text:
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Electronics Mining Pulp & Paper Sustainability
Cell harvesting — getting cultural
Peter Rose of Alfa Laval takes a look at one of the growth areas of biopharmaceutical filtration and separation: the harvesting of mammalian cells to produce new drugs and medicines. The article examines the origines of the technology used in this sector of the industry, and considers recent developments.
Alfa Laval's Culterfuge 100 cell separation system.
During the development of large scale cell culture fermentations, it soon became obvious that cell culture characteristics called for extremely gentle separator designs
We – mammals that is – are composed of cells. The reflection that faces you in a mirror may look solid enough but what you are really seeing are approximately 10 trillion cells split into about 200 different types. These cell groups are quite specialised: livers are made of liver cells, muscles of specialist muscle cells and so on.
Growing and harvesting mammalian cells outside of the body and in the laboratory or factory to produce new drugs and medicines is one of the most exciting arms of the modern life science industry. Yet, far-fetched as it may seem, these enormous advances in medical science can be traced back to a chicken which was dissected some time late in the 19th Century; 1885 to be precise. That was when Wilhelm Roux managed to maintain the medullary plate of the said embryonic chicken in a warm saline solution for a number of days and thus first established the principle of tissue culture.
His work was taken on several stages further by scientists at John Hopkins Medical School and Yale University during the first decade of the 20th Century. In the 1940s and 1950s viruses grown in cell cultures were used in the manufacture of vaccines. The polio vaccines that finally eliminated the threat of the disease were grown in cell cultures from monkey kidneys.
These days, of course, drug production based on cell culture is one of the fastest-growing areas of biotechnology. Its rapid success owes much to the parallel development of technologies for the three key stages in cell culture growth: fermentation, harvesting and purification.
Harvesting is performed by separating the cell culture from the growing medium and several techniques are used to perform this delicate operation; centrifugation, microfiltration, depth filtration and filtration through absolute pore size membranes. Of the different techniques, centrifugation is the one most commonly scaled up from laboratory to factory production levels.
Centrifugation uses the density difference between solids and the surrounding fluid and accelerates the settling that would normally occur during sedimentation. Most industrial applications use disk stack centrifuges to remove cells and cell debris from the nutrient broth. Disk stack centrifuges offer continuous operation, making their throughput consistent with the desire to limit the time for harvest operations.
Naturally, it is not quite as simple as it appears. Mammalian cells are very fragile organisms so, although a disc stack centrifuge makes the job of separation relatively easy, the trick is to do so with minimal damage to the product. Acceleration of the protein rich feed material takes a fraction of a second. But although speed is of the essence, it must not be at expense of destroying the highly shear-sensitive cell wall membrane which would release undesirable, intracellular proteins into the broth – a process known as lysis.
By preventing additional lysis during acceleration it is possible to increase the separator's capacity while still achieving the required separation result. Downstream purification of target proteins is also simplified and can be carried out using more compact equipment, thus generating significant savings in the process. The challenge, then, is to achieve maximum separation efficiency with minimal product disruption.
Just as cell culture has developed from relatively humble origins so has the equipment used to harvest it. In fact, from the earliest stages of cell culture science when Alfa Laval worked with industry leaders in the development of large scale cell culture fermentations, it soon became obvious that cell culture characteristics called for extremely gentle separator designs. What they turned to was the hollow spindle which owed its origins to concepts originally developed for the dairy industry where the gentle touch was used to prevent fat particles in milk from shearing apart during acceleration. Decades later, the same technology is a corner stone in modern cell culture processing.
Like many innovations, the initial impetus had little to do with the eventual outcome. When Alfa Laval engineers originally decided to study the feasibility of a separator which provided liquid discharge under pressure, it was beer, not milk, which they had in mind. The target was to purify beer by separating it without air ingress and under sufficient pressure to prevent the loss of carbon dioxide.
The only rational way in which to achieve a closed system was to feed the liquid to the bowl from underneath, through a tubular bowl spindle, and discharge it at the bowl neck. An experimental machine for clarifying beer was built but also tested on milk as it was felt that the machine might solve the milk froth problem: Which it did.
The milk process then seemed to be the more commercially viable. The engineers modified the original machine to provide two outlets so that it could also be used as a cream separator. Trials in a Swedish dairy proved so successful that Alfa Laval then produced a number of the new separators for display at the 1933 Deutche Landwirt-schaftlische Gesellschaft exhibition in Berlin. This first hermetic separator radically changed dairy and brewery technology from that point onwards.
As befitted a radically different piece of equipment, the hollow spindle hermetic separator looked totally different to earlier centrifuges. The frame was designed so that the inlets for whole milk at the bottom of the machine were readily accessible.
Neither the traditional two-piece bowl spindle nor the newer Baltic type spindle could be used. Consequently, the hermetic separator had to incorporate an entirely new spindle design. The solution was to adapt the spindle from the largest Alfa Laval yeast separator at the time, the OVK 5.
At the top end of the spindle, just beneath the bowl, the flexible top bearing – a radial ball bearing – supported the weight of the bowl, and at the bottom end, a spherical ball bearing allowed for the precision movement of the spindle. Whole milk was fed under pressure through the spindle into the bottom of the bowl. The seal between the stationary inlet pipe and the rotating spindle consisted of a U-shaped rubber gasket reinforced with fabric. Milk entered the bowl via the central chamber at its bottom, from where it was distributed in the disc stack in the usual way.
Since it did not have a hole through its centre its diameter was considerably reduced when compared to machines with top feed. As a result of the overall design, the entire free space in the bowl was filled with liquid.
Besides achieving the main objective – cream and skim milk free from foam – the hermetic separator provided several other advantages; the most important of which was its clean skimming capability which was better than any other separator. Two factors contributed to this improved level of performance. Firstly, the milk was accelerated very gently in the long hollow spindle, minimising the splitting of fat globules. Secondly, the Alfa-discs were given a smaller inner radius, increasing the separation area available in a given bowl volume.
The same hollow spindle hermetic design is central to Culturefuge which was the world's first fully hermetic purpose-built cell culture centrifuge, developed principally for applications involving mammalian cell cultures and precipitated protein. Its use was intended to provide the gentlest acceleration possible in a centrifugal disc stack separator designed specifically for cell culture harvesting.
The smooth acceleration imposes minimal shear strains on the cells. As importantly, the hollow spindle creates a truly hermetic design that completely eliminates air-liquid interfaces within the centrifuge and thus also eliminates the foaming, a major cause of protein degradation.
As a bonus, the design also allows centrate discharge at small radius which reduces both power consumption and keeps temperature pick up to a minimum during separation.
In a mathematical model for feed zone breakage of shear sensitive particles in centrifugal separators, the breakage was found to be independent of flow-rate. A study by Boychyn et al. simulated the flow-field in the acceleration zone of a traditional centrifuge, using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). In this study two cases were compared, one classic with air present in the feed zone, and one gently liquid filled, i.e. with no air present.
This modelling technique confirmed that, during acceleration with air present, the maximum energy dissipation rate is up to two times higher than in air free acceleration.
Higher energy dissipation leads to a considerably higher particle breakage in the protein precipitate suspension and consequently less successful clarification. A later study by Boychyn, used a similar CFD tool to model the acceleration forces in the acceleration zone of a multi-chamber bowl. In this study, the group was able to make accurate predictions of centrifuge performance.
Finally, there is a comparative study by the same research group on Cell Culture processed in two small production/pilot scale disc stack centrifuges. One separator had a classic non-filled acceleration zone and the other a hollow spindle hermetic inlet for gently accelerating the feed. In every other important aspect (equivalent area, rpm etc), the machines were identical. The group found a hollow spindle type centrifuge provided a 2.5-fold increase in throughput for the same clarification performance when compared to the other separator.
The modern Culturefuge system
Translated into a modern cell culture harvesting system such as the Culturefuge, this hollow spindle technology made it possible to provide a method of continuous cell harvesting, under hermetic conditions. The skid-mounted Culturefuge consists of a disk-stack, high-speed separator with piping for service liquids and process liquids. It includes an integrated electrical system with starter, PLC control and pneumatic unit. A motor with an integrated VFD is standard. As an option the system can also include a steam-sterilisable pump for transport of the solids phase. Culturefuge's design is in accordance with most major Pressure Vessel specifications including ASME and PED.
All product contact parts are made of high-grade stainless steel. Various grades of surface finish are available 1.2 μm Ra, 0.8 μm Ra or 0.5 μm Ra with electro-polish. The skid-mounted modular design can be delivered for open operation, contained running, steam sterilisable aseptic operation or steam decontamination-only operation.
Feed material enters the Culturefuge 100 through a hollow spindle feed inlet and accelerates gradually as it moves upwards, thereby minimising the shear forces on the liquids and preventing cell lysis. To prevent the risk of it mixing with air, the feed zone is completely filled with rotating liquid. The provision of this completely hermetic outlet eliminates the possibility of materials coming into contact with the air or the external environment; thus avoiding foaming and denaturisation of the product.
During normal production the operating water keeps the sliding bowl bottom closed against the bowl hood. During discharge the sliding bowl bottom drops for a short time (less than a second) and the solids are ejected through the discharge ports. The high velocity of the ejected solids is reduced in the cyclone.
Harvesting cells to develop new vaccines and medicines has moved from the realm of science fiction to fact, partly thanks to a slice of chicken and a separator that started life skimming milk from cream, and now helps harvest the most precious commodity of all, good health.
Pharmaceutical & Biotechnology
Alfa Laval adds Culturefuge 400 to centrifuge range
Clarification platform for antibody cell cultures
SPX Flow adds direct drive to centrifuge line
GEA presents single-use pharma separator
Alfa Laval to launch a premium separator range for single-use pharma
Ultrapure water: Meeting the cell culture challenge
© Copyright 2023 Mark Allen Group | Registered in England No. 02120366


Rev. Charles Moore, a retired United Methodist minister from Grand Saline, Texas, set himself on fire and died to protest continuing racism in America.
A troubling and morally difficult article. I wonder whether the people he hoped to change will understand his act at all.
Philae wakes up and phones home!


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text:
/* vi: set sw=4 ts=4: */
/*
 * linked list helper functions.
 *
 * Copyright (C) 2003 Glenn McGrath
 * Copyright (C) 2005 Vladimir Oleynik
 * Copyright (C) 2005 Bernhard Fischer
 * Copyright (C) 2006 Rob Landley <rob@landley.net>
 *
 * Licensed under the GPL v2 or later, see the file LICENSE in this tarball.
 */

#include "libbb.h"

/* Add data to the start of the linked list.  */
void llist_add_to(llist_t **old_head, void *data)
{
	llist_t *new_head = xmalloc(sizeof(llist_t));

	new_head->data = data;
	new_head->link = *old_head;
	*old_head = new_head;
}

/* Add data to the end of the linked list.  */
void llist_add_to_end(llist_t **list_head, void *data)
{
	llist_t *new_item = xmalloc(sizeof(llist_t));

	new_item->data = data;
	new_item->link = NULL;

	if (!*list_head)
		*list_head = new_item;
	else {
		llist_t *tail = *list_head;

		while (tail->link)
			tail = tail->link;
		tail->link = new_item;
	}
}

/* Remove first element from the list and return it */
void *llist_pop(llist_t **head)
{
	void *data, *next;

	if (!*head)
		return NULL;

	data = (*head)->data;
	next = (*head)->link;
	free(*head);
	*head = next;

	return data;
}

/* Unlink arbitrary given element from the list */
void llist_unlink(llist_t **head, llist_t *elm)
{
	llist_t *crt;

	if (!(elm && *head))
		return;

	if (elm == *head) {
		*head = (*head)->link;
		return;
	}

	for (crt = *head; crt; crt = crt->link) {
		if (crt->link == elm) {
			crt->link = elm->link;
			return;
		}
	}
}

/* Recursively free all elements in the linked list.  If freeit != NULL
 * call it on each datum in the list */
void llist_free(llist_t *elm, void (*freeit) (void *data))
{
	while (elm) {
		void *data = llist_pop(&elm);

		if (freeit)
			freeit(data);
	}
}

#ifdef UNUSED
/* Reverse list order. */
llist_t *llist_rev(llist_t *list)
{
	llist_t *rev = NULL;

	while (list) {
		llist_t *next = list->link;

		list->link = rev;
		rev = list;
		list = next;
	}
	return rev;
}
#endif

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
CARLO RATTI – CARLO RATTI ASSOCIATI
An architect and engineer by training, Carlo Ratti practices in Italy and teaches at the MIT, where he directs the Senseable City Lab, a research group that explores how new technologies are changing the way we understand, design and ultimately live in cities.
He is also a founding partner of the international design office Carlo Ratti Associati, which he established in 2004 in Torino, Italy. Ratti has co-authored over 250 publications and holds several patents. His work has been exhibited in several venues worldwide, including the Venice Biennale, MoMA in New York City and MAXXI in Rome.
He has been included in Blueprint Magazine's '25 People who will Change the World of Design' and in Wired Magazine's 'Smart List 2012: 50 people who will change the world'. He was curator for the 'Future Food District' at Expo Milano 2015..
The increasing deployment of sensors and hand-held electronics in recent years is allowing a new approach to the study of the built environment. The way we describe and understand cities is being radically transformed – alongside the tools we use to design them and impact on their physical structure. The contribution from prof. Carlo Ratti will address these issues from a critical point of view through projects by the Senseable City Laboratory, a research initiative at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and the design office Carlo Ratti Associati.
Future Food District, Expo Milano 2015.
Digital Water Pavilion, EXPO Zaragoza 2008.
The Cloud, Landmark Proposal for London 2012 Olympics.
#No category
Lights on Milan
Icon Design, new fanpage for Interni

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Volume 19, issue 7 | Copyright
Research article 16 Jul 2015
Research article | 16 Jul 2015
Hydrological connectivity inferred from diatom transport through the riparian-stream system
N. Martínez-Carreras1, C. E. Wetzel1, J. Frentress1, L. Ector1, J. J. McDonnell2,3, L. Hoffmann1, and L. Pfister1 N. Martínez-Carreras et al. N. Martínez-Carreras1, C. E. Wetzel1, J. Frentress1, L. Ector1, J. J. McDonnell2,3, L. Hoffmann1, and L. Pfister1
1Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, Department Environmental Research and Innovation, Belvaux, Luxembourg
2Global Institute for Water Security, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
3School of Geosciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK
Received: 20 Jan 2015 – Discussion started: 24 Feb 2015 – Revised: 16 Jun 2015 – Accepted: 17 Jun 2015 – Published: 16 Jul 2015
Abstract. Diatoms (Bacillariophyta) are one of the most common and diverse algal groups (ca. 200 000 species, ≈ 10–200 μm, unicellular, eukaryotic). Here we investigate the potential of aerial diatoms (i.e. diatoms nearly exclusively occurring outside water bodies, in wet, moist or temporarily dry places) to infer surface hydrological connectivity between hillslope-riparian-stream (HRS) landscape units during storm runoff events. We present data from the Weierbach catchment (0.45 km2, northwestern Luxembourg) that quantify the relative abundance of aerial diatom species on hillslopes and in riparian zones (i.e. surface soils, litter, bryophytes and vegetation) and within streams (i.e. stream water, epilithon and epipelon). We tested the hypothesis that different diatom species assemblages inhabit specific moisture domains of the catchment (i.e. HRS units) and, consequently, the presence of certain species assemblages in the stream during runoff events offers the potential for recording whether there was hydrological connectivity between these domains or not. We found that a higher percentage of aerial diatom species was present in samples collected from the riparian and hillslope zones than inside the stream. However, diatoms were absent on hillslopes covered by dry litter and the quantities of diatoms (in absolute numbers) were small in the rest of hillslope samples. This limits their use for inferring hillslope-riparian zone connectivity. Our results also showed that aerial diatom abundance in the stream increased systematically during all sampled events (n = 11, 2011–2012) in response to incident precipitation and increasing discharge. This transport of aerial diatoms during events suggested a rapid connectivity between the soil surface and the stream. Diatom transport data were compared to two-component hydrograph separation, and end-member mixing analysis (EMMA) using stream water chemistry and stable isotope data. Hillslope overland flow was insignificant during most sampled events. This research suggests that diatoms were likely sourced exclusively from the riparian zone, since it was not only the largest aerial diatom reservoir, but also since soil water from the riparian zone was a major streamflow source during rainfall events under both wet and dry antecedent conditions. In comparison to other tracer methods, diatoms require taxonomy knowledge and a rather large processing time. However, they can provide unequivocal evidence of hydrological connectivity and potentially be used at larger catchment scales.
How to cite: Martínez-Carreras, N., Wetzel, C. E., Frentress, J., Ector, L., McDonnell, J. J., Hoffmann, L., and Pfister, L.: Hydrological connectivity inferred from diatom transport through the riparian-stream system, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 3133-3151, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-3133-2015, 2015.
We tested the hypothesis that different diatom species assemblages inhabit specific moisture domains of the catchment and, consequently, the presence of certain species assemblages in the stream during runoff events offers the potential for recording whether there was hydrological connectivity between these domains or not. In the Weierbach catchment, the transport of aerial diatoms during events suggested a rapid connectivity between the soil surface and the stream.
We tested the hypothesis that different diatom species assemblages inhabit specific moisture...


antibodies are cleared from the neonatal circulation , while a complete atrioventricular block in a structurally normal heart, is considered permanent. Congenital heart block develops during gestational week 18–25 and presents with a low ventricular rate, usually ranging from 40 to 60 beats per minute . A complete heart block is a potentially lethal condition and morbidity in surviving foetuses is substantial, with more than two-thirds either of affected children requiring permanent pacemaker implantation [2, 4, 5]. Congenital heart block is thought to result from an inflammation of the foetal heart tissue mainly affecting the atrioventricular node, as documented in several histological studies of heart tissue from foetuses dying from the condition. Histological studies in affected diseased foetuses have confirmed signs of inflammation in the foetal heart including lymphocytic infiltrates, deposition of antibodies and complement components, as well as calcification and fibrosis [6–9]. Development of congenital heart block is closely related to the presence of maternal autoantibodies associated with the rheumatic diseases Sjögren's syndrome or SLE, but the mother of an affected child may also be asymptomatic.


text:
Combining Medications Could Offer Better Results for ADHD Patients
Washington DC, August 1, 2016
Three studies to be published in the August 2016 issue of the Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (JAACAP) report that combining two standard medications could lead to greater clinical improvements for children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) than either ADHD therapy alone.
At present, studies show that the use of several ADHD medications result in significant reductions in ADHD symptoms. However, so far there is no conclusive evidence that these standard drug treatments also improve long-term academic, social, and clinical outcomes. Research suggests that both the severity of ADHD symptoms and the degree of cognitive dysfunction that remain despite treatment contribute to poorer outcomes. As a result, more effective treatments need to be identified. One method for identifying more effective treatments is by including objective measures of the effect of ADHD treatments on brain function, which most clinical studies do not do. Using objective biological markers (or biomarkers) of patients' response to ADHD treatments could substantially advance knowledge of the neural mechanisms underlying treatment effects, helping researchers understand why there are differences in individual response.
By recruiting a sample of children and adolescents 7-14 years of age with and without ADHD, a group of researchers led by Drs. James McCracken, Sandra Loo, and Robert Bilder of the UCLA Semel Institute performed three interlocking studies examining the effects of combining standard medications on clinical, cognitive, and brain activity measures. Combined treatment was hypothesized to be superior to the two standard medications, d-methylphenidate and guanfacine, on both clinical and cognitive outcomes, and was expected to show a distinct profile of effects on brain wave activity (EEG). Participants with ADHD were randomly assigned to eight weeks of double-blinded treatment with either d-methylphenidate, guanfacine, or a combination of the two.
Clinical results showed consistent added benefits for the combined therapy over the two single treatments, especially for symptoms of inattention, and more global response indices. The rate of good clinical response went up from 62-63% in the single drug therapy to 75% in the combined therapy.
The authors argue that the modest but consistently better treatment effects of the combined treatment may have long-term significance, as less severe symptoms may lead to better outcomes. Cognitive functioning showed a slightly different pattern. Working memory improved with both combination and stimulant treatment showing roughly equal positive effects. Guanfacine, however, showed no change in working memory function despite improvement in ADHD symptomatology. Finally, the EEG study showed that only the combination therapy resulted in improved brain activity patterns that were associated with reduced ADHD symptoms and improved cognitive functions. Taken together, the results from the three studies suggest that combination therapy resulted in the best outcomes across several different domains of function, including ADHD symptom change, working memory performance, and brain activity patterns.
"ADHD is the most commonly diagnosed neuropsychiatric disorder in children, and we know full well the risks it poses for children's future success in every area of functioning. Our current treatments clearly benefit most children in the short-term, but we've yet to find ways to protect those with ADHD from suffering many of the long-term risks," McCracken said. "While we are encouraged by some of the advantages we observed of the combined treatment, we have a long way to go still in improving interventions for ADHD, as seen by the more limited cognitive effects."
"These data highlight the importance of considering cognition as a major outcome," said Bilder. "In the future, we may be able to utilize multiple objective methods such as cognitive testing and EEG to individually optimize treatments, but more work is needed, including long-term studies of treatments with proven clinical and cognitive benefits." Dr. Loo added, "The use of objective biological measures in diagnosis and treatment can also help to reduce stigma, increase acceptance of the disorder, and more accurately track treatment response to yield better outcomes."
Based on these findings, the authors conclude that combining stimulants with medications like guanfacine warrants more consideration even in children with ADHD who benefit from monotherapies. Combination treatment, with appropriate monitoring, was equally well tolerated and safe in this and prior studies. Greater consideration of the cognitive effects of treatments is necessary to improve clinical outcomes. Moreover, other treatment strategies that may yield more robust benefits are needed. As technology advances, the authors hope that more objective measures of response can make their way into routine practice. Even with such improvements, the source of individual differences in ADHD treatment response remain largely unknown. Additional long-term research on the benefits of combination treatments in large samples is necessary to confirm these findings and to further advance clinical care. If validated, combined treatments of these or potentially other compounds have the potential to dramatically improve the lives of many individuals with ADHD.
"Effects of d-Methylphenidate, Guanfacine, and Their Combination on Electroencephalogram Resting State Spectral Power in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder" by Sandra K. Loo, Robert M. Bilder, Alexander L. Cho, Alexandra Sturm, Jennifer Cowen, Patricia Walshaw, Jennifer Levitt, Melissa Del'Homme, John Piacentini, James J. McGough, and James T. McCracken (doi: 10.1016/j.jaac.2016.04.020), "Combined Stimulant and Guanfacine Administration in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Controlled, Comparative Study" by James T. McCracken, James J. McGough, Sandra K. Loo, Jennifer Levitt, Melissa Del'Homme, Jennifer Cowen, Alexandra Sturm, Fiona Whelan, Gerhard Hellemann, Catherine Sugar, and Robert M. Bilder (doi: 10.1016/j.jaac.2016.05.015), and "Cognitive Effects of Stimulant, Guanfacine, and Combined Treatment in Child and Adolescent Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder" by Robert M. Bilder, Sandra K. Loo, James J. McGough, Fiona Whelan, Gerhard Hellemann, Catherine Sugar, Melissa Del'Homme, Alexandra Sturm, Jennifer Cowen, Grant Hanada, and James T. McCracken (doi: 10.1016/j.jaac.2016.05.016) appear in the Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Volume 55, Issue 8 (August 2016), published by Elsevier.
Full text of the article is available to credentialed journalists upon request; contact Mary Billingsley at +1 202 587 9672 or mbillingsley@jaacap.org. Journalists wishing to interview the authors may contact Dr. Sandra Loo at sloo@mednet.ucla.edu.
All articles published in JAACAP are embargoed until the day they are published as in-press corrected proofs online at http://jaacap.org/inpress. Articles cannot be publicized as in-press accepted manuscripts. Contents of the publication should not be released to or by the media or government agencies prior to the embargo date.
About JAACAP
Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (JAACAP) is the official publication of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. JAACAP is the leading journal focusing exclusively on today's psychiatric research and treatment of the child and adolescent. Published twelve times per year, each issue is committed to its mission of advancing the science of pediatric mental health and promoting the care of youth and their families. www.jaacap.com
The Journal's purpose is to advance research, clinical practice, and theory in child and adolescent psychiatry. It is interested in manuscripts from diverse viewpoints, including genetic, epidemiological, neurobiological, cognitive, behavioral, psychodynamic, social, cultural, and economic. Studies of diagnostic reliability and validity, psychotherapeutic and psychopharmacological treatment efficacy, and mental health services effectiveness are encouraged. The Journal also seeks to promote the well-being of children and families by publishing scholarly papers on such subjects as health policy, legislation, advocacy, culture and society, and service provision as they pertain to the mental health of children and families.
Mary Billingsley
JAACAP Editorial Office
mbillingsley@jaacap.org


text:
Q: $\mu \ll m$ finite Borel implies $x \mapsto \mu(A + x)$ is continuous Why is it true that if $\mu$ is a finite Borel measure on $\mathbf{R}$ which is absolutely continuous with respect to Lebesgue measure $m$, then $x \mapsto \mu(A + x)$ is continuous for any fixed Borel set $A$?
I want to use the $\epsilon-\delta$ characterization of absolute continuity, since $\mu$ is finite.  This amounts to showing that $m(A_x \Delta A_y) \ll 1$ when $|x-y| \ll 1$, where $A_x = A + x$ and $\Delta$ is the symmetric difference.
Why is this true?
I didn't find this post helpful:
$\mu$ is a finite Borel measure on $\Bbb R$, absolutely continuous w.r.t. to the Lebesgue measure $m$. Prove that $x \mapsto \mu(A+x)$ is continuous.
Thanks.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Matt Fendley, Brandon Wogamon and Mick Matricciano from Cannonborough Soda.
In the current September/October print issue, contributor John Kessler explored the "top of the pops"—the most exciting and progressive soda makers around the country. Here are the players to watch as the category continues to expand.
A familiar sight at New York farmers markets and festivals, Brooklyn Soda offers flavors such as Pineapple and Sage, or Red Currant and Shiso.
Cannonborough features an array of seasonal flavors such as Lemon Laurel and honey Basil.
Dickie's combines three simple ingre- dients: ginger, lemon and sugar. Cur- rently available locally in vancouver.
This grown-up soda is available at bars, restaurants and markets in kentucky.
What started as a bar mixer is now a retail operation with two storefronts and distribution in restaurants and markets.
Rambling offers soda-fountain favorites in flavors like Sarsaparilla, Lime-Grape and Columbus Cola with citrus, cinnamon and kola nut.
Long a familiar name in the beer world, Rogue now makes sodas in flavors such as Pumpkin Spice and Citrus Cucumber.
Celery and Orange sodas made by Anna Wallace.
Botanically brewed Ginger Beer and hopped Cola are available in the Twin Cities.
Sodas such as Filé Root Beer and Praline Cream play off the flavors found in Cajun/Creole cooking.
Fresh, seasonal ingredients flavor their sodas, including their popular Concord Grape.
This krog Street Market food stall serves inspired sodas from Kathryn Fitzgerald, many flavored with local and foraged ingredients.


text:
Q: cannot start mysql using --login-path on ubuntu On a ubuntu-18.04 system on which mysql 5.7 was installed from a package, I can start mysql (the cmd line tool, not mysqld) using the following:
ls -l /etc/mysql/debian.cnf
-rw------- 1 root root 317 Jul 30 06:05 /etc/mysql/debian.cnf
sudo mysql --login-path=/etc/mysql/debian.cnf
Welcome to the MySQL monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 2108
Server version: 5.7.39-0ubuntu0.18.04.2 (Ubuntu)
...
mysql> quit;

However, on a ubuntu-20.04 system where I had to install mysql 5.7 via this mechanism, there was no /etc/mysql/debian.cnf.  So I started mysql as root, added the debian-sys-maint user, and created debian.cnf.  There is no actual debian-sys-maint user on either system.
However, I can't start mysql on the ubuntu-20 system using --login-path:
$ ls -l /etc/mysql/debian.cnf
-rw------- 1 root root 257 Aug 25 23:37 /etc/mysql/debian.cnf
$ sudo mysql --login-path=/etc/mysql/debian.cnf
ERROR 1045 (28000): Access denied for user 'root'@'localhost' (using password: NO)

Yet I can start mysql using:
$ mysql -u debian-sys-maint -pxxx

where xxx is the password value in /etc/mysql/debian.cnf
What am I missing?


All That Jazz Fest & Car Show has finally arrived to the Memphis music market!!!!! Over 20 Local artists will grace the stage singing, blues, country jazz, gospel jazz, neo-soul, spoken word, and more! World Renowned, Gospel Jazz Artist, Cameron Ross has traveled the world for more than 15 years rendering musical tones and touching lives everywhere. Now it's time to bring that full circle to Memphis. With crowds of over 2000, enjoying the indoor concert, car show, step show and vendors galore. This is definitely an event worth attending for years to come! Welcome to "The Experience."
Memphis has such rich roots, historical value when it comes to music. Moreover, Jazz has been overlooked here. Our goal is to build, engage, showcase, and encourage aspiring artists to share their gift of music with others. A portion of the proceeds will be donated to a local schools with a performing arts foundation and Ambassadors of Memphis for all their efforts in Operation Safe Streets. Click Here for project details!
One Day Event held in Germantown's beautiful. This annual event is being sponsored by The Sharen Rooks Agency, which also hosts, annual Born 2 Win fundraiser concert, for Walking Into A New Life, Inc., held at the Great Hall in the month of June. The event raises money for domestic violence awareness and training services.
We do encourage you to support this event and gain the exposure while supporting the arts and music.


5 minutes walking distance from West Exit of JR TSUGA Station,in front of Community Center(Shuttle car available).
You can search for a car rental plan of Tsuga from the following area. You can select a pick-up site into a search box at the upper right and search for a car rental plan.


The SA-595LC has been designed to offer OEM's a compact, cost effective low handling solution and is easy to convert with preset thickness adjustment.
This new hopper is based on the SH-400 which has been used in many different applications. The design enables it to fit into machines where the SH-400 couldn't.
This addition to the SH-300 hopper range has been designed incorporating features to increase it's ease of use in various applications.


← Desk Drawer – again!
Oh dear! You would find another 2017 items in my loft, and more. I'm afraid I have more sympathy with the view of English film maker Ray Gosling about who I wrote a post last year.
Our collections do identify our likes but do we really need to have all of them? What starts out as "I really like penguins" seems to turn into everyone buying anything penguin for you. I've had a hard time letting gifts leave the house over the years.
Wonderful!! Rounds of applause for all your successes of the last year!!
5 lbs down for each of you is a huge win!!
Thanks! Water is not my favorite beverage but it is better than soda. I had to "trick" myself, if I drink soda, no refill until I had an equal amount of water.
At least we didn't gain!
Yeah, water can become blah… That was a good trick!!
Thank you! I did! We are hoping to visit during 2020 – can't wait!!!
WOW!!!!! 15,519!!! That's incredible!! 15,519 things you never have to pick up or put away again! Yay!!!
I know! That is the only good thing about counting. It would be hard to imagine it being that much if we hadn't.


Diane Jarmolow is an innovator in the field of ballroom dancing whose passion is providing the resources people need to become outstanding professionals and dance studio owners.
She founded the Ballroom Dance Teachers College in 1992, which offers Teacher Training, Certification Preparation and Business Consulting to aspiring and working ballroom dance professionals at all levels. Her program, the Ballroom Dance Teachers College Curriculum is her greatest accomplishment to date – a 300-hour ballroom teacher training program available to dance studios, teachers and dance enthusiasts.
Diane offers individual and group dance and certification coaching, studio business consulting, and DanceSport adjudication. She is also available for hire to teach seminars and workshops at your studio or event.
To book with Diane or find out more please contact us.


Workers' compensation insurance covers employees who were injured in workplace accidents and those who developed work-related illnesses or conditions.
If your job caused or contributed to a medical condition that prevents you from working, you should contact workers' compensation attorney Laura L. Pattermann at the Law Offices of Gallner & Pattermann, P.C., in Council Bluffs, Iowa. She has been representing injured workers since 1994.
Repetitive motion injuries, such as carpal tunnel syndrome and tendonitis from performing the same motion repeatedly. We often see people with overuse injuries from repeated lifting or spending long hours keyboarding.
Occupational exposure to toxins, from asbestos to cancer-causing chemicals. These diseases can take decades to develop. But if your condition was caused by work-related exposure, workers' compensation should cover your medical care.
Aggravation of pre-existing conditions to the point where you can no longer perform the duties of your job.
Other injuries, such as shoulder injuries, rotator cuff injuries, fusions, joint problems, amputations, as well as secondary problems such as peripheral nerve injuries.
Our workers' compensation lawyer works with respected medical experts to document the nature and extent of your injuries — even hard-to-prove injuries and conditions that do not always appear on X-rays or MRIs.


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Home › About Cypress › Press Room › Cypress to Address Seven Investor Events in May and June
Cypress to Address Seven Investor Events in May and June | Cypress Semiconductor
Cypress to Address Seven Investor Events in May and June
Webcasts Available on Cypress Website at: https://www.cypress.com/investors
SAN JOSE, Calif., April 28, 2006 - Cypress Semiconductor Corp." (NYSE: CY) today announced that it will be making presentations at seven investor conferences in May and June to discuss Cypress's financial and strategic outlook.
Cypress's Chief Financial Officer, Brad Buss, is presenting at Credit Suisse on May 3 at 9:00 a.m. Eastern Time. The event is being held at the Credit Suisse offices in New York. Buss will also speak at Piper Jaffray's Hardware & Communications Conference on May 10 at 9:40 a.m. Eastern Time. The event is being held at the New York Palace Hotel. Buss is also presenting at the Lehman Brothers Wireless, Wireline and Media Conference on May 22 at 10:30 a.m. Eastern Time at the Waldorf Astoria Hotel in New York.
Also on May 22, Cypress's founder, president and CEO, T.J. Rodgers will address the J.P. Morgan Technology Conference at the Westin St. Francis Hotel in San Francisco. Rodgers' presentation will begin at 1:40 p.m. Pacific Time. Rodgers will also be presenting the keynote address at S.G. Cowen & Company's 34th Annual Technology Conference on May 31, 2006 at 12:15 p.m. Eastern Time at the New York Palace Hotel.
On June 1, Cypress's senior vice president and treasurer, Neil H. Weiss, will also present at S.G. Cowen & Company's 34th Annual Technology Conference. His presentation will begin at 1:55 p.m. Eastern Time.
Also on June 1, Buss is presenting at the Citigroup Semiconductor Conference at the Boston Harbor Hotel in Boston. His presentation will begin at 9:20 a.m. Eastern Time.
Webcasts of these presentations will be available live and on-demand through Cypress's website at: https://www.cypress.com/investors." The webcasts will be archived for two weeks.
Cypress solutions are at the heart of any system that is built to perform: consumer, computation, data communications, automotive, industrial, and solar power. Leveraging a strong commitment to customer service and performance-based process and manufacturing expertise, Cypress's product portfolio includes a broad selection of wired and wireless USB devices, CMOS image sensors, timing solutions, specialty memories, high-bandwidth synchronous and micropower memory products, optical solutions, and reconfigurable mixed-signal arrays. Cypress stock is traded on the New York Stock Exchange under the ticker symbol CY. More information about the company is available online at https://www.cypress.com.
Cypress and the Cypress logo are registered trademarks of Cypress Semiconductor Corporation. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners


text:
Canton South High School's wild success
The fame wasn't fleeting. For the Wildcat Cafe at Canton South High School, the effects of being featured on the Food Network show, "Restaurant Impossible," still linger.
"Every once in a while they replay the program and we get some new customers," said Tom Blike, instructor for the culinary program at Canton South High School.
In August, 2011, the Wildcat Cafe was the site of a televised redo.
"It was like winning the lottery. It was the neatest thing in the world, like living as Alice in Wonderland for three days," Blike said.
The show's host, Chef Robert Irvine, revamped the restaurant and the menu.
"We have an upscale coffee shop look now," Blike said. "It really has the feel of a restaurant, which is great for the students — feels like they are getting some real life experience."
The Wildcat Cafe still serves many dishes designed by Irvine for the show.
"Our big signature is his mustard-crusted salmon with cilantro yogurt sauce," Blike said. "Also, our strawberry rhubarb cobbler and our Rice Krispie cheesecake."
Prices are reasonable, most under $6.
"One of my students said to me, 'These are really good prices, how can we do that?' I said, 'Have you guys gotten a paycheck for working here? No? Now you know why our prices are low.' "
Voters in Canton Township recently approved a bond issue, which means the district will be building a new high school.
"We hope to take a lot with us from the cafe to the new school," Blike said. "But that's down the road a few years. We've heard 2017."
Meanwhile, residents can stop in for lunch three days a week, or attend the monthly dinner.
"At our dinner, we do our regular menu plus a steak special," Blike said. "It's been great. We've been getting 100 or more coming in."
RESTAURANT: The Wildcat Cafe
SCHOOL: Canton South High School, 600 Faircrest St. SE
ESTABLISHED: 1974.
OPEN: Wednesdays, Thursdays, Fridays, 11 a.m. to 1 p.m.
NUMBER OF SEATS: 45
RESERVATIONS: Suggested. Required for dinners. 330- 484-8000 Ext. 532
ONLINE: www.cantonlocal.org/WildcatCafe.aspx
CULINARY STUDENTS: 33 juniors and seniors
ON THE MENU: Crab mac and cheese, $6; soup of the week, $2.25; Reuben with fries, soup or salad, $5.75.
SPECIALTY OF THE HOUSE: Strawberry Rhubarb Cobbler and ice cream, $3.50; Mustard seed crusted salmon with cilantro yogurt, and soup or salad, $6.50.
NEW THIS YEAR: Chicken teriyaki wrap with fries, soup or salad, $5.75. CHILDREN'S MENU: $2.50 for entree, applesauce and beverage.
TAKEOUT: Yes.
SPECIAL EVENTS: Monthly Tuesday evening steak dinner. Next dinner - Jan. 14., 5-8 p.m.
Editor's note: This is part two of a five-part series where Saimi Bergmann throws open the doors to restaurants run by culinary students that are tucked inside five Stark County high schools.
Part 2 of 5 part series


Side note: If you are looking for a ready-to-go board for a lighsaber project, check out the new PropBoard!
We wanted to do another project before the end of the summer. So as usual, we filled the table with every little piece of hardware we found around the lab. And nothing came out. After a few days, we received the breakout boards batch, and that changed the game. So, between one earthquake and the other, the project took shape.
A STM32F103T8 Cortex M3 (we use the AK-STM32-DIP36 breakout board).
A Freescale MMA8452Q accelerometer (we use the AK-MMA8452 breakout board).
A SST SST25VF080B 8Mbit serial flash (we use the AK-SST25VF080B breakout board).
A Microchip DAC, the MCP4921.
A JRC NJM2070D audio amplifier.
A 9V battery with battery holder.
An AK-POWER to step down the 9V from the battery.
Resistors: 1 x 47K, 1 x 1 ohm, 10K potentiometer.
Capacitors: 2 x 100uF/16V Capacitor, 1 x 10nF/16V Capacitor, 1 x 470uF/16V Capacitor.
A couple of push buttons.
A Header 2×10 for the JTAG.
Screw terminals: 1 x speakers, 2 x optional serial port.
As you can see in the video, we are using a desktop PC speaker, but just for the plastic case around it (there is no amp inside the case). So you can use any 8 ohm, 4W speaker. If you are using a hacked-from-somewhere speaker, we recommend you to find a proper enclosure, until you find a nice pitch. Having the speaker lying on the table only makes low volume noises.
We have the STM32 running the program (source code here), that senses the buttons and processes the accelerometer indications, reads the waveforms from the serial flash and sends them to the DAC, then to the audio amplifier.
Basically we need to detect two events: when the blade hits something and when the blade moves. The MMA8452Q has two interrupt pins that can be set to signal pre-configured events. At startup we tell the accelerometer to detect a "pulse" (a tap) and a transient (that is a certain acceleration in a given window of time). With this two events we can detect when the blade hits something (a pulse) or moves (a transient). We have the transient detection on pin PB1 and the pulse detection on PB2, of the STM32.
Maths are done inside the accelerometer (by Freescale), so the I2C channel is free for whatever you want after the startup. This is a nice feature of the MMA8452Q, that frees resources by processing the most common accelerometer operations inside the IC. Optionally you can query the accelerometer to know on which axis a given event was detected, current acceleration, etc.
The waveforms are stored inside the SST25VF080B serial flash. In this case we are using 16-Bit WAV files at 22050 KHz sample rate. We have found the sound files at freesound.org, from an user called joe93barlow (thanks to him).
At first we have tried to use PWM and delta-sigma PWM to generate the sound. But at 16-Bit 22050 Hz it needs a very high PWM frequency. It might work with 8000 Hz audio, but we wanted something with a little bit more quality. So we opted for the external DAC (if you are using a high-density or XL-density STM32, those have an integrated DAC).
The DAC we are using is a 12-Bit DAC. So we have to shift the 16-Bit samples down to 12-Bit. This is a limitation by the fact that the MCP4921 was the only non-SMD DAC we've found in our lab. A 16-Bit DAC can be used in place of the MCP4921, and they are more or less the same to use.
Here we enter more in detail on the source code: these waveform are logically divided into two sound groups. The HUM sound, and the ALT sounds: the HUM is the background sound that is always on. The ALT are sporadic sounds that are mixed with the HUM sound. These ALT sounds are divided in the following way: the ON sound, the OFF sound, the HIT sound (a laser from a pistol hits the blade), the STRIKE sound (two saber blades that meet) and the SWING (sort of a doppler simulation when the blade is moved quickly). These are the kind of sound we are playing when an event (pulse, transient and buttons) is detected.
TIM1 generates an interrupt at every sample we have to send (at 22050 Hz). The interrupt code fetches a sample and enables TIM2 to send the sample to the DAC.
If you are quick on maths you have noticed we have to send a sample to the DAC every 0.045 ms, and we have to achieve a fluid, constant output without interruptions. Sometimes we have to mix the HUM sound with the ALT sound so we need to read two waveforms instead of one. All this while leaving to the STM32 enough room to do some processing.
The solution was to read chunks of audio samples using a double buffer. While we play a chunk of samples, in the meantime, we quickly read (at 36Mhz from the serial flash) the next chunk of samples. Since we are dealing only with 20KB of RAM, the secret of this project is how fast we can read from the serial flash. If you are not using a SST25VF080B, you will need an equally fast serial flash.
When the first chunk of data is done playing, we quickly switch buffers and start playing the next chunk. The first buffer is free to load another chunk of samples. The cycle repeats. Since we are playing 22050 samples per second, the chunk size has to be long enough to keep playing while we read another chunk.
The said method is done for two kinds of sounds (ALT and HUM), that have to be loaded and mixed in real time. So instead of two switching-buffers, we have four. This sums to the time the chunk has to be playing while we grab (possibly) another two chunks (one for HUM, one for ALT when it's playing).
So we have TIM1 running at aprox. 22050 Hz, mixing samples. And TIM2 sending the last read (and mixed) sample to the DAC. Since we don't want to be busy all the time inside a timer interrupt, we use SPI with DMA. There is a "DMA request queue" mechanism defined in dma.c that appends DMA requests for sound chunks and executes them one after another, and flags the chuncks as "ready" when it's done reading from the serial flash. The serial flash is so fast that I believe we are wasting more time setting the DMA stuff than actually reading.
The samples are mixed simply by adding the PCM values of the HUM and ALT waveforms. The PCM values for a (signed) 16-Bit audio file go from -32768 up to 32767. If the sum goes beyond that range we clip it at the maximum positive or negative value. There is a lot of discussion out there of how the mixing should be done. We picked that because it sounds decent with our waveforms. If you want to change the algorithm, it is in the MixSamples() function in main.c.
You can find more insights on the implementation by browsing the source code.
The source code (for KEIL uVision, and Eclipse + GCC ARM Plugin).
A schematic for the connections.
The schematics here above uses the AK-MMA8452 V1 board. We actually ship the AK-MMA8452 V2 board and it is necessary to enable the on-board I2C pull-ups and join the ADDR solder jumper in order to make the project compatible with the AK-MMA8452 V1 version.
For uploading the sound files (included in the source code) you have to connect the serial port to the PC (indicated in the schematics, through screw terminals, and it is TTL, so make sure you put a level translator). Connect the serial port and open up a terminal (like TeraTerm) at 115200 bps, 8, N, 1, and press any key. The sound output will stop and you will see the message "Start sending the file. Reset the board when finished.". Send the "sounds.bin" file, and reset the board when finished. If you are using TeraTerm make sure you click on the "binary" checkbox in the "Open file" dialog before sending the file.
The "sounds.bin" file can be generated using a program included in the package (VS2010 source code available). This is a very (very) simple program that assembles the sound file. Press the "Add file" button and pick a 16-Bit WAV PCM file at 22050 KHz (yes, only in that format) of a given type: HUM, ON, OFF, HIT, STRIKE, SWING. Then select the right type in the combo-box. Just make sure to include only one HUM sound, one ON sound, one OFF sound, and try to add the HIT/STRIKE/SWING types all together (add all the HIT sounds, then all the STRIKE sounds, and so on). With the waveforms ordered that way, the program can select them pseudo-randomly, in order to not repeat the same sounds.
We hope you have enjoyed reading (and implementing) this project as much as we have enjoyed building it. This project also settles the base for all kind of audio projects you can do, like an audio recorder or a generic music player. The code size is quite small (7200 bytes with O3 optimization) so there is plenty of room for you to play and improve the project.
It is known that every initiated into the force has to build his own lightsaber. Well… you can start with this.
Yes. We are not discontinuing these products. There shouldn't be no stock at that time it should be back in a few days.
The schematic is there. I don't think it would be clearer by not separating individual components and connecting them all together. Just follow net's names and ask any questions you may have, here or in the forum.
Sweet project! Just a couple of questions though; how do you set the Audio volume? And could you use an SD card instead of your current method?
Volume can be adjusted with the potentiometer (it's on the back of the board). In the schematics it is named "R3". By setting it too loud you may distort the sound. It depends also on the speaker you use.
You can use an SD by removing the serial flash and connecting it to the SPI1. You will need a fat file system to access the files (like FatFS http://elm-chan.org/fsw/ff/00index_e.html). There is flash room for that, and examples on implementation can be found for STM32.
Have you tried using it, because when i tried with fat fs, sound is kind of interrupted.
No, but I think it can be achieved by increasing buffers size. A high speed SD and a better implementation of the DMA logic could help.
this is a project for KEIL uVision or Eclipse, for an ARM Cortex M3. It won't work on an Arduino UNO or its IDE.
I need to know if you can sell me the entire kit assembled and programmed and how many EUR can be. Many thanks.
We've built this as a demo project and for fun. I'm sorry, but we cannot sell it or assemble more.
Ciao a tutti, sono un appassionato della saga e ovviamente sono interessato al progetto.
Da quello che ho capito avete fatto un demo che non può essere venduto, neanche a chi come me è incapace di assemblare tutti questi componenti.
La mia domanda è questa, è possibile avere tutte queste belle spiegazioni, link vari, descrizioni dei componenti in italiano?
Già faccio molta fatica nell'elettronica in più è in inglese…lingua a me non molto congeniale.
Tempo permettendo apriremo una sezione in Italiano. Per adesso abbiamo questo qui in inglese, cosi in altri paesi lo possono capire.
Se hai dubbi o domande sul progetto, possiamo aiutarti (meglio sul forum) entro i nostri limiti.
I cant seem to find the JTAG, Serial port, or speaker output on you site. If you do have them could you please tell me where I could find them.
A JTAG could be the AK-Link JTAG, for the serial port, an AK-RS232 level converter should be OK. The speaker, we don't sell those yet.
You could not attach a phlegm drawing , he would be a powerful help .
Sorry, what is a phlegm drawing?
I am sorry a bit the English is going hardly .
Hi. Since it's mounted on a protoboard it has not a precise printed circuit drawing.
I'm building à binch of different lightsabers.
It started with me buying à cheap fake one and now i'm filming à lightsaber battle scène and building all kinds of Sabers.
I'm used to gettin my soundboard's out of older lightsabers, because The soundboardS on THE sabershop are just to expensive.
But than i found this website and after looking up THE parts i could Find that you use, i was suprised how cheap it is.
Zo my questipn is; Can you five me à list of all THE parts jat i meed to buld à proper light, soundboard?
Hi, I wasn't sure what the output and other specs of the AK-POWER was. There are several options, and I wasn't sure what I should order.
Thank you. If you've ordered a 3.3V AK-POWER board, you should be OK.
What would be the maximum amount of voltage/Farads I could have for the 10nF 16V capacitor?
Hi Julia, sorry for the delay.
It's a filtering capacitor for the DAC. A higher value will cut high frequency sounds. If you can, try several until you get the desired audio. A cap higher or equal 10V is OK.
hi, I did see that the AK-STM32-DIP36 is able to produce pwm signals. I was wondering if any of the pins that can be configured for wmp signals are still available after building this project? and if so, how many?
i'm hoping to use them to drive a LED signal or 2.
Thank you and great job on this project!
I'm hoping to build this project and take it a bit further. are there any free pins available with this build that are capable of producing a PWM signal?
i'm hoping there are at least 2 PWM pins i can use to drive a NPN transistor, which will drive high power LEDs. one PWM pin would be the main LED and will have a flicker in sync with the hum sound. the 2nd signal will flash with the hit and strike sounds. if there are 3 pins available for pwm i can incorporate RGB color mixing.
Looking at the schematics (https://www.artekit.eu/resources/blog/Lightsaber/Lightsaber.pdf) I see PA0, PA11 and PA8 pins connected to TIM2_CH1, TIM1_CH4 and TIM1_CH1 respectively. You could use those pins if the frequency of those timers (~22KHz and 2MHz) fit your need.
ive been doing some more research into the cortex-m3's capabilities and looking at more possible breakout boards. i came across a breakout board that can control 12 channels of 16bit pwm. it uses a SPI interface, and there arent any SPI interfaces available. how difficult would it be (for the coding) to substitute the SPI DAC for a I2C-interface DAC? that would free up a SPI channel for using the PWM module i found, allowing this build to drive main blade LEDs, and also have plenty of hookups for additional accent LEDs. additionally, can the cortex-M3 handle the added PWM channels without losing the flawless audio playback you designed in this project?
i also want to add that i am still taking baby steps with coding. i took an into to C programming course while getting my electronics degree, but that was over 2 years ago. where would be a good place to start on learning how to configure the I2C DAC and adjust the code to send the right signal to it?
The DAC is driven by a bit-banged (simulated) SPI, from TIM2. The real available SPI is used to read chunks of audio from the memory. And I wouldn't change the reading SPI configuration, in order to avoid interruptions in the audio.
A back-of-the-envelope calculation tells me that for a 12-bit audio at 22050 Hz the DAC should process ~44000 bytes/s (16 bits per sample, leaving out the address and other settings from the calculation). A full-speed I2C at 400Kbits can transmit ~50000 bytes/s leaving very little margin. Perhaps you can use a PWM LED controller through I2C (instead of a DAC).
In any case, I cannot quantify how much code intervention it should take.
Hi. The easiest way is by using some usb-to-uart converter like FTDI's. No code changes are needed for that.
I was curious .. Would it be difficult to change the power source from a 9v to a recharge pack? Or would that change a great deal into schematics?
Hi. Anything between 8V and 30V DC can be used as the power supply, connected to the AK-POWER2500 as in the original schematics. Or you can remove the AK-POWER2500 board and supply 3.3V directly.
What voltage is this 'recharge pack'?
This is all Chinese for me but I have a friend who is into electronics and he said he can program these as well. My only problem is that I need to order the parts and give them to him. I found a lot of components enlisted but I'm not quite sure I covered everything or that I need all these. I read that you do not sell this built together and programmed, but is there a full list what to order for complete build? Thank you for your help.
There are some items we sell, like the breakout boards, and others we don't.
Except for the protoboard, all the required components are listed, and the items we have in store are linked. There is a list also in the schematics (https://www.artekit.eu/resources/blog/Lightsaber/Lightsaber.pdf).
Ok. I saw the schematics earlier just didn't know what to do with it. It is best if I show this to my friend.
You need at least a mono amplifier that supports 3.3V. Perhaps some from the TPA*** line of Texas Instruments. The circuit should be adapted to it, though.
We have a mono amplifier board (https://www.artekit.eu/products/accessories/ak-ncs2211-mono-power-amplifier-breakout/) that should work ok with this project.
Any from 1/8W and above should be OK.
Hi. Please help! How do all the parts connect to one another in the schematic?
For this project here we used wires, solder (and patience).
Yea I know, but I dont know which part to connect to which one.
Oh. I see. Thanks alot. This is a great project!!!
And I have another question. What are the labels with the arrows and thar read things like… +VBAT and +3.3V and the ones with the three lines.
And how can I connect a LED to this audio board. The LED just has to go on when everything else goes on and it has to go off when everything else goes of. It does not need to flicker or flash or anything.
+3.3V=output of the AK-POWER2500 board.
This project, as is, does not drive a LED. You'll have to add a special circuitry to drive a high power LED, if this is what you mean.
Ok, but is there any place where I can connect a high powerd LED driver then?
And the "three lines" are the ones that are almost shaped like an arrow. There is one at the negative pole of the battery and one at the buttons and at lots of other places.
I doesn't come to mind a signal that switches on and off that you can use to turn the LED on/off .
There are some free pins (PA0, PA11 and PA8 pins) you can use to enable the LED, but you'll have to modify the code. Power supply for the LED, depends on what you want to use. On the board there is 9V from the battery and 3.3V after the power supply.
So I've decided to try a 16-dac and went with the ADS1115 16-Bit problem is I'm having issues with where to connect it on the main board any suggestions?
Ok. Thank you. So the ground wires…dot they just all connect to one another?
And how am I supposed to upload the sound onto the serial flash. Do I just transfer the .zip folder?
And sorry for all the Questions.
Hi. What version of the AK-POWER2500 – DC/DC Converter are you using?
I assume its the AK-POWER-2.5.
Hi. It's the AK-POWER 3.3V output version.
Thanks. Then 1 last question. In the schematics by the audio amplifier, there is a capacitor labled 'C5' but it is not listed in the Bill of Materials. Should I still put it in or not?
Hi. Yes, even if it is missing in the BOM list it should be included.
can I buy the complete working board (without speakers) and how much it costs?
we don't sell or assemble the board. Sorry.
where can i plug in the LED for my blade? at the red 3mm LED one?
or what is the best way to add a blade LED?
Hello. I've used the 3mm LED to know when the board was powered up, so I think it's not the best place to put your LED.
I think the best way could be to modify the code to produce a signal in any of the remaining free pins to turn the LED on. You'll need the circuitry to drive the LED too, if it is a high-power one.
How do you program this board?
Hi, you can program it with a JTAG.
I see that the accelerometer is out of stock.
If i use AK-MMA8452 3-Axis Accelerometer Breakout V2 there is any modification in the circuit or software?
Hi. The V2 is the same board but in a different layout. So it's hardware and software compatible. No need for modifications.
I2C_CheckEvent always returns ERROR, so execution is trapped in this while loop.
The rest works – if I comment out the accelerometer initialization accInit(); in main.c everything works: I hear the hum sound and the hit sounds works too.
I just cannot get the accelerometer running. I am using the V2 version. Any ideas?
The V2 accelerometer board has a pull-up on the SA0 pin (address selection). This makes the accelerometer addressable as 0x1D. Try joining the ADDR solder jumper on the accelerometer board or change the #define MMA8452_ADDR 0x1C line in mma8452.c file to #define MMA8452_ADDR 0x1D.
Remember also to enable the pull-ups by soldering the solder jumpers on the back of the accelerometer board.
We can keep this conversation in the forum if you want. There we don't have the posts nesting as with the comment sections, and it should be clearer.
Thanks for this fine project!
I have tried to build this project exactly to your schematic. I am using the AK-LINK JTAG, however, I do not know how to connect to it in uVision. Do you have any instructions on how to upload the code?
The AK-LINK doesn't work with KEIL but with tools like OpenOCD.
The example here also contains project files for Eclipse + GCC, that can be used together with OpenOCD to develop, download and debug code.
As is, there is no signal that switches on and off that you can use to drive the LED..
With proper code modifications you can do some PWM to drive the LED on one of the free pins.
This explanation did not fully understand . How can I install programs on this project and audio files using the JTAG bus with S Link V2. I 'm so glad you detailed explanation. keil.v5 installed on the PC . Are Keil explains with adjustments ? Please. I do not know the exact English. I use Google translation. I'm sorry if the translation error . Greetings.
Please open a thread in the support forum and explain in detail what the problem is and what you have tried until now.
I'm not sure this is mentioned ones. I need more descriptive information. UART RX and TX bus TTL RS232 converter using a lightsaber could transfer your project SMT32F103 motherboard. I need to RS232 converter and a PC cable connection pin number.
I'm having difficulty in a statement. Please try to understand and help me.
I'll try this if JTAG. I will use ST-Link V2 Debug.
Hi, for support please use the forum. Thanks.
Hi, I've built the board and I've tried to upload the sound file. I used Tera Term with a USB connection on port COM7. I configured the port at 115200 bps, 8, N, 1 and when I send the file I see the file get charged but only if the checkbox Binary is not checked, otherwise nothing happen. In any case the board don't work. I have to change some configuration because I use a USB port? Please help me. Many thanks.
Hi. You need to send the file with the binary option checked. Please go to the support forum and explain there how you connected the board and what you have done until now.
Just built this, it works!
I was not able to make the supplied Eclipse project work with the latest version of the GNU ARM Eclipse Toolchain. I builds without errors, but no ELF file is produced (last few steps in the tool chain was not run). I had to create a new empty STM32F103T8 project and then add your code files manually to make it build.
I also had some problems with the code immediately entering the sound file download/flash program procedure when I did not have the serial/UART cable connected to the PC (noise on RX pin?). After uploading the sounds.bin and then removing the configPoll() call in the main loop it works OK.
Thanks for a cool project, I learned a lot from building it!
Hi frodesto, Thank you for commenting, and sorry for the delayed answer.
Yes, a noisy UART RX pin can be interpreted as the user sending a character. A weak pull-up or pull-down resistor (external or internal) can solve the problem.
Hi, I try to use your SndPack application to pack some new sounds. However some files just can't be included, though they have the same attributes (.wav 352kbps). Even a same wav file re-saved by Adobe Audition can't be included.
You have to be sure they are mono, sample rate 22050 Hz and 16-bit per sample.
352kbps doesn't say much about the file format.
Stavo studiando il progetto sotto alcuni aspetti pratici/costruttivi, quando ho realizzato che il mio pc non ha la rs 232.
Oltre che cercare un computer con la porta.per fare il trasferimento, esistono altre alternativa?
a. Trovare un PC con una porta seriale, come hai detto tu.
b. Dato che ci sono i sorgenti a disposizione, generare un metodo per trasferire il file con protocollo e/o interfaccia diversa.
c. Usare un adattatore USB-to-Serial.
Quelle ultime lettere dovrebbero essere il packaging (che puoi verificare con il datasheet). In quel caso, va bene qualsiasi a 8 pin. Il progetto originale usa il MCP4921-E/P (8 pin PDIP).
Lo speaker emette suoni tipo "fuori sintonia" delle vecchie radio a onde corte. Come faccio a verificare l'avvenuto trasferimento del file? Considera che sto utilizzando un cavo usb/rs232.
Così posso discriminare l'errore, se di assemblaggio della scheda o di trasferimento dei dati.
Attualmente non c'e un checksum per verificare il trasferimento, ma viene comunque fatta una semplice verifica nella funzione configLoad().
Se il rumore lo senti appena dai alimentazione, direi che non e' un problema di trasferimento dati. Se invece senti rumore quando premi il tasto di accensione, potrebbero essere i dati o assemblaggio. Direi di fare qualche verifica con JTAG e vedere se quello che viene inviato al DAC sia coerente con i dati dei file audio.
I rumori li sento appena do alimentazione. Quando premo il pulsante di accenzione invece, resta muto. Il JTAG lo davi per opzionale e per questioni di spazio non l'ho montato. Non ho le capacità/conoscenze/attrezzature per le verifiche che proponei.
Il JTAG serve a programmare il micro. Una volta programmato puoi toglierlo, ma a meno che non usi altri metodi, il JTAG serve per fare la prima programmazione e anche per debuggare. Come hai fatto a programmare il micro?
Purtroppo se non hai le attrezzature e conoscenze minime c'e poco che possiamo fare da qui come supporto. Possiamo cercare di aiutarti il più possibile, ma Il progetto prevede conoscenze minime in elettronica, programmazione e risoluzione di problemi.
In ogni caso, proseguiamo via email (support@artekit.eu).
Hey, It seems this project is still supported, is there any chance that links will be added to the other parts? I'm having trouble finding some of the parts written here, I would really appreciate it!
Also, I'm a software developer but I did not study any electrical engineering, would this kind of project be too hard for a novice EE learner?
Most of the missing parts can be found on big distributors like Mouser or Digikey.
This is not the easiest project but it's not that hard. My advise: to have the right instrumentation (oscilloscope, multimeter) to diagnose if something doesn't work, and some code debug capabilities and tools (JTAG for example).
Hi is there any chance I can purchase a completed board from you guys so all I have to do is fit it to my hilt? I'm building a Lord Revan sabre from scratch and I have never done any electronics work. Plus I'm in the U.K. How much will it cost all together with delivery thanks.
Hi, we don't sell or assemble the board.
Sorry will the board fit in a tube 2.5cm bore.
Hi, size depends on how you assemble the parts. Dimensions for the boards are available on every product page.


In the modern world, there is a gradual increase in the number of people who have vehicles. The resultant thing is that having a vehicle-related service will give you the certainty of making it at the end of the day such as by having a garage. You should appreciate that you will always have competition as a garage owner from other garage facilities and for this reason, ensure that you will provide services which will be appealing in all ways. You ought to appreciate the fact that it will be a good thing for you to be active in doing the relevant repairing services as this will help in your efficiency.
It will be crucial for you to engage a door repairer when you have a door which is not in the right condition. You ought to appreciate the fact that there are several choices of the garage door repairing agencies which are available the only thing you ought to do is scanning the market accordingly. This article herein will give you the main factors which you ought to consider when choosing the perfect garage door repair services. At first, pick the garage door repairing agency which will incorporate modernized techniques in serving you. These modernized repairers will provide you with the services which will exhibit a high level of perfection hence you will be proud at the end of the day.
It will be a good thing for you to know that such advanced repairers will be the best choice for you as they will be fast in offering you the services which you need. You ought to appreciate that the best repairing service providers are the ones who will not charge you fairly for the services which they provide you with. There is a high likelihood of you not going beyond your budgetary plan when engaging such a repairer. Pick the repairers who will make you cognizant of the cost which you will spend by the end of the service delivery.


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yusuke_jp
What is the difference between how about you? and what about you? ?Feel free to just provide example sentences.
hkremi
If it's in conversation such as: "How are you?" "I'm doing well! How about you?" or "I'm doing well! What about you?" and "What's been going on lately?" "Not much. How about you?" or "Not much. What about you?" There is practically no difference aside from "what" sounding slightly more informal.
If it's in conversation such as:
"I'm doing well! How about you?" or
"I'm doing well! What about you?"
"What's been going on lately?"
"Not much. How about you?" or
"Not much. What about you?"
There is practically no difference aside from "what" sounding slightly more informal.
Arigatou😊
What is the difference between what about and how about ?
What is the difference between How about ... ? and What about ... ? ?
How do you say this in English (US)? Артикли at, in, on: просто и понятно??? Артикли a, an, the, ...
What is the difference between cemetery and graveyard ?


New York, New York – February 5, 2013 – Cache, Inc., (NASDAQ: CACH), a specialty chain of women's apparel stores, announced today that its Board of Directors appointed Jay Margolis as Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of Cache. Concurrent with this appointment, Thomas Reinckens will step down as Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer of Cache.
Mr. Margolis is a highly accomplished executive with over 30 years of retail, merchandising and product development experience in the specialty retail industry. He has held senior leadership positions with several high profile retail and apparel companies, most recently serving as President and Chief Executive Officer of Limited Brands' Apparel Group (Express and Limited Stores), where he was responsible for revamping the product line and leading the successful operational turnaround of the businesses. Prior to Limited Brands, Mr. Margolis was President, Chief Operating Officer & Director of Reebok International, where he played a critical role in improving the financial and operating performance of the Reebok, Rockport and Ralph Lauren Footwear brands. Prior to Reebok, Mr. Margolis served as Chairman and CEO of Esprit de Corporation, USA, President and Vice Chairman of the Board of Directors of Tommy Hilfiger Inc. and in several senior executive positions at Liz Claiborne Inc. Mr. Margolis currently sits on the Board of Directors of Burlington Coat Factory Warehouse Corporation, Godiva Chocolatier Inc. and Boston Beer Company.
In conjunction with joining the Company Mr. Margolis will invest $1 million in newly issued shares of Cache in connection with the $8.0 million Rights Offering announced today by the Company, subject to shareholder approval. The proceeds of the Rights Offering will be used to provide enhanced liquidity to Cache.
In connection with the Rights Offering, the Company announced that it entered into an Investment Agreement with Mr. Margolis and two of the Company's shareholders, MFP Partners, L.P. and Mill Road Capital, L.P., under which they have each agreed to backstop the Rights Offering on the terms and subject to the conditions contained in that agreement (the "Backstop and Investment Agreement"). The Rights Offering will provide the opportunity for all Cache shareholders to invest at the same price as Mr. Margolis, MFP Partners and Mill Road. Pursuant to the Rights Offering, each Cache shareholder will be issued transferable rights that will enable the holder to purchase, at $1.65 per share, one share of Common Stock for each whole right. Holders of rights who fully exercise all of their rights will also be entitled, to the extent the Rights Offering is not fully subscribed, to purchase additional shares of Common Stock for $1.65 per share (up to the number of shares purchased under the holder's basic subscription privilege). Under the Backstop and Investment Agreement, MFP Partners and Mill Road have each agreed to purchase a number of shares equal to their pro rata portion of the shares offered in the Rights Offering, and, together with Mr. Margolis, they have each agreed to backstop the Rights Offering such that Cache will receive the full $8 million. Cache will seek to list the rights on the Nasdaq Global Select Market.
Pursuant to the Backstop and Investment Agreement, Mr. Margolis and Mill Road have been granted the right to purchase additional shares of Common Stock from the Company for $1.65 per share in an amount sufficient to enable them to acquire $1.0 million and $3.5 million of Common Stock, respectively, to the extent that they are not able to acquire those amounts through the Rights Offering and the backstop. The Company expects to commence the Rights Offering as soon as practicable, and has not yet determined the record date, anticipated issuance date, or expiration date in respect of the Rights Offering. The Backstop and Investment Agreement is subject to satisfaction of customary conditions, including shareholder approval of the issuance of the shares thereunder. Financo LLC is serving as the exclusive financial advisor to Cache in this transaction. Schulte Roth & Zabel LLP served as counsel to Cache in connection with the transactions described herein. Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom LLP and Foley Hoag LLP represented MFP and Mill Road, respectively.
The Company also announced today that it entered into a Voting Agreement with MFP Partners and Mill Road providing that Michael F. Price and an independent individual designated by Mill Road will be appointed to serve as directors of the Company on the day prior to the shareholders meeting to vote on the issuance of shares in the Rights Offering and under the Backstop and Investment Agreement (or such later date designated by them). In addition, the Voting Agreement provides, among other things, that at the Company's 2013 annual meeting of shareholders, such individuals, and an additional individual designated by MFP Partners, will be nominated for election to the Board and each of MFP Partners and Mill Road will vote all of their shares of Common Stock in favor of the election of such individuals to the Board, in each case, subject to the terms of the Voting Agreement. The term of the Voting Agreement expires immediately following the 2013 annual meeting of shareholders, unless earlier terminated in accordance with its terms.
Pre-tax loss is currently expected in the range $4.8 - $5.1 million, compared to pretax income of $2.4 million in the fourth quarter of 2011.
Cash and marketable securities at year end are expected to decline to approximately $18 million from $26.5 million at the prior year end.
The foregoing results are preliminary in nature and remain subject to finalization. Actual results may differ, and any such difference could be material.
Cache is a nationwide, mall-based specialty retailer of sophisticated sportswear and social occasion dresses targeting style-conscious women who have a youthful attitude and are self-confident. The Company currently operates 261 stores, primarily situated in central locations in high traffic, upscale malls in 42 states, the Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico.
Certain matters discussed within this press release may constitute forward-looking statements within the meaning of the federal securities laws. Although Cache, Inc. believes the statements are based on reasonable assumptions, there can be no assurance that these expectations will be attained. Actual results and timing of certain events could differ materially from those projected in or contemplated by the forward-looking statements due to a number of factors, including, without limitation, satisfaction of the conditions relating to the Rights Offering and the other transactions contemplated by the Backstop and Investment Agreement, industry trends, merchandise and fashion trends, competition, seasonality and changes in general economic conditions and consumer spending patterns, reliance on foreign manufacturers, dependence on management, dependence on vendors and distributors, material weakness in our internal controls, as well as other risks outlined from time to time in the filings of Cache, Inc. with the Securities and Exchange Commission.


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Maryland Updates: News from Sinclair; Jellyfish; BHC and Abel Communications
Agency, Broadcasting, PR
Sinclair Broadcast Group, Inc. promoted John Solomon to Chief Operating Officer of Circa, the company's mobile-friendly, video-driven news and entertainment brand launched in July. Solomon will report to Scott Livingston, vice president of news for Sinclair. Previously Chief Creative Officer, Solomon joined Sinclair in 2015 after serving as editor and VP for content and business development at The Washington Times. His other roles included executive editor for the Center for Public Integrity and director of news for Newsweek and The Daily Beast. He worked for two decades at the AP wire service as a reporter, news editor, multimedia investigative editor and Assistant Washington Bureau Chief until joining the Washington Post in 2007 as its national investigative reporter.
Jellyfish, the global digital marketing agency with its U.S. headquarters at the Inner Harbor, announced the hiring of Shawn Smith as U.S. Director of Social Media. In this role, Smith will oversee the Jellyfish social media team, build upon the agency's capabilities and craft data-driven campaigns for clients. His hiring marks the 51st hire for Jellyfish in 2016. Smith joined Jellyfish from AB&A Advertising in Miami where he was a digital media director.
Bonnie Heneson Communications (BHC), a full-service marketing communications agency with offices in Owings Mills and Columbia, hired Alex Duncan as a social media account executive. Duncan specializes in social media community management and works with BHC's clients to develop and execute social media and online marketing strategies, campaigns and programs. Prior to joining BHC, Duncan was a marketing coordinator and copywriter for SocialToaster, a technology startup in Baltimore.
Abel Communications in Hampden announced the hiring of Ashley Butler as Director of Digital and Social Media. Ashley joined Abel from Chobani U.S. headquarters in New York, where she spent the last five years leading social media strategy and brand communications for the international Greek Yoghurt brand.
Abel CommunicationsBonnie Heneson CommunicationsJellyfishSinclair Broadcast Group
NFL Players Association to Give Startups Free Marketing and Licensing Deals
Honoring a Beloved Holiday Trend: The Ugly Sweater
Jeffrey A. Davis, APR has more than 25 years of news media and national public relations experience and heads J. Davis Public Relations, LLC, a PR and social media consultancy based in Baltimore. A PRSA Maryland chapter board member, he also serves as Baltimore regional editor for the Capitol Communicator and is co-founder of Podcast Village where he co-hosts the "Practically Social" podcast. He began his career as a reporter at daily newspapers in Ohio, New Jersey and at the Capital Gazette in Annapolis.
Weiss PR Now Pugh & Tiller PR; Jacobs Named President of Bonnie Heneson Communications
Maryland News: BHC Adds Sickle Cell Disease Association, Michelle Mellon Joins SalientMG and Geoff Peckham Joins Renegade


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How to try Mozilla's mobile Firefox OS preview on your Android device, no deep-level tech tricks required
Mozilla is making it easy for people to try Firefox OS ahead of the system's appearance in developed countries in 2016.
By Ian Paul
Contributor, PCWorld | PT
As Google did to Microsoft, now Mozilla is doing to Google. Well, sort of. The Firefox-maker recently announced that Firefox OS 2.5 is ready as a developer preview. To make it easier for developers and interested users to try it out, Android device owners can download Firefox OS 2.5 developer preview as a system app launcher.
Instead of going through the pain and commitment of re-flashing your phone with Firefox OS, all you have to do is download and install Mozilla's APK. Then the next time you try to hit the home button on your device you'll see the option to use Firefox OS as your app launcher.
From then on you'll experience what Firefox OS has to offer without losing your Android apps.
The story behind the story: Mozilla's offering of Firefox OS as an app launcher is reminiscent of what Google did with Chrome on Windows 8. Using Chrome in Windows 8 mode effectively gives you a Chrome OS interface. This gave interested users a taste of Google's browser-centric OS within Windows, Trojan horse-style. Mozilla's not really doing the same thing here as this is just a developer preview that only technically apt people will ever use. But there's no reason why Mozilla couldn't put its launcher in Google Play once the bugs are worked out. That would be a very helpful strategy for Mozilla ahead of Firefox OS' U.S. debut in 2016.
Launching Firefox OS
Developer Preview means the occasional bug.
To get started, first make sure you can install apps that come from outside of Google Play. Navigate to Settings > Security and turn on the option called "Unknown sources."
Then download and install Mozilla's APK to get your Firefox on.
Taking a quick look at Firefox OS on Android, this is a fairly straightforward (some might say boring) way to use a mobile device. You have a selection of stock Firefox OS apps on the homescreen as well as access to Firefox OS Marketplace to get more.
Unlike most app launchers, however, Firefox OS goes pretty far in how much it changes your device. The standard Android pull down shade—where you have quick access to features like airplane mode and Bluetooth activation—is gone, replaced by the Firefox OS version.
You also have the option of using Firefox OS' lock screen, though it's deactivated by default. That's not a great idea unless you're developing something that uses the Firefox OS lock screen since you'll end up with two active lock screens at once.
As this is a developer preview you can also expect awkward behavior, but if you're curious about Firefox OS this is an easy way to take a gander.
Firefox OS 2.5 brings a few notable improvements to Mozilla's mobile phone operating system, including system-wide add-ons, tracking protection, and the ability to pin any webpage to the Firefox OS home screen.
If you get tired of Firefox OS as Android launcher you can get rid of it by scrolling downwards to the Android Settings app. Inside Settings, find the "Device" heading, tap Home, and select the standard Android launcher that comes with your device.
Ian is an independent writer based in Israel who has never met a tech subject he didn't like. He primarily covers Windows, PC and gaming hardware, video and music streaming services, social networks, and browsers. When he's not covering the news he's working on how-to tips for PC users, or tuning his eGPU setup.


NEW YORK, September 10, 2012 – A Panel of 22 researchers into the history of 9/11 has uncovered evidence of fraud in the photographic images of Muslim hijackers prior to boarding the planes on 9/11.
· the allegedly absent political and military commanders.
The Panel moderators recommend the PBS special, 9/11 Explosive Evidence: Experts Speak Out, in which 40 whistle-blowing experts present evidence of controlled demolition at the World trade Center.


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Charles Schusterman Jewish Community Center – Our Story
Originally the site of the Camp Shalom pool in the early 1970's, the land where our building stands now was then part of a dream to establish a Jewish Community Center in Tulsa, Oklahoma. In 1977, the Tulsa Jewish Community Council, made up of local business leaders and community volunteers, launched a fundraising campaign to turn that dream into a reality.
Dedicated in 1981, what is now known as the Charles Schusterman JCC serves families of all faiths and backgrounds. The JCC is a welcoming facility with membership open to all. Members enjoy our fitness center, pool, fun family programs, our 5-acre sports complex, indoor gymnasium, squash and racquetball courts, and more.
Owned and operated by the Jewish Federation of Tulsa, the JCC campus is also home to the Sherwin Miller Museum of Jewish Art, Mizel Jewish Community Day School, Liberators' Park, the JFT Community Garden, and Zarrow Pointe retirement center.
Charles Schusterman Jewish Community Center has been selected for the 2019 Best of Tulsa Awards in the category of Recreation.


Welcome to Haud Me Back, purveyors of fine iPhone, iPad and iPod Touch applications. Please follow the "Software" link on the left-hand menu for further information on our current releases.
As of 12th January 2016, OutSide Maps is now available once more.