Periodontitis is a multicausal inflammatory disease associated with loss of periodontal attachment, collagen, and alveolar bone. The regeneration of lost periodontal structures can be supported by the application of enamel matrix derivatives (EMD) as well as growth and differentiation factors. Recent studies on cartilage explants and tissue engineered constructs have reveiled that growth factors act in concert with biomechanical signals that can both enhance and inhibit the anabolic effects of biological mediators.So far, the effect of mechanical loading on periodontal wound healing events in modern regenerative treatment approaches has been very much neglected. Since the periodontium comprises load-bearing tissues, the study of potential interactions between bioactive factors and biomechanical signals is critical to optimize periodontal wound healing. This study therefore proposes to examine interactions of mechanical signals with the effects of EMD by application of mechanical load to EMD-treated periodontal ligament cells in vitro and by generation of different loading conditions in an in vivo experimental periodontal wound model. Furthermore, the mechanisms underlying the potential interactions between biological and mechanical factors will be analyzed at cellular and molecular level.
Strong evidence has accumulated that periodontitis is associated with obesity. In obese patients, serum levels of a number of adipokines, which are cytokines derived from adipose tissue, are altered. Adipokines regulate food intake and energy expenditure, but also inflammatory and wound healing processes. Periodontal regenerative healing can be induced by enamel matrix derivative (EMD) and bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2). Whether adipokines interfere with the actions of EMD or BMP2 is as yet unknown. We propose to study the effects of adipokines and obesity on periodontal destruction and regeneration in vitro and in vivo. Specifically, we aim to examine: (i) the regulation of adipokines in human periodontal ligament (PDL) cells in response to inflammatory, hypoxic, biomechanical and regenerative signals in vitro; (ii) if and to what extent adipokines modulate PDL cell functions in the presence and absence of EMD or BMP2; and (iii) the intracellular signaling pathways underlying the potential interactions of adipokines with EMD and BMP2, respectively. Additionally, we will extend in vitro findings by examining the effects of obesity on periodontal regeneration in an animal model. These experiments will help clarify the role of adipokines and obesity in periodontal destruction and regeneration.


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FARNHAM REHFISCH
Université de Khartoum
Competitive Gift Exchange among the Mambila 1
The importance of gift-giving in the establishment of political and social relationships in a number of societies has long been recognised by anthropologists, and the element of competition inherent in these exchanges has not been ignored. To the best of my knowledge, instances of diadic relationships characterised by competitive gift-exchange have not been recorded for any West African society. Among the Mambila-speaking peoples of the former British Cameroons, relationships of this type are of considerable social significance. The aim of this paper is to describe the way in which these are established, maintained and developed through time; to give an account of both a large and small scale gift distribution; and finally to analyse some of the sociological implications of this institution in Mambila society, with special reference to the village structure. The effect of this institution on inter-village relationships will not be dealt with here.
The Mambila live in Adamawa Province on what is called the Mambila Plateau. They number approximately 18,000 and live in autonomous villages with populations ranging from roughly 200 to 2,000 persons. Most villages have a secular chief, an office introduced under the native Authority system. All villages are subdivided into hamlets, each with its own headman, an indigenous office. The incumbent is always the oldest male resident. A hamlet includes a number of compound clusters made up of from two to six compounds in spatial proximity one to the other, some of whose male members are usually kin. The residents unite for certain ritual and secular purposes. Here again the oldest male inhabitant is the head. The composition of the constituent compounds is complicated by the fact that there are no fixed residence rules and therefore links binding the residents may be a number of different kinds. The most usual type of compound houses a core made up of a man, his wife or wives, most of his married sons with their wives and children, and his unmarried sons and daughters.
The Mambila are skilled and enthusiastic farmers, fortunate in having an abundance of fertile land. none of the villages visited were suffering from a shortage of land. The result is that they normally produce a considerable surplus of their two staple crops, maize and guinea corn, except in the few bad years when the rains wither come very late or are otherwise inadequate. Some of their surplus grain is sold to the town-dwelling Fulani. The demand being small, most of the surplus is turned into beer for their own consumption. To avoid possible criticism, i had best add that I am well aware of the difficulty of defining surplus in non-monetary societies, however it is my impression backed by statements of many Mambila informants that they could sell a far greater proportion of their grain than is actually the case and run no risk of being left with insufficient supplies fort their own use.
THE INSTITUTION OF COMPETITIVE GIFT-EXCHANGE
There is no Mambila term to describe the institution. The term bill refers to the two partners in the relationship and may be used by them in addressing each other, but normally proper names are used in direct address. Bill also may have the wider meaning of "friend". For the purposes of this paper I shall restrict its usage to the first meaning given above. The terms "host" and "guest" will be employed when it becomes necessary to distinguish between the partner who gives and the one receiving. The occasion on which gifts are offered will be called a "feast".
At about fourteen to sixteen a boy is said to be old enough to select as a partner a lad of about his own age. Factors influencing his choice will be discussed below. Girls too have this prerogative but little data on this relationship were collected. Gift exchange between women is of far less structural significance than that between men for a number of reasons which cannot be discussed here. It is not possible for a boy to select a girl as a partner, nor a girl a boy. Not all males choose a partner, only about thirty per cent of my informants had one. Why such a small number of males establish this type of relationship os not clear though some informants who had not done so said that at the right age they had nos pacific individual with whom they wished to acquire a link of this sort. It might be tempting to argue that only the wealthy could afford to become involved in gift-exchanges, but this would not fit the fact since there is no important wealth differential between the members of a village. It should be added here that the establishment of such ties is not limited to certain kin groups since any boy is free to select a partner if he so wishes. Quite a large proportion of those who had once had a partner had him no longer. In some cases the partner had died, in others the relationship was broken. One reason frequently given for breaking off such ties was that one of the two had moved to another village too distant for the tie to be maintained. The most common cause of a a breach is a serious dispute between the two partners. In one typical case an informant had courted the sister of his partner; the parents of the girl having refused to accept him as a suitor, in a rage he insulted his friend and refused to continue the relationship. Finally it is not customary for a person to have more than one partner during his lifetime.
The relationship is established when a boy offers a pot of beer to another and asks him to become his partner. The pots contain from four to five gallons. No special ceremony takes place on this occasion. The two have probably been friends for some time. The invitation is interpreted as a sign of friendship and not a challenge, even though as we shall see later an element of competition does enter into the relationship. It may be rejected, but this entails the risk that the candidate will be stamped as too mean to wish to give beer to others. Generosity being highly valued in this society no one wishes to have the reputation of being either unwilling r unable to offer drinks to his friends. If the offer is accepted, and it usually is, the proffered beer is shared between the host, his guests and their friends. Normally the guest and his followers sit on one side, facing the others. Either he or one of his friends is in charge of distributing the beverage and special care is taken to see to it that all present have an equal share. If the guest gives too much to his own group the host may become angry and break the relationship. At some future date, one or two years hence, the erstwhile guest invites his partner to come and drink beer with him. The host is expected to provide at least one more pot than was given on the previous occasion. The two take it in turn to entertain each other, each time the host being expected to offer more beer than previously done. While in name the "feasts" are offered to the guest, the host and his friends are given a share equivalent to that consumed by the guest and his group. The older kinsmen of the partners see to it that exchanges are not made too frequently since this would lead to the amount given becoming large too quickly, that is before the two are old enough to recruit enough persons to help them in brewing sufficient to live up to their obligations. Age is the primary determinant of status in Mambila society and only those enjoying relatively high status are able to rely on the help of a large number of people to assist them on occasions of this kind.
At the outset when the amount of beer given is small, it is expected that it will all be brewed from the surplus stocks of grain belonging to the host2 . This is usually the case until the partners reach the age of thirty or thereabouts. At this stage the amount given varies from sixteen to twenty pots depending upon the number of exchanges that have taken place. Henceforward a man begins to rely on others for assistance. At first the fellow residents of his compound will help him by preparing beer for the feast. Later the residents of his compound cluster will also contribute. When he is approximately fifty years old his rôle in the hamlet will be important and therefore it will be considered fitting for all the members of that unit to assist him in fulfilling his obligations vis-à-vis his partner. Later the whole village will be drawn in when he wishes to entertain his guest. It is only at the age of sixty or more that a man has an important enough status in the context of the entire village to except help from all its inhabitants. If a man of forty or fifty were to ask for it, he would be laughed to scorn, the people saying that while only a 'small boy' he was trying to act the rôle of a "big man".
The partner is usually chosen from among the residents of a neighbouring settlement. A member of one's village is not usually selected for three reasons. The first that it is said to be advantageous to have a partner in settlements visited with some frequency so that one is assured of hospitality. Since a man should always be welcomed when stopping at a compound in his own village, there is no need to establish such ties within it. Secondly fellow villagers should cooperate and not compete against each other as individuals, though under certain circumstances sub-groups of the village, especially hamlets, do in fact act in opposition to each other. If a man selected a fellow villager as a partner, the element of competition in the relationships would be incompatible with that of neighbour. Thirdly, as mentioned above, when the exchange is one of long standing the whole village acts as a unit in preparing beer for the host to offer to his guest. If the feast were to be given for a fellow villager, the former would be both a donor and a recipient on the same occasion, and this is incompatible with Mambila ideals. It would of course be possible for the guest not to make any beer at this time, but then he would not be living up to his obligations as a good neighbour.
While it is said not to be desirable to select a member of one's own local group as a partner, it is sometimes done. In cases of this kind the partnership will be amiably broken before the amount of beer to be exchanged reaches the scale where the entire village must cooperate in its preparation.
Two categories of person must under no condition be selected as partners: fellow hamlet members and kinsmen. The former for the reasons given above when discussing the inadvisability of selecting a fellow villager as a partner and the latter because the competitive element inherent in the partnership is incompatible with the type of relationship that should exist between kinsfolk.
The Mambila gave me a number of reasons for selecting a specific person as a partner. The first, as mentioned above, is to be assured of hospitality when visiting his village. The second was that the selector liked the individual as a person and wished to establish a close relationship with him. Finally some informants said that they had chosen a boy because he was a close relative of a girl that they hoped eventually to marry. By establishing this link they could anticipate that their partner would support them when courting the girl. As a rule the choice is in the hands of the boy alone, neither his parents nor other senior kinsmen intervening unless the one selected has a very bad reputation or falls into one of the prohibited categories. The fact that the relationship is not extended to the kinsmen of the two partners may account for their neutrality on the subject.
While the reciprocal giving of beer is said to be the "raison d'être" of the relationship, the ties binding the two partners extend to spheres os social activities other than feasts. When a man marries, his partner is expected to contribute a small part of the cash required for brides-wealth. He should also come to the wedding ceremony and has the exclusive right to joke with and even fondle, the bride though neither then nor at any other time may he have intercourse with her. He may consult an oracle should his partner fall ill. He should attend his partner's funeral. The two should help each other from time to time in house-building, farming, etc. Gifts are often presented by one to the other with no obligation that a counter-gift be returned.
When one of the two partners dies the relationship is normally broken, but it may be continued by a surviving sibling of the deceased if he so wishes. There is no pressure put on the brother to do so, even should the deceased have been in the position of owing a feast to his partner at his death. The link is never maintained after the death of the two original partners.
It should be noted here that while there are a number of possibilities open to a Mambila to establish formal ties with a non-kinsman - as for example by marriages, by the institution of blood brotherhood, or by joining a permanent cooperative working group - none of these relationships include competitive gift exchanges.
DESCRIPTION OF TWO FEASTS
During my stay in the village of Warwar a number of small scale feasts were held as well as one involving the whole village. As a general rule only one or two large scale feasts are held yearly. Here I intend to describe briefly one of the former category and, in rather more detail, the large one.
The first was given by a boy of about eighteen to his partner who lived in Vokude, about four miles away. he announced his intention to his "friend" on the market day preceding the one fixed for the occasion. Four days before the date set he took some maize from his own granary and gave it to his two sisters to grind into flour. He himself brought the necessary water and supervised the brewing. In this he was helped by his two female and two male siblings. In all eight pots of beer were made but only six were given to the guest. The latter was accompanied by seven young men from his own village and the host had eleven friends present. The seven included four kinsmen, while six of the host's group were relatives of his. I was the only person present during most of the festivities who was not between the ages of 16 and 20. At first two pots were brought out and given by the host to the guest. The latter filled a cup and gave it to the host who took a sip and passed it on to the oldest member of his own group. The next cup went to the guest who took a sip and passed it on to the senior of his followers. Before the two pots were empty all had had one or more cups. The members of each group drank in turn. The next two pots were offered by the host who again gave them to the guest who passed them on to the youngest member of his group for distribution and so on it went until all the beer was finished. On two occasions persons wandering by were invited to partake by the guest, he being the owner of the beer.
Whenever any food or beverage is available a share should be offered to any passer-by as was done in this case. After the guests had gone one of the remaining pots of beer was consumed by the host and his young friends, while the other was given tot he host's father. In almost all cases of beer being prepared for a feast, more is made than is expected to be consumed during the gift-exchange. This will later be drunk by the giver of the feast, his kinsmen and neighbours.
The large scale feast involving the whole village was given by one of the four hamlet heads in Warwar for his partner from Dembe, a settlement only few miles away. The feast lasted for three days, but the preparations had begun a week earlier. Beer was brewed by almost all the households in the village. Less than five per cent of the total number did not prepare any, the reasons given being: they had not enough surplus grain, illness, or absence from the settlement. Even those not on friendly terms with the host brewed beer for him on this occasion. One informant who was at this time involved in a serious dispute with the hamlet head nevertheless made a very large contribution himself and saw to it that those living in his compound cluster did the same. He said that he could not let the "village" down by refusing to cooperate. His use of the term "village" in this context reflects the fact that when a gift-exchange reaches the point where all the group cooperates in providing beer for the guest, the reputation of the unit as a whole rests on the ability of the host to live up to his obligations.
On the opening day of the feast about fifty men from Dembe led by the guest arrived during the late afternoon. They were met at the hamlet boundary by the host and some of his kin and friends. Four pots of beer were immediately given to the guest who himself distributed the first pot and asked a younger member of his contingent to divide up the rest. Again here those present were given a roughly equivalent share. The Dembe people sat on one side of the pots and the Warwar group on the other as is always the case except after much beer has been drunk and formality has broken down. After all had been consumed the whole party adjourned to the compound of the host where more beer was consumed. Later on more persons from Dembe arrived including some of the wives of those who had come earlier, more men, and a number of young men and girls. The total number of visitors was now about 120, roughly 80 males and 40 females. Later on small groups straggled in.
That evening chickens were cooked and given to the host who, with the help of som of the older men from Dembe distributed them to all those present. The night was spent chatting, drinking beer, chewing kola nuts, and dancing, the latter mainly by the young of both sixes. individuals would retire into one of the near-by houses for a cat-nap, but seldom stayed away long, seemingly unable to remain away from the beer and festivities.
The following day the visitors wandered through all the village, were offered beer in the compound where it had been prepared. They had, by this time, broken up into small groups of about ten, and were always accompanied by a roughly equivalent number of local residents . In the afternoon all returned to the host's compound where two live goats, a sheep and a dog were offered to the guest. Goat met being taboo to him personally, though not to all of the Dembe contingent, only the sheep, the dog, plus a number of chickens were cooked, and the goats were spared. Again the meat was distributed to all present. The night was spent as the previous one, except the fewer people took active part in the festivities since a large number slept through most of the night. nevertheless dances and beer drinks were held in many of the compounds of the village, unlike the first night when most of the activities were confined to the host's compound.
On the third day more visits were made, more beer drunk, and more chickens were eaten. Late in the afternoon the guest, accompanied by the majority of the Dembe people began to wend their way home. But, before leaving, an important part of the feast had to be accomplished. Each time the visitors had been given beer to drink or chickens to at a small stick was given to the host or in his absence to the most senior Warwar male present. All the sticks had been passed on to the host who proceeded to count them out in the presence of the guest. it was noted that 483 pots of beer, 47 chickens, 1 sheep and 1 dog had been provided during the three days. The kola nuts chewed and the tobacco smoked were not, and are never included in the reckoning. The sticks were given by the host to his guest to serve as a mnemonic device so that, when he returned the feast, he would be certain to know how much should be provided t fulfil his obligations. When feast reach this size there is no attempt to offer only one more pot of beer than was given on the previous occasion. Rather the practice is to give as much as is required to satisfy those present. The host is able to keep a fairly close track of how much is being given y means of the sticks passed on to him. If as the feast is drawing to a close he becomes aware that he has not supplied the necessary amount, he calls upon all the residents of the village to provide more. Since most people have prepared a few extra pots, which they hoped to consume after the visitors' departure, more will be forthcoming at his call. In the case above, the host did not need to ask for additional help, since when the Dembe partner had given the last feast only some 430 pots of beer and 30 odd chickens had been consumed. When the Dembe people reached the village boundary the host provided four more pots of beer which was considered to be a very generous gesture since these would not be counted in the total and therefore need not be returned on future occasion.
All the food and beer offered during the three days were given in the name of the host to the guest, even if neither of the two were present. In their absence the giver would say that he was making the gift for the host to the guest, and the most senior male present from the Dembe group would accept it in the name of the guest.
At the conclusion of the feast I asked the host when he thought that his hospitality would be returned. He answered that he did not know, but probably in year or two. He added that he might take longer for the Dembe people to acquire a sufficient surplus to brew enough beer. Under normal conditions this would not be the case, since while the amount is quite large it only meant that a relatively small part of the total surplus of grain in Warwar was utilised on this occasion. Dembe, being a much smaller village, would probably utilise a considerably larger proportion of its surplus, but giving such a feast would not risk impoverishing the settlement. The erstwhile host added that he was not certain that his partner would supply as much as he himself had done and, if not, then he and all the Warwar people would laugh at those of Dembe. This is the only sanction used to make a partner live up to his obligations. I later learnt of two instances when a man who had not been able to offer more than he himself had received saw the relationship broken of and himself ieered at. In both cases the scale of the feast was small and did not involve even a hamlet, far less a village. When these large groups become concerned it is of greater importance that the host be able to live up to his obligations since if he does not do so he endangers not only his own reputation but that of the group as a whole. It is important to note that when the Warwar host suggested that perhaps his Dembe partner would not be able to provide an adequate feast he smiled and appeared to derive much pleasure from this speculation. The competitive element however is kept in the background, since no boasting or statements implying that the Dembe people were too poor or mean to be able to provide suitable return gifts were heard during the feast. No comments were made by either side as to the quantity or quality of what was offered.
On other occasions when beer or food is given it is not uncommon for the guest to criticise the amount and/or the quality. For instance beer is given to those who have taken part in communal farm labour or helped a man in building a house. The workers often comment wryly about the amount of beer given to them and insist that more be made available. Similarly when the groom's party offer food and beer to the bride's followers, slurring remarks are often made by the latter.
There are two major factors which help to explain why criticism of the host's offerings is allowed at communal work parties and wedding feasts, but not on the occasion of gift exchange. The first is that on the occasion of gift exchange the host and guest enjoy equal status and hence neither has the right to criticise the other. In the case of bridal feasts and work parties the guests enjoy superior status in the context of the situation and hence it is acceptable for them to make disparaging remarks in reference to what they are being offered. However it should be noted that in the case of a very senior male organising a work party his offerings are not likely t be criticises since his status is so high that he has not become temporarily subordinated to those helping him.
The second factor which militates against criticism being levelled at the host during a gift exchange, but not on the other tow occasions, is that in the first case the two groups are uni-bonded, that is to say linked only by the single tie between the two partners, the host and guest, while the two other types f feast bring together persons linked by a number of ties. In the case of uni-bonded groups a breach of the tie and fighting is likely to arise if disputes develop, while this is much less likely when the bonds linking the participants are many. The Mambila are well aware of the fact that in the former case large scale feasts may result in fighting. As a precautionary step members of the host's village collect the spears of all the guests upon their arrival and these are not returned until the visitors are about to leave. A brief description of the ties linking the participants in a wedding or work party will show how these occasions differ from those of gift exchange. Work parties are usually made up of persons from the same hamlet or village, and fighting between members of such a unit is deprecated. When outsiders join the group they do so because they already have links with the host, these being for the most part consanguinal or affinal kin ties. Should a dispute arise between kinsmen, fighting should be avoided. In most cases the bride's group will not enjoy kin ties with that of the groom, but kinks binding it to residents of the groom's village will not only exist, but be emphasized during the festivities. The bride's group will make their first stop in the groom's village at the house of a relative of the bride or of one of her party. If other kin live nearby they also will be visited. This acts as a public recognition of the ties existing between the bride's group and persons inhabiting the groom's settlement. Those visited will be held responsible for seeing to it that disputes do not arise between the bride's and groom's groups, and to act as mediators between the two if needs be. The criticism of the fare offered will also often emphasise previous links. A member of the bride's group when showing dissatisfaction at the amount of food and drink offered will mention that when a male from her own village married a girl from the settlement of the groom much more was offered the guests. At least some , if not many, of the guests at a gift-exchange feast will be related to the host or his neighbours, but these ties seem not to be stressed. Individuals coming to the feast make no attempt to formally visit their kinsfolk. They have come as followers of the guest, residents of his village, and the solidarity of the whole group is maintained vis-à-vis the host's settlement. In the major feast described above a sister's son of the host, who had settled in Dembe after having previously lived in Warwar for a time, remained firmly attached to the guest's party and acted no differently in relation to his Warwar kinsmen than did any of his neighbours. No effort on these occasions is made to place an individual in an intercalary position to act as mediator in case of strife arising. The facts that the bonds of kinship and neighbourhood either do not exist or if they do are ignored in the context of the situation 3 , makes it important, not only for the maintenance of the relationship but also to avoid inter-village fighting from breaking out, that criticism of any kind, potential source of conflict, be prohibited.
During the festivities described above no beer or food was wasted, nor is it the custom to do so. Several years ago a man from Mang gave a feast and when his guest arrived at the village boundary poured out ten jugs of beer onto the ground. This act was meant to show that the host was so rich that he could afford to waste the beverage and still live up to his obligations. While this act elicited much comment, it has never been repeated. Most informants agreed that it was foolish and should not be done again.
THE SOCIOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS OF COMPETITIVE GIFT-EXCHANGE
Before analysing the contribution made by this institution towards maintaining the Mambila village structure, it is important to stress what is does not do. At the incipient stage of the relationship neither the status nor the prestige of the partners is enhanced. It is only when large scale feasts are given that the temporary prestige of the two is moderately increased only inasmuch as they are the focus of the activities, but once the festivities are terminated the added prestige disappears. The advantage to a host is that his name becomes known more widely as a result of having lived up to his obligation with éclat. The fact that two men of roughly the same age, one having a partner and the other not, enjoy the same status within the village indicates that the giving of feasts is not a determinant of status.
However feasts do act to maintain the status system. One prerogative of high status in Mambila society is the right to give orders to those lower on the scale than oneself with the expectation that compliance will follow. In the organising of a large scale feast not only the host but all the senior males have the right to command their juniors to make beer for the feast. The compound head is responsible for seeing to it that his group makes its contribution, the same applies to the head of the compound clusters and of course the hamlet heads. The feast then is an occasion on which the senior males may activate their authority rôles.
The institution plays an important part in the integration of the village itself. There are few occasions on which the settlements acts as a unit. Large scale feasts are one. Here all the residents are made to realise their responsibility towards the group, and the necessity of their sacrificing some of their surplus grain stocks as well as labour for the benefit of the village. All have a common purpose, namely the brewing of enough beer and contributing the requisite number of chickens and animals to be slaughtered. During the feast itself the affiliation of the individual with the village is stressed. It has already been said that residents of the two settlements involved sit apart, one on each side of the pots of beer. An individual obtains his share as a member of the village and for no other reason. When the pots offered at one time are many the guest may immediately divide them up, that is give a certain number to the host's group to be distributed and keep some for his own followers.
The individual's identification with his own local group is also stressed during the dancing. At the outset members of the two villages dance in separate groups and this may continue during the entire feast, but normally after a time the dancers tend to become intermixed. The songs sung to accompany the dancing are also important in this respect. During the time when the large scale feast described above was taking place, the chief of Warwar had been and continued to be unpopular thereafter. On purely local occasions songs were sung voicing the anger of the people at some of his actions and jeering at his inability to obtain from the native Authority what the villagers believed to be their rights. However, when the Dembe people were present only lyrics praising their chief, extolling his virtues and abilities were heard. The strength, wealth, solidarity and large population of Warwar were the themes of others of the songs heard on this occasion. The Dembe contingent of course sung only in laudatory terms of their own settlement. Neither made any slurring references to the other.
Competitive gift exchange plays an important rôle also in the maintenance of the Mambila economy. It has been said that in all but very bad years a considerable surplus of maize and guinea corn is harvested. However when the rain fails then the yield is considerably lessened. Not a few informants told me that they were consciously planting more than they would need for their own families' use in order either to provide a feast for their partner or else help someone do so. When the yields are low due to bad climatic conditions this extra planting may mean the difference between hunger and sufficiency.
These feasts, like other ceremonials and rituals, help to overcome the tedium of everyday life. The day-to-day routine is highly repetitive and acknowledged by the Mambila to be boring. It is only during the festive seasons that excitement reigns and life is lived to the full. When the farm work is demanding on both the time and energy of the people, they are often heard to be discussing with pleasure the festivals to come and those that had taken place already. For months before the feast described above, informants were heard estimating the amount of beer that they would drink on that occasion. A subject of great interest to the young, made obvious by their conversation was what the girls from Dembe who would come would be like; many predicted the amorous exploits in which they would play a part. For months afterwards the feast remained an important subject of conversation and both men and women never seemed to tire of stating the amount of beer that they had drunk and the food they had eaten.
Competitive gift exchange among the Mambila can then be said to originate as a diadic relationship with but little structural significance. Through time, though retaining its diadic element, it grows in size until finally it includes all the residents of two villages. It plays an important rôle in maintaining village solidarity and the local structure.
SHORT MAMBILA BIBLIOGRAPHY
Meek, C.K., Tribal Studies in Northern Nigeria , Kegan Paul, London, 1931, vol. I, pp. 532-582.
Meyer, E., Mambila-Studie, Zeitschrift für Eingeborenen-Sprachen , Berlin, 1939-1940, vol. XXX, I, pp. 1-52; vol. XXX, 2, pp. 117-148; vol. XXX, 3, pp. 210-232.
Migeod, F.W.H., Through British Cameroons , Heath Cranton Ltd, London, 1925, pp. 148-166.
Rehfisch, F., The Dynamics of Multilineality on the Mambila Plateau, Africa , London, 1960, vol. XXX, 3, pp. 246-261.
Schneider, G., Mambila Album, Nigerian Field , 1955, vol. XX, pp. 112-132.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Borussia M – Bayern M, Bundesliga Prediction
l d l w w
w d w w w
ANALYSIS AND PREDICTION FOR BORUSSIA M'GLADBACH - BAYERN
Gladbach's 0-3 loss to Hertha was shocking after Borussia's team first won nine consecutive home games and almost didn't concede goals, in most cases a maximum of 1. There was a draw with Eintracht 1-1 and a new loss from Wolfsburg with 0-3 at home, which is already a big problem. It is a problem, because Wolfsburg is 5th and shortened the distance to 5 points. And Gladbach apparently entered their first crisis for the season, having tended to have problems only in the visits.
Bayern took a heavy victory against Hertha in the last round and continues to chase Dortmund. The Bavarians feel comfortable and show it. They know there are a lot of rounds left and the difference is small. What should be noted with them is that after the break there were a lot of problems in the first rounds, but they did not lose so many points until they got into a rhythm again, and it is certainly normal to say that they are the strongest team in the Bundesliga right now.
Gladbach, however, is the only team to beat Bayern as a guest this season, even with 3-0. Bayern have still no draw as a guest in the Bundesliga. Gladbach have no home draw in the Bundesliga. This is proof of attacking football, and overall in the last matches of both teams there are many goals. It is important that Plea is expected to return, and he is Gladbach's top scorer. Maybe, because of that they didn't score against Wolfsburg. The last 3 games between Gladbach and Bayern ended with more than 2 goals, so we will expect Over 2.5 goals at 1.56.
Only 1 away game from Bayern Munich this season ended with less than 2 goals
GLADBACH TEAM NEWS
Jantschke(10/0 D), Johnson(13/1 M), Raffael(7/1 F) are doubtful. Traore(11/0 F) and Cuisance(9/0 M) are out
BAYERN TEAM NEWS
Alaba(23/2 D), Goretzka(20/6 M), Ribery(17/4 F), Coman(12/2 F) and Robben(9/3 F) are out


Proud Chelsea is delighted to present an exquisite retrospective on the life and style of Ossie Clark: a diverse collection of personal shots of the designer at work, and various style icons and rock legends wearing his creations.
Controversial, iconoclastic, quintessentially British, Ossie Clark was the undisputed 'King of King's Road', London's fashion Mecca. Praised for his intuitive understanding of the female form and renowned for the daring and panache with which he mixed and matched prints and fabrics: Ossie's collections were radically different with an effortless mix of surrealism and pop-art; Hollywood glamour and Soho bohemia.
Coinciding with the launch of Ossie Clark London label this February, Proud Chelsea will be exhibiting vintage gowns and design sketches alongside a collection of rare photographic prints – a true celebration of Ossie Clark. The collection will include images of the designer in Quorum taken by Eric Swayne and casual snaps of Ossie with friends and family (including personal friend and artist David Hockey) taken by Peter Schlesinger.
Also on display are a series of beautiful fashion photography prints from the 70s' top creatives: ethereal pastel photo shoots of Ossie's floral gowns from Norman Parkinson; bold frames of Ossie's acid jumpsuits taken by Robert Whitaker; and psychedelic, out-of-this-world fashion photography from Jim Lee.
With fans like Marianne Faithfull, The Stones, Liza Minnelli, The Beatles and The Who, Proud Chelsea will also exhibit shots of 70s sensation Twiggy in Ossie Clark designs (photographed by early boyfriend, Justin de Villeneuve) and rock legend Mick Jagger in a custom made Ossie Clark jumpsuit, captured on camera by Johnny Dewe Mathews.


Controlled Blood Sugar. Reduced Body Fat Percentage. Increased Muscle Mass.
These are popular desired outcomes persons seek after when they decide to embark on an exercise or dietary regime. While there are a wide range of exercises, workouts, and diets, that can be developed and implemented on the part of the professional(s) working with the desirous client to achieve his/her desired outcome, the limiting and often most critical factor, is the 'habit' of the client. Our habits (typical and at times involuntary behavioral patterns) shape our way of life (culture). And without a grounding first in the factors (environmental triggers) that've over time shaped your culture, your quest to achieve your goals, or move beyond plateaus will be very difficult to come by.
This is the starting point. From there, you, and/or your team of professionals can go forward with developing a plan for you with a greater chance of success.
No Time For Exercise? Here Are Some Workable Solutions.
To Get Fit; To Boost Confidence; For Better Health; Why are These Your Goals? Why?


Guess who's celebrating two years with us? Remember way back when? The bony, wormy, skittish and terrified mare that I brought home the day after Thanksgiving?
Well here she is today. Look at that healthy belly!
Yes, Francie is doing just fine these days. Enjoying more pasture time than riding time, with my busy schedule, but she seems happy and enjoys extra treats and following me down the driveway every morning when I get the boys on the bus.
I know some of you have been following Francie's story from the beginning, so i do try to give an update now and then.
I truly hope she doesn't remember much from her days before she came to Two Bears Farm.
She's beautiful and looks very content!
pretty girl! glad she's enjoying life with you!
I'm glad you came to her rescue. She looks really pretty!
I hope the previous owners have given up on caring for animals they can't take care of.
The good life has paid off.Hope she provides someone a good ride.
You are an amazing lady - a true heart AND Hero . .
She's beautiful. My daughter's rescue horse Seamus is thriving too. All they needed was a caring person. Those two horses got lucky.
You have made her into a very healthy looking horse. Good job!!
We always love these Francie updates!! She is sooo beautiful.
No,, I do not think she remember anything before she came to live at your house!
She's beautiful! So glad she found a good home with you.
She's gorgeous and looks very healthy. You have done a great job, saving her life!
It is so nice that you helped her get to a healthy state. You have done a deed of "Blessing Continuem."
I remember when you rescued her. So glad she is thriving!
HAPPY 2-YEAR- LOVE WITH YOUR NEW MOM, LISA & HER FAMILY!!
YOU ARE IN GREAT HANDS HAVING A WONDERFUL & SAFE LIFE WITH THEM.
I LOVE HORSES!! I LOVE ANIMALS!!
MANY BLESSINGS IN THE YEARS TO COME WITH YOUR WONDERFUL FAMILY.
I love seeing Francie's continued success story with you. And.. my horses spend far more time in pasture than under saddle, and that's just fine by me.. and them, I'm sure!
Would love to see a before and after post of Francie - Then.. and now. The transformation is incredible.
Way to go, Francie! You are a star for bringing her back to health and offering her an awesome home.
and see that all goes well with you, your family, and horses.
I just stop by to say hello to you all.
Have a happy season with your beautiful boys & family, Lisa!
Have a wonderful year 2017 to you all!


My name is Luke and I am the creator of FPTraffic. I'm one of those practice what you preach type of people so I decided to create a new Facebook Page last month to use as a case study on how you can launch a brand new Page and get it to 10,000+ Likes in a month.
First, let's look at the Page I created.
I decided to create a fan Page for the TV show Rick and Morty because I already have a large audience that I know likes the show on another Facebook Page. It's a new show, but it already has a great fan base.
I like to do Pages about TV shows because I really enjoy watching TV and I know they have monetization potential. These are two important factors when choosing a niche.
Once I had decided on Rick and Morty, the next thing I did was research a good username that was available on both Facebook and Twitter. I ended up getting @AllRickandMorty.
I created my Facebook Page, setup my Twitter, set my posting schedule, found some content and setup my Facebook Ads for Likes.
Create your Facebook Page – The setup process for creating your Facebook Page is pretty easy and only takes a few minutes. Make sure you find or create a great Profile Picture and Cover Photo.
Setup your Twitter – I signed up for Twitter to claim my Twitter username and connected it to my FPTraffic account. I use the same Username, Profile Picture and Cover Photo on both Twitter and Facebook to help establish my new "brand" and make the connection easy for my new fans.
Set my posting schedule – I started posting 3 times a day (morning, afternoon, and night) and have made adjustments since then to post at my optimal times (more on that below).
Find some content – It's critical that you have some content for your new audience to engage with and FPTraffic makes it easy to find and schedule that content!
Grow your Base Audience – These are the people who are going to engage with your content and help grow your Facebook Page organically. You can't grow organically if you do not have anyone who Likes your Page. We use Facebook Ads to grow our Base Audience (example below).
Post content consistently – Your audience needs content to engage with. FPTraffic makes it easy to find and post that content.
Create value – By posting content consistently to your Base Audience (content they are going to enjoy and engage with) you are creating value for them. This is how you continue to grow your audience and the value of your Page.
To begin the process of growing your Page, you will need to setup Facebook Ads for Likes to grow your Base Audience.
To grow my base audience for Rick and Morty, I created a Facebook Ad for Likes targeting people who are interested in Rick and Morty. The interest you choose to target is really important to helping decrease your cost per Like. Rick and Morty is not an overly competitive niche yet, so I was able to get my cost per Like down pretty quickly. You may need to test other interests as well.
Your goal should be to get your cost per Like between $0.01 and $0.05. For most niches, this should be possible. Here are some tips to help.
When I create my Facebook Ads for Likes, I keep the advertisement as simple as possible. I've included a screenshot of the actual ad I am running right now (and the only one I tested) for growing my Rick and Morty Facebook Page.
When setting up my Ad Set for Page Like Ads, I typically only use the Mobile News Feed placement.
I only create a 1 Ad Set for each Campaign with 1 Ad and set my daily budget at $3.00.
Use your call-to-action in the ad text. For example, I'm specifically telling the person seeing my ad to Smash the "Like" button if they love Rick and Morty, which I believe they probably do because Facebook is targeting them with the Rick and Morty interest.
By default, Facebook will use your Page Cover Photo as your ad image, but you can change this if the one you have isn't going to draw the attention of the person seeing your ad.
That is all you need to do to successfully setup your ad for Likes. Once your ad is created and approved, let it run for at least a week and watch your cost per Like each day.
As you can see, the cost per Like started at $0.14 per Like on the first day (December 8th) and decreased significantly within the first week of running.
This happens because Facebook is automatically optimizing your ad to only show to people who are going to be interested in it. Every day they're able to collect more data on who is engaging with your ad (Liking your Page) and then use that data to more accurately target new people the next day.
It didn't take long before I was only paying $0.01 per Like and that's still what I'm paying today.
I set my goal in my mind for each new Facebook Page I create to 10,000 Likes. It's my goal to get to 10,000 Likes because by 10,000 Likes, you have a fairly large audience who should be engaging with your content and helping grow your Page organically.
All Rick and Morty has passed 10,000 Likes and is getting fantastic engagement. In fact, over the past 7 days, the posts published by FPTraffic to my Page have been seen (reach) on Facebook over 1,000,000 times.
My Page has reached 10,000 Likes and has great engagement. Fantastic! What's next though?
I will turn off my Ads for Likes soon and see how the Page does growing organically. Over time, I will capture most of the Rick and Morty fans without ads simply because my content will be shared so much.
I have hundreds of posts scheduled to be posted to my Page, but I will continue to add more and keep an eye on my most popular Page posts to see what is performing best.
I also will keep a close eye on my peak times to post on my Page and adjust my FPTraffic posting schedule regularly to make sure I'm getting optimal reach.
As my Page grows and I continue to provide value for all my Rick and Morty fans, I will also begin working on ways to monetize the Facebook Page without hurting the trust I've developed with my audience.
One way to monetize the Page is to post Rick and Morty merchandise from Amazon. FPTraffic is completely integrated with Amazon so I can do a few simple searches using the Amazon tool and schedule products to post to my Page.
I'll also begin adding content to my new Rick and Morty viral media site and funnel traffic from my Facebook Page to the website so I can generate ad revenue and potentially some affiliate sales as well.
I started building Pages over 6 years ago and today I reach millions of people every single day organically on Facebook without having spending a dime.
Start building your audience today and harness the power of social media to grow a massive reach. We have thousands of FPTraffic members who manage billions of Likes.
I'm here to help. Comment below if you have any questions or contact me. Good luck!
SOLID advice Luke! did you find the affinity with the character via Audience Insights or you surveyed your page? Thanks!
This page got a lot of attention for obvious reasons but the FPTraffic FB pages haven't done anything – why not? Hardly any fans and so many postings that don't have any likes – if it doesn't work for your business how can I expect it to work for mine?
I assume you are talking about this Page and it's a fair question. To be 100% honest, I haven't focused on building a Facebook Page for my FPTraffic business. Nearly 100% of the marketing that I have done for FPTraffic has been through my LukePeerFly.com blog and Facebook Page. With FPTraffic, my focus has been our Facebook Group, which is a very active and friendly community of members.
FPTraffic has worked tremendously for my business, but instead of using it to grow a Page for FPTraffic, I've used it to create example Fan Pages and audiences like the one from this case study. My It's Always Sunny In Philadelphia audience is more engaged with my content than the content published by the actual show.
Yes, I'm targeting the United States exclusively because that's what I can monetize best.
Hi Luke, do you have any case study shows the results of monetizing this kind of page?
Nope, but I will soon.
Which is better I should select to get charged, by "Impression" or by "Page Like"?
What was your choice in your case?
why? isn't it better to do by page link?
I have a problem, I have a hard time sustaining a low cost per LIKE.
Usually, I start off paying 10 cents per like and by the next day it's down to 2-3 cents. But after the third day it shoots up to 5-6 cents and it seems like it's not going back down. This happens every time I test new images for my "like" campaigns.
How long do you let it run? After a week it should come back down.
That could be the problem. I let one of my campaigns go for 5 days but the price never went back down. Looking at your stats, it looked like it consistently kept going down every day, so I figured that's how it was going to be with my campaign.
Anyways, thanks for your response. I'll start fresh and wait a little over a week to see if anything happens.
Hi, I started to use FPT to start building my social profiles to promote my websites for which iam looking into ways to monetize them. But I just started with all this and never made any profit out of it. This is why Iam little bit hesitant to spend few hundret dollars to get initial 10k likes for my page because not sure how will i get this money back. My question is how did you know for you page "all rick and morty" that the money you are spending on facebook ads is worth it, if hipothetically this would be your first page ever?
Check Amazon and other affiliate programs (ShareASale for example) and see if there are products available in the niche you are considering.
How many pages do you manage at once?
I have about 50 Pages.
This article felt like a tutorial. Amazing results, we at http://www.fasertech.com will try this soon. The only problem is, we don't have a niche. Any advice on that? We are an E-commerce website and have a new Facebook page with 80+ likes.
you are plain genius. loved the article.
I've spent a ton of time in your world today and I believe it will all be worthwhile.
This post talks about incredible growth which is good. Are there any case studies on income ratios and what to expect as your fan page takes off?


Enjoy a leisurely day in GuestMar, a charming cosy guesthouse located in the historic heart of the city. Wander in the old town or simply relax on the beautiful sundeck, overlooking the town.
Enjoy a leisurely day in Real Marina 5* Hotel & Spa relaxing from your journey. Wander in the old town or simply relax at the spa or the pool overlooking the beautiful Ria Formosa.
Visit the cubist fishermen village of Olhão on a private guided tour, and learn about its culture and legends. Take a stroll around the iconic fish and fruits markets and enjoy the rich seasonal produce they offer, meeting with local charismatic vendors. At lunch time walk around the town and eat in typical "tascas", typical Portuguese tapas restaurants, where you will taste Algarvian delicacies and regional wines. You will also discover through your journey a traditional female garment "Bioco" and visit a thousand years old cannery.
Visit a local olive oil farm and learn about the history and techniques used to produce their award-winning olive oil. Visit the beautiful olive grove and taste different varieties adapted to the Mediterranean climate of the Algarve.
After a lunch in the typical village of Moncarapacho, hit the road and go deeper in the Algarvian countryside, in the village of Azinhal where you will discover the secrets of Algarvian sweets by becoming a pastry chef for the day! You will enjoy the sweet delicacies that you made.
Embark on a private taxi boat and cruise among the fascinating islands of the Ria Formosa lagoons, the hidden gem of the Algarve. Let you be guided by an experienced skipper, that will comment about the area, fauna and flora. You can observe shell fish farms and have the opportunity to see several types of birds.
At lunch time, taste the best fresh seafood and grilled fish, straight from the sea. Your meal will be served in one of the best restaurants of all the islands (the meal includes drinks, dessert and coffee).
Explore wild sandy beaches and feel the soul of local fishermen villages. Immerse yourself into the wild nature surroundings, that will make you fall in love more and more with the Algarve.
Start your day in the famous Faro market and purchase with the chef the ingredients you will cook. Learn a brief history of the "cataplana", the iconic seafood specialty of the Algarve. You can then start your Cooking Classes, helped by the chef and eat all the delicacies made on that day.
Get rewarded with a certificate, and keep as a souvenir your apron!
Today, you are free to do anything you like, either relaxing by the pool or booking other activities such as Wine Tasting & Blending Workshop, Wild Dolphin Observation, Birdwatching or even be more adventurous trying the Catamaran cruise to visit hidden caves!


Dear filmmakers all over the globe, the organizers of the International Random Film Festival are happy to invite you to submit your film to the 2nd edition of the festival.
Films of any length, genre and format, with no limit to the year of production, are being accepted.
The International Random Film Festival will select 25 films randomly from all of the online submissions to the festival competition. Random Awards will be given.
This year the IRFF will be held in the village of Bór Zapilski, Poland, 8-11 July, 2011.
The organizers of the International Random Film Festival want to present the widest possible range of randomness to their audience, so you can submit any kind of film.
No films will be shortlisted. All films for the festival will be selected randomly.
You have to have the rights to distribute the film you are submitting.
English subtitles have to be provided, if there is some non-English dialogue in your film.
Submit by filling out the online form on the official website. You don't have to send a DVD-screener of your film. If your film gets selected, then the organizers will contact you for a screener.


text:
La Universidad de Patras (en griego: Πανεπιστήμιο Πατρών, Panepistimio Patron) fue fundada en 1964 y está ubicada en Grecia, a 7 km al noreste del centro de Patras, 3 km al sur del Puente de Río-Antírio, 206 km al oeste de Atenas, 106 km al noreste de Pirgos y 2 km al este de Rio. Es la tercera universidad más grande de Grecia y ocupa un área de 2,4 km². La Universidad de Patras tiene reputación internacional por su calidad e investigación innovadora y participa activamente en multitud de proyectos de investigación, organizaciones científicas y grupos investigadores. Muchos de sus departamentos, laboratorios y clínicas han sido distinguidos como Centros de Excelencia, sobre la base de la valoración internacional.

La Universidad cuenta con:
 Áreas académicas (noroeste)
 Escuelas politécnicas (zona central)
 Escuela de Ciencias Económicas (zona centro-sur)
 Escuela de Medicina
 Escuela de Ciencias (centro, oeste y parte del sur)
 Oficina Universitaria (sur y oeste)
 Facultad de Filología y Filosofía

Está compuesta, en total, por 5 facultades, y 22 departamentos. También alberga sociedades de danza y teatro.
Hasta septiembre de 2002 era la única universidad del Peloponeso y Grecia occidental a excepción de la universidad del Epiro.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Página web oficial(en inglés)

Patras
Universidades de Grecia

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Today my friend helped me with a fear I have lived with for a long time.
When I was fourteen I swam into a drop off. I use the word swam loosely, because I didn't know how to swim. I knew how to dog paddle badly (yes it is possible). I was with some friends, and I let my friend have the inner tube I was using, thinking I would just put my feet on the bottom and walk back. Well I had floated over a drop off. A deep part of the lake, and so when I went to put my feet down, there was no bottom.
Long story short, I went under.
I came to on shore with the lifeguard on one side and my mom on the other, and my ribs hurting.
Fast forward to now when I really want to get over this fear of water.
I got over a huge part of that today.
I learned how to float on my back. I learned how to hold my breath and blow it out under water. I learned a basic swim stroke that I used to swim almost the entire length of the pool. Of course my friend made me start in the deep end.
It feels awesome to have tackled that fear.


text:
Top 5 long-distance cycle routes in Scotland
By Fiona Russell
As Scottish adventurer Mark Beaumont takes on his latest epic challenge by bike, the North Coast 500, we highlight five more great Scottish cycling routes.
THESE cycle routes can be tackled over one or two big days, as a continuous multi-day journey or as shorter part-route rides when you have the time and energy.
Scottish Coast to Coast
Start: Annan
Finish: The Forth Bridge
Distance: 125 miles
The Scottish C2C is one of the newest waymarked long-distance cycle routes and travels through beautiful rolling countryside in southern Scotland. It starts in the town of Annan on the Solway Firth in Dumfries and Galloway and heads through three valleys, the Annan, Tweed and Esk, and via the rolling Southern Uplands and Moorfoot Hills. Cyclists finish the C2C on the Forth of Firth, north of Edinburgh, and beneath the Forth Fridge, one of the great wonders of the engineering world. The route was officially opened in 2014 and this summer a new accompanying book has been published called The Ultimate Scottish C2C Guide.
Buy for £11.50 at www.bikeridemaps.co.uk
The Five Ferries
Fiona Russell on the 5 ferries, Kyles of Bute
Start and finish: CalMac ferry terminal at Ardrossan.
Cycling Scotland's west coast islands is a popular pursuit and this Five Ferries route is often tackled in one day. If you have less energy or prefer a more leisurely outing, you could cycle it over two or three days. The ride visits two islands and two peninsulas and makes use of the CalMac ferries network. A ferry from the mainland at Ardrossan takes you to Brodick on the Isle of Arran, where you cycle 15 miles to Lochranza and then a ferry to Claonaig on the Kintyre Peninsula. From Claonaig to Tarbet by bike is 10.5 miles before a ferry to Portavadie on the Cowal Peninsula. The ride to Colintraive is 19 miles and includes a long hill climb but the views over the Kyles of Bute are stunning. A ferry takes you to Rhubodach on the Isle of Bute and a cycle to Rothesay of 8 miles. The last ferry of this trip heads to Wemyss Bay and then a bike ride of 18.5 miles back to Ardrossan.
More details of the route at Five Ferries Cycle
Lochs & Glens
Lochs and Glens, Glen Ogle Viaduct
Start: SECC, Glasgow
Finish: Ness Bridge, Inverness
This route, on a mixture of traffic-free path and roads, follows the NCN (National Cycle Network) Route 7 and is known as the Lochs & Glens North. It travels through both of Scotland's national parks, Loch Lomond and the Trossachs and the Cairngorms, past past six lochs, numerous castles and over the Glen Ogle viaduct. There are some long climbs, especially the ascent of the Drumochter Pass to the highest point of the route at 460m, and the ride will take three to six days to complete. However, the rewards come with the ever-changing and often spectacular views. See Sustrans
Round Arran Cycle
Freddie Phillips/Flickr
Round Arran cycle Sannox
Start and finish: Brodick, Isle of Arran
Distance: 55 miles (88km)
Catch theCalMac ferry from Ardrossan on the mainland to Brodick to start this beautiful but challenging ride. The route follows the scenic island coast road (A841) clockwise (or anti-clockwise). It is generally hilly with some more taxing climbs but also lots of downhill and flat section. There are a few route alternatives, such as including the cross-island String Road to complete a figure of eight or "S" shape of the island. There is also a north circular option of around 43 miles that also uses the String Road and a southern Lamlash loop via The Ross Road and South End of around 21 miles.
Ring of Breadalbane Road Cycle, Perthshire
Breadalbane Glen Quaich
Start/finish: Crieff, Perth & Kinross
Distance: 100 miles (160km)
The Breadalbane "High Ground" area of Perthshire, with its beautiful scenery and quiet country roads, is the perfect place to ride this circular cycle route. Go for the full 100 miles in one day, if you are fit enough, or split the route into shorter sections that can be completed as one multi-day outing or over separate outings on different days. In the summer, an Explorer Bus enables cyclists access to and from different start and finish points including Crieff, Comrie, St Fillans, Lochearnhead, Killin, Aberfeldy, Kenmore, Amulree and Gilmerton. See www.breadalbane.org/ring-of-breadalbane-explorer
The route follows mostly quiet "C" roads and only a few sections of "A" roads. The terrain is a mix of undulating roads and some climbs, including Glen Ogle and the tough Glen Quaich. You'll also pass picturesque lochs, the stunning Falls of Dochart at Killin and journey through wild and atmospheric moorlands. This is a route that is satisfying in so many ways. See www.breadalbane.org/road-ring
Mark Beaumont set to tackle Scotland's North Coast 500 without stopping
THE 31-year-old endurance cyclist will take on the 517 mile loop from Inverness to Wester Ross via Easter Ross, Caithness and Sutherland without sleep.
Top 10 Scottish castles: Our readers choose their favourite castles in Scotland
Joining religious group can help beat depression.. check out 12 majestic and magical Scottish churches, cathedrals and abbeys


The focus of this article is on the procedures and processes for handling disputes articulated in this final draft. Unfortunately, the deletion of the Appendix and its replacement with Section Four does not resolve any of the issues previously raised. In fact, it may have made matters worse instead of better. The Appendix attempted, if inadequately, to create a justice system in which the outcome could be respected based on the process used to reach it (often referred to as "the rule of law"). Section Four, however, proposes a justice system in which the outcome is supposed to be respected based on the nature of the group that makes the decision, rather than on how the decision is made. In doing so, the new system gives significant power and great discretion to a group that previously did not exist.
Ann: Good catch, I missed this one.
Section four makes two unwarranted assumptions.
First it assigns roles, goals and responsibilities to groups and individuals without the authority to take them on. The sharply critical response of the Primates' Meeting recently is a reaction to this error.
Second it makes a disciplinary decision. Any new idea, is either "Anglican" or out. That sort of schism oriented canon has never been a part of the communion.
I think the article does a good job of exposing the flaws.


text:
FIU Receives $1.5 Million Grant To Train Sexual Assault Nurse Examiners
By Alejandra Martinez • Feb 13, 2019
Florida International University will launch a Sexual Assault Nurse Examiners training program.
Florida counts just 44 certified Sexual Assault Nurse Examiners or "SANE nurses," tasked with properly securing evidence from survivors of sexual assault.
According to the National Sexual Violence Resource Center, one in three women and one in six men will experience some form of sexual violence in their lifetime. Research shows response time is crucial when a sexual assault occurs, but in much of rural Florida, SANE nurses are hard to come by.
That may soon change. Florida International University recently received a $1.5 million grant to launch a collaboration between its Nicole Wertheim College of Nursing & Health Sciences and the Global Forensic and Justice Center for a university-based Sexual Assault Nurse Examiners training program. The program will help train nurses within rural health clinics and hospitals in underserved counties.
Dr. Tami Thomas, the associate dean of research at FIU's Nicole Wertheim College of Nursing & Health Sciences, joined Sundial to talk about the shortage of SANE nurses and the new program that is set to roll out in August.
An interview with associate dean of research at FIU's Nicole Wertheim College of Nursing & Health Sciences, Dr. Tami Thomas.
WLRN: So let's go over how [the program] is going to work.
Thomas: There are already nurses in the [rural] hospitals and so I'm working with the directors of nursing [at the rural hospitals] and at the clinics to look at people who would like to get this training. The other thing we have to do is train enough [nurses] because the burnout rate is very high. As you can imagine, sometimes there are things you can't un-hear or un-see and this process is not something that's done very quickly. If you do a sexual assault exam on an individual, you collect the forensic evidence, you make sure the patient has the support they need for follow up and you may not get subpoenaed to court for months. So the process is long standing and you can't just have one nurse in a hospital who can perform this all the time. So you have to have a small cadre of at least six people to make sure that things are covered.
When you talk about these rural communities there's often a waiting period that occurs when a sexual assault victim shows up at a hospital. What is the problem with that wait time and what is it like?
[With a long wait time survivors] don't report. People don't report it. So imagine... you're that survivor. You have had this most horrible violent thing happen to you. You're in shock. You don't know what to do next. And you really don't know whether or not you want to report. You might have someone go online and check. And the best place to serve you is an hour or two hour drive away... Survivors have very difficult choices and they're in shock and they don't always have the support they need. So it's a hard choice for them. But with this grant and with the support of the global forensics and Justice Institute and the support of our collaborative partners in Hendry and Glades County hopefully we can mitigate that and reduce that wait time and better serve the survivors.
The state of Illinois tried to pass a measure last year that would require all hospitals to have these kind of examiners who can treat sexual assault survivors. Have you seen initiatives like this in Florida? And how are nonprofits [and] universities filling the gap?
Well they're applying for these grants. This is just one step forward. FIU is really doing something very intuitive and innovative. We're not the very first university to do this type of program, but I think it's fantastic that nursing and global forensics and justice are able to collaborate and help initiate and get this program up and rolling.
Health News Florida
WLRN on Instagram


text:
Ilya Rips, a Latvian Anti-Communist Hero
By floordoppen | Article, Atlantic Eye
PRAGUE, Czech Republic, April 27 (UPI) –– Flames began to engulf the young man at the foot of Riga's Freedom Monument. A brilliant 21-year-old…
Romania's Princess at 60
BUCHAREST, Romania, April 15 (UPI) — The honor guard stood in full regalia as King Michael and Queen Anne strode the staircase to their…
In Memoriam: Sir Roger Scruton
Holiday Cheer, hosted by Mr. Thilo and Mrs. Kathryn Hoffmann, Guests of Honor Hon. Ivan Havel and Hon. Ivan Chvatik, HRE Award recipients, speaker Hon. Cyril Svoboda, former Minister of Foreign Affairs
In memoriam: Hon. Yasuhiro Nakasone, former Prime Minister of Japan (1918 – 2019)
Public Policy Lunch, hosted by the Embassy of Greece, with Guest of Honor Gen. Petr Pavel, former Chairman of the NATO Military Committee.
Public Policy Dinner, hosted by the Embassy of Greece, with Guest of Honor H.E. Pavel Vacek, Director of Security Policy Czech Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Atlantic Eye
Atlantic Treaty Association
H.R.E. Awards
The Policy Dialogues
© 2020 Global Panel Foundation. © 2018 Global Panel Foundation


text:
Home | Resource Library Search | Economy | 100 | Defense and National Security | Press Releases & Statements | Infographics | Programs & Projects
x Remove 100 filter 100
Budget, Deficits, and Debt (118) Apply Budget, Deficits, and Debt filter
The search found 14 results in 0.07 seconds.
PGPF Convenes Leaders On Fiscal Cliff Solutions
Convened in November 2012, "Post-Election: The Fiscal Cliff and Beyond" brought together top elected leaders and policy experts to discuss potential paths forward for America.
https://www.pgpf.org/pgpf-programs-and-projects/pgpf-convenes-leaders-on-fiscal-cliff-solutions
Infographic: Welcome Back, Congress
As Congress returns from their break, here are the issues and key points to keep in mind this fall.
https://www.pgpf.org/infographic/infographic-welcome-back-congress
Infographic: A Window of Opportunity
Over the coming weeks and months, Congress and the President have a window of opportunity. Let's take a look at the fiscal calendar ahead.
https://www.pgpf.org/infographic/infographic-a-window-of-opportunity
Infographic: Post-Shutdown Poll
A majority of Democrats and Republicans would support policies they disagree with to achieve a long-term fiscal solution.
https://www.pgpf.org/infographic/infographic-post-shutdown-poll
Statement on CBO's 2016 Long-Term Budget Outlook
CBO projects that federal debt will climb to 141 percent of GDP within 30 years — exceeding the highest level of debt ever recorded at the end of World War II by a large margin.
https://www.pgpf.org/press-release/2016/07/statement-from-the-peterson-foundation-on-cbo%E2%80%99s-2016-long-term-budget-outlook
Statement on CBO's Updated Budget and Economic Outlook
"Today's CBO report confirms that the era of declining deficits is over," according to Michael A. Peterson, President and CEO of the Peter G. Peterson Foundation.
https://www.pgpf.org/press-release/2016/08/statement-from-the-peterson-foundation-on-the-congressional-budget-offices-budget-and-economic-outlook
CBO 10-year Outlook: Report Shows Real Damage Done to Fiscal Outlook
"Today's CBO report confirms that major damage was done to our fiscal outlook in just the past few months," said Michael A. Peterson, President and CEO of the Peter G. Peterson Foundation.
https://www.pgpf.org/press-release/2018/04/peterson-foundation-statement-on-cbo-10-year-outlook-report-shows-real-damage-done-to-fiscal-outlook
Statement on Budget Process Reform Principles as Joint Select Committee Holds First Hearing
"Our country is on an unsustainable fiscal path, and reforming our broken budget process can be an important part of improving our fiscal future," said Michael A. Peterson, President and CEO of the Peter G. Peterson Foundation.
https://www.pgpf.org/press-release/2018/04/statement-on-budget-process-reform-principles-as-joint-select-committee-holds-first-hearing
CBO Analysis Shows President Trump's Budget Fails to Stabilize National Debt
"We're clearly heading in the wrong direction, and it's unfortunate that our leaders are not putting forward credible plans to improve our fiscal foundation," said Michael A. Peterson, President and CEO of the Peter G. Peterson Foundation.
https://www.pgpf.org/press-release/2018/05/cbo-analysis-shows-president-trump%E2%80%99s-budget-fails-to-stabilize-national-debt


HTF MI recently introduced Global Gene Expression Market study with in-depth overview, describing about the Product / Industry Scope and elaborates market outlook and status to 2023. The market Study is segmented by key regions which is accelerating the marketization. At present, the market is developing its presence and some of the key players from the complete study are Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc. (U.S.), QIAGEN N.V. (Germany), Illumina, Inc. (U.S.), Bio-Rad Laboratories (U.S.), Agilent Technologies (U.S.) & PerkinElmer (U.S.) etc.
This report studies the Global Gene Expression market size, industry status and forecast, competition landscape and growth opportunity. This research report categorizes the Global Gene Expression market by companies, region, type and end-use industry.
Browse 100+ market data Tables and Figures spread through Pages and in-depth TOC on " Gene Expression Market by Type (, Gene Expression Profiling Services & Bioinformatics Solutions), by End-Users/Application (Diagnostics, Drug Discovery, Research & Others), Organization Size, Industry, and Region - Forecast to 2023". Early buyers will receive 10% customization on comprehensive study.
The key players are highly focusing innovation in production technologies to improve efficiency and shelf life. The best long-term growth opportunities for this sector can be captured by ensuring ongoing process improvements and financial flexibility to invest in the optimal strategies. Company profile section of players such as Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc. (U.S.), QIAGEN N.V. (Germany), Illumina, Inc. (U.S.), Bio-Rad Laboratories (U.S.), Agilent Technologies (U.S.) & PerkinElmer (U.S.) includes its basic information like legal name, website, headquarters, its market position, historical background and top 5 closest competitors by Market capitalization / revenue along with contact information. Each player/ manufacturer revenue figures, growth rate and gross profit margin is provided in easy to understand tabular format for past 5 years and a separate section on recent development like mergers, acquisition or any new product/service launch etc.
The Global Gene Expression Market has been divided into type, application, and region.
On The Basis Of Type: , Gene Expression Profiling Services & Bioinformatics Solutions.
Gene Expression (Volume, Value and Sales Price) table defined for each geographic region defined.


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NWI Emergency Numbers
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Home » Posts » NWIMe News » Movie News
ABC and Academy Extend Oscar Telecast Agreement
Published by MediaManiac On February 24, 2011
Beverly Hills, CA – The ABC Television Network's contract to carry the annual Academy Awards presentations has been extended for six more years, though 2020, Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences' President Tom Sherak and Anne Sweeney, President of the Disney/ABC Television Group, announced today. "This contract ensures that… Read more »
Mila Kunis to Present on Oscar® Show
Beverly Hills, CA – Mila Kunis will be a presenter for the 83rd Academy Awards®, telecast producers Bruce Cohen and Don Mischer announced today. This will be her first appearance on an Oscar show. Kunis appears in the current Best Picture nominee "Black Swan" and will be seen next in… Read more »
Amy Adams to Present on Oscar® Show
Beverly Hills, CA – Academy Award®-nominated actress Amy Adams will be a presenter for the 83rd Academy Awards®, telecast producers Bruce Cohen and Don Mischer announced today. Adams received her third Oscar nomination this year for her supporting performance in "The Fighter." She previously received nominations for her supporting performances… Read more »
Dave Karger to Welcome Oscar's Guests to the Red Carpet
Beverly Hills, CA – Academy Award® nominees and presenters will be greeted on Oscar's red carpet on Sunday, February 27, by Dave Karger, senior writer for Entertainment Weekly. Red carpet guest arrivals are expected to begin at approximately 3 p.m. PT and conclude at the start of the Oscar® telecast… Read more »
William Ross to Conduct 83rd Academy Awards® Orchestra
Beverly Hills, CA – William Ross will be at the podium as conductor for the 83rd Academy Awards®, telecast producers Bruce Cohen and Don Mischer announced today. Ross, who conducted for the 79th Academy Awards, is a prolific composer, orchestrator and arranger whose work encompasses feature films, television and the… Read more »
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text:
Q: Adding timestamps to all console messages I have a complete, deployed, Express-based project, with many console.log() and console.error() statements throughout.
The project runs using forever, directing the stdout and stderr to 2 separate files.
It all works quite well, but now I'm missing timestamps - to know exactly when errors occurred.
I can do some kind of search/replace throughout my code, or use some npm module that overrides console in each file, but I do not want to touch every model/route file, unless I absolutely have to.
Is there a way, perhaps an Express middleware, that would allow me to add a timestamp to every call made, or do I have to manually add it?

A: If you wish, you may create a custom logger for your application by extending the Node's build in "Console" class. Kindly refer to the following implementation

"use strict";

const moment = require('moment');
const util = require('util');
const Console = require('console').Console;

class Logger extends Console {
    constructor(stdout, stderr, ...otherArgs) {
        super(stdout, stderr, ...otherArgs);
    }

    log(...args) {
        super.log(moment().format('D MMM HH:mm:ss'), '-', util.format(...args));
    }

    error(...args) {
        super.error(moment().format('D MMM HH:mm:ss'), '-', util.format(...args));
    }
}

module.exports = (function() {
    return new Logger(process.stdout, process.stderr);
}());

After that, you may use it in your code as :

const logger = require('./logger');

logger.log('hello world', 123456);
logger.error('some error occurred', err);

A: The module log-timestamp works for me.
npm install log-timestamp

It's simple to use:
console.log('Before log-timestamp');
require('log-timestamp');
console.log('After log-timestamp');

Before log-timestamp
[2012-08-23T20:08:32.000Z] After log-timestamp

A: This implementation is simple, supports original functionality of console.log (passing a single object, and variable substitution), doesn't use external modules and prints everything in a single call to console.log:
var origlog = console.log;

console.log = function( obj, ...placeholders ){
    if ( typeof obj === 'string' )
        placeholders.unshift( Date.now() + " " + obj );
    else
    {
        // This handles console.log( object )
        placeholders.unshift( obj );
        placeholders.unshift( Date.now() + " %j" );
    }

    origlog.apply( this, placeholders );
};

A: A more rudimentary approach, to avoid installing external modules, could be implementing a simple function such as:
function timeStamp(message){
    console.log ( '[' + new Date().toISOString().substring(11,23) + '] -', message )
}

and then I simply call it in this way:
timeStamp('this is my logline!!');

the result will be:
 LOG  [15:22:30.682] - this is my logline!!

of course you can format the date in the best format you need and expand the function to console.error, debug, etc.

A: Create a file with the following:
var log = console.log;

console.log = function(){
  log.apply(console, [Date.now()].concat(arguments));
};

Require it in your app before you log anything. Do the same for console.error if needed.
Note that this solution will destroy variable insertion (console.log("he%s", "y") // "hey") if you're using that. If you need that, just log the timestamp first:
log.call(console, Date.now());
log.apply(console, arguments);

A: This isn't a direct answer, but have you looked into winston.js? It has a ton more logging options including logging to a json file or database. These always have timestamps by default. Just a thought.

A: app.use(morgan('[:date[web]] :method :url :status :res[content-length] - :remote-addr - :response-time ms'))

A: An answer suitable for 2022
const log = console.log;

console.log = function(){
    log.apply(console, [new Date(), ...arguments]);
};

A: If you want a solution without another external dependency but you want to keep the full functionalities of console.log (multiple parameters, variable insertion) you can use the following code:
var log = console.log;

console.log = function () {
    var first_parameter = arguments[0];
    var other_parameters = Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments, 1);

    function formatConsoleDate (date) {
        var hour = date.getHours();
        var minutes = date.getMinutes();
        var seconds = date.getSeconds();
        var milliseconds = date.getMilliseconds();

        return '[' +
               ((hour < 10) ? '0' + hour: hour) +
               ':' +
               ((minutes < 10) ? '0' + minutes: minutes) +
               ':' +
               ((seconds < 10) ? '0' + seconds: seconds) +
               '.' +
               ('00' + milliseconds).slice(-3) +
               '] ';
    }

    log.apply(console, [formatConsoleDate(new Date()) + first_parameter].concat(other_parameters));
};

You can modify the formatConsoleDate function to format the date how you want.
This code needs to be written only once on top of your main JavaScript file.
console.log("he%s", "y") will print something like this:
[12:22:55.053] hey

A: It turns out, you can override the console functions at the top of the app.js file, and have it take effect in every other module. I got mixed results because one of my modules is forked as a child_process. Once I copied the line to the top of that file as well, all works.
For the record, I installed the module console-stamp (npm install console-stamp --save), and added this line to the top of app.js and childProcess.js:
// add timestamps in front of log messages
require('console-stamp')(console, '[HH:MM:ss.l]');

My problem now was that the :date format of the connect logger uses UTC format, rather than the one I'm using in the other console calls. That was easily fixed by registering my own time format (and as a side effect, requiring the dateformat module that console stamp comes with, rather than installing another one):
// since logger only returns a UTC version of date, I'm defining my own date format - using an internal module from console-stamp
express.logger.format('mydate', function() {
    var df = require('console-stamp/node_modules/dateformat');
    return df(new Date(), 'HH:MM:ss.l');
});
app.use(express.logger('[:mydate] :method :url :status :res[content-length] - :remote-addr - :response-time ms'));

Now my log files look organized (and better yet, parseable):
[15:09:47.746] staging server listening on port 3000
[15:09:49.322] connected to database server xxxxx successfully
[15:09:52.743] GET /product 200 - - 127.0.0.1 - 214 ms
[15:09:52.929] GET /stylesheets/bootstrap-cerulean.min.css 304 - - 127.0.0.1 - 8 ms
[15:09:52.935] GET /javascripts/vendor/require.js 304 - - 127.0.0.1 - 3 ms
[15:09:53.085] GET /javascripts/product.js 304 - - 127.0.0.1 - 2 ms
...

A: You could also use the log-timestamp package. It's quite straightforward, and customizable as well.

A: You can use a function util.log from https://nodejs.org/api/util.html.
Be aware that it was deprecated since version 6.0.0.
For higher versions you should "Use a third party module instead."

A: I'm trying overwriting the console object - seems to be working well. To use, save the code below in a file, and then import to overwrite the proxy object, and then use as normal.
(Note this requires babel transpilation and won't work in environments that don't support the JavaScript Proxy constructor such as IE 11).
import console from './console-shadow.js'

console.log(...)
console.warn(...)
console.error(...)

// console-shadow.js

// Only these functions are shadowed by default
const overwrites = ['log', 'warn', 'info', 'error']

export default new Proxy(
  // Proxy (overwrite console methods here)
  {},

  // Handler
  {
    get: (obj, prop) =>
      prop in obj
        ? obj[prop]
        : overwrites.includes(prop)
        ? (...args) => console[prop].call(console, new Date(), ...args)
        : console[prop],
  }
)

Basically I overwrite the console object with a JavaScript proxy object. When you call .log, .warn, etc. the overwritten console will check if what you are calling is a function, if so it will inject a date into the log statement as the first parameter, followed by all your parameters.
I think the console object actually does a lot, and I don't fully understand it. So I only intercept console.log, console.info, console.warn, console.error calls.

A: Use event listener like this,
process.on('error', function() {
   console.log('Error Occurred.');

   var d = Date(Date.now()).toString();
   console.log.call(console, d); // Wed Aug 07 2019 23:40:07 GMT+0100 (GMT+01:00)
});

happy coding :)

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text:
Met Johann Strauss wordt gewoonlijk de Oostenrijkse componist Johann Strauss jr. bedoeld. Zijn vader en een van zijn neven hadden echter dezelfde naam, en waren ook bekende componisten.

Zie:
 Johann Strauss sr., Weense componist (1804-1849)
 Johann Strauss jr., Oostenrijks componist (1825-1899)
 Johann Strauss III, Oostenrijks componist (1866-1939)

Ook:
 Johann Strauss (trein), een internationale trein


What is The Safe and Sound Protocol (SSP)?
The Safe and Sound Protocol (SSP) is a preparatory tool that can be used at the beginning or at critical points of a therapeutic process in order to help the client stay present and attuned to the healing journey. The SSP is a powerful, short term intervention based on sound-frequencies meant to expand the client's "window of tolerance for transformation and integration." It invites the "social engagement network" onboard. The client is then more able to access healing through co-regulation and connection. The SSP was developed by Dr. Steven Porges, the creator of the Polyvagal Theory of Social Engagement.
Ana also works with the Focus Program, which is the use of Classical music and Gregorian chanting supported by bone conduction, as a follow-up home program to the SSP. The Focus Program is a very helpful tool to support continued resilience in the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS). The Focus Program was developed by Dr. Ron Minson.
Physiological, behavioral, and emotional regulation are supported by the use of music and sound.
This approach has been created by Dr Peter Levine. This body focused modality transforms the" fixed" states of shock, bound in physiological states and behaviors of the individual who has been through a traumatic event. Ana was gifted with the opportunity to participate in the early data collection and discoveries of Dr Levine. During this period she was able to become familiar with all the clinical, cross-cultural and research-based information that was being gathered for the development of the Somatic Experiencing courses.


text:
Bulk Carrier Suffer Water Ingress After Repair Work In Queensland
ByMI News Network January 25, 2023 Shipping News
On Tuesday, January 24, around 1 pm local time, a bulk carrier took on water near Queensland. The Australian Maritime Safety Authority (AMSA) was alerted immediately, and two tugboats anchored the ship.
The ship had no coal and 24 people on board when it took in water.
The bulk carrier Frontier Unity is a Panama-flagged ship with seven meters of water in the engine room. It was on the way to Hay Point, Mackay, when the incident happened.
Image for representation purposes only.
A statement by the AMSA revealed that the ship's engine room was taking in water after some commercial divers repaired the ship.
The AMSA is only providing additional support to Marine Safety Queensland (MSQ) because the ship is within port limits and should be tackled according to the National Plan for Maritime Environmental Emergencies.
AMSA assured that all the concerned parties are working in tandem to deal with it and reduce the environmental and safety risk. So far, no fatalities or injuries have been reported.
The ship is in anchor with tugboats, and water ingress has stopped.
Source: Australian Associated Press, Safety4Sea


text:
import logging

# https://docs.python.org/3/howto/logging-cookbook.html#using-custom-message-objects
class Message(object):
    def __init__(self, fmt, args):
        self.fmt = fmt
        self.args = args

    def __str__(self):
        return self.fmt.format(*self.args)

class StyleAdapter(logging.LoggerAdapter):
    def __init__(self, logger, extra=None):
        super(StyleAdapter, self).__init__(logger, extra or {})

    def log(self, level, msg, *args, **kwargs):
        if self.isEnabledFor(level):
            msg, kwargs = self.process(msg, kwargs)
            self.logger._log(level, Message(msg, args), (), **kwargs)

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