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Home » Context of 'November 18, 1988: Presidential Order Details Government Agencies' Responsibilities in National Emergencies'
Context of 'November 18, 1988: Presidential Order Details Government Agencies' Responsibilities in National Emergencies'
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1981-1992: Cheney and Rumsfeld Practice Secret Continuity of Government Plan, Later Activated on 9/11
Donald Rumsfeld and Dick Cheney, along with then-President Gerald Ford, April 28, 1975. [Source: David Hume Kennerly / Gerald R. Ford Library] (click image to enlarge)Throughout the 1980s, Dick Cheney and Donald Rumsfeld are key players in one of the most highly classified programs of the Reagan administration. Presently, Cheney is working as a Republican congressman, while Rumsfeld is head of the pharmaceutical company G. D. Searle. At least once per year, they both leave their day jobs for periods of three or four days. They head to Andrews Air Force Base, near Washington, DC, and along with 40 to 60 federal officials and one member of the Reagan Cabinet are taken to a remote location within the US, such as an underground bunker. While they are gone, none of their work colleagues, or even their wives, knows where they are. They are participating in detailed planning exercises for keeping government running during and after a nuclear war with the Soviet Union.
Unconstitutional 'Continuity of Government' - This highly secret "Continuity of Government" (COG) program is known as Project 908. The idea is that if the US were under a nuclear attack, three teams would be sent from Washington to separate locations around the US to prepare to take leadership of the country. If somehow one team was located and hit with a nuclear weapon, the second or third team could take its place. Each of the three teams includes representatives from the State Department, Defense Department, CIA, and various domestic-policy agencies. The program is run by a new government agency called the National Program Office. Based in the Washington area, it has a budget of hundreds of million dollars a year, which grows to $1 billion per year by the end of Reagan's first term in office. Within the National Security Council, the "action officer" involved in the COG program is Oliver North, who is a key figure in the mid-1980s Iran-Contra scandal. Reagan's Vice President, George H. W. Bush, also supervises some of the program's efforts. As well as Cheney and Rumsfeld, other known figures involved in the COG exercises include Kenneth Duberstein, who serves for a time as President Reagan's chief of staff, and future CIA Director James Woolsey. Another regular participant is Richard Clarke, who on 9/11 will be the White House chief of counterterrorism (see (1984-2004)). The program, though, is extraconstitutional, as it establishes a process for designating a new US president that is nowhere authorized in the US Constitution or federal law. After George H. W. Bush is elected president in 1988 and the effective end of the Soviet Union in 1989, the exercises continue. They will go on after Bill Clinton is elected president, but will then be based around the threat posed by terrorists, rather than the Soviet Union (see 1992-2000). According to journalist James Mann, the participation of Rumsfeld and Cheney in these exercises demonstrates a broader truth about them: "Over three decades, from the Ford administration onward, even when they were out of the executive branch of government, they were never too far away; they stayed in touch with its defense, military, and intelligence officials and were regularly called upon by those officials. Cheney and Rumsfeld were, in a sense, a part of the permanent, though hidden, national security apparatus of the United States." [Mann, 2004, pp. 138-145; Atlantic Monthly, 3/2004; Washington Post, 4/7/2004; Cockburn, 2007, pp. 85]
No Role for Congress - According to one participant, "One of the awkward questions we faced was whether to reconstitute Congress after a nuclear attack. It was decided that no, it would be easier to operate without them." Thus the decision is made to abandon the Constitutional framework of the nation's government if this plan is ever activated. [Dubose and Bernstein, 2006, pp. 198]
Reactivated after 9/11 - The plan they rehearse for in the COG exercises will be activated, supposedly for the first time, in the hours during and after the 9/11 attacks (see (Between 9:45 a.m. and 9:56 a.m.) September 11, 2001). [Washington Post, 3/1/2002] Mann subsequently comments, "The program is of particular interest today because it helps to explain the thinking and behavior of the second Bush Administration in the hours, days, and months after the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001." [Atlantic Monthly, 3/2004]
Entity Tags: Richard A. Clarke, Richard ("Dick") Cheney, Oliver North, National Program Office, James Woolsey, Kenneth Duberstein, Donald Rumsfeld, George Herbert Walker Bush
Between 1981 and 1989: Officials Airborne in 'Doomsday' Plane for Three Days during Exercise
An E-4B Airborne Command Post. [Source: US Air Force] (click image to enlarge)During the 1980s, top-secret exercises are regularly held, testing a program called Continuity of Government (COG) that would keep the federal government functioning during and after a nuclear war (see 1981-1992). The program includes a special plane called the National Emergency Airborne Command Post (NEACP). This is a modified Boeing 747, based at Andrews Air Force Base, near Washington, DC that has its own conference room and special communications gear. Nicknamed the "Doomsday" plane, it could act as an airborne command post from where a president could run the country during a nuclear war. One of the COG exercises run by the Reagan administration involves a team of officials actually staying aloft in the NEACP for three days straight. The team cruises across the US, and up and down the coasts, periodically being refueled in mid-air. [Schwartz, 1998; Mann, 2004, pp. 144] Dick Cheney and Donald Rumsfeld participate in the COG exercises, though whether they are aboard the NEACP in this particular one is unknown. [Atlantic Monthly, 3/2004] The plan that is being rehearsed for in the exercises will be activated in response to the 9/11 attacks (see (Between 9:45 a.m. and 9:56 a.m.) September 11, 2001). Also on 9/11, three Doomsday planes (then known as "National Airborne Operations Center" planes) will be in the air, due to an exercise taking place that morning called Global Guardian (see Before 9:00 a.m. September 11, 2001). [Schwartz, 1998; Omaha World-Herald, 2/27/2002]
Entity Tags: Donald Rumsfeld, Richard ("Dick") Cheney
(1984-2004): Richard Clarke Participates in Secret Continuity of Government Exercises
Richard Clarke, who will be the counterterrorism "tsar" on 9/11, regularly participates in a series of highly secret "Continuity of Government" (COG) exercises. [Washington Post, 4/7/2004] Throughout the 1980s, the COG exercises rehearse how to keep the federal government running during and after a nuclear war with the Soviet Union (see 1981-1992). After the fall of the Soviet Union, the exercises continue, but based instead around a possible terrorist attack on the United States (see 1992-2000). [Atlantic Monthly, 3/2004] In 2004, Clarke will reveal that he has participated regularly in these exercises over the previous 20 years. He recalls that he had "gone off into caves in mountains in remote locations and spent days on end in miserable conditions, pretending that the rest of the world had blown up, and going through the questions, going through the drill." He adds: "Everyone there play acts that it's really happened. You can't go outside because of the radioactivity. You can't use the phones because they're not connected to anything." He also describes the COG plan requiring coded communications, saying: "There's an elaborate system for the people in this network, first of all, to verify each other's identity. That person on the other end has a certain password and information that they have to pass for us to believe that they're who they say they are." [Washington Post, 4/7/2004; ABC News, 4/25/2004] Clarke was a senior analyst at the State Department since 1979, and rises to prominence during the Reagan administration when he becomes deputy assistant secretary of state for intelligence. [Washington Post, 3/13/2003; BBC, 3/22/2004] After being a member of the National Security Council since 1992, in 1998 he is appointed as counterterrorism "tsar" (see May 22, 1998). [9/11 Commission, 3/24/2004 ; New York Review of Books, 5/13/2004; Independent, 6/14/2004] According to journalist James Mann, the COG program is of particular interest because it helps explain the thinking and behavior of the Bush administration "in the hours, days, and months after the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001." [Atlantic Monthly, 3/2004] On the morning of 9/11, Clarke is in fact responsible for activating the COG plan, the first time it is ever implemented (see (Between 9:45 a.m. and 9:56 a.m.) September 11, 2001). [Clarke, 2004, pp. 8; ABC News, 4/25/2004] Also participating in the COG exercises, at least throughout at 1980s, are Dick Cheney and Donald Rumsfeld, who on 9/11 are the vice president and secretary of defense, respectively. [Atlantic Monthly, 3/2004]
Entity Tags: Richard A. Clarke
September 16, 1985: Presidential Directive Lays Out Government Plan for Responding to National Emergencies
President Ronald Reagan signs a directive that contributes to the modern era of "continuity planning," which will ensure the maintenance of a functioning government in the event of a catastrophic attack on Washington, DC. This Continuity of Government (COG) plan will be activated for the first time on 9/11, in response to the terrorist attacks that day (see (Between 9:45 a.m. and 9:56 a.m.) September 11, 2001). [Washington Post, 3/1/2002; ABC News, 4/25/2004] National Security Decision Directive 188 (NSDD 188), "Government Coordination for National Security Emergency Preparedness," states that it is the policy of the United States to have capabilities at all levels of government to respond to a range of national security emergencies, "from major natural calamities to hostile attacks on the nation." The US policy "includes an emergency mobilization preparedness program which provides an effective capability to meet defense and essential civilian needs during those emergencies." The National Security Council (NSC) is assigned as the "principal forum" where the national security emergency preparedness policy will be considered, and the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) is to "assist in the implementation of this policy through a coordinating role with the other federal agencies." NSDD 188 also assigns responsibility for continuity planning to an interagency panel that includes the Office of Management and Budget, and the Defense, Treasury, and Justice Departments. [US President, 9/16/1985; Washington Post, 3/1/2002] A subsequent executive order in 1988 will apply the COG plan to "any national security emergency situation that might confront the nation" (see November 18, 1988), and a presidential directive in 1998 will update it to specifically deal with the emerging threat posed by terrorists (see Early 1998 and October 21, 1998). [US President, 11/18/1988; Clarke, 2004, pp. 166-167 and 170; Washington Post, 6/4/2006]
Entity Tags: Ronald Reagan
November 18, 1988: Presidential Order Details Government Agencies' Responsibilities in National Emergencies
President Ronald Reagan signs a directive that details the US government's plan for dealing with national emergencies, including a nuclear attack against the country. Executive Order 12656, "Assignment of Emergency Preparedness Responsibilities," sets out the specific responsibilities of federal departments and agencies in national security emergencies. [US President, 11/18/1988] It deals with the nation's Continuity of Government (COG) plan, which would ensure the federal government continued to function should such an emergency occur. [Washington Post, 3/1/2002; Atlantic Monthly, 3/2004] The order states, "The policy of the United States is to have sufficient capabilities at all levels of government to meet essential defense and civilian needs during any national security emergency." It defines a "national security emergency" as "any occurrence, including natural disaster, military attack, technological emergency, or other emergency, that seriously degrades or seriously threatens the national security of the United States." The order directs the head of every federal department and agency to "ensure the continuity of essential functions" during such an emergency by, among other things, "providing for succession to office and emergency delegation of authority." According to Executive Order 12656, the National Security Council is "the principal forum for consideration of national security emergency preparedness policy," and the director of the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) is to "assist in the implementation of national security emergency preparedness policy by coordinating with the other federal departments and agencies and with State and local governments." [US President, 11/18/1988] The COG plan this directive deals with will be activated for the first time on 9/11, in response to the terrorist attacks that day (see (Between 9:45 a.m. and 9:56 a.m.) September 11, 2001). [Washington Post, 3/1/2002; ABC News, 4/25/2004] Author Peter Dale Scott will later comment that, by applying the COG plan to "any national security emergency," Executive Order 12656 means that the attacks of 9/11 will meet the requirements for the plan to be put into action. [Scott, 2007, pp. 185-186] In fact, a presidential directive in 1998 will update the COG plan specifically to deal with the threat posed by terrorists (see Early 1998 and October 21, 1998). [Clarke, 2004, pp. 166-167 and 170; Washington Post, 6/4/2006]
1992-2000: Secret Continuity of Government Exercises Prepare for Terrorist Threat
During the 1980s, Dick Cheney and Donald Rumsfeld were regular participants in top-secret exercises, designed to test a program called Continuity of Government (COG) that would keep the federal government functioning during and after a nuclear war with the Soviet Union (see 1981-1992). Despite the fall of the Berlin Wall and the collapse of the Soviet Union, the COG exercises continue into the 1990s, being budgeted still at over $200 million per year.
Exercises Prepare for Terrorist Attacks - Now, terrorists replace the Soviet Union as the imagined threat in the exercises. The terrorism envisaged is almost always state-sponsored, with the imagined terrorists acting on behalf of a government. According to journalist James Mann, the COG exercises are abandoned fairly early in the Clinton era, as the scenario is considered farfetched and outdated. However another journalist, Andrew Cockburn, suggests they continue for longer.
Exercise Participants Are Republican Hawks - Cockburn adds that, while the "shadow government" created in the exercises had previously been drawn from across the political spectrum, now the players are almost exclusively Republican hawks. A former Pentagon official with direct knowledge of the program will later say: "It was one way for these people to stay in touch. They'd meet, do the exercise, but also sit around and castigate the Clinton administration in the most extreme way. You could say this was a secret government-in-waiting. The Clinton administration was extraordinarily inattentive, [they had] no idea what was going on." [Atlantic Monthly, 3/2004; Cockburn, 2007, pp. 88]
Richard Clarke Participates - A regular participant in these COG exercises is Richard Clarke, who on 9/11 will be the White House chief of counterterrorism (see (1984-2004)). [Washington Post, 4/7/2004; ABC News, 4/25/2004] Although he will later come to prominence for his criticisms of the administration of President George W. Bush, some who have known him will say they consider Clarke to be hawkish and conservative (see May 22, 1998). [Boston Globe, 3/29/2004; US News and World Report, 4/5/2004] The Continuity of Government plan will be activated, supposedly for the first time, in the hours during and after the 9/11 attacks (see (Between 9:45 a.m. and 9:56 a.m.) September 11, 2001). [Washington Post, 3/1/2002]
Entity Tags: Clinton administration, Andrew Cockburn, Richard A. Clarke, Donald Rumsfeld, Richard ("Dick") Cheney, James Mann, US Department of Defense
April 18, 1994: Officials Say Secret Continuity of Government Program Shutting Down, but Project Lives On
Government officials say the highly classified "doomsday" project, also known as the Continuity of Government (COG) program, is being shut down. The secretive program was first designed during the cold war to keep the government functioning in the event of a nuclear conflict with the Soviet Union. "The nuclear tensions of that era having subsided, the project has less than six months to live," the New York Times reports, citing Pentagon officials. [New York Times, 4/18/1994] Despite the claims, the classified plans will not be discontinued. The Clinton administration will actually update the protocols and place a new emphasis on weapons of mass destruction and counterterrorism (see June 21, 1995, October 21, 1998 and Early 1998). The COG program will be officially activated for the first time during the 9/11 attacks and later extended indefinitely (see (Between 9:45 a.m. and 9:56 a.m.) September 11, 2001). [Washington Post, 3/1/2002]
Entity Tags: Clinton administration
Early 1998: Richard Clarke Updates Continuity of Government Plan to Prepare for Terrorist Threat
Richard Clarke, the chair of the White House's Counterterrorism Security Group, updates the US Continuity of Government (COG) program. National Security Adviser Sandy Berger has become aware that terrorism and domestic preparedness are now major issues. He suggests the idea of a "national coordinator" for counterterrorism, and that this post should be codified by a new Presidential Decision Directive (PDD). Clarke therefore drafts three new directives. The third, tentatively titled "PDD-Z," updates the COG program. [Clarke, 2004, pp. 166-167] This program, which dates back to the cold war, was originally designed to ensure the US government would continue to function in the event of a nuclear war with the Soviet Union. [Atlantic Monthly, 3/2004] Clarke will later say it "had been allowed to fall apart when the threat of a Soviet nuclear attack had gone away." [Clarke, 2004, pp. 167] He will explain: "We thought that individual buildings in Washington, and indeed perhaps all of Washington, could still come under attack, only it might not be from the former Soviet Union.… It might be with a terrorist walking a weapon into our city." [CBS, 9/11/2001] Therefore, "If terrorists could attack Washington, particularly with weapons of mass destruction, we needed to have a robust system of command and control, with plans to devolve authority and capabilities to officials outside Washington." [Clarke, 2004, pp. 167] President Clinton will sign "PDD-Z" on October 21, 1998, as PDD-67, "Enduring Constitutional Government and Continuity of Government Operations" (see October 21, 1998). The two other directives drafted by Clarke will become PDD-62 (see May 22, 1998) and PDD-63. [Clarke, 2004, pp. 170; Washington Post, 6/4/2006] By February 1999, according to the New York Times, Clarke will have written at least four classified presidential directives on terrorism, which "expand the government's counterterrorism cadres into the $11 billion-a-year enterprise he now coordinates." [New York Times, 2/1/1999] Clarke is a regular participant in secret COG exercises (see (1984-2004)), and will activate the COG plan for the first time on the day of 9/11 (see (Between 9:45 a.m. and 9:56 a.m.) September 11, 2001).
Entity Tags: Richard A. Clarke, Sandy Berger
May 22, 1998: Presidential Directive Puts Secret Service In Charge of Security for Major Public Events
President Clinton issues Presidential Decision Directive 62 (PDD-62), which gives the National Security Council authority to designate any important upcoming public event as a National Special Security Event (NSSE). [Journal of Homeland Defense, 10/27/2000; United States Secret Service, 2002] Once an event has been designated as an NSSE, the FBI becomes the lead agency for crisis management, FEMA becomes lead agency for consequence management, and the Secret Service becomes lead agency for designing and implementing security operations. [US Department of Defense, 8/3/2001; US Department of Homeland Security, 7/9/2003; CSO Magazine, 9/2004] Approximately four or five events per year will subsequently be designated as NSSEs, such as the 2000 Republican and Democratic National Conventions, and the 2001 Presidential Inauguration. [US Department of Homeland Security, 7/9/2003; US Department of Homeland Security, 11/8/2004] On 9/11, one or possibly both the cities targeted—Washington and New York—will be less than three weeks from major events that have been designated as NSSEs (see 8:30 a.m. September 11, 2001)(see 8:30 a.m. September 11, 2001). This is particularly interesting considering that once the Secret Service is put in charge of security for an NSSE, it becomes involved in providing air defense over that event. As then Director of the Secret Service Brian Stafford will point out in March 2000: "PDD-62 mandates the Secret Service to create additional capabilities that 'achieve airspace security' for designated 'National Special Security Events (NSSE).' This air security program utilizes air interdiction teams to detect, identify, and assess any aircraft that violates, or attempts to violate, an established Temporary Flight Restricted Area (TFR) airspace above an NSSE." [US Congress, 3/30/2000 ; Security Management, 2/2002] Whether the Secret Service will have such capabilities already in place in New York and Washington on 9/11 is unknown.
October 21, 1998: Presidential Directive Updates Continuity of Government Plan to Deal with Terrorist Threat
President Clinton issues Presidential Decision Directive 67 (PDD-67), which updates the US Continuity of Government (COG) program in line with the emerging threat posed by terrorists. [Clarke, 2004, pp. 166-167 and 170; Washington Post, 6/4/2006] PDD-67, "Enduring Constitutional Government and Continuity of Government Operations," requires agencies to plan for governmental continuity if the US is hit by a major terrorist attack. [Knight Ridder, 11/17/1999; Federation of American Scientists, 12/12/2000] The directive is classified and there is no White House fact sheet summarizing its contents. [Federation of American Scientists, 12/12/2000; US Congress. House. Committee on Government Reform, 4/22/2004] But according to Energy Department documents, the new COG plan "could be triggered by an event worse than what's expected from the Y2K problem and comparable to the 1995 Oklahoma City bombing." [Knight Ridder, 11/17/1999] According to the Washington Post, the result of PDD-67 will be that "every single government department and agency [is] directed to see to it that they could resume critical functions within 12 hours of a warning, and keep their operations running at emergency facilities for up to 30 days." [Washington Post, 6/4/2006] The directive puts the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)—which is responsible for planning for and responding to disasters—in charge of the COG program. [US Congress. House. Committee on Government Reform, 4/28/2005, pp. 4 ] Within FEMA, the Office of National Security Affairs will specifically be responsible for COG activities. [Larson and Peters, 2001, pp. 103] FEMA's responsibilities will include providing guidance for agencies to develop their continuity plans (see July 26, 1999), and the coordination of interagency exercises. [US Congress. House. Committee on Government Reform, 4/28/2005, pp. 4 ] Richard Clarke, who has now been appointed counterterrorism "tsar" (see May 22, 1998), drafted PDD-67 earlier in the year (see Early 1998). [Clarke, 2004, pp. 166-167] The COG plan will be activated for the first time on the morning of 9/11 (see (Between 9:45 a.m. and 9:56 a.m.) September 11, 2001). [ABC News, 4/25/2004]
July 26, 1999: FEMA Sets Out Criteria for Government Agencies' Responses to Emergencies, Including Terrorist Attacks
The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) issues a circular that provides guidance for government agencies to develop plans for continuity of government operations in the event of an emergency, including a terrorist attack. The circular, FPC 65, goes out to the heads of federal departments and agencies, senior policy officials, and emergency planners. It confirms FEMA's coordinating role in the nation's Continuity of Government (COG) program, and contains criteria for agencies to develop their continuity plans. It states that an agency's continuity of operations (COOP) capability "Must be maintained at a high level of readiness"; "Must be capable of implementation both with and without warning"; "Must be operational no later than 12 hours after activation"; "Must maintain sustained operations for up to 30 days"; and "Should take maximum advantage of existing agency field infrastructures." [Federal Emergency Management Agency, 7/26/1999; US Congress. House. Committee on Government Reform, 4/22/2004] Presidential Decision Directive 67 (PDD-67), issued in October 1998 (see October 21, 1998), required agencies to prepare plans to allow the government to continue functioning in the event of a major terrorist attack on the US, and had placed FEMA in charge of the COG program. [Knight Ridder, 11/17/1999; Washington Post, 6/4/2006] The COG plan detailed in that directive will be activated for the first time on the morning of 9/11 (see (Between 9:45 a.m. and 9:56 a.m.) September 11, 2001). [ABC News, 4/25/2004]
Entity Tags: Federal Emergency Management Agency
September 10, 2001: 'Continuity of Government' Communications System Switched on for 'Exercise Mode'
The Special Routing Arrangement Service (SRAS), which is run by the National Communications System (NCS), is turned on for "exercise mode," meaning it is ready to be utilized the following day in response to the terrorist attacks. [9/11 Commission, 3/16/2004 ] The NCS, which is part of the Department of Defense, is a relatively small agency established by President John F. Kennedy in 1963, and which is intended to ensure the uninterrupted availability of critical communications networks during times of national crisis. It is mandated to insure that critical telephony and data continue to flow, even when the US is under attack. [Verton, 2003, pp. 136; Clarke, 2004, pp. 20; National Communications System, 10/21/2007]
System Is 'Miraculously' Ready to Function on September 11 - Brenton Greene, the director of the NCS, will tell the 9/11 Commission that "[o]n the 10th of September, miraculously, the SRAS… system was turned on for exercise mode, and thus it was ready to function on September 11." A summary of Greene's interview with the Commission will indicate that the SRAS is related to the highly secret Continuity of Government (COG) plan. [9/11 Commission, 3/16/2004 ] This plan aims to ensure that the federal government will continue to function in the event of an attack on the US, and it will be activated for the first time on September 11 (see (Between 9:45 a.m. and 9:56 a.m.) September 11, 2001). [Atlantic Monthly, 3/2004; ABC News, 4/25/2004] The SRAS reportedly provides "a vehicle for continuity of operations by providing survivable communications linkages to federal and defense end users over the public network." [Department of Homeland Security, 5/2007 ] Whether the SRAS is turned on for "exercise mode" because the NCS or its National Coordinating Center (NCC) in Arlington, Virginia, are conducting or participating in a training exercise is unstated.
SRAS Relates to Continuity of Government Program - Greene will tell the 9/11 Commission that one of the NCS's three main programs relates to COG. "The main communications system of the country must be kept going or no one can communicate," he will say. Therefore, "There is a separate network linking the National Coordinating Center and the major carriers and networks as a backup." According to Greene, "In the situation where Continuity of Government is put into play, there is a communications system where no one can trace the site of the call on either end." (Presumably this is a reference to the SRAS.) This backup communications network, according to Greene, will prove "its value as a separate link on 9/11, because it coordinated network use between Network Operations Centers while the network was saturated." [9/11 Commission, 3/16/2004 ]
NCS Plays Important Role on 9/11 - Robert Kenny, the director of media relations for the Federal Communications Commission's Public Safety and Homeland Security Bureau, will later recall, "We found that [the NCS] program was very helpful during September 11." [CNET News, 1/16/2009] The NCC will be activated that day in response to the attacks (see (8:48 a.m.) September 11, 2001) and will support subsequent recovery efforts. [9/11 Commission, 3/16/2004 ] Earlier that morning, the CIA will actually be giving a briefing to the NCS about the international terrorist threat to the US's telecommunications infrastructure (see 8:00 a.m.-9:03 a.m. September 11, 2001). [Verton, 2003, pp. 135-139]
Entity Tags: Continuity of Government, National Communications System, Brenton C. Greene, Robert Kenny, Special Routing Arrangement Service
(Between 9:45 a.m. and 9:56 a.m.) September 11, 2001: Counterterrorism 'Tsar' Clarke Initiates Continuity of Government Plan
At some point after the White House is ordered to evacuate and while Air Force One is preparing to take off in Florida, counterterrorism "tsar" Richard Clarke activates the Continuity of Government (COG) plan. The coordinator for Continuity of Government has joined Clarke in the White House Situation Room. Clarke asks, "How do I activate COG?" Recalling this conversation, he will later comment, "In the exercises we had done, the person playing the president had always given that order." But the coordinator replies, "You tell me to do it." Soon after, Clarke instructs him, "Go." [Clarke, 2004, pp. 8]
First Time COG Plan Activated - The Continuity of Government plan, which dates back to the Reagan administration, had originally prepared to set up a new leadership for the US in the event of a nuclear war. This is apparently the first time it has ever been put into effect. Clarke will recall, "Every federal agency was ordered… to activate an alternative command post, an alternative headquarters outside of Washington, DC, and to staff it as soon as possible." Cabinet officers are dispatched around the country, and people in Congress are taken to alternative locations.
Clarke Regularly Particiated in COG Exercises - Since the 1980s, Clarke has in fact been a regular participant in secret COG exercises that rehearsed this plan (see (1984-2004)). [Washington Post, 4/7/2004; ABC News, 4/25/2004] Vice President Dick Cheney and Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld also participated (see 1981-1992). [Atlantic Monthly, 3/2004] Kenneth Duberstein, formerly President Reagan's White House chief of staff, who took part in the exercises as well, will recall: "I said to myself, as we proceeded through the day [of 9/11], 'It's working.' All those days of patriotic duty were coming back and they were working." According to ABC News, "If executive branch leaders and large numbers of congressmen had been killed in an attack on the United States, the plan could have gone further, officials suggest, perhaps even with non-elected leaders of the United States taking control and declaring martial law." [ABC News, 4/25/2004] According to a White House timeline of the events of 9/11, it is in fact Cheney that "orders implementation of Continuity of Government and Continuity of Operations procedures," at 9:55 a.m., although, according to the Washington Post, Cheney only "officially implemented the emergency Continuity of Government orders," rather than activating the plan. [White House, 2001; Washington Post, 1/27/2002]
Entity Tags: Richard A. Clarke, Continuity of Government, White House, Kenneth Duberstein
After 9:45 a.m. September 11, 2001: Commerce Secretary Evans Is Not Evacuated in Line with the Continuity of Government Plan
Don Evans. [Source: US Department of Commerce]Authorities fail to evacuate Secretary of Commerce Don Evans from his office at the Commerce Department in Washington, DC, in line with "Continuity of Government" (COG) plans and so Evans eventually decides to go home of his own accord. [Arkin, 2013, pp. 173-174] The COG plan was apparently activated by White House counterterrorism chief Richard Clarke shortly after 9:45 a.m. (see (Between 9:45 a.m. and 9:56 a.m.) September 11, 2001). [Clarke, 2004, pp. 8] Whereas, earlier in the day, "executive agents and protective details all across the government had been operating in precautionary mode," military expert and author William Arkin will later describe, "now everything was official, mandatory, and automatic." And yet no one comes to move Evans to an alternate location, even though he is 10th in line for the presidency. The commerce secretary therefore stays in his office all morning, waiting for someone to contact him and tell him what to do. [Arkin, 2013, pp. 173-174; NBC News, 9/11/2016] Furthermore, while other government departments are evacuated, no one takes the initiative to evacuate the Commerce Department, where 5,000 people work (see Before 9:37 a.m. September 11, 2001). [Draper, 2007, pp. 143] Apparently, "those in charge had completely forgotten about [Evans] and his department," Arkin will comment. Eventually, Evans arranges for an aide to drive him to his home in McLean, Virginia, where he spends the rest of the day watching television. Arkin will criticize authorities for their failure to move Evans to an alternate location, writing, "After almost 50 years of preparations and practice, after constructing an elaborate and foolproof edifice, the executive agents had overlooked a major branch of the executive office, or were too busy—or had their own plans." [Arkin, 2013, pp. 174; NBC News, 9/11/2016]
Entity Tags: US Department of Commerce, Continuity of Government, Donald L. Evans
(9:50 a.m.) September 11, 2001: Speaker of the House Hastert Evacuated to Secure Location outside Washington
Speaker of the House Dennis Hastert (R-IL), who is third in line for the presidency, is evacuated from the US Capitol building and flown to a secret underground bunker in Virginia, where he remains until late in the afternoon. [ABC News, 9/11/2001; ABC News, 9/15/2002] Around 9:48, the Capitol building had begun evacuating (see 9:48 a.m. September 11, 2001). At that time, Hastert was on the House floor. Two members of his security detail now enter the chamber and tell him, "We're going to evacuate the Capitol, and you're going to a secure location." They take him out of the building and drive him hurriedly to Andrews Air Force Base, ten miles southeast of Washington. After he arrives there, Hastert is finally able to communicate with Vice President Dick Cheney, who is at the White House. (Hastert had been trying to contact Cheney earlier on, but without success (see (9:04 a.m.-9:45 a.m.) September 11, 2001.) Cheney tells Hastert: "There's a real danger. I want you to go to a secure location." [Hastert, 2004, pp. 8-9] Hastert gets on a helicopter and is flown to the secret underground bunker at Mount Weather in Bluemont, Virginia, 48 miles outside Washington—about 20 minutes journey by air. [Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 11/2001; ABC News, 9/15/2002; Bamford, 2004, pp. 81] In the following hours, other top members of the House and Senate leaderships will join him there (see (Between Late Morning and Early Afternoon) September 11, 2001). [ABC News, 9/11/2001; Hastert, 2004, pp. 10] Hastert remains at the secure facility for several hours, and will return to Washington late in the afternoon (see (Between 5:00 p.m. and 6:00 p.m.) September 11, 2001). [Daily Herald (Arlington Heights), 9/11/2002] Hastert's evacuation to Mount Weather is the result of "Continuity of Government" (COG) orders, which provide for evacuating the third and fourth in the line of presidential succession during a national emergency, in order to protect the nation's constitutional leadership. [Washington Post, 1/27/2002] Counterterrorism "tsar" Richard Clarke activated the COG plan shortly before 10:00 a.m. this morning (see (Between 9:45 a.m. and 9:56 a.m.) September 11, 2001). [Clarke, 2004, pp. 8]
Entity Tags: Mount Weather, Dennis Hastert, Richard ("Dick") Cheney
9:59 a.m. September 11, 2001: White House Finally Requests Continuity of Government Plans, Air Force One Escort, and Fighters for Washington
According to the 9/11 Commission: "An Air Force lieutenant colonel working in the White House Military Office [joins] the [NMCC's air threat] conference and state[s] that he had just talked to Deputy National Security Adviser Stephen Hadley. The White House request[s]: (1) the implementation of Continuity of Government measures, (2) fighter escorts for Air Force One, and (3) the establishment of a fighter combat air patrol over Washington, DC." [9/11 Commission, 6/17/2004] Counterterrorism "tsar" Richard Clarke gave the order to implement the Continuity of Government plan a few minutes earlier, from inside the White House Situation Room (see (Between 9:45 a.m. and 9:56 a.m.) September 11, 2001). Before that, he had requested a fighter escort for Air Force One (see (Between 9:30 a.m. and 9:37 a.m.) September 11, 2001) and combat air patrols over all major US cities (not just Washington), according to his own recollection (see (Between 9:38 a.m. and 9:45 a.m.) September 11, 2001). [Clarke, 2004, pp. 7-8]
Entity Tags: Stephen J. Hadley, Richard A. Clarke, National Military Command Center
(11:00 a.m.) September 11, 2001: Deputy Defense Secretary Wolfowitz and Others Leave the Pentagon for the Alternate Command Center
Deputy Defense Secretary Paul Wolfowitz leaves the Pentagon and relocates to the alternate military command center outside Washington, DC. Wolfowitz evacuated from his office to an area in front of the Pentagon after the building was hit, but then went back inside and joined Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld and others in the National Military Command Center (NMCC). [Vanity Fair, 5/9/2003] With smoke seeping into the center, Wolfowitz advises Rumsfeld to leave the NMCC (see (10:40 a.m.-11:00 a.m.) September 11, 2001). But instead Rumsfeld orders Wolfowitz to leave and fly to Site R, the alternate command center, which is located inside Raven Rock Mountain, about six miles north of Camp David, on the Pennsylvania-Maryland border. [Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 11/2001; Vogel, 2007, pp. 441] Wolfowitz will later recall that he "was not happy about" receiving this order. [Vanity Fair, 5/9/2003] Minutes later, a helicopter lands outside the Pentagon, and carries Wolfowitz and several others off to the alternate command center. [Goldberg et al., 2007, pp. 132] Site R was designed as a duplicate of the NMCC, and if the NMCC were ever destroyed in an attack or needs to be evacuated, it would serve as the Pentagon's primary command center. [Creed and Newman, 2008, pp. 174] It has "more than 700,000 square feet of floor space, sophisticated computer and communications equipment, and room for more than 3,000 people." [Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 11/2001] Others who will relocate to Site R on this day include Army Secretary Thomas White and personnel from the office of the vice chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, though White will return to the Pentagon later on (see (11:00 a.m.) September 11, 2001). [Washington Post, 1/9/2002; MSNBC, 9/11/2002; Goldberg et al., 2007, pp. 135] According to journalist and author James Mann, Rumsfeld's decision to order Wolfowitz to leave Washington has its roots in a top secret program Rumsfeld was involved in during the 1980s, which serves to ensure the "Continuity of Government" (COG) in the event of an attack on the US (see 1981-1992). [Mann, 2004, pp. 138-139] Counterterrorism "tsar" Richard Clarke activated the COG plan shortly before 10:00 a.m. this morning (see (Between 9:45 a.m. and 9:56 a.m.) September 11, 2001). [Clarke, 2004, pp. 8]
Entity Tags: Paul Wolfowitz, Site R, Donald Rumsfeld
(Between Late Morning and Early Afternoon) September 11, 2001: Congressional Leaders Evacuated to Secure Location outside Washington
Mount Weather. [Source: Department of Homeland Security]Congressional leaders are evacuated from Washington and flown to Mount Weather, a secret and secure bunker in Virginia, where they remain until late in the afternoon. [Los Angeles Times, 9/12/2001; Washington Post, 1/27/2002; ABC News, 9/15/2002] The Capitol building was evacuated shortly after the Pentagon was hit (see 9:48 a.m. September 11, 2001). Most of the leadership teams of both parties subsequently assemble at the Capitol Police building. [Daschle and D'Orso, 2003, pp. 112] Around late morning or early afternoon, orders are given to take them to a secure location outside Washington. The Congressional leaders return to outside the Capitol building, and from there are flown by military helicopter to Mount Weather. [Washington Post, 1/27/2002] Each is allowed to bring one staff member with them. [Daschle and D'Orso, 2003, pp. 114] The Mount Weather Emergency Operations Facility in Bluemont, Virginia, is located 48 miles—about 20 minutes journey by air—from Washington. [Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 11/2001; ABC News, 9/15/2002] It was originally built to serve as the new seat of government if there was a nuclear war. [ABC News, 9/11/2001] The underground complex contains about 600,000 square feet of floor space, and can accommodate several thousand people. [Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 11/2001] It has extensive communication systems linking it to the nationwide network of Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) bunkers, relocation sites, and the White House Situation Room. [Center for Land Use Interpretation Newsletter, 3/2002] Members of Congress taken to the facility include House Majority Leader Dick Armey (R-TX), House Majority Whip Tom DeLay (R-TX), House Minority Leader Dick Gephardt (D-MO), House Minority Whip David Bonior (D-MI), Senate Majority Leader Tom Daschle (D-SD), Senate Minority Leader Trent Lott (R-MS), Assistant Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid (D-NV), and Senate Minority Whip Don Nickles (R-OK). [Hastert, 2004, pp. 10] Speaker of the House Dennis Hastert (R-IL) was taken there earlier on (see (9:50 a.m.) September 11, 2001). [Bamford, 2004, pp. 80-81] The Congressional leaders will remain at Mount Weather until later in the afternoon, and then return to the Capitol around 6:00 p.m. (see (Between 5:00 p.m. and 6:00 p.m.) September 11, 2001). [ABC News, 9/15/2002; Daschle and D'Orso, 2003, pp. 116; Hastert, 2004, pp. 10] The decision to send them outside Washington on this day has its roots in a top secret program dating back to the cold war, which serves to ensure the "Continuity of Government" (COG) in the event of an attack on the US (see 1981-1992). [United Press International, 9/11/2001; CNN, 9/11/2002; Mann, 2004, pp. 138-139] Counterterrorism "tsar" Richard Clarke activated the COG plan shortly before 10:00 a.m. this morning (see (Between 9:45 a.m. and 9:56 a.m.) September 11, 2001). [Clarke, 2004, pp. 8]
Entity Tags: Richard Gephardt, Harry Reid, David Bonior, Mount Weather, Tom DeLay, Dick Armey, Tom Daschle, Don Nickles, Trent Lott
1:37 p.m. September 11, 2001: Air Force One Leaves Barksdale Air Force Base Heading for Base in Nebraska
Air Force One departs Barksdale Air Force Base. [Source: Reuters]Air Force One takes off from Barksdale Air Force Base in Louisiana to fly President Bush to Offutt Air Force Base in Nebraska. While Bush has been at Barksdale, base personnel have refueled Air Force One and restocked it with provisions for its continuing journey, on the basis that it may have to serve as the president's flying command center for the foreseeable future. [Associated Press, 10/2/2001; 2d Bomb Wing, 6/30/2002 ; BBC, 9/1/2002]
Reduced Number of Passengers on Board - For security reasons, the number of people traveling on Air Force One has been reduced (see (1:00 p.m.) September 11, 2001). [Fleischer, 2005, pp. 145-146] Those continuing with the president include Bush's chief of staff Andrew Card, his senior adviser Karl Rove, his communications director Dan Bartlett, White House press secretary Ari Fleischer, and assistant press secretary Gordon Johndroe. The number of Secret Service agents accompanying the president has been reduced, as has the number of reporters. The five remaining journalists are Ann Compton of ABC Radio, Sonya Ross of the Associated Press, Associated Press photographer Doug Mills, and a CBS cameraman and sound technician. [Salon, 9/12/2001; Associated Press, 9/12/2001]
President Given Thumbs-up by Airmen - Lieutenant General Thomas Keck, the commander of the 8th Air Force, has been at Bush's side for most of his time at Barksdale, and accompanies the president as he is being driven across the base to Air Force One. The president passes a row of B-52 bombers and is given a thumbs-up by the planes' crew members. Keck explains to Bush that this means the troops "are trained, they're ready, and they'll do whatever you want them to." Military police salute and other Air Force crew members cheer the president as he passes them. [American History, 10/2006 ]
Fighter Escort Rejoins Air Force One - Air Force One is being guarded by soldiers with their guns drawn when Bush reaches it, and a pack of military dogs is patrolling the tarmac. [Sammon, 2002, pp. 117-118] After the plane takes off, two F-16 fighter jets pull up alongside it to provide an escort. [American History, 10/2006 ] These are presumably the same fighters, belonging to the 147th Fighter Wing of the Texas Air National Guard, that escorted Air Force One as it came in to land at Barksdale (see (11:29 a.m.) September 11, 2001). [Filson, 2003, pp. 87; Bombardier, 9/8/2006 ]
Destination Chosen Due to 'Continuity of Government' Plan - Bush's destination, Offutt Air Force Base, is home to the US Strategic Command (Stratcom), which controls the nation's nuclear weapons. [Associated Press, 9/11/2001; Woodward, 2002, pp. 19] Bush will later say the decision to head there was based on Offutt's "secure housing space and reliable communications." [Bush, 2010, pp. 133] The base's secure teleconferencing equipment will allow the president to conduct a meeting of his National Security Council later in the afternoon (see (3:15 p.m.) September 11, 2001). [Sammon, 2002, pp. 119; Woodward, 2002, pp. 19, 26] According to the 9/11 Commission Report, Offutt has been chosen as the president's next destination "because of its elaborate command and control facilities, and because it could accommodate overnight lodging for 50 persons. The Secret Service wanted a place where the president could spend several days, if necessary." [9/11 Commission, 7/24/2004, pp. 325] But according to White House counterterrorism chief Richard Clarke, the decision to head to Offutt instead of back to Washington, DC, was due to a plan called "Continuity of Government." This program, which dates back to the Reagan administration, originally planned to set up a new leadership for the US in the event of a nuclear war. It was activated for the first time shortly before 10:00 a.m. this morning (see (Between 9:45 a.m. and 9:56 a.m.) September 11, 2001). [Washington Post, 4/7/2004; ABC News, 4/25/2004]
Entity Tags: Dan Bartlett, Barksdale Air Force Base, Thomas Keck, Ann Compton, Ari Fleischer, Doug Mills, George W. Bush, Gordon Johndroe, US Secret Service, 147th Fighter Wing, Sonya Ross, Karl C. Rove, Andrew Card, Richard A. Clarke
August 21, 2006: Former 9/11 Co-Chairman Addresses Various 'Conspiracy Theories' About 9/11 Attacks
Former 9/11 Commission co-chair Lee Hamilton. [Source: CBC]Lee Hamilton, the former co-chair of the 9/11 Commission, gives a wide-ranging interview to the CBC about Without Precedent, a book he recently co-authored about his time on the 9/11 Commission (see August 15, 2006). In the interview he discusses the various "conspiracy theories" surrounding the events of 9/11. The interviewer, Evan Solomon, mentions to him a recent Zogby poll (see May 17, 2006) that found that 42% of Americans agreed that "the US government, and its 9/11 Commission, concealed or refused to investigate critical evidence that contradicts the official explanation of September 11th." Hamilton calls this lack of trust in the Commission's report "dispiriting," but attacks the "conspiracy theory people," saying, "when they make an assertion they do it often on very flimsy evidence." He addresses some of the various "conspiracy theories" that have been put forward about 9/11:
In order to contradict the allegation that the Twin Towers were brought down deliberately with pre-planted explosives, Hamilton says the WTC collapsed (see 8:57 a.m. September 11, 2001) because "the super-heated jet fuel melted the steel super-structure of these buildings and caused their collapse." He adds, "There's a powerful lot of evidence to sustain that point of view, including the pictures of the airplanes flying into the building."
With regard to the collapse of WTC Building 7 (see (5:20 p.m.) September 11, 2001), which some people claim was also caused by explosives, he argues, "[W]e believe that it was the aftershocks of these two huge buildings in the very near vicinity collapsing. And in the Building 7 case, we think that it was a case of flames setting off a fuel container, which started the fire in Building 7, and that was our theory on Building 7." However, the interviewer points out that the 9/11 Commission's final report does not actually mention the collapse of Building 7, and Hamilton says he does not recall whether the Commission made a specific decision to leave it out.
In reply to a question about why the debris of Building 7 were moved quickly from the scene without a thorough investigation, even though nobody died in Building 7 and there was no need for rescue operations there, Hamilton responds, "You can't answer every question when you conduct an investigation."
When asked whether Saeed Sheikh sent Mohamed Atta $100,000 for the 9/11 plot (see Early August 2001 and Summer 2001 and before), Hamilton replies, "I don't know anything about it." When the interviewer presses him about whether the Commission investigated a possible Pakistani Secret Service (ISI) connection to the attacks, Hamilton replies, "They may have; I do not recall us writing anything about it in the report. We may have but I don't recall it."
Asked about Secretary of Transportation Norman Mineta's claim that Vice President Dick Cheney was in the presidential bunker beneath the White House at 9:20 a.m. on 9/11 (see (Between 9:20 a.m. and 9:27 a.m.) September 11, 2001), almost 40 minutes earlier than the Commission claimed he had arrived there, Hamilton replies, "I do not recall." When pressed, he expands, "Well, we think that Vice President Cheney entered the bunker shortly before 10 o'clock. And there is a gap of several minutes there, where we do not really know what the Vice President really did. There is the famous phone call between the President and the Vice President. We could find no documentary evidence of that phone call."
When the interviewer points out that Richard Clarke's account conflicts with the Commission's over what time authorization was received from Dick Cheney to shoot down Flight 93 (see (Between 9:45 a.m. and 9:56 a.m.) September 11, 2001 and (Between 10:00 a.m. and 10:15 a.m.) September 11, 2001), Hamilton retorts, "Look, you've obviously gone through the report with a fine-toothed comb, you're raising a lot of questions—I can do the same thing."
The interviewer also asks Hamilton whether he has any unanswered questions of his own about 9/11. Hamilton's response is: "I could never figure out why these 19 fellas did what they did. We looked into their backgrounds. In one or two cases, they were apparently happy, well-adjusted, not particularly religious - in one case quite well-to-do, had a girlfriend. We just couldn't figure out why he did it. I still don't know." [Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, 8/21/2006]
Entity Tags: Saeed Sheikh, World Trade Center, Richard ("Dick") Cheney, Pakistan Directorate for Inter-Services Intelligence, Lee Hamilton, 9/11 Commission, Richard A. Clarke, Mohamed Atta, Norman Mineta


text:
Адам Васильевич Олсуфьев ( — ) — деятель Русского Просвещения, любитель литературы, покровитель оперы и театров, кабинет-министр и статс-секретарь императрицы Екатерины II. Закончил карьеру сенатором в чине действительного тайного советника. Дед графа В. Д. Олсуфьева.

Биография
Происходил из рода Олсуфьевых. Сын обер-гофмейстера Василия Дмитриевича и жены его Евы Ивановны, урождённой Голендер, по происхождению шведки. Родился  года; при крещении получил имя Василий, но по воле императора Петра I, пожелавшего быть крёстным, но опоздавшего к крестинам, был назван именем, неупотребительным у русских, Адамом. Поэтому у Адама Василия было два имени, но на всех актах и документах он подписывался Адамом.

В семь лет лишился отца и остался на руках матери, которая вскоре после смерти мужа вышла вторично замуж за полковника Венцеля. Венцель занялся его образованием и  1732 года определил его в только что тогда открытый Шляхетный кадетский корпус, где он воспитывался до 1739 года, когда был выпущен «из капралов в армию подпоручики». Обратил на себя внимание своими недюжинными дарованиями и способностью к языкам; поэтому, когда в 1735 году началась война с Турцией и фельдмаршал гр. Миних обратился в Корпус с просьбой дать ему молодого человека, знающего языки, выбор начальства сразу пал на молодого Олсуфьева. Он был выпущен из Корпуса с производством из капралов в поручики в армейский карабинерный полк и назначен состоять при Минихе для ведения его иностранной корреспонденции.

По окончании военных действий, во время которых он неотлучно находился при фельдмаршале, Олсуфьев перешёл на дипломатическую службу и был назначен секретарём русского посольства в Копенгагене при посланнике бароне И. А. Корфе. Это заграничное пребывание Олсуфьева было очень продолжительно; он настолько обжился в Дании, что женился на датчанке, которая однако скоро умерла, не оставив ему потомства. Вернувшись в Россию и женившись вскоре на Марии Васильевне Салтыковой, Олсуфьев отчислился от копенгагенской миссии и поступил на службу в Коллегию иностранных дел к канцлеру Бестужеву.

Через родственников своей жены, в особенности через её брата — Сергея Васильевича Салтыкова, который пользовался большим расположением вел. кн. Екатерины Алексеевны, Адам Васильевич сделался известен молодой великой княгине и скоро встал в редкие ещё тогда ряды её приверженцев; он помогал великой княгине переписываться с её матерью, сношения с которой ей были строжайше запрещены, и снискал её расположение своим весёлым уживчивым характером, остроумием и широкой образованностью. В ноябре 1756 г. Олсуфьев был произведён в действительные статские советники и сделан затем членом преобразованной им и Пуговишниковым в 1758 году, по поручению канцлера Воронцова, Иностранной Коллегии, а также личным секретарём императрицы Елизаветы Петровны.

С этого времени он стал быстро подвигаться по службе, и, по рекомендации кабинет-министра барона Черкасова, который по старости лет просил Императрицу об увольнении от дел, стал исполнять его обязанности, заведуя личными доходами Императрицы и Сибирскими золотыми и серебряными приисками, а после смерти барона занял его место, сделавшись кабинет-министром. Когда канцлер Бестужев подвергся опале, Адам Васильевич по должности кабинет-министра составил манифест об его увольнении. Положение Олсуфьева, как близкого к императрице лица, было в то время очень щекотливо среди трёх враждовавших лагерей, то есть самой императрицы, наследника престола и молодой великой княгини. Надо было иметь много такта и ловкости, чтобы не раздражить той или другой стороны, и это ему удавалось вполне. Он не потерял доверия императрицы до последних дней её жизни и, находясь у постели умирающей государыни, имел случай ещё лишний раз убедиться в её большом к нему расположении; императрица одного его оставила у своей постели, делая предсмертные распоряжения наследнику и в его присутствии высказала великому князю свою последнюю волю. В то время Адам Васильевич был уже тайным советником и кавалером ордена Александра Невского.

У него веселый нрав, приятный и весьма тонкий ум, вид открытый, общительный; его легко можно принять за человека, любящего удовольствия, так как он действительно любит обеды, общество, музыку (которую он знает в совершенстве), театр и все, что к нему относится, но еще более он деловой человек… Он так искусен, так образован и даже столь необходим, кроме того, в нем так много очаровывающей любезности и качеств для общества и увеселений, что он, по всей вероятности, найдет способ нравиться их высочествам.

При новом царствовании он остался во всех своих должностях и званиях и неизменно сохранил милостивой отношение к себе императора Петра III. По воцарении же Екатерины II Олсуфьев получил в управление частную канцелярию императрицы. Назначенный 8 июля 1762 г. вместе с Тепловым и Елагиным статс-секретарем к императрице, он был введен в круг дел самого разнообразного характера. Денежные дела императрицы, секретные инструкции губернаторам и участие в ряде крупных государственных и частных дел императрицы — вот круг его деятельности. Весьма довольная его распорядительностью, императрица ценила труды Олсуфьева, и в январе 1763-го года назначила его сенатором в 1-й департамент Сената. В том же году он был привлечен к деятельному участию в переговорах по поводу торгового договора с Англией, и успел своим отношением к делу, знаниями и опытностью снискать весьма лестную характеристику английского посла, который в донесениях своему двору заявлял, что «считает Олсуфьева по способностям и образованию выше всех русских, с которыми он имел дело». 20 марта 1764 г. Олсуфьев уволился от обязанностей по принятию подаваемых на Высочайшее имя челобитных, но сохранил за собой все другие свои должности и продолжал находиться в числе самых близких лиц к императрице.

После обнародования знаменитого Наказа Олсуфьева был избран депутатом в Комиссию о городах, выступил горячим защитником дворянских интересов, действуя в этом отношении заодно с историком князем М. М. Щербатовым. 8 января 1769 г. он был избран в числе девяти человек в Дирекционную комиссию. В звании сенатора Олсуфьев нередко принимал участие во многих крупных делах. Начав свою сенатскую практику в 1765 году первым докладом о необходимости отпуска ненужных при солеваренных заводах рабочих, Олсуфьев в 1766 году выступил с проектом о взимании с 1767 г. со всех живущих в Слободско-Украинской и других губерниях цыган подати в размере семи гривен. Отвлеченный другими занятиями от сенаторских обязанностей, Олсуфьев, назначенный 6 декабря 1767 г. присутствовать в 1-м департаменте, хотя и продолжал участвовать в заседаниях Сената, но не выступал с крупными докладами, и только в 1776 году, после продолжительного перерыва, в обстоятельном рапорте Сенату изложил противозаконные действия Тобольской Губернской канцелярии, которая размещала по Казенным заводам ясачных татар, остяков и других инородцев, не имея на то никакого права, и производила другие беззакония. Исследовав на месте этот вопрос, Олсуфьев 16 февраля 1782 г. в подробном докладе Сенату раскрыл злоупотребления по взиманию податей с приписанных к Колывано-Воскресенским солеваренным заводам и Барнаульским рудникам крестьян, указав при этом на отсутствие свободных паечных рабочих, благодаря чему многие рудники закрылись. Кроме того, Олсуфьев несколько раз выступал в Сенате с докладами о беспорядках и небрежном ведении дел в Юстиц-коллегии. Впрочем, несогласия и даже столкновения с некоторыми высшими административными лицами (между прочим, с генерал-прокурором кн. Вяземским) принудили неуступчивого Олсуфьева просить императрицу об увольнении его от присутствия в Сенате.

В 1782 году обнаружились беспорядки и злоупотребления в делах императорских театров; театры эти хронически стали давать дефицит правительству, которое и решило наконец учредить Комитет для урегулирования административной и финансовой стороны театрального управления, обратив при этом внимание и на положение артистов. Во главе этого Комитета императрица поставила Адама Васильевича, назначив его 12 июля 1783 г. председателем. Его обязанности и компетенция были тщательно изложены в 44 пунктах, находящихся в рескрипте императрицы Олсуфьеву. Смерть, однако, помешала Олсуфьеву довести до конца порученное ему дело; он умер от водянки.

Современники сходятся в характеристике Адама Васильевича, изображая его человеком очень умным, общительным, не принимавшим активного участия в борьбе временщиков и не внушавшим потому к себе враждебного отношения. Иоганн Бернулли аттестует его как «человека выдающихся способностей, не только знающего различные языки, но даже и диалекты, и наречия оных в большом совершенстве». Несколько раз вспоминает про Олсуфьева на страницах своих записок Казанова:

Министр царского двора Олсуфьев пригласил меня отобедать в ресторане Локателли в Екатерингофе. Это было императорское предместье, которое царица пожаловала бывшему сценическому директору. Он был изумлён, увидев меня, а я был не менее того изумлён, узнав, что он заделался ресторатором. Ежедневно он давал отменные обеды всем, кто был в состоянии заплатить за них рубль, не считая вина. <…> Он усердный поклонник Венеры и Бахуса и единственный между русскими барами, который, чтобы сделаться писателем, не имел надобности читать Вольтера. Он учился в Упсальском университете и без малейших притязаний испытывал свои силы во всех родах литературы.

Литературная деятельность
Любя спокойную привольную жизнь, при весёлом характере и большом остроумии, Олсуфьев посвящал свои досуги музыке, театру, литературе, но иногда не прочь был принимать участие и в шумной жизни екатерининских вельмож. Прекрасно владея французским, немецким, английским, итальянским, шведским и датским языками, Олсуфьев был хорошо знаком с иностранной литературой и сам писал сатирические оригинальные произведения, а также много переводил иностранных авторов, впрочем, очень мало печатая. Переведённые им итальянские оперы игрались при дворе императрицы Елизаветы Петровны, а немецкая комедия «Шесть блюд», очень понравившаяся императрице Екатерине, по её просьбе была переделана Олсуфьевым для русской сцены и сыграна при дворе. Эта пьеса была тогда же напечатана.

Из его переводов известны итальянские оперы: «Евдокия венчанная или Феодосий II» 1751 г., «Селевк» 1744 г., «Митридат» 1747 г., «Беллерофонт», напечатанные в Петербурге. Кроме того, он перевёл большинство комедий стихотворца Бонеки. Литературная деятельность Адама Васильевича, не нося на себе печати крупного таланта, была скоро забыта, но его широкая образованность, знакомство с литературой, языками, любовь к искусствам и собственные труды в связи с его высоким общественным положением доставили Олсуфьеву почётные места в Вольном экономическом обществе, Академии Наук и Академии Художеств. Первые шаги деятельности этого учёного общества неразрывно связаны с именем Олсуфьева: он был выбран в первые президенты Общества ещё до утверждения устава и оставался им до 1 января 1766 г.; кроме того, он был избираем ещё два раза: в 1769 и 1773 г.

Был почётным членом Академии Художеств (с 21 сентября 1765 г.) и членом Академии Российской (с 21 октября 1788 г.), в словарной работе которой обещал принимать участие, сообщая «разные коренные слова, с иностранных языков происходящие».

В 1784 г. по особому повелению Екатерины II Олсуфьев издал в Петербурге третью часть «Истории Российской» В. Н. Татищева, основанную на Никоновской летописи и доводящую рассказ до 1462 г.

После смерти Олсуфьева осталось богатое собрание картин и гравюр, которое погибло в Московском пожаре 1812 г.; уцелела только коллекция русских портретов и русских народных картинок — единственное в своём роде собрание, которое Олсуфьев составлял с 1766 г.

Письма Екатерины II к Олсуфьеву опубликованы в XIX веке.

Семья и дети
Первая жена (с 1741 года) — датская аристократка Софья Амалия Туксен (1723—1751)

Вторая жена (с 6 февраля 1752 года) — Мария Васильевна Салтыкова (1728—16.11.1792), фрейлина двора (09.12.1752), дочь Василия Салтыкова, который содействовал императрице Елизавете Петровне в её восшествии на престол, от второго его брака с княжной Марией Алексеевной Голицыной. В качестве приданого за ней было дано село Ершово. Похоронена в Даниловском монастыре в Москве. В браке родились 4 сыновей и 3 дочерей.
 Софья Адамовна (1753—1786), была первой женой подполковника  Михаила Петровича Девиера, внука А. М. Девиера.
 Сергей Адамович (1755—1818), с 1769 года обучался в Лейпцигском университете, генерал-майор; с 1780 года был женат на фрейлине Екатерине Ивановне Молчановой (1758—1809), одной из лучших выпускниц Смольного института.
 Мария Адамовна (1757—1820), с 1777 года была замужем за двоюродным братом по матери, шталмейстером князем Н. А. Голицыным (1751—1809). Брак этот был одним из первых, допущенных в России, браков между родственниками, прецедентом, которому послужил брак князя Г. Г. Орлова с его двоюродной сестрой, Зиновьевой.
 Наталья Адамовна (15.04.1758—1826), крестница князя А. Д. Голицына и тетки княгини А. В. Гагариной; была замужем (с 24 апреля 1782 года) за Григорием Павловичем Кондоиди.
 Алексей Адамович (05.01.1764—1838), крестник графа А. Б. Бутурлина].
 Владимир Адамович
 Дмитрий Адамович (1769—1808), служил по выборам Московским губернским предводителем дворянства, имел чин действительного статского советника и орден Св. Владимира 3-й степени. Был женат на Дарье Александровне Делицыной (1761—1828), внебрачной дочери вице-канцлера князя A. M. Голицына и венгерской графини  Клюпфель, их сын граф В. Д. Олсуфьев.

Примечания

Литература

 Степанов В. П. Олсуфьев Адам Васильевич // Словарь русского языка XVIII века / Ответственный редактор словаря А. М. Панченко. — : Институт русской литературы и языка, 1988-1999.

Адам Васильевич
Выпускники Первого кадетского корпуса
Члены Академии Российской
Почётные члены Императорской Академии художеств
Действительные тайные советники
Переводчики либретто

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Read about Academic Network's success stories and case studies for all of our services:
Multiple Sclerosis Clinical Trial Recruitment
Academic Network was selected to provide clinical trial recruitment for two international Phase III clinical studies related to treatment of multiple sclerosis. Academic Network provided a comprehensive and cost efficient prescreening process including a multi-protocol online screener, live call center and referral tracking system. Recruitment was completed six months ahead of schedule.
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Pharmacia Corporation Clinical Trial and Patient Education
Academic Network was requested to assist in protocol development for a complex clinical trial that required major nutritional intervention. In the process, our staff developed all the menus and specifics of the nutritional intervention, arranged for home delivery of complete meals compatible with the dietary changes, produced the patient and research staff education materials, and set in place a system for research participant enrollment and comprehensive nutrition counseling through our dietetics-trained operators. Academic Network also worked with Pharmacia management to devise a regional recruitment strategy to accelerate enrollment into the protocol.
Cervical Dystonia Clinical Trial Recruitment
Academic Network conducted a clinical trial recruitment campaign for a new medication for Cervical Dystonia by a European pharmaceutical company that specializes in addressing unmet medical needs with innovative health care solutions. The campaign was conducted in conjunction with Fleishman-Hillard, an international public relations company with offices throughout the world.
Cervical Dystonia (CD) is a condition associated with abnormal movements of the neck and head, which may result in considerable pain and discomfort. Academic Network conducted a clinical trial recruitment campaign for a new medication for CD by a European pharmaceutical company that specializes in addressing unmet medical needs with innovative health care solutions. The campaign was conducted in conjunction with Fleishman-Hillard, an international public relations company with offices throughout the world.
The study required the enrollment of 222 patients with cervical dystonia, of whom 39% had to be treatment-naïve, within nine months of its Phase III movement disorder study. Challenges to achieving this goal included a small patient population, aggressive timeframe, unengaged study sites, and the similarity of the compound to one already available.
Academic Network's call center staff educated CD patients about the opportunity to participate in the study utilizing an extensive patient organization outreach campaign and an in-depth prescreening process. Academic Network's medical professionals engaged participating study sites with extensive recruitment support and followed up with every potential patient referral. Targeted outreach strategies drove more than 3,200 calls to the call center; 47% of the contacts completed the prescreening and 52% of those were referred to study sites for follow-up. Ultimately, 30% of the study's treatment-naïve participants and 14% of pretreated participants were recruited through the Academic Network campaign.
Forest Laboratories Clinical Trial Recruitment
Academic Network developed a national patient recruitment contact center to assist with patient enrollment for a complex clinical trial. Academic Network originally was hired to provide the contact center and live operators but expanded its role to include scripting and developing an on-line screener for patient recruitment, programming and designing a patient tracking data management program and providing daily reporting on call activity as well as patient tracking to various clinical sites. Academic Network worked closely with the public relations team to report call activity from regions within the marketing area. As a result, patient recruitment efforts could be focused on targeted areas and clinical trial recruitment was completed and closed ahead of schedule saving thousands of dollars in continued enrollment strategies.
Over-the-Counter (OTC) Weight Loss Customer Call Center
A global healthcare group and one of the largest pharmaceutical firms in the world selected Academic Network to provide consumer affairs and adverse events reporting for an FDA-approved over-the-counter weight loss product. Academic Network was selected for its extensive healthcare network, experience, and its ability to meet rigid reporting guidelines, provide multilingual services, and manage communication via phone, email, and message boards.
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Milk Mustache Consumer Education Campaign
Academic Network was selected to manage consumer affairs supporting the multi-year Milk Mustache and Got Milk! Campaign for the International Dairy Foods Association. For this $180 million campaign, Academic Network developed, implemented, and managed the consumer and health professional contact center featured in its ads and provided medical and healthcare expertise, technical infrastructure for this contact center's IVR applications and live agents.
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Roche Labs, Inc. Nutrition Counseling Call Center
Academic Network developed a live operator, outbound telephone nutrition counseling service, utilizing registered dietitians, as a customer service component of the original Xenical® customer support program XeniCare. Academic Network professional staff was responsible for integrating our contact center operation into that of the general contact center, which enrolls patients into XeniCare. The dietitian counselors were trained and monitored by Academic Network's professional staff. Scheduling, scripting, hardware, programming, and reporting systems as well as the contact center infrastructure and long-distance service for this project were either developed or provided by Academic Network. In this process, Academic Network services were integrated into those provided by multiple vendors involved in XeniCare.
Academic Network developed and processed personalized fulfillment materials for the XeniCare consumers who called the nutritional counseling center. Customized letters were processed and mailed on a daily basis to all participants. The mailing and fulfillment program was integrated with the customer support database.
Health and Medical Strategic Planning
Vanguard Medical Advisory Board
Among the medical advisory boards convened and coordinated by Academic Network was the Vanguard Research Group, whose members participated in the development and clinical testing of the Intelligent Quisine food product line for the Campbell Soup Company.
For this board, Academic Network brought together physician scientists whose specialties included nutrition, cardiology, nephrology, endocrinology, physiology, metabolism, epidemiology, and biostatistics and informatics.
The eight-person board comprised members of the Institute of Medicine of the National Academy of Science and current and past presidents of the American Society of Clinical Nutrition, American Diabetes Association, American Heart Association, American Federation for Clinical Research, Canadian Hypertension Society and American Association for the Advancement of Science.
During its five-year tenure, this board oversaw four randomized clinical trials at 10 medical centers in the United States and Canada. The studies included more than 1,100 participants with hypertension, dyslipidemia and/or Type 2 diabetes and ranged from 10 to 52 weeks in length.
The observed clinical effects of the product line were subsequently published in several major medical journals and presented at numerous national and international medical society meetings.
Shaping America's Youth Initiative
Shaping America's Youth (SAY) is a nationwide public and private initiative created to identify and centralize information on what is being done across American society to reverse the rapidly increasing prevalence of overweight and inactivity among children and adolescents. SAY was developed, owned and managed by Academic Network. It is supported by Nike, McNeil Nutritionals (a Johnson & Johnson company), and Campbell Soup Company, with the involvement of the Office of the US Surgeon General, and in partnership with the American Academy of Pediatrics, American Diabetes Association, and the University of California at Davis Nutrition Department.
To define the scope of the nation's effort addressing overweight in young people, Academic Network designed and has managed a nationwide, online, cross-sector survey to obtain detailed information from organizations and programs working in this area. More than 1100 organizations that sponsor and/or conduct programs addressing physical activity and /or nutrition in children have been surveyed to date, including government agencies, health and education organizations, professional societies, philanthropies, community organizations, and private companies. The survey database served as one component of a national dialogue fostered through community, regional, and national meetings, with the engagement of committed individuals, organizations, and agencies. Academic Network coordinated the dissemination of SAY data and activities related to their effective implementation.
A key feature of the SAY website www.shapingamericasyouth.com is the searchable Program Registry, which contains detailed information on the individual intervention programs across the US that completed the survey and requested that their information be included. In addition, the site serves as a centralized resource for up-to-date information on news, meetings, funding opportunities, and publications related to childhood obesity. Academic Network has established a variety of means to capture this information and maintains the dynamic content of the site.
Social Media and Online Communications
Search Engine Optimization (SEO) and Social Media Outreach Campaign
Academic Network was selected to develop a site optimization strategy and to implement a social media outreach and blogging campaign for a major food industry trade association. SEO implementation resulted in a significant increase in web site traffic. Through social media monitoring efforts, we identified numerous opportunities to respond to relevant blog posts and stories in traditional media.
Read the complete case study: SEO and Social Media Outreach Campaign
Pharmacovigilance, Adverse Event and Recall Services

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Canada and the treaty-making power.
Canada and the treaty-making power. by Thomas Hodgins
Published 1900 in [n.p .
Treaties,
Constitutional law -- Canada.
Pagination 4 p.
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Genre/Form: Treaties: Additional Physical Format: Online version: Gotlieb, Allan. Canadian treaty-making. Toronto, Butterworths, (OCoLC) The treaty making power in Canada ; a brief presented to the Royal Commission on Dominion-Provincial Relations / Author: by The League of Nations Society in Canada. Publication info: [Ottawa: The League, ] Format: Book. THE treaty-making power did not figure as one of the major problems of the convention which drafted our national Constitution, nor of the state conventions which considered that instrument, though it was in each instance the subject of debate. During the years which have since elapsed the American public have often been deeply interested in the provisions of particular treaties, but have not Author: Charles K. Burdick. The analysis of treaty-making will consider both normative and empirical legal aspects. Basic constitutional norms, legal principles derived from common and constitutional law and statutes will be discussed, as well as the actual practices and procedures used in Brand: Springer Netherlands.
, Canadian treaty-making, by A. E. Gotlieb Butterworths Toronto Wikipedia Citation Please see Wikipedia's template documentation for further citation fields that may be required. Book National Laws and Regulations on the Prevention and Suppression of International Terrorism (vol. II, A-L) () Book National Laws and Regulations on the Prevention and Suppression of International Terrorism (vol. I) () Book Review of the . The treaty-making power is the prerogative of the Crown. In ordinary practice, it is exercised on the recommendation of the Crown's advisers. In Canada, the practice has grown gradually to enter into international conventions through the medium of the Governor in : Judicial Committee of the Privy Council. policy and independent treaty-making power. The paper then examines the period from to with the rapid post-World War II expansion of Canada's bilateral and multilateral relations, and continues with descriptive statistics and analysis of the 50 years of Canadian treaty making since , Canada's centennial year. The data is dividedAuthor: Gary Luton.
In any event, the power would be included in Article and En List I, Schedule VII." The internal aspect of treaty-making power.—There are two aspects — international as well as internal — of the treaty-making power. The nations in International Law, are assumed to know where the treaty-making power in a State resides and. Treaty Making Power: The Context. I. To provide a sound perspective for examining the constitutional validity and propriety of our executive government signing and ratifying the Uruguay Round Final Act, which set up the WTO, it is worthwhile to examine the ambit and reach of the Central Government's Treaty making power under of the Constitution of India, a subject yet not decided by any court. THE destiny of the self-governing colonies of Great Britain and their relation to the parent state is highly interesting to students of political science. It is one of the cases where the direction of the present tendency is evident, while, with the complexities of the problem, it is by no means clear whither the path will : A. Lawrence Lowell. The treaty-making process was formally established by the Royal Proclamation of Consult the Historic Treaties and Treaty First Nations in Canada Infographic. The Government of Canada recognizes 70 historic treaties in Canada signed between and
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Early Years School
Life in the Early Years School
Starting school - what to expect
Information booklet for Reception Parents
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40th Anniversary Book
Firefly(opens in new window/tab)
BSA pupils learn to live together with others, regardless of cultural or religious boundaries
Children are at the centre of everything we do; each child is unique, each child has potential, each child is valued
We aim for each child to build a strong academic foundation and we also aim to build strong people
We are a non-profit organisation providing a first class education for pupils and value for money for parents
We have been educating children in Amsterdam since 1978, and are celebrating our 40th anniversary this academic year
< strong="">Meet the Head of the Early Years School<>
Welcome to the Early Years School – the first steps in the adventure of a lifetime. Starting school is a big step in a young child's life, and can be an equally big step for the parents!
Parents often tell me that they are very happy with their choice of our school for their child. I think this is why: at this point in a little child's life we know that what counts is kindness and engagement. Once a young child is immersed in their activities, they will come home to tell you that school is fun and that they enjoyed their day with their friends. And, with that, a successful path to learning has begun.
The cultural diversity of our school is valued and celebrated – it is wonderful to teach children of so many different nationalities and to see them mix so easily with each other.
Many of the children here are not native English speakers and can come to us with little or no English. However , we are constantly amazed by how quickly and apparently effortlessly a young child can assimilate a new language (backed up by much recent research). With this in mind, we do not separate children into language groups but we always make sure that in all groupings, no child is left as the only speaker of their native language. In this way the children help each other and bonds are formed.
The joy of seeing this happen is probably the main reason that I have been here at The British School of Amsterdam for over 25 years, and have been it's Head since 2011.
We are very proud of the Early Years School. Please take the time to visit our school and come and see it for yourselves.
Mrs Claudia van de Laar
Head of the Early Years School
The British School of Amsterdam
Anthonie van Dijckstraat 1 1077 ME Amsterdam
Jan van Eijckstraat 21 1077 LG Amsterdam
Junior & Senior schools
Fred. Roeskestraat 94a 1076 ED Amsterdam
Reception is open from 8am to 5pm during term time and from 9am to 3pm during the summer holidays (see the link above for term dates). The administrative offices including the Admissions Department are located at the Anthonie van Dijckstraat site (see above). The Admissions Department can also be contacted on WhatsApp +31 (0) 6 82 90 61 13.
© 2020 The British School of Amsterdam
We're On the Move! The countdown has begun. We move to our new building on the Havenstraat in Amsterdam Zuid in...


June is now in our rearview mirror and the glorious Summer month of July is on us and we couldn't be happier. Summertime is when the living is easy…as 'they' say.
We would like to extend hearty heaps of gratitude towards the artists who stopped by our humble pages last mnoth for this and thats chitchats. Greasy Spoon, Turin Brakes, The Electric Alley, The Walkabouts and Be The Moon, We also would like to say "Thank You" to Midnight Oil, The Donkeys, Everyone Is Dirty, Creem Circus and Ten-79 for helping us with a some super sweet articles. Cheers to you all!
It was a grand month and it is you, the reader, the clicker of things and the casual passerby, that we also have to shower with adulation. If you didn't stop by and check out whatever it is we have going we'd essentially be talking to ourselves and that would be just silly, indeed.
First up, our ever trusty GTC Monthly Top 10 for June 2014 and then the rarely changed All-time Top 10. The Walkabouts are the first ones to change up the All-time standing since Rival Sons did so back in February of this year. Good times for sure.
25 Things About The Walkabouts.
The Electric Alley: 100% Love, Hate & Protest.
Turin Brakes: Umbrellas Can Be A Problem.
Friday Edition: Things You Can Buy 27 June 2014.
Review: Willie Nelson – 'Band Of Brothers'.
Gibson Picks 10 Great session Guitarists.
Kris Kristofferson: Older & Wiser.
Cream Circus Are Coming Guitars Blazing.
Orthophonic Joy: The 1927 Bristol Sessions Project.
Rival Sons Are Maximum R&B.
Neal Casal Keeps On Truckin'.
Imperial State Electric – Reptile Brain Music.
Walter Price's Top 10 Singles 2013.
James Harries; The Cool Guy.
Christine McKinley, Dork So Cool.
Junior Brown's Twang & Growl.
Goldie Lookin' Chain – 'Kings Of Caerleon'.


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AIE Artists
Medal of Arts
Denise Ward-Brown
Denise Ward-Brown is an associate professor, filmmaker, and internationally exhibited sculptor whose art frequently explores African and African-American themes and history. Denise earned her BFA at Tyler School of Art, Temple University, and her MFA in Sculpture at Howard University.
While spending a year in Ghana, West Africa, as a Senior Fulbright Scholar, Denise developed her love of video. She has filmed her travels and research in Côte d'Ivoire, Mali, Togo, Benin, Nigeria, and South Africa. She has produced several documentaries.
Edina Bakatue (2003), filmed in Ghana, follows an annual celebration of the opening of the lagoon to fishermen in the town of Edina.
Farewell Old Lady (2004) explores the meanings of gestures and songs at an elaborate, traditional Ashanti funeral. It premiered at The Contemporary Art Museum Saint Louis, Project Series 2003-04. It earned the 2nd Place Documentary Award at the 2nd Annual Abuja International Film Festival in Nigeria.
View From the Other Side (2005) is a video from the African perspective of the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade.
In New York City, Denise produced the video essays Isis and Evil Gal. Both deal with topics of female identity and relationship issues.
In St. Louis, Denise directed, produced, filmed, and edited i am loved (2006), in which a heartbroken mother recounts how she never got the chance to celebrate with her 17-year-old son his pride in being gay because he was killed in a car accident.
Being Born Is Marvelous (2008) recounts 91 years of life: The memories, advice, family, friends, video, and photos are assembled in short vignettes, giving tender insights into this fascinating woman, Denise's mother.
Denise also is a screenplay writer. 400 Seasons is a supernatural drama about a successful young African-American woman whose career is sidetracked when she inadvertently awakens good and evil ghosts from African sculptures.
Ten Snap Shots is a drama based on the true story of a woman haunted by ten pivotal points in her life: parental abuse, cocaine addiction, child custody battles. And yet she finds strength to be a loving wife, parent, and friend.
Already Cooked is a comedy/drama about four women, three African-American and one African, who drive through Ghana, talking, laughing, fantasizing, and arguing about love and the men in their lives. They are challenged and matured by what they encounter on the road. Already Cooked earned three finalist awards: at the Independent Black Film Festival (Atlanta, GA), the CinemaSpoke Screenplay Competition (St. Louis, MO), and the Black Hollywood Film Festival (Los Angeles, CA).
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EXHIBITIONS // MEDIA // EXCHANGES
Fusion of Art, Cultures and Diplomacy
3 Questions with Laurie Tennent
3 Questions with Stephen Zhang
Ambassador Mark Brzezinski's Remarks at AIE Opening Reception
3 Questions with Karen Fitzgerald
Berea artist's work to grace a U.S. embassy
3 Questions with Tim Davis
Lac Courte Oreilles Ojibwe member Jessica Leigh Gokey
3 Questions with Suzy Schultz
US Embassy Asuncion with Terrol Dew Johnson and Aranda Lasch
Follow us on our social channels and learn about what AIE artists and their art are showcasing worldwide.
Submit artwork for exhibitions
Find an AIE artist
See our exhibitions
View our artist exchanges
Check out news and media
2201 C Street NW | Washington, DC 20520
202-647-4000 | TTY:1-800-877-8339 (FRS)
https://www.state.gov


text:
» Licence in Mediaeval Studies
The Licence in Mediaeval Studies (LMS), the Institute's post-doctoral academic programme, was initiated in 1998–1999. Four applicants from Canada, the United States, and Europe were accepted in the charter year. Since then, the programme continues to attract a broad range of scholars working in mediaeval studies.
Applicants for the Institute's Licence in Mediaeval Studies must have completed all requirements for their doctoral degree at a recognized institution. The degree should have been approved (if not awarded formally) normally within the previous five years. Candidates should submit a proposal indicating the nature of the research which they would undertake at the Institute and letters of support from two scholars who are familiar with their work, along with a curriculum vitae and an official transcript (where applicable) of their graduate studies. Publications may be submitted as well, if desired. Consideration will be given to the candidate's academic record as well as to the weight and appropriateness of the research proposal. Candidates will be expected to come prepared with the languages needed to deal with original sources in their field of study. English will be the language of instruction and discussion.
On admission, the candidate will have the status of LMS Candidate, and an Academic Advisor will be appointed from among the Fellows of the Institute. On submission of a completed research project deemed suitable for publication by the Institute Council, the candidate will be eligible for the degree of Licence in Mediaeval Studies.
Most students awarded a Mellon Fellowship by the Pontifical Institute use this opportunity to pursue the LMS degree. Students who have not been awarded a Mellon Fellowship are welcome to apply for the LMS, but if they are admitted to the degree program, they must find financial assistance from sources external to the Institute.
The programme consists of two elements: the mandatory Interdisciplinary Research Seminar, and a written research project or thesis. All candidates participate in the Seminar along with Institute Fellows, Mellon Fellows, and other interested scholars, including those from the Graduate Faculty of the University of Toronto. Meetings of the seminar are listed on the Calendar. The object of the programme is to provide optimum opportunity for the development of the candidate's personal research in the context of the Institute's library resources and the interdisciplinary nature of the traditional Licence programme at the Pontifical Institute. The candidate should bear this in mind and envisage the development of the proposed project accordingly. This development will be accomplished through the scholarly exchange of the Interdisciplinary Research Seminar and through personal contact with Fellows of the Institute. The content of the Seminar will depend from year to year on the needs and interests of those participating, but the governing principle will be to incorporate into the established research interests of each LMS Candidate the various disciplines and interdisciplinary approaches which have characterized the Institute's scholarly traditions from its inception. Candidates for the LMS have 6 years from the time of admission to the programme to complete the thesis, after which their candidacy will be terminated.
Facilities and Residential Accommodation
Candidates for the Licence will be provided with full access to the facilities of the Institute Library. The Institute cannot provide residential accommodation, but applicants may apply to the Secretary of the Institute for information about accommodation in the vicinity. Applicants are encouraged to consult the University of Toronto's student housing website. All candidates for the Licence have access to the facilities of the University of Toronto. A brief guide, by way of orientation, is available elsewhere on this site.
The Licence application form is now available. The form can also be saved and completed as a PDF and sent via email attachment. Applicants may also contact Cynthia Watson, Institute secretary, for further information (phone 416 926 7142; fax 416 926 7292). The deadline for applications every academic year is 15 February. Council's decision will be issued not later than 30 April. A tuition fee of $2,500 will be charged.
Application may initially be made for a period of one year. In only very exceptional circumstances, may the status of LMS Candidate be extended for a second year. In that event, the applicant will be expected to request renewal at an appropriate time and submit a report on work done to date. Assessment will take into account the quality of the candidates' work and of their regular contribution to the Research Seminar and the ongoing scholarly discourse of the Institute community.


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