Wiring Diagram For Cb 750 Dynatek 2000 One of the automotive repair projects that are hardest a repair or technician shop may undertake will be the wiring, or rewiring of the vehicleis electric system. The issue fundamentally is the fact that every vehicle is different. When wanting exchange to remove or fix the wiring within an car, having an accurate and detailed wiring plan is important for the success of the repair work. Many times, there is a technician burdened because of incorrect or obsolete wiring schematics that are provided by inappropriate solutions.
Nowadays, there are numerous sources that attempt to provide wiring diagrams to the technician online. Most times these providers have either wrong or imperfect images that will perhaps cost the shop wasted cash, time if not perhaps a lawsuit. A botched automotive wiring work can be a possibly tragic mistake that no honest technician wants to produce. Applying poor wiring diagrams is actually a sure fire formula for problem. Many times these useless wiring diagrams can be obtained freeofcharge, but as they're generally the document they're published on the professional technician is best served to steer clear of them.
The best solution is usually to utilize an exact and confirmed wiring plan that is supplied from a reliable supplier. An excellent, proven company that has of giving one of the most up-to a long track record -time wiring diagrams available is not hard to find. In fact, the solutions which they offer are relatively cheap compared to what might occur if your negative schematic is employed. Often times, a busy mechanic wont possess the time to verify the accuracy of a wiring diagram and could possibly move forward using the improper info at your fingertips on a fix work. This really is possibly an exceptionally expensive and status damaging situation and may be eliminated by simply placing your confidence using a dependable and proven online source for diagrams and automotive repair info.


The City and Hackney Child Death Overview Panel (CDOP) was established on 1st April 2008 in accordance with the Children Act 2004 and statutory guidance Working Together to Safeguard Children (2015). The CDOP is an independent multidisciplinary panel that provides a review of all deaths of children who are under 18 and resident in the London Borough of Hackney or the City of London.
CDOP also uses the information gathered to develop interventions and recommendations both locally and nationally to improve the health and safety of children in order to prevent future deaths.
When a child dies, there is statutory requirement and public expectation that the death will be comprehensively reviewed and that services provided to the child will be evaluated in a manner which promotes learning and transparency. The review process is also compelled by a deeply entrenched moral imperative to act to protect young lives by identifying and addressing risks and making recommendations for improvement of services.
The CDOP's process aim to promote the transparency of the child death case review requirement by ensuring all cases are scrutinised by an independent appointed panel with expertise in the fields of public health, paediatrics and child health, neonatology, paediatric pathology, mental health, children's social care, investigations and child protection, nursing, midwifery, general practice, child safety (police), education, youth crime reduction and other members who can otherwise make a valuable contribution. The expertise of its members assists the CDOP to fulfil its role to apply a child-focused consideration to each individual review and to develop recommendations for improvement.
Any agency/professional becoming aware of a child death occurring in City or Hackney; or a death of a normally resident City or Hackney child occurring elsewhere, should make a notification to the City and Hackney Child Death Overview Panel Coordinator who is also our single point of contact: Yeba Forbang.
Notification should be made using this LINK.
Following notification of the death of a child, the coordinator will establish which agencies and professionals have been involved with the child or family either prior to or at the time of death by contacting the lead professionals in each agency.
The Agency Report Form B will then be sent by the coordinator to the lead professional in each agency and to any professionals known to have been involved for completion.
Professionals receiving a Form B for completion should retrieve the agency's case records for the child or other family members and complete on the form any information known to them or their organisation or alternatively forward a summary of the agency's case records to the coordinator within the requested time (usually 10-14 days).


Generic soda machines...now available in real life!
Generic indeed... Never seen one that can dispense both Pepsi and Coke from the same machine before- those over here are usually owned by the soda company and can only dispense either depending on which company the machine belongs to.
Construction company. I'm going to college again this August.
Add on about 60% more, take out two of the chimneys, and pave the road.
That's surprisingly huge. Isn't the housecleaning going to be... tiresome?
It is. I'm exhausted. I'm also very stressed-out for several reasons.
Stella Grapes Wrote: It is. I'm exhausted. I'm also very stressed-out for several reasons.
Trying another Linux distro on Wendell....this time, VectorLinux.
As for Greta, her DVD-RW drive was no longer recognized after I installed some Adobe software today.
MS Fixit to the rescue! Now the drive works again!
Yes, the best power supply for housing, parking, food, poetry and tips, personalization, Mary Hart, fire. And for you. It is a safe and secure environment.
Isn't Ackuna Bad Translator just wonderful folks?
Made Clementine and Maxwell swap IP address. As of today, Clementine is 192.168.82.8 and Maxwell is 192.168.82.1.
Of course, it also means I have to change the gateways and proxy settings of all the Nodes in The Geek Hole. That's the hard part. Maxwell is the gateway-firewall-proxy server in The Geek Hole. He's practically in charge of keeping my other compies and consoles out of prying eyes from outside the Geek Hole.
Also, pulled the Trident 4DWave DX out of BingoBeaver. Bingo will be repurposed as my virtual server box, he doesn't need the extra audio. The 4DWave DX will be installed into the new retro box (name tentative) along with the AWE64 once I get around building it.


text:
Нитрит цезия — неорганическое соединение, соль металла цезия и азотистой кислоты с формулой CsNO.

Свойства

Желтые кристаллы, легко растворимые в воде, мало растворимые в этаноле и слабо растворимые ацетоне.

При хранении в водном растворе окисляется кислородом воздуха в нитрат цезия.

Литература
 Плющев В.Е., Степин Б.Д. Химия и технология соединений лития, рубидия и цезия. - М.: Химия, 1970. - С. 126-127

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Unlike other casino games, slot machines are triggered by a lever or button, and allow players to spin reels. They also accept paper tickets with barcodes. In the United States, slot machines are highly regulated by state governments. Some states restrict slot machine ownership and some even regulate the age of the machines. In addition, many states have established gaming control boards.
In the past, slot machines were only available in casinos and small shops. The Gambling Act of 2005 in the U.K. classifies slots by their type and the theme of the game.
While some slot games feature a very large jackpot, others offer smaller payouts. This can make the game dull. However, it's important to know the probability of winning. In general, the higher the odds, the better the chance of winning.
For example, a high-volatility slot offers big wins in a short amount of time. On the other hand, a low-volatility slot gives you smaller wins more frequently. There are also several video slots with bonus features that increase the chances of a payout with increased wagers.
Pragmatic Play is an online slot game provider that offers traditional three-reel games with striking graphics, sound effects, and a three-dimensional feel. They have an extensive game portfolio and promote their products through a variety of channels. They are known for their striking graphics, eye-catching design, and fast-paced spins. In addition, Pragmatic has acquired a license for the Megaways platform and has added value to its portfolio with a number of Megaways hits.
The company's game portfolio includes more than 150 video slots. Most of the slots have classic themes, including stylized lucky sevens, fruits, bells, and other symbols. They also feature interactive elements, such as sound effects and a tumble feature. They also have a battery-saving mode.
Typical features of Pragmatic slots include a bonus round and quick spins. They have a wide range of payment methods, and customer service is available 24 hours a day. They also have a unique design that offers a three-dimensional feel. They rely heavily on promotional campaigns and affiliates to help grow their business. They have a strong presence on the internet and streamers to help promote their products.
They are also known for their high payout percentage. In one instance, the Starlight Princess slot pays out over 80 percent of the amount bet. In another, the Big Bonus mode pays out between 400 and 711 coins. This allows for a bigger potential payout, but only if the player is willing to bet the maximum allowed.
Those who want to experience a new slot with a high payout percentage should try the Starlight Princess slot. In addition, Pragmatic has recently launched a new hit, Santa's Great Gifts, which awards Christmas multipliers. The bonus round and tumble feature give players an opportunity to win additional prizes.
The company has also added a lot of value to its portfolio with the introduction of the Reel Kingdom technology. This technology is used to develop adaptations of older hits. It's also used to create new Megaways titles.
What You Need to Know About Online Casinos
How to Find a Reputable Online Slot Casino

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Maintenance and Modification of NASA, JSC, DFRC, & LaRC Assigned Aircraft
Filed under Johnson Space Center, US
Document Type: Sources Sought Notice
Solicitation Number: 9-BL-54-3-05P
Posted Date: Feb 06, 2003
Original Response Date: Feb 17, 2003
Original Archive Date: Feb 06, 2004
Current Archive Date:
Classification Code: J — Maintenance, repair & rebuilding of equipment
Contracting Office Address
NASA/Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center, Houston Texas, 77058-3696, Mail Code: BL
NASA/JSC is soliciting information for potential sources for the maintenance and modification of NASA Johnson Space Center (JSC), Houston, TX, Dryden Flight Research Center (DFRC), Edwards, CA, and Langley Research Center (LaRC), Hampton, VA, assigned aircraft, to include airframes, engines, appliances, and support equipment. Maintenance and modification support activities include maintenance services, quality services, engineering services, and logistics services. Simulation support services on the Shuttle Training Aircraft and related equipment may be required. Air crew services may be required at one or more of the NASA Centers. The overall North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) Code for this perspective procurement is 488190 and $6,000,000. No solicitation exists; therefore, do not request a copy of the solicitation. If a solicitation is released, it will be synopsized in FedBizOpps and on the NASA Acquisition Internet Service. NASA JSC is seeking capabilities from small, small disadvantaged, women-owned small, 8(a), HUBZone, veteran-owned small, service disabled veteran-owned small, historically black colleges and universities, or other minority educational institutions for the purposes of determining the appropriate level of competition and/or small business subcontracting goals for this requirement. Responses must include the following: name and address of firm; and North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) Code. This sources sought synopsis is not to be constued as a commitment by the Government, nor will the Government pay for the information solicited. Respondents will not be notified of the results of the synopsis. Any questions regarding this synopsis should be directed to the point of contact. It is the offeror's responsibility to monitor the aforementioned Internet site for the release of the solicitation and amendments (if any). Potential offeros will be responsible for downloadng their own copy of the solicitation and amendments (if any). All responses shall be submitted to Nancy Robb either in writing or via email no later than 4:30 PM CDT, February 17, 2003. Any referenced notes can be viewed at the following URL: http://genesis.gsfc.nasa.gov/nasanote.html
Original Point of Contact
Nancy S. Robb, Contract Specialist, Phone (281) 483-9044, Fax (281) 483-4066, Email [email protected] – Alice J. Pursell, Contracting Officer, Phone (281) 483-9027, Fax (281) 483-4066, Email [email protected]
Email your questions to Nancy S. Robb at [email protected]
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Close to 200 Swedish organisations working to provide development assistance, information and to form public opinion on global issues have gathered under Forum Syd's umbrella. Collectively, their work is known as development cooperation. Members range from big popular movements with annual budgets measured in hundred of millions of Swedisk Kronor per year, to small local associations supported by the voluntary work of just a few dedicated individuals. Forum Syd is funding focus on the Tonle Sap program.
During her lifetime, Margaret A. Cargill provided Trustees with guidance to help them identify grantees that reflect her values and hopes for the Foundation. Within the Foundation's interest areas, Margaret asked Trustees to support programs that address unmet needs; that give individuals and communities the tools to become self-sufficient; that will be sustainable after our support ends; and that build on and strengthen strong relationships within communities. She specifically favored on-the-ground programs rather than policy initiatives or endowments.
Marins Sans Frontières, une association de solidarité internationale créée en 1984 dont la vocation est de porter assistance et secours aux populations isolées par la mer ou par une voie navigable (fleuve, rivière, lac…) ou qui dépendent d'elles et, par là même, d'améliorer leurs conditions de santé et de vie en facilitant les échanges humains, techniques et économiques.
Our work focuses on valuing and conserving nature, ensuring effective and equitable governance of its use, and deploying nature-based solutions to global challenges in climate, food and development. IUCN supports scientific research, manages field projects all over the world, and brings governments, NGOs, the UN and companies together to develop policy, laws and best practice.. Watch our video to find out more!
The Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund (CEPF) is designed to safeguard Earth's biologically richest and most threatened regions, known as biodiversity hotspots. CEPF is a joint initiative of l'Agence Française de Développement, Conservation International, the European Union, the Global Environment Facility, the Government of Japan, the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, and the World Bank, and in the Indo-Burma hotspot is also supported by the Margaret A. Cargill Foundation. A fundamental goal is to ensure civil society is engaged in biodiversity conservation.
Oxfam Australia was born out of a merger between two leading international development agencies — Community Aid Abroad and the Australian Freedom from Hunger Campaign.
The strength of our organisation comes from its people – our staff, volunteers, directors, Board and supporters.
In the past eleven months, Mercedes-Benz has already sold more vehicles than in the entire year 2013. Since the beginning of the year, 1,486,839 vehicles were handed over to customers. In November the Stuttgart based brand posted another record with sales of 150,742 units.


text:
Gwendolyn Mikell
Professor, Anthropology and SFS
mikellg@georgetown.edu
Gwendolyn Mikell is the Professor of Anthropology and Foreign Service at Georgetown University, where she has taught since 1976. She served as Director of the African Studies Program in the School of Foreign Service at Georgetown from 1996-2007 – a program which she helped develop from 1982 onward; and she was Chair of the Department of Sociology and Anthropology from 1992-1995. She was Senior Fellow for African Studies at the Council on Foreign Relations from 2000 - 2003. She has been President of the African Studies Association, a Jennings-Randolph Fellow at the U.S. Institute of Peace, Member of the Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton, the Institute for African Studies at the University of Ghana-Legon, the Institute for Social Research at the University of Natal in Durban- South Africa, and the Institute for Developing Economies in Tokyo. She is a Board member of the Smithsonian Museum of African Art; and she has served on the Boards of the American Anthropological Association, the African Studies Association, CIES-Fulbright Program, and the British-Marshall Selection Committees As a political and economic anthropologist, Mikell's research interests are in African political and economic transitions, democratization and peace, African feminism, and the political /religious dynamics of African women's organizations. She has been involved on issues related to Ghanaian and Nigerian issues for many years, both through research and practice, through the U.S. State Department's 'Dialogue on Islam in Nigeria,' and through all election observation missions since the 1990s. She is the author of numerous articles and two books – Cocoa and Chaos in Ghana (1982, 2005) and African Feminism: The Politics of Survival in Sub-Saharan Africa (1997); and she has a forthcoming book project that follows Kofi Annan's initiatives on Africa 1997-2009. She holds the B.A. in Sociology from the Univ. of Chicago; a Certificate in French from the National University of Cote d'Ivoire; and the M.A. & Ph.D. in Anthropology from Columbia University.


British audio company Bowers & Wilkins has a new box set featuring four pairs of P3 headphones, and it's called Spectrum of Sound.
Landing just in time for Christmas, the box set notably features all four colours (red, blue, black and white) together for the first time, making it an ideal gift for "music loving families", according to Bowers & Wilkins. However, at £679, it's safe to say this box set is for the real audio connoisseurs out there.
The P3 is an over-ear headphone. It's a part of the P-range, which includes the P5 at the top. The P3 is a light and rugged headphone, built from aluminium and rubber. It folds up for easy storage and stows away into a compact hard-shell carry case, and it comes with two cords for iPhone and other mobile devices.
Pocket-lint reviewed the P3 in 2012 and found it to be a great-looking, uber-comfortable headphone that costs a pretty penny, but it is also more than up to the job where demanding users are concerned. We praised the audio and design, and we considered the P3 on par with the P5.
Each pair of P3 costs £179, which means four of them would total £716. With the Spectrum of Sound box set though, you can save £37. That's not much of a savings, but hey - every little bit counts when it comes to Christmas shopping.


text:
44,400 Breakthrough Cases Recorded In Indiana; 420 Fully Vaccinated Residents Have Died
The state reported more than 5,300 new cases since Sept. 30
The majority of the breakthrough deaths occurred in people aged 65 and older
Indiana's vaccination rate has shown a steady decline
Nearly 45,000 people in Indiana have been infected with COVID-19 despite being fully vaccinated, with more than 400 dying from the virus, according to the state's health department.
In the latest data published Thursday, 44,479 breakthrough COVID-19 cases have been recorded since the beginning of the pandemic — 5,303 more cases since the update on Sept. 30. The total number of cases represents 1.348% of the state's fully vaccinated population.
Health officials also reported 420 breakthrough deaths since the start of the pandemic. At least 90% of the cases, or 378, occurred in people aged 65 and older, with the average age of deaths being 79.
The number of breakthrough deaths represents 0.013% of Indiana's fully vaccinated individuals. It is unclear whether the patients who died had pre-existing medical conditions.
As of Thursday, Indiana health officials reported 907 breakthrough hospitalizations, representing 0.027% of the state's fully vaccinated individuals.
Overall, Indiana recorded 987,164 COVID-19 cases between March 6, 2020, and Oct. 10, 2021, and a total of 15,542 deaths from March 16, 2020, through Oct. 2, 2021, according to data published Friday.
The agency's dashboard also puts the state's rolling seven-day positivity rate at 9.3%. The highly transmissible Delta variant was found in 98.3% of all the samples tested this month.
Despite the still-rising number of COVID-19 cases and deaths, Indiana's vaccination rate has shown a steady decline in people receiving their first and second doses.
In late August, the state's first- and second-dose COVID-19 vaccinated peaked at more than 12,000 per day. But as of Friday, the number dropped to an average of 6,080 first- and second-dose vaccinations daily.
"We are getting some that are coming in for their first and second dose, but the majority are the boosters," Tracy Anderson, COVID-19 vaccine clinics manager for Community Health Network, told Fox 59. "I would say 80% at least are booster."
Anderson added that her team is focusing on running vaccine clinics at schools to make them more accessible to students.
Indiana health officials have fully vaccinated 3,313,593 residents since the beginning of the pandemic, according to the health department's dashboard.
The U.S. has so far reported 44,453,347 COVID-19 cases and 714,058 deaths, states Johns Hopkins University data.
The Pfizer vaccine could soon be available for children as young as five in the United States Photo: AFP / Patrick T. FALLON
COVID-19: Symptomatic Pregnant Women More Likely To Face Complications, Adverse Outcomes, Studies Find
237 Fully Vaccinated Dead Of COVID-19; 28,075 Breakthrough Cases Recorded In Oregon
Olympic Athletes May Be Punished For Political Speech
YouTube Cites 'Rapid Growth' In New Creators As Reason For Originals Shut Down


Since he is man's best friend, your dog probably loves a good road trip to the unexplored wilderness at least as much as you do. Next time you're taking your canine buddy on an off-road adventure in your Jeep, give him a safe place of his own to hang out during the drive. Get him the Mopar Dog Guard Compartment Partition. Item No. 82212304 comes with all the hardware and fitting instructions you need to create a compartment your dog will appreciate even more than you and your other passengers will.
Not for vehicles with the dual pane panoramic sunroof.
Headlining has to be removed!
I was not aware the headlining of the vehicle had to be removed! Returning item.


In this procedurally complicated case, Draper and Kramer sued Dalan/Jupiter and Trammel Crow for breach of contract. Draper prevailed in a bench trial, but its judgment was reversed, without remand, on appeal.
Nonetheless, back in the trial court, Dalan moved for its attorney fees. The trial court concluded that it did not have jurisdiction to rule because Dalan filed the motion too late. Dalan then filed another lawsuit that requested the same attorney fees it expended defending the original lawsuit. The trial court granted summary judgment in favor of Draper and Kramer in that second lawsuit, ruling that the earlier denial of Dalan's fee petition precluded the second lawsuit. Dalan appealed from that summary judgment.
[W]here a judgment is reversed with no order remanding the case, "it cannot be reinstated in the court which entered the judgment from which the appeal was taken* * * " (Emphasis added.) . . . In other words, following a reversal without remand, the trial court is not revested with jurisdiction over the case.
The appellate court ruled that Dalan's lawsuit was precluded, but for reasons different from the trial court dismissal. You can read the whole case, Dalan/Jupiter v. Draper and Kramer, Nos. 1-06-1274, 1-06-2637 (3/30/07), by clicking here.


text:
$A slightly lower ahead of BoJ decision
The Australian dollar is slightly lower as traders wait for an announcement from the Bank of Japan (BoJ), which is expected to detail a package to simulate the nation's flagging economy.
At 1700 AEDT on Tuesday, the local unit was trading at 103.43 US cents, down from 103.58 cents on Monday.
Since 0700 AEDT on Tuesday, the Australian dollar traded between 103.26 US cents and 103.54 cents.
Easy Forex currency dealer Tony Darvall says currency markets are quiet ahead of the announcement by the Japanese central bank.
"You can see that in the last half an hour the Aussie has been rallying, it's on anticipation of a large expansion of the BoJ's bond buying program, they're expecting an additional 10 trillion yen ($A122 billion) but it could be up to 20 trillion yen," he said.
"This is a chance to start a rally."
Mr Darvall said the Australian dollar and currency markets in general have been largely unaffected by superstorm Sandy, which has flooded major cities in the eastern US, killed 13 people, forced evacuations and the closure of airports and US financial markets.
A nuclear power plant in New Jersey, which is in the path of the storm, has declared an alert after its coolant water passed minimum levels.
"There were a couple of blips when you had headlines come in about alerts at nuclear power stations but nothing that got the market in sell-off mode, but it's not helping the market move at all," Mr Darvall said.
At 1700 AEDT, the Australian dollar was at 82.07 Japanese yen, down from Monday's close of 82.56 yen, and at 80.25 euro cents, up from 80.13 euro cents.
Meanwhile, Australian bond futures prices are higher.
RBC fixed income strategist Michael Turner said concern about the impact of tropical story Sandy is causing concern in the local bond market.
"Until last night it has been a pretty muted reaction from the bond market, US Treasuries bonds were well bid before they closed last night, and we've sort of maintained that momentum," he said.
"There is an alert about a nuclear reactor in New Jersey and that gave the bond market some support."
At 1630 AEDT on Tuesday, the December 10-year bond futures contract was trading at 96.945 (implying a yield of 3.055 per cent), up from 96.890 (3.110 per cent) on Monday.
The December three-year bond futures contract was at 97.480 (2.520 per cent), up from 97.450 (2.550 per cent).
Mr Turner said investors are awaiting the release of US non-farm payrolls figures for October on Friday, the key measure of US employment growth.
Dollar Aust
Don't blame banks for low spending: Narev
Macmahon shares placed in trading halt


Made myself late for work today because I stopped to take photos. (Not to mention nearly falling over backwards in the process, trying to take the very, very top of the tree). Must resist this. Or leave home earlier.
But recording what I see on the journey to and from work may be useful. I find the journey so exhausting and traumatic. Looking at these two photos together - a minute, a few yards, between them - I think one reason for this is the contrasts. The almost endless walls of concrete and walls of noise shutting off space and fresh air and growing things. And the surviving patches of trees and sky and river, of grand and interesting architecture. It's a struggle to hold these two realities that jostle together so richly and bewilderingly.
Maybe the main reason I find the city increasingly not for me is not so much a craving for beauty as a craving for simplicity.
People forget that when Aristotle opined that human beings are creatures of the polis (i.e. "Man is a political animal"), that the polis was small and the surrounding countryside not yet a devastation. The couple times I've lived in cities for more than a few months, I remember a gray gloom settling in. I've come to think that Aristotle was wrong (as he was about most things), that our need for contact with the natural world is much more important and fundamental than our culturally conditioned impulse to participate in civil society.
If I haven't commented lately, it's not because I haven't been reading, savoring your wonderful writing and feeling moved by the often painful and difficult subject matter.
My spirits soar whenever I'm in the city. Granted, it's quite a little city, compared to London, and it's still dominated by mountains and hills. But I love it all, the noise, the rushing people, the apparitions of striking faces that linger in my memory hours after their owners have bustled off to wherever they're bustling to, the street musicians and jugglers and preachers, the goods for sale from all over the globe, the snatches of conversation in Russian and Hindi and Spanish and Vietnamese.
If the Columbia Gorge weren't forty-five minutes away, I suppose I could come to feel trapped by it, but mostly it just seems magical to me, full of possibilities of glory and tenderness.
I was intrigued by the seeming cleanliness of the tunnel until I discovered the graffito on the right hand wall.
But then, it might be the equivalent of carving one's initials into a tree in the woods.
I missed the sky when I lived in London, most of the time I could only see a small bit of it.
And, by the way: congratulations on writing Mike's 'post of the week' - over at Troubled Diva - you deserve it!
Thanks Zinnia! I'm somewhat stunned.
Some would say that "simplicity" is not to be found in the city nor in the country, but in oneself. I don't know. I live in a village of 350 and I'm still looking for it.
Recording your journey to work every day - yes - will be of immeasureable value.
I think Tom is right: simplicity and peace are mostly found within ourselves, but I also think it's absolutely true that one's environment can either be condusive or destructive to that. Having lived in the country all my life, I am very bored with it and with the general lack of human animation and creative drive - which is why, like Dale, my spirits lift in the city, despite the grime and anonymity and supposed impersonality. On the other hand, I'd never want to live without respite in the countryside - but I know now that the peace of the countryside resides inside me so deeply that I do carry it with me. I wonder how I will feel if and when I've lived in a city full time for a while.
Hi Jean, I'm visiting after being away from the blogging world for a while! I'm so glad you stopped to take these pics... the second one especially. It blows me away!
Freelance copy-editor and translator. Keen on language, literature, photography, art, music, buddhist meditation and the countryside.


text:
<!DOCTYPE html>

    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8">
    <meta name="lang" content="en" />
    <meta name="author" content="Jorix" />
    <meta name="description" content="Usage example of ModifyFeature control for editing and deleting vector features." />
    <meta name="keywords" content="OpenLayers, vertices, draw, drawing, modify, delete" />
    <link rel="stylesheet" href="http://jorix.github.com/OL-Ragbag/examples/github-pages/forkme_banner.css" type="text/css">

    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, maximum-scale=1.0, user-scalable=0">
    <meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-capable" content="yes">

    <title>Example of OpenLayers to Modify and Delete features</title>

    <link rel="stylesheet" href="http://dev.openlayers.org/theme/default/style.css" type="text/css">
    <link rel="stylesheet" href="http://dev.openlayers.org/examples/style.css" type="text/css">

Example of OpenLayers to Modify and Delete features

    View on GitHub

vertices, draw, drawing, modify, delete

Example of ModifyFeature control for editing and deleting vector features.

                <input type="radio" name="type" value="none" id="noneToggle" onclick="toggleControl(this);" checked="checked" />
                none

                <input type="radio" name="type" value="point" id="pointToggle" onclick="toggleControl(this);" />
                draw point

                <input type="radio" name="type" value="line" id="lineToggle" onclick="toggleControl(this);" />
                draw line

                <input type="radio" name="type" value="polygon" id="polygonToggle" onclick="toggleControl(this);" />
                draw polygon

                <input type="radio" name="type" value="modify" id="modifyToggle" onclick="toggleControl(this);" />
                modify feature

                        allow delete feature by del-key, choose mode:

                                <input type="radio" name="delkeymethod" value="always" onclick="toggleDelKeyMode(this);" id="delkeymethod_always" checked="checked" />
                                always

                                <input type="radio" name="delkeymethod" value="hover" onclick="toggleDelKeyMode(this);" id="delkeymethod_hover" />
                                hover

                                <input type="radio" name="delkeymethod" value="none" onclick="toggleDelKeyMode(this);" id="delkeymethod_none" />
                                none

                        <input type="checkbox" name="createVertices" id="createVertices" onchange="updateModifyControl()" checked="checked" />
                        allow vertices creation

                        <input type="checkbox" name="rotate" id="rotate" onchange="updateModifyControl()" />
                        allow rotation

                        <input type="checkbox" name="resize" id="resize" onchange="updateModifyControl()" />
                        allow resizing
                        (<input type="checkbox" name="keepAspectRatio" id="keepAspectRatio" onchange="updateModifyControl()" checked="checked" />
                         keep aspect ratio)

                        <input type="checkbox" name="drag" id="drag" onchange="updateModifyControl()" />
                        allow dragging

            View the modify-feature.js
            source to see how this is done.

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text:
Marine Products Corp. reports 2Q results
Marine Products Corp., the builder of Chaparral and Robalo boats, today announced a 9.8 percent increase in net sales in the second quarter, generating $42.2 million this year, compared with $38.5 million last year.
The Atlanta-based builder also said it expects to introduce its new recreational jetboat line late in its 2014 model year.
The sales increase was attributable to an 8.1 percent increase in the average gross selling price per boat, partially offset by a decrease of less than 1 percent in the number of boats sold, the company said.
Average selling prices per boat increased during the quarter because of a model mix that included higher sales of larger Chaparral H2O and value-priced Robalo models, as well as the larger Chaparral SSX Sportdecks.
The company said net income for the quarter, which ended June 30, was $1.9 million, or 5 cents a diluted share, compared with $2.2 million, or 6 cents a diluted share, in the same quarter a year earlier.
"Our financial results for the second quarter of 2013 reflect a strong market reception to our 2013 models in the context of a challenging retail selling environment," Marine Products CEO Richard Hubbell said in a statement. "While our consolidated unit sales were flat, compared to last year, sales of our largest value-priced Robalo and Chaparral H2O models were strong and we continued to generate strong sales of our redesigned SSX Sportdecks. Also, we are pleased to report additional market-share gains in the boat segments in which our Chaparral sterndrive products compete."
Data reported by Statistical Surveys show that during the three months that ended March 31, Chaparral's share of the 18- to 35-foot sterndrive market grew 13.9 percent, compared with 11.6 percent during the same period of in 2012, giving Chaparral the second-largest position in the segment, Hubbell said.
"The overall retail selling season was not as strong as many in our industry had expected, so the appeal of our products to our dealer network and retail customers was an important catalyst for our financial results," Hubbell said.


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Leonard Michaels Biography
Leonard Michaels comments:
Nationality: American. Born: New York City, 1933. Education: The High School for Music and Art, New York, graduated 1949; New York University, 1949-53, B.A. 1953; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, M.A. 1956, Ph.D. in English 1967. Career: Teacher, Paterson State College, New Jersey, 1961-62; assistant professor of English, University of California, Davis, 1967-69. Since 1970 professor of English, University of California, Berkeley. Visiting professor at many universities, including Johns Hopkins University and the University of Alabama. Since 1977 editor, University Publishing review, Berkeley. Corresponding editor, Partisan Review; contributing editor, Threepenny Review, 1980. Contributor of short stories to numerous literary journals and popular magazines, including Esquire, Paris Review, Evergreen Review, Partisan Review, and Tri-Quarterly. Awards: Quill award, Massachusetts Review, 1964, 1966; National Endowment for the Arts grant, 1967; Massachusetts Review award, 1969, 1970; Guggenheim fellowship, 1969; National Endowment for the Humanities fellow, 1970; American Academy award in Literature, National Institute of Arts and Letters, 1971; New York Times Book Review Editor's Choice award, 1975. Agent: Lynn Nesbit, Janklow and Nesbit, 598 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10022.
The Men's Club. New York, Farrar Straus, and London, Cape, 1981.
Sylvia: A Fictional Memoir, illustrated by Sylvia Block. San Francisco, Mercury House, 1992.
Going Places. New York, Farrar Straus, 1969; London, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1970.
I Would Have Saved Them If I Could. New York, Farrar Straus, 1975.
A Girl with a Monkey: New and Selected Stories. San Francisco, Mercury House, 2000.
City Boy (produced in New York City, 1985).
The Men's Club, 1986.
Shuffle. New York, Farrar Straus, 1990; London, Cape, 1991.
To Feel These Things: Essays. San Francisco, Mercury House, 1993.
A Cat, illustrated by Frances Lerner. New York, Riverhead Books, 1995.
Time out of Mind: The Diaries of Leonard Michaels, 1961-1995. New York, Riverhead Books, 1999.
Contributor, American Review 26, edited by Theodore Solotaroff. New York, Bantam, 1977.
Contributor, Prize Stories, 1980: The O. Henry Awards, edited by William Abrahams. New York, Doubleday, 1980.
Editor, with Christopher Ricks, The State of the Language. Berkeley, University of California Press, 1980; University of California Press, and London, Faber, 1990.
Editor, with Raquel Scherr and David Reid, West of the West: Imagining California. Berkeley, California, North Point Press, 1990.
Critical Studies:
Passion and Craft: Conversations with Notable Writers, edited by Bonnie Lyons and Bill Oliver, Urbana, University of Illinois Press, 1998.
My writing tends to be terse and quick, usually about urban types and the kinds of psychological violence they inflict upon one another. I have no philosophical or political messages. My work depends on traditional beliefs.
The fiction of Leonard Michaels is not easily described—it resists categories. It is realistic, but its dominant feature is irrationality of plot, sometimes comic, sometimes tragic, sometimes both at once. It is symbolic in its depiction of urban life, but its meanings are never reducible to messages, never allegorical. It is surreal and fragmented, but there is a consistency of viewpoint which can tie stories together and make for an overall coherence not to be found in the individual pieces. It reflects, sometimes self-consciously, the influence of such writers as Kafka, Roth, Malamud, Barthelme, and Borges, but it is nevertheless distinctive and compelling. At their best, Michaels's stories are intense, active, and imaginative; they can also be incomplete, vague, even incomprehensible.
Michaels's fiction has been published in three volumes of stories, Going Places, I Would Have Saved Them If I Could, and A Girl With a Monkey, and one short novel, The Men's Club. He has published a book of essays on various subjects, To Feel These Things; a mix of essays and autobiographical vignettes, Shuffle; and a selection of entries from his diaries, Time Out of Mind. With most writers, the distinction between their fiction and their autobiographical writing is reasonably clear. With Michaels, there is little to distinguish, in form or content, his diary entries, for example, made during his ill-fated marriage to Sylvia Bloch from his "fictional memoir," entitled Sylvia.
The earlier pieces provide brief glimpses of contemporary urban existence, bizarre incidents suggesting the unnatural condition of city life: a naked boy is denied entrance to the subway for lack of a token; a couple maim each other in a fight and then decide to marry; a Talmudic scholar slips on an icy street and is assumed to be a drunken derelict; a professor of philosophy, by never speaking in class, wins a reputation for profundity; an honors graduate preferring to make a living by driving a cab is beaten gratuitously; a boy spying on his rabbi making love to his wife falls to his death; a telephone caller trying to reach a friend speaks instead to the burglar ransacking the friend's apartment. Some form of intense, though often anonymous, sexual encounter begins or ends many of the stories. In all of this there is the recognition of the craziness of things and yet of their plausibility—especially the stories set in New York City during the 1960s.
The element that provides continuity in Michaels's stories is the "central intelligence" of Phillip Liebowitz. Identified in many stories, present as unnamed narrator in others, he is a self-proclaimed, street-smart "city boy." Phillip emerges as a character not in any particular story but only in the collection as a whole. His contact with others is almost entirely in a sexual context: the women in the stories are merely objects of lust, the other men his rivals for their favors. Through sexual conquest, Phillip asserts his existence and a degree of control over the hostile urban environment.
The one novel Michaels has published, The Men's Club, is strongly reminiscent of his story collections. A group of men get together to form what might be called a consciousness-raising group. They decide that each will tell the story of his life, but what we get instead are fragments of stories, not biographical data but moments of intense self-awareness. As in Chaucer's "marriage group" of tales (one of the characters is named Canterbury), there is a recurring theme: the fascinating power of women over men. These husbands who come together one evening specifically to be free of women can speak of nothing but their wives and lovers, some women whom they have lived with for many years, others they spent a few moments with many years ago. These anecdotes, like most of Michaels's stories, lack endings. When one character complains that he did not get the point of another's story, the narrator expresses views which apply to all Michaels's fiction:
Doesn't matter … I don't get it either. I could tell other stories that have no point. This often happens to me. I start to talk, thinking there is a point, and then it never arrives. What is it, anyhow, this point? Things happen. You remember. That's all. If you take a large perspective, you'll realize there never is a point.
Sylvia, "a fictional memoir," is the story of the stormy relationship between a young writer and the troubled woman he marries. Interspersed within the narrative are passages labeled as "journal" entries dated between 1960, the year the narrator meets Sylvia Bloch, and 1963, the year of her suicide. As in his stories, Michaels has his narrator recount anecdotes of his life with Sylvia without any attempt to convey why the characters behave as they do. Throughout his narrative, the writer refuses to explain: "My life, after all, wasn't a story. It was just moments, what happens from day to day, and it didn't mean anything, and there was no moral."
Things happen in Michaels's fiction, often strange things, but there are no explanations, no point, no moral. The same traits which have drawn a cult following to Michaels alienates others. Readers who choose to enter the world of Leonard Michaels world do so on his terms.
Robert E. Lynch
Haydn Middleton (1955-) Biography - Personal, Career, Honors Awards, Writings, Sidelights
Anne Michaels Biography
Brief BiographiesBiographies: Barbara Barbieri McGrath (1953–) Biography - Personal to Fridtjof Nansen (1861–1930) Biography


Nothing beats the Metropolitan Museum for winter sketching. The first sketch I did on Saturday was of Rodin's The Burghers of Calais with Bourdelle's Herakles the Archer in the Background. This was done with water soluble pencil and Micron pens.
The Greek lion roaring at a museum visitor studying a map was done after lunch, again with water soluble pencil and Microns.
The view from the Met's American Wing Cafe was done a couple of weeks ago. Sitting at a cafe table, I was able to use watercolor and Micron.
Laura, you have a great style of sketching and each of these is wonderful.


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Pocket Dentistry
Fastest Clinical Dentistry Insight Engine
A to I
Esthetic Dentristry
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How and when does fabrication damage adversely affect the clinical performance of ceramic restorations?
As compared to factory-processed ceramic parts, one unique trait of all-ceramic dental restorations is that they are custom-fabricated, which implies a greater susceptibility to fabrication defects. A variety of processing techniques is now available for the custom fabrication of all-ceramic single and multi-unit restorations, these include sintering, heat-pressing, slip-casting, hard machining and soft machining, all in combination with a final staining or veneering step. All these fabrication techniques, from shaping to firing, are associated with the production of flaws of various shapes and sizes, in conjunction with thermal residual stresses, all of which are capable of inducing failure.
This review will examine the various types of fabrication damage inherent to each technique and attempt to establish a relationship between fabrication defects and clinical performance of all-ceramic dental restorations with particular attention to their longevity in vivo .
Failure mechanisms in dental ceramics can be very complex and often involve the combination of physical factors, to which are added patient and clinician-related variables such as restoration design and in vivo conditions.
Tremendous progress has been made in understanding the failure mechanisms of all-ceramic dental restorations over the past thirty years. It remains that there is still a need for laboratory tests that usefully simulate clinical conditions.
Over the past thirty years, clinical applications of all-ceramic materials in dentistry have expanded from single unit anterior restorations to multi-unit posterior restorations, dental abutments and, more recently, dental implants. However, regardless of the type of application or all-ceramic system selected, clinical failures have been reported. Overall, the number of these reported failures is relatively modest, particularly with the newer all-ceramic systems, but owing to their clinical implications, these failures demand a better understanding of their cause. Brittle fracture in ceramics can be described by a weakest link model dictated by both statistical characteristics of the flaw population and microstructural features around the failure origin . Classical fabrication defects found in all-ceramic materials encompass pores of various sizes and shapes , pore clusters , micro and macrocracks , machining grooves and surface defects produced by air abrasion or grinding adjustments , microstructural heterogeneities , second-phase inclusions, foreign particle impingement , transformed grains , enlarged grains and thermally stressed grains . The location of these defects in relation to the area of the restoration under tensile stresses in function is of critical importance .
Fractographic analyses of clinically failed dental restorations offer an elegant approach to the determination of failure origin . As stated by Mecholsky "encoded on the fracture surface of brittle materials is the entire history of the fracture process." However, identification of fractographic features can be challenging, particularly in polycrystalline ceramics with sub-micrometer grains and a very limited amount of glassy phase . Additionally, as new fabrication techniques and new materials are being introduced, determining the cause of fracture has become increasingly difficult even when the location of fracture origin is successfully identified. This is due to the well established fact that, depending on thermal history, residual thermal stresses may be present in the finished ceramic part as well as within crystals or grains . Evidence of these stresses is only indirect and sometimes the extent of their catastrophic effect is only understood after clinical failures have occurred .
Another confounding factor that acts in combination with fabrication defects and plays a critical role in the failure of brittle all-ceramic materials in vivo is subcritical crack growth (SCCG). SCCG is exacerbated by a humid environment such as the oral cavity and typically leads to failure at stress values below the critical value . Recent studies have shown that all-ceramic dental restorations are indeed susceptible to SCCG and that in vitro predictions match in vivo clinical failures . Careful scrutiny should therefore be given to the location of fabrication defects with particular attention to surface defects that are most affected by subcritical crack growth.
The purpose of this paper is to provide a brief review of the various possible defects in all-ceramic materials according to both fabrication technique and type of material. It will then focus on three major contributors to failure, common to all-ceramic systems for dental restorations: (1) porosity, (2) residual mechanical and thermal stresses, and (3) subcritical crack growth. A review of performance, with emphasis on longevity and survival of selected all-ceramic systems from an array of in vivo clinical studies will be presented.
Origin of flaws in all-ceramic restorations according to fabrication technique
Fabrication defects are generated in nearly every fabrication technique and every type of ceramic for all-ceramic restorations. However, defect shape, size and spatial distribution can vary widely amongst all-ceramic systems. Indeed, every single step of the fabrication process from the shaping stage to the final cooling stage has to be carefully controlled in order to minimize both fabrication defects and the development of residual thermal stresses . The following section will examine the type of fabrication defects according to fabrication technique and type of ceramic material.
Heat-pressing
Whether using leucite-based first generation or lithium disilicate-based second generation heat-pressed ceramics, the heat-pressing process is likely to lead to the creation of porosity within the ceramic restoration, particularly if the pressing temperature exceeds manufacturer's recommended temperature. The amount of porosity after heat-pressing of leucite based ceramics is between 8 and 10%, while it is about 3% for lithium disilicate based heat-pressed ceramics . Control of pore formation in heat-pressed ceramics requires the use of an ash-free wax that will burnout completely as well as a strict conformity to the recommended heat-pressing schedule, particularly pressing temperature and time.
Due to the fact that lithium disilicate crystals exhibit an elongated prismatic shape, partial alignment along the pressing direction is possible in heat-pressed lithium disilicate ceramics. It was shown that crystal alignment led to a higher fracture toughness value in the direction perpendicular to pressing compared to the direction parallel to pressing . Conversely, heat-pressing of leucite-reinforced ceramics is sought to lead to an homogeneous crystalline phase dispersion throughout the material.
Heat-pressed ceramics are also susceptible to contamination as they react with phosphate-bonded investment at high temperature during the heat-pressing cycle. As a result, an air abrasion procedure is necessary to remove loose and attached investment particles. These steps may introduce surface defects and abrasive particle impingement if not conducted according to manufacturer's recommendations. Surface defects in heat-pressed ceramics may also originate from sectioning of the sprue and/or occlusal adjustments.
Slip-casting
The first step in the slip-casting process is to deposit and shape the slip onto the die. This step is technically delicate and microcracks may develop if drying occurs too rapidly, leading to uneven drying and a so-called "onion skin effect". The glass infiltration step may be associated with the formation of pores. These are due to inhomogeneous glass infiltration from an inadequate amount of glass powder or from dust produced by grinding and obstructing capillaries in the porous coping. Additionally, if the viscosity of the slip is too high, pores are likely to be formed. The total porosity reaches 5% in slip-cast alumina and 9% in slip-cast zirconia toughened alumina . Finally, control of the firing temperature at the glass infiltration step is critical. Microstructural heterogeneities that can potentially cause failure could develop if the firing temperature is too high during the glass infiltration stage.
Hard machining
Briefly, three main types of ceramic materials are commonly available for hard machining dental restorations: feldspar-based, leucite-based and lithium disilicate-based . Recent work has shown that flaws such as pores (up to 20–50 μm in diameter), pore clusters and inclusions may be present in feldspar-based ceramics prior to machining. These large pores were identified as failure origins. In addition, it was shown that the lower strength end of the Weibull distribution graph corresponded to grinding damage that was not completely eliminated by polishing .
Leucite-based and lithium disilicate-based ceramics are also likely to contain some degree of porosity, together with flaws and mechanical residual stresses due to the machining process. It is worth noting that lithium disilicate-based ceramics are machined in what is called the "blue stage", prior to full crystallization, while the crystalline phase present is lithium metasilicate (Li 2 SiO 3 ), which is more machinable than lithium disilicate. The restorations are then subjected to a heat treatment to ensure final crystallization into lithium disilicate (Li 2 Si 2 O 5 ). This heat treatment is likely to reduce the extent of mechanical residual stresses from machining and ensures the development of a house of cards microstructure composed of interlocked lithium disilicate crystals. However, machining damage is not eliminated by this heat treatment. Fig. 1 A shows machining grooves and associated macrocracking on the proximal surface of a machined lithium disilicate restoration. Machining grooves are also present on the occlusal surface ( Fig. 1 B) and evidence of crystal pullout can be seen at higher magnification ( Fig. 1 C). Although restorations produced by hard machining undergo a final glazing or veneering step, it is likely that large flaws produced at the machining stage could become fracture origins at try-in or after some time in service.
(A) Machining grooves and associated macrocracking on the proximal surface of a lithium disilicate restoration, (B) machining grooves on the occlusal surface of a lithium disilicate restoration and (C) higher magnification showing evidence of grain pullout.
Soft machining followed by sintering
Machining in the fully sintered stage is impractical and time-consuming with hard ceramics that exhibit stress-induced phase transformation such as partially stabilized zirconia. A more elegant approach is to machine partially sintered blocks, softer and easier to machine, and later complete the sintering process . This is the preferred fabrication technique for zirconia-based dental restorations, using zirconia stabilized with 3 mol.% yttria (3Y-TZP). Since its introduction in dentistry more than a decade ago, zirconia has generated considerable interest and led to an unprecedented number of publications for such a relatively short time in service. This is partly due to the fact that the exceptional fracture toughness of zirconia finds its origin in a reversible stress-induced phase transformation, accompanied by a 4–5% volume increase and generating compressive stresses in the vicinity of the propagating crack, thereby slowing down crack propagation . The clinical implications of this fully reversible crystallographic transformation will be assessed in a latter part of this review.
Fabrication defects and machining grooves are present after machining partially sintered zirconia. As shown in Fig. 2 , a crack emanating from a corner of a Vickers indentation performed in the partially sintered stage ( Fig. 2 A) grows significantly wider after a full sintering cycle at 1500 °C for 2 h ( Fig. 2 B). The sensitivity of 3Y-TZP to the presence of sharp flaws has been unequivocally pointed out in fatigue testing . Careful handling of the machined restorations prior to full sintering appears therefore imperative.
(A) Optical micrograph showing a crack emanating from the corner of a Vickers indentation in a partially sintered 3Y-TZP specimen and (B) same indentation after sintering at 1500 °C for 2 h.
Although much smaller than in other dental ceramics, pores (0.3–0.5 μm in diameter) are also present in partially stabilized zirconia ceramics for dental applications. Depending on the heating rate and firing temperature, porosity gradients may develop in zirconia parts and have been shown, alone or in combination with low temperature degradation, to be particularly detrimental to the clinical performance of zirconia femoral heads used in total hip replacement . As shown in Fig. 3 , pore clusters can also be found in prefabricated dental abutments, and should be regarded as highly undesirable as later illustrated in this review.
Scanning electron micrograph showing porosity in a 3Y-TZP dental abutment.
It is well established that the average grain size of 3Y-TZP ceramics increases with sintering temperature . According to Scott's phase diagram , a greater amount of cubic phase is also present at higher sintering temperatures. As demonstrated by Chevalier et al. , large cubic grains are associated with a higher concentration of stabilizer, while the surrounding tetragonal grains are yttrium-depleted, and therefore less stable . This situation may trigger low temperature degradation. Segregation of yttrium at grain boundaries and in the cubic grains was also reported by Matsui et al. in 3Y-TZP after sintering at 1500 °C for 2 h , a sintering schedule commonly used for dental zirconia. An example of large cubic grain found in the microstructure of a 3Y-TZP dental abutment is displayed in Fig. 4 . Although large grains are an indirect consequence of the fabrication process, they clearly represent an anomaly in the otherwise homogeneous microstructure of 3Y-TZP. Microstructural heterogeneities such as large cubic grains are an indication of a change in the relative proportions of tetragonal and cubic phase and therefore in the amount of tetragonal phase available for transformation toughening .
Scanning electron micrograph showing an example of large cubic grain in the microstructure of a 3Y-TZP dental abutment.
Finally, it is evident that residual stresses of mechanical or thermal origin play a key role in the mechanical performance of partially stabilized zirconia. Mechanical residual stresses are produced during grinding or air abrasion while the development of thermal residual stresses originates from the veneering process. We will consider the effect of residual stresses in a latter section of the present review.
As mentioned earlier, independent of the fabrication method, all-ceramic systems for dental restorations are all highly sensitive to three major factors that can contribute to failure: (1) the presence of porosity, (2) the presence of residual mechanical and thermal stresses and (3) subcritical crack growth. We will now examine each of these factors as they relate to dental ceramics.
Common contributors to failure in all-ceramic restorations
Pores have been identified as failure origins in a number of clinically failed all-ceramic dental restorations, particularly when located at the surface of the restorations or at the interface between a veneering ceramic and core . Pores are present in most all-ceramic dental restorations, independently of fabrication technique or ceramic type. However, it should be emphasized that due to their spherical shape, pores in glass ( Fig. 5 A ) were not initially viewed as flaws but rather as stress concentrators, "increasing the stress on nearby flaws" . As shown in Fig. 5 B, pores in glass–ceramics ( Fig. 5 B) are associated with a very different configurations: crystals can form and grow towards the center of the pore, creating sharp interfaces and flaws. The same is true for polycrystalline ceramics with weakened grain boundaries surrounding the pores ( Fig. 5 C). This has led to the suggestion summarized by Rice that "pores in polycrystalline materials would form equatorial cracks approximately one-half grain deep into the matrix and thus become sharp flaws." The size of this sharp flaw ( C ) is given by the pore radius ( R ) plus ( L ), which corresponds to one half of the grain size ( L ≈ G /2) ( Fig. 5 C) . This has been demonstrated experimentally and it was also shown that stresses due to mismatch strains from thermal contraction anisotropy in the grains, as is the case with 3Y-TZP, are exacerbated in the vicinity of a free surface, such as a pore surface . This may explain the more deleterious nature of pores in glass–ceramics and polycrystalline materials as opposed to blunt spherical pores present in glass or the glassy phase of a low crystallinity ceramic , despite their smaller size.
(A) Scanning electron micrograph showing an example of spherical pore in a feldspathic glassy matrix, (B) scanning electron micrograph of a pore in a glass–ceramic and (C) scanning electron micrograph of a pore in a polycrystalline 3Y-TZP dental ceramic and schematic showing total defect size: C = R + G /2 ( R , pore radius; G , grain size).
Mechanical residual stresses and machining damage
Computer aided machining of ceramics for the fabrication of single and multi-unit dental restorations has gained tremendously in popularity over the past two decades . Depending on the system and type of ceramic, clinical success rates are overall very good (>90%), particularly for single unit restorations . One concern that remains is that machining by diamond grinding is well established as a major source of failure-inducing flaws in dense ceramics . Fractography may be a helpful technique in determining machining flaw sizes using a classical brittle fracture approach . It should be pointed out, however, that the calculated flaw size corresponds to the final flaw size and not the original flaw size. The calculated flaw size includes any subcritical crack growth and does not take into account the influence of residual surface stresses . Nevertheless, fractographic techniques have helped in establishing that machining flaw sizes do not vary significantly as a function of grain size, and correlate with hardness, as do both machining forces and rates . As indicated earlier, machining damage has been identified as failure origin in feldspar-based dental ceramics, even after a polishing step had been performed . In dental applications, machining damage can also be introduced by air abrasion or grinding during clinical adjustments. If most all-ceramic restorations are veneered with a softer ceramic that is relatively easy to polish, the recent introduction of monolithic all-ceramic restorations as well as abutments raises the question of grinding damage elimination, particularly in the case of zirconia-based restorations, due to the difficulty of polishing zirconia. Fig. 6 shows the cross section of a 3Y-TZP ceramic ground on the top surface, with a bonded interface configuration . Machining grooves can clearly be seen, as well as more extensive in depth damage in the form of transverse cracks.
Scanning electron micrograph of the cross-section of a 3Y-TZP ceramic diamond-ground on the top surface (bonded interface configuration).
Concurrently, both grinding and sandblasting are likely to trigger the tetragonal to monoclinic ( t – m ) stress-induced transformation of partially stabilized zirconia . The efficacy of these surface treatments in promoting the transformation depends in part on the mean grain size, with larger grains being more prone to transformation . The toughness of the material after transformation varies upon the amount of tetragonal phase retained. One key consequence of the t – m transformation is the development of surface compressive stresses that lead to a significant strength enhancement depending on the thickness of the compressive stress zone . It has been shown that sandblasting is more efficient in inducing the t – m transformation than abrasive grinding. The transformation can be reversed either by heat treatment or simply by the heat generated during grinding . The latter explains the more modest strength increase associated with grinding compared to sandblasting. The strength enhancement due to generation of compressive stresses after sandblasting or grinding of partially stabilized zirconia is lost after heat treatment, leaving behind machining damage and significant flaws that are detrimental to the mechanical properties, including the fatigue behavior . Polishing after grinding also reduces the compressive stress zone and is unlikely to fully eliminate the flaws created by grinding, particularly in a clinical setting. Consequently, polishing after grinding is associated with a decrease in strength . It should be reiterated that the variability of the results obtained when performing surface treatments on Y-TZP stems from the fact that the response of the material is dependent upon intrinsic factors, such as grain size and amount of stabilizer, as well as extrinsic factors such as thermal history influencing the amount of cubic phase in the material .
Thermal residual stresses and veneering process
All-ceramic dental restorations are usually veneered to achieve adequate esthetics. Clinical studies evaluating the in vivo performance of zirconia-based restorations have shown a significant occurrence of chipping of the veneering ceramic on zirconia frameworks, usually as cohesive failure within the veneering ceramic . Recent systematic reviews confirm that chipping of the veneering ceramic is the most frequent complication with a significantly higher incidence than with metal–ceramic restorations . Following the analysis proposed by Swain , it is clear that several physical factors play a role in the mechanism by which chipping fractures occur, mainly residual stresses arising from (1) the difference (even slight) between the coefficient of thermal contraction of the veneer and that of the core ceramic and (2) tempering stresses due to temperature gradients created during rapid cooling. Thermal stresses become locked in below the glass transition temperature of the veneering ceramic and reach very high values due to the low thermal diffusivity of zirconia compared to other glass–ceramics . Tholey et al. recorded temperature differences up to 140 °C between veneer and core ceramics when fast cooling rates were used, while slow cooling rates appeared effective in limiting the development of residual thermal stresses. Slow cooling rates were also shown to nearly eliminate thermal residual stresses with ceramics heat-pressed onto zirconia substructures . However, according to the analysis given by Swain, another key factor in the development of thermal residual stresses in veneered zirconia is the thickness ratio of core to veneering ceramic . This was recently demonstrated by Mainjot et al., who measured residual stress profiles in veneering ceramic supported by a zirconia substructure . The results showed that framework thickness and cooling rate strongly influenced the residual stress profile. Three effects were proposed as key contributions to the development of residual stresses: (1) a tempering effect due to thermal gradients between veneer and core and proportional to the veneer/core thickness ratio, (2) a coefficient of thermal contraction mismatch effect, inducing compressive stresses near the framework, (3) a stress-induced t – m transformation of zirconia due to the presence of tensile stresses which could trigger the transformation. It was concluded that an optimal core/veneer thickness is difficult to establish owing to the complex geometry of dental frameworks . Nevertheless, it is clear that further microstructural analyses of the interface between veneering ceramic and zirconia substructure are needed to better establish the role of pre-existing eigenstresses due to thermal expansion anisotropy of the t -phase, as well as intergranular stresses on the transformability of Y-TZP .
Role of slow crack growth and time to failure of all-ceramic restorations
Immediate failure at restoration try-in or within a few hours or days after cementation is likely to originate from a major processing flaw . Failure after a few years is more likely to involve subcritical crack growth (SCCG) and/or cyclic fatigue . It is well established that SCCG in soda lime glass is exacerbated by the presence of water or in a humid environment . The presence of a glassy phase in dental ceramics together with the humidity of the oral environment are therefore key factors influencing SCCG, which is defined as occurring at stresses below the critical value until the crack reaches its critical length leading to fast failure . A recent study investigated the SCCG susceptibility coefficients of various dental ceramics which ranged from 17.2 for lithium disilicate heat-pressed ceramics to around 30 for leucite-reinforced heat pressed ceramics and slip-cast alumina . It was pointed out that the establishment of stress-probability-time diagrams, combining SCCG data and Weibull statistics make it possible to achieve obtain a preliminary assessment of life time.
Thermal-induced residual stresses affect the lifetime of zirconia–veneer crowns
Influence of substructure design, veneer application technique, and firing regime on the in vitro performance of molar zirconia crowns
Analysis of thermal distributions in veneered zirconia and metal restorations during firing
Microstructure of veneered zirconia after surface treatments: A TEM study
Simulation of cumulative damage associated with long term cyclic loading using a multi-level strain accommodating loading protocol
Controlled release of metronidazole from composite poly-ε-caprolactone/alginate (PCL/alginate) rings for dental implants
Fabrication and characterization of biomimetic ceramic/polymer composite materials for dental restoration
Effects of thickness, processing technique, and cooling rate protocol on the flexural strength of a bilayer ceramic system
Tags: Dental Materials Volume 29 Issue 1
Nov 28, 2017 | Posted by drzezo in Dental Materials | Comments Off on How and when does fabrication damage adversely affect the clinical performance of ceramic restorations?


Offering gentle exfoliation, uneven skin tone and textual irregularities are top of the target list for this lightweight serum. Formulated with lactic acid (an alpha hydroxyl acid that offers exquisite exfoliation) and Tasmanian pepperberry (to reduce signs of inflammation), this trusty treatment stimulates cell regeneration to reduce pigmentation and improve overall skin texture.
Offering gentle – yet extraordinary – exfoliation with lactic acid (an alpha hydroxyl acid) this lightweight serum stimulates cell regeneration to reduce pigmentation, diminish acne scars and age spots and improve overall skin texture. Don't be perturbed by the irritation often associated with acid use – The Ordinary's Lactic Acid 10% + HA contains purified Tasmanian pepperberry to reduce signs of inflammation and soothe the sensitivity sometimes caused by exfoliation. Also enhanced with heroic hydrating ingredient hyaluronic acid, this super-charged serum strengthens the lipid barrier to improve the skin's ability to attract and retain moisture.
I've started using the lactic acid in 5% because I was worried that it might be too strong. Have now switched to 10% since my skin got more used to it and I have sensitive skin. I like the glow it gives overall, but requires constant using to keep that glow. Wouldn't recommend using it everyday tho.
I'm genuinely impressed by this product. It helped a lot with my blemishes, black and white heads, redness, huge pores, etc. I use it in combination with Niacinamide. I have experienced no side effects. Will definitely keep using it and add more products to my routine. Most importantly, I finally have hope that I could have even tone and I'm not ashamed to go out without makeup anymore - sun protection is obligatory, though. Thank you, The Ordinary, love you.
Love it! My skin looks so much brighter and clearer after using this. Skin care staple for me.
It is a great product and When I use it my skin looks so much better!
I've been using this for a bit over a week now, and have noticed a huge difference in my skin. My acne is now under control and old acne scars have faded heaps! The product itself is really lovely. I find it quite gentle, despite it being the stronger of the lactic acid products from The Ordinary. I'm really enjoying using it and now consider myself a convert to The Ordinary products!
I like it more then the Glycolic acid (which I won't repurchase). It's milder and my skin feels better after using it.
I use this bi weekly overnight as I have dry/menopausal/eczema prone skin. Other nights I use the glycolic toner or my retinol serum, but never more than one a night. All my other products are moisturising/hydrating. This gives a good surface exfoliation on flakey skin etc whilst still being fairly gentle. I use a lot of oils/balms to treat dryness as well as a daily mineral spf. At these prices it's definitely worth a try.
I bought this product because of really good reviews but to be honest this did not help me get rid of pigmentation/acne scars. I did use this for over 2 weeks but didn't get any good results, I normally don't leave reviews but this product didn't work for me and I was really disappointed as I had high hopes.
Все получила быстро. Подожду осени и буду пробовать. "I received everything quickly. I'll wait for autumn and I'll try."
My skin feels super soft and it hasn't been this way since adulting. I truly love it. A definite repurchase for me.
For anyone who doesn't think this "does nothing". Try it out on an area of your body and see/feel the difference. Superb!
Nothing happened at all. Extremely disappointed, glad I didn't spend a fortune. Still hunting for something that actually works !!
OMG every morning I actually look forward to wakening up early JUST to feel my face!! Soooo smooth...highly recommend if you want to soft face.
Started off with 5% as I was just getting used to acids and noticed an incredible change in hyperpigmentation caused by acne. Upgraded to 10% and was great at first but now I feel like my skin has developed a resistance to it as the results aren't as drastic as before. Would definitely recommend buying (especially for hyperpigmentation spots), but except for its efficacy to die down after a while.
I have very rough skin, the absolute opposite of sensitive, and I use this acid for a bunch of things. I use it on my face to help even things out, I use it to prevent ingrown hair, I use it on my arms to help with keratosis pilaris. It is a bit drying so once it's absorbed I follow it up with a heavy moisturiser. I have two backups for when I run out.
I use it for a couple of days now and my skin looks much better now. It still is gentle and a little goes a long way.
Must have serum for dry & flaky skin!
Well, truth to be told I have a very dry skin on my neck due to eczema. But the eczema is under control till now. So with this serum, it definitely helps in a slough off the dead skin cells and makes my neck skin smoother after one bottle usage. It's worth the bucks!!!
I am seriously impressed with this product!! After using it for only two days I already noticed a difference - my skin looks smoother, redness and previous acne scars have already improved. It has also made my makeup look nicer by reducing pores. The fact that this product is so cheap also adds to its impressiveness! I have previously used the Sunday Riley UFO oil to try to help my skin and I can honestly say that this is way better! I would highly recommend this to improve skin imperfections.
Amazing I use this along with the 100% squalane oil and I can see results after first use. I had the terrible dry skin I was prescribed steroid moisturisers as cream etc and this is the only thing that has gotten rid of it not only that my blocked pores have completely disappeared and my face feels the smoothest and clearest it has ever been highly recommended.
It's pretty steady I guess. Not my favourite acid, but good. Reliable. I wouldn't say it works wonders, but it works. I'm a huge Ordinary fan.
Used this religiously every night for about 3 weeks and my skin is so clear and even toned that I don't want to cover it with makeup! I use this at night as it's drying, wake up fresh-faced, even toned and glowy. I had big red painful acne on my cheeks and jaw which disappeared leaving only red marks, which I used the ordinary Alpha Arbutin 2% + HA on, which are pretty much gone now. I had tiny little bumps all over my forehead which are gone too. As for the dryness I use the alpha arbutin again as a kind of serum (?) idk if that's what it's for but it makes my skin even-toned and dewy so I don't need foundation. Really pleased with these two products and they've saved my skin!!!
I've just run out and I have to join the wait list for more, I'm going to stock up when it's back in stock! Best skin care I have ever used! The skin was so much clearer!
This stuff is incredible! My pores absolutely look smaller and have reduced within three days (I'm not even kidding, people have actually said there's a noticeable difference) and the dry dead skin around my eyebrows has basically gone. It seems to go a little quickly, but for the cheap price it's definitely worth it.
Good texture and consistency, doesn't smell funny. Good price for starting to learn about and use acids. Does sting a little on open or fresh spots but nowhere else. Been using since the start of December and can't say I've noticed much of a difference. It's not a bad product, just personally can't see a difference so won't be repurchasing.
Been using this for over a month as part of my night time skin routine and I'm so happy with the results. My skin is smoother and I have fewer break outs. I can even see a difference in my acne scars that I've had since my early 20's. I will definitely be buying this again.
This is my holy grail product! It has given me brighter, clearer and glowing skin and I love the tingling sensation when I put it on. I won't be without this product.
Was a bit apprehensive at first because I have fairly dry/sensitive skin. But what I do is to mix a drop of this with hydrating gel before application. I've been using this product for less than 5 days and already I can see how much difference it has made for my skin. Never struggled much with acne but I did have some texture issues with my skin that this baby has cleared right up. My skin now looks way smoother, healthier, cleaner and more glowing. Will definitely be purchasing again!
I am so happy that I picked this product as one of my skincare routines. My skin now is a lot better than I ever imagine. Thank you TO.
I was completely new to acids before using this product (this is not advised though I understand and I took a huge risk not knowing how my skin would react) but luckily I experienced no irritation, uncomfortable or break outs. I noticed my skin was brighter and reduced the pores on my nose from first use. Will definitely be stocking up on this product when it's back in stock!
This is a good peeling solution, gentle yet effective. But the smell..! Why nobody mentions it? It is not that strong but it is not pleasant at all. Since there is no fragrance listed in the ingredients I would assume it's the Tasmanian pepperberry extract that gives this serum this strange odor.
I have really bad acne prone skin (which leads to deep discolouration + acne scars) and even take have medication to control it. I also have quiet sensitive skin and generally seem find I have an adverse reaction to most skin care/make up products so was obviously reluctant to try this, However this is probably one of the best products I've used in a while and its claims to 'diminish acne scars' are really met. I truly think this has been a life saver, it's strong enough to do the job but not too strong that it makes your skin raw or overly sensitive to other things you may want to put on top, such as make up. I have been using it for about a week now and have seen such great results.
I have used this nightly for a week now and have seen a lot of improvement both in the texture of my skin and the lightening of acne scars. I also had texture and bumps on my elbows and this completely smoothed out those.
I like products from the Ordinary because they are simple and on point, no fuzz at all, just simple formulas with a really friendly price tag. I ordered this product because I like to switch up my acids, and basically just needed a fairly gentle exfoliator between my heavier ones. I never expected anything extra, but boy, was this formula a surprise. My skin was just instantly GLOWING after application. The Pixi Glow tonic is just nothing compared to this serum, which I believe can be used as a daily toner before application of other serums if your skin is okay with it. Will reorder for sure.
Been using it every other day and I always find that it's softening on my skin. I don't see an extremely visible improvement the next day but I do notice that my skin isn't as great when I skip out on this in my week.
In my opinion this is so far the best product I have used for my dull/open pore/blackhead prone/mature skin. I tend not to use it near my nose as it tends to make me breakout in a cold sore! On my second bottle, it's not a miracle but it does help keep my skin clearer than it would be without it.
I love this product more than any other lactic acid I ever tried! It gives my skin good soft peeling and a bit of radiance! Just try!
This product helps with cystic acne (nothing else has helped me). It is very gentle and not irritating on my skin. It has given my skin a healthy glow and helps my skin stay moisturised. I really like it and I will be repurchasing again.
I love this stuff so much, never made my skin burn or irritate & the next day I have an incredibly lovely soft "new" feeling to my face which is nice. Only thing I did notice is I put this on one night before I was going out shopping in the summertime and I did notice a slight burn whenever the light hit me directly but that is a precaution on the bottle. Highly recommend.
One of the first products from The Ordinary I tried. Such a great chemical exfoliant. Wake up to softer and clearer looking skin.
Love this stuff. I never usually purchase a skin product again when the bottles finishes if I don't see results, but I will deffo be re-purchasing this. It has brightened my face and lightened my dark spots. I could see a difference in the first two weeks.
Helps to dry out a pimple very quickly. Part of my beauty holy grail. This works better for my skin than salicylic acid.
I bought this because I read it would reduce pigmentation. I definitely think it's balanced my skin and reduced my pigmentation *slightly* but not enough for me to buy more, so plan on trying something else.
Really brightened and cleared up my skin, staple.
I have combination skin, that became prone to breakouts after I had an allergic reaction to another product. It left my skin with scars (I'm medium to dark complexion) that wouldn't fade no matter what I tried. This is the first acid I've ever tried and it has done absolute wonders to my skin. I use it in my nighttime routine and a tad bit goes a long way. Within the month that I've been using this, I've noticed that my skin feels more balanced in the mornings, not oily. It's helped a lot to fade the marks though they aren't completely gone yet. No glow though but no complaints! Would I buy it again? Absolutely! It's affordable and it really does work!
Effective resurfacer for sensitive skin. Love this!
Great acid for those on a budget!
I am a huge fan of chemical exfoliators and have used my fair share of them. For a long time, the SR Good Genes were my go to, but when I saw this product I decided to test it out and see if they compare. I have seen no difference in the look, feel or texture of my skin since switching this, which is great! My skin is still smooth and glowing and doesn't seem to be missing Good Genes at all. I have been using it every day in the evening for just over a month and I am really impressed. I have now saved myself £74.20 on every purchase...delighted.
I have sensitive/blemished skin and I purchased this product after reading all the rave reviews. I used this at night after cleansing my skin in hope to reduce and clear my spots. I did notice that it did calm my spots down, however, it didn't manage to eradicate completely or improve how my skin looked. I think it's definitely a good purchase for those with mildly problematic skin.
I can't put this down: it changed my skin so much! After only three nights of using this, my skin looked brighter, more radiant and just glowing. Also, my pores seemed smaller. After using it for a week it started to dry out my skin a bit, so I layered it with a richer moisturizer and all is great now. Just ordered my second bottle, I'm hooked!
I have been using it for around 3 months now and my skin is so much better than before. It helps to get rid of those small bumps on my face and makes my skin looks smoother and brighter.
At first, I wasn't happy with this product. I figured out I was using it wrong - used on my skin after cleansing, kind of like the glycolic toner which I love and it made my skin drier and rough. But when I first use a hydrating toner and then apply this acid - it's a whole different story. After a week or two, my skin is visibly smoother and my pores are reduced. However, the glycolic toner works the same for me, is cheaper and less fuss.
Started using this acid in my PM routine 4 days ago and already can see it has made a huge difference. My skin is the smoothest it's been since I can remember and the little bumps that I had on my forehead have completely gone. I do have some hyperpigmentation on my right cheek which I can see is beginning to fade, so I'm excited to see what will happen after another few days of use. I would definitely recommend this product, especially at such an affordable price too.
This stuff is brilliant! I bought it because the peel was out of stock and this was cheap and I thought worth a go as an alternative and to see how it exfoliates. I wanted it to get rid of some mild acne I get around my mouth and nothing will shift! Well, I think it helped to reduce my acne although not get rid of it all, what I was amazed at is that it has got rid of the blackheads on my nose and chin! I am amazed! Nothing has ever been able to do that!! It's like it dissolves them away. I will definitely repurchase! Loving so much of the Ordinary products. Amazing price point and they WORK!
I bought this product along with matrixyl to use in the PM before my night cream. I apply a few drops all over my face and neck (avoiding eye area). I have noticed a difference in my skin texture and tone. I have combination skin and a small patch of rosacea on my right cheek. My skin is clearer than it has been for a long time and pores on my nose are less clogged and appear smaller.
This acid has changed my face completely. I just need a small amount to apply to my face and it has left my skin feeling bouncy, clearer and just all-in-all clean. I feel like I can tell it is making a difference on the actual skin itself. Love this product and it will last a very long time as you only need a small amount - bonus!
Since I started using this, my skin has evened out in so many ways. Dark spots from acne scars or freckles lightened up, the redness that I have along my jawline and around my nose has nearly gone, and I have had these tiny bumps on my forehead for years that I couldn't get rid of but this acid did the trick! My skin is much more sensitive to sunlight now, but I've just taken to wearing hats and reapplying an spf during the day.
This is a fantastic product for treating active breakouts -- really speeds up healing time. Good for improving the overall texture of skin too. Great product at an amazing price point!
I am so impressed with this Lactic Acid by The Ordinary. I experienced no redness or breakouts, just radiant looking skin which then soaked up serums and moisturiser on the days I didn't use this. My skin looks fresh and radiant. I only used this twice a week in the evening, so the bottle seems to last forever.
Some of these have arginine in them which is great for skin just as the arginine in supplements are, however, if u know u have any dormant viruses or are just sensitive to arginine then beware, that's why some people are having amazing results and comparing to good genes and others are having crazy breakouts.
I have been using this at night for about 3 months and it has done wonders for my pigmentation (Melasma from pregnancy 10 years ago). I have tried various other treatments and none have caused a reduction in this product. I make sure I use a moisturiser with SPF and do take a break from it every few days. For me, this has been incredibly effective.
I really like this solution. I use generously every night after cleansing and toning. It sinks in so quickly! LOVE!! A while back I started getting those weird pimples / clogged pores just below my neck. This definitely killed them! My pores, in general, are cleaner, smaller, still some clogged pores on my cheeks, but I have high hopes. Will definitely repurchase!
purchased this a month ago and my skin GLOWS.
I love a lot of products from this company & have used them for a few months. I ordered this at the same time but never used it as I was using glycolic acid and felt that was enough. I decided to use it on a whim one day after reading some positive reviews and haven't looked back. My skin had broken repeatedly & I decided to give it a go, I used it for 5 days straight. The first night my skin purged and all the under the skin spots came out. By the 3rd night my skin was significantly clearer & by the 5th night it was flawless, glowy & my pores looked better than with any other product I've used. I found glycolic acid causes me to break out but this makes me easily as glowy and also clear-skinned. I now use it 3 times a week (alternate nights) & it has made such a difference to my skin. My absolute holy grail favourite.
Honestly never used a product like this. I have had really bad hyperpigmentation for years and it really calms it down. For the price I am actually blown away by result, and I know it actually works as if I don't use it for a few days my skin starts acting up again.
This product is very affordable and yet it delivers. Some people may find this a bit strong for their skin but it works really well on my acne prone skin. I have been pimple free with consistent usage of this and it also gives the skin a really nice glow. Even if I get any zits on my face, this product helps to shrink the zit within a few days. Will certainly repurchase this.
I started using this product about 2 weeks ago, I picked it up because the price was so reasonable and I hadn't tried the brand before. Well, I do not regret it. I have been using it once a day in the evening after cleansing then applying my usual night serum and the results have been amazing. I had a couple of age spots on my cheek and since using this lactic acid they have completely disappeared. The texture of my skin has improved dramatically, almost resurfaced and it's glowing! I'm 30 so I had a few fine lines on my forehead and those have also gone thanks to this product. I don't usually write reviews but I cannot recommend this formula enough. It isn't drying so long as you use a serum or night moisturiser over the top. I certainly will be re-buying from this range and trying more products.
This product has changed my skin completely, Ive never really had spots, only the occasional breakout. But, I've always struggled with texture and the little bumps on my skin that I just couldn't budge. However, this product as well with the retinoid 2%, they have magically transformed my skin. It has reduced the redness and improved my texture, making my skin soft, glowy and clearer. I use this everyday and I have recommended this to everyone I know.
I'd heard of The Ordinary before - online and through friends and as it's such a good price, I thought I'd give it a try and mix up my skin care routine. SO glad I did. This lactic acid did feel a bit tingly at first to use, but I use it every night and I've got used to it. The first night I used it I woke up to smooth glowing skin, and my usual trouble areas (dry red skin around my nose) was significantly better. I'm using this every day and my whole face is smooth and clear. I also use it on my neck and décolletage. It literally clears dead skin and imperfections. I'll be buying more and more of this.
I've been using it every other day for two weeks now over acne scars and it works.


Eindec Corporation Limited, a regional clean air environmental and technological solutions provider, has successfully completed its placement of 35,800,000 shares. As at the close of the placement at 12.00 noon on 13 January 2016, all placement shares were validly subscribed for.
Application monies received amounted to a total of approximately S$7.5 million (US$5.21 million) from its initial public offering (IPO). This exceed their projection of US$5.19 million in proceeds from their IPO.
UOB Kay Hian Private Limited was the issue manager, sponsor, and placement Agent for the IPO. The first IPO for the year on the Singapore bourse, this compares to 13 firms conducting their IPO in 2015. A 57 per cent decrease in volume from 2014, most of these were on the Catalist secondary board, with the only mainboard IPO being BHG Retail Real Estate.
An estimated S$4.6 million from the net proceeds will be deployed to finance Eindec's new business for environmental and technologies solution products in China, investment in R&D for new and existing products, as well as enhancing manufacturing capabilities and for working capital purposes.
With the IPO,The company has a market capitalisation of S$22.6 million, with the Chinese property developer Weiye maintaining its 66.8 per cent stake post-placement. From 15 January 2015, Eindec will commence trading on the Catalist Board.
While past reports have noted the robust prospects for the air purifier market, Eindec is raising funds for entry into what is a highly competitive market that is facing a slump, according to the Financial Times. According to their report, declining sales, combined with a surge of entrants, have reduced the ability to generate strong revenue.
This has coincided with a market slump as the air quality in many mainland Chinese cities has improved in quality through 2015. Citing Airgle, a US firm targeting the high-end purifier market, the Financial Times noted a decrease of between 10 to 20 per cent in sales for 2015. Airgle attributed this to increased competition.