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#BellaNaijaMCM Gideon Olanrewaju of ARAEi is Making Education Accessible for Every Child
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For our #BellaNaijaMCM feature this week, we celebrate Gideon Olanrewaju, an education policy analyst, quality education activist and youth advocate. Gideon is the founder and executive director of Aid for Rural Access Education Initiative – ARAEi.
Driven by a mission to see a world where every child, regardless of socio-economic status or geographical location, have access to quality educational opportunities to live to his/her full potential, Gideon founded AREAi in 2014.
ARAEi is a nonprofit established to give marginalised, low-income, underrepresented, and underemployed children, youth and most especially women and girls, access to formal education as well as informal training and empowerment opportunities.
The organisation uses a "10-months accelerated learning program" to create quality alternative formal and non-formal educational opportunities for out-of-school children and those in public schools to develop skills around digital literacy, cognitive problem solving and critical thinking, peer-to-peer learning and innovation as well as technology design and programming.
Apart from its various programs focused on the development of children, ARAEi also provides effective professional development opportunities for teachers serving in conflict-affected, under-resourced and underserved communities.
The volunteer-driven organisation has reached out to thousands of children across at least 8 communities in Nigeria.
Gideon holds a B.Tech in Biochemistry from Ladoke Akintola University of Technology and a Masters of Arts (MA) degree in International Education and Development from the University of Sussex as a 2017/2018 recipient of the UK's Chevening Scholarship. He's currently a PhD Researcher at McGill University where he's engaged as a Research Assistant on an Insight Grant research project on "Countering Violent Extremism through Education in Multicultural Canada". The program is funded by Social Science & Humanities Research Council of Canada and Gideon works under the direction of Principal Investigator, Dr. Ratna Ghosh, Distinguished James McGill Professor of the Department of Integrated Studies in education (DISE), Faculty of Education.
Gideon is a member of the Global Shapers Community, an Initiative of the World Economic Forum and a 2015 YALITechCamp South Africa Alumnus.
He is also a UNESCO Young Leader in Africa, a Teaching Fellow/Certified Entrepreneurial Leadership Educator at the African Leadership Academy in Johannesburg, South Africa and A Global Youth Ambassador with the Global A World at School International Campaign on Education.
ARAEi has been recognised by the United Nations' International Commission on Financing Global Education Opportunity as a "leading innovation in Education".
We celebrate Gideon for devoting his time to democratising education across Nigeria and we're rooting for him!
Related Topics:#BellaNaijaMCMBellaNaija Man Crush MondayDevelopmentEducationGideon OlanrewajuNigeria
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Spotlight on Slawek Domanski, UX Designer | Ferrier Pearce, We engage. We influence.
Meet Slawek Domanski, a User Experience (UX) Designer based in our Opole office in Poland.
My job is to make websites and products easy to use by the people accessing them. Imagine a project, app, or website as a human body. The UX Designer creates the skeleton, with all its possibilities and restrictions, so it will be able to fulfill its purpose. The Website Developer then creates the muscles that allow the body to move and function. A User Interface Designer, or 'UI' Designer, creates the skin or clothes, which we can call the 'look'.
I have a broad range of tasks to do but the most important is to communicate with all team members and share knowledge, mainly from the user perspective. This involves desk-based and field research to pinpoint the core features needed, creating personas, user journeys and Information Architecture, design paper prototypes (from rough sketches to more hi fidelity), prototype testing, business analysis as well as wireframing.
I work from the Opole office and travel to London regularly to catch up on projects and meet with other team members and clients.
I start the day with a strong coffee and an inspirational browse through some of my favourite websites and designers. I then check my emails and tasks for the day, and get to work on my current projects, which could be anything from a new website to integration in diverse sectors from property to pensions. After work, I catch up with the latest UX, UI and marketing news, which inspires me to create paper sketches to consolidate my thinking. Then it's time to meet friends, which is always a good end to the day!
I like the fact that I can change a process so it's more user friendly or accessible, for example, for visually impaired users. In my own way, I can help make the world a better place. Although these are not big changes, as long as they make a difference to the user, it's worth the effort. The other thing I love about my job is working on new things, constant learning, researching and developing new approaches to a challenge.
I studied Social Psychology and Journalism at the University of Opole. I then did a postgraduate course in Internet Marketing at AGH University of Science and Technology in Cracow.
I also worked as a PR/marketing specialist in my early career, where I was responsible for creating and executing print and digital campaigns for my clients. This experience is very useful now as it gives me a good understanding of the different viewpoints of businesses and creative teams when working with clients at Kolab and the wider Ferrier Pearce Creative Group.
I really love psychology, especially cognitive psychology, which tries to understand the human being and the world through the prism of psychology using scientific methods, rather than philosophical.
In UX it's definitely Don Norman. He is one of the first to talk about user centered design. He showed the world that designing to solve user problems is better than designing just for the purpose of designing. I really like that he combines cognitive psychology, science and design in his work.
Tell us about a project or accomplishment that you consider to be significant in your career?
One of the most interesting projects was working on the user experience design for HSBC. I loved it because I worked as part of a multidisciplinary team consisting of experts from the client, Kolab and Ferrier Pearce. There were a lot of challenges we had to solve with collaborative workshops from beginning to end. No matter how large or how small, each project has its own set of challenges and it's about finding solutions that work for the users.


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Why is it so hard to stop touching your face?
Can you touch your ears? And other face-touching questions, answered.
By Rachel Sugar Mar 23, 2020, 9:30am EDT
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Do you want to touch your face, like, so much right now?
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We are now well into a pandemic, and you are likely aware that, among other measures recommended to stop the spread of the novel coronavirus, we are all supposed to stop touching our faces.
You are also aware, by now, that it is extremely difficult to stop touching your face, as many, many public officials have recently discovered. One study found that, on average, people touch their faces 23 times an hour. We know fetuses touch their faces in utero, which means we all got into the habit before we were even born. Why we do it remains an open question. There is some research suggesting that face-touching may help us to regulate emotions, Wired reports; it's also possible it could serve some kind of social function.
One study found that, on average, people touch their faces 23 times an hour
It is, collectively, our favorite hobby, face-touching, and we didn't even know. Most of the time, it is unconscious, which is part of why it is so hard to give it up. How can you quit what you don't even know you're doing?
And yet — along with social distancing, thorough hand-washing, and staying home when sick — the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention says avoiding our faces is one of the key actions we can take, on an individual level, to stop the spread of disease. "Avoid touching your eyes, nose, and mouth with unwashed hands," instructs the agency website, along with recommendations for practicing hand hygiene and avoiding close social contact.
But as the days wear on, and threaten to wear on for the foreseeable future, rules that once seemed straightforward have started to feel markedly less clear. Can I, for example, touch my face in my own home? Can I scratch an itch on my forehead if I make a concerted effort to avoid my nose? Would it be better if I used my sleeve?
For answers — and face-touch prevention strategies — I turned to a handful of doctors and psychologists.
Why we can't stop touching our faces
There are a lot of reasons for our constant face-touching, but one of them is: There is legitimately a lot to adjust up there. "First of all, we have a nose. A lot of times people will touch their nose — something doesn't feel right up there," says Douglas Woods, a professor of psychology at Marquette University who studies habitual behaviors. "Maybe you need to rub your eyes, you adjust your hair. And our hands habitually go to our mouth when we eat, and so on." Basic bodily maintenance like brushing a crumb or scratching an itch involves a lot of face-touching, and from there, it often becomes a habit.
"When we do something, it gets rewarded," he explains — it feels nice to scratch an itch — "and it just keeps getting rewarded, and pretty soon, we're doing it without the reward even happening. We're just used to the behavior occurring."
"We're human," Anne Liu, a professor and infectious disease physician at Stanford Health Care, reassures me. "That's how we operate."
But touching your face can contribute to the spread of the virus
Like most respiratory viruses, SARS-CoV-2 — the virus that causes the disease Covid-19 — enters the body through the respiratory tract, explains Benjamin Singer, an attending physician at Northwestern Memorial Hospital and an assistant professor at Northwestern's Feinberg School of Medicine.
There are two primary ways this can happen. The first is through direct person-to-person contact: Someone with the virus coughs or sneezes near you, and you inhale those particles. This is the reason you're supposed to stay six feet apart.
"The idea is that we touch a lot of things ... We touch those and then we touch our face, and that's the route of infection"
The second way, though, is through touch, and this is where casual eye-rubbing becomes a problem. We don't yet know exactly on what surfaces the novel coronavirus can live and for how long, but a preprint (meaning not yet peer-reviewed) paper from researchers at the National Institutes of Health, Princeton, and UCLA suggests it can survive on a variety of surfaces for hours, and in some cases days.
"The idea is that we touch a lot of things," says Singer, "and the droplets that these viruses inhabit are possibly on the surfaces we touch — on our phones, our tablets, our remote controls. We touch those and then we touch our face, and that's the route of infection."
Right now, touching a doorknob and then your face is not thought to be the main way the virus spreads, the CDC says, but they also say not to touch your face.
Your whole face, though?
The CDC is specifically concerned with touching your eyes, nose, and mouth because, Liu explains, those are "mucosal surfaces where these respiratory viruses can attach very efficiently and become a site of entry into the body."
But your forehead is not a mucosal surface, so what's the harm in a quick scratch? In theory, potentially nothing, says Gabriela Andujar Vazquez, an infectious disease physician and associate hospital epidemiologist at Tufts Medical Center. "As long as you don't put the same hand that's dirty in your eyes, nose, or mouth, then you're good. We think it won't stay on other parts of your face for long." But if you're touching other parts of your face? "You probably are touching your eyes, nose, and mouth," she says.
As far as we know, the virus can't jump around a surface on its own, Liu says — viruses don't normally behave that way, and so it's not going to leap from your hairline into your eyes — but you could move it there.
The bottom line, Singer agrees: "Any time you're kind of contacting that area near a portal of entry here, you're putting yourself at risk."
Okay, but what about ears?
"They're not a point of entry for the virus," Andujar Vazquez tells me definitively. Ears don't have the same virus-friendly cells that eyes and noses do.
Still, you probably should at least try not to scratch them. "I think anything above the neck is something that would be close enough to a portal of entry," she says, so it's worth attempting to avoid extra contact.
Can you touch your face at home?
In an ideal world, sure. "If you've just been at home, and you know who's been there, and you know what's been cleaned, and you've been cleaning your own surfaces, and you're home alone? Go ahead and touch your face," says Liu.
"If you've just been at home, and you know what's been cleaned, and you're home alone? Go ahead and touch your face."
But if you're trying to change your behavior in general, then it may be best to aim for consistency, suggests Fred Penzel, a psychologist in Huntington, New York, who treats body-focused repetitive behaviors. "You're retraining yourself," he says. "So if you keep going back to what you're trying to retrain yourself out of doing, that's probably not going to contribute much to your effort."
So how do you quit?
Frustratingly, there is no secret to cutting yourself off from the reflexive pleasure of touching your own face. "I think you have to start off with the idea that you're not going to be able to achieve it perfectly," says Penzel. "That's kind of a foolish goal to set for yourself."
But you can do better. "The biggest thing is awareness," Woods advises. "The whole point of a habit is that it happens on autopilot, and you're not consciously aware that it's happening."
In the past several weeks, a lot of us have become acutely aware. This is step one. (If you are still working on awareness, he recommends videotaping yourself for 20 minutes as you go about your day.)
Once you're aware, it's up to you to take action. "Every time you start noticing your hand going to your face, just make a little mark on a card, or something like that. Pretty soon, when your hand starts to go up to your face, you'll be like, 'oh, it's happening again,' and you'll start to put it down," he suggests.
You can look for replacement behaviors to keep your hands occupied: fidget-spinners, bubble wrap, kneadable rubber erasers. Penzel will have patients go through hardware stores and toy stores, looking for "little manipulable objects that feel right for them." (In this particular moment, the internet may be your best bet.) Some people find it useful to write reminders on Post-Its. Last week, the Atlantic published an article arguing that if you can't make yourself stop touching your face for your own health, you might have better luck reframing it in terms of keeping other people healthy.
Another tactic? Wear a mask. We're still in the midst of a supply shortage, and N95s and surgical masks should still be reserved for those who need them most — medical professionals and people at high risk — but some experts say that any face covering at all could still have an impact. "A nonmedical mask will not protect you from a direct cough or sneeze from an infected person," wrote Shan Soe-Lin and Robert Hecht of the nonprofit Pharos Global Health Advisors in a Boston Globe op-ed, "but if you're practicing good social distancing, any type of face covering is great protection from your biggest threat: your own hands."
It's worth noting: not everyone is in total agreement about this. As the Wirecutter notes, the actual data supporting the idea that masks help prevent face-touching is "limited," and as Liu points out, no mask (or bandana or scarf) is going to do much if you're still rubbing your eyes. The main point is: Any steps that get you to stop touching your face are good.
So you should try, and keep trying. But also — to some extent — you're going to fail. Which is why it's so important to wash your hands. "Touching your face is part of human nature," Singer says. "And that's why you can take the empowering step of washing your hands actively, so that when you do inadvertently touch your face, you have a much lower risk of getting the virus." And soap, as we know, is distinctly well-suited to annihilating the coronavirus.
What if you use a tissue or a sleeve instead?
In an ideal world, your face would only itch uncontrollably when you are sitting in your disinfected home with very clean hands. And, on the bright side, it seems as though we're all about to be spending a whole lot more time that way.
If you have a tissue on hand, that "probably helps"
But there are times, even now, where you're out and your nose itches, and in those times, there are steps you can take to mitigate risk. Giving your hands a quick rub-down with hand sanitizer first would be great, if you've got it. If you have a tissue on hand, that "probably helps," says Singer. "I can't tell you for sure how much, but it probably helps to some extent." And if all you've got is your sleeve, well, "it's definitely better than using your hands," says Andujar Vazquez.
So I'm still touching my face, but I'm touching it less — does that help?
Even if you feel like you're messing up all the time — and you probably are — it's worth keeping up the good fight. Because, as Liu explains, the likelihood of getting the virus depends on how much exposure you have. "How many times you touch your face will increase the probability of transmission occurring," she says. It's not that any one face-touch is likely to infect you, but the more times you touch your face, the more probable it is that you'll pick it up. So you're not perfect. That's fine. The goal is to minimize the number of opportunities you have to get it, and so yes, keep trying. And more than anything: wash your hands.
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Face to face with an armed man suspected of killing a Polk County deputy sheriff, SWAT officers riddled his body with 68 bullets.
Altogether, nine officers fired 110 times Friday at Angilo Freeland, who Polk County Sheriff Grady Judd said "executed" one of his deputies.
"That's all the bullets we had, or we would have shot him more," Judd said after autopsy results were released Saturday.
The slain deputy, Matt Williams, 39, was shot eight times Thursday when he encountered the killer who had fled into nearby woods after a routine traffic stop.
One bullet was fired at close range behind the deputy's right ear and another was fired near his right temple, with the muzzle of the gun pressing against his skin, the autopsy showed.
"I am confident that he was ambushed and he was executed," Judd said.
Freeland, 27, was driving a rental car when he was pulled over. Deputy Doug Speirs asked for his drivers license but was handed a fake ID.
Several shots were fired at Speirs as he ran after Freeland, and one bullet struck the deputy's leg, authorities said.
Williams and his German shepherd police dog, Diogi, went into the wooded area looking for the suspect.
After examining the shooting scene, Judd said he thinks Freeland waited behind a large uprooted tree, where it was "virtually impossible to see him."
"I suspect he shot the K-9 first," Judd said. A single bullet killed the dog when it hit him in the chest, a necropsy determined.
Bullets hit Williams in the arms, legs and buttocks, and one lodged in his spine. Though the sequence of the shots has not been determined, it is likely the final two shots were fired into the deputy's head as the gunman stood over him.
Williams was armed with a .45-caliber semiautomatic handgun and had extra magazines of ammunition on his belt, Judd said.
"After he executed the deputy, he [Freeland] took his firearm and the magazines," Judd said.
Two Lakeland police officers exchanged gunfire with Freeland as he apparently tried to reach a nearby house, Judd said.
"I am confident that he was going to that house and that he would have taken them hostage or maybe that he would have killed them," he said.
Judd said the Lakeland officers risked their lives when they "turned him back into the woods."
With helicopters circling overhead, officers ringed the wooded area and maintained a perimeter throughout the night. They thought he was still in the woods, but Judd admitted Saturday that "we never knew for sure."
The killer was considered so dangerous, Judd wanted only highly trained SWAT officers to enter the woods.
"We were not taking any more chances," he said. SWAT teams totaling 300 officers from across the region answered the call.
A group of 10 -- officers from the Polk, Lake and Marion sheriff's offices, Lakeland Police Department and Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission -- walked shoulder to shoulder, scouring the area.
"The underbrush and woods were thicker than you could ever imagine," Judd said. As one of the officers pulled some brush aside, they spotted Freeland, who was hiding in a hole under a fallen tree perhaps 200 yards from where Williams had been killed.
"They were standing on top of him," Judd said.
Nine of the 10 officers fired when they saw Freeland raise his right hand clutching a gun they would later learn belonged to the slain deputy.
Deputies also found a Taurus 9 mm handgun, which friends told deputies Freeland often carried tucked in his waistband. In one of the pockets of his cargo pants was a magazine of ammunition taken from Williams, Judd said.
Although Freeland used many aliases, authorities finally identified him through fingerprints.
Freeland had been arrested by the Florida Highway Patrol in 1999 on charges of not having a valid drivers license, reckless driving, aggravated fleeing to elude, resisting arrest without violence and carrying a concealed weapon.
A trust fund has been set up at Wachovia Bank to assist Williams' widow and three children.
Any Wachovia branch in Polk County will accept donations, or checks may be mailed to the "Matt Williams Family Trust Fund" at Wachovia Bank, c/o Marilyn Watson, 203 Ave. A, Winter Haven, FL 33881.


Who would've thought the "Queen of Idol Dramas," Taiwanese star Joe Chen (陳喬恩), would be a Peppa Pig fan? Sharp-eyed netizens recently caught the 39-year-old actress wearing Peppa Pig slippers underneath her dress in the Chinese period drama, Queen Dugu <独孤皇后>. Of course, viewers had to take screenshots of Joe's plastic shoes peeping out and share the trendsetting look onto social media.
This hilarious blunder happened during the ninth episode of the drama, which also stars Mainland actor Chen Xiao (陈晓), who plays Emperor Wen, Joe's husband. With Chen Xiao and Joe acting as Dugu Qieluo in the show, were standing in front of the emperor to give their greetings when Joe's shoes were accidentally exposed. Despite Queen Dugu taking over one year to post-produce, careless mistakes are inevitable.
However, in a supposedly female-oriented political drama, the silly incident may not sit well with viewers, especially since the drama has received its fair share of criticisms. Some say the props and set pieces are unrealistic and very low budget, while others are not fans of the old-fashioned and clichéd script, especially of the cliff deaths. Netizens preferred the last adaptation about the Dugu sisters, The Legend of Dugu <独孤天下> more.
Luckily, Queen Dugu is not a total loss. There are some netizens who are invested in the show, and the ratings are proof of that. Not to mention, Joe and Chen Xiao's sweet love story swooned many viewers.
The props are usually cheap and fake compared to the millions the artistes are paid. Dirty costumes recycled by extras etr. I have been to get wedding pictures shot before. The experience is horrendous because locations dirty and costumes are old, torn and tacky but all they care about is the result visually which can also be computer enhanced.
production values have changed for the better with recent salary caps for big stars.


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New YA Books: 06/12/2018
Final Draft by Riley Redgate
The only sort of risk 18-year-old Laila Piedra enjoys is the peril she writes for the characters in her stories: epic sci-fi worlds full of quests, forbidden love, and robots. Her creative writing teacher has always told her she has a special talent. But three months before her graduation, he's suddenly replaced–by Nadiya Nazarenko, a Pulitzer Prize-winning novelist who is sadistically critical and perpetually unimpressed.
At first, Nazarenko's eccentric assignments seem absurd. But before long, Laila grows obsessed with gaining the woman's approval. Soon Laila is hiking through the Catskills during a thunderstorm in March and discovering the psychedelic highs and perilous lows of nightlife, temporary flings, and instability. Dr. Nazarenko has led Laila to believe that she must choose between perfection and sanity–but rejecting her all-powerful mentor may be the only way for Laila to thrive.
Sometime After Midnight by L. Philips
Late one night in a dingy Los Angeles club, Nate and Cameron meet and discover they have much more in common than their love of an obscure indie band. But when Nate learns that Cameron is the heir to a soul-sucking record label—the very one that destroyed his father's life—he runs away as fast as he can. The only evidence of their brief but intense connection is the blurry photo Cameron snaps of Nate's Sharpied Chuck Taylors.
When Cameron's sister Tess—a famous model and socialite—posts the photo on Instagram for her legions of fans, the internet just about breaks with the news of this modern fairy tale. "Anyone know the owner of these shoes?" she writes. "My Prince Charming brother is looking for his Cinderfella!" But while the viral sensation begins to bring the pair back together, their own demons and pasts might get in the way of any happily ever afters.
SuperMoon by H. A. Swain
Sol is the month between June and July on the thirteen-month Moon calendar. It's the only time teenagers have to themselves between rigorous scientific training and their ultimate lab assignments in their colony on the Moon. Their families emigrated from Earth to build better lives; but life on the Moon is far from perfect, as Uma learns on the eve of Sol.
Uma meets an Earthen girl who becomes a fast friend, and much more. What Uma doesn't know is that the girl is assigned to infect Uma with a plague that a rogue faction of Earthen scientists hope will wipe out Moon soldiers. Will Uma be the cause of a pandemic? Whom can she trust, and moreover, whom does she love?
Tell Me No Lies by Adele Griffin
Lizzy Swift is a senior in high school, shyly emerging from her nerd chrysalis to take her first gamble on the Argyll social scene. She braves a relationship with her longtime crush, Matt Ashley, and befriends the reckless, enigmatic senior transfer, Claire Reynolds, who introduces Lizzy to downtown Philadelphia—its clubs, street life, and vibrant art scene. Soon art and passion take priority over homework, after-school jobs, and her longstanding Ivy League ambitions.
But almost as quickly, these delights and distractions are clouded by suspicions and doubts. Sometimes Lizzy feels that she and Matt are soul mates; other times it seems he's holding back from her. Claire can be moody, and while she confesses bits and pieces of a breakup so heart-wrenching she changed schools, she won't tell Lizzy the whole story. Lizzy wants Claire to confide in her, even as she keeps her own secrets from her new best friend. When startling revelations inevitably come to light, they just might shatter these delicate bonds of love and passion, friendship and loyalty.
Categories: Blog and Teens.


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Analysis: GOP tax bill could reduce charitable giving by up to $24 billion
By John Bowden - 11/21/17 01:26 PM EST
The House version of the GOP tax bill could cause a reduction in charitable giving of between $12 billion and $20 billion in 2018, according to a new analysis from the Tax Policy Center.
Although the bill does not cut the deduction per se, the nonpartisan group estimates that provisions to nearly double the standard deduction while scaling back itemized deductions would cause the number of taxpayers who claim charitable deductions to plummet to fewer than 13 million next year, down from 46 million in 2017.
"[The Tax Policy Center] estimates the House bill would significantly reduce the tax incentive to donate, increasing the after-tax price of giving by about 8 percent," the center writes in its analysis.
One major blow to charities in the bill is GOP's repeal of the estate tax, which the Tax Policy Center estimates could "reduce charitable bequests by between 15 and 30 percent (roughly $4 billion)."
Recent poll numbers suggest that a majority of Americans surveyed oppose the GOP's tax plan, including strong opposition (75 percent) to plans to remove state and local tax deductions.
Republicans in Congress and the White House hope to send their tax bill to President Trump's desk before lawmakers leave Capitol Hill for the year.
The House's version of the bill passed last week by a vote of 227-205. Democrats uniformly opposed the bill, while 13 Republicans broke ranks to vote against it.
"Passing this bill is the single biggest thing we can do to grow the economy, to restore opportunity and help these middle-income families who are struggling," House Speaker Paul Ryan Paul Davis RyanOn The Trail: Retirements offer window into House Democratic mood Stopping the next insurrection Former Sen. Bob Dole dies at 98 MORE (R-Wis.) said last week.
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Stylo (Stylosanthes guianensis)
Stylosanthes guianensis var. guianensis: Brazilian stylo, brazilian lucerne, common stylo, stylo [English]; luzerne brésilienne, luzerne du Brésil, luzerne tropicale [French]; brasilianische Luzerne [German]; alfalfa do nordeste, trifolio, mangericão do compo, saca estrepe [Portuguese]; alfalfa de Brasil, lengua de rana, tarbardillo [Spanish]
Stylosanthes guianensis var. intermedia (Vogel) Hassl.: fine stem stylo [English]
Stylosanthes guianensis (Aublet) Sw. [Fabaceae]
Var. guianensis: Stylosanthes gracilis var. subviscosa (Benth.) Burkart, Stylosanthes guianensis var. canescens M. B. Ferreira & Sousa Costa, Stylosanthes guianensis var. microcephala M. B. Ferreira & Sousa Costa, Stylosanthes guianensis var. pauciflora M. B. Ferreira & Sousa Costa, Stylosanthes guianensis var. subviscosa Benth., Stylosanthes guianensis var. vulgaris M. B. Ferreira & Sousa Costa, Trifolium guianense Aubl.
Var. intermedia (Vogel) Hassl.: Stylosanthes campestris M.B. Ferreira & Sousa Costa, Stylosanthes hippocampoides Mohlenbr., Stylosanthes montevidensis Vogel var. intermedia Vogel
African stylo (Stylosanthes fruticosa)
Caribbean stylo (Stylosanthes hamata)
Townsville stylo (Stylosanthes humilis)
Stylo (Stylosanthes guianensis (Aublet) Sw.) is a tropical legume shrub widely grown for forage throughout the tropics and subtropics.
Stylo is a short-lived, erect or semi-erect perennial legume that can reach a height of 1-1.5 m. Stylo has a strong taproot that is nodulated. The stems are many-branched and may be woody at the base. Stylo does not twin, unlike other legumes. Stylo is a leafy species that remains green under dry conditions. The leaves are trifoliolate with elliptical to lanceolate leaflets, 0.5-45 mm long x 20 mm broad. The inflorescence is a densely flowered spike, with up to 40 flowers/head. Flowers are yellow to orange with black or red stripes. The fruit is a one-seeded pod, 2-3 mm long x 1.5-2.5 mm wide. The seed are very small, pale brown or purple in colour (US Forest Service, 2014; Cook et al., 2005; Mannetje, 1992). There are 7 varieties of stylo, notably var. guianensis (common stylo) and var. intermedia (fine stem stylo) (Mannetje, 1984). Fine stem stylo has finer and shorter stems than the common stylo (1-2 mm in diameter and only 30 cm in height). Its inflorescence is a denser cluster and the seeds are yellowish brown (Cook et al., 2005; Mannetje, 1984).
Stylo is particularly suited for forage in subhumid tropical and subtropical areas with a marked dry season. Stylo is used for hay, cut-and-carry systems and pasture (Cook et al., 2005). Stylo is fairly palatable to livestock when mature and can grow on relatively infertile soils. It can be intercropped with rice and oversown in natural grasslands. It is a valuable cover crop in coconut and palm oil plantations (Husson et al., 2008; Skerman, 1982; Göhl, 1982). While normally used for ruminant production, Stylosanthes guianensis is also used to feed pigs in South-East Asia (Khoutsavang, 2005).
Stylosanthes guianensis var. guianensis used to be a widely used forage, not only in its native South America but also in South-East Asia, Africa and Australia, where many cultivars had been developed to suit local Australian growing conditions (Mannetje, 1992). However, in the 1970s, a major outbreak of the disease anthracnose, caused by the fungus Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, devastated stylo cultivation throughout the world, and popular cultivars such as Schofield, Cook and Graham were found highly sensitive to this disease. Since then, breeding efforts have focused on developing anthracnose-resistant cultivars. CIAT 184, developed in Peru, is resistant to anthracnose in the humid tropics, and cultivars derived from this line have been successfully cultivated in South America (Amezquita et al., 1991), China (Devendra et al., 1993; Liu Guodao et al., 1997), South-East Asia (Laos, Khoutsavang, 2005; Vietnam, Thang et al., 2010; Thailand, Kiyothong et al., 2004) and the Congo (Kinshasa) (Bulakali et al., 2013). Other varieties of Stylo guianensis are also available as commercial cultivars. Ubon stylo (Stylosanthes guianensis var. vulgaris x var. pauciflora) is anthracnose-resistant. Fine stem stylo has a lower drought tolerance than common stylo but a higher resistance to anthracnose (Mannetje, 1992). One fine stem stylo cultivar (Oxley), bred in Australia at the end of the 1960s, is adapted to sandy soils of the subtropics (Cook et al., 2005).
Stylosanthes guianensis is native to Central and South America, where it is used in the manner of alfalfa. It was naturalized in many tropical and subtropical areas where it became a popular legume forage (Cook et al., 2005; Mannetje, 1992). However, its cultivation largely ceased after an outbreak of anthracnose in the 1970s and only resumed in the 1990s, after anthracnose-resistant lines were developed and released commercially.
Stylo is found from 20°N to 32°S, and from sea level up to an altitude of 2000 m (Cook et al., 2005; Mannetje, 1992). Stylo can grow in places where annual rainfall ranges from 700 to 5000 mm, but it does better between 1000 and 2500 mm for common stylo and between 600 and 1800 mm for fine stem stylo. Stylo is a warm season growing legume that thrives in places where annual temperatures are between 23 and 27°C. However, stylo can survive light frost (0°C) and can remain productive down to 15°C. Fine stem stylo has more frost tolerance than common stylo. Stylo does well in most soils from sands to light clays (including those that are relatively infertile or deprived of P) provided they are well-drained. Soil pH ranging from 4 to 8.3 is acceptable to var. Guianensis, which also has some tolerance of Al and Mn. Fine stem stylo prefers neutral soils. Stylo is not salt tolerant. It is a full light species (Cook et al., 2005).
Stylo can be sown alone or mixed with companion species. In Australia, it is often oversown in native grasslands (Partridge, 2003). Stylo can be sown in plots (7-12 seeds/plot) and should not be buried as the seeds are very small. Stylo can be broadcast when overseeded in grassland. In humid areas, stylo can be sown at any time provided that there is no dry period during its establishment. In drier parts, it should be sown as soon as possible after the start of the rainy season, and at least two months before the rain stops (Husson et al., 2008).
Stylo is a high yielding forage legume that can produce 10-20 t DM/ha depending on soil fertility (Cook et al., 2005).
Stylo can be mixed with tropical grasses such as Brachiaria spp., Andropogon gayanus, Chloris gayana, Digitaria eriantha, Heteropogon contortus, Hyparrhenia rufa, Melinis minutiflora, Pennisetum purpureum or Setaria sphacelata. It can be outshaded when it is sown with Guinea grass (Megathyrsus maximus) (Cook et al., 2005). Stylo is not often sown with other legumes but it can be intercropped with rice, maize or cassava, depending on soil fertility (Husson et al., 2008).
Stylo can be grazed but it is sensitive to heavy grazing. It should not be grazed until 6-8 weeks after sowing. Rotational grazing is preferable with 4-8 week rest intervals (Skerman, 1982). Stylo has been used to improve the nutritive value of natural grasslands in Australia (Partridge, 2003).
Cut-and-carry system
Stylo can be easily cut and then fed fresh to livestock. It is, however, not very palatable when young and it is advised to wilt it to soften its bristles before offering it to the animals (SSkerman, 1982).
Hay and silage
Stylo can make valuable hay but should be handled carefully so that it does not shed its leaves. For sward longevity, stylo should not be cut below 20 cm and no more than once a year (Skerman, 1982). Stylo may be used as silage when ensiled with salts and molasses (FAO, 2014).
Deferred feed
Stylo is a valuable deferred feed for cattle as its palatability increases with maturity (Skerman, 1982).
Soil improver
Stylo is a N-fixing legume that readily nodulates and improves soil N mineral status. It is able to extract P from soils that are very poor in this nutrient and it is tolerant of low Mo levels. In Laos, stylo fallow increased rice yield and decreased weed biomass (Saito et al., 2006). In Nigeria, a stylo fallow preceding a maize crop resulted in a yield of maize similar to that obtained with the addition of 45 kg N/ha (Tarawali, 1991).
Stylo was reported to control weeds such as Striga asiatica, Rottboellia exaltata, Borreria alata, Boerhavia diffusa and Imperata cylindrica (Husson et al., 2008).
Stylosanthes guianensis has a variable protein content, which is usually moderate (about 14% DM) but can be as low as 6% or exceed 20% DM. The fibre content is quite high (more than 25% DM crude fibre). Stylo contains condensed tannins (Baloyi et al., 2001; Thang et al., 2010).
No toxicity was reported (as of 2015).
Stylo is a valuable forage legume for ruminants, usually fed as hay (or sun-dried), cut-and-carry forage, or grazed. Like other legumes, Stylosanthes guianensis is often used as a supplement during the dry season to improve the nutritive value of low quality forages, including crop residues or by-products such as rice straw (Thang et al., 2010), maize stover (Said et al., 1993), or other locally available forages (Matizha et al., 1997; Akinlade et al., 2002; Kiyothong et al., 2004; Pen et al., 2013).
The palatability of Stylosanthes guianensis increases with maturity. Fresh young stylo is not very palatable to livestock, possibly due to the bristles borne on the stems (Skerman, 1982; FAO, 2014). Stylo has a low palatability during the rainy season, but is readily eaten in the dry season. If kept short, it does not become woody but remains leafy and palatable (Göhl, 1982). Satisfactory intake was observed in zebu cattle when stylo was fed fresh as a supplement (Pen et al., 2013). Stylo seems to be more palatable when it is wilted before being stall-fed to cattle (Skerman, 1982; FAO, 2014).
The OM digestibility of Stylosanthes guianensis ranges between 51 and 67% which is low compared to other tropical legumes (Gardener et al., 1982; Mupangwa et al., 2000; Magalhaes et al., 2003). It has a high proportion of moderately soluble proteins compared with other tropical legumes (Magalhaes et al., 2003).
In Thailand, Stylosanthes guianensis hay used in association with cassava hay in moderate amounts (1-2 kg/d), as a supplement for dairy cows fed a basal forage of moderate quality reduced significantly the amount of concentrate without altering milk production (Kiyothong et al., 2004).
Growing cattle
In Cambodia, the inclusion of 30% fresh Stylosanthes guianensis significantly improved OM intake in zebu steers, allowing a better utilisation of a low protein basal diet by improving the efficiency of microbial protein production in the rumen (Pen et al., 2013). In Vietnam, with crossbred (Yellow x Sindhi) growing cattle fed a basal diet of urea-treated straw, molasses and concentrates, supplementation with 1 kg/d sun-dried Stylosanthes guianensis or a 50:50 mixture or Stylosanthes and cassava foliage resulted in intake, OM digestibility and live-weight gain comparable (though slightly lower) to that obtained with soybean meal supplementation, but N retention was lower. Results with stylo supplementation were higher than those obtained with cassava hay (Thang et al., 2010).
In Zimbabwe, when offered as a sole forage to adult sheep, Stylosanthes guianensis hay was well ingested and fully covered their energy and N requirements for maintenance. Intake was higher than for Cassia rotundifolia and similar to that of lablab (Lablab purpureus) and Macroptilium atropurpureum (Mupangwa et al., 2000).
With growing sheep, the inclusion of 30% or more of Stylosanthes guianensis hay in the diet of growing lambs fed poor quality forage substantially increased their intake, OM digestibility and live-weight gain (Ethiopia, Said et al., 1993; Zimbabwe, Matizha et al., 1997; Nigeria, Akinlade et al., 2002). In comparison trials with other legume hays, Stylosanthes guianensis hay was better than Macrotyloma axillare (Said et al., 1993), Desmodium intortum (Said et al., 1993), Desmodium uncinatum (Matizha et al., 1997) and Lablab purpureus (Akinlade et al., 2002); was comparable to Aeschynomene histrix (Akinlade et al., 2002); but was inferior to Macroptilium atropurpureum (Matizha et al., 1997).
Stylo can be fed to pigs as fresh material (whole crop or leaves), as silage or as leaf meal, and is often used for this purpose in South-East Asia. Before being offered to pigs, Stylosanthes guianensis should be chopped to a length shorter than 5 cm (Keoboualapheth et al., 2003; Norachack et al., 2004; Kaensombath et al., 2013). The high fibre content decreases the energy value (the estimated ME for growing pigs being 7.8 MJ/kg DM; Phengsavanh et al., 2013), which may impair growth performance. Stylosanthes guianensis is commonly used to increase the protein content of local diets but its low lysine content (4.5% of protein) may result in an amino acid imbalance.
Fresh stylo
In China, fresh Stylosanthes (including Stylosanthes guianensis), mixed with wheat or rice bran and other ingredients, has long been used by pig farmers as a partial substitute to cereal grain in order to reduce feed costs (Bai Changjun et al., 2004). In Laos, fresh stylo used to supplement a low protein diet fed to growing pigs (10-40 kg) was included at 6.4% of the diet DM with positive effects on body weight gain and feed conversion ratio (Keoboualapheth et al., 2003; Phengsavanh et al., 2006). Higher levels of inclusion in the diet (more than 20% DM) decreased feed intake due to the high fibre content of stylo (Norachack et al., 2004; Phengsavanh et al., 2013). Replacing soybean meal with stylo decreased body weight gain and reduced the feed conversion ratio (Phengsavanh et al., 2013; Kaensombath et al., 2013).
Stylo leaf meal
In the mid-1990s, smallholders in Hainan (China) began to harvest Stylosanthes, sun-dry it and grind it to make a powder they could offer to pigs and poultry. Pigs were fed a diet containing 10-15% Stylosanthes meal or green Stylosanthes cut into 2-4 cm pieces and cooked with other food wastes. Blends of different stylo leaf meals (45% Stylosanthes guianensis, 45% Stylosanthes hamata and 10% Stylosanthes scabra) were included at 20-30% of the diet (Bai Changjun et al., 2004).
Stylo has a relatively high fibre content, and thus a low energy value estimated at 7.2-7.6 MJ/kg DM (Bai Changjun et al., 2004), which prevents it from being a major ingredient for poultry diets. However, small amounts of stylo leaf meal have been tested to partially replace other ingredients such as bran. In Nigeria, with starter broiler chicks, growth performance was depressed by the inclusion of 5% stylo leaf meal, although this result was not constant (Onwudike et al., 1979a; Onwudike et al., 1979b). In growing and finishing broilers, levels of 5% seemed safe, and higher levels have been offered successfully in Nigeria, China and India (Onwudike et al., 1979b; Bai Changjun et al., 2004; Krishna et al., 2008). A Chinese trial showed a trend towards lower performance with increasing stylo from 3 to 6% and 9% (Bai Changjun et al., 2004). In layers, good quality stylo meal (more than 20% protein) did not significantly decrease laying rate when used below 10% of the diet (Onwudike et al., 1978). However, this experiment was done with hens with a low laying rate (53% in control group) and this result should not be extrapolated to high producing layers.
In general, stylo leaf meal should preferably be limited to 2-5% in broilers, and feeding stylo to young birds should be avoided. Stylo was fed successfully at a higher rate to other bird species: 8-12% to ducks and 15-20% to geese (Bai Changjun et al., 2004). When formulating diets with stylo, special care should be taken to ensure correct energy levels and amino acid balance. In less intensive production systems, stylo may be fed at higher levels and used as green forage for broilers or layers (Gupta et al., 1992).
Fresh stylo is frequently used as a cut-and-carry fodder for rabbits by smallholders in Asia (Phaikaew et al., 2004), and Africa (Nigeria, Odeyinka et al., 2007). Stylo with a moderate to low protein content (less than 15% DM) used as sole forage is not able to support maintenance or growth (Adegbola et al., 1985; Raharjo et al., 1986). On the contrary, when the protein level is high (19-20% DM), stylo can be used as sole feed for growing rabbits. In Nigeria, fresh Stylosanthes guianensis forage provided better growth rate (8.0 g/d vs. 6.7 g/d) than Lablab purpureus forage, or the fresh leaves of Mexican sunflower (Tithonia diversifolia Hemsl.) (Omole et al., 2007). This difference in ability of stylo forage to sustain growth is probably related to the low protein digestibility in mature plants (54%, Raharjo et al., 1985) compared to that of young forage (protein digestibility 70%, protein 20% DM, when cut every 40-45 days, Omole et al., 2007), which is slightly higher than that observed for dehydrated alfalfa of the same protein content (Perez et al., 1998). The low protein level associated with a low protein digestibility exacerbates the deficiency of Stylosanthes guianensis in supplying sulphur-containing amino acids and lysine: 56% and 86% of requirements, respectively (Lebas, 2004).
As a source of protein and fibre, Stylosanthes guianensis can be used profitably to supplement other less fibrous fresh forages such as water spinach (Khuc Thi Hue et al., 2006) or to supplement concentrate diets (Hongthong Phimmasan et al., 2005a; Jin et al., 2007; Iyeghe-Erakpotobor et al., 2008).
Dried stylo
Dried stylo has been used safely in balanced diets for growing rabbits and breeding does. Inclusion levels were 25-30% for growth and reproduction (Fomunyam et al., 1984), or 40% for growth (Harris et al., 1981). Stylo is a source of calcium but its low phosphorus content requires supplementation with minerals or ingredients rich in phosphorus, such as wheat bran.
No information found (2015).
In Kenya, stylo replaced papaya leaves in snail diets. Stylo increased snail feed intake and performance. Stylo had no deleterious effect on snail quality parameters (Okpeze et al., 2007).
Stylo (Stylosanthes guianensis), aerial part, fresh
Stylo (Stylosanthes guianensis), hay
Crude protein % DM 14.0 3.4 6.2 21.7 1079
Crude fibre % DM 31.2 4.2 20.8 41.5 1065
NDF % DM 49.6 8.5 35.0 61.8 25 *
ADF % DM 38.1 6.8 25.6 51.2 42 *
Lignin % DM 8.7 1.7 5.5 10.8 31 *
Ether extract % DM 2.4 0.6 1.2 4.2 1040
Ash % DM 8.8 1.9 4.7 13.9 1035
Calcium g/kg DM 13.8 3.6 4.6 23.3 1050
Phosphorus g/kg DM 2.3 1.0 0.7 4.6 1051
Potassium g/kg DM 17.6 6.4 5.1 31.2 954
Magnesium g/kg DM 3.6 1.1 1.5 6.4 924
Manganese mg/kg DM 93 44 39 290 113
Zinc mg/kg DM 33 13 14 75 113
Copper mg/kg DM 11 3 6 16 114
Glutamic acid % protein 10.2 1.0 9.3 11.5 4
Proline % protein 4.4 0.8 3.7 5.3 3
Tryptophan % protein 0.9 0.6 1.1 2
Tannins (eq. tannic acid) g/kg DM 13.2 10.5 15.9 2
OM digestibility, ruminants % 56.6 5.5 51.4 66.8 10 *
Nitrogen digestibility, ruminants % 60.3 9.5 42.0 77.3 10
a (N) % 13.5 1
b (N) % 49.5 1
c (N) h-1 0.180 1
Abaunza et al., 1991; Ajayi et al., 2008; Ajayi et al., 2009; Aka et al., 2004; Aumont et al., 1991; Buntha et al., 2006; CIRAD, 1991; Heinritz et al., 2012; Iyeghe-Erakpotobor et al., 2008; Jingura et al., 2001; Kambashi et al., 2014; Keoboualapheth et al., 2003; Khuc Thi Hue et al., 2006; Milford, 1967; Nasrullah et al., 2003; Nguyen Van Sao et al., 2010; Pozy et al., 1996; Scaut, 1959; Silva et al., 2010; Xandé et al., 1989
NDF % DM 53.8 7.4 46.9 63.7 6 *
ADF % DM 42.5 7.9 33.4 53.5 6 *
Lignin % DM 9.6 4.3 7.1 18.8 6 *
Calcium g/kg DM 9.8 2.7 3.1 15.2 41
Copper mg/kg DM 4 1
Tannins, condensed (eq. catechin) g/kg DM 18.9 15.6 22.1 2
OM digestibility, ruminants % 57.9 51.3 61.7 2 *
Nitrogen digestibility, ruminants % 73.0 61.2 84.8 2
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Husson, O. ; Charpentier, H. ; Razanamparany, C. ; Moussa, N. ; Michellon, R. ; Naudin, K. ; Razafintsalama, H. ; Rakotoarinivo, C. ; Rakotondramanana; Séguy, L., 2008. Stylosanthes guianensis. Manuel pratique du semis direct à Madagascar, Volume III. Fiches techniques plantes de couverture : Légumineuses pérennes
Iyeghe-Erakpotobor, G. T. ; Muhammad, I. R., 2008. Intake of tropical grass, legume and legume-grass mixtures by rabbits. Trop. Grassl., 42: 112-119
Jin, J. ; Zhang, Y. C. ; Shi, L. T. ; Zhang, M. Z. ; Zhu, H. Y. ; Long, H. Y. ; Jiang, G.W., 2007. Study on effectiveness and economic benefits of feeding rabbit with fresh forage mixture. Pratacult. Sci., (10): 13
Jingura, R. M. ; Sibanda, S., 2001. Yield and nutritive value of tropical forage legumes grown in semi-arid parts of Zimbabwe. Trop. Grassl., 35 (3): 168-174
Kaensombath, L. ; Neil, M. ; Lindberg, J., 2013. Effect of replacing soybean protein with protein from ensiled stylo (Stylosanthes guianensis (Aubl.) Sw. var. guianensis) on growth performance, carcass traits and organ weights of exotic (Landrace + Yorkshire) and native (Moo Lath) Lao pigs. Trop. Anim. Health Prod., 45: 865-871
Kelly, R. D. ; Tiffin, J de W, 1980. Effects on animal production of introducing Siratro and Oxley fine stem stylo into veld in a medium rainfall area. Annual Report 1980 81, Division of Livestock and Pastures, Zimbabwe. 1983, 163-164. Harare, Zimbabwe; Department of Research and Specialist Services
Keoboualapheth, C. ; Mikled, C., 2003. Growth performance of indigenous pigs fed with Stylosanthes guianensis CIAT 184 as replacement for rice bran. Livest. Res. Rur. Dev., 15 (9)
Khoutsavang, B. ; Bouahom, B. ; Ogle, B., 2005. Effect of fresh Stylosanthes guianensis (CIAT 184), and cassava foliages (Manihot esculenta Crantz), fed separately or in a mixture, on feed and nutrient intake and growth performance of pigs. Part of PhD Dissertation, Mekarn
Khoutsavang, B., 2005. Use of fresh stylosanthes (Styosanthes guianensis, CIAT 184) and cassava foliage (Manihot esculenta, Crantz) as a protein source for crossbred pigs. PhD Dissertation, Mekarn
Khuc Thi Hue; Preston, T. R., 2006. Effect of different sources of supplementary fibre on growth of rabbits fed a basal diet of fresh water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica). Livest. Res. Rural Dev., 18 (4): 58
Kiyothong, K. ; Wanapat, M., 2004. Supplementation of cassava hay and stylo 184 hay to replace concentrate for lactating dairy cows. Asian Aust. J. Anim. Sci., 17: 670-677
Krishna, D.; Qudratullah, S.; Prasad, V. L. K.; Rama, R. S. V., 2008. Nutritive value and feasibility studies of Stylosanthes leaf meals in broiler diets. Ind. J. Poult. Sci., 43 (1): 39-44
Larbi, A. ; Ochang, J. ; Hanson, J. ; Lazier, J., 1992. Agronomic evaluation of Neonotonia wightii, Stylosanthes scabra and S. guianensis in Ethiopia. Trop. Grassl., 26: 115-119
Liu Guodao ; Kerridge, P. C., 1997. Selection and utilization of Stylosanthes guianensis, for green cover and feed meal production in China. In: Proc. 18th Int. Grassland Congress, Winnipeg, Manitoba v. 2: 19-50
Magalhaes, L. J. ; Carneiro, J. d. C. ; Campos, D. S. ; Mauricio, R. M. ; Alvim, M. J. ; Xavier, D. F., 2003. Composicao quimica, digestibilidade e fracionamento do nitrogenio e dos carboidratos de algumas especies forrageiras. Pasturas Tropicales, 25 (1):33-37
Mannetje, L' t, 1984. Consideration on the taxonomy of the genus Stylosanthes. In: Stace, H. M. ; Edye, L. A. (Eds), The Biology and Agronomy of Stylosanthes. Academic Press, 636 p.
Mannetje, L.'t, 1992. Stylosanthes guianensis (Aublet) Swartz. Record from Proseabase. Mannetje, L.'t and Jones, R.M. (Editors). PROSEA (Plant Resources of South-East Asia) Foundation, Bogor, Indonesia
Matizha, W. ; Ngongoni, N. T. ; Topps, J. H., 1997. Effect of supplementing veld hay with tropical legumes Desmodium uncinatum, Stylosanthes guianensis and Macroptilium atropurpureum on intake, digestibility, outflow rates, nitrogen retention and live weight gain in lambs. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 69: 187-193
Mejias, R. ; Michelena, J. B. ; Ruiz, T. E. ; Cino, D. M. ; Gonzalez, M. E. ; Albelo, N., 2003. Rearing system of female cattle, in the calf stage, with the utilization of legumes. Cuban J. Agric. Sci., 37 (3): 249-254
Milford, R., 1967. Nutritive values and chemical composition of seven tropical legumes and lucerne grown in subtropical south-eastern Queensland. Aust. J. Exp. Agric. Anim. Husb., 7 (29): 540
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Muamba, I. T. ; Ignatius, V. N. ; Mangeye, H. K. ; Hornick, J.-L., 2014. Nutritive value of Adenodolichos rhomboideus leaves compared with Leucaena leucocephala and Stylosanthes guianensis forages in indigenous goats in Lubumbashi (DR Congo). Biotechnol. Agron. Soc. Environ., 18 (2): 165-173
Mupangwa, J. F. ; Ngongoni, N. T. ; Topps, J. H. ; Acamovic T. ; Hamudikuwanda, H. ; Ndlovu, L. R., 2000. Dry matter intake, apparent digestibility and excretion of purine derivatives in sheep fed tropical legume hay. Small Rumin. Res., 36 (3): 261-268
Norachack, B. ; Keonounchanh, S. ; Ty, C. ; Bouahom, P. T. R., 2004. Stylosanthes and cassava leaves as protein supplements to a basal diet of broken rice for local pigs in Lao PDR. Livest. Res. Rural Dev., 16 (10)
Odeyinka, S. M. ; Olosunde, A. S. ; Oyedele, O. J. , 2007. Utilization of soybean milk residue, cowpea testa and corn starch residue by weaner rabbits. Livest. Res. Rural Dev., 19: 125
Okpeze, C. N. ; Omole, A. J. ; Ajayi, F. T. ; Adebowale, E. A., 2007. Effects of feeding adult snails Stylosanthes guianensis or Lablab purpureus as substitute for pawpaw leaf. African J. Biotech., 6 (16): 1959-1962
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Pen, M. ; Savage, D. B. ; Nolan, J. V. ; Seng, M., 2013. Effect of Stylosanthes guianensis supplementation on intake and nitrogen metabolism of Bos indicus cattle offered a basal diet of mixed rice straw and tropical grass. Anim. Prod. Sci., 53: 453-457
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Tarawali, G., 1991. The residual effect of Stylosanthes fodder banks on maize yield at several locations in Nigeria. Trop. Grassl., 25: 26-31
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Villaquiran, P, M.; Lascano, C., 1986. Nutritive characteristics of Centrosema macrocarpum, 'late' Stylosanthes guianensis, Stylosanthes macrocephala and Zornia brasiliensis. Acta Agronomica, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, 36 (4): 69-79
Villaquiran, P, M.; Lascano, C., 1986. The nutritional value of four tropical forage legumes. Pasturas Tropicales, 8 (2): 2-6
Heuzé V., Tran G., Boudon A., Labussière E., Bastianelli D., Lebas F., 2017. Stylo (Stylosanthes guianensis). Feedipedia, a programme by INRAE, CIRAD, AFZ and FAO. https://www.feedipedia.org/node/251 Last updated on December 15, 2017, 17:53
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Tropical Seeds


Barbados PM breaks ground on billion dollar project – No conflict of interest rules apply!
I enclose the required fee and expect to receive copies of the requested records within 100 days as per the FOI law that you promised to have in place two years ago.
Why do we need conflict of interest rules for Government Officials? I thought you'd never ask!


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Language Structure
Language Structure: language is a "nested structure." For example: letters are combined to form syllables, syllables are combined to form words, words are combined to form clauses and sentences. (Hawkins, 177)
Human language involves two types of structures. In the first, elements from a finite set of meaningless "sounds" are combined into meaningful "words" and parts of words, known as "morphemes." Linguists call this "phonology." The rules of phonology cover "intonation" and "rhythm," as well as the way specific sounds can be combined. In the second type of structure, words and morphemes are combined into "phrases." This is what linguists call "syntax." (Kenneally, 154) (Includes) factors involved in carrying out a structural analysis of language, whether spoken, written or signed. The main levels that linguists have proposed in order to elucidate the way languages operate. (Crystal, 81)
Context: physical or psychological environment in which communication occurs. (Floyd, G2) The various elements of the experience, questions asked, and setting. (Johnson, 315) The linguistic environment of an element. The non-linguistic situation in which language is used. (Crystal, 424) Adjective - 'contextual.'
Parts of Speech: each of the several categories to which words are assigned in accordance with their grammatical and "semantic" functions. (Oxford)
Adjective: a word designating an attribute and added to a noun, to describe the thing more fully. (Oxford)
Adverb: a word that qualifies or modifies another, especially an adjective, a verb, or another adverb, so as to express a relation of place, time, circumstance, manner, cause, degree, etc. (Oxford)
Article: a member of a small set of words that give definiteness or indefiniteness and specificness or genericness to the application of a noun. (Oxford)
Conjunction: a word used to connect clauses or sentences or to coordinate words in the same clause. (Oxford)
Exclamation: a sudden impassioned or emphatic utterance, a cry. (Oxford)
Interjection: the utterance of an exclamation expressing emotion. (Oxford)
Noun: a word used as the name or designation of a person, place, or thing. (Oxford)
Preposition: a word governing and usually preceding a noun, pronoun, etc., and expressing a relation between it and another word. (Oxford)
Relational Words: a word expressing relation between other words. (Oxford)
Verb: a word used to indicate the occurrence of or performance of an action or the existence of a state or condition. (Oxford)
Sentence: the largest structural unit that displays ... grammatical relationships, not dependent on any other structure. (Crystal, 436) A series of words complete in itself as the expression of a thought, containing or implying a "subject" and "predicate," and conveying a "statement," "question," exclamation, or command. (Oxford)
Clause: a simple sentence; a distinct part of a sentence including a subject and predicate, or one resembling this; a single passage of discourse or writing. (Oxford) A structural unit smaller than the sentence, but larger than phrases or words. (Crystal, 423)
Phrase: a small group of words expressing a single concept or entering with some degree of unity into the structure of a sentence. Does not contain a predicate or 'finite verb.' Any 'syntactic' unit larger than a word and smaller than a sentence. Also, a characteristic or "idiomatic" expression. (Oxford) A group of words smaller than a clause, forming a grammatical unit. (Crystal, 434)
Predicate: the part of a sentence or clause containing what is said about a subject. (Oxford) The clause element that gives information about the subject. (Crystal, 434) The assertion of something about a subject. (Oxford) Noun - 'predication.'
Question: a sentence worded or expressed in a form such as to elicit information from a person; inquiry. (Oxford) A 'question of fact' addresses whether something is true or not. A 'question of policy' addresses the best course of action or the best solution to a problem. A 'question of value' addresses the merit or morality of an object, action, or belief. (Griffin, 447)
Subject: a noun or noun equivalent about which a sentence is predicated and especially with which the verb agrees. (Oxford) The clause about which something is stated. (Crystal, 438)
Statement: the action or an act of stating, alleging, or enunciating something. A thing that is stated; an allegation, a declaration; specifically a verbal expression whose content is assessable in terms of truth or validity. (Oxford)
Symbol System: a culturally contrived system of meaning that captures and conveys important forms of information. Language, picturing, and mathematics are but three nearly worldwide symbol systems that are necessary for human survival and productivity. Musical notation provides an accessible and versatile symbol system. (Gardner, 8-9)
Alphabet: a set of letters used in writing a language; as a set of "symbols" or signs used for these letters. (Oxford) A writing system in which a set of symbols represents the "phonemes" of a language. (Crystal, 421)
Symbol: a representation of an idea. (Floyd, G6) Items used to represent other things, ideas, or events. For example, the letters of the alphabet are symbols for specific sounds in English. (McCornack, 182) It is possible to talk about writing systems on the basis of the size, style, and configuration of the symbols, or the direction in which they are written. (Crystal, 198) A word or phrase spoken by a speaker. (Griffin, 448) (Also), an abstract, arbitrary, and ambiguous representation of a phenomenon. (Wood, 336)
Word: any of the sequences of one or more sounds or morphemes (intuitively recognized by native speakers as) constituting the basic units of meaningful speech used in forming a sentence or sentences in a language. (Oxford) Usually the easiest units to identify, in the written language. In most writing systems, they are the entities that have spaces on either side. (Crystal, 91)
Affix: a grammatical element prefixed, infixed, or suffixed to the root of a word. (Oxford)
Affixation: addition of an affix. (Oxford)
Infix: an affix inserted into a word. (Oxford)
Morpheme: the smallest contrastive unit of grammar. (Crystal, 432) The smallest "morphological" unit of language, which cannot be analyzed into smaller units. (Oxford)
Phonemes: the basic speech sounds of a language. (Coon, 337) The smallest contrastive unit in the sound system of a language. (Crystal, 434)
Prefix: an element placed at the beginning of a word to adjust or qualify its meaning or in some languages as an "inflection." (Oxford)
Suffix: an element placed at the end of a word to form a derivative or as an inflection. (Oxford)
Syllable: a unit of pronunciation uttered without interruption, forming the whole or part of a word and comprising a sound. Also, a symbol, character, or set of characters, representing a corresponding element of written language. (Oxford) An important abstract unit in explaining the way vowels and consonants are organized within a sound system. (Crystal, 166)


SINGAPORE - Local shares opened flat on Monday (Nov 6), with the Straits Times Index dropping 0.85 points to 3,381.46 as at 9.04 am.
About 71.9 million shares worth S$97.6 million in total changed hands.
DBS Bank, which announced a 25 per cent drop in Q3 earnings, traded at S$22.88, down 0.39 per cent. In an indication of the extent of weakness in the oil and gas segment, specific allowances for credit and other losses were raised to S$815 million, 87 per cent higher than the S$436 million the bank recorded a year ago.
The most actively traded counter was Rowsley, which fell S$0.003 to S$0.132 with 19.8 million shares changing hands. Other actives included DISA and Rex International.
Gainers outpaced losers 83 to 42.


They may have been labelled "big", but they're shining like seven angels.
A group of women called Mystique, from different areas in the southern suburbs, will be competing in the Federation of International Sports, Aerobics and Fitness (Fisaf) International World Fitness and Hip-Hop Unite Championships to be held in Leiden in the Netherlands from Thursday 18 to Saturday 20 October.
The group is made up of seven "plus-size" mothers between the ages of 35 and 60. They are Janice Erasmus from Constantia, Alexia Prins from Heathfield, Ayesha Fakier from Wynberg, Lucille Richards from Retreat, Miranda Parker from Southfield, Desiree Keersemaker from Table View and Shakeelah Talmarkes from Mitchell's Plain.
Erasmus beat the odds with her determination to play a part in changing how plus-size women are viewed by society.
She grew up thinking her body size was inappropriate and she was different.
"When I was young I definitely noticed a difference in my size when I was at the beach with my more petite friends and I felt like I was wrong, or maybe something was wrong with my body. I was the biggest in my ballet class. Growing up I was sure that being curvaceous or being full-figured was not perhaps what I was supposed to be, and I tried hard for many years to go against my natural body type. I realized at 14-years-old that no guy was going to be able to pick me up in ballet because they were too weak. I was not going to beat myself up for being too heavy.
It is through this passion that she and her crew entered a regional competition in May where they won provincial colours in hip-hop and later came second at the nationals.
She says going overseas will be a dream come true for some of the members.
"For some it will be the first time flying and representing our country and want to create body positivity among women of all ages." She says women need to realise that regardless of shape or size they can still dance and take part in competitions, taking the stage with pride as a plus-size model, dancer and mother.
In order to accomplish this they need support to raise funds as an organisation to pay for their costs without affecting their community-based music and movement programme which empowers children from different backgrounds.
V For more information on helping the women financially, email janice@jirehsa.org.za.


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Adrian Newey Downplays Red Bull Performance Gain Ahead of Monaco
Red Bull's Chief Technical Officer Adrian Newey has played down the size of the team's upgrades ahead of the Monaco Grand Prix.
Attribute it to whatever you'd like, but Red Bull is suffering an internal communications problem. It seems like every day there is a new story regarding crossed wires, misinterpreted statements, downright unintentional falsehoods. Things have escalated to the point where Red Bull's F1 CTO Adrian Newey has jumped into the conversation in an attempt to bring some definitive order and structure to the words that tumble endlessly from the mouths of his compatriots.
MONTMELO, SPAIN – MAY 14: Daniel Ricciardo of Australia and Red Bull Racing prepares to drive on the grid during the Spanish Formula One Grand Prix at Circuit de Catalunya on May 14, 2017 in Montmelo, Spain. (Photo by Dan Istitene/Getty Images)
Newey spoke out recently on the team's upcoming performance at Monaco, while being quick to point out that while they've been experiencing performance gains at every Grand Prix, the jump at Monaco is nowhere near the extent that others are making it out to be. Whether this is a case of verbal sandbagging or not is difficult to tell. Newey is an experienced player in the world of Formula One, and despite his position on the F1 Red Bull team still being part-time, he's got more data and info at his fingertips than most armchair speculators.
As such, Newey is very much aware of the fact that the performance deficit between Red Bull and the likes of Mercedes and Ferrari won't be resolved overnight – saying that there is no "magic bullet":
"I think the package was a small step forward, which is what we expected.
It got vastly overhyped. We know we've got some work to do, we know what we need to do, so we've just got to get on with it.
It was never going to be the magic bullet, and there is no magic bullet.
It's the usual thing, just chipping away at it." – Adrian Newey
Newey is certainly giving the case surrounding his team's performance a healthy dose of the "business as usual" treatment, but the tension within the team is absolutely noticeable. With such high peaks exacerbated by even lower valleys, the team's fortunes for 2017 have been a mixed bag, to say the least. Several bouts of mechanical and brake issues interspersed by a podium placement by both Max Verstappen and Daniel Ricciardo have shown Red Bull just how close victory can be.
Perhaps that's the reason behind the hype. Just how many Red Bull Engineers are sitting in their garage, salivating as they hungrily gaze toward the rival pits of Ferrari and Mercedes, knowing that if they could do away with the modicum of a power deficit between them and the head of the pack, they would stand highest on the podium. Then again, we can't write off Mercedes and Ferari so easily.
MONTMELO, SPAIN – MAY 14: Daniel Ricciardo of Australia driving the (3) Red Bull Racing Red Bull-TAG Heuer RB13 TAG Heuer on track during the Spanish Formula One Grand Prix at Circuit de Catalunya on May 14, 2017 in Montmelo, Spain. (Photo by David Ramos/Getty Images)
The duo remained locked in a pendulum of a championship battle, doing everything that they can to squeeze the maximum amount of performance out of both driver and car – and with every weekend the hundred million-plus-funded teams are throwing every resource they've got at their cars. Oh well. One can dream.


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Censorship on MTV has been the subject of debate for years. MTV, the first and most popular music television network in the U.S., has come under criticism for alleged censorship in their programming. Throughout the decades, MTV has altered or removed shows from the channel's schedule to address complaints; and music videos have been censored, moved to late-night rotation, or banned from the channel's rotation for various types of controversial content.

Censorship in full-length programming
The hit show Jackass was subject to frequent censorship in the early 2000s. The popularity of the show, combined with the propensity of young viewers to attempt to imitate the show's risky stunts, led to substantial controversy. Although the show featured prominent warning messages at its start, end, and upon return from all commercial breaks urging viewers not to re-create any stunts seen on the program, nor submit footage to the network of those stunts for casting consideration on that or other MTV series, the show was nonetheless blamed for many injuries. In 2001, then-Senator Joe Lieberman urged Viacom to take more responsibility for the program's content; which led MTV to only air the show after 10p.m. The creators of Jackass expressed frustration over the restraints that MTV's producers imposed on stunts after Lieberman's statement. These limitations eventually led to the departure of several cast members, and to the conclusion of the show.

MTV's influence also affected its famous animated program, Beavis and Butt-Head. In the wake of a controversy that followed a child burning down his house after allegedly watching the show, producers moved the show from its original 7p.m. time slot to a late-night, 11p.m. slot. Beavis' tendency to flick a lighter and chant the word "fire" was removed from new episodes, and controversial scenes were removed from existing episodes before rebroadcast. Some of the edits were so extensive that when series creator Mike Judge compiled his Collection DVDs he commented that "some of those episodes may not even exist actually in their original form".

The Parents Television Council has argued that much of the censored material on MTV is easily discernible because of the context in which it is presented.

Censorship of music videos
MTV has frequently edited music videos to remove lyrical references to drugs, sex, nudity, violence, weapons, homophobia, suicide, religion or advertising, and completely edits out swear words. Usually, all racial slurs are censored on MTV music videos and programming, and MTV has emphasized racial tolerance for people of all races and creeds.

Examples of lyric edits have included:

 In the song "Beautiful Girls" by Sean Kingston, the word "suicidal" in the chorus was altered to "in denial".
 In Michael Jackson's single "They Don't Care About Us", MTV has replaced the words "Jew me" and "kike me" with "do me" and "strike me" in the line "Jew me, sue me, everybody do me / Kick me, kike me, don't you black or white me."  Jackson later explained that the song used the words to describe prejudice and that it was poor judgment to select Jewish people as explanatory words.
 "This Love" by Maroon 5 had the words "coming" and "sinking" muted out due to possible sexual connotations.
 "Pumped Up Kicks" by Foster the People was edited to remove references to the song's subject daring people to "outrun my gun" and to run "faster than my bullet".

Videos moved to late-night or obscure rotation
In attempt to address criticism over risqué content, MTV has sometimes moved certain videos to late-night rotation in censored format.

Sexual content

 "If I Could Turn Back Time" by Cher was pushed to hours after 9p.m. due to the singer's revealing clothing.
 "Baby Got Back" by Sir Mix-a-Lot was aired only after 9p.m., due to its depictions of women's bodies. (The station had recently instated a policy against showing female body parts with no reference to a face.)
 "Closer" by American industrial rock band Nine Inch Nails was heavily censored when aired on MTV due to sexually explicit imagery that contained a nude bald woman wearing a crucifix mask, NIN frontman Trent Reznor in bondage, and an image of a vulva, along with the song's notorious lyric "I wanna fuck you like an animal." The objectionable content was replaced with a picture that said "scene missing".
 The song "Étienne" by Guesch Patti was moved to late-night rotation in MTV Europe in 1987 due to a striptease scene.
 In February 2004, following the controversial Super Bowl XXXVIII halftime show in which performer Justin Timberlake exposed the breast of co-performer Janet Jackson, MTV made several efforts to limit daytime rotation of music videos that could be perceived to have too much sexual content. Such videos included:
 "Hotel" by Cassidy
 "I Miss You" by Blink-182
 "Salt Shaker" by Ying Yang Twins
 "Splash Waterfalls" by Ludacris
 "The Jump Off" by Lil' Kim
 "This Love" by Maroon 5
 "Dirrty" by Christina Aguilera
 "Toxic" by Britney Spears

Misogyny

 "Smack My Bitch Up" by The Prodigy was initially given late-night rotation on MTV's 120 Minutes on December 7, 1997 due to a fistfight, sexual scenes and allegedly misogynistic language in the lyrics but was removed from rotation altogether after around two weeks, a decision supported by the feminist group National Organization for Women. In 2002, MTV2 showed this video in its special Most Controversial Videos.

Political content

 In 2002, only MTV2 would play the Public Enemy video "Gotta Give the Peeps What They Need", because it contained "free Mumia" in the lyrics.
 In 2004, the video for "Megalomaniac" by Incubus was moved to late-night because of depictions of German leader Adolf Hitler and people drinking oil.
 Also in 2004, alleged glorification of gun violence led MTV to play an edited version of the video "99 Problems" by Jay-Z between 6p.m. and 6a.m. only.

Foreign edits
 "Turn Me On" by Riton and Oliver Heldens featuring Vula - all shots where some doctors try to cut out a man's heart, along with the close-up of the man were replaced by completely different scenes due to violence.
This edit was made on MTV's sister channel MTV Hits.

Banned music videos

From MTV in the United States
Several videos have been perceived as too controversial to play on MTV even in censored form, for varying reasons. In the 1980s, parent-media watchdog groups such as the PMRC criticized MTV over certain music videos that were claimed to have explicit imagery of Satanism. MTV has developed a strict policy refusing to air videos that may depict devil worship or anti-religious bigotry.
 "American Life" (Madonna)pulled by the artist and replaced with a second version
 "Arise" (Sepultura)banned for apocalyptic religious imagery, including crucified figures wearing gas masks
 "A Tout Le Monde" (Megadeth) - banned for alleged suicide lyrics
 "Be Chrool to Your Scuel" (Twisted Sister)banned for showing zombies in a school engaging in suggestive acts
 "Body Language" (Queen)banned due to erotic and homoerotic content
 "Bombs" (Faithless) — banned over use of violent imagery to convey an anti-war message
 "California" (Wax) — banned due to its depiction of a stunt involving a man on fire
 "Closer" (Nine Inch Nails) - banned for depiction of nudity, S&M bondage, a live monkey being strapped to a crucifix, and sexually charged lyrics. An edited version was also made to censor some of the explicit content.
 "Erotica" (Madonna)banned from the MTV music channel but later seen in the Beavis and Butt-Head episode "Door to Door"
 "Ghost Ride It" (Mistah F.A.B.) — banned due to allegations of encouraging dangerous driving behavior; as well as copyright complaints about the car used in the video
 "Happiness in Slavery" (Nine Inch Nails) - banned for nudity, simulated gore, and unsimulated sexual torture by performance artist Bob Flanagan
 "Hurricane" (Thirty Seconds to Mars)banned for containing sexually explicit scenes and violent imagery
 "In My Darkest Hour" (Megadeth)banned for alleged suicide references
 "I Want to Break Free" (Queen)banned for depicting crossdressing and tran-sexuality.
 "Jesus Christ Pose" (Soundgarden)banned for depicting a blindfolded girl and a mechanical skeleton on a cross, followed by several crosses that flashed repeatedly from upright to inverted positions
 "Justify My Love" (Madonna)banned for containing explicit imagery of sadomasochism, voyeurism, and bisexuality
 "Lacquer Head" (Primus)banned for lyrics describing minors using drugs; the music video also featured a child watching TV while a devilish creature administers gasoline to the child, who then explodes into a frenzy (with the creature riding on him) and ultimately crashing into a wall, burning to ashes
 "Quote Unquote" (Mr. Bungle) - banned due to creepy imagery and several characters being hanged.
 "Reckoning Day" (Megadeth) — allegedly banned due to management conflicts
 "s(AINT)" (Marilyn Manson) - banned for explicit depictions of sex, drug use, and self-inflicted violence.
 "Six, Six, Six" (DeGarmo and Key) — pulled due to images of an Anti-Christ engulfed in flames; later re-added to rotation in an edited form
 "Sunshowers" (M.I.A.) — banned for objectionable lyrics
 "The Creature from the Black Leather Lagoon" (The Cramps) - banned for erotic content
 "The Price of Beauty" (Suicide Silence) — banned for gore
 "Tormented Mind" (Burning Human) — banned for violence
 "What It Feels Like for a Girl" (Madonna) — banned for violent content throughout

From MTV in the United Kingdom
 "My Favourite Game" by The Cardigans  — filmed with five different endings; most of which were banned on MTV UK due to fears that the video could encourage joyriding and cause car accidents. The two least-violent endings were eventually selected for MTV UK rotation.

See also
 Censorship of music

References

Sources

Censorship of broadcasting in the United States
Television censorship
Mass media-related controversies in the United States
MTV

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


This 8-hour course has didactic and practical sessions on major causes of PPH and the management approach. Video, case presentations pre- and post-tests will be used. Delegates will rotate through 6 stations to practice on low cost models for control of PPH. Tamponade, uterine sutures, blood loss measurement, anti-shock garment, resuscitation and demo of low cost teaching models will ensure delegates are prepared to manage PPH.


Instructions: Easy to beat, !! Unless you go for combos!! try and figure out different ways to raise you score by juggling the baddies!! Boss Tip: Attack the Head till Dizzy, then attack the body ****Tip for a cool juggle Hold Foward while kicking, this will repeat only first kick, and not complete the combo.. by the third hit, the enemy will be high enough that you can jump up and air Kick combo.. then shoot and repeat:) Rift got a 21hit combo!! what can you get?


text:
Thoutmôsis (en grec ancien  / ) est la forme hellénisée de l'égyptien Ḏḥwtj-mś (prononciation reconstruite: /t'aˈħawtij ˈmissaw/) et signifie « Né de Thot » . Ce nom théophore faisait partie de la titulature royale de quatre pharaons  de la  en tant que nom de Sa-Rê ou « nom de naissance ». Il fut aussi porté par le fils aîné d'Amenhotep , grand prêtre de Ptah, ainsi que par un vizir qui exerça ses fonctions successivement sous Thoutmôsis  et Amenhotep . Sous ce dernier roi et sous son successeur, Amenhotep , deux autres hauts dignitaires, fils royaux de Koush, se disaient de même « Né[s] de Thot ».

Pharaons nommés « Thoutmôsis »
 Thoutmôsis  (-1506 / -1493) ;
 Thoutmôsis  (-1493 / -1479) ;
 Thoutmôsis  (-1479 / -1478, puis -1458 / -1425) ;
 Thoutmôsis  (-1401 / -1390).

Autres Thoutmôsis
 Thoutmôsis, vizir de Thoutmôsis  et d'Amenhotep  ;
 Thoutmôsis, fils d'Amenhotep  ;
 Thoutmôsis, sculpteur officiel du pharaon Akhénaton.

Notes

Index égyptologique
Nom ou prénom égyptien dans l'Antiquité
Nom théophore


Full of weeds and dog toys. It also houses all the plants I brought with me when we moved in December, but as you can see, it can barely be called a garden.
So hopefully, come the spring, we really will have a garden, not just a back yard.