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The Harrisonburg Citizen
Some scooters might be hibernating — but for how long? The next month will be key for the future of shareable rides.
By Bridget Manley, Publisher
Posted in Harrisonburg Issues
Just what is a housing trust fund and how might it work in Hburg?
More than 200 local first responders have received COVID vaccine, although some so have taken wait-and-see approach
Suggestions for housing crunch include new coordinator position and a trust fund
By Bridget Manley
The Birds showed up all over Harrisonburg without warning in the fall. The Limes soon followed. These shareable scooters soon became the subject of intense debate over regulations and the companies' responsibilities in the months that followed. Then, almost as suddenly as they arrived, most of the Birds disappeared when JMU students left for winter break.
Did the Birds just migrate? Did city council's decision to regulate the scooters cause them to fly the coop?
It turns out that a little of both is happening to the hundreds of scooters that were planted around the city since October, and council's proposed regulations might have an effect on how many return. In addition, one of the scooter companies, Lime, also is considering expanding its investment in Harrisonburg by adding bikes.
Even though the scooter era began with a guerrilla campaign to drop them around the city in the middle of the night, Wesley Russ, assistant city attorney for Harrisonburg, said representatives from both Bird and Lime have been meeting with the city about the proposed regulations and have been forthright in providing information.
These regulations will be voted on in one of the next two city council meetings, Russ said, although they have not established which meeting in February it will come up.
Council's proposed ordinance changes
After receiving numerous complaints about sidewalks strewn with fallen scooters and users racing down city sidewalks, city council voted in December to add provisions to existing city ordinances for the use and placement of scooters.
Part of the proposed provisions include the scooter companies applying and agreeing to the city's terms and conditions for how they will operate, according to Russ.
"That will cover things like the level of ridership, the rides per scooter per day, making sure that their fleet is matching demand and not well exceeding demand," he said. "They will also have to agree to share certain data such as what routes the scooters are taking, how many riders they have per day, average distance of a ride…stuff like that."
The drafted ordinances also would ban more than one person from riding on a single scooter and would require riders under 14 to wear a helmet. They also would allow police and city staff to impound scooters abandoned in a right-of-way or blocking entryways or pedestrian traffic. And riding a scooter on sidewalks also would be against the rules.
City representatives have been meeting since late last year with representatives of the two companies, Bird and Lime, and Russ says that the companies have been eager to talk through some of the regulations and work with the city, rather than against.
As far as the Bird scooters' winter migration, Russ said the company representatives indicated it becomes more expensive to operate scooters in the winter.
"Depending on what the weather's like, with snow, there is additional investment that you have to make," Russ said. "They wanted to be sure they were going to be able to operate through the whole season before making those investments, and so I expect that we will see them again…certainly by spring when it warms up and makes it easier to operate."
Maggie Gendron, director of strategic development and government affairs at San Francisco-based Lime told The Citizen that they also decrease the numbers of scooters available when the weather turns cold.
"Lime reduced its scooter fleet to accommodate the natural decrease in ridership over the winter months," she said. "Lime looks forward to better understanding the regulations the city will propose for scooter sharing, and we look forward to further conversations on the topic with city officials."
Russ expects that when the weather is warm, Harrisonburg will also see the addition of Lime's shareable bikes around the city.
"When Lime first launched here, and we sat down and met with their representative, one of the things she mentioned was to bring bikes and see if they worked here," he said. "They said they were going to wait until the spring when it warmed up to launch … it would just be smoother to launch the bikes later."
He said he hopes Lime will work with community groups like the Shenandoah Valley Bicycle Coalition to better understand the interests of people locally so that the rollout goes smoothly.
Growing (and falling) pains
Riding the scooters takes balance, and scooter malfunctions and uneven sidewalks can cause even an experienced rider take a fall. JMU students, who are a key portion of the scooter companies' customer base, have been reporting injuries sustained while riding the scooters.
Niki Karaoli, a first-year student at JMU, said she was hurt on a scooter while in Charlottesville during the university's winter break.
"We were Liming around the (UVA) campus and going a controlled speed for about 20 minutes, but we wanted to go back so I was leading them. And when I turned a corner down the hill, the wheel got stuck in a sewage grate and it flipped me off," she said. "I initially fell on my head and somehow gashed my knee too. My friends called an ambulance because my head was bleeding a lot. I never lost consciousness, but I was very loopy. I went to the hospital and got ten staples in my head and was cleared from any neck injuries or a concussion."
Gendron, from Lime, said, "Lime has always been committed to advancing safety and partnering with communities to help make our streets safer."
She pointed to the company's efforts announced in November to commit $3 million to promote safe riding behavior as part its "Respect the Ride" education and community outreach campaign.
"We're constantly developing new tools, enhancing our products, and encouraging riders to wear helmets at all times," Gendron said. "Beyond bike and scooter safety, we must ensure that cars and all micro-mobility options can coexist safely on our roadways. That's why we're committed to making our city streets safer by partnering with communities around the globe to better support mircobility on our roadways and build more protected bike lanes and infrastructure that can accommodate and protect these new transportation options."
Tyler Haley, a senior marketing major at JMU, said he had a rough experience with a Bird scooter in Harrisonburg.
"I rode a Bird for the first time, and the Bird malfunctioned while I was riding it, with the handlebars disconnecting from the scooter," Haley said. "I flipped over the handlebars, resulting in a separated shoulder. I tried contacting Bird, and they were not apologetic at all and took no responsibility for the incident. The representative I spoke to told me that another representative from Bird would be in contact with me about the incident, but I never heard back from the company."
Russ, from the city, said he heard about a student breaking a leg while riding a scooter, and another student made news after being hit by a car when riding the scooter through a crosswalk.
Bird representatives did not respond to The Citizen's request for comment.
Because the city will make riding on sidewalks illegal, scooters must keep to bike lanes and roadways. That will take some getting used to for both scooter riders and drivers.
"I don't think that I'd ever been honked at here in Harrisonburg since I've been here," Russ said of the first time he rode a scooter. "I don't think anyone had ever honked at me while I've been driving my car or as a pedestrian. But I must have been honked at three or four times with people who were frustrated that they had to share the road with me while I was on a scooter."
The city's comprehensive plan calls for shared work, play and live spaces and includes many shared roadways for bikes, scooters, and various other transportation needs. That's not currently how the city streets are laid out, however.
Russ said some of the growing pains will be felt by vehicle drivers as they get used to sharing the roads with scooters.
And more bike lanes also could be in Harrisonburg's future, he said. The city will require the scooter companies in the future to share data they collect about ridership patterns to help shed light on where bike lanes should go.
"One of the big things will just be from the data — we will be able to know or get a better sense of where people are riding them right now," Russ said. "The data will definitely help us inform decisions related to bike lanes and other infrastructure moving forward."
— Molly Long and Veronica Petrikas contributed to this article with reporting from JMU.
bike lanesBird Rides IncHarrisonburg city councilJMULime-Sscooter enforcementscooterstransportationwinter hibernation
Bridget Manley, Publisher
Bridget spent most of her adult life working as a morning show producer and reporter for radio stations in Cumberland, Md., and Annapolis, Md., before moving to Harrisonburg eight years ago. When she's not reporting the news and helping run The Citizen, she's the manager of operations for Rivercrest Farm and Event Center in Shenandoah, she is a freelance reporter for WMRA, and also hosts a podcast that shares parenting stories called "Birds In A Tree."
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The Drinking Man's Guide To Scotland
Cider Mill's
Pub Reviews
A View From The Bar
The Broughton Brewery
Address : Broughton Ales Ltd, Broughton, Biggar, ML12 6HQ
Telephone No : 01899830345
Web Site : www.BroughtonAles.co.uk
Visitor Centre : No
Founded in 1980, Broughton Ales is a small independent Brewery situated in the village of Broughton in the Scottish Borders. Broughton lies between the towns of Biggar and Peebles on the A701 about 25 miles south of Edinburgh. Drawing on local history and legend, and using the finest malts and hops blended with pure Sottish water, Broughton Ales produce an extensive range of beer, stout and lager available in bottle, cask (permanent and seasonal), keg and gift packs.
Here is a selection of the Great Beers they offer:
The Tartan Pint
A Great new book available from Amazon for only £2.05
The Tartan Pint is all about the great breweries and fantastic beers that Scotland has to offer. It gives you information about the breweries, including a description of the history or the people behind them. There is a list of the beers they produce along with pump clip images and tasting notes, where available. The book is split into the 14 geographical area's of Scotland from Shetland to Dumfries and Galloway with a brief description of the area and a list of the breweries located in that area. Plus chapters about beer history, beer tasting and beer styles, i.e. the definition of lager, bitter, porters, etc....
The book is available for download from Amazon -where you can also read the first 20 pages to see if you like it !
All of Scotland's Great Breweries and fantastic Beers in one book - Get your copy now !!!
Greenmantle Ale 3.9% abv
This, the flagship beer of Broughton Ales was first brewed in 1980. Greenmantle, takes its name from the hero of John Buchan's eponymous novel. Greenmantle Ale is dark coloured with a characteristic bitter sweet flavour created with an interesting blend of malts and hops.
Merlin's Ale 4.2% abv
This beer takes its name from the legendary Merlin, the wizard whose pagan master lost the battle of Adderyd near Carlisle in 573 AD. A thorn bush at Drumelzier close to Broughton marks his burial place and many strong legends and historical references give credence to his presence. What ever the truth of these stories the magic of Merlin lives on in Merlin`s Ale. A light golden hoppy beer with a malty character, a clean dry hop-bitter aftertaste and a delicate floral hop aroma.
Black Douglas5.2% abv
Black Douglas was a famous Scottish Knight and trusted friend of Robert the Bruce. The Bruce and Black Douglas first met only a few miles from the site of Broughton Ales in the Scottish Borders. We like to think that the dark ruby colour and the full bodied malt flavour of this ale reflect the power and strength of this great Knight.
Exciseman's 80/- 4.6% abv
A traditional 80/- Specially brewed to mark 25 Years of Brewing at Broughton Ales. Typical of classic Scottish 80/- ales, Exciseman's 80/- is dark and slightly sweet. Full drinking with a good hop aftertaste. Just the sort of ale Burns would have savoured during his time as an officer of the Excise.
Old Jock Ale 6.7% abv
The soldiers of the Highland and Lowland regiments of Scotland are known as "The Jocks". This classic Scottish Strong Ale with its strong warming flavours of malt and hops, is a fitting tribute to these powerful fighting men. A drink to be savoured at room temperature.
Silver medal winner in BBI competition 2004.
Scottish Oatmeal Stout 4.2% abv
Brewed to the exacting standards of Robert Younger, great grandfather of the founder of Broughton brewery. This rich stout is bursting with the flavours of roasted barley and black malt. The excellent hop bitterness is offset by the silky mouth feel of oats.
The Ghillie 4.5% abv
The Ghillie was the name given to a Highland Clan Chief's weapon bearer. He stood next to his Chief in battle. Today the Ghillie, guides sportsmen in the art of fishing for salmon on the likes of the river Tweed which flows close by Broughton Ales in the Scottish Borders. The Ghillie is a copper coloured ale bursting with hop flavours and aromas from the specially selected English and German hops used in the brewing process.
Angel Organic Lager 5.0% abv
This exciting lager is brewed to the exacting standards required by Soil Association Certification Ltd. of the United Kingdom. Organically grown UK malt, organic hops from New Zealand and pure water from the rolling Scottish Border hills combine to produce a pale golden refreshing beer with all the delicate flavours and aromas expected in a premium lager.
Dr. Johnson's Definitive Ale 5% abv
A rich dark traditional English ale brewed with generous proportions of crystal and black malts and hopped with Northdown for both bitterness and aroma. The label draws on the travels of Dr Johnson and James Boswell's historic journey through England and Scotland.
Border Gold Organic Ale 6.0% abv
This exceptional ale is brewed to the exacting standards required by Soil Association Certification Ltd. of the United Kingdom. Organic malt from the UK and organically grown New Zealand hops are blended with pure water from the Scottish Border hills. The end result is a light golden coloured beer full of flavour and aroma. A refreshing clean tasting beer with an excellent hop aroma and aftertaste.
Border Gold has won several awards, the most recent being a bronze medal in the International Brewing Awards in Munich.
Champion Double Ale 5.5% abv
This exciting beer is a blend of a strong ale and a porter style beer each brewed in their own way, but married together in a conditioning tank to produce an interesting mix of flavour and aroma.
Tesco Beer Challenge winner 2006.
Champion Double ale has also been judged to be in "The World's 50 Best Beers" in the Bottlers International Competion 2007.
Gold medal winner in Scottish SIBA competition 2008
Tibbie Shiels Ale 6% abv
This ale was brewed as a tribute to the eponymous Tibbie Shiels who founded the "Tibbie Shiels Inn" on the shores of St Mary's loch in the Scottish Borders in 1824 catering to the likes of Sir Walter Scott and Robert Lewis Stevenson. The Inn still serves good food and great beers to this day.
Tibbie Shiels Ale also won a silver medal in the International Beer Competition 2009.
Clipper IPA 4.2% abv
A light coloured, crisp-tasting, well-hopped ale bearing all the hallmarks of the "Indian Pale Ales".
Gold medal winner in Scottish SIBA competition 2008.
The Reiver 3.6% abv
A light coloured, refreshing ale from the land of the Border Reivers. A session ale full of character, brewed with a subtle use of Crystal Malt and generous use of the aroma hop, 1st Gold.
Broughton Special Bitter 3.8% abv
A session ale with extra hop flavour. Light coloured and easy drinking with a bittersweet flavour and strong hop aftertaste.
Spring Ale 3.5% abv
A light refreshing Cask Ale. Easy drinking with delicate malt and hop flavoursand a crisp, clean aftertaste.
Summer Ale 3.5% abv
A light, dry, but refreshing Summer pint. Brewed to give a crsip hop flavour and aftertaste and a light golden colour. An ideal lunchtime drink.
Autumn Ale 3.5% abv
A light easy drinking ale like it's Summer and Spring brothers but brewed with a hint of crystal malt to give a light reddish hue and a hint of maltyness to balance the hop bitterness.
Winter Fire 4.2% abv
An easy drinking but full bodied ale specially brewed for the Winter months. Lactose sugar is used in the grist to give a good residual sweetness complementing the light hop flavour.
First Foot Ale 4.2% abv
Brewed specially for the "Hogmanay" New Year celebrations, this is an excellent session beer with a crisp clean flavour derived from the Bramling Cross hops used for aroma.
Match Ale 3.8% abv
Brewed to mark the "6 Nation's Rugby Chanpionships", this well hopped ale is ideal for pre and post match celebration. Easy drinking with a light golden colour.
The video above was filmed at the Scottish Real Ale Festival 2001. In the video is Chris Mowatt and myself talking about Broughton Ales.
A very big thank you to the Broughton Brewery web site, www.BroughtonAles.co.uk for most of the images and information on this page.
For more information and a chance to buy some of their Excellent Beers click on the link above.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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'Not Easily Broken' Sneak Peek
Not only is Bishop Jakes a writer of the film, but the famed author also makes a cameo appearance. He and his wife portray business tycoons in the movie.
Read our exclusive interview with T.D. Jakes »
Leading Man
Morris Chestnut stars as Dave Johnson in the film adaptation of Bishop T.D. Jakes's best-selling novel "Not Easily Broken."
When a Woman's Fed Up
Taraji P. Henson plays Clarice Clark, a wife who is nearing her breaking point with her husband.
Dave (Chestnut) and Clarice (Henson) consider a business proposition over dinner.
The couple enjoys a happy moment, with the troubles of life far from their minds.
Praise Him
Dave and Clarice feel the spirit while attending church with her mom, Mary 'Mama' Clark, played by Jenifer Lewis.
Breaking a Sweat
Dave prepares to workout after getting pressure from his wife to tone up.
Pleasure to Meet You
Clarice greets Julie Sawyer (Maeve Quinlan), a newcomer in her and her husband's life, as her mother looks on.
The Game of Love
"Not Easily Broken" explores the realities of love and marriage.
Dave seeks solace and strength during church service.
Dave goes for a spin, with buddy Tree (Kevin Hart) riding shotgun.
Clarice enjoys a girlfriend chat with Michelle (Niecy Nash.)
Director Bill Duke gives Henson tips on delivering her lines.
Duke coaches his all-star cast in "Not Easily Broken."


Have you seen the super cool veterans' scrapbook in the museum? Have you been meaning to complete a page for yourself, a family member, friend, or neighbor? Or, are you a veteran that has been meaning to record your story? Well, here is your opportunity! Bring down your pictures, information, and anything else you'd like to include and museum staff will be ready to help construct the page or conduct and record an oral interview with you! 12" x 12" papers will be provided along with embellishments for scrapbook pages. Plus, we have recorders and questions ready to go. We are here to help you document your service! Please call with any questions.


Hello to all you great travellers.
I'm getting more and more jealous. I really like your postings and of course the nice pics. I'd love to be on the road with you, but I really can't.
What are your plans for the next months? I'll be in South Africa from the 24.August for 2 Weeks. If you're make it down till then, let me know. Maybe, we meet us on the road?
There's some kind of irony in posting a message to you when you're just 15 minutes' walk away from me.
Just so's y'd know, your stressing us out with the silence.


In the past, we've hosted some incredible authors, books and special guests. Our literary events encompass a vast array of topical issues, important trends and the latest and greatest new reads. Attend an event with us and see what's upcoming at the Bloomsbury Institute.
OCTOBER 26th: The Enduring Popularity of Gothic Ficton with Laura Purcell, Joanna Briscoe, Jeremy Sheldon and Danuta Kean.
JUNE 15th: Oliver Ford Davies and Dr Abigail Rokison-Woodall on Shakespeare's Fathers and Daughters.
MAY 18th: Julia Hobsbawm in conversation with Viv Groskop on being Fully Connected.
MAY 4th: Jenny Landreth and Vivienne Rickman-Poole on female swimming pioneers and Swell: A Waterbiography.
MARCH 23rd: Isabella of Castile: Europe's First Great Queen, in partnership with the British Spanish Society.


Makeup Storage For Cheap People - 12 Days of Blogmas!
Hey, friends! I'm going to level with you, although I'll happily spend an entire week of pay on new makeup, when it comes to finding storage for said makeup, I'm really stingy. Like, super stingy. So super stingy that I should have a cape, but I simply refuse to fork out the money for one. As a result of this frugality I have become a master of storing copious amounts of cosmetics on a budget, and felt it only fair to pass this knowledge on to you all.
Also, I promise this post isn't sponsored by Kmart, I'm just addicted.
Let's start with brushes, as they are so easy to store on a low budget. If you follow my Instagram you may have seen the floral tins hiding in the background of my product shots; I picked these Ikea babies up in a set of 3 a few years ago, but I'm sure they have similar designs now. They're not only super spacious, but are easy to clean and move around. Great alternatives for these types of tins can be found in the stationery/home sections of most stores! I'm partial to Kmart, because Kmart, so definitely check out your local store - they even have some fancy ones. I generally avoid any 'container' stores as they are in no way budget friendly and generally aren't as fun.
Another brush-storing trick that might just change your life comes in the form of your favourite candle. Since I'm a hoarder, I found myself with approximately eighty three empty candle jars and no where to put them. Does anyone else need extra storage for their storage? Just me? Ok, cool.
Anyhow, one day I decided to pop my brushes in them and I haven't looked back since. Glasshouse are the perfect height and circumference for this task, plus they have the added bonus of being transparent, but most standard sized-candles will work just fine!
I'm also partial to using decorative cups as storage, such as these ones I found at Ikea (floral) and The Body Shop (yellow). Alternatives can of course be found at Kmart.
The bulk of my loose products - i.e. stuff that is not a palette - live in drawer organisers that range from $2-5 depending on size. They have a grippy (technical term, obviously) base so your products won't slide around, and are incredibly easy to keep clean. Plus, they fit well in my Ikea drawers or on top of my vanity.
If you can't get your hands on these bad boys, I'm also a huge fan of saving cardboard boxes - be it from online orders, shoes etc - and using these to store bigger items.
When it comes to lipsticks, storage can get really expensive. Acrylic lipstick holders are pricey and often do not come with enough spaces to make a dent in my collection. My solution for this dilemma is cutlery trays. I have ones which match my drawer organisers, which is not only aesthetically pleasing for my soul but also means they boast the same grip-base and thus my lipsticks don't roll everywhere when I open the drawer. Bonus.
I hope this was helpful to all of you makeup hoarders out there! What are your favourite storage tips?


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Home » Game of Thrones – Top 7 Moments: Sansa Stark
Game of Thrones – Top 7 Moments: Sansa Stark
June 26, 2017 July 16, 2017 Kristina Rettig
This is one part of a special GeekFeed Game of Thrones series feature in which we cover the top 7 moments for 7 original characters leading up to the Season 7 premiere on Sunday, July 16th. If you're seeing a theme, you are correct.
By the Light of the Seven, we present Sansa Stark's top 7 series moments (in chronological order)…
When I first realized I would have to come up with 7 whole "moments" for Sansa, I was a little nervous because it took so long for her character to go from the punchiest of punching bags in the Seven Kingdoms to the revengeful, dark-cloaked bad ass we have by the end of Season 6. But as I was compiling my list, I realized I had a whopping eleven top moments. And yes, most of those came later in the series (Seasons 5 and 6), but after spending most of the series seeing Sansa being a either Joffrey's rag doll or a helpless hostage, the moments that came later were all the more satisfying as a result.
In the end, a chain of bad luck and bad decisions throughout the series actually fortifies her resolve to finally become the steely-spined fighter that watches her abusive husband get eaten by dogs. I'll woof to that.
Next: Sansa lies to King Robert and Cersei about the Joffrey's attack on the butcher's boy
DC Universe Rumors: DC Expanding to Three to Four New Films Per Year
Weekend Box Office – Transformers Opens Soft, Tupac Drops the Mic, and Wonder Woman Rules
Kristina Rettig 9 Posts
Kristina Rettig is a features writer at GeekFeed. She has written for Variety.com, GeekBinge.com, and PopAltar.com, focusing on Comic-Con coverage, film reviews, television reviews, Oscar and Emmy predictions, as well as opinion and feature pieces.
Valentine's Day Guide: 5 Movies to Watch For Your Romantic Night In
Valentine's Day Guide: 4 Geeky Gifts for Your Special Someone
For The Benefit of Marvel: How Fox Should Play Into the MCU


At RDC Concrete, ready mixed concrete (ready mix concrete or RMC) is produced in its fully automated and computerized concrete batching plants at multiple locations across India. RDC Concrete manufactures and supplies concrete mixes, which are designed in its well-equipped laboratories as per established procedures to comply with various provisions of Indian Standards. RDC Concrete's experienced logistics team works closely with you to ensure that the concrete of requisite quality is delivered on time and in the appropriate quantities.
RDC Concrete has the experience and the ability to design, produce and deliver a wide range of ready mixed concrete variants to meet specific requirements. Do contact us with details of your requirements and our experts will get in touch with you to discuss the way forward.
Apart from concrete mixes of various grades, RDC Concrete also produces special concretes.
CONCRETER'S - "SIMPLY THE BEST TRADIES ON THE PLANET"


A special thank you to Han's from Child Australia for a wonderful evening covering the topic of Self-Regulation.
It was fabulous to see so many parents and educators coming together, focusing on the importance of transparent relationships to reach the desired goal of happy,healthy, confident, resilient kids. We all walked away with a wealth of knowledge and an insight into understanding the phases of self-regulation.


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How to generate the reward signal in temporal difference (TD) learning algorithm?
With reference to the TD learning algorithm proposed by Sutton and Barto which is given by the equations:
$$V_i(t+1) = V_i (t)+ eta igg(lambda(t+1)+gamma igg[sum_{j}V_j(t)X_j(t+1)igg]-igg[sum_{j}V_j(t)X_j(t) igg] igg)alphaar{X}_i(t+1), ar{X}_i(t+1)=ar{X}_i(t)+deltaig(X_i(t)-ar{X}_i(t)ig)$$ I have the following doubts:
If I want to simulate the algorithm in a standalone environment then how do I generate the reward signal $lambda(t+1)$?
How is $lambda(t+1)$ related to the conditioning stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus?
For example, if I wanted to simulate the facilitation of a remote association by an intervening stimulus in the TD model as shown in the fig. below then will it suffice if I consider "lambda" to be a signal as represented by US ?
I have been able to design suitable CSA and CSB. However, when I use a $lambda$ as specified by US in the image, I don't get the result that is shown in the trials. What could possibly go wrong in the formulation of the reward?
The equations can be found in chapter 12 of the book by Sutton & Barto, 1990. The chapter is titled "Time-Derivative Models of Pavlovian Reinforcement".
Sutton, R. S., & Barto, A. G. (1990). Learning and computational neuroscience: foundations of adaptive networks. A/1 IT Press, Cambridge, MA, 497-437.
TD(λ) in Delphi/Pascal (Temporal Difference Learning)
I have an artificial neural network which plays Tic-Tac-Toe - but it is not complete yet.
What I have yet:
the reward array "R[t]" with integer values for every timestep or move "t" (1=player A wins, 0=draw, -1=player B wins)
The input values are correctly propagated through the network.
the formula for adjusting the weights:
What is missing:
the TD learning: I still need a procedure which "backpropagates" the network's errors using the TD(λ) algorithm.
But I don't really understand this algorithm.
My approach so far .
The trace decay parameter λ should be "0.1" as distal states should not get that much of the reward.
The learning rate is "0.5" in both layers (input and hidden).
It's a case of delayed reward: The reward remains "0" until the game ends. Then the reward becomes "1" for the first player's win, "-1" for the second player's win or "0" in case of a draw.
How and when do you calculate the net's error (TD error)?
How can you implement the "backpropagation" of the error?
How are the weights adjusted using TD(λ)?
Thank you so much in advance :)
Domain Selection for Reinforcement Learning
One way to imagine an autonomous reinforcement learning agent would be as a blind person attempting to navigate the world with only their ears and a white cane. Agents have small windows that allow them to perceive their environment, and those windows may not even be the most appropriate way for them to perceive what's around them.
Interested in reinforcement learning?
Automatically apply RL to simulation use cases (e.g. call centers, warehousing, etc.) using Pathmind.
(In fact, deciding which types of input and feedback your agent should pay attention to is a hard problem to solve. This is known as domain selection. Algorithms that are learning how to play video games can mostly ignore this problem, since the environment is man-made and strictly limited. Thus, video games provide the sterile environment of the lab, where ideas about reinforcement learning can be tested. Domain selection requires human decisions, usually based on knowledge or theories about the problem to be solved e.g. selecting the domain of input for an algorithm in a self-driving car might include choosing to include radar sensors in addition to cameras and GPS data.)
Sen Wang is an Associate Professor in the School of Software Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China. He received B.S., M.S., and Ph.D. degree in computer science in University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) and Tsinghua University, China, in 2005, 2008 and 2014, respectively. His research interests include in-network caching, Information-centric Networking, Cloud Computing, Software Defined Networking and Network Functions Virtualization.
Jun Bi received the B.S., M.S., and Ph.D. degree in Computer Science from Tsinghua University, Beijing, China, from 1990 to 1999. From 2000 to 2003, he was a research scientist of Bell Labs Research Communication Science Division and Bell Labs Advanced Communication Technologies Center, New Jersey, USA. Currently he is a full professor and the director of Network Architecture & IPv6 Research Division, Institute for Network Sciences and Cyberspace of Tsinghua University, and a Ph.D. Supervisor with the Department of Computer Science, Tsinghua University. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, ACM and a Distinguished Member of China Computer Federation. He served as chair of Asia Future Internet Forum Steering Group, chair of INFOCOM NOM workshop and ICNP CoolSDN workshop, and member of technical program committee of NFOCOM, ICNP, CoNEXT, SOSR, etc.
Jianping Wu is a professor of Computer Science and director of Network Research Center, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China. From 1994, he has been in charge of China Education and Re-search Network (CERNET) which is the largest academic network in the world as a director of both Network Center and Technical Board. He had served as chairman or program committee member for many international conferences, such as chairman of FORTE/PSTV'1999, and program committee member of INFOCOM'2002, ICNP'2001 and 2006, FORTE/PSTV' 1995–2003 and TESTCOM' 1995–2006 etc. His area of specialization includes high speed computer net-work, Internet and its applications, network protocol testing and formal method.
Model-free prediction
Dynamic programming enables us to determine the state-value and action-value functions given the dynamics (model) of the system. It does this by mathematically using the Bellman equations and plugging in the dynamics (rewards and probabilities).
If the model (rewards and probabilities) of the system is not known a priori, we can empirically estimate the value functions for a given policy. We do this by taking actions according to the given policy, and taking note of the state transitions and rewards. By making enough number of trials, we are able to converge to the value functions for the given policy.
Monte-Carlo learning
This applies to experiments which are run as episodes. Each episode terminates and next episode is independent of the current episode. As an example, when a board game is played, each new game constitutes a separate episode.
Given a policy, action is taken in each state according to the policy. For a state that is arrived at time , return for a particular run through the termination of the episode is calculated:
Here, is the reward obtained by taking action in the state at time .
Such returns are added for all the episodes during which the state is visited to obtain total return for the state:
And, number of episodes (or in an alternate method, number of visits??) that the state is visited is calculated.
Value of the state is estimated as mean return , since by law of large numbers as .
Note that running average return can calculated online (real-time) as the episodes are run instead of calculating it only after all episodes are completed as follows:
In practice in online learning scenario, rather than using for weighing the return from current episode, a constant factor with is used. This leads to the formulation:
What is the reasoning? Rather than the average over all episodes, returns from recent episodes is given more weight than returns from old episodes. Returns from episodes are given weights that exponentially decrease with time.
Temporal-Difference (TD) learning
In contrast to Monte-Carlo learning, Temporal-Difference (TD) learning can learn the value function for non-episodic experiments.
In Monte-Carlo learning, we run through a complete episode, note the "real" return obtained through the end of the episode and accumulate these real returns to estimate the value of a state.
In TD learning, we do as follows:
we initialize the value for each state.
we run the experiment (according to the given policy) for a certain number of steps (not necessarily to the end of the episode or experiment). The number of steps we run the experiment is identified as -step TD (or TD(), for short) learning.
we note the reward obtained in these steps.
We then use the Bellman equation to estimate the return for the remaining of the experiment. This estimated return is . This estimated total return is called TD target.
We update similar to online Monte-Carlo learning except that here, we use estimated return rather than the "real" return. That is, we update using: . The quantity is called TD error.
How do we determine in TD() learning? We don't. In what is called TD() learning, we use geometric weighting of estimated returns of all steps to obtain:
Exploitation and exploration concept is inherently linked to human nature, where we, as humans we prefer known compared to the unknown. For example, going to a restaurant, you can choose to go to your favorite restaurant since you already like the food there, but unless and until you try another restaurant you won't know if there exists a better restaurant.
Exploitation is thus going or doing the same action, which gives the best value from a state (it is often called Greedy action), while exploration is to try out new activities which may give a better return in the long run even though the immediate reward may not be encouraging. In the above diagram, if the agent only considers immediate reward by following the red path to gain the maximum reward, it will later find the blue path that has a higher value even through immediate reward is lower. That's why exploration is needed to make a better long term return.
Timing and RL have for the most part been studied separately, giving rise to largely non-overlapping computational models. We have argued here, however, that these models do in fact share some important commonalities and reconciling them may provide a unified explanation of many behavioral and neural phenomena. While in this brief review we have only sketched such a synthesis, our goal is to plant the seeds for future theoretical unification.
One open question concerns how to reconcile the disparate theoretical ideas about time representation that were described in this paper. Our synthesis proposed a central role for a distributed elements representation of time such as the microstimuli of Ludvig et al. (2008). Could a representation deriving from the semi-Markov or pacemaker-accumulator models be used instead? This may be possible, but there are several reasons to prefer the microstimulus representation. First, microstimuli lend themselves naturally to the linear function approximation architecture that has been widely used in RL models of the basal ganglia. In contrast, the semi-Markov model requires additional computational machinery, and it is not obvious how to incorporate the pacemaker-accumulator model into RL theory. Second, the semi-Markov model accounts for the relationship between temporal precision and interval length at the expense of deviating from the normative RL framework. Third, as we noted earlier, pacemaker-accumulator models have a number of other weaknesses (see Staddon and Higa, 1999, 2006 Matell and Meck, 2004 Simen et al., 2013), such as lack of parsimony, implausible neurophysiological assumptions, and incorrect behavioral predictions. Nonetheless, it will be interesting to explore what aspects of these models can be successfully incorporated into the next generation of RL models.
Reinforcement Learning Tutorial
If you are looking for a beginner's or advanced level course in Reinforcement Learning, make sure that apart from a basic introduction, it includes a deep delving analysis of RL with an emphasis upon Q-Learning, Deep Q-Learning, and advanced concepts into Policy Gradients with Doom and Cartpole. You should choose a Reinforcement Learning tutorial that teaches you to create a framework and steps for formulating a Reinforcement problem and implementation of RL. You should also know about recent RL advancements. I suggest you visit Reinforcement Learning communities or communities, where the data science experts, professionals, and students share problems, discuss solutions, and answers to RL-related questions.
Machine learning or Reinforcement Learning is a method of data analysis that automates analytical model building. It is a branch of artificial intelligence based on the idea that systems can learn from data, identify patterns and make decisions with minimal human intervention.
Most industries working with large amounts of data have recognized the value of machine learning technology. By gleaning insights from this data – often in real time – organizations are able to work more efficiently or gain an advantage over competitors.
Data Analytics courses by Digital Vidya
Data Analytics represents a bigger picture of Machine learning. Just as Data Analytics has various categories based on the Data used, Machine Learning also expresses the way one machine learns a code or works in a supervised, unsupervised, semi-supervised and reinforcement manner.
To gain more knowledge about Reinforcement and its role in Data Analytics you may opt for online or classroom Certification Programs. If you are a programmer looking forward to a career in machine learning or data science, go for a Data Analytics course for more lucrative career options in Inductive Logic Programming. Digital Vidya offers advanced courses in Data Analytics. Industry-relevant curriculums, pragmatic market-ready approach, hands-on Capstone Project are some of the best reasons for choosing Digital Vidya.
A self-starter technical communicator, capable of working in an entrepreneurial environment producing all kinds of technical content including system manuals, product release notes, product user guides, tutorials, software installation guides, technical proposals, and white papers. Plus, an avid blogger and Social Media Marketing Enthusiast.
Date: 26th Jun, 2021 (Saturday)
Time: 10:30 AM - 11:30 AM (IST/GMT +5:30)
Temporal-difference learning
The finding of a cue fERN indicated that participants evaluated intermediate states in terms of future reward. This result is consistent with a class of TD models in which credit is assigned based on immediate and future rewards. To evaluate whether the behavioral and ERP results reflected such an RL process, we examined the predictions of three RL algorithms: actor/critic (Barto, Sutton, & Anderson 1983), Q-learning (Watkins & Dayan, 1992), and SARSA (Rummery & Niranjan, 1994). Additionally, we considered variants of each algorithm with and without eligibility traces (Sutton & Barto, 1998).
Actor/critic
The actor/critic model (AC) learns a preference function, p(s,a), and a state-value function, V(s). The preference function, which corresponds to the actor, enables action selection. The state-value function, which corresponds to the critic, enables outcome evaluation. After each outcome, the critic computes the prediction error,
The temporal discount parameter, γ, controls how steeply future reward is discounted, and the critic treats future reward as the value of the next state. The critic uses prediction error to update the state-value function,
The learning rate parameter, α, controls how heavily recent outcomes are weighted. By using prediction error to adjust state values, the critic learns to predict the sum of the immediate reward, rt+1, and the discounted value of future reward, γ· V(st+1).
The actor also uses prediction error to update the preference function,
By using prediction error to adjust action preferences, the actor learns to select advantageous behaviors. The probability of selecting an action, π(s,a), is determined by the softmax decision rule,
The selection noise parameter, τ, controls the degree of randomness in choices. Decisions become stochastic as τ increases, and decisions become deterministic as τ decreases.
Q-learning
AC and Q-learning differ in two ways. First, Q-learning uses an action-value function, Q(s,a), to select actions and to evaluate outcomes. Second, Q-learning treats future reward as the value of the optimal action in state t+1,
The agent uses prediction error to update action values (Eq. 6), and the agent selects actions according to a softmax decision rule.
SARSA
Like Q-learning, SARSA uses an action-value function, Q(s,a), to select actions and to evaluate outcomes. Unlike Q-learning, however, SARSA treats future reward as the value of the actual action selected in state t+1,
Eligibility traces
Although RL algorithms provide a solution to the temporal credit assignment problem, eligibility traces can greatly improve the efficiency of these algorithms (Sutton & Barto, 1998). Eligibility traces provide a temporary record of events such as visiting states or selecting actions, and they mark events as eligible for update. Researchers have applied eligibility traces to behavioral and neural models (Bogacz, McClure, Li, Cohen, & Montague 2007 Gureckis & Love, 2009 Pan, Schmidt, Wickens, & Hyland 2005). In these simulations, we took advantage of the fact that eligibility traces facilitate learning when delays separate actions and rewards (Sutton & Barto, 1998).
In AC, a state's trace is incremented when the state is visited, and traces fade according to the decay parameter λ,
Prediction error is calculated in the conventional manner (Eq. 1), but the error signal is used to update all states according to their eligibility,
Separate traces are stored for state�tion pairs in order to update the preference function, p(s,a). Similarly, in Q-learning and SARSA, traces are stored for state�tion pairs in order to update the action-value function, Q(s, a).
Author contributions: P.W.G. wrote the paper.
The author declares no conflict of interest.
This paper results from the Arthur M. Sackler Colloquium of the National Academy of Sciences, "Quantification of Behavior" held June 11–13, 2010, at the AAAS Building in Washington, DC. The complete program and audio files of most presentations are available on the NAS Web site at www.nasonline.org/quantification.
This article is a PNAS Direct Submission.
↵*It is important to acknowledge that there are alternative views of the function of these neurons. Berridge (53) has argued that dopamine neurons play a role closely related to the one described here that is referred to as incentive salience. Redgrave and Gurney (54) have argued that dopamine plays a central role in processes related to attention.
Watch the video: Temporal Difference Learning - Reinforcement Learning Chapter 6 (January 2022).
Hysteria or Conversion Disorder, basics
What are High Demand Babies?
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Three Kinds of Knowledge
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What concepts of perception should designers be aware of when designing?
Does chewing gum mentally help basketball players make foul shots?
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Copyright 2022 \ How to generate the reward signal in temporal difference (TD) learning algorithm?...


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Music based drama Whiplash and the documentary Rich Hill were the night's biggest winners at the 2014 Sundance Film Festival. The festival's opening night movie was Whiplash, a film about a struggling jazz drummer who pursues musical perfection to an obsessive degree. It won over the audience and the panel, taking both grand jury and audience award in the US drama competition.
The awards validated director Damien Chazelle's decision to take Whiplash from a short movie that won the US fiction short film grand jury award at last year's festival, and make it into a full length feature film for this year's event. The 28 year old filmmaker said: "I remember my first time here was with a short, and the whole reason we made a short was because of my experiences as a drummer. No one wanted to finance the film because no one wants to make a film about a jazz drummer, surprising," he added.
Due to the film's success at the awards and the buzz that has surrounded it for a while now, Sony Pictures have agreed to distribute the film. Their $3million deal for Whiplash follows other similar deals that have led Sundance winners like 2010's Winter's Bone and 2012's Beasts of the Southern Wild to mainstream distribution. Both movies won the grand jury prize and went onto Oscar recognition.


text:
Nine students selected as Gilman Scholars this spring
MACON – Mercer University had nine students chosen during the spring selection cycle to receive the prestigious Benjamin A. Gilman International Scholarship to study abroad.
Mercer is one of the top producers of Gilman Scholars in the country. The University was recognized as both a Gilman Top Producing Institution and a Gilman Greatest Growth Institution for its role in broadening the student population that studies abroad overall, as well as in areas of priority achievement.
The following Mercer students are among more than 1,500 recipients – representing 467 colleges and universities across the U.S. – who will study or intern in 96 countries through the end of 2021.
Lidya Dereje, a rising senior double-majoring in global development studies and media studies, who plans to study abroad in Spain
Genevieve Haskins, a rising sophomore majoring in elementary/special education – The Holistic Child, who plans to study abroad in the United Kingdom
Samantha Johnson, a rising senior majoring in global health studies, who plans to participate in a Mercer On Mission trip to South Korea
Nyiah Kelley, a rising sophomore double-majoring in biology and women's and gender studies, who plans to study abroad in Morocco
Junho Kim, a rising senior majoring in global health studies, who plans to participate in a Mercer On Mission trip to South Korea
Phillip Middleton, a rising senior majoring in international business, who plans to study abroad in Japan
Krupa Patel, a rising senior majoring in biology, who plans to participate in a Mercer On Mission trip to Vietnam
Allison Ruiz, a rising senior majoring in political science, who plans to participate in a Mercer On Mission trip to Georgia
Julia Tra, a rising junior majoring in business management on the pre-nursing track, who plans to participate in a Mercer On Mission trip to Vietnam
Gilman Scholars receive up to $5,000, or up to $8,000 if also a recipient of the Gilman Critical Need Language Award, to apply toward their study abroad or internship program costs.
"This spring, nine students applied for the Gilman scholarship, and all nine were awarded. We are extremely excited about their success," said Dr. Cameron Kunzelman, coordinator of fellowships and scholarships.
In total, 29 Mercer students will travel abroad as Gilman Scholars over the next year. The University had a total of 15 students selected during the 2020-2021 academic year, while an additional 14 students were selected in 2019-2020 but had their travel abroad postponed because of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Since the program's establishment in 2001, a total of 1,335 U.S. institutions have sent more than 33,000 Gilman Scholars of diverse backgrounds to 151 countries around the globe.
The Gilman Program is sponsored by the U.S. Department of State's Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs and is supported in its implementation by the Institution of International Education.
Lidya Dereje
Genevieve Haskins
Nyiah Kelley
Junho Kim
Phillip Middleton
Krupa Patel
Allison Ruiz
Julia Tra


text:
Q: Rework Function (capital F) I am trying to get a Javascript speex library to run within a CSP protected environment. It runs great without CSP and I already fixed most "eval" problems. However - this one is giving me a headache:
this.interpolate = Function("buffer", toCompile);

See: https://github.com/grantgalitz/XAudioJS/blob/master/resampler.js
I tried something like
this.interpolate = function buffer () { return toCompile };

but that didn't work. Though I understand the .. well, basics of "Function" versus "function",  I can't find working fix.
Any help is appreciated.
Michaela

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Q: Spring JPA resulting in error executing delete DDL? Hello I'm new to Spring and I am trying to create a model which maps to a table in Apache Derby (using it for testing), the issue is I get a Error executing DDL "drop table potatoes" via JDBC Statement, I heard it is generally caused by using a SQL keyword however I don't think I'm using any:
Users.java:
@Entity
public class Users {
    @Id
    @GeneratedValue(strategy=GenerationType.IDENTITY)
    private int id;
    private String username;
    private String firstname;
    private String lastname;
    private String email;
    private String passwordHash;

    public Users(){}

    public Users(String username, String firstname, String lastname, String email, String passwordHash) {
        this.username = username;
        this.firstname = firstname;
        this.lastname = lastname;
        this.email = email;
        this.passwordHash = passwordHash;
    }
...

A: Probably you are using HQL - Hibernate Query Language and something like
entityManager.createQuery("drop table potatoes;").executeUpdate();

DROP is an invalid statement in HQL. If you want to use DROP you have to use not HQL, but SQL and native query.
Please try:
entityManager.createNativeQuery("drop table potatoes;").executeUpdate();


According to Geek.com, After almost a decade, conservators have finally completed restoration work at the Tomb of Tutankhamen in Egypt, one of the best known cultural heritage sites in the world.
The restoration project was a collaboration between the Getty Conservation Institute and Egypt's Ministry of Antiquities, and was focused on conservation and the creation of a sustainable plan for continued management of the tomb.
Tim Whalen, the Director of the GCI, said in a statement: This project has greatly expanded our under¬standing of one of antiquity's most storied places.
The project will be presented in a symposium on Jan. 31 with Egypt's Ministry of Antiquities.


98 * which always checksum on 4 octet boundaries.
291 * Is the datagram acceptable?
295 * 3. Checksums correctly.
358 Message(M_ERROR,"%s: failed to deliver a packet (bad destination address)"
451 Message(M_WARNING,"%s: packet from tunnel %s with bad source address "
469 Message(M_WARNING,"%s: incoming packet from tunnel %s "
470 "with bad destination address "
507 Message(M_WARNING,"%s: outgoing packet with bad source address "
537 Message(M_DEBUG_CONFIG,"netlink_regnets: request for %d networks, "
1010 Message(M_WARNING,"the tun-old code has never been tested. Please report "
1047 cfgfatal(loc,"tun-old","you may not specify an interface name "
1057 Message(M_INFO,"%s: allocated network interface %s "
1068 cfgfatal(loc,"tun-old","you must specify an interface name "


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The Women's March in Atlanta, Georgia on January 21, 2017.
Thousands of demonstrators who participated in the women's march thru downtown Atlanta; starting at the Center for Civil and Human Rights, and ending at the state capitol. In the heart of the march set to the music of Molly Read Woo with accompaniment by violinist Dr. Roumena Georgieva.


text:
Johnson-Shoyama Graduate School of Public Policy
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JSGS Alum, Nicole Callihoo Creates All My Relations Award
Johnson Shoyama Graduate School of Public Policy (JSGS) Alum, Nicole Callihoo ('14) gifted $10,000 to the School to create the "All My Relations Award" for students enrolled in the Master of Public Administration (MPA) program.
Johnson Shoyama Graduate School of Public Policy (JSGS) Alum, Nicole Callihoo ('14) gifted $10,000 to the School to create the "All My Relations Award" for students enrolled in the Master of Public Administration (MPA) program at the University of Regina and the University of Saskatchewan, with equal funds going to both campuses. The award is a significant contribution and blessing that honours and recognizes those that have gone before us, those around us, and those to come.
Commencing in Fall 2016, one student at the University of Regina and one student at the University of Saskatchewan will be awarded $1,000. The student must be in good academic standing, enrolled in the JSGS MPA program and demonstrate a commitment to community involvement. Preference will be given to students who are self-declared First Nations, Métis or Inuit decent.
As a recent student who came from poverty, Nicole saw a need for additional funding to JSGS students. She only received external scholarships while enrolled in the MPA program at JSGS. This experience encouraged Nicole to identify an opportunity to give back and help alleviate some of the financial struggles many students face.
Nicole hopes this gift will eventually turn into a fund that others contribute to so more students can benefit. "This is my thank you to all those who supported me and especially JSGS who helped me get to where I am in my career," said Nicole Callihoo. "I think large donations are sometimes hard for people to realize and what they might not understand is by structuring the gift in increments it allows you to work it into your budget."
Nicole specifically chose the name "All My Relations" when deciding what to name the award. "I hope that people can connect with the 'All My Relations' term, it's a prayer that emphasizes how interconnected we all are, and it's this prayer that inspired me to help those who are coming after me," said Callihoo.
The Johnson Shoyama Graduate School of Public Policy thanks Nicole Callihoo for her generous gift, and for her continued dedication to improving the lives of those living in Canada.
U of R student receives Vanier Scholarship to explore the media's role in reconciliation in Canada
No magic bullet to combat climate change according to U of S and U of R researchers
New study engages citizen scientists in physical activity to influence policy
Former President and CEO of Innovation Saskatchewan joins JSGS as an Executive-in-Residence


"One of the first civilizations to make ceramics about 10,000 years ago, China is now developing technology to manufacture ceramics in space.
Scientists at the Technology and Engineering Center for Space Utilization of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) have completed the world's first ceramic manufacturing experiment under microgravity, using digital light processing technology aboard a European parabolic flight aircraft in Switzerland.
"This is a widely used 3D printing technology, but it's previously been regarded as inapplicable in a microgravity environment," said Wang Gong, director of the CAS Key Laboratory of Space Manufacturing Technology.
Both experiments are aimed at developing technologies for producing instrument components on China's future space station, or building large telescopes in space, or exploring the Moon and Mars, said Wang.
"We can develop the technology to manufacture ceramic molds with the lunar dust, and then cast components by using metals in the lunar soil with the ceramic molds," Wang said.
"Our team has spent more than two years studying how to make a paste that does not float freely in microgravity, which is the most creative and valuable part of the technology. We think the technology can be used in processing many sorts of fine particles," Wang said.
"We want to test whether we can make a regular object with a smooth surface with the technology, and we made ceramic cubes to see their micro-structure in different gravity conditions," said Wang.
"The samples are of good quality, which shows the technology can be applied in different gravity conditions, and verifies the feasibility of the technology," Wang said.
The trial instruments require human operation. "Our long-term goal is to develop intelligent machines that can work on the Moon or Mars. But those machines will be more complicated," Wang said.


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text:
Q: How to migrate data between MySQL bases on different servers? I have two tables with different schemas:
Base A, table T1:
`id` int(10) unsigned NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
`title` varchar(255) NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
`uid` int(11) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
`language` varchar(12) NOT NULL DEFAULT ''

Base B, table T2:
`ID` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
`Type` varchar(10) COLLATE utf8_unicode_ci DEFAULT NULL,
`UserID` int(11) NOT NULL,
`Name` varchar(100) COLLATE utf8_unicode_ci NOT NULL,

I need to transfer data from T1 to T2 in this way:
A.T1.id    -> B.T2.ID
A.T1.title -> B.T2.Name
A.T1.uid   -> B.T2.UserID

As you can see fields A.T1.language and B.T2.Type are not needed.
I think I should do this migration through dump of CSV. But this is all I have come up to.
Any idea?
UPDATE
Thank you guys for your answers. Please forgive me for not being clear enough, I should have emphasized that my tables are in different bases, and even on different servers. So it is not as easy as to just insert fields from one table into another.

A: You can do it with a combination of UPDATE and SELECT query. However since TABLE 1 has the column title which is of type VARCHAR(255) and TABLE 2 has the column Name which is of type VARCHAR(100) might give a problem.
The following query can do this migration however any row with column title having length more than 100 will be SHORTENED to 100.
INSERT INTO T2
(ID, Name, UserID)
SELECT id, SUBSTR(title, 0, 100), uid
FROM T1

A: Use the INSERT ... SELECT syntax as in
INSERT INTO `B`.`T2` (`ID`, `Name`, `UserID`)
SELECT `id`, `title`, `uid` FROM `A`.`T1`

A: Are they on the same database? In that case:
INSERT INTO T2 (ID, Name, UserID)
SELECT id, title, uid FROM T1

A: I there any reason why you have to add the limitation to your int fields such as INT(10) instead of just INT?
The explanation of your data transfer does not coincide with your base tables?
Anyway, the problem you might run int here is that some of your column limitations are different so you either have to make them the same or SUBSTRING them into the destination table if the string from the source column is longer than the destination column for instance if you try to insert "This is my string" into a VARCHAR(10) column, you will get a truncate error.
To insert the data into the destination table you can use this:
INSERT INTO [Destination Table] (ID, Name, uid)

SELECT
  ID,
  SUBSTRING(title, 0, 100) as 'Name',
  uid
FROM
  [Source Table]

This will work yet you will be sacrificing the data on the name column. I would suggest giving your destination columns the same data type and limitations as your source table.


XML Downloader patch is not listed in KinemeCore's table of unsafe patches. None the less it seems not to work in Keynote app.
Should this be a feature request? I'm thinking it's a good way to get user settings into a quartz comp in KN. User doesn't even need dev tools installed just a text editing app.
[21:18:29.411]   <QCXMLDownloader = 0x1349C610 "XMLDownloader_1"> Access denied to URL: "http://dl.dropbox.com/u/1585739/ticker_settings.
[21:19:40.101]   NSPropertyListSerialization failed with error: "Conversion of data failed. The file is not UTF-8, or in the encoding specified in XML header if XML."
First log is file via http, second via relative path (same folder) on local drive. Looks like an encoding issue… will I ever be free of encoding issues?!
So I removed the encoding to make it non-denominational XML and no GF Log Errors but no-go all the same.
Adobe Flash Media Live Encoder 3.1 released for Mac.


text:
Q: How can i navigate through pagination using selenium python? I am working on website automation and I want to navigate through different pages and problem is that the website is developed using Angular I think. The Pagination part is having a js function also which is called on an onClick function.
HTML Code is:

›

Edited:
Website Link: https://jobee.pk/jobs-in-pakistan
Code Tried so far:
from selenium import webdriver
import time
class JobeePK:
    def __init__(self):
        # self.url = ""
        pass
    def driver(self):
        driver = webdriver.Chrome()
        driver.maximize_window()
        time.sleep(1)
        return driver

    # https://www.rozee.pk/job/jsearch/q/all/fc/1185/fpn/
    def extractData(self,search_link, total_pages):
        driver = self.driver()
        driver.get(search_link)
        time.sleep(5)

        for page_number in range(0, total_pages):
            driver.find_element_by_css_selector()
            time.sleep(10)

if __name__ == '__main__':
    jb = JobeePK()
    url = "https://jobee.pk/jobs-in-pakistan"
    total_pages = 128
    jb.extractData(url, total_pages)

Please suggest me any solution to tackle this problem. Thanks

A: In such cases, it is always interesting to have a closer look to the page to understand how the data is actually updated.
I did so opening the console in Firefox and having a look at the XHR traffic network.

... interesting. The page is getting its results from an endpoint we could identify.
It returns json data which is great:
{'totalJobs': 2541,
 'jobs': [{'location': [{'jobLocationID': 0,
     'jobID': 24986,
     'countryID': 0,
     'country': 'Pakistan',
     'cityID': None,
     'cityText': 'Karachi',
     'jobShiftID': 0,
     'name': None}],
   'jobID': 24986,
   'jobIDEncrypted': '26cfb27ee6b2abad',
   'title': 'Marketing Officer - Freelancer',
   'jobDescription': '
We are growing, energetic, and highly-reputed Public Relation (PR) and Digital Marketing Agency.
\nCurrently, we are looking for ...

Lets use this to write our script:
import requests
import math

#The scrapping function
def getJobs(pageNumber):

    #Defining the headers
    headers = {
        'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10.14; rv:67.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/67.0',
        'Accept': 'application/json, text/plain, */*',
        'Accept-Language': 'fr,fr-FR;q=0.8,en-US;q=0.5,en;q=0.3',
        'X-Requested-With': 'XMLHttpRequest',
        'Content-Type': 'application/json;charset=utf-8',
        'DNT': '1',
        'Connection': 'keep-alive',
        'Referer': 'https://jobee.pk/jobs-in-pakistan',
        'Pragma': 'no-cache'
    }

    #Setting the right params for the request we will make, pageSize is set to 200 (results by page)
    data = {"model":{"titles":[],"cities":[],"shifts":[],"experinces":[],"careerLevels":[],"functionalAreas":[],"genders":[],"industries":[],"degreeLevels":[],"companies":[]},"pageNumber":1,"pageSize":200}

    #Updating the page number
    data['pageNumber'] = pageNumber
    data = json.dumps(data)

    #Collecting the results
    response = requests.post('https://jobee.pk/job/jobsearch', headers=headers, data=data)

    #Just in case an error shows up
    try:
        return json.loads(response.content)
    except:
        return {'jobs': []}

#Then lets get the page numbers from page 1
data = getJobs(1)
totalJobs = data['totalJobs']
number_of_pages = math.ceil(totalJobs /200)

#Initializing our job list
jobs_list = []

#Looping through the pages
for pageNumber in range(1,number_of_pages + 1):
    results  = getJobs(pageNumber)

    #If no results we end the loop
    if len(result) == 0:
        break
    else:
        #We append the results in the ['job'] key to append it to our list
        jobs_list += results['jobs']
        print ('Page', pageNumber,'-', len(jobs_list), "jobs collected")

#Lets have a look to the data into a dataframe
df = pd.DataFrame(jobs_list)
print(df)

Output
Page 1 - 200 jobs collected
Page 2 - 400 jobs collected
Page 3 - 600 jobs collected
...

+----+----------------------+--------------------+-------------+----------------------+------------------+----------------------------------------------------+--------+-------------------+----------------------------------------------------+----------------+--------------------+--------------------------+--------------------------+----------------+----------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+-----------+
|    |    appliedByDate     |    companyName     | experience  |     expiredDate      | isSalaryVisible  |                  jobDescription                    | jobID  |  jobIDEncrypted   |                     location                       |     logo       | numberOfPositions  |        postDate          |       publishDate        |  salaryRange   |                      skills                        |                   title                    |     titleWithoutSpecialCharacters      | viewCount |
+----+----------------------+--------------------+-------------+----------------------+------------------+----------------------------------------------------+--------+-------------------+----------------------------------------------------+----------------+--------------------+--------------------------+--------------------------+----------------+----------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+-----------+
| 0  | 0001-01-01T00:00:00  | Custom House       | Fresh       | 2019-09-19T00:00:00  | True             |
We require Mean Stack Developer Interns who...  | 27925  | a0962bea0bc174a1  | [{'jobLocationID': 0, 'jobID': 27925, 'country...  | 14564Logo.jpg  |                 3  | 2019-06-21T14:04:01.363  | 2019-06-21T19:26:24.213  | 5000 - 10000   | [AngularJs, Mongo DB, JavaScript, Node Js, Mea...  | Mean Stack Developer - Intern              | Mean-Stack-Developer-Intern            |        10 |
| 1  | 0001-01-01T00:00:00  | Custom House       | Fresh       | 2019-09-19T00:00:00  | True             |
We requires SEO, Digital Marketing and Grap...  | 27924  | 81e4e7f7d672dffd  | [{'jobLocationID': 0, 'jobID': 27924, 'country...  | 14564Logo.jpg  |                 2  | 2019-06-21T14:00:26.45   | 2019-06-21T19:25:04.493  | 5000 - 10000   | [Graphic Design, Search Engine Optimization (S...  | SEO Executive / Graphic Designer - Intern  | SEO-Executive-Graphic-Designer-Intern  |        10 |
| 2  | 0001-01-01T00:00:00  | Printoscan Lahore  | 1 Year      | 2019-09-19T00:00:00  | True             |
We require an Accounts Assistant / ...  | 27923  | 137a257e9e5bbb5d  | [{'jobLocationID': 0, 'jobID': 27923, 'country...  | None           |                 1  | 2019-06-21T13:59:37.373  | 2019-06-21T19:19:07.36   | 15000 - 20000  | [Accounts Services, Administrative Skills, Acc...  | Accounts Assistant / Administrator         | Accounts-Assistant-Administrator       |         6 |
+----+----------------------+--------------------+-------------+----------------------+------------------+----------------------------------------------------+--------+-------------------+----------------------------------------------------+----------------+--------------------+--------------------------+--------------------------+----------------+----------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+-----------+

This is what we wanted.


The Little Homestead: The best 'Brownies' you'll ever eat !!!
Cream butter/sugar till soft and fluffy, add vanilla.
now add the cocoa and blend well..then add jam and nuts..mix well.
Gently fold in the flour and chocolate chunks..and spread into a square tin lined with baking paper.
I used this wonderful jam..more $$$, but worth it, full of fruit..and divine.


Chwarae Teg is a Welsh organisation working to build a Wales where women achieve and prosper. We do this by working with women to broaden horizons and build confidence and skills; working with employers to create modern workplaces that are successful by harnessing everyone's contribution; and working with influencers, educators and decision makers to build a society that values, supports and benefits women and men equally.
2. Changes proposed in the Welfare Reform and Work Bill will continue this pattern and could put many women and their families at a higher risk of falling into poverty.
3. Scrutiny of the Bill in the forthcoming Parliamentary session must consider the gender impact of the Bill. Ideally the Bill should be subject to a full gender impact assessment which takes account of the cumulative impact of welfare reform to date.
This paper examines the policy proposals within the Bill that could disproportionately affect women and the areas we believe require robust scrutiny to ensure that women are not disadvantaged.
1.1. One of the most significant changes within the Bill is the restriction of child tax credits, and eventually the child element of Universal Credit, to 2 children per family.
1.2. The individual child element of child tax credit for 2015/16 is £2,780 per year.  The removal of this level of support could leave families significantly worse off.
1.3. Given women's greater reliance on child tax credits this will inevitably affect them more and could make it much harder for women in low income households to enter and progress in the workplace.
2.1. This is another of the more significant changes that the Bill would implement that will affect women more heavily and requires close scrutiny to ensure that they are not disadvantaged as a result.
2.3. These increased levels of conditionality will require parents with small children to attend regular meetings and/or training at the Jobcentre, participate in work experience and actively search for work. The ability to meet these requirements for many will rely on them being able to access suitable childcare. If these changes are to be implemented they must be accompanied by action to ensure affordable childcare is available. If not, the likelihood of parents being sanctioned for being unable to meet the new conditions could be high.
2.5. Before any additional conditionality is placed on those with caring responsibilities work must be undertaken to ensure they will not be unfairly punished by a system that fails to adequately deliver for those with children.
3.1. The Bill will place a duty on the Secretary of State to report annually on progress towards "full employment".
3.3. If these nuances are not considered in the definition of "full employment" we could find that figures being reported to Parliament paint an inaccurate picture of female employment rates.
4.1. The Bill proposes to reduce the total amount of benefits a couple/ single earner household can claim in 1 year to a maximum of £20,000 outside of London and to £13,400 for single claimants.
4.2. To date the impact of the benefit cap has been limited outside of London, mainly due to lower rents in areas like Wales. This reduction will make it much more likely for families in Wales to feel the impact.
4.4. The Bill also removes the link between the cap and average earnings and the requirement for an annual review. Instead the cap will only need to be reviewed once in a Parliament and any additional review will be at the discretion of the Secretary of State.
4.5. We have serious concerns about these changes. Removing the link with average earnings could see those reliant on benefits struggling to afford basic essentials and the removal of regular reviews could hide the full extent of the impact of the cap.
5.1. The Bill applies a 4 year freeze to a range of working age benefits including income support; jobseeker's allowance (JSA); Employment support allowance (ESA); housing benefit; universal credit; individual element of child tax credit; basic 30 hour 2nd adult and lone parent elements of working tax credit and child benefit.
5.4. Low inflation rates could limit the impact of the freeze initially but should the rate of inflation increase the freeze could see families reliant on benefits struggling to keep pace with the cost of living and be at a higher risk of falling into poverty.
This Bill will introduce policy changes that will affect women to a greater extent than men. If this is not considered fully before the Bill is implemented then women will continue to pay a higher price for austerity.
Robust scrutiny and impact assessments are vital, especially in light of proposed changes to the child poverty measure, which could hide the full impact of these changes on low income families and those at risk of, or experiencing, in-work poverty.
Ideally a full impact assessment of the Bill should be carried out prior to it being passed. If this is not possible it's vital that MPs engage in robust scrutiny of the Bill during its passage through Parliament to ensure the potential gender impact is understood and mitigated.
 IFS (2015) "Benefit changes and distributional analysis"
 Fawcett Society (2015) "Where's the Benefit: An independent inquiry into women and Jobseeker's Allowance"
 Chwarae Teg (2014) "Evidence to NAFW Communities, Equalities and Local Government Inquiry Poverty and inequality"
 JRF (2015) "Underemployment by gender over time"
 Fawcett Society (n.d.) Benefits. At: http://www.fawcettsociety.org.uk/2013/02/benefits/ via WENWales (2015) "The position in Wales today on Unpaid Care"


Published on July 17, 2018. Workbench Designs Jewelry. Woodwork woodworking shop benches pdf plans, pdf diy jewelry work bench design download kids playhouse. 668 best jewelry studio images on pinterest tools. 30br.


text:
Miednicomierz (pelwimetr) – urządzenie służące co wyznaczania zewnętrznych wymiarów kobiecej miednicy. Pomiary takie wykonuje się w celu uzyskania pośredniej oceny szerokości kanału rodnego ciężarnej. Znajomość tej szerokości pozwala przewidywać przebieg porodu i umożliwia kwalifikację do cesarskiego cięcia.

Pierwszy miednicomierz został skonstruowany przez francuskiego położnika Jean-Louisa Baudelocque'a.

Bibliografia
 Mała encyklopedia medycyny, Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, Warszawa 1991, wyd. 9, .

Zobacz też
 sprzężna

Przyrządy i narzędzia medyczne
Położnictwo

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Not everyone with osteoporosis will need to take medications. In some people, lifestyle changes and supplements may be enough. Activity, particularly weight-bearing exercise can help to make your bones stronger. Your doctor will advise you on available medications and what may be suitable for you.
Make sure you get enough calcium in your diet. For example, eat plenty of low-fat milk and milk products, calcium-enriched soy milk, some leafy green vegetables such as kale and Chinese cabbage, and canned fish with soft edible bones (like sardines and salmon).
If you can't or don't eat these kinds of foods, ask your doctor about calcium supplements. Recently, there has been publicity about whether calcium supplements increase the risk of heart attacks. Doctors are still not sure, but your GP can talk to you about what is best for you.
You need to have plenty of vitamin D. Direct sunlight on your skin is the best way to get vitamin D, but it can be hard to balance this with the risk of skin cancer, and with the fact there may not be enough sunshine in winter to fulfil this requirement. In fact, in Christchurch, between July and August, you would need approximately 40 to 90 minutes in the sun every day to get enough vitamin D.
People with darker skin may need more time in the sun to get enough vitamin D, or instead may need to take a supplement.
Other ways to get vitamin D include eating foods containing vitamin D, such as oily fish, eggs, and vitamin D enriched-foods such as margarine, milk, and yoghurt. How to get your daily calcium has information about which foods contain vitamin D. You can also take a vitamin D supplement.
The Ministry of Health does not recommend using sunbeds to increase vitamin D levels, because of the risk of melanoma.
Bisphosphonates are a special group of medicines that can help to increase your bone density, reduce fractures, and bone pain, if present.
Bisphosphonates are often taken as tablets, which you take alongside supplements of vitamin D and calcium. There are several brands available, some of which are subsidised, which means you won't pay the full price for them. All medications for osteoporosis have quite specific guidelines about how and when they should be taken, which your doctor and pharmacist will explain to you. It's very important that you follow these instructions, and that you continue to take your prescribed supplements.
Zoledronate, which is sometimes called zoledronic acid, is a powerful bisphosphonate that can be an effective treatment for osteoporosis. It is available as a once-yearly or 18-monthly intravenous infusion. This can be done at many general practices, or your doctor can refer you to another general practice to have the procedure. Some private facilities offer the procedure, and a small number are done in the public hospital if strict criteria are meet. In general practice, there is usually a charge for this but your general practice may be able to apply for funding to help with the cost.
If your doctor thinks you will benefit from zoledronate infusion, they will arrange for the necessary tests and approvals and give you more information.
For some women HRT helps to treat osteoporosis. This may be appropriate for you if you are under 60 years and have menopausal symptoms.
Other treatments that are publicly funded and sometimes used are raloxifene (Evista) and teriparatide (Forteo).
The exact length of time you should stay on medication is unclear. Your doctor will monitor your treatment with these medications and help decide what monitoring may me helpful. There is a bone clinic at Burwood Hospital for men and women with complex bone problems and you may be referred there.
Information provided by the Canterbury DHB. Endorsed by HealthInfo clinical advisers. Last reviewed June 2016.


text:
NBA Draft 2018 Philadelphia 76ers, Villanova, Trades; ATM Robbery Explosion; NJ Student Arrested
Thursday night was the 2018 NBA Draft held at the Barclays Center in Brooklyn, NY. The Philadelphia 76ers had 2 first round picks and 4 second round picks in tonight's draft including the 10th overall selection. Four members of the 2018 NCAA Champion Villanova Wildcats had entered this year's draft. The Sixers drafted Villanova F/G Mikal Bridges with that #10 overall pick. He is a Malvern, PA, native and his mother is a VP of Human Relations for the Sixers organization. He had barely finished his first interview talking about playing for his hometown team when it was announced that the Sixers had traded Bridges to the Phoenix Suns for their #16 pick Zhaire Smith of Texas Tech. The other Villanova players selected on draft night include: Donte DiVincenzo #17 - Milwaukee Bucks, Omari Spellman #30 - Atlanta Hawks, Jalen Brunson #33 - Dallas Mavericks.
The Sixers complete draft looks like this:
#10 Mikal Bridges of Villanova traded for #16 Zhaire Smith of Texas Tech (from Phoenix Suns) and 2021 first-round pick (from Miami Heat)
#26 Landry Shamet of Wichita State
#38 Khyri Thomas of Creighton traded to Detroit for two future second-round picks
#39 Issac Bonga of Germany
#56 Ray Spalding of Louisville
#60 Kostas Antetokounmpo of Dayton
#56 and #60 were traded to Dallas Mavericks for #54 overall pick Shake Milton of SMU
Philadelphia Police has arrested one person in connection with an explosion of an ATM during a robbery in Kensington on Wednesday night, 6/20. It happened around 10 p.m. inside Kenny's Place beer distributor on the 1800 block of East Allegheny Avenue near Jasper Street. The incident was caught on surveillance video. Police have arrested the female in the video seen lighting/placing the explosive device in the front of the ATM. They are still looking for a male accomplice. Police say that the explosive blew apart the top of the machine but the safe inside was still intact. The suspects did not get away with any cash. This is the fourth such dangerous explosive incident in the past two weeks in Philadelphia. None of those robberies were successful.
The woman has been identified as Tinikah Hogan, of the 3400 block of Emerald Street.
An Ocean County, New Jersey, student has been accused of threatening to shoot up his high school graduation. The Ocean County Prosecutor's Office says that 19-year-old Matthew Vanderbeek of Cream Ridge is now in custody. Vanderbeek threatened to shoot students and staff at the New Egypt High School graduation via social media. Police searched his home for evidence and found that he was attempting to obtain a firearm. He is charged with terroristic threats with a threat to kill and attempting to possess a firearm for an unlawful purpose. Vanderbeek is currently being held in jail pending a hearing. Police say there is no current threat against the public or school.


Roy Mucilli, CAHED Lifetime member and recipient of the David and Donna Howard award, was a proud alumnus of CU. In his honor, this scholarship will be available for a student in CU's School of Engineering involved in Healthcare Facilities/Engineering.
Copyright © 2013-2016 Colorado Association of Healthcare Engineers and Directors. All rights reserved.


For security-conscious IT managers, choosing between Linux and Windows NT is like a return trip to the Garden of Eden. With security concerns rising in the open source community, BeOpen recently interviewed two developers who have taken two very different . . . For security-conscious IT managers, choosing between Linux and Windows NT is like a return trip to the Garden of Eden. With security concerns rising in the open source community, BeOpen recently interviewed two developers who have taken two very different approaches to addressing those concerns. Tom Vogt is a lead developer of Nexus, a "maximum security" Linux distribution unveiled on May 9. Theo DeRaadt is leader of the OpenBSD project, a BSD offshoot that has built a reputation as one of the most secure "out of the box" operating systems in the world. We asked both of them about open source security issues and how they deal with them.


As a service oriented organisation, we seek to recruit the best human and intellectual capital. Our employees encompass highly experienced professional from local and international foundations/companies. To ensure the progressive improvement of knowledge, skills and capabilities, we continuously invest in training and honing their expertise and capabilities.
We have over 800 staff strengths representing a large number of specialist and knowledge workers in all areas.


The Arbuckle-Simpson aquifer, which underlies more than 500 square miles in south central Oklahoma, is the principal water source for approximately 39,000 people in the cities of Ada, Sulphur, and others in the region. The aquifer is also the source of a number of important springs in the region, including Byrds Mill Spring, Ada's primary drinking water source, and those in the Chickasaw National Recreation Area, the destination for about 3.4 million visitors each year. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has designated the aquifer's eastern portion as a Sole Source Aquifer, a mechanism to protect drinking water supplies in areas with limited water supply alternatives.
The Arbuckle-Simpson aquifer consists of limestone, dolomite, and sandstone within the Simpson and the Arbuckle Groups of Ordovician and Cambrian age and can be up to 9,000 feet thick. Rocks of the Arbuckle and Simpson Groups are exposed at the land surface in three uplifts, separated from each other by large high-angle faults. Intensive folding and faulting of a thick sequence of Paleozoic rocks formed the ancestral Arbuckle Mountains. Originally rising several thousand feet above the surrounding plains, the mountains have been eroded to their present-day maximum relief of about 600 feet.
Water is discharged naturally from the aquifer by numerous springs and seeps; much of this discharge becomes the base flow of streams. Springs that issue from the aquifer discharge up to 19,000 gallons per minute. Small karst features can be seen over much of the outcrop area of the aquifer, but human-enterable air-filled caves are found only in a few locations. Some of the springs and caves include unique fauna, including the Oklahoma cave amphipod, an invertebrate known from only four caves, all of which are located in the Arbuckle-Simpson aquifer.
Fairchild, R.W., Hanson, R.L., and Davis, R.E. (1990) Hydrology of the Arbuckle Mountains area, south-central Oklahoma: Oklahoma Geological Survey Circular 91, 112 p.
Hanson, R.L., and Cates, S.W. (1994) Hydrology of the Chickasaw National Recreation Area, Murray County, Oklahoma: USGS Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4102, 86 p.
Sacova, M.E., and Bergman, D.L. (1994) Effects of municipal ground-water withdrawals on the Arbuckle-Simpson aquifer, Pontotoc County, Oklahoma: USGS Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4230, 37 p.
Arbuckle-Simpson Hydrology Study — A comprehensive multi-year study of south central Oklahoma's Arbuckle-Simpson Aquifer. It is the most intensive analysis of surface and groundwater relationships ever conducted in Oklahoma.
Arbuckle-Simpson GIS Layers Data — Compilation of digital data in a shapefile and tabular formats describing the Arbuckle Simpson aquifer and surrounding areas in Carter, Coal, Johnston, Murray, and Ponotoc Counties, in Oklahoma.
Additional information can be found at The Arbuckle-Simpson Hydrology Study.


text:
Q: Subrings of $\mathbb{Z}[i]$ This is from a qualifying exam I found and I was wondering if I found all the subrings possible.  The question was:

Let $\mathbb{Z}[i]$ be the set of complex numbers of the form $a + bi$ where $a$ and $b $ range over all integers. List all subrings of $\mathbb{Z}[i]$. (Your list should contain each subring exactly once.)

So obviously, $\{0\}$, and $\mathbb{Z}[i]$ are subrings.  I also believe the following are subrings; $\mathbb{Z},k\mathbb{Z}$ where $k\in\mathbb{Z}$, and $k\mathbb{Z}[i]$.  They are all definitely additive commutative groups, and closed under multiplicaiton and distribution...I'm I missing any other subgroups?

A: firstly notice that any $Z$-module is free, the subring should have form $na$ or $na+mb$ or $\{0\}$.
In first case we have $a^2=na$, this gives $kZ$.
In second case we have $a^2=n_1a+m_1b$ ,$ab=n_2a+m_2b$ and $b^2=n_3a+m_3b$. Notice that this is sufficient. And for any $a,b\in Z[i]$ we can find $n$ big enough that $na,nb$ satisfies such condition. This finished the classification of Subrings of $Z[i]$. I think this can be further simplified considering $Z[i]^2/SL(2,Z)$
If you want the subring always contain identity, things were easier. In the first case only $Z$, second case only rings generated by $1$ and $ni$.

A: Okay, so since we are talking about a ring w/o unit under the definition of a ring as an abelian additive group closed under multiplication satisfying associativity and distribution, I think I've got the subrings as:
$\{0\}, \mathbb{Z}, k\mathbb{Z}, \alpha\mathbb{Z}[i],$ and $\mathbb{Z}[i]$
Where $k\in\mathbb{Z}$ and $\alpha\in\mathbb{Z}[i]$.