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Historical and Current Applications
Last Updated on Tue, 24 Sep 2019 | Population Dynamics
Microcosms have been used in almost every area of terrestrial and aquatic ecology. They have long been used as a classroom teaching tool, bringing aspects of nature into the laboratory. The first ecological experiments using microcosms appear to be those of L. L. Woodruff in 1912 investigating protozoan succession in hay infusions. However, the majority of research with microcosms has been conducted since the 1960s. Early use of microcosms by prominent ecologists including G. F. Gause, H. T. Odum, R. Margalef, R. H. Whittaker, R. J. Beyers, G. D. Cooke, and E. P. Odum has contributed to the development of important concepts in ecology including the competitive exclusion principle, succession, self-organization, and the maximum power principle.
Microcosms continue to be widely used for general ecological studies. However, in recent times, they have also become popular tools to study the fate and effects of contaminants (e.g., heavy metals), pesticides and herbicides, stressors (e.g., high temperatures), novel compounds, and genetically engineered organisms (Figure 1). They provide a comparatively safe means of assessing likely effects on ecosystems without direct exposure to the natural environment. Microcosms are not yet routinely used in ecotoxicological testing despite a strong argument from proponents that single-species tests are inadequate for full evaluation of ecosystem-level impacts. The problems with microcosm use relative to ecotoxico-logical single species tests include the higher costs, time involved, complexity, variability and difficulty in evaluating endpoints. Despite these issues, F. B. Taub and colleagues have worked to develop a standardized (nearly gnotobiotic) aquatic microcosm. This is now registered with the American Society for Testing and Materials as a standard method.
Wheat seedlings
HDPE cylinder Organic material plug
Figure 1 A homogenous integrated soil microcosm, designed as a model terrestrial ecosystem to assess the effects of single pesticides on soil ecosystems. Reproduced from Burrows LA and Edwards CA (2002) The use of integrated soil microcosms to predict effects of pesticides on soil ecosystems. European Journal of Soil Biology 38: 245-249.
Oplan Termites
You Might Start Missing Your Termites After Kickin'em Out. After All, They Have Been Your Roommates For Quite A While. Enraged With How The Termites Have Eaten Up Your Antique Furniture? Can't Wait To Have Them Exterminated Completely From The Face Of The Earth? Fret Not. We Will Tell You How To Get Rid Of Them From Your House At Least. If Not From The Face The Earth.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Hartford Jazz Society Blog
The blog covers articles on concert reviews, jazz history, Hartford Jazz society news, album reviews, and more. The mission of The Hartford Jazz Society is to cultivate an appreciation of the sound, culture, and love of jazz by presenting a variety of live events and other activities. We strive to accomplish these goals through offering jazz-related performances, activities, education, and..
Notable Releases from 2022 (podcast)
by Ken Laster
As we turn our calendar to the New Year, it's always a fun to look back at some of the best jazz releases from the previous year. As the current webmaster to the Hartford Jazz Society and now a resident of San Diego California, I have a hand in each of these cities jazz scenes ..read more
Mingus documentary on PBS
A wonderful Charles Mingus documentary was aired on PBS earlier this month. It features a performance by the Mingus Big Band interspersed with conversations on the life and music of this jazz icon. For Hartford jazz fans, you will recognize several familiar faces of University of Hartford alumni/faculty that have appeared around town over the ..read more
2023 NEA Jazz Masters Announced
Congratulations to the NEA Jazz Masters recipients for 2023. Among the highest honors bestowed upon jazz musicians, journalists or producers is the National Endowments of the Arts, Jazz Masters. The artists honored this year were all raised in Detroit, Michigan, and have gone on to make extraordinary contributions within jazz. These honorees will be ..read more
Music as Medicine
by Bill Sullivan
The Louis Armstrong Department of Music Therapy | Mount Sinai The Healing Power of Music: Johns Hopkins Center Marries Music and Medicine Music as Medicine – The Musical Recommended Daily Allowance Music as medicine? 30 minutes a day shows benefits after heart attack ..read more
The Return of Black Eyed Sally's Jazz Jam
After a long hiatus due to the pandemic, regularly scheduled jazz jams will be returning to Black Eyed Sally's. Beginning May 18, and then the 1st and 3rd Wednesdays of each month Beginning September, every Wednesday 7-10PM there will be a featured jazz ensemble followed by an open jam session. Bring your axe and ..read more
Jazz Grammy Award Winners 2022
Jazz music and the Grammy Awards have been strange bedfellows. Jazz categories are not included in the televised ceremony, and appearances by jazz artists are few in number with minimal air time. Album of the Year awards went to jazz artists only a couple times in the Grammy's history (Getz/Gilberto 1964; Hancock's Joni Mitchell ..read more
Hartford in New York
If there is a silver-lining to these pandemic years (2020-2021) it may be our ability to adapt to new realities in ways we hadn't imagined. One of those has been in finding new ways to present performance art. When it comes to live jazz, Internet streaming has become the "new norm". It took hold ..read more
Make Music: Winter 2022
The Hartford Jazz Society, Matt Chasen, and The Library Studio proudly present: MAKE MUSIC: WINTER EDITION - JAZZ TRAIL Four bands, four hours of great jazz The lineup includes: Nigel Bello's "Latin Jazz" Quartet Matt Pearl Trio Latin Essence Jazz Quartet Maxx Meether Trio Performed live at Middletown's Library Studio In-person seating available for 20 ..read more
HJS Revitalizes its Instagram Posts
Social media has become an essential element in any organization's messaging with its base. Instagram is quickly becoming the platform of choice for many of today's jazz musicians and fans. While the Hartford Jazz Society has been active on Facebook for many years, it's Instagram posts have been somewhat ignored. Well, all that is ..read more
HJS Receives Grant From CT Humanities
The Hartford Jazz Society Receives CT Cultural Fund Operating Support Grant from CT Humanities BLOOMFIELD, CT (December 28, 2021) — Connecticut Humanities, the statewide, nonprofit affiliate of the National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH), has awarded The Hartford Jazz Society ("HJS") a $10,700 CT Cultural Fund Operating Support Grant (CTCFOSG). The funding from the CTCFOSG ..read more
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This heart-warming adventure for dog lovers everywhere is a great match for fans of books such as The Fourteenth Goldfish and A Snicker of Magic.
Eleven-year-old Jordie Marie Wallace has been waiting forever for someone to move in next door, so she is thrilled when Professor Reece arrives: she has a laboratory in her basement and an extraordinary dog named Baxter—who seems to understand everything Jordie says.
Jordie and her younger brother T.J. begin walking Baxter and helping Professor Reese in the lab. But being lab assistants ends up being more than Jordie and T.J. bargained for and leads them to a secret neither of them expected.
When Professor Reece goes missing, it is up to Jordie and T.J. to use their smarts and Baxter's magical powers to find her. Will they be able to save Professor Reece before it's too late?
From award-winning author Barbara Kerley comes a sweet and funny story about a young girl, a quirky professor, and a magical dog.


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Get £50 off a Dyson Supersonic in time for Christmas
By Emma Rowley
Home Tech Editor, Tech Advisor DEC 2, 2022 4:29 pm GMT
Image: Dyson
If someone you know has a Dyson Supersonic on their Christmas list, this is a deal you'll love.
Dyson's game-changing hair dryer is one of the most-wanted styling products around. We gave it 4.5 out of 5 stars in our review and praised its "astonishing performance". But it is expensive and rarely discounted.
Currys is running a deal on the Supersonic which ordinarily costs £329.99, but is now £50 off the iron and fuchsia colourway. If you want one, you'll have to be fast. The deal ends on Sunday, 4 December.
Get the Dyson Supersonic for £279.99
This discount isn't available in the US, as Currys is a UK-only retailer. However, there is a deal on a refurbished Supersonic at Daily Sale.com for $229. There are several colourways available.
The Supersonic comes with five styling attachments, including the new flyaway tool.
This is inspired by professional stylists and aims to create a smooth, salon-quality finish. Directing the airflow around the curve of the attachment, it creates a Coanda effect, pulling your hair straight and preventing flyaways.
We tested it and can say that it works well and is easy to use, even at the back of the head, by rotating the magnetic attachment to a convenient angle.
If you miss this discount, ordinarily we'd point you in the direction of Dyson's refurbished products, where you can usually pick up a Supersonic for less. However, they are out of stock at the moment – it's in high demand at this time of year.
Instead, we'd suggest checking out the Laifen Swift. It's a Dyson clone: a powerful, mallet-shaped, hair dryer that comes with magnetic styling attachments. It comes in a range of metallic colours. We gave it five stars in our review.
Best of all, you can buy the Swift Special, which comes with three styling accessories, for just £157.31/$189.99.
For more hair styling recommendations, have a look at our round-ups of the best hair dryers and best hair straighteners we've tested.
Author: Emma Rowley, Home Tech Editor
Emma is Home Tech Editor at Tech Advisor. She covers everything from kitchen appliances to smart home devices, from floor care to personal care to air care technology. She's particularly interested in environmentally conscious brands and products that save people time and money.
Recent stories by Emma Rowley:
Oral-B iO8 review: A little luxury
Best Hair Straighteners 2023
Best Hair Dryers 2023


Malkorok is the 9th boss in Siege of Orgrimmar. He's got some nasty abilities and is a step up in difficulty from many of the early bosses.
It's two-phase single target fight (there are a few adds in heroic, but they're not a big focus).
During phase one there is constant raid-wide damage, and a shield mechanic similar to Tortos. Any healing taken will go into your shield, not your health bar. Thankfully, you don't have to shoot a crystal to trigger the shield, it applies automatically. Malkorok uses a few damaging abilities. Seismic Slam does damage in a 5 yard area and shoots players up into the air. Be sure to be spread out so only one person gets hit at a time. Imploding Energy will spawn void pools around the room. After 5 seconds they will explode, doing damage to anyone in them. Each zone must be soaked by at least one player standing in them, or massive shadow damage will be done to all players. My raid splits the room into quadrants and assigns people to each one so everyone knows where they need to soak. Arcing Smash is a cone attack that he will use 3 times during the phase, this can be avoided. 10 seconds after the 3rd Arcing Smash, he'll use Breath of Y'Shaarj which deals massive damage in the places where the smashes were. Remembering the position of each smash so you know where the safe zones are is very important.
Heroic only – When Malk uses Seismic slam, it causes Living corruption adds to spawn and attack players. These have an aura which reduces the casting and movement speed of those around them. They need to get to the tank so they don't sabotage the casters. Malkorok will also spawn orbs of corruption continuously throughout phase 1. These persist and if anyone comes into contact with them, their barrier gets removed and they take damage. These can be soaked using cooldowns, but should generally be avoided in this phase.
In phase 2 the Ancient Miasma fades, meaning people no longer have shields and can have their health restored. Malkorok will start using Blood Rage, doing huge amounts of damage split among any players in front of him. In normal, everyone just stacks in front of the boss to split the damage. Displaced Energy is a debuff that will be applied to random players. It deals damage to the player and if it is dispelled (or after 9 seconds) explodes, doing damage to anyone in 8 yards. Because of this, players who get this need to move out of the group. Whether or not you want to dispel is up to your group (I vote no!).
Heroic only – The Displaced Energy debuff also roots the affected player in place. Only tanks (or one Monk tank) should stand in front of the boss to soak the Blood Rage. The rest of the players should stay spread out in their quadrants. At this time, the Essences of Y'Shaarj can be soaked by players with good cooldowns (hunters, shadow priests, paladins) to free up some space.
When the Blood Rage ends, we go back to phase 1.
In order to soak as many Orbs as possible, the shorter cooldown on Deterrence is good.
Normal is a single-target fight and in heroic the adds aren't numerous and die quickly.
Deterrence has a ton of uses on this fight. In heroic you can use it to soak the Essences of Y'Shaarj. If you get caught in an Arcing Smash or Breath of Y'Shaarj, Deterrence will keep you alive.
Disengage can help you get out of the bad floor effects, reduce fall damage after a slam, or get to Imploding Energy to soak in time.
Keep an eye on your Barrier level. It will change colour based on how full it is. Use a Healthstone if you're in the red.
Heroic – Master's Call is helpful on heroic, it can be used if you're slowed by an ooze or if you are rooted by Displaced Energy.
Heroic – Help out the raid by Misdirecting the oozes when they spawn. Once they're on the tank, Multishot every once in a while to help get them down.
Heroic – Get a Druid to Symbiosis you so they can get Deterrence and you can use Dash so you can soak more orbs.
Everybody's talking about button bloat. Lissanna's doing it. Vidyala's doing it. Celestalon was the one who started it.
While I sit here, waiting for my lunch, tell me… What ability do you have that you're afraid we'll cut due to button bloat, but love?
So I'm going to talk about it too. First, to answer the question – there's no ability I love that I fear will be cut. I am fearless in that regard. Would I want something like Rejuvenation to go away? Obviously not, but I'm also quite positive it's not on the chopping block.
Second, I think removing some abilities is an excellent idea. How many abilities is too many? More than I can comfortably bind. On my Druid I use VuhDo bindings and bind all my common heals to a combination of SHIFT, CTRL, ALT (or no modifier) plus one of 4 buttons on my mouse. That gives me 16 possible bindings. Actually, 15, since unmodified left click is used to target.
Adding those up, I have a total of 32 abilities which I will want access to at some point or another in raids. If I take away the highly situational spells that I don't use on most encounters, I'm still left with 23.
I think 23 abilities is too many to use on a regular basis. So what can we cut? Looking at my breakdown of spells, two things stick out. Nourish and Genesis.
Nourish is a spell I haven't had bound since about a week into Mists. With all the other healing spells available to us, it just doesn't pack enough of a punch. It's cheap mana-wise, but it's also slow and barely puts a dent in health bars. It seems like an obvious choice for removal.
Genesis is a spell I was excited about when it was first announced, thinking that it would give Druid healing some much-needed extra burst. However, it didn't really work out that way. Rejuvenation just has too short a duration to make Genesis really work. At most you're going to have 5 up that you can speed up, and the first couple applied will barely benefit from the Genesis cast. Plus, using Genesis mean you lose all your applied Rejuvs very quickly when most of the time it's more beneficial to leave them up, ticking slowly. The only real use people have gotten out of Genesis is quickly charging Wild Mushrooms, but I don't think giving us a faster way to overheal was what the devs had in mind when they made this spell. Cut it.
These two were obvious ones, but now it gets a little murkier. Healing Touch or Regrowth could also be candidates for removal, depending on how/if the healing model changes in Warlords. If we continue down the road of AoE/smartheal/cooldown all the things, we really don't need 2 cast-time direct heals in our kit. I think that Healing Touch could be removed without too much impact. For most of this expansion I only used it in combination with Nature's Swiftness (or if there was not enough to heal and I could just chain cast it on a tank to refresh LB/Harmony/give me something to do). The 4T16 bonus means people are using it more now, but unless this effect gets baked in as a passive ability, this will change in Tier 17. I find that Regrowth and Healing Touch are in the same niche, but Regrowth fills it better. If the healing model gets changed so that single target heals are something we actually want to be casting, I think there is room for both of these spells. However, I think they would need to be changed a little to differentiate them. I'd like to see the HoT portion of Regrowth be more substantial, as it once was. Alternatively, Healing Touch could be cheaper and bigger to compensate for the slow cast time.
The last spell that I think could be removed is Innervate. Of course it's nice to have a mana return, but I think it would be just as easy to balance healers around not having an ability like this instead. Druids' mana return is a little more interesting than something like Divine Plea or Mana Tea in that we can choose to cast it on someone else but, really, how often does that happen? Generally Innervate just amounts to another 3-minute cooldown to watch and use as soon as it's available. It's not really adding anything.
I'm trying to find more candidates for removal, but everything else has a real purpose, even if it doesn't get used on every fight. I really like having so many utility spells and I can't think of one I'd want to remove to reduce button bloat.
What do you think? Are there any abilities you wouldn't miss if they were removed?
Speaking of Resto Druids (since I don't speak about them all that much any more), if you're an avid tree lover, you should check out Team Waffle's most recent Resto Roundtable and Final Boss's podcast on Restos for some great discussion. I'm kind of sad that not maining a Druid means I don't get invited to these things anymore 🙁 But they're both great things to listen to.
There is a new combat analysis site in town, and its name is Warcraft Logs. While the site is currently in open Alpha and will likely not be officially released until Warlords of Draenor, it still has a ton of functionality and is already a great tool for evaluating logs.
Since log analyzers aren't entirely intuitive to use, I'll be writing a guide on how to use Warcraft Logs to analyze and improve both your own performance and that of your entire raid (just like I did with World of Logs).
The guide is in its beginning stages, currently I just cover the basics – how to upload a log and a breakdown of the log UI. Soon I'll be adding sections on how to analyze individual raiders and how to use logs to find out what's happening on boss fights when things go wrong.
I've added the first two sections to my guide section, please check it out and let me know if you have any feedback.


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June 5, 2020 | י״ג בסיון תש״פ
Masechet Shabbat is sponsored in memory of Elliot Freilich, Eliyahu Daniel ben Bar Tzion David Halevi z"l by a group of women from Kehilath Jeshurun, Manhattan.
This month's learning is sponsored by Shlomo and Amalia Klapper in honor of the birth of Chiyenna Yochana, named after her great-great-grandmother, Chiyenna Kossovsky.
This month's learning is sponsored by Elaine Hochberg in honor of her husband, Arie Hochberg, who continues to journey through Daf Yomi with her. "And with thanks to Rabbanit Farber and Hadran who have made our learning possible."
Shabbat 91
Today's daf is dedicated by Raie Goodwach in memory of her mother, Rivkah bat Chaim v'Peshka z"l and by Nava Flesh in memory of her father Oriel Pozeilev ben Miriam and Avraham z"l.
How far do we take this issue of obligating one who fulfills one's intent even if it is atypical? Would it help to exempt someone also? If I consider an item important, would others be obligated for carrying it? What if the intent changed between the moment of removing it from one domain and placing it in the other domain? Rava brings various questions regarding this issue. If one brought an item from one's house into the threshold which was a karmelit and then to the public space, is one obligated? On what does it depend? If one brought a basket from a private space to a public space but some of the basket was still in the private domain, is one obligated? Is the basket viewed as one whole or not? On what does it depend? How do Chizkia and Rabbi Yochanan each understand the mishna?
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מהו דתימא בטולי בטלה מחשבתו קא משמע לן כל העושה על דעת ראשונה הוא עושה
Lest you say that in doing so his original intention is completely nullified, since when he carries it out he is no longer conscious of the reason that he stored it, the tanna of the mishna teaches us that anyone who performs an action with an object with which he had dealings in the past, performs the action with the original intention in mind.
אמר רב יהודה אמר שמואל מחייב היה רבי מאיר אף במוציא חטה אחת לזריעה פשיטא כל שהוא תנן מהו דתימא כל שהוא לאפוקי מגרוגרת ולעולם עד דאיכא כזית קא משמע לן מתקיף לה רב יצחק בריה דרב יהודה אלא מעתה חישב להוציא כל ביתו הכי נמי דלא מיחייב עד דמפיק לכוליה התם בטלה דעתו אצל כל אדם:
Rav Yehuda said that Shmuel said: Rabbi Meir deemed liable one who carried out even a single wheat seed for sowing on Shabbat. The Gemara asks: This is obvious. We learned in the mishna that the measure that determines liability for one who carries out seeds for sowing on Shabbat is any amount. Since the principle is that an unattributed mishna is in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Meir, clearly Rabbi Meir would deem him liable for carrying out one seed. He would even deem him liable for carrying out less than one seed. The Gemara answers that Shmuel's statement was necessary. Lest you say that when the mishna employs the term any amount it is to exclude the standard measure for carrying out food on Shabbat, a dried fig-bulk; and actually one is only liable if there is at least an olive-bulk of whatever he is carrying out. Therefore, Shmuel teaches us that any amount refers to even a single seed. Rav Yitzḥak the son of Rav Yehuda strongly objects to this: But now, based on the approach that the measure of liability depends solely on the intention of the person carrying out the object and not on objective measures, one who planned to carry out the contents of his entire house at once, so too, is he only liable when he carries it out at once? The Gemara answers: There is no comparison. There, with regard to a person who plans to carry out the contents of his entire house, his intention is rendered irrelevant by the opinions of all other people, as most people do not conduct themselves in that manner.
וכל אדם אין חייבין עליו אלא כשיעורו: מתניתין דלא כרבי שמעון בן אלעזר דתניא כלל אמר רבי שמעון בן אלעזר כל שאינו כשר להצניע ואין מצניעין כמוהו והוכשר לזה והצניעו ובא אחר והוציא נתחייב זה במחשבתו של זה
We also learned in the mishna: And any other person is only liable for carrying it out on Shabbat if he carries out its measure for liability. The Gemara comments: The mishna is not in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Shimon ben Elazar, as it was taught in a baraita that Rabbi Shimon ben Elazar stated a principle: Anything that is not fit to be stored, and therefore people do not typically store items like it, but it was deemed fit for storage by this person and he stored it, and another person came and carried out the object that was stored, that person, who carried it out, is rendered liable by the thought of this person, who stored it.
אמר רבא אמר רב נחמן הוציא כגרוגרת לאכילה ונמלך עליה לזריעה אי נמי לזריעה ונמלך עליה לאכילה חייב פשיטא זיל הכא איכא שיעורא וזיל הכא איכא שיעורא מהו דתימא בעינן עקירה והנחה בחדא מחשבה והא ליכא קא משמע לן
Rava said that Rav Naḥman said: If one carried out on Shabbat a dried fig-bulk of seeds for eating, and along the way he reconsidered and decided to use them for sowing; or, alternatively, if one intended to carry them out for sowing and reconsidered and decided to use them for eating, he is liable. The Gemara wonders: This is obvious. Whichever way you view this case, he is clearly liable. Go here and examine his initial intention, there is a measure that determines liability; and go here and examine his ultimate intention, there is a measure that determines liability. The Gemara replies that Rav Naḥman's statement teaches a novel concept. Lest you say that in order to be deemed liable for carrying out an object on Shabbat, we require that the lifting and placing of the object be performed with a single, identical, intention, and that is not the situation here, i.e., that the change in his intention transforms his action into two separate half-labors, therefore Rav Naḥman teaches us that it is considered a single prohibited act, and the person who performed it is liable.
בעי רבא הוציא חצי גרוגרת לזריעה ותפחה ונמלך עליה לאכילה מהו אם תמצי לומר התם הוא דמיחייב דזיל הכא איכא שיעורא וזיל הכא איכא שיעורא הכא כיון דבעידנא דאפקה לא הוה ביה שיעור אכילה לא מיחייב או דילמא כיון דאילו אישתיק ולא חשיב עליה מיחייב אמחשבה דזריעה השתא נמי מיחייב
On the basis of this halakha, Rava raised a dilemma: With regard to one who carried out half a dried fig-bulk of seeds for the purpose of sowing, which is less than the measure that determines liability, and in the meantime the seeds became moist and expanded to a dried fig-bulk, and he reconsidered his plans for the dried fig-bulk of seeds and decided to use it for eating, what is the halakha? The two sides of the dilemma are: If you say that there, in the first case, he is liable because go here and examine his initial intention, there is a measure that determines liability; and go here and examine his ultimate intention, there is a measure that determines liability; but here, in this case, since at the time that he carried it out there was not a measure that determines liability for one who carries out seeds for the purpose of eating, then he is not liable. Or, perhaps, since had he been silent and had no intention with regard to the seeds at all, he would be liable for the intention of carrying it out for the purpose of sowing, then now too, he is liable because, even based on his reconsidered intention, he completed the prohibited labor of carrying out.
ואם תמצי לומר כיון דאילו אישתיק ולא חשיב עליה מיחייב אמחשבה דזריעה השתא נמי מיחייב הוציא כגרוגרת לאכילה וצמקה ונמלך עליה לזריעה מהו הכא ודאי כי אישתיק אמחשבה קמייתא לא מיחייב או דילמא בתר השתא אזלינן ומיחייב ואם תמצי לומר בתר השתא אזלינן ומיחייב הוציא כגרוגרת לאכילה וצמקה וחזרה ותפחה מהו יש דיחוי לענין שבת או אין דיחוי לענין שבת תיקו:
And if you say that since had he been silent and had no intention with regard to the seeds at all, he would be liable for the intention of carrying it out for the purpose of sowing, now too, he is liable, if he carried out seeds in the measure of a dried fig-bulk for the purpose of eating, and they shriveled until there was less than that measure, and he reconsidered and decided to use them for the purpose of sowing, then what is the halakha? Here, certainly had he been silent and had no intention with regard to the seeds at all, for the original intention he is not liable because there remains less than the measure for liability; or perhaps we follow his intention at present and he is liable. And if you say that we follow his intention at present, and he is liable, the dilemma arises: If one carried out a dried fig-bulk of seeds for the purpose of eating, and it shriveled until there was less than that measure, and then it expanded to a fig-bulk, what is the halakha? Is there disqualification with regard to the halakhot of Shabbat? Since at a certain point there was less than the measure that determines liability, he can no longer be held liable for carrying it out even if it expands. Or, perhaps there is no disqualification with regard to the halakhot of Shabbat. The crucial moments that determine liability for carrying an object are the moment that it is lifted and the moment that it is placed. At both of those junctures, the measure for liability was whole. No resolution was found to any of these dilemmas. Therefore, let them stand unresolved.
בעא מיניה רבא מרב נחמן זרק כזית תרומה לבית טמא מהו למאי אי לענין שבת כגרוגרת בעינן אי לענין טומאה כביצה אוכלין בעינן לעולם לענין שבת וכגון דאיכא פחות מכביצה אוכלין והאי משלימו לביצה מאי מדמצטרף לענין טומאה מיחייב נמי לענין שבת או דילמא כל לענין שבת כגרוגרת בעינן אמר ליה תניתוה אבא שאול אומר שתי הלחם ולחם הפנים שיעורן כגרוגרת ואמאי לימא מדלענין
Rava raised a dilemma before Rav Naḥman: If one threw an olive-bulk of teruma into an impure house, what is the halakha? The Gemara attempts to clarify the question. With regard to what matter was this dilemma raised? If it was raised with regard to Shabbat, the measure that we require to determine liability for carrying out is a dried fig-bulk, and an olive-bulk is smaller than that. And if it was raised with regard to ritual impurity, the measure that we require to determine impurity for food is at least an egg-bulk, and an olive-bulk is smaller than that as well. The Gemara answers: Actually, this dilemma was raised with regard to Shabbat. And it is referring to a case where there is less than an egg-bulk of food in the house, and this olive-bulk that was thrown into the house completes the measure of the food in the house to an egg-bulk. The dilemma is: What is the halakha in that case? Is it from the fact that the olive-bulk joins together with the food in the house with regard to ritual impurity that he is also liable with regard to Shabbat? Or perhaps, all matters concerning carrying out on Shabbat require a dried fig-bulk in order to be liable. Rav Naḥman said to him: We already learned the resolution to that dilemma in a baraita: Abba Shaul says: The measure that determines liability for carrying out the wave-offering of the two loaves of bread and the showbread that were in the Temple is a dried fig-bulk. The Gemara asks: And why is that their measure? Let us say: From the fact that with regard to the matter of
יוצא בכזית לענין שבת נמי בכזית הכי השתא התם מדאפקיה חוץ לחומת העזרה איפסיל ליה ביוצא אשבת לא מיחייב עד דמפיק ליה לרשות הרבים הכא שבת וטומאה בהדי הדדי קאתיין:
disqualification of consecrated items due to leaving the Temple courtyard, the significant measure is an olive-bulk, as one who eats that measure of disqualified consecrated items is liable; with regard to Shabbat, its measure for liability should also be an olive-bulk. The Gemara rejects this: How can you make that comparison? There, in the case of the consecrated items, from the moment that he took it beyond the courtyard wall it was disqualified due to the prohibition of leaving. However, with regard to Shabbat, he is only liable when he takes it into the public domain, which is far beyond the courtyard walls. Here, in the case where one threw teruma into the house on Shabbat, the prohibition of Shabbat and the impurity of the teruma come simultaneously. Since the olive-bulk is significant in terms of impurity, it is similarly significant with regard to Shabbat.
חזר והכניסו אינו חייב אלא כשיעורו: פשיטא אמר אביי הכא במאי עסקינן כגון שזרקו לאוצר ומקומו ניכר מהו דתימא כיון דמקומו ניכר במילתיה קמייתא קאי קא משמע לן מדזרקיה לאוצר בטולי בטליה:
We learned in the mishna: If one stored the seed, carried it out, and then brought it back in, he is only liable if he brought in its measure for liability. The Gemara asks: This is obvious. By bringing it back into the house he indicates that he no longer considers it significant, and the object then assumes the legal status of an object belonging to anyone else. Abaye said: With what are we dealing here? We are dealing with a case where he threw it into the storehouse and its place is clearly discernible to the one who threw it, in that he knows where it landed. Lest you say that because its location is discernible it maintains its original status, the mishna teaches us that from the fact that he threw it into the storehouse, he indicated that he nullified the object's previous significance.
מתני׳ המוציא אוכלין ונתנן על האסקופה בין שחזר והוציאן בין שהוציאן אחר פטור מפני שלא עשה מלאכתו בבת אחת קופה שהיא מליאה פירות ונתנה על אסקופה החיצונה אף על פי שרוב פירות מבחוץ פטור עד שיוציא את כל הקופה:
MISHNA: One who carries out food from his house on Shabbat and placed it on the threshold of the door, whether he then carried it out from the threshold into the public domain or another person carried it out, he is exempt because he did not perform his prohibited labor of carrying from domain to domain all at once. Similarly, if one placed a basket that is full of fruit on the outer threshold, which is in the public domain, and part of the basket remained inside, even though most of the fruit is outside in the public domain, he is exempt until he carries out the entire basket.
גמ׳ האי אסקופה מאי אילימא אסקופה לרשות הרבים פטור הא קא מפיק מרשות היחיד לרשות הרבים אלא אסקופה רשות היחיד בין שחזר והוציאן בין שהוציאן אחר פטור הא קא מפיק מרשות היחיד לרשות הרבים
GEMARA: The Gemara begins by asking: What is the nature of this threshold in terms of Shabbat? If you say that it is a threshold that has the legal status of the public domain, in that it does not extend above nine handbreadths, and its area is four by four handbreadths, and it is suitable for use by the multitudes, why is he exempt? Didn't he carry out food from the private domain to the public domain? Rather, say that it is a threshold that has the legal status of the private domain, in that it extends above ten handbreadths, and its area is four by four handbreadths. In that case, why does the mishna say: Whether he then carried it out from the threshold into the public domain or another person carried it out, he is exempt? Why should he be exempt? Didn't he carry out food from the private domain to the public domain?
אלא אסקופה כרמלית והא קא משמע לן טעמא דנח בכרמלית הא לא נח בכרמלית מיחייב מתניתין דלא כבן עזאי דתניא המוציא מחנות לפלטיא דרך סטיו חייב ובן עזאי פוטר:
Rather, the mishna is referring to a threshold that is a karmelit. And it teaches us the following: The reason that he is exempt is due to the fact that the object came to rest in a karmelit. However, if the object did not come to rest in a karmelit, he is liable even if it passed through a karmelit. This comes to teach that the mishna is not in accordance with the opinion of ben Azzai, as it was taught in a baraita: One who carries out an object from a store, which is a private domain, to a plaza, which is a public domain, via a colonnade, which is a karmelit, is liable because he lifted the object in a private domain and placed it in a public domain. And ben Azzai deems him exempt because, in his opinion, an exempt domain separates between the private and public domains.
קופה שהיא מליאה כו׳: אמר חזקיה לא שנו אלא בקופה מליאה קישואין ודלועין אבל מליאה חרדל חייב אלמא קסבר אגד כלי לא שמיה אגד ורבי יוחנן אמר אפילו מליאה חרדל פטור אלמא קסבר אגד כלי שמיה אגד
We learned in the mishna: If one placed a basket that is full of fruit on the outer threshold, he is only liable if he carries out the entire basket. Ḥizkiya said: They only taught this halakha with regard to a basket full of cucumbers and gourds, both of which are long. Part of each fruit remains inside even when most of the basket is in the public domain. However, if the basket was full of mustard seeds, he is liable for carrying out a measure of individual mustard seeds to the public domain. The Gemara concludes: Apparently, he holds that the fusion of several objects in a single vessel is not considered fusion. Even though several objects are in a single basket, they do not have the legal status of a single unit. And Rabbi Yoḥanan said: Even if the basket were full of mustard seeds, he is exempt. Apparently, he holds that the fusion of several objects in a single vessel is considered fusion.
אמר רבי זירא מתניתין דלא כחזקיה דיקא ודלא כרבי יוחנן דיקא כחזקיה לא דיקא דקתני עד שיוציא את כל הקופה טעמא דכל הקופה הא כל הפירות פטור אלמא קסבר אגד כלי שמיה אגד כרבי יוחנן לא דיקא דקתני אף על פי שרוב פירות בחוץ טעמא דרוב פירות הא כל פירות אף על גב דאגידא קופה מגואי חייב אלמא קסבר אגד כלי לא שמיה אגד
Rabbi Zeira said: The language of the mishna does not precisely correspond with the opinion of Ḥizkiya, and it does not precisely correspond with the opinion of Rabbi Yoḥanan. The Gemara explains: It does not precisely correspond with the opinion of Ḥizkiya, as the mishna taught: Until he carries out the entire basket. The Gemara infers: The reason that he is liable is because he carried out the entire basket. However, if part of the basket remained inside, even if he carried out all the fruit, he is exempt. Apparently, the mishna holds that fusion of several objects in a single vessel is considered fusion. Since the vessel fuses the fruit into one entity, when part of the basket remains inside, by extension its fruit is also considered to have remained inside. And it does not precisely correspond with the opinion of Rabbi Yoḥanan, as the mishna taught: Even though most of the fruit is outside. The Gemara infers: The reason that he is exempt is because only most of the fruit is outside. However, if all the fruit were outside, then even though part of the basket remains bound inside, he is liable. Apparently, the mishna holds that the fusion of several objects in a single vessel is not considered fusion.
ואלא קשיא חזקיה מתרץ לטעמיה ורבי יוחנן מתרץ לטעמיה חזקיה מתרץ לטעמיה עד שיוציא את כל הקופה במה דברים אמורים בקופה מליאה קישואין ודלועין אבל מליאה חרדל נעשה כמי שהוציא את כל הקופה וחייב רבי יוחנן מתרץ לטעמיה אף על פי שרוב פירות בחוץ ולא רוב פירות בלבד אלא אפילו כל פירות פטור עד שיוציא את כל הקופה
The Gemara asks: However, that is difficult. The inferences of the mishna are contradictory. The Gemara explains: Ḥizkiya resolves the contradiction in accordance with his reasoning, and Rabbi Yoḥanan resolves the contradiction in accordance with his reasoning. The Gemara elaborates: According to both of the Sages, the mishna is referring to two distinct cases. Ḥizkiya resolves the contradiction according to his reasoning. The phrase: Until he carries out the entire basket; in what case is this statement said? It is said in the case of a basket full of cucumbers and gourds. However, in the case of a basket full of mustard seeds, he becomes as one who carried out the entire basket, and he is liable for carrying out the mustard seeds. And Rabbi Yoḥanan resolves the contradiction according to his reasoning: When we learned: Even though most of the fruit is outside, he is exempt; and that ruling is true not only if he carried out most of the fruit, but even if he carried out all the fruit he is also exempt, until he carries out the entire basket.
מיתיבי המוציא קופת הרוכלין ונתנה על אסקופה החיצונה אף על פי שרוב מינין בחוץ פטור עד שיוציא את כל הקופה קא סלקא דעתך בצררי קשיא לחזקיה אמר לך חזקיה הכא במאי עסקינן באורנסי
The Gemara raises an objection from that which was taught in a baraita: One who carries out the merchant's basket on Shabbat that contains different items, primarily spices, and placed it on the outer threshold of the house, even though most of the types of items in the basket are outside, he is exempt until he carries out the entire basket. It might enter your mind to say that this is referring to a basket full of bundles of different spices. That is difficult according to the opinion of Ḥizkiya, as even though most of the bundles entered the public domain, he is exempt. The Gemara answers: Ḥizkiya could have said to you: With what are we dealing here? With stalks [urnasei]. The spices are in the form of stalks that fill the entire length of the basket. As long as part of the basket remains inside, part of each stalk remains inside as well.
מתיב רב ביבי בר אביי הגונב כיס בשבת חייב שכבר נתחייב בגניבה קודם שיבא לידי איסור שבת היה מגרר ויוצא פטור שהרי איסור גניבה ואיסור שבת באין כאחד ואי סלקא דעתך אגד כלי שמיה אגד קדים ליה איסור גניבה לאיסור שבת
And Rav Beivai bar Abaye also raised an objection from that which we learned: One who steals a purse on Shabbat is liable for the theft. Based on the principle that one who is liable to receive two punishments receives the greater of the two, in this case one should be exempt from payment for the theft, since performing a prohibited labor on Shabbat is punishable by stoning. However, this case is different because he was already liable for theft as soon as he lifted the purse. This took place before he came to violate the prohibition of performing prohibited labor on Shabbat by carrying it into the public domain. However, if he did not lift the purse, but was dragging it on the ground and exiting the private domain, he is exempt from paying for the theft, as in that case, he is only liable for the theft when he drags the purse out of the owner's property into the public domain. The prohibition of theft and the prohibition of Shabbat are violated all at once. For the purposes of this discussion: And if it enters your mind to say that fusion of several objects within a single vessel is considered fusion, in this case the prohibition of theft precedes the prohibition of Shabbat. At the moment that the mouth of the purse enters the public domain, he is liable for theft because it is as if the money inside had been carried out. With regard to Shabbat, he would not be liable until the entire purse entered the public domain.
אי דאפקיה דרך פיו הכי נמי הכא במאי עסקינן דאפקיה דרך שוליו והאיכא מקום חלמה
The Gemara explains: If this is referring to a case where he carried it out by way of its mouth, indeed that is so, he would be liable for theft. However, with what are we dealing here? We are dealing with a case where he carried it out by the underside of the purse. Since none of the money is accessible until the entire purse is in the public domain, he violated the prohibitions simultaneously. The Gemara asks: Isn't there the area of the seam? He could gain access to the money even if he dragged out the purse by way of its underside,
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Roy Norris was one of the commissioning crew of HMAS Perth and served during Perth's deployment to the Mediterranean in 1941.
Norris kept a diary and recorded the events he and the Perth experienced. He was also a talented artist and painted a number of watercolours of scenes from the Med.
In 2005, the Society published the diary under the title, "A Cook's Tour". The book is a substantial and unique historical reference.
These extracts demonstrate Norris's skill for story-telling, and relate some of the key events in the Mediterranean campaign
HMAS Perth: Athens – A Joy Forever
HMAS Perth: Malta – Hell in Grand Harbour
HMAS Perth: Battle of Matapan
HMAS Perth: Bombardment of Tripoli
HMAS Perth: Night Bombing at Alex
HMAS Perth: 1941 – Norris' reflections
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text:
RG Menzies
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Maron Brando in 1954
Marlon Brando was born in Omaha Nebraska on 3 April 1924, the son of a chicken- and cattle-feed salesman. After being expelled from several schools, Marlon was sent to Shattuck Military Academy, from which he was expelled. He had taken up and quit a number of dead-end jobs, such as ditch digger and lift operator. His father (an alcoholic) offered to finance whatever meaningful career he chose. Following the lead of his mother (also an alcoholic), who was involved in a local theatrical group, he decided to become an actor.
Brando moved to New York where he studied the Stravinsky method at the New School and then at the Actors' Workshop. He become totally dedicated to "method" acting which values emotion and realism over stagecraft.
In1943, Brando made his professional acting debut in the stage play Babino. This was followed, in 1944, by his Broadway debut in I Remember Maria. In 1946, he was voted Broadways Most Promisng Actor for his performance in Truckline Cafe. The intensity and honesty of his performance in A Streetcar Named Desire the next year made him a Broadway star and brought offers from the Hollywood studios - which he turned down.
It was not until 1950 that Brando agreed to star as a paraplegic war veteran in an independent Stanley Kramer production, The Men. In preparation for the role, Brando spend a month lying in bed in a war veteran's hospital.
His second movie, a recreation of his stage triumph in A Streetcar Named Desire, earned him an Academy Award nomination for Best Actor. His next movie, Viva Zapata!, earned him another nomination, as did his idiosyncratic portrayal of Mark Antony in 1953s Julius Caesar. This was followed by his classic role as the rebel bikie gang leader in The Wild One and, the same year, his portrayal of a washed-up boxer in On the Waterfront for which he won the Best Actor Academy Award.
The following year, Brando demonstrated his versatility when he co-starred with Frank Sinatra in the hit musical Guys and Dolls. This was followed by another Broadway adaptation in Teahouse of the August Moon and yet another Academy Award nomination for his role in Sayonara.
In 1957, Brando married actress Anna Kashifi. They had one son, Christian, but divorced a year later. The following year (1960), he secretly married another actress, Movita Castenada, with whom he had a son, Miko. Their marriage was annulled in 1968. In 1962, Brando married another actress, Tarita Teriipia. They had three children, Rebecca, Simon and Cheyenne.
In 1961, Brando produced and directed as well as starred in One-Eyed Jacks, which cost so much to produce it was unable to make a profit. His next film, Mutiny on the Bounty, suffered a similar fate, partly because of Brando's insistence on waiting for the perfect mood or an inspired improvisation.
Brando's career went into a downward spiral through the sixties as strange role choices and his difficult character led to him being considered too risky by the movie studios. At the same time, Brando became a supporter of radical political movements such as the Black Panthers and the Native American movement. In 1970, he adopted a daughter, Petra.
In 1972, Francis Ford Coppola cast Brando to play the aging Mafia boss in The Godfather. Brando won the Academy Award for Best Actor but refused to accept it, describing it as a "door prize", and sending a spokeswomam to deliver a speech attacking the US Government's treatment of Native Americans. The following year, he received another Academy Award nomination and great critical acclaim for his role in Last Tango in Paris.
Despite these successes, Brando then virtually exiled himself to the atoll of Teti'aroa near Tahiti, became obese and refused all but a few character and cameo roles. One of these, A Dry White Season, earned him an Academy Award nomination as Best Supporting Actor, and another, in Superman, earned him almost $4 million for a relatively brief cameo appearance. In 1989, Brando had a daughter, Ninna, with his former maid Christina Ruiz.
In 1990, Brando's son, Christian, was charged, and eventually convicted, with murdering his half-sister Cheyenne's fiancé. The legal costs placed a severe stain on Brando's finances and he reluctantly returned to acting, starring in several films during the 1990s.
In 1994, Brando's daughter, Cheyenne, committed suicide sending him into a period of deep depression and even greater obesity. In the same year, he published his autobiography, Songs My Mother Taught Me.
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Weedeater, Long Gone: We need your help!
Weedeater » Jason... the Dragon
Doom metalSludgeMetalAwesomeStoner doom
There are two artists called Weedeater;
1) Weedeater are a stoner metal band formed in Wilmington, North Carolina in 1998. The group's most recent album, Goliathan, was released on May 19, 2015.
The band formed in 1998 and was initially planned to be the side-project of Dave "Dixie" Collins, the band's vocalist and bassist who was occupied with his primary project Buzzov*en, however the band disbanded the same year so decided to concentrate his efforts on Weedeater and made it his new primary project Read Full BioThere are two artists called Weedeater;
The band formed in 1998 and was initially planned to be the side-project of Dave "Dixie" Collins, the band's vocalist and bassist who was occupied with his primary project Buzzov*en, however the band disbanded the same year so decided to concentrate his efforts on Weedeater and made it his new primary project, recruiting members Dave "Shep" Shepherd on guitar and Keith "Keko" Kirkum on drums.
The band released their debut album titled '... And Justice for Y'all' in 2001 and released their second album 'Sixteen Tons' in 2003, both albums where released via their first record label Berserker Records.
After the release of Sixteen Tons in 2003, the band decided to leave Berserker Records and joined American metal record label Southern Lord Records and released their third album and label debut God Luck and Good Speed. In 2009 a deluxe double LP version on the album was also released. The band was also announced as a support act for the American heavy metal supergroup Down.[6] The band was later announced as one of the acts to play at 2010's Hellfest among the likes of Arch Enemy, Architects and Gwar.
The band entered the studio for their fourth album with producer Steve Albini in early January 2010 who also produced their last album God Luck and Good Speed, and also Arik Roper will be designing the album cover as he did previously for the band's previous albums.[8] Not long after they entered the studio Dave "Dixie" Collins accidentally shot himself in the foot whilst he was cleaning his favourite Shotgun and was reported that he is to be bedridden for the next few weeks during his recovery, this ultimately lead to the band postponing their recording session with Steve Albini until after their tour in March and April.
Despite the setback caused by the accident the band announced that their next album will be titled Jason...The Dragon and was set for a release later that year, they also announced that their March/April tour will now be called the "Nine Toe" tour after Collins lost one of his big toes. The band headlined again in September the same year after it was reported that Keko had torn his meniscus after returning from their previous headlining tour and also that Dave Shepherd had also broken his pinkie finger while supporting Black Cobra in Europe in July, however didn't prevent the group from returning to Albini to record the album unlike the previous two accident which did.
In November 2013 it was announced by French record label Season of Mist had officially listed Weedeater as part of their roster, and along with the announcement the label re-released all of the band's previous albums digitally on December 10 the same year, the band also commented that they will hopefully be entering the studio soon with either producer Steve Albini or Billy Anderson, who have helped produce the band's previous albums. Travis Owen joined the band as drummer and they are scheduled to record their newest album in September 2014 with Steve Albini in Chicago, IL.
Based on reviews from their previous albums the band has often been labelled as stoner, doom and sludge metal as well as being dubbed "Weed metal" due to their lyrical style and also referring to Dave Collins' previous band of similar musical style Buzzov*en, also labelled as a stoner and sludge metal band which may have influenced this band's sound. While the band focuses on metal they also have acoustic elements in songs such as "Woe's Me" and "Kira May" from their second album Sixteen Tons.
The album was finally released on March 15, 2011 after all the setbacks caused by the bands injuries throughout 2010.[12] The band went on tour in the US to support the release of the album however had to cancel the last few shows due to Dave Shepherd breaking his hand which disallowed him to play guitar.[13]
2) A Stoner Metal band formed in the early 1990s in Clearlake, Iowa, consisting of Doug Jones, Jeff Jones, and Mark Huddleston. In 1995, they released Weedeater on Pearl Records out of Kansas City. The record was produced by Marvin Jackson, Montel Jones, & Weedeater. Assistant Engineering was done by Marc Wilson.
01The Great Unfurling1:06
02Hammerhandle3:00
03Mancoon2:11
04Turkey Warlock3:02
05Jason... the Dragon5:58
06Palms and Opium3:47
07Long Gone3:44
08March of the Bipolar Bear0:58
09Homecoming4:34
10Whiskey Creek5:44
by Weedeater
Face down head high look into my eyes, long gone, no
One no time much to my surprise, long gone, cold sweat
Hot head ain't no way to be, long gone, sweet smoke
Red eyes I can hardly see, long gone.
Contributed by Lily I. Suggest a correction in the comments below.
Weedeater - Long Gone
Weedeater - Long Gone with Muleboy of Bongzilla
Weedeater - Long Gone (HQ)
Weedeater - Long Gone - Bass Cover
Mutant Mangler - Jason The Dragon Is Long Gone (Weedeater Mangle)
weedeater-the great unfurling+ long gone.
Weedeater - Woe's Me
WEEDEATER-"BULL"
Weedeater - Goliathan
Fritzy-Long Gone
Weedeater - God luck and good speed
Weedeater - Bow Down
Weedeater - Mancoon (videoclip)
Weedeater - Monkey Junction


A business bootcamp challenge will kick off a new Retail Innovation Program to help traditional retailers get a foothold in the fast moving digital economy.
The City has partnered with Investible to create the program. Investible has worked with entrepreneurs and startups around the world to help accelerate their business growth. "The experts delivering the program are recognised as leaders in Sydney's entrepreneurial business landscape. Having worked with leading retail including Westfield, David Jones and Glue Store they understand the challenges and issues faced by the retail sector," The Lord Mayor said.
Investible is an early-stage investment group that provides high potential founders the financial, human and intellectual capital needed to scale. The Retail Innovation Program is based on methodology first designed by Investible's co-founder Creel Price for Richard Branson's Centre for Entrepreneurship in South Africa. Mr Price said the program will help future-proof local businesses.
Kelly Slessor, a digital and mobile marketing strategist and founder and CEO of Shop You, is the Investible program mentor. Having completed an Investible course in 2016, Ms Slessor brings a unique insight to the training.


What a full and wonderful day in Amsterdam that included a 4-hour family bike tour into the countryside with Mike's Bikes and a self-guided tour of the Van Gogh museum. The kids held up really well through it all and Laura and I are doing pretty darn good too.
Mike's Bike Tours has a drop-in family-friendly bike tour that leaves every day at 11 am and 4 pm during peak season. Finding Mike's Bike shop allowed us to venture into parts of Amsterdam we had yet to see, as did our return walk, coming across a vibrant multi-cultural dining area not far from the Vondel Park between Spiegelstraat and Leidsertraat. A few dozen people showed up for the tour but they easily handled things by dividing us into two groups after Stewart, one of the guides, gave an amazing historical overview of Amsterdam. Although I never really did like history in school, it is so different when you are older and want to learn things before you die! As the token tall male in a birghtly coloured (lime green) top, I was appointed sweep for our group. This served me well, rewarding me with a free Grolsch beer when we got to the cheese and clog factory farm that served as one of the stops on our ride.
Highlights of our bike tour, aside from the free beer, was that it was such a great way to see the countryside, much of the city and learn its history with a fun tour guide and great group of like-minded folks. The dedication to commerce without taxation that founded Amsterdam as a trading powerhouse over 500 years ago led to its open attitude it has kept through modern times. Also, seeing buildings lasting hundreds of years built on dredged up marshland gives me some hope that nearby Richmond back home might not be washed away anytime soon. Our tour took us through the city to a rural road along the Amstel River, stopped at a farm and wound our way back along bike paths through farm fields, and parks, by houseboats, Vondel Park and back to Mike's Bikes.
After stumbling across the amazing Soup en zo, just down the street from Mike's Bikes for a late lunch, we headed to the Van Gogh museum. We are very fortunate in having booked tickets in advance, including the self-guided mp3 player, as we could just bypass the crowds and also get the audio device that would have otherwise been sold out for the day. (We had…ok, Laura had, reserved this along with the Anne Frank House, and upcoming museums in Italy from our readings of the much revered Rick Steve's guidebooks.) I was suprised by some of Van Gogh's work. I usually think of him as the artist of the Sunflower and other works with fat brush strokes but had forgotten about his own impressionist style he had developed as a self-taught artist. In fact, even after a google search, I can't find many of these works that I saw today at the museum.
Tomorrow we leave for Venice to begin the Italy portion of our trip.


Legal experts disagree on whether judge will make an example of the affluent defendants.
The parents who allegedly paid bribes to get their children into prestigious colleges face the possibility of jail time if convicted, according to legal experts.
Hollywood stars Lori Loughlin and Felicity Huffman are affluent defendants, and will most likely be able to afford the very best legal representation. They are also most likely first-time offenders, two factors which usually lead to lighter sentencing.
They are changed with conspiracy to commit mail fraud and honest services mail fraud, a count that carries up to 20 years in prison. However, these are not typically the "type of offenses for which a judge would put people in jail," former federal prosecutor Jacob Frenkel told the Associated Press.
Former assistant U.S. attorney Jeffrey Cramer agreed, saying that most parents in this situation would get a fine and community service.
Cramer told the Associated Press that the difficult part for the judge hearing the case would be that most of the accused — had they known that breaking the law would carry a $200,000 penalty and community service — may still have deemed the act to be worth it, in order to get their child into an elite university.
With the federal judge setting the bail for Huffman and Loughlin at $250,000 and $1 million respectively, according to Forbes, it is clear the charges are not to be taken lightly.
Ilene Jaroslaw is a former federal prosecutor who is now a white-collar defense attorney. She has a hard time believing that a judge will be sympathetic to the defendant's plight, due to their economic privilege.
"I expect that you're going to see a number of these people spend some time in jail to send a message," she told reporters.
The high-profile case has caused a media frenzy, and actress Lori Loughlin has already felt the repercussions of her alleged actions.
According to Forbes, Loughlin has been dropped by both the Hallmark Channel and by Netflix's Fuller House.
Defendants may choose to take the case to trial in an effort to exonerate themselves.
That may prove difficult, given claims that secretly recorded conversations between Rick Singer and many of the defendants exist. Singer is the consultant at the heart of the scandal, a man who facilitated the alleged bribes. Singer confessed to racketeering conspiracy and other charges earlier in the month.
The U.S. Justice Department's investigation, dubbed Operation Varsity Blues, compiled what the Associated Press described as "mountains of evidence" — including emails, bank records, and flight records.


text:
Q: Transferring file using SCP command fails with relative path and works with absolute path This is failing. (the file.txt is in the same folder)
sudo scp file.txt shahid@11.34.45.23:~/
#gives error Permission denied (publickey).

The following works, however, it asks for the local machine password
sudo scp me@localhost:/home/file.xt shahid@11.34.45.23:~/

A: If the file.txt doesn't contain any critical data, change its permissions to allow reading by others:
$ sudo chmod 744 file.txt

And then try the scp.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Q: icCube drop-down widget - How to get Selected Item? I want to get selected items from iccube-dropdown-widget with javascript.  Drop-down-widget has Div-ID 'icCubeDropDown'.
var t = window.document.getElementById('icCubeDropDown');

doesn't work, t is Null.
How can I do this?
Thanks in advance!
EDIT
var text = $("#w8 select.icCubeDropDown").children("option").filter(":selected").text(); var text is empty. What is wrong?
Here is my report code:
my report code

A: You're mixing class with id, 'icCubeDropDown' is a class. Id's in icCube are more like 'ic3-131'.
I'd be using jquery selectors
var select = $("#ic3-131 select.icCubeDropDown")

this finds the element with id ic3-131 and a select descendant.
hope it helps


STUNNING & SPACIOUS in popular Lochaven. Dramatic 2-story entry, formal dining & great room w/gas fireplace and hardwood floors. Gorgeous eat-in kitchen w/center island, Cambria countertops, SS appliances including gas cook-top and double ovens! Kitchen opens to large great room w/lots of natural light and high ceilings! Spacious master bdrm on main w/double sinks, luxurious garden tub and big walk-in closet. Private upstairs loft area w/full bath! Fenced in back-yard on nice corner homesite! This home has it all! Professionally landscaped and within walking distance to Dillon Park, pool, dog park, and tennis courts. Close to schools, dining and shopping!
MLS/BLC # 21618114 is a 4 -bedroom, 4-bath property located at 6121 Newark Drive, Noblesville, IN 46062, in Hamilton County. This Residential/Condo was built in 2005 and offers 4157 square feet of total space. The current listing status of 6121 Newark Drive Noblesville IN 46062 is "Sale Pending." This property is conveniently located near James A. Dillon Park, a popular park in the area. 6121 Newark Drive Noblesville IN 46062 is in the Lochaven Of Noblesville Subdivision. See More Noblesville homes for sale.
6121 Newark Drive, Noblesville, IN 46062 Property displayed on MSWOODS.COM and listed by RE/MAX Complete. The BLC® listing information is provided by the Metropolitan Indianapolis Board of REALTORS® from a copyrighted compilation of listings. The compilation of listings and each individual listing are © 2019 Metropolitan Indianapolis Board of REALTORS® All Rights Reserved. The information provided is for consumers' personal, non-commercial use and may not be used for any purpose other than to identify prospective properties consumers may be interested in purchasing. All properties are subject to prior sale or withdrawal. All information provided on 6121 Newark Drive, Noblesville, IN 46062 (and all other homes for sale in Noblesville) is deemed reliable but is not guaranteed accurate, and should be independently verified.
I would like to see the house at 6121 Newark Drive, Noblesville, IN 46062 at the following date and time.


How did you get into the industry and when?
Since I was a child, I have always sailed during the holidays with my family and this is where I developed my passion for the sea. I started my career in yachting working as crew on a 52' Baltic called Escondida. The Owner of this wonderful sailing yacht introduced me to Perini Navi, where I began my career in 2005 in the superyacht industry in marketing and communications.
What are your favourite parts of the yachting industry?
I truly love the sea and the shipbuilding element of the industry. I particularly enjoy the construction of a yacht at the shipyard. The aluminium workshop is my favourite shed, and I love the sea trials in the North Sea.
What do you do – and why you enjoy working for a shipyard?
At Heesen I am PR and Press Office Manager. I really enjoy welcoming press and guests to the shipyard and showing them around our beautiful facility. Anyone can see a yacht sailing, but just a few people have the privilege and honour to see one under construction. I feel when a yacht it is out of the water, it is even more impressive… I usually take our guests for a walk under the hull to take a photo. You feel very small!!
How does the yachting industry need to change?
On the water, without a doubt!


Max grew up in Beijing, Shanghai and Chicago, and studied machine learning and diplomacy at Brown University. He previously worked at NASA Ames on genetic engineering as a Teaching Fellow at Singularity University, co-founded Brown's first startup accelerator, and worked in Silicon Valley as Ayasdi's youngest data scientist.
In the last few years, he co-published a book on data science, modeled Citibank's 2015 Stress Test, stated a international, entrepreneurship-based high school summer camp in Shenzhen called Prometheus, and started the One Salon—an intellectual, emotional and experiential community that spread from Stanford to 12 cities around the world.
He's currently based in Beijing, and developing an interest in investing, global economics and politics at Schwarzman College, Tsinghua. In his spare time, he explores exponential technologies, the implications of AI in biotech, sustainability, and renewables.
Rafael Cosman studied Computer Science at Stanford University and did machine learning research at Palantir and Google Brain. When he's not working he enjoys swimming and blues dancing. He is now co-founding a startup in San Francisco.
Rafael was a founding member of the first Salon chapter, at Stanford, where he brought an indelible welcoming presence, rigorous science and the most delicious snacks to feed the intellect and bellies of the Salon. The "short talks", "boom volcano", "high fives" were all part of Rafael's creative contributions, and Salons around the world continue to build on his ground breaking endeavors.
Originally from Bangladesh, Samanee has now travelled to 24 countries. She's currently studying History at Brown, but that hasn't stopped her from exploring the works of Marx to financial accounting and everything in between.
She went on to work at Morgan Stanley but soon realized finance wasn't for her. Some called her crazy to leave a golden opportunity but instead, she created her own golden opportunity by leaving Brown for a year to explore and learn. Over the year she's worked in non-profits in LA, startups in Berlin and is now currently based in NY.
Her interests include storytelling, blogging, tech trends that can change the world, and finding what lights up your eye in a conversation.


text:
Govt asks e-commerce companies to appoint nodal officers for compliance with consumer protection rules
The new sub-rule, which has been included in the Consumer Protection (E-Commerce) Rules, 2020, has come into effect from May 17, according to a notification issued by the consumer affairs ministry.
The government has asked e-commerce companies to appoint a nodal officer to ensure compliance with the new rules on consumer protection. The rules are applicable to e-commerce entities registered in India, as well as those registered abroad but offering goods and services to Indian consumers.
This new sub-rule, which has been included in the Consumer Protection (E-Commerce) Rules, 2020, has come into effect from May 17, according to a notification issued by the consumer affairs ministry.
These rules were made under the provisions of the Consumer Protection Act, 2019."...it (e-commerce entity) shall appoint a nodal officer or an alternate senior designated functionary who is resident in India, to ensure compliance with the provisions of the Act or the rules made thereunder," the notification said.
The rules apply to all e-commerce entities incorporated under the Companies Act, 1956 or under the Companies Act, 2013 or a foreign company covered under clause (42) of section 2 of the Companies Act, 2013 or an office, branch or agency outside India owned or controlled by a person resident in India as provided in the Foreign Exchange Management Act, 1999, it added.
The new rules for e-commerce entities were first notified in July 2020. Their violations attract penal action under the Consumer Protection Act, 2019.
Foreign Exchange Management Act
Nirmala Sitharaman to present third paperless budget in an all digital format, access via 'Union Budget App'
e-Mobility push: Delhi Metro ties up with Airtel Payments Bank to launch smart card top-up facility
Aadhaar e-KYC transactions cross 32.49 crore, authentications hit 208.47 crore in Dec '22
government TV
#ETUrbanMobilitySummit: Panel Discussion on Road Safety - Safe and Secure Transport and Traffic systems
Panel Discussion Technology for improving Mobility services
Panel Discussion on Achieving Sustainable Mobility- Consumer-Friendly Approach
Presentation by Purshottam Chand


text:
Pro-GMO Scientists Blinded by Technology and Wedded to Ideology
February 15, 2017 by Edward Morgan
The Oxford Martin School is based at Oxford University in the UK and has set up the 'Oxford Martin Commission for Future Generations' (OMC). Bringing together international leaders from government, business and civil society, the OMC aims to address the growing short-term preoccupations of modern politics and business and identify ways of overcoming today's gridlock in key international negotiations.
The OMC's website says that this diverse group of highly respected global leaders has called for a radical shake-up in politics and business to deliver progress on climate change, reduce economic inequality, improve corporate practices and address the chronic burden of disease.
Any institution committed to radically shaking up politics and business should be both willing and able to call to account powerful private interests and not be compromised by ideology or conflicts of interest. However, campaigner Dr Rosemary Mason wrote to the OMC last year to state that such things do appear to be undermining its stated aims. She expressed concern that OMC commissioners have allegiances with various global corporations that could undermine the neutrality and credibility of the commission. She went on to name certain individuals and noted their links to corporate power.
For example, there is Sir John Beddington, Professor of Natural Resources Management for the OMC, and his position on the debate about genetically modified (GM) food and crops. Beddington was made Chief Scientific Adviser to the British Government in 2007. In 2012, he declared his faith in GM technology. Mason quotes him as saying, "And among those scientific wonders, the use of genetically modified crops has a particularly rich potential… Just look at the problems that the world faces: water shortages and salination of existing water supplies, for example. GM crops should be able to deal with that."
A recent report says that during his visit to Australia, Beddington told ABC Rural news that politicians around the globe are ignoring the science relating to GM for the sake of short-term political opportunism.
He is quoted as saying, "If a politician completely ignores scientific advice, then they're in danger of making policy decisions which will prove to be unutterably wrong."
Beddington went on to argue for more rapid and sensible responses from policies that engage science and stated, "There is a movement in Europe which is just against any genetically-modified plant used for food [and] that is so naïve. There's no doubt in the developing world, plants can be modified to be resistant to drought or insect pests and that is going to be very, very important moving into the future."
He also claimed that the aim of gene editing is to produce plants that are resistant to droughts, pests and diseases, while boosting yields, which would be needed to feed a growing world population.
Beddington told ABC Rural that there was approximately two billion people experiencing malnutrition and these people either lack sufficient levels of nutrients needed for proper development or are eating too much poor-quality food. With 25 per cent of children dying in the first few years of life, he said that children were being robbed of their social and economic potential. In an era of so-called 'anti-science', he argued it was more important than ever that scientist ensured their relevancy within society.
Beddington concluded by saying:
What is sensible is to insist that this is the scientific evidence, you may not like it, but that is the evidence.
Taken at face value, much of what Beddington says might seem quite reasonable: a growing global population requires food, GM based on scientific evidence can provide it and naïve resistance, which is not based on science, is holding back the technology's potential.
It's a line of thought that we have heard many times before from proponents of GM. The purpose here is not to go over old ground and repeat what I or others have written in recent articles that take issue with some of Beddington's views, especially regarding the science of GM and his wholly erroneous claims about critics holding anti-scientific views.
The wider context: scientists and development
However, the issue of 'naivety' is worth exploring. If there is any naivety around, it is not to be found within the ranks of those who question or oppose GM. In fact, the type of views Beddington expresses are driven by naivety or even worse: a failure to appreciate the reality of hunger, malnutrition, poverty and the nature of a global system of food and agriculture that is tied to corporate power.
Scientists are fond of telling everyone that GM technology can fix the world food problem. This assumes there is a 'problem' as they define it (food shortage); but any problem that does exist has less to do with the world's inability to feed itself and more to do with political issues related to food distribution, access to land, inequality and so on as well as inappropriate models of economic and social development that have adversely impacted indigenous agriculture and regional food security.
As a technology, GM is but a tool. There may indeed be a need for it in certain situations, given proper testing and analyses of specific contexts and circumstances. However, you can roll out a technology and it can have disastrous consequences because of the context within which it operates. And you can roll out that technology knowing it will have many adverse effects but it will be highly beneficial to those who financially profit from that roll-out.
We just have to look at the outcome of GM technology since GM crops were commercialised over 20 years ago. Has it reduced pesticides use? No. Has it increased yields? No. Have companies who control the technology and its associated proprietary inputs (e.g. Roundup/glyphosate) made a financial killing? Certainly (see this, this and this).
Some 20 years of GM indicate that statements about the efficacy and benefits of GM are based more on wishful thinking than actual reality. GM has been dominated by giant transnational corporations who have used the technology to grow a select handful of crops, which by and large have been used to feed people in richer countries, not poorer regions where hunger and malnutrition persists. Moreover, GM has been integral to a system of food and agriculture in the US that fuels obesity, bad health and monolithic diets that are nutritionally poor. Also, in the US, farmers are squeezed and kept afloat by taxpayer subsidies so that Monsanto, Cargill and the likes of Wal-Mart can rake in massive profits.
People in the US now have a diet dominated by GM corn and soy. And where GM has been grown outside of the US, food security has been undermined, crops are grown for animal feed to be exported to rich countries and the planting of GM has led disease and illness places such as Argentina.
GM is being used by vested interests who seek to irreversibly alter the genetic core of the world's food and rake in massive profits. This is why GM is not just about science – indeed, science might be a minor issue given the overall context – especially for poorer countries.
If we are to take India as an example, the Green Revolution was promoted by US corporations and interests that uprooted what was a highly productive system of agriculture. That system offered a diverse diet, and system was responsive to local climate and soil conditions. What we now have is drought, degraded soil, less diverse diets, nutritionally deficient crops and farmers placed at the mercy of rigged global trade rules as well as a whole range of other problems.
To say that GM will rectify problems related to drought, yields or climate change fails to acknowledge the damage already done and that GM – the way it is to be rolled out by foreign corporations – is only going to exacerbate things: a damaging corporate-controlled chemical treadmill followed by similar; this time a corporate-controlled biotech treadmill. The Green Revolution was never designed to 'feed the world'. The same is true for GM. Such rhetoric is designed to mask the motives based on self-interest, geopolitics and profit.
In India, the World Bank and US companies are driving the development agenda. The push to drive at least 400 million from the land and into cities is already underway at the behest of the World Bank: a World Bank that India is seriously indebted to and a World Bank that is, under the guise of 'enabling the business of agriculture', committed to opening up economies to corporate seeds and agrochemicals and securing global supply chains.
The drive is to entrench industrial farming and displace the current productive system with one suited to the aims of foreign agribusiness and retail interests. This entails commercialising the countryside and replacing small-scale farming – the backbone of food production in India (and globally), which is more productive than industrialised agriculture, more sustainable and capable of producing more diverse, nutrient-dense diets.
The ongoing issue to commercialise GM mustard in India is part of a push that seeks to restructure India to benefit foreign capital. By touting for GM, many scientists are (inadvertently) lobbying for a particular model of development. That development agenda regards the peasantry, small farms and India's rural-based traditions, cultures and village-level systems of food production/processing as backward, as an impediment to 'progress'. It regards alternative approaches to agriculture that have been advocated by numerous high-level reports as a hindrance: approaches that would in effect build on and develop the current rural infrastructure and not eradicate it.
Do people who promote GM without addressing the issues raised above really think that technology is a silver bullet? Do they think it is the key way to feeding the world – or to feeding an India that is already self-sufficient in key foodstuffs and could be more so if it were not for the effects of politically motivated WTO rules and World Bank directives?
By not addressing any of this, can scientists who tout for GM to the detriment of all else be regarded as 'objective'? To dismiss all of the issues raised in this article and to ignore the model of corporate power that GM is wedded to demonstrates either gross naivety or an (unwitting) ideological allegiance to the political dogma of neoliberalism.
Rosemary Mason raised a valid point: allegiances to corporate power can and do undermine any chance of neutrality and credibility. Science certainly has a role to play in helping to deal with food and agriculture issues. But the problem is that some scientists feel a need to promote a technological innovation without looking at (or even wanting to look at) the wider context. By doing so, they fail to appreciate that the answer to poverty, hunger and malnutrition first and foremost lies in addressing the context and in not blindly promoting technology.
Source: http://www.globalresearch.ca/pro-gmo-scientists-blinded-by-technology-and-wedded-to-ideology/5574988
Categories Awakening, Collaboration, Consciousness, Disclosure, Full Disclosure, Healing, High Vibrational Food, Illuminati, Nature, News, Newsletters, NWO, Resistance, Teachings, Technology Post navigation
MONSANTO, PESTICIDES, VACCINES, & AUTISM: IF WE CONTINUE ON THIS ROUTE, "ALL CHILDREN WILL BE AUTISTIC BY AUTISTIC BY 2025"
The Era Of Human-Animal Hybrid Chimeras Has Begun
2 thoughts on "Pro-GMO Scientists Blinded by Technology and Wedded to Ideology"
Raymond Monteiro
Dear Edward Morgan,
Thank you for writing this very pertinent and clearly written article. I only want to chirp in that the 'healthy countryside' is no longer very healthy. Stop by and observe one of these modern fields to realize that virtually all birds, bees, insects or wildlife-in-general have been driven off.
When even our renowned hard-working honest farmers yield to the dark interests, you probably know that American ethics have fallen. Adopt this abusive farming attack on Nature and stay financially afloat or take an ethical stand with a more in harmonious-with-Nature farming and struggle to survive.
Of course before any of us can look down at the farmer's surrendering their ethics for a livable wage we should examine our own company's effect on the world and ask: Are we also being 'paid off to keep quiet' with an above average wage in order to not question whether the world is a better place for our company's own final product? I think each of us intuitively knows that this is another way the powers that be have separated us into haves and have-nots. Can your end product to the world ethically justify a significantly greater than the average worker's wage, when each 'honestly' toils the same 8 hours?
Could each of us shining light on our own work-products hasten the demise of these same behind the scenes dark forces?
Best wishes of Love and Light,
Ray Monteiro
PS Mr Morgan, you must come from a writing background, as you do put out a large number of coherent and pertinent articles. Perhaps you could one day share with us a bit of your own inspirational source story.
DieselChadron
please stop using the words "corporate power". instead, use the words "greedy and influential" or "corporate bribery".
aside from that, I like your work.


White Lace Parasol with Ruffles is rated 3.0 out of 5 by 2.
Rated 1 out of 5 by IronFantom from Not as pictured Was expecting what was pictured and described, a 33" diameter parasol, grey with white lace border, pink handle. What was received was a 24" diameter all white lace parasol. Very disappointed with the price paid.
Rated 5 out of 5 by hrw3113 from Perfect! I bought this item for a baby shower. I put in a tall clear vace filled with glass marbles/pink ice, silk flowers and draped pearl strands underneath to appear as though it was raining. It was exactly what I hoped it would be and the perfect size for a centerpiece!
The pole is 19" L to the curve.


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Shohei Imamura (Japonês: 今村 昌平, Imamura Shōhei) (Tóquio, 15 de setembro de 1926 - 30 de maio de 2006) é um dos mais consagrados cineastas do Japão. Foi o primeiro diretor a conquistar duas Palma de Ouro no Festival de cinema de Cannes, com os filmes Unagi (A Enguia, 1997) e Narayama Bushiko (A Balada de Narayama, 1983).

Seu último trabalho foi como um dos diretores do filme 11´09´´01, um drama composto de 11 segmentos realizados por cineastas de diferentes países. Imamura dirigiu o segmento Japan.

Leitura de apoio
 Notes for a study on Shohei Imamura by Donald Richie
 Shohei Imamura (Cinematheque Ontario Monographs, No. 1) edited by James Quandt

Ligações externas

Imamura, Shohei
Pessoas do período Showa
Pessoas do período Heisei

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
El Castillo de Hermann o Castillo de Narva  (),es un castillo en Narva, al noreste de Estonia, a la orilla del río Narva. Fue establecido en 1256 por los daneses, el primer castillo de piedra se construyó a principios del siglo XIV. La orden de los Caballeros Teutónicos compró el castillo el 29 de agosto de 1346. Actualmente funciona como un museo.

Véase también
Castillo
Historia de Estonia

Referencias

Castillos de Estonia
Museos de Estonia
Arquitectura de Estonia del siglo XIV
Narva
Hermann


text:
La Colombina cava (nome scientifico Corydalis cava (L.) Schweigger & Kōrte, 1811) è una piccola pianta erbacea, perenne e bulbosa appartenente alla famiglia delle Papaveraceae, diffusa nell'Europa continentale.

Sistematica
Il genere della  "Colombina cava" è abbastanza numeroso con circa 300 specie, di queste meno di una decina sono spontanee della nostra flora. La posizione tassonomica rispetto alla famiglia è invece in via di definizione: secondo la classificazione del Sistema Cronquist (degli anni '80 e considerata ormai "classica") la specie di questa scheda appartiene alla famiglia delle Fumariaceae e relativo ordine delle Papaverales; mentre secondo le ultime ricerche filogenetiche del gruppo APG II System è stata spostata alla famiglia delle Papaveraceae e all'ordine delle Ranunculales (vedi tabella a destra).
La presente specie appartiene alla sezione Bulbocapnos (Bernh.) W.D.J.Koch caratterizzata dall'avere un tubero nella parte ipogea, dei fusti semplici con poche foglie e un unico racemo terminale.

Variabilità
L'elemento più evidente di variabilità è il colore della corolla che nell'ambito della stessa popolazione può variare fino al violetto oppure al bianco. Di seguito sono indicate alcune varietà e sottospecie (l'elenco può non essere completo e alcuni nominativi sono considerati da altri autori dei sinonimi della specie principale o anche di altre specie):
Corydalis cava (L.) Schweigg. & Körte subsp. cava (sinonimo = C. cava (L.) Schweigg. & Körte subsp. blanda (Schott) Chater)
Corydalis cava (L.) Schweigg. & Körte subsp. blanda (Schott) Chater (sinonimo = C. cava (L.) Schweigg. & Körte subsp. cava)
Corydalis cava (L.) Schweigg. & Körte subsp. marschalliana (Pall.) Chater (1964) (sinonimo = C. marschalliana (Pall.) Pers.)

Ibridi
Nell'elenco che segue sono indicati alcuni ibridi interspecifici:
Corydalis ×campylochila Teyber (1910) – Ibrido fra: C. cava subsp. cava e C. solida subsp. solida
Corydalis ×moravica Smejkal – Ibrido fra: C. cava subsp. cava e C. pumila

Sinonimi
La specie di questa scheda, in altri testi, può essere chiamata con nomi diversi. L'elenco che segue indica alcuni tra i sinonimi più frequenti:
Corydalis albiflora Kit. in Kanitz (1863)
Corydalis bulbosa Pers.
Corydalis bulbosa auct., non DC.
Corydalis stummeri Pantocsek (1881)
Corydalis tuberosa DC. (1805)
Fumaria bulbosa var. cava L. (1753) (basionimo)
Pistolochia bulbosa Sojak

Specie simili
Corydalis solida (L.) Swartz – Colombina minore: si differenzia in quanto le brattee dei fiori sono divise all'apice in modo digitato, le foglie sono divise più profondamente e inoltre i fiori sono privi di sepali. La diffusione in Italia è lievemente più rara.
Corydalis intermedia (L.) Merat. - Colombina media: il bulbo in questa specie è pieno; le foglie cauline inferiori alla base presentano una grossa squama. Anche questa pianta è più rara della specie di riferimento.

Etimologia
L'etimologia del nome generico (corydalis) deriva da un vocabolo greco (korydalis) che significa "allodola" e fa riferimento allo sperone terminale del fiore che ricorda il dito posteriore delle allodole. I primi ad usare tale termine per queste piante sono stati il medico greco antico ellenista Galeno (Pergamo, 129 – 216)  e il naturalista belga Rembert Dodoens, vissuto fra il 1517 e il 1585. Nome ripreso dal botanico e micologo svizzero Augustin Pyrame de Candolle (Ginevra, 4 febbraio 1778 – 9 settembre 1841), ma introdotto definitivamente nella botanica sistematica dal botanico francese Étienne Pierre Ventenat (1757-1808).
L'epiteto specifico (cava) deriva dal particolare bulbo cavo, organo ipogeo di questa pianta.
I primi a studiare e quindi classificare questa specie sono stati i naturalisti e botanici tedeschi Heinrich Friedrich Franz Körte (17 marzo 1782 in Aschersleben -  30 gennaio 1845 Lüdersdorf a Möglin) e August Friedrich Schweigger (8 settembre 1783 a Erlangen - 28 giugno 1821 ad Agrigento, Sicilia) in una pubblicazione del 1811. Ma prima ancora questa pianta era stata catalogata dal biologo e scrittore svedese, considerato il padre della moderna classificazione scientifica degli organismi viventi, Carl von Linné (Rashult, 23 maggio 1707 –Uppsala, 10 gennaio 1778).
I tedeschi chiamano questa pianta: Hohler Lerchensporn; i francesi la chiamano Corydale à tubercule creux; mentre gli inglesi la chiamano Hollow-root.

Morfologia

L'aspetto della pianta nell'insieme è glabro e glauco. L'altezza varia da 10 a 35 cm. È inoltre una pianta lattiginosa. La forma biologica è  geofita bulbosa (G bulb), sono piante perenni erbacee che portano le gemme in posizione sotterranea. Durante la stagione avversa non presentano organi aerei e le gemme si trovano nel bulbo sotterraneo, organo di riserva che annualmente produce nuovi fusti, foglie e fiori.

Radici
Questa pianta possiede un apparato radicale perenne di tipo tuberoso (bulbo subsferico); la particolarità di questo tubero è quella di diventare precocemente cavo. Le radici vere  e proprie sono di tipo fascicolato. Diametro del bulbo: 1,5 – 4 cm.

Fusto
Il fusto (eretto) è semplice e poco foglioso (2 foglie normalmente); è inoltre privo di squame.

Foglie

Tutte le foglie sono glauche (un verde forte quasi bluastro) e più volte pennatosette con segmenti cuneiformi alla base.
Foglie basali: le foglie radicali sono 3 - 4 volte ternate con segmenti (o lobi) a forma oblanceolata con un grossolano dente per lato; l'apice è ottuso e mucronato.
Foglie cauline: generalmente sono 2 in posizione alterna o sub-opposta; la lamina è 3 volte pennatosetta. Le foglie sono prive di stipole.
Dimensione dei lobi delle foglie radicali: larghezza 8 – 16 mm, lunghezza 22 – 35 mm.

Infiorescenza

L'infiorescenza è composta da un racemo terminale, leggermente incurvato, multifiore (5 – 20 fiori) con fiori che variano dal bianco al roseo-porporino, al viola. Sono presenti inoltre delle brattee avvolgenti i fiori, intere e di forma ovale-oblunga. L'infiorescenza è lunga il doppio delle foglie cauline. Dimensioni delle brattee (quelle inferiori): larghezza 7 mm, lunghezza 20 mm.

Fiori

I fiori sono ermafroditi, zigomorfi, ciclici e eteroclamidati. I fiori sono disposti per lo più orizzontalmente.
Formula fiorale:
* K 2, C 2+2, A (6), G (2) (supero)
Calice: il calice è formato da due piccoli sepali caduchi di tipo petaloide. Dimensione dei sepali: 0,5 mm.
Corolla: la corolla (bilabiata = due petali + due petali) è composta in totale da quattro petali saldati alla base; quello superiore, il più grande, si prolunga all'indietro con una forma che ricorda uno sperone (all'apice è ricurvo verso il basso). Lo sperone contiene del nettare. Dimensione dello sperone: 8 – 15 mm (la corolla in totale è lunga 20–25 mm). Orientamento dell'incurvatura dello sperone: da 40° a 90°.
Androceo: gli stami sono sei e di tipo diadelfo; il polline presenta una particolarità: è auto-sterile (è inibita l'autoimpollinazione).
Gineceo: lo stilo è unico di tipo filiforme e termina con un doppio stigma; mentre l'ovario (uniloculare) è supero (o libero) formato da 2 carpelli uniti.
Fioritura: da marzo a maggio
Impollinazione: tramite api.

Frutti
Il frutto è una capsula a forma lineare-fusiforme contenente diversi semi (frutto polispermo). Dimensione della capsula: larghezza 3 – 4 mm, lunghezza 15 – 20 mm.

Distribuzione e habitat
Geoelemento: il tipo corologico (area di origine) è Europeo-Caucasico.
Diffusione: è comune al nord, un po' meno al sud. Sull'arco alpino è presente soprattutto al centro e ad oriente. Fuori dall'Italia si trova su tutti i rilievi europei continentali e centrali. Fuori dall'Europa si trova nel Caucaso orientale, nell'Iran e Turchia asiatica.
Habitat: è spontanea nei boschi di latifoglie (soprattutto carpino e robinia), e fra le siepi; ma anche fra i pioppeti, saliceti e faggete. Il substrato preferito è calcareo o calcare-siliceo con pH basico-neutro e alti valori nutrizionali del terreno che deve essere mediamente umido.
Diffusione altitudinale: dal piano fino a 1000 ; si trova quindi nei piani collinari e montani. Sugli Appennini può raggiungere quote attorno ai 1700 .

Fitosociologia
Dal punto di vista fitosociologico la specie di questa scheda  appartiene alla seguente comunità vegetale:
Formazione: comunità forestali
Classe: Carpino-Fagetea
Ordine: Fagetalia sylvaticae

Usi

Farmacia
Sostanze presenti: sono presenti degli alcaloidi tossici (contenuti nella parte ipogea – il bulbo) per cui è considerata una pianta velenosa (alcuni testi si riferiscono a morte per paralisi cardiaca). Altre sostanze presenti: gli enzimi berberina reduttasi e coridalina sintasi e tubocurarina.
Proprietà presenti: dal punto di vista farmacologico (secondo la medicina popolare) è una pianta sedativa (calma stati nervosi o dolorosi in eccesso), antispasmodica (attenua gli spasmi muscolari, e rilassa anche il sistema nervoso), antibiotica (blocca la generazione di microbi e batteri), cardiotonica (regola la frequenza cardiaca), vasocostrittrice (restringe i vasi sanguigni aumentandone la pressione); ma è considerata anche allucinogena. In particolare sembra documentata un'azione analgesica sul sistema nervoso somatico. Questa pianta è studiata per il trattamento della malattia di Parkinson.
Parti usate: soprattutto il tubero.

Giardinaggio
Queste piante sono molto valide per i giardini alpini e rocciosi. Si usano come ornamentazione di rocce e muri. Sono piante che si riseminano spontaneamente per cui non hanno bisogno di molte cure. Vanno sistemate in zone aperte, un po' protette e mediamente ombreggiate.

Galleria d'immagini

Note

Bibliografia

Altri progetti

Collegamenti esterni

Papaveraceae
Flora dell'Europa
Taxa classificati da Linneo


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