text:
Armed With Knowledge
The number of gun-related deaths per year in America is now at its highest point in the last 30 years. But in California, in that same time frame, the numbers have fallen by nearly 30 percent—due in no small part to the relentless efforts of Dr. Garen Wintemute, a Sacramento physician who employs science and data to help implement pioneering gun violence legislation. It turns out that the best way to stop a bad guy with a gun is a good guy with a gun research center.
Kate Washington,
Portrait by Max Whittaker
Dr. Garen Wintemute in his office at the University of California Firearm Violence Research Center on April 17
The cramped, unmarked office of the University of California Firearm Violence Research Center in Sacramento is a long way from the killing fields of Cambodia, but to Garen Wintemute, the two are inextricably linked.
The 67-year-old UC Davis emergency medicine doctor, who is lean and wiry with close-cropped hair silvering at the temples, has the intense, single-minded gaze of a man who has devoted his life to one unwavering goal: preventing gun violence. But almost 40 years ago, Wintemute (pronounced "winta-mute") was an idealistic young physician, who was fresh out of residency at UC Davis and volunteering overseas.
"I spent five months working in Cambodia right after Pol Pot's time. It was still a combat area," says Wintemute, who ventured to the region in 1981 with the American Refugee Committee, under the auspices of the Red Cross.
Nearly 2 million Cambodians had died under the rule of the Khmer Rouge, the brutal regime headed by dictator Pol Pot, and as part of an international effort to aid the country in the aftermath of the genocide that was committed there, Wintemute and his fellow aid workers provided medical care in a 120-bed "hospital," a word the doctor utters using air quotes. "We would hear gunfire every day," he recalls. He would hear bullets whiz by in the trees and land mines in the distance. Victims of those land mines came in with, say, the lower half of the leg blown off and he would "complete the amputation" using local anesthetic. At one point, he pauses mid-sentence. "Sorry," he says. "A memory intruded."
Wintemute in 1981 at a Cambodian refugee camp with Pol Ham, then an attorney who went on to become the vice president of the Cambodia National Rescue Party (Photo courtesy of Garen Wintemute)
Witnessing such intense trauma permanently altered Wintemute's perspective. "The lasting impact was the sum total of those vicarious individual experiences," he says. "In the five months I was there, I never once met an intact family. I heard stories of how the missing members had died. So what it was for me was an understanding of the power of violence to shape the future of whole populations, which is why I got interested in [a career in] public health and not, let's say, trauma surgery."
Wintemute returned from Cambodia determined to do something. At first he thought his anti-violence destiny lay in work abroad. But the targets of gun violence he saw when he returned to practicing emergency medicine in the U.S. convinced him to remain stateside. "I decided, 'Nope, the problem is big enough here,' " he says. But it didn't take long for him to realize that most victims of gun violence—estimated to be 75 percent—never even make it to an ER. So, in order to prevent more gun-related deaths, the bigger challenge was to prevent the shots from being fired in the first place.
WWintemute's wood-paneled office at the Firearm Violence Research Center—the first state-funded institution of its kind—is all but bare. One wall holds a piece of paper on which he has written out a quote from writer Samuel Beckett: "Ever tried. Ever failed. No matter. Try again. Fail again. Fail better." Above the quote, he scrawled a note to himself: "Remember why you're doing this, and for whom. Be patient. Be grateful."
And Garen Wintemute has been nothing if not patient. Unlike in the ER, where a life can be saved in minutes, saving lives through research takes years, and usually decades. Wintemute recalls when his life took its turn in this direction. Shortly after returning from Cambodia, he enrolled at Johns Hopkins School of Public Health in Baltimore in 1982, and in a class on injury prevention, he had a teacher that he describes as a "really spellbinding public health attorney [who] was doing I think the first synthesis of the very little research there was on firearm violence as a public health problem."
That teacher, Stephen Teret, became Wintemute's mentor—though first Teret had to overcome a less-than-ideal first impression, when he spotted Wintemute in the back of the class, tilting back his chair. "I thought, 'This guy is going to be trouble,' " says Teret. When Wintemute introduced himself, however, he was so well spoken that the professor quickly changed his mind. "I actually went down to the admissions office to read his application. I thought to myself, 'I've got to get to know this guy. I think he's why I became a teacher.' I was very lucky."
It was Teret who first exposed Wintemute to both the challenge and the opportunity that would define the latter's life's mission. The two went on to develop a close working relationship. "For me, it's been one of the most stimulating, fruitful and pleasant aspects of my career to [collaborate] with Garen in this difficult work," says Teret, who is now retired.
"Here's this huge problem," Wintemute says of the epiphany that he had stumbled on an important field of study that virtually nobody was working on. "It's like being out in the desert. There's just nothing but you and empty space." And all of the reasons that would deter most people—there were few funding sources, there was opposition (and organized opposition at that), the issue was incredibly complex—only intrigued him more. "To me it was, 'What's not to like?' I enjoy the austerity and the challenge and the risk of it."
In the late '80s and early '90s, as homicide and suicide rates rose to epidemic levels in the United States, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) began funding firearm research for the first time. Wintemute was already studying the subject at Davis and receiving small amounts of funding, but to be eligible for larger grants, he needed to create a formal entity. For this reason, he formed the Violence Prevention Research Program—which served as a precursor to the Firearm Violence Research Center—in 1991.
Today, another wall in his office demonstrates the complexity of the work. He's taped up a palimpsest of papers that maps out a vast research project evaluating the efficacy of a California law that he helped craft. In 1999, the year of the shooting at Columbine High School where 12 children and one teacher were killed, the California legislature conceived of a program to remove guns from people who bought them legally but were no longer eligible to own firearms due to various factors, including having subsequently committed a felony or a violent misdemeanor. Wintemute advised the program, which was enacted in 2006 and based in part on his research showing that gun owners with criminal records were more likely to commit gun-related crimes. The initiative was given additional funding in 2013 after the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting. In 2015, then-State Attorney General Kamala Harris called the program—the Armed and Prohibited Persons System—her "top priority." To date, it has seized over 28,000 guns, including more than 700 assault weapons.
A note in Wintemute's office includes a quote from Samuel Beckett 's 1983 story "Worstward Ho" at the bottom. (Photo by Max Whittaker)
And, as Beckett implores, when Wintemute fails, he tries again. In 2013, Gov. Jerry Brown vetoed a bill that would prohibit people from owning firearms for 10 years if they were convicted of multiple DUIs (or other substance-related misdemeanors). "His veto message said there's not enough evidence," Wintemute told ProPublica at the time. "There's tons of evidence of alcohol as a risk factor of violent activity. I think he meant evidence specific to gun owners. We've started one study, and are in the process of another. We'll come back with the evidence." It took five years, but Wintemute and his team did just that in 2018. A revised bill is working its way through the legislature, and the doctor believes it's one that Gov. Gavin Newsom will sign.
The emptiness of Wintemute's office belies his chaotic schedule—as the center's founder and director, he typically has 25 meetings a week. He's also a renowned and prolific researcher who has published about 100 studies on the epidemiology—the science of finding the causes of health outcomes and diseases—of gun violence.
His research has provoked death threats, put gun manufacturers out of business and led to lifesaving policy changes. He has been instrumental in putting California in the vanguard of a national movement for states to tighten gun control laws and combat gun mortality. And at an age where most people are retiring, he's gaining momentum.
Now the director has even more ambitious work underway with the nearly 20 young researchers he has hired to join the center since it was established in 2017. The staff includes experts in public health, criminology, law, economics, epidemiology and statistics, in addition to medical doctors. Its work encompasses studies on suicide reduction, community policing, whether violence spikes after mass shootings, and much more.
The group's wide-ranging approach is key, says researcher Hannah Laqueur, 37, an assistant professor at UC Davis who holds master's degrees in public policy and biostatistics, as well as a PhD in law and economics. "Garen really had this vision that we should think about violence as being a problem that needs to be solved by thinking about it in multifaceted ways," she says. "That's the best way to get at these big questions."
"The problem of gun violence in the U.S. is a particularly knotty problem, and solving it requires a lot of different disciplines coming together," adds Teret. "You need people who bring different skills to the table. I can think of one exception to that, and that one exception is Garen, because Garen can do all of those things."
TThese days, the concept of examining gun violence as a public health problem is quickly gaining acceptance, but in the 1980s, when Wintemute started, it was revolutionary. If anything, the media and the masses thought of guns as an inner-city crime issue. "People knew [criminal violence] was something for which young men were at greatest risk, particularly young men of color," he says. "I don't like talking about this, but it's simply true that for much of society that meant, 'Oh, this happens to people who aren't like me, so it's not my problem.' "
"People say, 'Gun violence is a public health problem?' And I think, 'Well, what else would it possibly be?' " says Amy Barnhorst, 45, vice chair for community mental health at the UC Davis Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences. "It's a social problem, a cultural problem, a legislative problem, an economic problem. You need people who are able to enact social change, to change cultural beliefs, to pass legislation, to actually stop the bleeding in the ERs, to do counseling in primary care offices. It's preventative medicine."
Wintemute, who had earned his undergraduate degree at Yale and his MD at UC Davis, completed his master's in public health at Johns Hopkins in 1983. He then returned to UC Davis, where he continued working as a medical doctor—but also began researching gun violence. His first study on the issue, an examination of accidental firearm deaths among children in California, appeared in 1987.
Just a year later, Wintemute first put his stamp on a major piece of gun violence reduction legislation. In 1988, two parallel bills—federal and in California—were being crafted to prevent the manufacture and sale of assault-style weapons. The physician was called in to advise on both efforts. As he recalls, he was the point person between the dual pieces of ambitious legislation, sharing information between the camps in order to strengthen both bills.
For California lawmakers, there was a heightened sense of urgency after a gunman with an AK-47 assault rifle walked onto the playground of Cleveland Elementary School in Stockton on Jan. 17, 1989, and shot 34 children in about three minutes, killing five. That May, the state legislature passed a ban on 75 types of assault weapons (including the AK-47)—the first of its kind in the country. Five years later, U.S. Senator Dianne Feinstein, also with Wintemute's help, led the charge to pass a national version of the law, which sunsetted in 2004.
READ MORE: Trigger Effect – Looking back on the Cleveland Elementary School shooting 25 years later
The Violence Prevention Research Program that Wintemute started at UC Davis in 1991 was launched without fanfare. It was essentially an outgrowth of the research work that Wintemute was already doing. And the subject of guns was already so controversial that the medical school housed the new program off campus, on Alhambra Boulevard. "Basically, they said, 'Look, Garen, if someone is going to blow you up we don't want them to have to go through the hospital to get to you,' " recalls Wintemute.
In the early 1990s, Wintemute and his team published numerous studies on a range of gun-related topics. In 1994, his report Ring of Fire examined six Southern California manufacturers of a particularly dangerous gun, known as the Saturday Night Special, which was inexpensive, lacked safety features and was disproportionately used by youth.
After the report appeared, several Los Angeles-area communities banned the gun. And in June 1997, the PBS series Frontline produced an episode based on Ring of Fire. That October, Time magazine featured Wintemute as one of its "Heroes of Medicine" and called him "a new breed of physician eager to affect public policy about gun violence by using their special insights as healers." Two years later, California passed legislation that made it illegal to make or sell Saturday Night Specials in the state, and five of the six manufacturers examined in Ring of Fire eventually had to close their doors.
Wintemute performs a surgical procedure on a patient at the UC Davis Medical Center in 1997. (Photo by Mark Richards)
Even with his rising status, Wintemute struggled to find funding. The National Rifle Association and other pro-gun advocacy groups didn't like the potential impact of such gun violence research, which the Centers for Disease Control, a federal agency, was funding in the early 1990s. In 1993, a high-profile study in The New England Journal of Medicine identified guns in the home as a significant risk factor for homicide.
At the NRA's behest, in 1996, Jay Dickey, a Republican congressman from Arkansas, added an amendment to the omnibus spending bill that essentially prohibited the CDC from spending money on gun-related research. (The politician, who died in 2017, later expressed regret for his role and even wrote a letter supporting the establishment and funding of the Firearm Violence Research Center.)
As a result of the Dickey Amendment, money for gun violence research nationwide has dried up for decades. The amendment remains in effect, though there is increasing support for funding research on the topic: This past April, for example, House Democrats unveiled a spending bill that would designate $50 million for federal gun violence research.
Despite the challenges of the last two decades, Wintemute has persisted. "There came a point when I decided if I need to keep the lights on, that's what I'll do," he says. To date, the doctor has personally donated $2.2 million to this research, out of his own salary and a long-ago gift of stock from a company started by his father, a successful businessman.
There came a point when I decided if I need to keep the lights on, that's what I'll do," Wintemute says. To date, the doctor has personally donated $2.2 million to this research and deliberately keeps his expenses low to devote his physician's salary to his cause. He drives a 2010 Subaru, has lived in the same 700-square-foot, one-bedroom apartment since 1997, doesn't eat out and doesn't own a television.
Wintemute, who has been divorced for nearly 20 years and never had children, deliberately keeps his expenses low to devote his physician's salary to his cause. He drives a 2010 Subaru, has lived in the same 700-square-foot, one-bedroom apartment near the Sacramento River since 1997, doesn't eat out (he makes his own lunch every morning, and even goes to grocery stores when he's on vacation or on a business trip), and doesn't own a television.
But financial obstacles aren't the only ones he has faced. Gun control incites passion for many Americans, and Wintemute has been the target of what he calls "organized opposition" over the years. "The work is risky," he says.
In the 1990s, Wintemute often went to gun shows to see the trade in action. At one show, he was spotted using a hidden camera and things got heated fast; his then-girlfriend overheard some men say they were going to abduct and kill him as soon as he exited the building, so he waited inside until they left the premises. Some colleagues in law enforcement urged Wintemute to wear a bulletproof vest, a precaution he never took. At another show, one of the manufacturers featured in Ring of Fire, Bruce Jennings, confronted Wintemute and said that he'd set aside money to make the doctor's life miserable and also suggested that Wintemute have his life insurance policy paid up.
Later, Wintemute played another role in Jennings' life: "In 1996, it became illegal [in the U.S.] to own or possess or purchase firearms if you've been convicted of domestic violence," says Wintemute. "Bruce had broken his wife's jaw, and it was public record." The physician helped bring Jennings' record to the attention of the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives, and the gunmaker lost his firearms license. (Jennings is currently serving a 10-year federal prison term for distributing child pornography.)
Wintemute's op-eds, which have been published in The Sacramento Bee, San Francisco Chronicle and The New England Journal of Medicine, provoke angry letters to the editor and his name is often mentioned on gun rights forums online; in a recent discussion about proposed legislation AB521, for instance, one comment reads, "F–k them, what this is really about, is more money for that Wintemute doosh [sic] canoe."
The controversy around firearms heated up throughout the 1990s, as the NRA—formerly an organization for sport shooters—ramped up its gun rights activism. The result was little data and even fewer studies about the causes of gun violence and how to address it.
Wintemute's 1994 report Ring of Fire examined six Southern California manufacturers of a particularly dangerous gun, known as the Saturday Night Special, which was inexpensive, lacked safety features and was disproportionately used by youth. After the report was published, several Los Angeles-area communities banned the gun (the California legislature eventually followed suit). In June 1997, PBS' Frontline produced an episode based on Ring of Fire. That October, Time magazine featured Wintemute as one of its "Heroes of Medicine."
State Senator Hannah-Beth Jackson, a Democrat representing Santa Barbara who is currently sponsoring the revised DUI bill based on the center's research, points out a double bind in the funding freeze: the lack of information about the causes of gun violence made implementing policies to curb it all but impossible. "We basically had our hands tied by the pro-gun groups [insisting] we were making decisions without any scientific basis," she says. "Of course, they were keeping us from developing that quote-unquote scientific basis because we were prohibited from collecting any data."
The limitations on Wintemute's mission only made him even more determined. For well over a decade, he maintained a punishing schedule working seven days a week with no real breaks. Perhaps as a form of quiet encouragement, someone has arranged magnetic poetry on the office fridge to read "have vacation please." The doctor is listening: While he still maintains a seven-day work schedule, which includes pulling ER shifts, eating lunch at his desk and staying into the evenings, he now takes a few vacations a year.
Every few months, Wintemute also goes up to his family's ranch in Southern Oregon to visit and help with seasonal roundups and haying. The ranch is the home of his father who kept guns in the house during Wintemute's childhood. "We were taught how to respect guns," says the son, who was raised in Long Beach. By his teens, however, Wintemute, a self-described "beach kid," was more interested in hunting in kelp beds with an underwater speargun. But Wintemute learned to shoot and once even got offered a job teaching riflery to kids at a YMCA camp. "I like shooting," he says, with a shrug. "I'm good at it. I used to belong when UC Davis had a rifle and pistol club."
Although he no longer shoots competitively, Wintemute is adamant that neither he nor the center is anti-gun. "I don't have a problem with the tool," he says. "I have a problem with the uses to which they are put."
He's as strict about gun safety in his private life as he is in his public research. Although the area surrounding the ranch tends to be pro-gun, "the only time there's been any controversy," Wintemute says, "was when it came time to disarm Dad. He's 94. Around the time you start thinking that maybe Grandpa shouldn't have access to the car keys, they shouldn't have access to firearms either."
WWhen Wintemute began researching gun violence and how to reduce it, the topic wasn't the hot-button issue it is today. Now, America's nearly 40,000 annual gun deaths and the growing number of mass shootings in this country are at the center of an urgent public debate. In 2017, Congress introduced a bill designating June as National Gun Violence Awareness Month. Then in the spring of 2018, the first March for Our Lives event, the nationwide student-run protest for stricter gun control measures, took place shortly after the Parkland massacre—last year saw more shootings on school campuses than any year since 1970—and was the third largest protest in American history.
And it's mass shootings—in schools, churches, offices, concert venues, movie theaters—that have moved Wintemute's work from the fringes of research to the mainstream. Even though they account for a small fraction of all gun deaths, they have become the face of American gun violence.
Unlike the private toll taken by suicide deaths or the remoteness of homicide, mass shootings feel universally personal. " 'No matter who I am, no matter what I look like, these things happen to people like me,' " Wintemute says of their equalizing effect. " 'No matter where I go in life, these things happen in places just like the places I go to, the places of worship, the mall, the concert.' Everyone feels a personal stake in getting this problem solved because they realize, 'This could be my children, my grandchildren.' "
In fact, state funding for Wintemute's Firearm Violence Research Center was at least partially motivated by the 2015 shooting in San Bernardino, in which a county health department employee killed 14 colleagues. And within weeks of the Las Vegas massacre on Oct. 1, 2017, in which a man killed 58 people and wounded 422 more by gunfire, Wintemute published an article aimed at doctors called "What You Can Do to Stop Firearm Violence." In it, he advocated for health providers to ask about patients' access to firearms and advise them on the dangers, and he asked them to publicly state their commitment. To date, nearly 2,600 doctors have done just that.
At a press conference at the UC Davis Medical Center in June 1987, Wintemute shows the visual similarities between toy guns and real guns to illustrate the findings of his then-recent study on accidental gun deaths and children. (Photo by Mark Thiessen/The Sacramento Bee from the Center for Sacramento History)
His efforts got an accidental boost from, of all people, the National Rifle Association, which last November posted a tweet mocking his peers, reacting to a position paper from the American College of Physicians that recommended tightening gun control restrictions. The tweet read in part: "Someone should tell self-important anti-gun doctors to stay in their lane."
The medical community responded with a Twitter storm, using the hashtag #ThisIsOurLane to tell heartbreaking stories of treating firearm victims. "We saw a flood of responses where physicians were posting pictures of blood-soaked ERs," says Wintemute. "For the NRA, of all people, to say, 'That experience notwithstanding, [gun violence] is none of your business,' was really a mistake," prompting "a very intense interest" by doctors in making a difference regarding gun violence.
Now there's pending legislation sponsored by Democratic Assemblymember Marc Berman that would grant $3.8 million to Wintemute's What You Can Do initiative, to help the center train MDs in reducing firearm risk for their patients. "In my mind, $3.8 million over three years so we can train medical professionals to try to intervene before something happens is a remarkably smart investment," says Berman, whose bill cites that, in contrast, the cost of hospital and emergency department care for firearm-related injuries in California in 2010 (the most recent year for which numbers are available) was $112 million.
Some of Wintemute's colleagues had already developed an interest in doctors playing a role. Psychiatrist Amy Barnhorst had two daughters in elementary school at the time of Sandy Hook. "I was on call in the ER the weekend after, and I overheard Garen talking with someone about the debate about whether this was a mental health system failure or a failure of our gun laws, and how he was frustrated by people saying this is a mental health problem," she says.
Barnhorst was hooked. "I completely butted into their conversation and said, 'I am the front lines of the mental health system, running a crisis unit in a hospital, and we're not going to be able to stop this.' " Although Barnhorst is not on the center's staff, she and Wintemute have worked together on the issue ever since.
The two helped craft California's landmark Gun Violence Restraining Order (GVRO), which went into effect in 2016. Although it's not based on any one study, it bridges a long-standing gap in firearm safety policy by enabling law enforcement to remove firearms from people who present imminent threats. In other words, if a family member or a roommate is acting in a way that you (or law enforcement) believe could result in them using a gun against themselves or others, you or the police can file a court petition (with easily accessible forms online) that gives the police the authority to temporarily remove that person's access to guns for up to a year.
Modeled on domestic violence restraining orders (where guns can be temporarily removed from those served with a protective order), GVRO arose in part from the 2014 Isla Vista rampage in which perpetrator Elliot Rodger killed six people, three by gunfire, and wounded 14 more near the UC Santa Barbara campus. Rodger's parents were alarmed by warning signs of their son's violence and made frantic attempts to intervene. But Rodger, who purchased guns legally, didn't meet the mental health criteria for committal. There was nothing law enforcement could do.
California's restraining order law has served as a model for other states that have seen a groundswell of support for new gun legislation in the wake of Parkland. Such measures have rare bipartisan support: In January, Republican Senator Marco Rubio said, "A gun violence restraining order is one of the most effective policies we can put in place to prevent another tragedy like Parkland." And in March, fellow GOP Senator Lindsey Graham said of the concept, "I really can't see a reason why we can't pursue this at the federal level. The benefits are enormous." In April, Colorado became the 15th state in less than three years to enact such a law, and two dozen more states are weighing similar legislation.
I have struggled for 40 years to see gun violence reduced, and I have a level of optimism that ultimately it will be, because of people like Garen," says prominent public health researcher Stephen Teret. "But there aren't many people like Garen. So in large part, it will be reduced by Garen. He is a national treasure."
And while prominence of mass shootings has led to increased prevention measures, they can also obscure how common and deadly other forms of firearm violence are. Of the 39,773 gun deaths in the U.S. in 2017 (the most recent year for which such statistics are available), nearly two-thirds were suicides. And homicides by gun occur in America at a rate 25 times higher than in any other "high-income" country (those with a per capita income above $12,000), according to Preventive Medicine. Women in the U.S. are over 15 times more likely to be killed with a gun, often in domestic violence incidents, than women in other such countries. Nationwide, firearms are the second leading cause of death for children, killing almost twice as many children as cancer, and they are the top cause of death for African-American children.
But Wintemute's ever-growing center is arguably doing more to stem this violence than any other group in the country. Interestingly, most of Wintemute's new recruits are, like Barnhorst, early- or mid-career women, some explicitly motivated by parenthood. "I didn't set out to recruit women to come to this program," he says. "I set out to get the best, smartest people I could find. And most of the people who came to the top were women."
He's protective of their careers, dedicated to getting adequate and continued funding to guarantee their employment. "When they tell me, 'I've committed my life to this,' I believe them," Wintemute says. "The challenge—the opportunity—for me has been to make sure they have a job."
His efforts are seemingly paying off. Originally, the state granted the new research center $1 million a year for five years. Gov. Newsom's proposed budget, currently pending, would lift the sunset clause and extend that funding in perpetuity.
Meanwhile, the center is dizzyingly busy and productive, turning out reams of rigorous, multidisciplinary research that's having a serious impact on California gun laws and beyond. And its location in the state capital is critical to the team's work and influence.
LLikely few in Sacramento know of the existence of the Firearm Violence Research Center, but Wintemute says that it "would not be possible outside of Sacramento. California gathers uniquely rich data related to firearm violence. And the Department of Justice in Sacramento is a 10-minute walk from my office."
Very few other states collect or offer researchers access to as much data on gun-purchasing records and other statistics. California retains so much information in part because Wintemute himself has long advocated for record-keeping laws. He and Hannah Laqueur, for instance, are planning to launch a new study of illegal gun ownership based on research that's only available to them now because of a bill that Wintemute wrote and helped pass in 1998.
Proximity to state legislators is also key for implementing policy based on the center's work. Such legislation represents an incremental approach to change based on proven harm-reduction models—rather than emotional appeals to ban guns or enact sweeping gun control measures, which would certainly fail or be unconstitutional.
Although such measures may sound modest, the center's strategy to base policy recommendations on proven science (and then measuring their efficacy after they've been implemented) is turning out to be the best tool yet against gun violence. In a way, it's no different than standard medical research projects, like for, say, cancer. It's slow, methodical, piecemeal, unsexy work that is slowly but surely changing the world.
The on-the-ground connection to lawmakers has been quite fruitful. "Dr. Wintemute's ability to come articulate what his research means has been and will continue to be very, very effective," Senator Hannah-Beth Jackson says. "The member from Silicon Valley shouldn't say this," adds Assemblymember Marc Berman, who represents the area, "but there's nothing better than meeting with folks in person as opposed to Skype or emails. Having them so close by is a huge benefit for the legislature and for California."
California is an important location not only for research, but also for effecting political change nationwide. "It's symbolic of a lot of things California does, where the federal government abdicates its responsibility in a critical public safety arena," Berman says. "We can come up with these progressive policies, implement them in California, do research, collect data, see if it's actually working, and then have those be modeled across the country. It's really awesome that California has the center, and we'd be negligent if we didn't work with them very closely to come up with additional policies."
Policy changes based on Wintemute's work have helped make California's gun regulations among the tightest in the country, with bans on assault rifles and high-capacity magazines, universal background checks, restrictions on firearm sales to people under age 21, and more.
Such measures appear to be translating into increased safety for residents. The state's rate of firearm mortality has dropped by half in the last 25 years and was the seventh lowest in the nation in 2017—down from 19th in 2005.
Other states are taking notice of the change. New Jersey has established a research center explicitly patterned on California's, and similar centers are planned in New York, Hawaii, New Mexico and Washington.
WWith public interest in gun violence high, the ear of legislators, a broad research mandate, and a growing flow of funding, Wintemute is optimistic about the Firearm Violence Research Center's outlook.
Multiple new research projects are underway on a range of topics. What You Can Do director Rocco Pallin, 28, plans to augment the initiative with a video addressing the general public, to explain why physicians ask about firearm safety—and offer guidance.
Her colleague Hannah Laqueur recently launched a study with epidemiologist and UC Davis assistant professor Rose Kagawa, 34, to look at whether increased gun purchases after mass shootings result in a spike in gun violence. (Early results indicate that they do.)
Amanda Charbonneau, 38, a postdoctoral fellow at the center, is interested in how suspicion—an important legal concept in determining whether stops and searches are constitutional—informs police officers' decision-making, and is beginning a related project with police departments throughout California. She also foresees taking her work with her when she moves on after her fellowship. "Garen is quite deliberate about thinking about the whole pipeline and the sustainability of the research, so you have that cycle of mentorship, training and grant-seeking," she says.
Wintemute meets with staff members at the Firearm Violence Research Center in April. (Photo by Max Whittaker)
Passing the baton to the next generation is crucial to Wintemute's bigger plan. Even more than his own career goals, what drives Wintemute is the ongoing influence of the center. "We play the long game in this business," he says. He firmly expects the center—his life's work—to continue its groundbreaking research long after he's gone.
Laqueur marvels at what Wintemute has created. "It is quite amazing," she says. "Garen has had incredible vision to have planted seeds in all sorts of places over the years. Now those things are coming to fruition."
Stephen Teret, his former professor, agrees. "I've struggled for 40 years to see gun violence reduced, and I have a level of optimism that ultimately it will be, because of people like Garen," he says. "But there aren't many people like Garen. So in large part, it will be reduced by Garen. He is a national treasure."
Wintemute, in turn, points to his younger associates. "The really big story around here is that now there's this whole cadre of brilliant young people who have given their careers to this," says Wintemute. "What it means is that when I inevitably can't do this work anymore, it will continue. We are here to stay."
For gunshot victims, the aftereffects can last a lifetime—a hidden toll (and cost) that many don't consider. Wintemute continues to see these aftereffects on just about every ER shift he works. "What I'm seeing are the long-term consequences [of gun violence]: the paraplegic who has a urinary tract infection, the person whose wound has gotten infected, the person with PTSD or anxiety or depression."
Those patients, vulnerable and injured, continue to motivate him. "To me, what matters the most is being of service. I'm one of those lucky people who found their groove. I'm in a position that allows me to give everything I have to something I believe in very deeply," Wintemute says. "So, I won't retire. There will come a point when I will die on the job or somebody will tell me, 'Garen, you're demented, you need to leave now.' But hopefully five, 10, 20 years from now, I'll still be in the game."
This article appears in the June-July 2019 issue of Sactown Magazine.


text:
TO COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD
OFFERS EUROPE
NORTH EUROPE AND WEST EUROPE
EAST EUROPE AND MIDDLE ASIA
SOUTH EUROPE AND MEDITERRANEAN
OFFERS ASIA
EAST ASIA AND SOUTHEAST ASIA
SOUTH ASIA AND WEST ASIA
The Americas, which are also collectively called America, are a landmass comprising the totality of North and South America. The Americas make up most of the land in Earth's Western Hemisphere and comprise the New World.
Along with their associated islands, the America cover 8% of Earth's total surface area and 28.4% of its land area. The topography is dominated by the American Cordillera, a long chain of mountains that runs the length of the west coast. The flatter eastern side of the America is dominated by large river basins, such as the Amazon, St. Lawrence River–Great Lakes basin, Mississippi, and La Plata. Since the America extend 14,000 km (8,700 mi) from north to south, the climate and ecology vary widely, from the arctic tundra of Northern Canada, Greenland, and Alaska, to the tropical rain forests in Central America and South America.
The first known European settlement in the America was by the Norse explorer Leif Erikson. However, the colonization never became permanent and was later abandoned. The Spanish voyages of Christopher Columbus from 1492 to 1504 resulted in permanent contact with European (and subsequently, other Old World) powers, which eventually led to the Columbian exchange and inaugurated a period of exploration, conquest, and colonization whose effects and consequences persist to the present. The Spanish presence involved the enslavement of large numbers of the indigenous population of America.
Decolonization of the Americas began with the American Revolution in the 1770s and largely ended with the Spanish–American War in the late 1890s. Currently, almost all of the population of the Americas resides in independent countries; however, the legacy of the colonization and settlement by Europeans is that the Americas share many common cultural traits, most notably Christianity and the use of Indo-European languages: primarily Spanish, English, Portuguese, French, and, to a lesser extent, Dutch.
The America are home to nearly a billion inhabitants, two-thirds of whom reside in the United States, Brazil, and Mexico. It is home to eight megacities (metropolitan areas with ten million inhabitants or more): New York City (23.9 million), Metropolitan area of the Valley of Mexico (21.2 million), São Paulo (21.2 million), Los Angeles (18.8 million), Buenos Aires (15.6 million), Rio de Janeiro (13.0 million), Bogotá (10.4 million), and Lima (10.1 million).
See more about Americas: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americas
See more Our Store: https://quynhonhd.vip/shop/
AMAZING HEALTH BENEFITS OF SEX
What is safe and healthy sex? How to avoid sexual disease
Copyright © 2022 SEXUAL HEALTH | Powered by Astra WordPress Theme

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Latest News - #Leonid Kravchuk
Cannon estimated the requirement Kravchuk to give Ukraine $ 300 billion
The head of the Federation Council Commission for information policy and media relations, Alexei Pushkov criticized the first President of Ukraine Leonid Kravchuk for the requirement to pay his country $ 300 billion for the restoration of Donbass.
Earlier in an interview with the publication "Apostrophe" Kravchuk said about the necessity of creation of special Fund for the restoration of Donbass, which should be well USA, UK and Russia. This requirement ex-President explained that Ukraine signed the Budapest Memorandum in the past and its renunciation of nuclear weapons, which cost, it is estimated that about 300 billion dollars.
#Leonid Kravchuk
#The situation in Ukraine
#Alexei Pushkov
Kravchuk called elections in the Donbass
Elections in Donbass require compliance with several conditions, including control of the Kiev on the state border with Russia, said Friday the ex-President of Ukraine, the new head of the delegation of Kiev in the contact group on settling the situation in the Donbass Leonid Kravchuk.
Earlier, the former President of Ukraine Leonid Kuchma stopped work in the contact group. On Thursday the President of Ukraine Volodymyr Zelensky has signed a decree which authorized the Kravchuk delegation to represent Kiev in the group.
#Luhansk People's Republic
#The situation in the DNI and LC
#SCCC
#Kiev
#Vladimir Zelensky
#Leonid Kuchma
Kravchuk spoke against granting special status to the Donbass
The ex-President of Ukraine, the new head of the delegation of Kiev in the contact group on settling the situation in the Donbass Leonid Kravchuk has said he would not support a special status for the region, we can only talk about the "special system".
Earlier, the former President of Ukraine Leonid Kuchma stopped work in the contact group. On Thursday, the Ukrainian leader Vladimir Zelensky has signed a decree which authorized the Kravchuk delegation to represent Kiev in the group.
Kravchuk stated willingness to compromise on Donbas
The first President of Ukraine Leonid Kravchuk, who led the delegation on the eve of Kiev on the negotiations of the contact group on the Donbas, said in an interview with RBC-Ukraine about the readiness to compromise in conflict resolution.
"Mission one is to end the war to Ukraine was peace, that we may live peaceful: no blood, no horror, no loss, no damage. That's my mission remains to Donbass and Ukraine was the world. I'm going to do everything I can. Let's compromise..." - said Kravchuk, did not elaborate on what the compromise is about.
#UN
#Minsk
The expert assessed the appointment of Kravchuk, head of the delegation of Kiev
Kiev, appointing ex-President of Ukraine Leonid Kravchuk, head of the delegation in the trilateral contact group, trying to find authoritative figure who would understand both sides, but for settlement in the Donbass necessary to the implementation of policy measures of the Minsk agreement, said the expert of the Center for political conjuncture Alexei Chesnakov.
Earlier ex-President of Ukraine Leonid Kravchuk said that he agreed to lead a delegation to Kiev on the negotiations of the contact group on settling the situation in Donbass is another former President Leonid Kuchma.
#Alexei Chesnakov
Kravchuk approved by the head of the delegation of Kiev in the contact group on Donbass
The President of Ukraine Vladimir Zelensky has signed a decree which authorized the country's first President Leonid Kravchuk to present the delegation of Kiev in the contact group on conflict settlement in the Donbass, and was deprived of the same powers formerly head of the delegation Leonid Kuchma, the text of the document published on the official website of the office of the President.
Earlier, the former President of Ukraine Leonid Kuchma stopped work in the contact group on conflict settlement in the Donbass. Wednesday Zelensky said that among the candidates for the post of head of the delegation of Kiev in the contact group on Donbass have Kravchuk and Deputy Prime Minister of Ukraine, first Deputy head of the delegation Alexei Reznikov. On Thursday, Kravchuk agreed to lead the delegation.
#Alexey Reznikov
Kravchuk to lead a delegation to Kiev in the contact group on Donbass
The ex-President of Ukraine Leonid Kravchuk agreed to lead a delegation to Kiev on the negotiations of the contact group on settling the situation in Donbas.
"I decided: if I can, and I want to do something to speed up the peace in the Donbass — I'm going to do it until his last breath, that's why I agreed", — quotes the TV channel "Ukraine 24" the words of the policy.
Kravchuk said that Russia will help Ukraine to restore the Donbass
The first President of Ukraine Leonid Kravchuk in an interview with the portal "NSN" commented on the statement that the Ukrainian authorities fear the return of the Donbass under the control of Kiev.
Earlier, former member of Parliament Eugene Moore said that fear, in particular, is that the Ukrainian authorities will have to pay pensions to residents of Donbass, to look for provisions for the restoration of territories and understand who is really "hero" and who is "criminal", then to initiate criminal proceedings against the latter.
#Moscow
#The Verkhovna Rada Of Ukraine
#Eugene Moore
Zelensky answered the question about the place of Bandera in history
The President of Ukraine Vladimir Zelensky believes that the question of the leader of the Organization of Ukrainian nationalists of Stepan Bandera in history must meet time.
"I think that all the people who defended Ukraine's independence, her sons were its heroes. We from hero to enemy - one step. You know, to the history of Stepan Bandera (in the East – ed.). There is no uniqueness. Not necessary, I think, to provoke the Ukrainian society and answer the questions that should be answer time," said Zelensky in the comment to the edition "Ukrainian truth" on the question of whether he was a hero Bandera.
#Bohdan Khmelnytsky
#Stepan Bandera
Ukraine longs for nuclear weapons and 250 billion
Two hundred and fifty billion dollars.
So much, in the words of the first President of Ukraine, could get to Kiev in compensation for the renunciation of nuclear weapons. Leonid Kravchuk once again returned to one of the favorite themes of Ukrainian politics — the Budapest Memorandum and loss of it capabilities.
#Petro Poroshenko
#The authors
#Japan
Kravchuk praised the refusal of Ukraine of nuclear weapons in the $ 250 billion
Compensation of Ukraine after the signing of the Budapest Memorandum could amount to about $ 250 billion, said of the first President Leonid Kravchuk in an interview Gordon.ua.
"Nuclear weapons were tactical, which also went to Russia. Media Backfire, these famous planes. They also moved to Russia. If all to count, it's somewhere in the range of $ 250 billion," said the former Ukrainian leader.
In the Federation Council responded to the words Kravchuk on his way to "stop" Russia
Deputy Chairman of the Federation Council Committee on international Affairs Vladimir dzhabarov said RBC words of the former President of Ukraine Leonid Kravchuk on hard measures to "stop the aggressive business" in Russia.
According to the Senator, such statements Kravchuk "wants to celebrate the memory of their deeds in the early 90s in the Ukraine, when the former Secretary of the Communist ideology was an outspoken nationalist and separatist".
#Poland
#The Federation Council of the Russian Federation
#Vladimir Dzhabarov
#Nord stream — 2
#Western Europe
Kravchuk called the way to stop Russian "aggression"
The first President of Ukraine Leonid Kravchuk believes that "to stop an aggressive business" Moscow can only United action by the international coalition. The opinion he expressed in an interview with "Gordon".
Kravchuk criticized the policy of European countries and accused its leaders of inconsistency. According to him, they introduce anti-Russian sanctions, but at the same time participate in the construction of the pipeline "Nord stream — 2" and discuss the easing of restrictive measures.
#Sergei Tsekov
Russia responded to the words Kravchuk about "aggressive business" Moscow
Russian politicians responded to the words of the first President of Ukraine Leonid Kravchuk on his way to "stop Russia" and the "aggressive case".
Earlier, the former Ukrainian leader criticized the policy of Europe towards Moscow. He believes that the creation of an international coalition — the only way to "stop Russian aggression".
#Republic Of Crimea
#Sanctions against Russia
Pushkov said the words Kravchuk on his way to "stop" Russian aggression
Senator Alexei Pushkov called the delusive suggestion of the first President of Ukraine Leonid Kravchuk about the creation of a coalition to counter Russia.
Earlier, the former Ukrainian leader criticized the policy of European countries towards Moscow. According to him, the creation of an international coalition — the only way to "stop Russian aggression".
Kravchuk told how the US "cheated" Ukraine
The first President of Ukraine Leonid Kravchuk in an interview with "Gordon" and accused Washington of "deception" of Kiev from the signing of the Budapest Memorandum.
According to this document signed in 1994 by the leaders of Ukraine, Russia, USA and
#Donald Trump
#Washington (city)
Kravchuk called "the only way to "stop" Russia
The first President of Ukraine Leonid Kravchuk in an interview with "Gordon" criticized the policy of European countries towards Russia. According to him, "stop the aggressive case," Moscow can only United action by the international coalition.
The former head of state accused the European leaders of inconsistency. Kravchuk noted that they introduce anti-Russian sanctions, but at the same time participate in the construction of the project "Northern stream – 2" and discuss the easing of restrictive measures.


Used for internal wiring of control equipment, in those places where special high temperature behaviour is required.
Electrolytic copper conductor, Class I, according to BS EN 60228:2005 (previously BS6360) and EN 60228.
PVC insulation, type TI-3, according to UNE 21031-7 and HD 21.7S2:1996/A1:1999.


text:
Mature Student Column – Issue 5
November 10, 2019 By SIN Staff
By Jody Moylan
In the summer of 2018, after my first year at NUI Galway had finished, I went to Paris in search of the old haunts of Roderic O'Conor. The great Irish painter, as it happens, came from the same parish as myself, and, being interested in local history, I'd been writing a piece for publication on him. It was while stood in out of the rain, on a 'boulevard' that O'Conor had once depicted, that I noticed, high up on a wall, a plaque dedicated to Marc Bloch. I recognised the name because I had once heard that Bloch was one of those historians who believed in bottom-up history; the recognition that ordinary village people and everyday life matters. Top-down history would never have materialised if the people at the bottom did not exist. Local history recorded properly, in essence, could tell you the real story of the nation. And while some of us are fortunate to have a 'notable resident' attached to our locality's past, almost all — if not every — locality has an interesting story to tell, if we only took the time to do a little digging.
Like most people, I always knew that Ireland's population dropped dramatically after the Great Famine, but I had never really understood how this national catastrophe affected my own village, specifically. Until, that is, I discovered the NUI Maynooth Population Change Atlas, which has become one of my favourite tools on the internet. Giving the population data in ten–year intervals from 1841 to 2002 for every parish in Ireland (district electoral divisions to be precise), you can now see how the population of your own area fell off from the mid-nineteenth century onwards. I still can't get my head around the fact that, in my own village in Co. Roscommon, there lived 2,824 people in 1841, while in 2002, that figure had dropped to the small number of 215; a figure that seems pretty accurate. While this is just the bare bones of a local tale of death and emigration, it is easy enough to get a greater picture of what was happening by rooting through old newspapers, including local publications that are now available online in the Irish newspaper archives (NUI Galway library online). I discovered in one newspaper that the local parish priest, for example, had led parishioners to the Roscommon 'monster meeting' of Daniel O'Connell in 1843. To another newspaper the same priest wrote a letter in 1847, stating that almost half the population of his district were destitute. I was discovering that here was a priest, a people, and a place fighting against the system, but the wheel kept turning; with online data stating the population dropped by some 814 people by 1851.
By looking over early ordnance survey maps, I even discovered a 'clachan' settlement that once existed a mile from my house in the late 1830s. By the time of the updated version of the map, in 1867, the settlement had completely disappeared. It had, in every sense, been wiped off the map.* This stuff is not just local history; it is national history at local level, and nineteenth to early twentieth century Ireland was ripe with this phenomenon. And it's all traceable. By searching through Griffith's Valuation, I discovered that the landlord of the settlement was Thomas Johnston Barton. Then, by seeking out his name on the website for the peerage of England (thepeerage.com), I found that Barton was a staunch Protestant Unionist, and his son after him was the same. Then it got very interesting, for Thomas Barton's grandson was a man by the name of Robert Barton. Robert broke from the shadow of the Protestant ascendancy and joined the republican movement, after leaving the British army in 1916. He was the delegate in London who held out to the end and delayed the signing of the Anglo-Irish Treaty, caving in after pressure from Michael Collins, and the threat of war from the English government.
Here was national history, with its roots, and all the weight that was on those roots, reaching back to my own local past. On that rainy day in Paris, on O'Conor's 'Boulevard Raspail', I noticed that, while Marc Bloch had once lived in the building I'd been looking at, he had died in a field in rural France; executed by the bullets of the Gestapo in 1944 for being a fighter in the French Resistance. A little place in the countryside with its own unique story. Like so many little places of our own. And each one should have a history society, because endless histories, big and small, are just waiting to be told.
*This settlement — Drimnagh, Co. Roscommon — has since been named an official eviction location on the Irish Famine Eviction Project, after collaboration with coordinator Dr Ciarán Reilly.


New Zealand's top sports journalists and photographers were recognised at the 2018 Sport New Zealand Sir Terry McLean National Sports Journalism Awards dinner in Auckland last night.
For the first time since 2009, two sports journalists have shared the Supreme 'TP' award – Dana Johannsen of Stuff and Dylan Cleaver of NZME – both former Supreme title winners.
The other finalists were TVNZ 1 News reporter Abby Wilson and Marc Hinton of Stuff. Abby Wilson won the TV Sports journalism category and was again acknowledged for the Best Single Story of the year, for her investigation into the resignation of Cycling NZ's sprint coach amidst allegations of bullying and inappropriate behaviour.
A new award for Best Coverage of Women's Sport, sponsored by Sport New Zealand, was won by Dana Johannsen of Stuff.
The new Long Form journalist award went to a troika of Dylan Cleaver, Dana Johannsen and photographer Greg Bowker for their portfolio including a feature on 'The remarkable life and tragic death of Sonny Fai'.
The new Short Form journalism award went to Michael Burgess of the NZ Herald, because of his in depth coverage of the drama enveloping New Zealand Football after the Football Ferns loss to Japan. The NZ Herald DJ Cameron Young Journalist Award was won by Christopher Reive of NZME.
The Radio Sports Journalism award went to Ravinder Hunia of Radio New Zealand, while the Award for Sports Opinion went to Marc Hinton of Stuff. Dylan Cleaver also took out the Awards for Publishing Sports Journalist and Community/recreation/ adventure reporting.
In the photography section, the best portfolio category was won by Marty Melville of Wellington, while the best community/adventure category by Brett Phibbs of the New Zealand Herald. The best photograph – of a flying catch by cricketer Trent Boult was captured by Andrew Cornaga of Photosport.
Jonty Dine of the Nelson Weekly was selected as the Best Provincial Sports Journalist, while the Garry Frew Memorial Trophy for Outstanding Contribution to Provincial Sports Journalism was given to Hawkes Bay based Ross Holden.
Two Sir John Wells Sport New Zealand Scholarships went to young sports journalists, Michelle Prendiville of TVNZ and Reuben Mama of the Herald.
New Life Members of the Association named on the night were former rugby league writer John Coffey of Christchurch and long-time sports broadcaster and doyen of NZ motor racing broadcasts, Brian Kelly of Tauranga.
The Sport New Zealand Lifetime Contribution to Sport through Journalism Award was awarded to former Sports Editor of Wellington's Evening Post, Bob Fox.
These were the 38th NZSJA awards, the 24th under the patronage of Sport New Zealand, and the 18th year they have been known as the Sir Terry McLean National Sports Journalism Awards. The Awards, sponsored by Sport New Zealand, attracted 127 entries across all New Zealand media organisations.
The New Zealand Sports Journalists Association Inc., has announced the finalists for the 2018 Sir Terry McLean National Sports Journalism Awards, sponsored by Sport New Zealand.
A total of 127 entries were received across the 12 categories. One of the category winners will go on to take the Supreme Sports Journalist of the Year title.
The winners will be announced at the Sir Terry McLean Awards dinner at the Ellerslie Event Centre in Auckland on Wednesday 5 December.
Previous Supreme Award winners are among this year's finalists – Dana Johannsen, Andrew Cornaga, Dylan Cleaver and Liam Napier.
Sport New Zealand will again present two Sir John Wells Sports Journalism Scholarships which provide young journalists with the opportunity to meet key sports leaders and organisations to gain a wider understanding of sports governance in New Zealand. The scholarships include a $1,000 cash prize.
NZSJA – 'TP' Awards Call for Entries 2018.
Entries are open for this year's TP Awards in all categories. The closing date is Tuesday 16 October.
Entries open for 2018 TP Awards.
The 2018 Sir Terry McLean (TP) Awards function will be held in Auckland on Wednesday December 5. Entries in all categories covering work from the period 1 October 2017 to 1 October 2018 will open on September 25 and close on October 16. Entry forms will be available at that time. Many of the categories with the exception of photography and Young Journalist have been revamped this year.
New Zealand's top sports journalists and photographers were recognised at the 2017 Sport New Zealand Sir Terry McLean National Sports Journalism Awards dinner in Auckland last night.
The other finalists were former Newshub/TV3 reporter Michelle Pickles and veteran radio commentator Peter Montgomery. Abby Wilson of TVNZ was awarded the trophy for the Best single story of the year, for her piece on drug testing in First XV rugby.
The NZ Herald DJ Cameron Young Journalist Award was won by Ruth Dacey of the Rotorua Daily Post. The new multi-media reporting category, went to Martin Tasker and Peter Lester for their coverage of the America's Cup.
Michelle Pickles took out the Award for Best Television reporting, while Matt Beale of Sky Sport won the Best Television Feature category. Peter Montgomery won the Sports Broadcasting Radio award for his America's Cup coverage on Radio Sport.
The Sport New Zealand Lifetime Contribution to Sport through Journalism Award was awarded to veteran Wellington based radio broadcaster, cricket commentator Bryan Waddle.
In the photography section, the best portfolio category was won by Napier photographer John Cowpland of Alphapix, the best community/adventure category by Motueka based Chris Symes of Media Images and the best photograph - of two young boys helping up a friend who had fallen in a school cross-country race - was captured by Robyn Edie of the Southland Times.
The Sir John Wells Sport New Zealand Journalism Scholarships were awarded this year to Alex Chapman of the NZ Herald and Kirstie Stanway of Newshub. The scholarshjp provides two young journalists the opportunity to spend time in Wellington and Auckland with key sports leaders and organisations to gain a wider understanding of sports governance in New Zealand.
Logan Savory of the Southland Times was selected as the Best Provincial Sports Journalist, while the Garry Frew Memorial Trophy for Outstanding Contribution to Provincial Sports Journalism was given to Rangiora based Lindsay Kerr. Journalist Suzanne McFadden and veteran Herald journalist David Leggat were made Life Members of the Association.
These were the 37th NZSJA awards, the 23rd under the patronage of Sport New Zealand, and the 17th year they have been known as the Sir Terry McLean National Sports Journalism Awards. The Awards, sponsored by Sport New Zealand, attracted 136 entries across all New Zealand media organisations.
Sir John Wells Sport New Zealand Journalism Scholarships.
The New Zealand Sports Journalists Association Inc., has announced the finalists for the 2017 Sir Terry McLean National Sports Journalism Awards, sponsored by Sport New Zealand.
A total of 136 entries were received across the 12 categories. One of the category winners will go on to take the CBL Insurance Supreme Sports Journalist of the Year title plus a cash prize of $1,000.
The winners will be announced at the Sir Terry McLean Awards dinner at the Ellerslie Event Centre in Auckland on Thursday, 30 November.
Previous Supreme Award winners are among this year's finalists – Dana Johannsen, Andrew Cornaga, Dylan Cleaver and Peter Montgomery.
Sport New Zealand will again present two Sir John Wells Sports Journalism Scholarships which provide two young journalists with the opportunity to meet key sports leaders and organisations to gain a wider understanding of sports governance in New Zealand. The scholarships also include a $1,000 cash prize.
Robyn Edie Southland Times, Stephen Parker Rotorua Daily Post, Chris Symes Media Images.
Awards will also be made on the night for the Best Single Story, and the two Sir John Wells Sport New Zealand Journalism Scholarships.


text:
import { describe, it, beforeEach, jest, expect } from '@jest/globals';
import initLsCommand, { definition as initLsCommandDefinition } from './ls.js';
import initEnvCommand, {
  definition as initEnvCommandDefinition,
} from './env.js';
import { YError } from 'yerror';
import type { LogService } from 'common-services';
import type { ImporterService } from '@whook/whook';
import type { PromptArgs } from '../services/promptArgs.js';

describe('lsCommand', () => {
  const promptArgs = jest.fn<PromptArgs>();
  const log = jest.fn<LogService>();
  const readDir = jest.fn<(dir: string) => Promise<string[]>>();
  const importer = jest.fn<ImporterService<any>>();

  beforeEach(() => {
    promptArgs.mockReset();
    log.mockReset();
    readDir.mockReset();
    importer.mockReset();
  });

  describe('should work', () => {
    it('with no plugin', async () => {
      promptArgs.mockResolvedValueOnce({
        command: 'whook',
        rest: ['ls'],
        namedArguments: {},
      });
      readDir.mockRejectedValueOnce(new YError('E_NO_MODULE'));

      const lsCommand = await initLsCommand({
        CONFIG: {
          name: 'My Super project!',
        },
        PROJECT_SRC: '/home/whoiam/whook-project/dist',
        WHOOK_PLUGINS: [],
        WHOOK_PLUGINS_PATHS: [],
        promptArgs,
        readDir,
        log,
        EOL: '\n',
        importer,
      });
      const result = await lsCommand();

      expect({
        result,
        promptArgsCalls: promptArgs.mock.calls,
        logCalls: log.mock.calls.filter(([type]) => !type.endsWith('stack')),
        readDirCalls: readDir.mock.calls,
        requireCalls: importer.mock.calls,
      }).toMatchSnapshot();
    });

    it('with some plugins', async () => {
      readDir.mockResolvedValueOnce(['ls', 'env']);
      readDir.mockRejectedValueOnce(new YError('E_NO_MODULE'));
      importer.mockResolvedValueOnce({
        default: initLsCommand,
        definition: initLsCommandDefinition,
      });
      importer.mockResolvedValueOnce({
        default: initEnvCommand,
        definition: initEnvCommandDefinition,
      });
      promptArgs.mockResolvedValueOnce({
        command: 'whook',
        rest: ['ls'],
        namedArguments: {},
      });

      const lsCommand = await initLsCommand({
        CONFIG: {},
        PROJECT_SRC: '/home/whoiam/whook-project/dist',
        WHOOK_PLUGINS: ['@whook/cli', '@whook/whook'],
        WHOOK_PLUGINS_PATHS: [
          '/var/lib/node/node_modules/@whook/cli/dist',
          '/var/lib/node/node_modules/@whook/lol/dist',
        ],
        promptArgs,
        readDir,
        log,
        EOL: '\n',
        importer,
      });
      await lsCommand();

      expect({
        promptArgsCalls: promptArgs.mock.calls,
        logCalls: log.mock.calls.filter(([type]) => !type.endsWith('stack')),
        readDirCalls: readDir.mock.calls,
        requireCalls: importer.mock.calls,
      }).toMatchSnapshot();
    });

    it('with some plugins and ignored files', async () => {
      readDir.mockResolvedValueOnce(['ls', 'env', '__snapshots__']);
      readDir.mockRejectedValueOnce(new YError('E_NO_MODULE'));
      importer.mockResolvedValueOnce({
        default: initLsCommand,
        definition: initLsCommandDefinition,
      });
      importer.mockResolvedValueOnce({
        default: initEnvCommand,
        definition: initEnvCommandDefinition,
      });
      promptArgs.mockResolvedValueOnce({
        command: 'whook',
        rest: ['ls'],
        namedArguments: {},
      });

      const lsCommand = await initLsCommand({
        CONFIG: {},
        PROJECT_SRC: '/home/whoiam/whook-project/dist',
        WHOOK_PLUGINS: ['@whook/cli', '@whook/whook'],
        WHOOK_PLUGINS_PATHS: [
          '/var/lib/node/node_modules/@whook/cli/dist',
          '/var/lib/node/node_modules/@whook/lol/dist',
        ],
        promptArgs,
        readDir,
        log,
        EOL: '\n',
        importer,
      });
      await lsCommand();

      expect({
        promptArgsCalls: promptArgs.mock.calls,
        logCalls: log.mock.calls.filter(([type]) => !type.endsWith('stack')),
        readDirCalls: readDir.mock.calls,
        requireCalls: importer.mock.calls,
      }).toMatchSnapshot();
    });

    it('with some plugins and a verbose output', async () => {
      readDir.mockResolvedValueOnce(['ls', 'env']);
      readDir.mockRejectedValueOnce(new YError('E_NO_MODULE'));
      importer.mockResolvedValueOnce({
        default: initLsCommand,
        definition: initLsCommandDefinition,
      });
      importer.mockResolvedValueOnce({
        default: initEnvCommand,
        definition: initEnvCommandDefinition,
      });
      promptArgs.mockResolvedValueOnce({
        command: 'whook',
        rest: ['ls'],
        namedArguments: {
          verbose: true,
        },
      });

      const lsCommand = await initLsCommand({
        CONFIG: {
          name: 'My Super project!',
        },
        PROJECT_SRC: '/home/whoiam/whook-project/dist',
        WHOOK_PLUGINS: ['@whook/cli', '@whook/whook'],
        WHOOK_PLUGINS_PATHS: [
          '/var/lib/node/node_modules/@whook/cli/dist',
          '/var/lib/node/node_modules/@whook/lol/dist',
        ],
        promptArgs,
        readDir,
        log,
        EOL: '\n',
        importer,
      });
      await lsCommand();

      expect({
        promptArgsCalls: promptArgs.mock.calls,
        logCalls: log.mock.calls.filter(([type]) => !type.endsWith('stack')),
        readDirCalls: readDir.mock.calls,
        requireCalls: importer.mock.calls,
      }).toMatchSnapshot();
    });
  });
});

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Coding Education Form - KarenZupko&Associates, Inc.
Have you attended a KZA workshop and/or worked with a KZA consultant?
If yes, who was the instructor or consultant?
What is your coding question? Please provide as much detail as you can.


Any thoughts. Sorry newbie here but looking for a solid top tenor.
Check out our marketplace for second hand deals..
Here's that Kala, properly set up.
Hawaiianmusicsupply just sent out an mail...they just got in some Cordobas and of course do their amazing set up, but not on web page yet. I have a Solid top acoustic/electric cutaway and I think it's a good uke for the price, but I'm not sure I'd have paid $200 for it...got mine used. I hear good things about them from actual Cordoba Owners, but then those Kalas are really sweet and a good uke for the money...a real favorite for both new and seasoned players.
http://www.ukuleleunderground.com/forum/showthread.php?48201-Selling-Kala-KA-SMHT-Full-Mahogany-Tenor-Ukulele-with-Case-and-Capo-180 It's all solid mahogany....won't get one of these for this price very often, if ever.~~~~~Whooops, a couple'a PMs in on this one.
The ST is just one of the solid tops the one listed above is solid mahogaheny top. comes with a excellant case. the one marked at Hawaii music by phil are the ka t not st so probably not solid tops so they would be a bit cheaper. Looked for an ST as I would recomend the kala but didn't find one at other than a couple of the big stores. I recently bought a ka-s from hawaii music and they did a fine job setting it up. Amazing really for such an inexpensive uke. One of the other solid top kala's from there would fill your bill but come at a higher cost. The package deals on your first one will usually save you a bit as you need tuner case etc.
If you are talking about the one in the Marketplace, its all solid mahogany, not just the top!
I have the Kala KA-ST tenor solid Sitka Spruce top and the quality, sound and gloss finish are Beautiful! I think it's the best value for under $200!


text:
Письмо́ — знакова система фіксації мови на площині за допомогою умовних ідеографічних елементів двох вимірів для передачі інформації на відстані й закріплення її в часі. Найперші спроби письмової фіксації думок і повідомлень виникли ще в первіснообщинному суспільстві (кінець кам'яної доби). У Західній культурі під письмом найчастіше розуміють тільки передачу мови в текстовому вигляді за допомогою набору знаків або символів (відомих як писемність).

У 1981 р. всесоюзним науково-дослідним інститутом судових експертиз (НДІСЕ) під редакцією професора В. Ф. Орлової, означено: "Письмо — засіб фіксації думки людини за допомогою мови і спеціально створеної системи умовних позначень (писемності). У судовому почеркознавсті письмо як об'єкт експертизи включає: а) письмову мову (смислові, мовні засоби вираження думки при листі); б) почерк".

Вивчають письмо як особливу знакову систему такі дисципліни: граматологія, епіграфіка й палеографія.

На письмі можуть використовуватися абстрактні символи, що відбивають фонетичні елементи мови, як, наприклад, в індоєвропейських мовах, або можуть застосовуватися спрощені зображення об'єктів і понять, як в східноазійських і давньоєгипетських піктографічних письмових формах. Тим не менш, письмо різниться від ілюстрацій, таких як наскельні малюнки й живопис, а також від несимвольних способів зберігання мови на нетекстових носіях інформації, наприклад, на магнітних аудіокасетах.

В Україні щороку 9 листопада в день вшанування пам'яті Нестора-Літописця святкується День української писемності та мови.

Способи запису інформації

Британський письменник та історик Герберт Уеллс у праці «Коротка історія світу» () стверджує, що письмо може «зафіксувати угоди, закони, заповіді у вигляді документів. Воно забезпечує зростання держави до розмірів, що перевищують старі міста-держави. Слово священика або короля і його гарантії можуть виходити далеко за рамки, окреслені його поглядом і голосом, і може впливати по його смерті».

Види писемності

Основні види писемностей (методи запису мови) поділяються на чотири категорії: логографічні, складові, літерні й характеристичні. Існує ще одна п'ята категорія — ідеографічне письмо (символи ідей), що, однак, ніколи не розвинулася до представлення рівня мови. Шоста категорія — піктографічне письмо, сама собою недостатня для представлення мови, але часто складає основу логографічних систем.

Логографічне письмо

Логограма є запис знаків, що відбивають окремі слова або морфеми. Щоб записати мову, потрібна величезна кількість логограм, а щоб вивчити їх, потрібно багато років. У цьому виявляється основна вада логографічного письма порівняно з алфавітним. Однак після того як таке письмо вивчено, виявляється його головна перевага — швидкість читання Жодна система письма не є повністю логографічна: всі вони поряд з логограмами мають фонетичні компоненти («логосилабічні» компоненти у випадку китайського письма, клинопису й письмо цивілізації майя, де символ може позначати морфему, склад або й морфему, й склад; «логоконсонантні» компоненти у випадку ієрогліфів). Більшість таких писемностей містять ідеографічні компоненти (китайські «радикали», ієрогліфічні «визначники»). Наприклад, у письмі майя символ для «пливця», що вимовляється як «ка», застосовувався також для передачі складу «ка», в разі, коли необхідно було вказати на вимову логограми, і в разі відсутності самої логограми.

Основна логографічна система, що вживається в наш час, - це китайські ієрогліфи, що використовуються з деякими змінами в різних мовах Китаю, Японії і, меншою мірою, в корейській мові Південної Кореї. Інший приклад — класичне «письмо і». У китайськім письмі близько 90% символів з'єднуються семантичним (смисловим) елементом, радикалом, з символом для позначення вимови, що зветься фонетичним елементом. Однак фонетичні елементи доповнюють логографічні елементи, а не навпаки.

Складове письмо

Складове письмо є набір письмових знаків, що передають склади. Знак у складовому письмі зазвичай відбиває поєднання голосний-приголосний, або просто один голосний звук. Проте в деяких випадках знаки відбивають складніші склади (наприклад, приголосний-голосний-приголосний або приголосний-приголосний-голосний). Фонетичний зв'язок складів не відбивається графічно. Наприклад, склад «ка» може виглядати зовсім несхоже на склад «ки», так само як і склади з однаковими голосними не будуть схожі між собою.

Складове письмо найслушніше пристосовується до мов з відносно простою структурою складу, як от японська. З інших мов, що застосовували складове письмо, можна навести мікенське лінійне письмо Б, письмо черокі й нджука, креольська мова Суринаму на основі англійської мови, а також мова ваї в Ліберії. Більшість логографічних систем мають сильні складові компоненти. Ефіопське письмо, технічно будучи алфавітом, має злиті приголосні й голосні звуки, тому воно вивчається як складове.

Алфавіти

Алфавіт (, від назв перших літер грецького алфавіту — альфа та бета (віта), також абетка чи азбука) — сукупність усіх літер або складових знаків, прийнятих у писемності якої-небудь мови й розміщених у певнім усталенім порядку. Алфавіти виникли в серед. 2 тис. до н. е. В ідеальному фонологічному алфавіті фонеми й букви ідеально відповідають один одному в обох напрямках: при записуванні можна передбачити написання слова, знаючи його вимову, і навпаки — при мовленні можна передбачити вимову слова, знаючи його написання. Мови часто розвиваються незалежно від їхніх систем письма. Письмо запозичуються для інших мов, спочатку для них не призначених, а тому й ступінь відповідності букв алфавіту фонемам мови значно варіюється від мови до мови й навіть у межах однієї мови.

Іноді термін «алфавіт» обмежується системами з окремих літер для приголосних і голосних, наприклад, латинський алфавіт, хоча абугіди й абджади теж можуть належати до алфавіту. З цієї причини грецький алфавіт часто вважається першим алфавітом у світі.

Консонантне письмо

У більшості близькосхідних алфавітів відбиваються тільки приголосні звуки, голосні звуки іноді можуть позначатися додатковими діакритичними знаками. Ця властивість виникла внаслідок впливу єгипетських ієрогліфів. Такі системи називаються абджадами, що в перекладі з арабської означає «алфавіт».

Консонантно-складове письмо

У більшості алфавітів Індії та Південно-Східної Азії голосні позначаються через діакритичні знаки або через заміну форми приголосного. Таке письмо називається абугіда. Деякі абугіди, як от геез і крі, вивчаються дітьми як складові, тому їх часто й залічують до складового письма. Однак, на відміну від справжнього складового письма, вони не мають окремих знаків для кожного складу.

Характеристичний алфавіт

Характеристичний алфавіт розглядає будівельні блоки фонем, що входять до складу мови. Наприклад, всі мовні звуки, вимовлені губами («губні» звуки) можуть мати якийсь спільний елемент. У латинському алфавіті це очевидно для таких букв, як «b» і «p», однак губний «m» зовсім іншого роду, і схожа зовні «q» позначає не губний звук. У корейському фонематичному письмі хангиль всі чотири губні приголосні засновані на однакових складових елементах. Тим не менш, на практиці корейську мову прищеплюють дитині як засновану на звичайному алфавіті, а характеристичні елементи, як правило, залишаються непоміченими.

Як інший приклад характеристичного алфавіту можна навести жестове письмо, найпопулярнішу писемність для багатьох мов жестів, в якій рухи рук і обличчя представлені іконографічними знаками. Характеристичні алфавіти поширені також у фантастичних або винайдених системах, таких як тенгвар Дж. Р. Р. Толкіна.

Матеріали й засоби для письма

Впродовж усієї історії людства для письма використовувалися численні пристосування та матеріали, включаючи кам'яні скрижалі, глиняні таблички, воскові таблички, велень, папірус, пергамент, папір, мідні пластини, грифелі, пташине пір'я, чорнило, пензлі, олівці і ручки і безліч способів літографії. Існує гіпотеза, що інки використовували вузлики на нитках, відомі як кіпу, як писемність, для реєстрації математичних операцій, бухгалтерії, календарно та передають історичний наратив.

Згодом широке поширення як інструменти для письма отримали друкарська машинка і різні форми текстових процесорів. Також проводяться дослідження, в яких порівнюються сучасні інструменти письма зі старовинними ручкою і олівцем.

Історичний вплив систем писемності

Історики роблять розмежування між передісторією та історією письма: історія визначається появою писемності. Наскельні малюнки та петрогліфи доісторичних народів можна вважати попередниками писемності. Однак вони не можуть розглядатися як письмо, тому що вони не передають безпосередньо мову.

Системи писемності завжди розвивалися і змінювалися в залежності від потреб людей, що їх використовували. Форма, розташування і значення окремих знаків також змінювалися із плином часу. Простежуючи розвиток знаків письма, можна дізнатися про потреби людей, які їх використовували, а також про зміну цих потреб з часом.

Історія письма

Письмо — розширення людської мови у часі та просторі. У IV тисячолітті до нашої ери складність торговельних відносин та адміністративного управління переросли можливості людської пам'яті, й письмо стало надійнішим способом обліку та фіксації подій на постійній основі. Як у Месоамериці, так і Месопотамії та в Стародавньому Єгипті письмо розвивалося через календарі та необхідність обліку товарів та запису громадських та природних подій. Найчастіше письмо виникало в результаті політичної експансії стародавніх культур, які потребували надійних засобів передачі інформації, підтримки фінансової звітності, збереження історичної пам'яті тощо.

Письмо виникло принаймні в п'яти чи шести цивілізацій, що мали досить розвинуте сільське господарство та міське життя. За оцінками вчених у Месопотамії письмо з'явилося близько 3400 року до н. е. (за іншими даними — 3150 року до н. е.), у Стародавньому Єгипті — близько 3250—3200 року до н. е., на острові Кіпр — близько 2200 року до н. е., на острові Крит — близько 1900 року до н. е., у Давному Китаї — близько 1400 року до н. е. та в Месоамериці — близько 1200 року до н. е. Загалом, за походженням первинні писемності можна об'єднати у три основні групи: Месопотамія, Китай та Месоамерика. Єгипетські ієрогліфи, незважаючи на їхню своєрідність, на думку науковців, розвинулися під впливом месопотамського клинопису. Ці перші п'ять чи шість систем письма стали основою для всіх відомих сьогодні писемностей.

Недавній розвиток історичної піддисципліни «дослідження писемності» () декілька разів призводив до переоцінки датувань появи письма. Так, на думку деяких дослідників, індське письмо, що датується III тисячоліттям до н. е. не є власне писемністю. Інші дослідники не погоджуються з цим, оскільки вважають, що, таке трактування спирається на уявлення про сучасне письмо й не відповідає тодішнім реаліям. Отже історія письма залежить від уявлень і концепцій про мову, відносин між усним і письмовим мовленням і спирається зокрема на філософію мови.

Наразі вважається, що найдавнішою системою письма є месопотамський клинопис. Походження письма в Месопотамії пояснюють таким чином:

Торговельні трансакції між віддаленими районами потребували фіксації домовленостей в контракті. Контракти мали вигляд порожнистих куль з глини, в яких зберігалися невеликі глиняні фігурки, що символізували кількість певного товару. Глиняна фігурка могла мати вигляд кулі, конуса або циліндра. До цих фігурок додавалися форми, що позначали самі предмети торгівлі. В разі рекламації глиняна куля, що була скріплена печаткою, розбивалася й наявні там фігурки порівнювалися з кількістю товару.

З часом торговельні операції ускладнювалися, тож хоча сама система обліку за допомогою глиняних куль збереглася, та відбулася суттєва модифікація: зовні, на свіжій глині куль почали наносити знаки, що символізували товари і їхню кількість. Для нанесення цих знаків послуговувалися спеціальною тонкою паличкою, яка зараз в історичній літературі називається «каламос» (від ). Один край каламоса мав гострий зріз, а інший — закруглений. Такою паличкою було зручно виписувати на глині кут, коло чи конус, що символізували первісні глиняні фігурки.

Очевидно, з часом система запису еволюціонувала, й стали використовувати глиняні таблички, обидві сторони яких використовувалися для облікових записів. Науковці припускають, що форми кола й циліндра було опущено, а клинопис розвинувся через модифікації форми кута.

В інших цивілізаціях письмо могло розвинутися іншим шляхом, а саме - зі знаків (ідеограм), що мали релігійну символіку або позначали елементи природи. У такій системі одна графема могла позначати ціле слово, що представляло окремий предмет, чи один склад, або ж система письмо могла бути суто фонетичною (одна графема відповідає одному звуку мови).

Вчені припускають, що вже у бронзову добу та на початку залізної доби в Єгипті, Китаї, а також на острові Крит один знак міг в залежності від контексту позначати окрему ідею, окремий предмет або окремий склад. На відміну від Месопотамії у цих культурах носієм інформації була не глина, а папірус (див. сувій), а з часом також інші види паперу чи шкіри (пергамент). Написи також наносилися на стіни, на скульптури та на металеві вироби, наприклад на прикраси з дорогоцінних металів.

Див. також
 Мова
 Писемність
 Кирилиця
 Українська абетка
 Епіграфіка
 Папірус
 Папір
 Пергамент
 береста
 Книга
 почерк
 кіпу
 Знакова система
 єрмаківка (писмо)

Примітки

Література

 Powell, Barry B. 2009. Writing: Theory and History of the Technology of Civilization, Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-4051-6256-2
 Rogers, Henry. 2005. Writing Systems: A Linguistic Approach. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-23463-2 (hardcover); ISBN 0-631-23464-0 (paperback)

 Robinson, Andrew "The Origins of Writing" in David Crowley and Paul Heyer (eds) Communication in History: Technology, Culture, Society (Allyn and Bacon, 2003).
 Falkenstein, A. 1965 Zu den Tafeln aus Tartaria. Germania 43, 269-273
 Haarmann, H. 1990 Writing from Old Europe. The Journal of Indo-European Studies 17
 Calvet Louis-Miruel, Histoire de l'écriture, Hachette, 1996, (rééd. de 1998), ISBN 2-01-278887-4
 Josèphe Chignier, Les systèmes d'écriture : un savoir sur le monde, un savoir sur la langue, éd. Centre régional de documentation pédagogique, 1990, ISBN 2-86621-136-7
 James Février, Histoire de l'écriture, éd. Payot, 1995, ISBN 2-228-88976-8
 Marcel Cohen, Jérôme Peignot, Histoire et Art de l'Écriture, Bouquins, Robert Laffont, ISBN 2-221-10225-8
 Anne-Marie Christin, "Histoire de l'écriture, de l'idéogramme au multimédia", Flammarion, 2001, англійський переклад 2002, арабський переклад Bibliotheca Alexandrina, 2005, 432 p. 400 ill.
 Simone Breton-Gravereau et Danièle Thibault, L'aventure des écritures : matières et formes, éd. Bibliothèque nationale de France, 1998, ISBN 2-7177-2059-6

Посилання

 Українська мова. Енциклопедія: Письмо
 Why write? – a history of writing and the alphabet from the British Library - історія письма й алфавіту на сайті Британської бібліотеки
 Історія письма (укр.)
 Виникнення і розвиток письма
 L'aventure des écritures, Dossier pédagogique de la BNF - Історія письма на сайті Національної бібліотеки Франції (нова сторінка доступна з березня 2012 року)
 Brève chronologie de l'écriture, dossier réalisé par la BNF - коротка хронологія поширення письма на сайті Національної бібліотеки Франції
 The World's Writing Systems – Огляд Пітера Т. Денієлса та Вільяма Брайта (ред.).

Мовознавство
Спілкування
Мова

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Fifa World Cup 2018: Antoine Griezmann reveals why he didn't celebrate goal against Uruguay
The Atletico Madrid forward, who calls himself "half-Uruguayan", scored in the 61st minute of France's 2-0 win, thanks to Uruguayan custodian Fernando Muslera's costly error in front of goal.
By : Akshay Ramesh
Jul 6, 2018 23:38 IST
FIFA WC 2018: Underdogs Russia defeats Spain in penalty shootout
France forward Antoine Griezmann doubled his team's lead in the second-half of their Fifa World Cup 2018 quarter-final and knocked the wind out of Uruguay and their fans on Friday in Nizhny Novgorod.
The Les Blues number seven, who calls himself "half-Uruguayan", shot straight at Fernando Muslera from outside the box but the Galatasaray custodian made a mess out a regulation save as the ball was deflected into the net.
It was seemingly the goal that sealed the semi-final berth for France against the insipid, Edinson Cavani-less Uruguay but Griezmann did not celebrate after the strike and carried on with game which ended in his team's favour.
Didn't celebrate goal out of respect for Uruguay: Griezmann
Antoine Griezmann scored the second goal of France 2-1 win over Uruguay in Friday's quarter-final.Alexander Hassenstein/Getty Images
Explaining the reason behind the muted celebration, the Atletico Madrid star said: "I didn't celebrate that goal because when I started as a professional player I was supported by an Uruguayan who taught met the good and bad things in football, so I have a lot of respect for Uruguay as a country."
"I was also playing against friends, so out of respect I thought that it was normal not to celebrate my goal," Griezmann said while referring to his Atletico teammates Diego Godin and Jose Gimenez.
"Uruguay are a tough team, who remind me of club side Atletico, where everybody works hard in attack and defence. I love Uruguayan culture and Uruguayans so I have a lot of respect for them."
Griezmann and his love for Uruguay
File photo of Antoine Griezmann and Diego Godin at Atletico Madrid.Antoine Griezmann and Diego Godin
Griezmann, who in the past was pictured wearing Uruguay jersey, had revealed after the quarter-final win over Argentina that facing the Celeste would be a strong moment for him because of his love for the country.
He shed light on how Carlos Bueno, his former Sociedad teammate and Uruguayan forward, took him under his wings and even introduced him to mate, the traditional South American caffeine-rich drink.
Notably, Griezmann's affection for Uruguay stems from the fact he had made his debut for Real Sociedad under Martin Lasarte, the coach from the South American country. The latter became a father figure for the Frenchman and the two are still in touch, according to ESPN.
He had also become a supporter of Uruguayan club Penarol and even learnt their chants. After moving to the Spanish capital, he had made friends with Godin and Gimenez. The Uruguay captain is his daughter's godfather.
Nonetheless, Griezmann and France were clinical against Oscar Tabarez's men who clearly missed Cavani. The Paris Saint-Germain star missed the tie due to a calf injury he had picked up during their win over Portugal.
The Celeste created chances but they lacked the finishing skills as Luis Suarez was well-handled by the French backline.
Raphael Varane gave the Les Blues the lead in Nizhny Novgorod with a header in the 40th minute. Hugo Lloris then made a match-defining save to deny Martin Caceres before the half-time and Griezmann's second-half strike ended Uruguay's hopes.
Deschamps' men will now take on the winner of the second quarter-final between Brazil and Belgium in the last-four clash on Tuesday, July 10.


text:
Here's A List Of Corporations Funding The 'Defund The Police' Movement
Prominent corporations from around the world are bankrolling the "defund the police" movement, a Daily Caller News Foundation review found.
Companies including Cisco, Clif Bar, Degree, DoorDash, DropBox, H&M and Pokemon announced donations to organizations that seek to defund the police.
Black Lives Matter Global Network and Color of Change are open about their desire to defund the police.
Both organizations have received an outpouring of corporate donations in recent months.
Dozens of corporations from around the world have collectively donated millions of dollars to left-wing organizations that advocate for defunding America's police departments, a Daily Caller News Foundation review found.
Companies including Microsoft, Intel and Airbnb have donated to Black Lives Matter Global Network and Color of Change, both of which want to defund police departments across the country. (RELATED: These Celebrities Are Funding The 'Defund The Police' Movement)
Color of Change is leading a national petition campaign demanding elected officials "defund the police, and invest in communities now!"
"Policing is a violent institution that must end," Color of Change President Rashad Robinson said after the Minneapolis City Council voted to "dismantle" its police department."We imagine a country where there is enough money to educate our children, care for our sick and feed those who are financially unstable," Robinson continued. "Defunding the police allows for this vision."
Black Lives Matter Global Network, the national arm of Black Lives Matter, released a statement on May 30 calling for "a national defunding of police." The organization published a video on June 6 arguing that "defunding the police is the only way to stop pouring resources into a system that doesn't keep us safe."
Both Black Lives Matter and Color of Change have seen a flood of corporate donations since George Floyd, a black man, died after a Minneapolis police officer knelt on his neck for more than eight minutes, according to video.Clothing company H&M donated $500,000 across three social justice organizations including Color of Change, H&M announced in a June 1 Instagram post.
Clif Bar announced a $100,000 donation split between two groups, including Color of Change, in a June 1 Facebook post.
Cisco announced on June 1 that it was splitting a $5 million donation across four social justice groups, including both Color of Change and Black Lives Matter.
RITZ Crackers announced on June 4 that the company and its sister brands — OREO, Trident and Chips Ahoy! — had donated $500,000 to the NAACP and Black Lives Matter.
Degree pledged $100,000 to Black Lives Matter, the deodorant company announced in a June 1 tweet.
Food delivery service DoorDash donated $500,000 to Black Lives Matter, along with donations to other racial justice groups, the company announced in a June blog post.
Slack CEO Stewart Butterfield and his wife announced they would make a $700,000 donation to Color of Change, Black Lives Matter and a host of other organizations in June, Protocol reported. The couple also said they would match $300,000 in employee gifts to organizations.
Clothing brand Vans Inc. announced a $50,000 donation to Color of Change in June, according to the Orange County Business Journal.
Women's working space collective, The Wing, donated $200,000 to Color of Change in June, according to Protocol.
The Pokémon Company International company announced on Twitter in June it would be making a $100,000 donation to Black Lives Matter.
Fashion and music merchandising company Bravado pledged to match employee donations to Black Lives Matter, among various other organizations, Protocol reported.
Workspace computer software company Dropbox pledged to donate $500,000 to Black Lives Matter in a June 3 blog post.
Women's undergarment company Spanx said it would donate $100,000 across multiple organizations, including Black Lives Matter, the NAACP and the Minnesota Freedom Fund, according to a June 3 Instagram post.
The Minnesota Freedom Fund has faced scrutiny for using donations to post bail for alleged violent criminals, including a woman charged with murder and a convicted rapist.
Beauty company Biossance announced it would donate $100,000 to Color of Change, Black Lives Matter, the ACLU and the Minnesota Freedom Fund in a June Instagram post.
Sportswear company Lululemon announced they donated a $250,000 sum to a variety of organizations, including Black Lives Matter, according to an Instagram post.
Japanese video game publishing company Square Enix made a $250,000 donation to Black Lives Matter and pledged to match employee contributions to Black Lives Matter, as well, the company announced in a June 2 tweet.
None of the companies other than DoorDash returned requests for comment.
"In the wake of the death of George Floyd, DoorDash has taken a series of steps to show our support for equality and to stand against discrimination, including by making donations to a number of national and local organizations and leveraging our platform to support Black-owned businesses," DoorDash global head of public affairs Taylor Bennett told the DCNF in an email.
"In partnership with our Black@DoorDash Employee Resource Group (ERG) and in consultation with civil rights leaders, we made donations to Black Lives Matter, the NAACP Legal Defense Fund, Black Girls Code, and a number of local organizations across the country that work to empower local economies to promote equality," Bennett's email continued.
"Our goal with these donations and the other actions we announced is to stand with our employees and community members to fight injustice, inequality and discrimination and to support organizations that are working to root out structural and systemic racism and providing local community development, mentorship, education and entrepreneurship programs to support Black communities across the country," Bennett said.
His email did not address questions from the DCNF asking if DoorDash was aware that Black Lives Matter supports defunding the police at the time the donation was announced and whether DoorDash has a position on defunding the police.


As we enter into what is historically quiet time of the year, the holiday season, I will explore below how you can guarantee you are getting the best exchange rate when looking to send money overseas.
People from all walks of life are reliant on currency, from Private individual's buying a property overseas, to companies paying invoices in a foreign currency. Market fluctuations can therefore have a huge impact on the cost. When deciding the best time to exchange currency, it's important to understand what can affect the rate.
What data and information can impact exchange rates?
It's not just economics however, as many other factors can impact exchange rates. For example, a country's political status has a significant impact on the value of their respective currency. During times of political instability, e.g. during an election or referendum, you will often see significant volatility for the currency of the country involved. A case in point is the recent value of Sterling that has largely been driven by the result of the EU referendum.
How do you get the best exchange rate?
I would recommend registering with two companies in order to guarantee you are getting the best price. There is very little point in registering with 4-5 companies, as by the time you call round and decide the best price, you may actually be in worse position than when you started as the market has moved! Many brokers will simply quote you the 'mid-market' rate, so make sure you are quoted an actual trading price. It might even be worth seeing if they can guarantee you a 'fixed spread'. This way you will always know at what margin you will trade.
There are many benefits of using a broker other than just the exchange rate. By using a specialist currency broker, you gain access to multiple contract types. This can help safeguard your money transfer from adverse market movement. You will also find the process to be efficient and far less time-consuming than the banks.
Do you need to make a transfer?


Bay Tours offers a reliable, exceptional shuttle and tour service in and around Port Elizabeth, South Africa.
Our luxury vehicles are serviced and maintained regularly for your comfort and peace of mind. Our drivers are professionally licenced to transport you and your family, friends or colleagues – plus they're the friendliest in town.
We want to go the extra mile for our clients – locals, tourists and corporate alike. Our normal services are listed below, but if you are looking for something a little different, we are the guys who can help you.
We know Port Elizabeth better than anyone!
We love to move people!
We offer safe, reliable, friendly airport pick-ups and drop-offs, corporate travel solutions, shuttle and tour services in and around Port Elizabeth. We know our town, we know people and we know transport. Call us today for the best service in town.