] The present invention also relates to an electrode, the said deposit of nano/microparticles of which is capable of being obtained by a process described above.
[0026] Advantageously, the said deposit of the electrode comprises at least graphene and a type of said nano/microparticles chosen from carbon nanotubes, carbon nanofibers, carbon nanorods, carbon nanohorns and carbon onions.
[0027] The present invention also relates to a supercapacitor comprising at least one said electrode described above.
[0028] The following description exhibits several implementational examples of the device of the invention: these examples are nonlimiting of the scope of the invention. These implementational examples exhibit both the essential characteristics of the invention and also additional characteristics related to the embodiments under consideration. For the sake of clarity, the same elements will bear the same references in the different figures.
[0029] "Nanopartcle" is understood to mean particles, at least the smallest of the dimensions of which is nanometric, that is to say of between 0.1 nm and 100 nm. "Microparticle" is understood to mean particles, at least the smallest of the dimensions of which is micrometric, that is to say of between 0.1 .mu.m and 100 .mu.m.
[0030] The geometries of nano/microparticles comprise nano/microfibers, nano/microrods, nano/microtubes, nano/microhorns, nano/microonions and nano/microsheets of the monolamellar type comprising a crystalline layer or multilamellar type comprising several stacked lamellae. A nano/microtube is formed of one or more wound nano/microsheets. A nano/microfiber is a solid one-dimensional object of a bulk material. A nano/microrod is a hollow one-dimensional object.
[0031] In the case of carbon, a lamella is denoted by the term "graphene" and exists in the form of a two-dimensional carbon crystal of monoatomic thickness and of nano/micrometric size. The carbon nanotubes are known and formed of a graphene lamella wound into a tube (denoted by the acronym of SWCNT (Single Wall Carbon NanoTube)) or of several stacked graphene lamellae wound into a tube (denoted by the acronym of MWCNT (Multi Wall Carbon NanoTube)).
[0032] "Electrode" is understood to mean an assembly comprising a deposit of nano/microparticles on a substrate (comprising a current collector which electrically conducts and optionally a thick material or layer for the mechanical strength of the electrode).
[0033] A better understanding of the invention will be obtained and other advantages, details and characteristics of the invention will become apparent during the explanatory description which follows, made by way of example with reference to the appended drawings, in which:
[0034] FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic representation of an apparatus for carrying out the deposition of nano/microparticles according to a process in accordance with the invention;
[0035] FIG. 2 is a diagrammatic representation of two deposits of nano/microparticles and of the electrolyte of a supercapacitor;
[0036] FIG. 3 is a diagrammatic representation illustrating a specific implementation of a process in accordance with the invention;
[0037] FIG. 4 is a photograph taken with a scanning electron microscope of the structure of the material from a deposition of nano/microparticles carried out according to a process in accordance with the invention;
[0038] FIG. 5 is a photograph taken by a scanning electron microscope of the structure of the material from a deposition of nano/microparticles carried out according to a process in accordance with the invention;
[0040] FIG. 7 exhibits cyclic voltammograms obtained from deposits of nano/microparticles of different compositions;
[0041] FIG. 8 illustrates the influence of the cycling rate on the capacity of deposits of nano/microparticles of different compositions, and
[0042] FIG. 9 illustrates the value of the specific capacity and of the energy density of an electrode as a function of the proportion of oxidized carbon nanotubes in the sprayed suspension.
[0044] FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic representation of an apparatus 3 for carrying out deposition of nano/microparticles according to a process in accordance with the invention.
[0045] The apparatus 3 comprises a spray nozzle 4, a tank 5 containing a suspension of nano/microparticles and a spray gas source 6. The nano/microparticles comprise oxidized graphene particles and can comprise, in specific implementations of the invention, oxidized carbon nanotubes, oxidized carbon nanofibers, oxidized carbon nanorods, oxidized carbon nanohorns and oxidized carbon onions. Other nanoparticles can be envisaged.
[0046] The solvent used for the suspension can advantageously be composed of more than 95% of water (H.sub.2O) and more advantageously still composed of more than 99% of water (H.sub.2O). In specific implementations of the invention, water can be mixed with other solvents, in proportions which allow them to remain miscible with the water, such as a methanol (CH.sub.4O), ethanol (C.sub.2H.sub.6O), ethylene chloride (DCE), dichlorobenzidine (DCB), N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP), dimethylformamide (DMF), hexamethylphosphoramide (HMPA), cyclopentanone (C.sub.5H.sub.8O), tetramethylene sulphoxide (TMSO), .epsilon.-caprolactone, 1,2-dichlorobenzene, 1,2-dimethylbenzene, bromobenzene, iodobenzene and toluene. Other compounds can be envisaged.
[0047] The spray gas is, for example, air.
[0048] The nozzle 4 is fed with suspension from the tank 5 and with spray gas from the source 6. The nozzle 4 is suitable for spraying the suspension, fed at low pressure, as microdrops using the gas, fed at high pressure. The nozzle 4 is of the airbrush type. The drops are created by hydrodynamic instability between the liquid phase, the gas phase and the nozzle 4, i.e., in a specific implementation of the invention, sprayed by effect of the pressure imposed on the water, on the air and on the geometry of the nozzle.
[0049] "Microdrops" is understood to mean drops with a size of a microscopic nature, the diameter of which is between approximately 1 and 100 micrometres.
[0050] In a specific implementation of the invention, the apparatus 3 comprises elements 7 for heating the support 8 in the form of resistive heating elements 9 connected to an electrical supply circuit (not represented) so that the resistive heating elements 9 emit heat by the Joule effect when an electric current passes through them. In an alternative form, the apparatus 3 comprises elements 7 for heating the support 8 by induction, for example comprising a plate on which the support 8 is placed with inductors, in order to induce currents in the plate and to generate heat.
[0051] The apparatus 3 comprises a temperature sensor 10 positioned so as to measure the temperature of the support 8.
[0052] In operation, the nozzle 4 generates a spray jet 11 formed of suspension microdrops projected in the direction of the surface 12 to be covered of the substrate 15. The spray jet 11 reaches the surface 12 to be covered in an impact zone 13, the shape and the dimensions of which depend in particular on the geometry of the nozzle 4, on the adjustment of the nozzle 4 and on the position of the nozzle 4 with respect to the surface 12 to be covered.
[0053] The shape and the dimensions of the impact zone 13 depend in particular on the angle a at the top of the cone formed by the spray jet 11 at the outlet of the nozzle 4 and on the distance between the outlet of the nozzle 4 and the surface 12 of the substrate 15. They also depend on the pressure of the spray gas (related to the spray gas flow rate and on the flow rate of each suspension.
[0054] The spray jet 11 is, for example, a cone of revolution, so it forms an impact zone 13 of circular general shape. In an alternative form, the spray jet 11 might define an oblong impact zone 13, which is more elongated in a first direction than in a second direction perpendicular to the first.
[0055] FIG. 2 is a diagrammatic representation of two deposits of nano/microparticles 1 and of the electrolyte 2 of a supercapacitor. The storage of the energy is carried out by a nonhomogeneous distribution of the ions of the electrolyte 2 in the vicinity of the surface of each deposit of nano/microparticles 1. During a polarization of the electrodes, several ionic layers can be formed in the vicinity of the surface of the deposits of nano/microparticles 1 and exhibit a thickness of the order of a few nanometres, according to the electrolyte 2 under consideration and its concentration. The origin of these layers is electrostatic. This process does not involve electrochemical transformation of the matter, as in the case of batteries.
[0056] FIG. 2 illustrates the importance of developing materials having very wide specific surfaces and possessing a porosity appropriate for ion storage at this scale, in order to increase the storage capacities of supercapacitors.
[0057] In a specific implementation of the invention, the nano/microparticles used to form a deposit 1 can be graphene sheets and single wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNT).
[0058] FIG. 3 is a diagrammatic representation illustrating a specific implementation of a process according to the invention. It illustrates the formation of one or more deposits of nano/microparticles 1 manufactured on a substrate 15 (comprising a current collector, conductor and optionally a thick layer for its mechanical strength) in superimposition with the support.
[0059] In a first stage, the carbon-based nano/microparticles are oxidized. The carbon-based nano/microparticles are, for example, SWCNTs. SWCNTs are dispersed in a mixture of equal volumes of sulphuric acid and nitric acid for 30 minutes. The mixture is subsequently refluxed for 3 hours. The SWCNTs are then oxidized. They can be recovered by filtering the mixture under vacuum and by washing them with several hundred millilitres of water until a neutral pH of the filtrate is obtained. The product is dried under vacuum at 70.degree. C. for several days.
[0060] The graphene oxide particles can be obtained commercially.
[0061] In a second stage, suspensions of each of the different particles in deionized water can be prepared by sonication for one hour, at a concentration of between 5 .mu.gml.sup.-1 and 50 mgml.sup.-1 and preferably between 50 .mu.gml.sup.-1 and 5 mgml.sup.-1. It is possible subsequently to combine together the different suspensions into just one suspension and to place the suspension under ultrasound for one hour.
[0062] In a third stage, the nano/microparticles are deposited on the current collector of the substrate 15. Deposition is carried out by spraying the suspension by hydrodynamic instability over a substrate 15 heated to a temperature preferably of greater than 100.degree. C. and preferably of less than or equal to 200.degree. C., indeed even 150.degree. C.: the temperature has to be sufficient to make possible rapid evaporation of the drops deposited by spraying and to thus prevent the "coffee stain" effect, that is to say a nonhomogeneous surface distribution of adsorbed nano/microparticles. On the other hand, an excessively high temperature, such as that presented in the process presented by Youn et al., would bring about a complete evaporation of the drops during their journey between the nozzle 4 and the support 8, thus preventing a controlled and efficient adsorption or attachment. As a minimum, the process of Youn et al. requires the use of a high suspension volume in order to compensate for the total evaporation, induced by a high temperature, of a high proportion of the sprayed suspension.
[0063] In a fourth stage, the deposit 1 is annealed at a temperature of greater than 200.degree. C. in order to deploy the surfaces accessible by the electrolyte 2 in the deposit of nano/microparticles 1, to reduce or deoxidize the graphene oxide and the oxidized nanotubes and to increase the conductivity of the deposit of de nano/microparticles 1. This step is necessary as the deposition temperature is too low to reduce or to deoxidize the nano/microparticles of the deposit 1. This step exhibits two distinct advantages with respect to the process presented by Youn et al.; on the one hand, the annealing makes it possible to deoxidize the nano/microparticles at an effective temperature while retaining a lower temperature during the spraying (and the advantages which are related thereto and presented in the preceding paragraph). On the other hand, the annealing can be carried out in a controlled manner, by applying, for example, an equal annealing time for all of the particles to be deposited. Disadvantageously, in the process presented by Youn et al., the particles deposited at the start of the spraying will be subjected to a different annealing time from the particles deposited at the end of the spraying.
[0064] During this implementation of the process in accordance with the invention, the two types of carbon-based structures are organized into a hierarchy during the deposition by spraying over the substrate 15 heated by the support 8, which makes it possible to instantaneously evaporate the water. This organization into a hierarchy is illustrated by FIG. 4, FIG. 5 and FIG. 6.
[0065] FIGS. 4, 5 and 6 are photographs taken by a scanning electron microscope of the structure of the material of a deposition of nano/microparticles 1 carried out according to a process in accordance with the invention. They illustrate the hierarchized structure, the obtaining of which is described above: the oxidized carbon nanotubes are inserted between the oxidized graphene lamellae. The homogeneous distribution of the two structures is already potentially initiated in the suspension before spraying, via possible esterifications between the hydroxyl and carboxyl groups of each of the two oxidized carbon-based structures. In a specific and different implementation of the invention, other oxidized carbon-based structures can be introduced into the sprayed suspension, such as carbon nanofibers, carbon nanorods, carbon nanohorns and carbon onions.
[0066] FIG. 7 exhibits cyclic voltammograms obtained from deposits of nano/microparticles 1 of different compositions. The different measurements are carried out at a scan rate of 20 mVs.sup.-1, in a three-electrode setup: the electrode comprising a deposit of nano/microparticles 1, an Ag/AgCl electrode and a 3 M LiNO.sub.3 electrode. The curve (a) corresponds to a deposit of nano/microparticles obtained according to a process of the invention using oxidized graphene nano/microparticles. The curve (b) corresponds to a deposit of nano/microparticles 1 obtained according to a process of the invention using oxidized graphene nano/microparticles and oxidized carbon nanotubes mixed in equal proportions by weight. The curve (c) corresponds to a deposit of nano/microparticles 1 obtained by using sprayed oxidized carbon nanotubes. The curve (d) corresponds to a deposit of nano/microparticles 1 obtained by using graphene nano/microparticles and carbon nanotubes which are sprayed (materials not oxidized beforehand, suspended in an NMP solvent). Finally, the curve (e) corresponds to a deposit of nano/microparticles 1 manufactured as a disorderly mat or buckypaper of carbon nanotubes and graphene in proportions by weight of 50%/50%.
[0067] The rectangular shape of the different cyclic voltammograms of FIG. 7 illustrates the capacitive nature of the different electrodes measured. FIG. 7 furthermore illustrates an increase in the current density measured when the deposits of nano/microparticles 1 are manufactured from oxidized nano/microparticles (curves (a), (b) and (c)).
[0068] FIG. 8 illustrates the influence of the cycling rate on the specific capacity of electrodes covered with a deposit of nano/microparticles 1 of different compositions. The curve (f) corresponds to a deposit of nano/microparticles 1 obtained according to a process of the invention using oxidized graphene and oxidized SWCNT nano/microparticles, in proportions by weight respectively of 25%/75%, which are sprayed over a substrate 15 heated to 200.degree. C. The heating of the substrate 15 to 170.degree. C. gives similar results. The curve (g) corresponds to a deposition of nano/microparticles 1 obtained according to a process of the invention using oxidized graphene nano/microparticles, the curve (h) corresponds to a deposition of nano/microparticles 1 obtained by spraying oxidized SWCNTs, the curve (i) corresponds to a deposition of nano/microparticles 1 based on buckypaper with SWCNTs, the curve (j) corresponds to a deposition of nano/microparticles 1 manufactured from activated carbon paste (such as in conventional supercapacitors) and the curve (k) corresponds to a deposit of nano/microparticles based on buckypaper with a mixture of oxidized graphene and oxidized SWCNT nano/microparticles.
[0069] For all of the cycling rates, FIG. 8 shows that the specific capacities are higher in the case of the electrodes whose deposits of nano/microparticles are manufactured via the spraying method in comparison with the manufacturing methods using buckypaper and activated carbon paste. Furthermore, FIG. 8 illustrates that, among the deposits of nano/microparticles 1 manufactured by spraying, the specific capacities of the electrodes obtained according to a process of the invention are higher than those of the electrode manufactured with deposits 1 of oxidized SWCNTs (alone).
[0070] The crossing of the curves (f) and (g) shows the advantage of an interaction between oxidized graphene and oxidized SWCNT nano/microparticles in order to retain a high specific capacity even at a high cycling rate. Furthermore, the curve (f) illustrates that the interaction between oxidized graphene and oxidized SWCNT nano/microparticles makes it possible to retain relatively stationary specific capacity values.
[0071] FIG. 9 illustrates the value of the specific capacity and of the energy density of an electrode as a function of the proportion of oxidized SWCNTs in the sprayed suspension, during the use of an electrode obtained according to a process of the invention using oxidized graphene and oxidized SWCNT nano/microparticles. The specific capacity and the energy density are optimal for a proportion by weight of SWCNTs of between 0 and 25%.
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Top Inventors for class "Electricity: electrical systems and devices"
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The Benefice of Haddington (Holy Trinity)." Crockford's Clerical Directory. Church House Publishing. Web. 23 Apr. 2019.<https://www.crockford.org.uk/places/28500/the-benefice-of-haddington-(holy-trinity)>.
The Benefice of Haddington (Holy Trinity)." Crockford's Clerical Directory. Church House Publishing, accessed April 23, 2019, https://www.crockford.org.uk/places/28500/the-benefice-of-haddington-(holy-trinity).


text:
Categories for Quantum Theory: An Introduction
Chris Heunen; Jamie Vicary
Academic, Professional and General > Science > Mathematics > Mathematics
Oxford Graduate Texts in Mathematics
Monoidal category theory serves as a powerful framework for describing logical aspects of quantum theory, giving an abstract language for parallel and sequential composition, and a conceptual way to understand many high-level quantum phenomena. This text lays the foundation for this categorical quantum mechanics, with an emphasis on the graphical calculus which makes computation intuitive. Biproducts and dual objects are introduced and used to model superposition and entanglement, with quantum teleportation studied abstractly using these structures. Monoids, Frobenius structures and Hopf algebras are described, and it is shown how they can be used to model classical information and
complementary observables. The CP construction, a categorical tool to describe probabilistic quantum systems, is also investigated. The last chapter introduces higher categories, surface diagrams and 2-Hilbert spaces, and shows how the language of duality in monoidal 2-categories can be used to reason about quantum protocols, including quantum teleportation and dense coding.
Prior knowledge of linear algebra, quantum information or category theory would give an ideal background for studying this text, but it is not assumed, with essential background material given in a self-contained introductory chapter. Throughout the text links with many other areas are highlighted, such as representation theory, topology, quantum algebra, knot theory, and probability theory, and nonstandard models are presented, such as sets and relations. All results are stated rigorously, and full proofs are given as far as possible, making this book an invaluable reference for modern techniques in quantum logic, with much of the material not available in any other textbook.
1 Monoidal categories
2 Linear structure
3 Dual objects
4 Monoids and comonoids
5 Frobenius structure
6 Complementarity
7 Complete positivity
8 Monoidal 2-categories
Chris Heunen started his undergraduate studies at the University of Nijmegen, where he received MSc degrees in both Computer Science and Mathematics, and in 2009 a PhD degree. He then did postdoctoral research at the University of Oxford and the California Institute of Technology. His work was awarded the 2012 Birkhoff-von Neumann prize for research on quantum structures. In 2015 he joined the University of Edinburgh.
Jamie Vicary did an undergraduate degree in Physics in Oxford, followed by the Part III Mathematics course in Cambridge. He did a PhD in category theory and quantum information with Christopher Isham at Imperial College London, which was awarded in 2009. Since that time he has done research into the mathematical foundations of quantum computation, with positions in Oxford, Singapore and Birmingham.
The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Mathematics (5th edition)
Michael Atiyah Collected Works
The Consistency of Arithmetic: And Other Essays
Modal Homotopy Type Theory: The Prospect of a New Logic for Philosophy
Roger Penrose: Collected Works: Volume 4: 1981-1989
Proving in the Elementary Mathematics Classroom
Euler's Pioneering Equation: The most beautiful theorem in mathematics
Spectral Theory and Differential Operators (2nd edition)
Maths for Science
The Foundations of Mathematics (2nd edition)

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text:
You are at:Home»News»Completion, Refurbishment & Maintenance»BBJ 747 cabin modification among AMAC's latest contracts
BBJ 747 cabin modification among AMAC's latest contracts
By Izzy Kington on 15th October 2019 Completion, Refurbishment & Maintenance, Events & Awards
AMAC Aerospace has signed several new contracts, including one that will see the company perform a cabin interior enhancement, cabin modification and base maintenance check on a head-of-state BBJ 747, at its site in Basel, Switzerland. The company also signed a contract to update the cabin lighting on a Gulfstream GIV – replacing the existing lighting with an LED system.
The company also signed a contract to conduct a six-year inspection on a head-of-state ACJ340. The work involves full cabin removal and rectification, and the installation of a Ka-band system. The STC developed for the latter will be re-usable for other ACJ340 customers. The aircraft is due to arrive in November 2019.
Other newly contracted projects include a 12-year inspection and landing gear overhaul for a head-of-state ACJ340, and a C-check and ADS-B Out installation on a BBJ 737. Both aircraft arrived in Basel in September 2019. AMAC is also conducting an annual base maintenance check on a head-of-state McDonnell Douglas MD-87. In addition, the company won the contract to perform base maintenance checks on an ACJ319 and an ACJ320 for a head of state; the first of these is due to arrive in October 2019.
The company has maintenance projects ongoing on privately owned aircraft including four B737s, an A319, a Gulfstream GV, a Gulfstream G450, a Bombardier Challenger 350 and a Bombardier Global 5000. A BBJ 737 is also scheduled for a base maintenance check, and a head-of-state customer has brought his G550 to Basel for an annual check. Meanwhile, the company's recent AOG projects saw teams sent to a BBJ 737 in Zurich, Switzerland, a G550 in Portugal, and an ACJ340 in Munich, Germany.
AMAC Aerospace also redelivered three aircraft recently: a head-of-state Bombardier Challenger 605 following an intensive work package within a reduced ground time; a head-of-state BBJ 747 after a base maintenance check; and a BBJ 737 from Asia after a heavy base maintenance check and ADS-B Out modification.
The company also exhibited at the MEBAA Show for the first time. The event was held in Marrakech, Morocco, on 25-26 September 2019.


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Sirochloa is a genus of bamboo in the grass family.

Species
There is only one known species, Sirochloa parvifolia, found in Madagascar and in nearby Comoros and Mayotte.

References

Bambusoideae
Flora of the Western Indian Ocean
Bambusoideae genera
Monotypic Poaceae genera

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Physicists from Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg and Heinrich-Heine Universität Düsseldorf have demonstrated that demixing occurs in systems made up of macroscopic particles rotating in opposite directions and that particles turning in either a clockwise or counter-clockwise direction form homogeneous groups. The researchers used miniature robots manufactured using 3D printing methods for their experiment. The results have now been published in the renowned journal Nature Communications (* doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-03154-7).


text:
Rondalla and Kumparsa
Traditional Filipino Music – Video
The Philippines is known for its diverse culture. With over seven thousand islands, there is diversity not only in culture but in food, clothing, and music. The Rondalla and Kumpursa are two of the most known form of traditional Filipino Music. The Rondalla is a type of traditional ensemble with different string instruments of various sizes. The music produced by the conductor of a Rondalla is more formal and dramatic. Kumpursa, on the other hand, is a type of traditional stringed ensemble that plays in a form of a folk-dance interlude. Nowadays, these types of Traditional Filipino Music are mostly played on special occasions such as festivals and shows.
Watch and enjoy the Rondalla and Kumparsa video below:
The video above was taken during the Buglasan Festival of Negros Oriental. Other traditional Filipino music that are played during this grand festival are the Balitaw and Balak. The Balitaw is a form of music usually used in courtship. This music is composed of two singers, a male and a female who sings back and forth to tell a short story of courtship in a funny and lively way. A guitar or sometimes even an ensemble is used to accompany the song. The Balak on the other hand is a type of traditional Filipino fast speech. A person would deliver a message accompanied by smooth and melodious guitar music.
SSS Calamity Loan 2022 will be available for Typhoon Odette victims starting January 14, 2022, until April 13, 2022. Watch video here!Watch Video»
Typhoon Odette victims from several areas in Negros Oriental received relief goods on January 3, 2022. Watch video here!Watch Video»
DSWD Solo Parent ID (Requirements & Procedures) – Video
DSWD is offering a Solo Parent Program to help single parents in raising their child/children. Learn more about the Solo Parent ID here!Watch Video»
Barangay Clearance (Requirements & Procedures) 2021 – Video
A Barangay Clearance is one of the easiest document you can get as a proof of identity. Know more about its requirements and procedures here!Watch Video»
Philippine Driver's License – Student Permit (FILIPINO)
Panoorin ang video upang malan ninyo kung paano mag apply para sa Student Driver's Permit, ano ang mga requirements at procedures.Watch Video»
Soban Korean Restaurant in Dumaguete City – Video DINS Tawo Tawo Festival 2018 – Schedule of Activities


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The Faculty of Medicine, was established on 30 May 1972 as a medical institution to carry out medical and nursing training activities, medical research and clinical services, under the administration of a Dean. In the beginning, clinical training for medical students and medical services provided by lecturers were carried out at the Hospital Kuala Lumpur (HKL), which served as a teaching hospital.
In 1997, Hospital UKM (HUKM) was established as a teaching hospital for students of the Faculty of Medicine, UKM. The administrative structure of HUKM was separated from the faculty and its head was a Hospital Director. When HUKM was first established, the positions of Dean and Hospital Director were held by one officer, but since 1998, the Faculty of Medicine has had its own Dean and HUKM its own Director.


"Kettle And Fire Bone Broth 20 Percent Off Coupon Printable December 2018 "
If you Love Kettle And Fire Bone Broth 20 Percent Off Coupon Printable December 2018 then you are at the right place!!
Kettle And Fire Bone Broth 20 Percent Off Coupon Printable December 2018 is made from pet bones and also connective tissue-- typically cattle, hen, or fish-- that have actually been steamed right into a broth as well as sluggish simmered for 10 to greater than 20 hrs with natural herbs, vegetables, as well as seasonings. So why is this seemingly easy liquid something you would certainly wish to consume alcohol everyday Kettle And Fire Bone Broth 20 Percent Off Coupon Printable December 2018 ?
Even our hunter-gatherer ancestors understood that drinking Kettle And Fire Bone Broth 20 Percent Off Coupon Printable December 2018 was like striking nutritional gold, as its earliest variation dates back over 2,500 years. Throwing away anything edible ran out the question at that time, so animal hooves, knuckles, bones, as well as other connective cells never went to squander. Bone broth has an abundant background of being used in conventional Chinese medication as a digestive tonic, blood contractor, and also kidney strengthener because of the high collagen content, bioavailable minerals, anti-inflammatory amino acids, and also healing substances that can only be found in bones and connective tissue Kettle And Fire Bone Broth 20 Percent Off Coupon Printable December 2018.
View as celeb wellness trainer, Thomas DeLauer breaks down the ins as well as outs of what bone broth actually is. In simply 2 minutes, he'll talk about what bone broth is and also what it can do for your digestive tract, joint, and also skin health Kettle And Fire Bone Broth 20 Percent Off Coupon Printable December 2018.
Some telephone call Kettle And Fire Bone Broth 20 Percent Off Coupon Printable December 2018 meat water. We call it fluid gold.
What makes this stuff so special? The short solution is collagen. Bones and connective tissue are the only true nutritional resources of kind II collagen-- a protein that's recognized for keeping skin smooth as well as flexible and teeth as well as joints healthy and balanced, in addition to proclaiming lots of other wellness advantages.
In addition to collagen, bones are likewise loaded with a number of anti-inflammatory amino acids, minerals, and compounds that can help speed up your body's natural healing procedures from things like sports injuries, arthritis, or leaky intestine.
So, these "scraps" that a lot of us normally throw in the trash are serious dietary powerhouses. Yet when was the last time you devoured on a piece of cow's knuckle? Or snacked on an ox tail? We'll presume the response is never ever.
Considering that we don't eat bones in their entire form, preparing them into a broth that's simmered for 10 to 20 hrs (or more) is the most effective method to launch their powerful nutrients, as well as experience a whole new degree of health.
REQUIREMENT A FAST DESCRIPTION ON WHAT EXACTLY IS KETTLE AND FIRE BONE BROTH 20 PERCENT OFF COUPON PRINTABLE DECEMBER 2018 ?
Enjoy as Celebrity Health Trainer, Thomas DeLauer breaks down the ins and outs of what bone broth truly is. In simply two mins, he'll discuss what bone broth is as well as what it can do for your intestine, joint, and also skin health kettle and fire bone broth 20 percent off coupon printable december 2018.
Bone broth has a rich history of being made use of as a gastrointestinal tonic, specifically in standard Chinese medicine some 2,500 years ago. Today, it's one of the top suggested foods for improving symptoms of persistent gastrointestinal problems, such as Irritable Digestive Tract Syndrome (IBS), Crohn's illness, and also colitis.
The reason for why bone broth is so recovery for the digestive tract returns to collagen, which develops gelatin when it's prepared down also further. Collagen as well as jelly are not just rich in amino acids that minimize inflammation in the GI tract-- such as glutamine-- they also have the unique capacity to "seal and also recover" holes in the digestive tract lining, which can create a condition called leaking digestive tract disorder.
Although research remains in the early stages, there's evidence to reveal that leaking gut is the key hidden cause of digestive system conditions. It's additionally a contributor to autoimmune illness, anxiety, brain fog, anxiousness, allergies, eczema, acne, as well as chronic low energy. Most awful of all, leaking digestive tract can be silent and also reveal no symptoms in the early stages. It's also thought to influence over 70% of the population.
Bone broth is suggested on unique intestine healing diet regimens and protocols, like the VOIDS diet, the SCD diet regimen, and the Low FODMAP diet plan.
Whether it's an injury, arthritis, or aching muscles, there's no better method to nurture your bones and joints than by consuming even more of the nutrients currently found within them, including hyaluronic acid, glucosamine, chondroitin, calcium, and magnesium. Bone broth is packed with every one of these nutrients, plus numerous amino acids that help reduce joint discomfort as well as swelling, like glycine as well as proline. It's for these reasons that bone broth is becoming a go-to recuperation beverage among athletes.
An enjoyable fact: Kettle and Fire Bone Broth was birthed because our founder, Nick, tore his ACL playing football and also required a top quality bone broth to aid accelerate his healing time. (You can read more on that below.).
Adhering to a bone broth diet regimen is excellent for sustainable weight reduction. A bone broth diet regimen involves eating Paleo for five days as well as not eating for two. During this time frame you'll consume alcohol bone broth consistently with a boost in use on the fasting days.
The combination of periodic fasting and bone broth accelerates weight reduction with burning fat much more efficiently and also limiting calorie consumption. When doing the diet regimen, we additionally discovered a reduction in cellulite.
Fat-Burning Bone Broth Mixed Drink Kettle And Fire Bone Broth 20 Percent Off Coupon Printable December 2018.
With just a few components, this dish is best for a tasty and unbelievably straightforward fat-burning cocktail that you can whip up instantaneously on hectic mornings prior to job or at nights post-workout.
Also if you had never come across bone broth previously, you have actually most likely become aware of collagen, many thanks to the beauty industry.
Many anti-aging skincare lines include collagen to their face creams, moisturizers, and also serums (as well as sell them for a king's ransom). However what many people do not know is that collagen molecules are as well large to be taken in via the skin, which means these lotions can't provide much in the means of outcomes.
The good news is that collagen can be absorbed through your gastrointestinal system. And due to the fact that there's a direct web link in between the gut and also the skin, adding bone broth to your diet is going to have a far more effective and enduring impact on the overall look and health of your skin.
Let's not forget about hair and nails, which are composed of proteins like collagen. Collagen helps strengthen nails, and also encourages hair to grow in thicker, quicker, and also tackle a healthy and balanced luster. (Remember this for the following time you obtain a negative hairstyle!).
Deep, relaxed rest is something we can all utilize a bit more of. As a matter of fact, statistics show the typical person obtains less than 7 hrs of sleep per evening, so it is very important to do whatever you can to make those hours matter.
Bone broth is abundant in glycine, an anti-inflammatory amino acid that deals with the Central Nerves (CNS). When taken before bed as a supplement, researches reveal glycine can enhance sleep high quality as well as lower daytime drowsiness. It's much more reliable when coupled with other sleep-supportive nutrients, like calcium and also magnesium.
All of the benefits you reap from bone broth, your growing infant will certainly experience, as well-- consisting of healthy and balanced bones, joints, and also a solid digestive system.
When early morning illness hits, it can be impossible to maintain healthy food down. Yet bone broth has a tendency to be relaxing for nausea or vomiting, as well as is normally well endured. Best of all, bone broth provides several of the nutrients you as well as your growing infant need, including protein, and crucial minerals and vitamins. As an added bonus offer, the slow simmer time of the bones makes the nutrients in bone broth highly bioavailable and also much easier to take in than a dietary supplement.
Bone broth can additionally aid boost fertility, assist you have an extra comfortable maternity by nourishing stiff or unpleasant joints, as well as might raise calcium degrees in bust milk.
Bone broth is an exceptional resource of nourishment on the Paleo diet plan, as well as is encouraged to drink throughout periods of periodic fasting. It also fits in well with macronutrient requirements on the keto diet regimen, and may help reduce signs and symptoms of the keto flu.
" Not only can bone broth aid you stay clear of keto flu, yet it's additionally loaded with minerals that recover dripping intestine and decrease inflammation in your intestinal tracts." - Leanne Vogel, Writer of The Keto Diet plan.
The nutrition and healing capacity of bone broth is so powerful, that an entire diet regimen-- The Bone Broth Diet Plan-- has been developed around it.
The nutrients in bone broth make it a powerful practical food that can benefit your whole household-- including your fur infants. Bone broth benefits your family pet's glossy coat, bones, joints, digestion, and teeth.
Packed with healthy protein - Hen is a terrific protein source as well as exact same goes for poultry bones. Kettle & Fire bone broth comes packed with 10 grams of healthy protein per serving Kettle And Fire Bone Broth 20 Percent Off Coupon Printable December 2018.
Minimizes intestine inflammation - Bone broth assists heal and secure a leaking digestive tract which is the root cause for lots of autoimmune diseases.
Filled with amino acids - Similar to poultry bone broth, the nutrients removed from beef bones consist of amino acids like glycine as well as glutamine that enhances digestion and fixings your gut lining.
No. Plants are a great source of nutrients that can aid stimulate your body to produce its own collagen, however there is no recognized plant food that supplies type II collagen, the type that uses every one of the health and wellness advantages listed above.
One point to consider about bone broth that sets it in addition to plant foods: Even if you do eat a selection of plants that are abundant in collagen-boosting nutrients, if you have a damaged digestion system or dripping intestine, you may not fully absorb them. On the other hand, the collagen in bone broth is exceptionally very easy to absorb, even for those with jeopardized digestion systems.
Obviously, you do not simply need to drink it-- although we do have a complimentary and epic downloadable bone broth sipping guide for when you do. You can blend bone broth right into your eco-friendly smoothie mixes, make healthy and balanced collagen gummy bears, as well as use it in every little thing from rushed eggs, soups, curries, stews, breakfast bowls, as well as tacos.
We slow-simmer the natural bones to extract the collagen, proteins, and amino acids into a nutrient-rich bone broth. The result is a collagen-rich, high protein bone broth that offers your body the nutrients it needs to thrive.
Bone broth is an all-in-one superfood, loaded with nutrients that offer energy and also inspiration, help you sleep much better, make your skin look smoother, and also can assist heal digestion concerns like dripping intestine.
Bones and also connective cells are storehouses for crucial amino acids and also minerals-- which are lacking in lots of diet regimens today. Bone Broth is additionally an indispensable source of protein, collagen and also jelly.
Collagen is additionally located in your bones, joints, tendons, muscular tissues, and also teeth. It permits your body to:.
It's not viable to eat entire bones or tissue, but you can still appreciate these wellness benefits by drinking bone broth. Collagen is extracted when you simmer bones for a long period of time. Typically, the longer bone broth simmers, the even more collagen you'll extract.
Making bone broth is a simple procedure, however one that calls for plenty of time and persistence. If time is out your side we can assist you out with that.
Bone broth is made by simmering pet bones and cells for at the very least 10 hours with veggies, natural herbs, and also spices such as thyme, garlic, as well as bay leaves. High-grade bone broth begins with top quality ingredients, using bones from natural grass-fed animals as well as natural veggies. While any type of bone or ligament can be utilized, knuckles, hen feet, and also thigh bones tend to have one of the most collagen.
Simmering bones for a prolonged period of time is what gives bone broth its health and wellness advantages, extracting the amino acids, minerals, and also collagen. This is a Kettle & Fire-tested sluggish cooker hen bone broth recipe that features organic poultry bones, sea salt, fresh veggies like celery stalks, onions, as well as bell peppers, as well as natural herbs like parsley, rosemary, as well as thyme.
Simply cooking bones (no meat) and water is going to be mostly flavorless. Cooking the mixture for hrs at a time isn't going to make it taste any much better.
The concept that you're getting lots of nutrients from the bones is a MYTH that won't pass away, although it has actually been unmasked countless times, consisting of via lab examinations. The idea that adding vinegar to "release" those nutrients has actually additionally been exposed. You just wind up with a watery mess that tastes of vinegar.
Instead, purchase bones with meat on them. Then add veggies such as onions, carrots, celery, and simply adequate water to cover whatever (typically 8 or 10 cups). Miss the vinegar! Simmer for 3 to 4 hrs for chicken, a little longer for beef. Season according to choice. If you have an Instantaneous Pot, 25 to 35 mins has to do with right.
What you will certainly obtain with this method is an extremely tasty broth that's possibly substantially more nourishing-- consisting of lots of collagen-- and even more healthy than any bone broth, and also it will taste one hell of a lot better. You can either eat the meat and veggies (it's called SOUP) or you can stress them out as well as just consume alcohol the broth if you favor.
See, bare bones that have no meat, or, also worse, carcass bones that have actually already been cooked as well as removed of their meat, have just about absolutely no taste on their own.
Check Ina Garten's dish for poultry broth. It's really comparable to this one as well as has been used with small variants by well-informed cooks for years.
There are 2 primary distinctions in between bone broth and also routine broth or supply: simmering time and the component of the pet it's made from (bones or flesh).
Regular broth as well as stock are simmered for a shorter amount of time than bone broth, approximately 2-- 6 hours. The expedited food preparation procedure minimizes the quantity of useful jelly drawn out from the bones, reducing its ability to increase the body immune system, recover digestion concerns, as well as minimize the signs of dripping gut.
Prior To Kettle and Fire was born, one of our co-founders, Nick, tore his ACL playing soccer (ouch). His sibling Justin heard about the advantages of bone broth for injury recuperation. As his timetable didn't leave much time to make bone broth from square one, he set out to acquire a store-bought, high-quality, grass-fed bone broth, because both of their hectic timetables really did not leave much time to make the broth themselves. (You can find out more regarding our tale here.).
Despite just how hard Justin looked, the ideal bone broth really did not exist. He looked for one that was 100 percent natural, fresh-- never iced up-- grass-fed, as well as sluggish simmered (along with one that could be delivered without inefficient, clunky product packaging). So, Nick as well as Justin decided to produce a premium bone broth on their terms, which is the recipe we're happy to provide you today.
" Pot & Fire supplies a nourishing, top quality bone broth in a delicious and hassle-free shelf-stable style. I enjoy always recognizing that I have actually got fantastic broth handy, without blocking my freezer or requiring defrosting." - Dr. Sarah Ballantyne, three-time NYT Best-Selling Author.
The beautiful thing about bone broth is that there's actually no limitation to just how you can add it to your diet regimen. Besides soups, stews, as well as plain ol' sipping, bone broth mixes remarkably well into almost any dish-- also shakes! Below are our leading ways to obtain it:.
Our bone broth preferences scrumptious enough to sip on its own, however you can seasoning it up to suit your taste. We created our favorite flavor mixes in this complimentary downloadable "Bone Broth Sipping Overview" (bone broth matcha lattes, any individual?). Get your complimentary duplicate right here.
Drinking bone broth doesn't have to be boring-- there are countless means to flavor it as well as drink it. Obtain immediate access to over 15 of our preferred bone broth drinking combinations, consisting of ginger and turmeric bone broth tonic and also chili, and cardamom bone broth potion. Find out exactly how to use bone broth in your matcha cappucinos, golden milk, and tropical fruit smoothies.
Our beef bone broth has a mild taste, which permits it to mix quickly with almost anything, from healthy smoothies to healthy gummy bears. Our chicken bone broth and mushroom chicken bone broth increase the tasty flavor of soups, stews, as well as risotto dishes. A few of our faves include:.
If you want to experience more energy and also vigor than in the past, we reccomend taking a look at The Bone Broth Diet, developed by Dr. Kellyann Petrucci.
The Bone Broth Diet plan not only increases your intake of the healing nutrients and also compounds crucial for digestive tract, skin, joint, and also bone health and wellness, but assists battle systemic swelling, which is at the source of the majority of Western health problems and also diseases.
The bone broth diet plan is a 21-day strategy that's suitable for anyone suffering from a chronic wellness problem (such as an autoimmune problem), or any person that intends to reset their digestive system and experience glowing health and wellness. Find out more about the 21-day bone broth diet regimen here.


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Poti game-time decision
By Corey Masisak The Washington Times - March 8, 2009, 01:19PM
Bruce Boudreau said Tom Poti is a game-time decision because of his groin injury. He will take the warm-up, and Tyler Sloan would slide in the lineup if Poti can't go.
Boudreau said he expects Alex Ovechkin to play and take Michael Nylander's spot in the lineup, but he hasn't talked to him to see how his fott feels today. Ovechkin did make it through the whole practice yesterday, and he probably doesn't want to miss this one.
Here's the likely lineup:
Ovechkin-Backstrom-Kozlov
Fleischmann-Fedorov-Semin
Laich-Steckel-Fehr
Brashear-Gordon-Bradley
Schultz-Green
Poti-Morrisonn
Erskine-Jurcina
Boudreau also said that Nylander was injured in the Toronto game but didn't want to tell anyone because it was his first game back in the lineup after missing four straight as a healthy scratch. He expects Nylander back within a week.


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Before She Won 'Celebrity Apprentice,' Joan Rivers Was 'A Piece Of Work'
By Sean L. McCarthy Twitter @thecomicscomic Jan 26, 2017 at 3:05pm
Photo: Everett Collection
Joan Rivers: A Piece of Work
Our favorite movies and music we can go back to whenever we want to find comfort, solace or escape. Comedians do that for us, too, in the here and now – although comedy, unlike other performing arts, doesn't always hold up the same over time. Some jokes reference fleeting fads that make little sense decades later. Some work once or twice but lose their impact upon repeated listening. Some pushed envelopes then, but don't seem so edgy or revolutionary now that everyone else does it; while others feel outdated or behind the times of current society. With that in mind, we bring you Humor in Hindsight, an ongoing column devoted to stand-up specials and comedy documentaries streaming online that, much like wine or cheese, give us more texture and better perspective with age.
Joan Rivers would roll over in her grave knowing how many celebrities went out of their way to avoid celebrating Donald Trump's presidential inauguration.
Except, naturally, Rivers wouldn't roll; The late comedy icon was cremated after her death in 2014. And if she were still alive today, she would've leapt at the opportunity to perform for President The Donald. She certainly expected to still be here. Rivers told documentary filmmakers how Don Rickles kept performing into his late 80s, George Burns and Phyllis Diller into their 90s. "And I'd like to beat them all," Rivers said in 2009. "And I think I will. That's so sick. I think I will."
She turned 75 while Ricki Stern and Annie Sundberg followed Rivers for 14 months for their critically-acclaimed documentary, Joan Rivers: A Piece of Work (available on Netflix), a year and change that opened with Rivers staring at a potentially blank appointment calendar, and ended with her winning Trump's Celebrity Apprentice on NBC, then feted and insulted by all-star comedians for Comedy Central's Roast of Joan Rivers.
The 2010 doc follows Rivers through it all, shadowing her outside her TV obligations and buttressing their character study with footage from both NBC and Comedy Central, and it looks on as an ABC News crew interviews Rivers over their documentary's end credits, with the comedian wondering if it'd give them a "great hook" for their doc if she died right then and there.
But they already had their hook, bookending the shots of the empty calendar with an overflowing one, multiple appointments begging for Rivers's attention every day, and the comedian on the phone excitedly announcing a show of hers had gotten picked up. Which show, though? The year after A Piece of Work stopped following Rivers, she hosted both How'd You Get So Rich? for TV Land, and launched Fashion Police on E!
In 2008, though, Rivers felt desperate enough to take any gig – from hawking her merchandise on QVC to pitching anyone else's products in a commercial – and as her longtime personal assistant, Jocelyn Pickett, told the filmmakers, Rivers also had booked Apprentice and written a new stage production, "so she's hoping one of them hits and puts her back on top." Pickett had begun working with Rivers in the mid-1990s, after Rivers's Emmy-winning daytime talk show had gotten cancelled and her Tony-nominated performance of Lenny Bruce's mother in Sally Marr…and Her Escorts, had completed its run.
That's when Rivers reinvented herself as the Queen of the Red Carpet. She and her daughter, Melissa, began interviewing celebrities at the Golden Globes for E! back in 1994, bolting in 2003 for a three-year contract with the TV Guide Channel (since rebranded as Pop). People didn't seek out the TV Guide Channel and her presence on the small screen diminished to venues such as QVC or a few episodes of her playing herself seeing the plastic surgeons of FX's Nip/Tuck. Or live performances in cabarets and casinos.
Take another look at this opening montage, more haunting now, a drastic close-up on her eyes and facial features, before and during application of makeup – bringing you back to a time you likely forgot, because it was the brief moment in time when we all sort of forgot about Joan Rivers.
When she takes the stage at a Manhattan nightclub, she fires potshots at herself by way of the venue's stool, covered in duct tape. "I mean, how depressing is this? Forty years in the fucking business and this is where you end up." Back then, she chastised Melissa for turning down a $400,000 offer to pose for Playboy. "I'm a 75-year-old woman up here playing to drunks and queens. What do I think?"
She conveyed the emotions of someone staring into the entertainment abyss, wanting to continue her reign as the queen of stand-up comedy but feeling more and more like someone past her prime and put out to pasture. Rivers felt herself losing prime gigs to Kathy Griffin and settling for afternoon shows in the Bronx or a slow weekend at Harrah's in Atlantic City. All just to keep going. To keep living in opulence as well as financially supporting several employees, relatives, and friends, even sending the children of her employees to private schools. "I don't want to retire. I don't want to go and sit in the sun. I don't want to go and learn to garden," Rivers confides late in the film. Early on, though, she's focused on that appointment book and filling it back up. Otherwise? "It would mean that nobody wants me, and that everything I ever tried to do in life didn't work, nobody cared and I've been totally forgotten."
Twitter gave her a lifeline back to the center of the pop-culture conversation. So did this documentary. (She joined as @Joan_Rivers in February 2009, a month before Celebrity Apprentice premiered, and someone still Tweets for her posthumously, somewhat startlingly.)
The documentary, much like Rivers herself, rarely pulls its punches.
We see her ask her manager if she should tell a distasteful joke about First Lady Michelle Obama. She lets us see her sad, frustrated, and tired. She lets us see her go to Washington, D.C., to deliver remarks on behalf of the late George Carlin at his Mark Twain Prize honors at the Kennedy Center in 2008, although she claimed he would have hated it. It's bittersweet watching her there, so grateful at her inclusion in the ceremony, knowing they'd never invite her back as an honoree herself. Instead the Mark Twain Prize went the following year to (cough) Bill Cosby, then skewed a generation younger to Tina Fey, Will Ferrell and Ellen DeGeneres.
Still, Rivers remained shrewd enough to know she'd need to time her Broadway run of Joan Rivers: A Work In Progress for the Tony nominations in April, only to hold off after the reviews from London's theater critics counterbalanced a successful run at that summer's Edinburgh Fringe. Instead, we'd see some of her jokes repurposed for a 2012 stand-up special, Don't Start With Me (on Netflix).
She remained shrewd enough to know she'd hate most of the jokes hurled her way at the Comedy Central Roast, and to fight with the roast's director over the integrity of her own comedy choices that night. "They tell you it's an honor," she said on the way to the venue. "I'm telling you that if I had invested wisely, I wouldn't be doing this."
She remained shrewd enough before starting Celebrity Apprentice to compile a dossier on each of her competitors, as well as demanding Trump and company include daughter Melissa in the cast, too, before signing onto the show.
And she remained compassionate enough to host neighbors and friends in her luxurious home for Thanksgiving, then look up a photographer online whom she had delivered a Thanksgiving meal to.
When Rivers first performed on TV, it was shocking enough for her to mention her pregnancy, or even say the word "abortion." Some 45 years later, the documentary shows her writing out "Vagina Farts" in big black letters on cue cards in preparation for a show.
Griffin, who tried to replace Rivers on Fashion Police after Rivers died, said in the documentary, "I wouldn't be doing this if it wasn't for Joan." Watching Rivers on TV for the first time, Griffin realized: "She was doing something that no other woman was doing."
Rivers enjoyed a resurgence in the public eye in her final four years following A Piece of Work, continuing to take on projects other women in comedy weren't.
With her daughter, she starred for four seasons of Joan & Melissa: Joan Knows Best on WEtv. She appeared as herself in a memorable season two episode of Louie on FX opposite Louis C.K., her sage wisdom sounding a seductive note.
She even hosted and produced a webseries, In Bed With Joan.
Her one major failing in the documentary: Firing her longtime manager, Billy Sammeth, after making multiple allegations that he had deserted her. Sammeth later sued Rivers and the filmmakers for defamation, settling out of court. He told The Daily Beast in 2012 that he attended Howard Stern's wedding with Rivers and sat at a reception table with Trump, who told them he wanted to get O.J. Simpson on Celebrity Apprentice. Sammeth also got into a dispute with Trump during Celebrity Apprentice filming when his $18,000 in pledges meant for Joan and Melissa Rivers ended up going to an account owned by Burnett instead. "But Joan worships Donald Trump — and everyone with money and power — and said she'd give me the money to pay it off, because she wanted to win Celebrity Apprentice and actually thought disputing the charge on my credit card would make her lose Celebrity Apprentice and that Trump would be mad at her … and that this could destroy her career." Rivers fired Sammeth within days of the Apprentice finale.
So if you don't think Rivers would perform in a Trump White House, er…Can we talk?
Times changed. Rivers didn't. She believed she shouldn't shy away from any subject; rather, "This is what we should be talking about."
Still words to live by for the rest of us.
Stream 'Joan Rivers: A Piece of Work' on Netflix


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Catalog 21-4 (November 2021)
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Illustrated letterhead for Gulden's Mustard, Capers, and Olives with its accompanying illustrated advertising cover
Charles Gulden
New York: Charles Gulden, 1908. Envelope or Cover.
This colorful letter from Gulden's Mustard contains a mimeographed notice (signed in print by Charles Gulden) informing stores the company has obtained a temporary injunction against a rival firm to prevent the sale of Chance & Son's "Don Caesar" olives, whose name and packaging was quite similar to Gulden's "Don Carlos" brand. The multi-color letterhead features a jar of Gulden's Mustard with its famous marketing spoon and two gold medals that had been awarded to the company. The illustrated advertising envelope features the same illustration in black and white. It is franked with a 2-cent red Washington stamp (Scott #309), tied with a New York machine postmark. Apparently, the cover was first mailed without a stamp as it was applied over an earlier postmark, and an additional circular red handstamp reads, "Held for Postage S." All in nice shape. Very good. Item #009309
Guilden's, known for its spicy brown mustard, is the oldest continuously operating and third largest mustard brand in the United States. The company was founded in 1869 by Charles Gulden, and its popularity soared after he began attaching a small metal spoon to each jar. The mustard won gold medals at the Chicago and Paris world's fairs. Today, Gulden's is part of the international ConAgra Foods conglomerate and is made in Milton, Pennsylvania.
The Third Circuit Court of Appeals ruled in Gulden's favor in August of 1910.
A colorful record of an established food company's effort to protect its product line from infringement by competitors.
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Human knowledge is based upon the principle of forming hypotheses and proving them. To know a given thing, whether it is a process, an act, a phenomenon, or an entity, means to know how to deal with it. Hypotheses help us manage something. There are hypotheses even outside the realm of knowledge. For example, if one is thirsty and there is a glass full of some liquid in front of him/her, the question should he/she drink or not emerges and it should be answered quickly. Let's say, the person in question decides that the liquid is water. Then a definite set of phenomena should happen when he/she drinks a little from the water. We can easily recognize the qualities of water (its taste, smell, refreshing effect, etc.). On the other hand, if it happens that the liquid is not water, the initial hypothesis will be repudiated. Then one should form another hypothesis, probably a more correct one. In all cases, without probing and testing, a hypothesis will not be confirmed or repudiated.
Writing a hypothesis statement is part of every scientific research. Hypotheses are employed in Humanities as well. The difference between both types of subjects is to be found in the fact that natural sciences deal with experiments; Humanities, on the contrary, turn around developing an understanding of the processes observed. Hypotheses are important also because they provide science with theoretical basis which is an inevitable part of its progress. The following paper will show you how to write a hypothesis statement.
A hypothesis is usually part of a research paper - this can include a Master thesis, a PhD dissertation, a monograph, etc. Your paper, thus, should be focused on a clearly and precisely defined topic. When you have understood the topic, then the task will be clear to you.
A hypothesis is usually part of a research paper - this can include a Master thesis, a PhD dissertation, a monograph, etc.
If you have sufficient knowledge about the topic, you can start musing about it. This is only the first attempt to form an idea in your mind about the topic. Depending on your personal style, this may take you days, or even weeks. Imagination is not useless for a scientist. On the contrary, every hypothesis starts with imagination. Hence, do not be afraid to reflect on the topic from different angles - this will help you find a solution to it. We shall call this solution an initial hypothesis.
Now is the time to formulate your hypothesis. You should give it a clearer and more precise form. The most used form is the if-then reasoning, which is associated with deduction. Its form is very simple: "If it is raining, then it will be dry outside." Hence, here we have an antecedent and a consequent. The first part of the proposition is the antecedent (the condition), and the second part is the consequent (what follows when there is the condition in question).
Be careful: not every hypothesis takes the form presented above. At any rate, it should sound similarly, but to be much longer, thus comprising more phenomena or processes.
Here you need to show the conditions under which the hypothesis will prove to be true. For example, you will observe the phenomena X, Y and Z. These are the phenomena which will verify the hypothesis.
Remember: every hypothesis needs verification. Therefore, there is no absolutely true hypothesis, but only a hypothesis which is proved by a particular experiment or observation.
Every hypothesis needs verification. Therefore, there is no absolutely true hypothesis, but only a hypothesis which is proved by a particular experiment or observation.
Having carried out your experiment, you can now prove or repudiate the initial hypothesis. If the result contradicts your hypothesis, then you should admit it and explain why this happened. Do not change your initial hypothesis as to adapt it to the results of the experiment (this is called ad hoc- hypothesis). However, you can formulate a new hypothesis based on the available results. Therefore, you have to perform another experiment.
You should keep in mind that every hypothesis needs verification, but it also has special conditions of validity. Hence, you must describe these conditions in order to verify the hypothesis. For example, "the phenomena X, Y and Z will occur provided if A"; and so forth. Do not be afraid to be wrong: this is the way in which science advances.


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UPDATE: 2 charged, items recovered in A-1 Performance Power Sports burglary
Cedar Rapids News, News, Top Stories
CEDAR RAPIDS, Iowa — A-1 Performance Power Sports, located along Mount Vernon Rd. in Cedar Rapids is asking the community for help, after the business was burglarized for more than $200,000, according to the owners.
The owners took to Facebook showing the damage caused by the thieves. They're asking the community to be vigilant for parts or motorcycle's being sold, that may have been stolen from the business.
The Linn County Sheriff's Dept. said 16 Harley Davidson motorcycles, two Schwinn mopeds, two ATV's and an enclosed trailer were reported stolen.
According to the owners, apparel, tools, parts, and the safe was also stolen.
"All along this wall here were parts, jackets, leather coats, and Harley Davidson's," said A-1 Performance Power Sports Owner, Charles Hanson who found his 30-year-business ransacked, Wednesday.
"Had about 18-20 stolen, and approximately 150,000 dollars worth of motorcycles stolen," said Hanson.
The list of stolen items keeps growing. From the office space, "They stole all of the titles of the vehicles out of those locked drawers." said Hanson. To the parts department, the business left a mess.
"Sheer frustration, because it's the winter months and we're closed a lot due to our snow removal operations, our other company… the theft was just mind-boggling, as you can see by the walls, they just cleared the place out."
The showroom once jam-packed with Harley's and Choppers now shelves sit empty and the highest value bikes, stolen.
"The way I feel about is whenever you steal something from somebody, why don't you get a job and your own income… this is 30 years of a business, 30 years of building this business and it's all gone overnight," said Hanson.
Now, the business is asking the community for help, posting to their Facebook a list of the inventory that was taken. Hoping whoever took them will try to sell them.
The business has put together a list of their inventory, to help recover some of the stolen items.
Here's the original Facebook live done by the owners, asking the community for help.
Here's another Facebook live by Reporter Ashley Neighbor, who was at the business today.
UPDATE: Police have charged Jake Hess with Theft in the 1st Degree as part of an ongoing investigation into the case of A-1 Performance Power Sports on Mt. Vernon Road. Jennifer Mangold was also arrested and charged with 3rd-Degree Theft.
Linn County sheriff's said several items were recovered late last night, which they believe were related to that particular case.
Police say this is still an open investigation.
Ashley Neighbor
Reporter, Cedar Rapids


Whether your interest in Hanukkah dreidels comes from the traditional games featuring this classic spinning top, or from adventuring into whole new worlds of dreidel gaming, this peach colored top featuring silver colored aluminum plating with the Hebrew letters Nun, Gimel, Hey, and Pey will fit perfectly into even the most enthusiastically-built Judaica collection.
Chanukah comes round., and round again, and round again. The years spin by, and the dreidels come and go. Cheap, plastic, disposable. This piece of judaica is something different. A peach and silver Hanukkah Dreidel will sit proud on any display, or even as a centerpiece for your holiday meal. A sure conversation starter, this Israeli top features the letters nun, gimel, hay, and peh. These letters stand for the phrase Nes Gadol Hiya Po (a great miracle happened here), and serve to remind all of the victory of the Maccabees over their unholy opposition.
The artist, Lev Schneiderman , is noted for his stunning silverwork reminiscent of shtetl paper-cuts. This form of art has been identified with the Jewish people for at least 150 years. Lev is bringing this ancient art into the modern world with both his choice of materials and manufacturing processes.


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2024 Mustang GT is The Most Powerful Yet
by Craig Lieberman
Categories: Industry News
Sporting 480hp, the 2024 Mustang GT will be the most powerful Mustang GT ever.
Ford debuted what may be the last of the V8-powered muscle cars out of Detroit. The redesigned, seventh-generation Mustang has bold new styling, with dramatic bodywork accented with familiar cues, outfitted with more advanced technology and increased power. Unlike most other vehicles revealed at the North American International Auto Show this week in the Motor City, there were no hybrid, plug-in hybrid, or electric versions announced.
It's fitting that the pony car that started a performance revolution back in 1964 could be the last V8 to ride into the sunset as the auto industry turns its efforts toward electric models. Stellantis has shown its electric Dodge Charger Daytona SRT concept. GM's plans for the Chevrolet Camaro haven't been revealed.
The Mustang has long been a special breed, mixing brutish performance, style, and nostalgia. The current car saw a significant improvement in handling, ride, power, sophistication, and technology over the fifth-gen 'Stang. This new car builds on that, and frankly, it starts from a much stronger position than the current generation.
Ford is sticking to its proven formula, with the redesign focused on freshening the appearance, boosting the convenience technology, and edging up horsepower.
That the engines largely carryover is a good thing. The strong base turbo-four powertrain along with thrilling GT V8 muscle suit the car well. (Those who are wondering about a plug-in hybrid version should consider the fully electric Mustang Mach-E.) All the prerequisites to satisfy ardent fans and prospective owners eager to snag a classic, gasoline-fueled V8 before it's too late seem to be fulfilled.
What's most needed with the redesign is improved reliability. The current car performs well in our tests, with some obvious caveats, such as a tight rear seat. And owners love it, based on our member surveys. But they also tell us that reliability has been inconsistent and far below average in recent years.
Ultimately, this Mustang is destined to be a future collectible, one of the last old-school muscle cars. For that reason alone, we look forward to buying one and taking this potent pony car for a ride.
The exterior borrows from the current muscle cars, with a Mustang angular grille and sloped roofline. The hood seems to draw from the Camaro coupe and perhaps even the Dodge Charger sedan. The rear fenders flare out, with a sharp crease to the top, akin to the Camaro's aft flanks. Designers often put more visual weight on the fenders of sports cars to emphasize the rear-drive configuration. From a practical standpoint, it adds more wheel-well space to accommodate wide tires on the higher-end trims.
The rear looks distinctly Mustang, with a clear connection to the current and even previous generation model, particularly with the three-zone taillamps. Historically, these light elements have pulsed one at a time, animating the turn signals.
Viewed from the side, the lower body resembles that of the Mustang Mach-E electric vehicle.
The cabin has been given an evolutionary makeover. It moves away from the circular theme with the current car to using more rectangular shapes. Even the steering wheel now has a flat bottom.
The gauge cluster is meant to evoke memories of the angular, Fox-body Mustangs from the 1980s to early 1990s. It has numerous customization options, allowing the driver to dial up the information they favor.
An available large glass panel spans from the 12.4-inch digital instrument panel across to the adjacent 13.2-inch infotainment screen. That center screen is larger and positioned higher in the dash than before. This moves the vents to below the screen. Upon start-up, the two screens have a welcome animation that adds some sci-fi flash.
The dash itself is more of a flat shelf than before. The current car has a double binnacle design that's a nod to the original Mustangs, with an elevated lip on the driver's and passenger's side. At least the manual shifter has a classic ball-like knob.
Cloth upholstery is standard, with an available upgrade with vinyl inserts. Premium models gain contrasting stitching on the seats, doors, and dash. GT models have leather seat inserts.
What Drives It
There are two engines, each carried forward from the sixth-generation car.
The base powerplant is again a 2.3-liter turbocharged four-cylinder engine. Power outputs haven't been released yet. The current car produces 310 horsepower and up to 330 horsepower with an available high-performance package. Those numbers give a good indication of where the new car's power will be.
The 5.0-liter Coyote V8 continues, with modifications that increase output from 460 horsepower to more than 480 horsepower—enough to make this the most powerful Mustang GT ever. (It's notable that even with the road, rumble, and thrust that make accelerating in a Mustang so rewarding, 0-to-60 mph sprints will likely be in the mid-4-second range—quick for a gas car, but not as quick as many EVs.)
The transmission choices are a six-speed manual or a 10-speed automatic.
An available Performance Pack adds a front strut-tower brace to bolster chassis rigidity, a limited-slip differential to aid traction, wider rear wheels/tires, larger Brembo brakes, and a new electronic drift brake to aid racers who like to slide the tail out—an activity that requires a safe location and a truckload of tires to spare, preferably away from cameras at local Cars & Coffee events. An active suspension system can also be added to this package.
The GT Performance Pack piles on brake ducts to help with cooling and an engine oil cooler. An active exhaust system is optional.
Drivers can select from six modes to tailor the car's performance to their needs, affecting steering effort, engine response, and stability control. The modes are Normal, Sport, Slippery, Drag, Track, and a customizable one.
Among other things, Mustangs are about showing off. This new car adds a remote feature that allows the engine to be revved from outside the car via the key fob.
Then there's the Dark Horse, an all-new performance series for the Mustang line that targets dedicated enthusiasts. It has a distinct grille, aerodynamics, and badging. Its Coyote V8 will produce about 500 hp. It uses a heavier-duty, six-speed manual transmission developed from the latest Mustang GT 350, a track-focused version inspired by Carroll Shelby. The 10-speed automatic is also available.
Safety and Driver Assistance Systems
The new Mustang comes standard with Ford Co-Pilot360, which includes forward collision warning, automatic emergency braking with pedestrian detection, blind spot warning, rear cross traffic warning, reverse automatic emergency braking, and lane centering assistance. Adaptive cruise control and speed sign recognition are available.
Models with active suspension gain a pothole mitigation feature, where the car is able to minimize how much a tire drops when passing over a pothole. This not only smooths the ride but may also save the tires and wheels from expensive damage.
Overall, it's the best version yet.
Prices start at $36,000 and top trim models will be around $60,000.
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