text:
package technology.tabula.extractors;

import java.awt.geom.Point2D;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Collections;
import java.util.Comparator;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.HashSet;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.Set;

import technology.tabula.Cell;
import technology.tabula.Page;
import technology.tabula.Rectangle;
import technology.tabula.Ruling;
import technology.tabula.Table;
import technology.tabula.TableWithRulingLines;
import technology.tabula.TextElement;
import technology.tabula.Utils;

/**
 * @author manuel
 *
 */
public class SpreadsheetExtractionAlgorithm implements ExtractionAlgorithm {

    private static final float MAGIC_HEURISTIC_NUMBER = 0.65f;

    private static final Comparator<Point2D> POINT_COMPARATOR = new Comparator<Point2D>() {
        @Override
        public int compare(Point2D arg0, Point2D arg1) {
            int rv = 0;
            float arg0X = Utils.round(arg0.getX(), 2);
            float arg0Y = Utils.round(arg0.getY(), 2);
            float arg1X = Utils.round(arg1.getX(), 2);
            float arg1Y = Utils.round(arg1.getY(), 2);

            if (arg0Y > arg1Y) {
                rv = 1;
            }
            else if (arg0Y < arg1Y) {
                rv = -1;
            }
            else if (arg0X > arg1X) {
                rv = 1;
            }
            else if (arg0X < arg1X) {
                rv = -1;
            }
            return rv;
        }
    };

    private static final Comparator<Point2D> X_FIRST_POINT_COMPARATOR = new Comparator<Point2D>() {
        @Override
        public int compare(Point2D arg0, Point2D arg1) {
            int rv = 0;
            float arg0X = Utils.round(arg0.getX(), 2);
            float arg0Y = Utils.round(arg0.getY(), 2);
            float arg1X = Utils.round(arg1.getX(), 2);
            float arg1Y = Utils.round(arg1.getY(), 2);

            if (arg0X > arg1X) {
                rv = 1;
            }
            else if (arg0X < arg1X) {
                rv = -1;
            }
            else if (arg0Y > arg1Y) {
                rv = 1;
            }
            else if (arg0Y < arg1Y) {
                rv = -1;
            }
            return rv;
        }
    };

    @Override
    public List<Table> extract(Page page) {
        return extract(page, page.getRulings());
    }

    /**
     * Extract a list of Table from page using rulings as separators
     */
    public List<Table> extract(Page page, List<Ruling> rulings) {
        // split rulings into horizontal and vertical
        List<Ruling> horizontalR = new ArrayList<>(),
                verticalR = new ArrayList<>();

        for (Ruling r: rulings) {
            if (r.horizontal()) {
                horizontalR.add(r);
            }
            else if (r.vertical()) {
                verticalR.add(r);
            }
        }
        horizontalR = Ruling.collapseOrientedRulings(horizontalR);
        verticalR = Ruling.collapseOrientedRulings(verticalR);

        List<Cell> cells = findCells(horizontalR, verticalR);
        List<Rectangle> spreadsheetAreas = findSpreadsheetsFromCells(cells);

        List<Table> spreadsheets = new ArrayList<>();
        for (Rectangle area: spreadsheetAreas) {

            List<Cell> overlappingCells = new ArrayList<>();
            for (Cell c: cells) {
                if (c.intersects(area)) {

                    c.setTextElements(TextElement.mergeWords(page.getText(c)));
                    overlappingCells.add(c);
                }
            }

            List<Ruling> horizontalOverlappingRulings = new ArrayList<>();
            for (Ruling hr: horizontalR) {
                if (area.intersectsLine(hr)) {
                    horizontalOverlappingRulings.add(hr);
                }
            }
            List<Ruling> verticalOverlappingRulings = new ArrayList<>();
            for (Ruling vr: verticalR) {
                if (area.intersectsLine(vr)) {
                    verticalOverlappingRulings.add(vr);
                }
            }

            TableWithRulingLines t = new TableWithRulingLines(area, overlappingCells, horizontalOverlappingRulings, verticalOverlappingRulings, this);
            spreadsheets.add(t);
        }
        Utils.sort(spreadsheets, Rectangle.ILL_DEFINED_ORDER);
        return spreadsheets;
    }

    public boolean isTabular(Page page) {

        // if there's no text at all on the page, it's not a table
        // (we won't be able to do anything with it though)
        if(page.getText().isEmpty()){
            return false;
        }

        // get minimal region of page that contains every character (in effect,
        // removes white "margins")
        Page minimalRegion = page.getArea(Utils.bounds(page.getText()));

        List<? extends Table> tables = new SpreadsheetExtractionAlgorithm().extract(minimalRegion);
        if (tables.size() == 0) {
            return false;
        }
        Table table = tables.get(0);
        int rowsDefinedByLines = table.getRowCount();
        int colsDefinedByLines = table.getColCount();

        tables = new BasicExtractionAlgorithm().extract(minimalRegion);
        if (tables.size() == 0) {
            // TODO WHAT DO WE DO HERE?
        }
        table = tables.get(0);
        int rowsDefinedWithoutLines = table.getRowCount();
        int colsDefinedWithoutLines = table.getColCount();

        float ratio = (((float) colsDefinedByLines / colsDefinedWithoutLines) + ((float) rowsDefinedByLines / rowsDefinedWithoutLines)) / 2.0f;

        return ratio > MAGIC_HEURISTIC_NUMBER && ratio < (1/MAGIC_HEURISTIC_NUMBER);
    }

    public static List<Cell> findCells(List<Ruling> horizontalRulingLines, List<Ruling> verticalRulingLines) {
        List<Cell> cellsFound = new ArrayList<>();
        Map<Point2D, Ruling[]> intersectionPoints = Ruling.findIntersections(horizontalRulingLines, verticalRulingLines);
        List<Point2D> intersectionPointsList = new ArrayList<>(intersectionPoints.keySet());
        Collections.sort(intersectionPointsList, POINT_COMPARATOR);
        boolean doBreak = false;

        for (int i = 0; i < intersectionPointsList.size(); i++) {
            Point2D topLeft = intersectionPointsList.get(i);
            Ruling[] hv = intersectionPoints.get(topLeft);
            doBreak = false;

            // CrossingPointsDirectlyBelow( topLeft );
            List<Point2D> xPoints = new ArrayList<>();
            // CrossingPointsDirectlyToTheRight( topLeft );
            List<Point2D> yPoints = new ArrayList<>();

            for (Point2D p: intersectionPointsList.subList(i, intersectionPointsList.size())) {
                if (p.getX() == topLeft.getX() && p.getY() > topLeft.getY()) {
                    xPoints.add(p);
                }
                if (p.getY() == topLeft.getY() && p.getX() > topLeft.getX()) {
                    yPoints.add(p);
                }
            }
            outer:
            for (Point2D xPoint: xPoints) {
                if (doBreak) { break; }

                // is there a vertical edge b/w topLeft and xPoint?
                if (!hv[1].equals(intersectionPoints.get(xPoint)[1])) {
                    continue;
                }
                for (Point2D yPoint: yPoints) {
                    // is there an horizontal edge b/w topLeft and yPoint ?
                    if (!hv[0].equals(intersectionPoints.get(yPoint)[0])) {
                        continue;
                    }
                    Point2D btmRight = new Point2D.Float((float) yPoint.getX(), (float) xPoint.getY());
                    if (intersectionPoints.containsKey(btmRight)
                            && intersectionPoints.get(btmRight)[0].equals(intersectionPoints.get(xPoint)[0])
                            && intersectionPoints.get(btmRight)[1].equals(intersectionPoints.get(yPoint)[1])) {
                            cellsFound.add(new Cell(topLeft, btmRight));
                        doBreak = true;
                        break outer;
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        // TODO create cells for vertical ruling lines with aligned endpoints at the top/bottom of a grid
        // that aren't connected with an horizontal ruler?
        // see: https://github.com/jazzido/tabula-extractor/issues/78#issuecomment-41481207

        return cellsFound;
    }

    public static List<Rectangle> findSpreadsheetsFromCells(List<? extends Rectangle> cells) {
        // via: http://stackoverflow.com/questions/13746284/merging-multiple-adjacent-rectangles-into-one-polygon
        List<Rectangle> rectangles = new ArrayList<>();
        Set<Point2D> pointSet = new HashSet<>();
        Map<Point2D, Point2D> edgesH = new HashMap<>();
        Map<Point2D, Point2D> edgesV = new HashMap<>();
        int i = 0;

        cells = new ArrayList<>(new HashSet<>(cells));

        Utils.sort(cells, Rectangle.ILL_DEFINED_ORDER);

        for (Rectangle cell: cells) {
            for(Point2D pt: cell.getPoints()) {
                if (pointSet.contains(pt)) { // shared vertex, remove it
                    pointSet.remove(pt);
                }
                else {
                    pointSet.add(pt);
                }
            }
        }

        // X first sort
        List<Point2D> pointsSortX = new ArrayList<>(pointSet);
        Collections.sort(pointsSortX, X_FIRST_POINT_COMPARATOR);
        // Y first sort
        List<Point2D> pointsSortY = new ArrayList<>(pointSet);
        Collections.sort(pointsSortY, POINT_COMPARATOR);

        while (i < pointSet.size()) {
            float currY = (float) pointsSortY.get(i).getY();
            while (i < pointSet.size() && Utils.feq(pointsSortY.get(i).getY(), currY)) {
                edgesH.put(pointsSortY.get(i), pointsSortY.get(i+1));
                edgesH.put(pointsSortY.get(i+1), pointsSortY.get(i));
                i += 2;
            }
        }

        i = 0;
        while (i < pointSet.size()) {
            float currX = (float) pointsSortX.get(i).getX();
            while (i < pointSet.size() && Utils.feq(pointsSortX.get(i).getX(), currX)) {
                edgesV.put(pointsSortX.get(i), pointsSortX.get(i+1));
                edgesV.put(pointsSortX.get(i+1), pointsSortX.get(i));
                i += 2;
            }
        }

        // Get all the polygons
        List<List<PolygonVertex>> polygons = new ArrayList<>();
        Point2D nextVertex;
        while (!edgesH.isEmpty()) {
            ArrayList<PolygonVertex> polygon = new ArrayList<>();
            Point2D first = edgesH.keySet().iterator().next();
            polygon.add(new PolygonVertex(first, Direction.HORIZONTAL));
            edgesH.remove(first);

            while (true) {
                PolygonVertex curr = polygon.get(polygon.size() - 1);
                PolygonVertex lastAddedVertex;
                if (curr.direction == Direction.HORIZONTAL) {
                    nextVertex = edgesV.get(curr.point);
                    edgesV.remove(curr.point);
                    lastAddedVertex = new PolygonVertex(nextVertex, Direction.VERTICAL);
                    polygon.add(lastAddedVertex);
                }
                else {
                    nextVertex = edgesH.get(curr.point);
                    edgesH.remove(curr.point);
                    lastAddedVertex = new PolygonVertex(nextVertex, Direction.HORIZONTAL);
                    polygon.add(lastAddedVertex);
                }

                if (lastAddedVertex.equals(polygon.get(0))) {
                    // closed polygon
                    polygon.remove(polygon.size() - 1);
                    break;
                }
            }

            for (PolygonVertex vertex: polygon) {
                edgesH.remove(vertex.point);
                edgesV.remove(vertex.point);
            }
            polygons.add(polygon);
        }

        // calculate grid-aligned minimum area rectangles for each found polygon
        for(List<PolygonVertex> poly: polygons) {
            float top = java.lang.Float.MAX_VALUE;
            float left = java.lang.Float.MAX_VALUE;
            float bottom = java.lang.Float.MIN_VALUE;
            float right = java.lang.Float.MIN_VALUE;
            for (PolygonVertex pt: poly) {
                top = (float) Math.min(top, pt.point.getY());
                left = (float) Math.min(left, pt.point.getX());
                bottom = (float) Math.max(bottom, pt.point.getY());
                right = (float) Math.max(right, pt.point.getX());
            }
            rectangles.add(new Rectangle(top, left, right - left, bottom - top));
        }

        return rectangles;
    }

    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return "lattice";
    }

    private enum Direction {
        HORIZONTAL,
        VERTICAL
    }

     static class PolygonVertex {
        Point2D point;
        Direction direction;

        public PolygonVertex(Point2D point, Direction direction) {
            this.direction = direction;
            this.point = point;
        }

        @Override public boolean equals(Object other) {
            if (this == other)
                return true;
            if (!(other instanceof PolygonVertex))
                return false;
            return this.point.equals(((PolygonVertex) other).point);
        }

        @Override public int hashCode() {
            return this.point.hashCode();
        }

        @Override public String toString() {
            return String.format("%s[point=%s,direction=%s]", this.getClass().getName(), this.point.toString(), this.direction.toString());
        }
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


When app developer Sattha Puangput was looking to move from a startup to a new role, he updated his profile on GetLinks, a website that pairs technology professionals with companies looking to beef up their tech teams.
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Before the sub-prime mortgage crash in 2006 millions of Americans took out home equity loans between 2000 and 2005. At the time it was easy to take out a second mortgage. Most borrowers were able to qualify for an equity loan, whether they had good or bad credit and equity or no equity. Basically borrowers with poor credit and good qualify for a 100% home equity loan. Many of these borrowers defaulted on these loans, but many of these borrowers continued to make their home equity loan payment and find themselves stuck with a 2nd mortgage. Since then, interest rates have fallen to record levels, home values have depreciated nationally and home equity loan refinance guidelines have tightened significantly. In 2011, lending rules for home refinancing have become more complex.
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Negotiate paying off your 2nd mortgage – Chances are your home equity lender will entertain a discounted buy-out of your equity loan. Since the default rate is so high, lenders are accepting pennies on the dollar for borrowers will to pay off their equity loan or line of credit.


Our first day out we spent a few hours at San Jacinto and USS Texas before picking up our bikes and heading out to San Antonio. Click on the shots above for details.
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Skin-prick allergy tests for foods are extremely useful. They are also safe, painless and simple to do. This is a precise way to identify the offending foods.
Eczema cannot be properly managed without discovering the foods and inhalants that are the culprits setting off the eczema cycle. Skin-prick testing identifies possible allergens. When done properly, it is a gentle test.
Skin-prick testing is simple and should be pain free. A small droplet of oil, which contains the specific allergen (a food or an environmental-allergen) is placed on the skin. This is usually done on the back, for babies and toddlers, and on the forearm for older children and adults.
Next, the skin surface is very gently pricked through this droplet. A positive test starts to occur within 5–10 minutes: a small wheal (like a little mosquito bite) develops. The size of the reaction (the wheal size) is measured at 10–15 minutes. It can get a little itchy but settles down in about half an hour. In children, skin prick testing is accurate. With age, the skin-prick tests tell you more about past food allergies rather than present clinical intolerances. Therefore in adults, skin tests for foods are less useful.
The skin-prick test measures immediate reactions. It is a test that measures the "IgE-sensitivity" to the allergens which have been pricked gently into the skin. As soon as the allergen gets into the skin, it comes in contact with the allergy cells in your skin (the mast cells, which are packed full of histamine).
If your mast cells have been sensitized to that allergen, they will immediately release their histamine, and this creates the wheal, just like a mosquito bite.
The skin-prick test is a biological reaction and takes about 10–15 minutes to get to its maximum intensity.
If the child has been treated with an antihistamine within the preceding 24 hours, then the skin tests will be attenuated. In other words reactions will be less dramatic and will take longer to show up.
We recommend that all babies, all children and all adults with eczema or asthma should be tested with a selection of skin-test allergens. All breastfed babies with eczema need skin-prick testing. All people who have troublesome allergy symptoms should be investigated by skin-prick tests. Consequently, in my clinic, I do skin-prick testing for all children with eczema.
Skin-prick tests can be done at any age: even on new-born babies (although it is less reliable at this age). It is my routine practice to do the first set of skin-prick tests at about three months of age. By this age the baby has developed the capacity to mount a specific IgE-response in the skin. But, if the baby has bad eczema in the first few weeks of life, then it is useful to do the skin tests earlier.
This is especially helpful in breastfed babies with eczema. Most of the time these babies are reacting to food proteins that are coming through in their mother's breast milk. By accurately identifying what the baby's skin is reacting to in the breast milk, we can then advise the mother about what foods that she should be avoiding in her diet. Usually, the eczema will completely go away.
What allergens can be tested?
There are two categories of allergens that you can be tested for: food and inhalants.
In adults, testing for shellfish is important. Usually, food reactions to fruits and vegetables cannot be successfully tested by skin tests – that is because these fruit and vegetables reactions are usually caused by the chemicals in these foods, rather than by the food proteins.
animal dander (cat fur, dog hair, horse hair, and feathers).
Most allergists do their own skin-prick testing. We carry out skin-tests on my patients as a routine part of their normal consultation. This gives me the opportunity to interpret their results as soon as they come up, and in context with their clinical story. They are so useful because they can give immediate answers to the eczema triggers.
Also, many medical laboratories are set up to perform skin-prick tests. You can ask your doctor to refer you to one of these laboratories for these tests. Yes, you should ask for skin-prick tests to help identify any suspected allergens if you have eczema, asthma, hay-fever and suspected food allergy. Many doctors do not understand the value of these skin-prick tests so they need to be encouraged to request these tests.
If you are not able to get these skin tests done, then another option is to get the IgE blood tests: these are called EAST (enzyme allergosorbent test) or RAST (radio allergosorbent test) tests. These tests give you the same information as the skin-tests. They test for levels of "specific IgE antibodies" in the blood to each of the allergens of interest.
When should skin tests be repeated?
It is good news that most food allergies go away as you get older. Coinciding with this, the skin-prick tests also wane with age. That means carrying out regular skin-prick testing is useful in tracking the current status of the food allergy. Also, repeating the skin-prick tests help to confirm to the parents that they are indeed making a difference by strictly controlling their child's diet.
It is our practice to conduct skin-prick tests at the ages of 3–6 months, 12 months, 2 years, 3 years, 5 years, 8 years and 12 years. We find that giving families accurate feed-back about the progress of their allergies is extremely helpful.
1. Get skin prick tests if you can – especially to egg, milk and peanut.
3. Whilst breastfeeding you will probably need to go off dairy, egg and peanut.
4. Yes, use a 1% hydrocortisone cream for another month.
5. Avoid all egg, dairy and peanut in his solids.
This baby is typical. His eczema would have gotten progressively worse if mum had not changed her diet. The skin test helped mother work out what foods she needed to avoid. Because the skin tests gave her certainty about her diet, it was easier for her to comply.
But skin tests are not the whole answer. This is because many foods, especially dairy and gluten can cause the delayed onset type of reaction. Under these circumstances, the skin tests are negative for dairy and gluten.
If the skin-prick tests are negative, then dairy or gluten should still be suspected. To make a diagnosis of gluten-sensitivity, blood tests are needed. Should the eczema not settle – again blood tests are needed to check out immune function. Food reactions are not the only cause of eczema.
My 11 week old son is exclusively breastfed and has eczema over much of his body along with bowel motions with a lot of mucous and occasionally bloody mucous. I have cut out all dairy, wheat and eggs. This has definatly helped but he still suffers with tummy pains, crying and his eczema continues.
We live in Blenheim. He is my third child. My second child is very special needs and it is hard to get away, ie travel to Chch. Do you hold clinics in the top of the South Island at all?
My grandson is 10 months old right now and we worry that he has a peanut allergy like his mother. Thank you for letting us know that allergy testing can be done as soon as the 3-month mark if you're concerned about potential food allergies. We would like to know if he has an allergy before we are comfortable with sending him to daycare.


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text:
Il Queensland Open 1985 è stato un torneo di tennis. Il torneo si è giocato a Brisbane in Australia dall'11 al 17 novembre 1985 su campi in erba.

Campioni

Singolare

 Martina Navrátilová ha battuto in finale  Pam Shriver 6-3, 7-5

Doppio

 Martina Navrátilová /  Pam Shriver hanno battuto in finale  Claudia Kohde Kilsch /  Helena Suková 6-4, 6-7, 6-1

Collegamenti esterni

Queensland Open 1985

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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In a bid towards healthy society and with the aim to bring sports awareness, J&K State Sports Council today organized a marathon, "Kashmir cross country run 2018" from Nehru Park to Nishat, Srinagar.
More than 1200 athletes including coaches, sportspersons and students participated in the marathon.
The marathon was flagged off by Secretary Youth Services and Sports, Sarmad Hafeez who was the Chief Guest on the occasion.
Speaking on the occasion, Sarmad Hafeez appreciated the efforts of JK Sports Council for organizing the marathon and ensuring participation of youth in large number. He assured full support of the government to the sportspersons in the state for providing them with required facilities to further hone their skills and participate at various levels.
Secretary YSS urged the youth to participate in these kinds of sports events to keep them physically and mentally fit and contribute in promoting a healthy society by encouraging others for their participation too.
Later after the culmination of the marathon, Secretary, J&K State Sports Council awarded the winners with mementos and certificates.
Among the senior section, Tariq Khan with the timing of 25.9.42 got 1st in Place while as Muneer Dar and Hans Raj got 2nd and 3rdpositions respectively with the timings of 25.14.36 and 25.56.36.
Under junior category, Sheikh Saqibul Raheem got 1st place with the timing of 27.17.55 and GulbadanHikmatyar and Muzamil Hussain got 2nd and 3rd positions respectively with the timing of 27.22.82 and 27.39.98.


Fernando Torres has attempted to quell any transfer speculation surrounding his future by announcing that he's staying with Liverpool.
The striker, currently on Confederations Cup duty with Spain, has a contract at Anfield that runs until 2013 with an option for a further one year stay.
I'm very happy with my contract and wouldn't leave just to earn a little more somewhere else where I wouldn't be that happy.
To want any more would be greedy and that is not me. As long as Liverpool want me, I will stay.
A lot of players committed themselves to Liverpool this summer with new contracts and players don't do that unless they think they can have their ambitions met.
There is a lot of belief at the club and a lot of trust in the manager. I sincerely believe I will win the Premier League and the Champions League here. The winning tradition is very clear at Liverpool. I want to be involved in a little piece of their history.
Next articleVERMAELEN IN, TOURE OUT?
nice! Torres is the best striker in the world!


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You will have received two more booklets with this 'Life . . .' – Britain's God-given Scientific Heritage Destroyed by Metrication Madness and God's National Flock on Earth – Church and State working together. The final one in the series How long have we been aware of our Israel Kingdom descent? will be sent out in June accompanied by a statement from the BIWF to the Protestant Church on The Israel Kingdom Vision – Why the Church needs to catch-up and soon! together with the Scripturally Based Kingdom Objectives which have been updated and revised. There will be plenty more copies at the Summer Convention for you to collect and distribute as widely as possible.
The Drama of the Lost Disciples is now on Kindle ready to be downloaded for a small fee. More books from Covenant Publishing will be added in due course.
The President, Michael Clark, has been invited to speak at The British Israel Bible Truth Fellowship May Convention on Saturday 12 May in the afternoon session beginning at 2.15. It is being held at the Congregational Church in Orange St, London. The following Friday, 18 May, he is the guest speaker at the Spring Rally organised by Allan and Jackie Edwards to be held at 2.30 pm in the Church Hall, Fore Street, Wellington, Somerset. For details please contact Allan and Jackie Edwards on 01884 822852; mob: 07932 480549/07587 179410.
Morecambe Rally – from Friday, 27th April to Sunday, 29th April. The speakers are Michael Clark, Carol Cream, Norman Pearson, Nelson McCausland, David Hilliard, David McLure and David Aimer.
The Early British Church – Glastonbury Abbey and Pilton – on Saturday, 19th May from 11 am to 5 pm. A free guided tour through the Abbey grounds and exhibition then on to view the stained glass in St John's Church and the Pilton Story in Pilton Church.
Covenant Nations Weekend – this was held as planned in St Albans from Saturday, 10th March to Sunday, 11th March. A small but enthusiastic group were uplifted by the inspiring lectures from the speakers. The President, Michael Clark, welcomed everyone to open the event before lunch and invited Ann-Marie Parker MBE to describe her experience at the Order of the Empire service in St Paul's Cathedral the previous Wednesday. This set the scene for the lectures which followed. All of them were filmed and the set of DVDs is now available from Headquarters, price £3.00 + p&p. On Sunday morning the service of prayer and worship concluded the event.
Our Christian Heritage – Durham Cathedral – The sun shone on this day trip to visit one of the oldest and most beautiful places of worship. The group of 18 people were led around by Martin Lightfoot and it was most interesting to learn more about the history of Christianity in this area. Reverend Barrie Williams came and contributed to the wealth of information which we learned.
Scottish Area Rally – on Saturday, 14th April. Reverend Barrie Williams and Robert Graham were the speakers to the theme 'Has Christianity a Future?' There will be a full report in the next BIWF Newsletter.
Ulster Rally – This was a very well supported event at which Michael Clark spoke on 'Crown and Commonwealth in Diamond Jubilee Year' and Clifford Smyth spoke about the centenary of the sinking of the Titanic and its association with Belfast as the meeting was on the anniversary day, 14th April. David Aimer supplied books for the bookstall and the sales for CPC were very gratifying.
Carlisle Rally – on Saturday, 2nd June. Speakers are Archie Linnegan and David Aimer.
Scottish Area Rally – on Saturday, 8th September.
Ulster Rally – on Saturday, 15th September.
The National Gallery and the National Portrait Gallery – London – on Saturday, 3rd November. The influence on our Christian heritage by our monarchs.
Please note: remember that the postage rates have been increased when sending in your contributions.


Let this Easter Season be a time of being renewed and empowered by the grac e of the Risen Lord. May your hearts, homes and communities be filled with hope, courage and zeal to continue to be at the service of the work for the rights of all.
Our office will be closed from Thursday, April 18th and will reopen on Wednesday May 8th. We look forward to continue working with you.
No Comments to "CCIG wishes everyone a very Happy Easter holiday!"


I dreamed of owning a convertible ever since my aunt and uncle showed up at my house in a Corvair in the 60s. That sleek car was so pretty and I knew that one day I wanted to have one of my own.
Fast forward to 2010, a year after my cancer diagnosis. My outlook on living has dramatically changed to living for the here and now, the future was just one second away. I purchased a beautiful red convertible and a license plate that said, "Ta-Ta." Such a cute play on words. Those plates still make me happy!
That convertible was traded in eventually and then we bought a used BMW roadster that we played around in. Loved that little perky car! When we made the decision to downsize and move to St. Charles, all our "toys" were sold. No more convertible in my life.
I missed the fun, the feel of the wind in my hair, the sense of being alive. A cancer survivor feels these moments intensely and I was truly missing it. I started to talk about getting a convertible again. My husband agreed and so I started looking. St. Louis has a lot of places to buy cars, so I started my search with cars.com I love that it is so easy to start the search. Just enter your zip, the type of car you are looking for, and the amount you want to spend. Hit enter and all the options pop up!
She's a beauty and loves the highway as much as I do! I am going to have to be a more careful driver, as this car likes to speed and it is so easy to do so! This is definitely a luxury item and will be in my family for a long time to come. My car shopping experience using cars.com was easy and quick. Hope it helps you with yours!
Last but not least, please consider safety at all costs when purchasing your vehicle. I chose a hard topped convertible for this reason. Look at all factors, including car seat safety. So many things have changed since I had to put a car seat in my car. Kudos to all the mommas out there who are current with all the new information!


From LA, to Venice and London, here's a roundup of some of our favourite leading men who took to the red carpet this week.
Chris Evans: The actor joined Alice Eve on the red carpet for the 'Before We Go' LA premiere on Wednesday (September 2). Offering up a dark, enchanting lustrous vision in Dolce & Gabbana, the actor styled his look with brown Louboutins and an IWC timepiece.
Tom Hardy: The star of 'Legend' was joined by Emily Browning on the red carpet on Thursday (September 3) for the London premiere. The handsome actor played down his bad boy charm looking very dapper in a navy Alexander McQueen three-piece suit.


The Jamaican Reggae superstar delivered a blistering 90 minute performance at the Olm Souissi on Sunday, May 31 to an interactive crowd of over ten thousand. Global hits like Temperature, We Be Burnin' and She Doesn't Mind were met with screams of delight. Slower Jams like I'm Still In Love and Punkie were met with hands in the air and foundation tracks like Get Busy and Gimmi Di Light saw fans jumping into the air.
Closing the show dropped in a Moroccan national flag, Sean Paul took a moment to take a photo with fans in attendance before receiving a thank you bouquet from the festival organizers. It was a fitting end to Sean Paul's second visit to the African nation.


text:
Angela Yee
Tag: Angela Yee
Tee Grizzley Speaks On Early Success, Serving Jail Time, Mumble Rap & More
By Steve Samblis May 30, 2017
It seems like Tee Grizzley took off out of nowhere through "First Day Out," the single which officially put him on the map. If you ask him how he did it, he truly doesn't know. He wrote the track and never expected it to take off and he visited The Breakfast Club to talk about…
Young Dolph Speaks on CIAA Shooting, 'Bulletproof' & More on The Breakfast Club
By Steve Samblis March 31, 2017
Young Dolph stopped by The Breakfast Club to speak on the following topics: The situation that went down in Charlotte, N.C. when his SUV was shot up at CIAA The significance of his 'Bulletproof' EP, what the track list means How he lives life fearless Speaks on beef with Yo Gotti, releasing the 'Play Wit…
Trey Songz Digs Into Nicki Minaj, Talks Relationship With Drake, New Album 'Tremaine' & More
Tremaine stopped by The Breakfast Club to discuss his long-awaited new album and the following topics: Goes into a track-by-track breakdown of the album Working with Rico Love, Poo Bear, creating the concept of the album Talks being in a devoted relationship vs being a playboy Breaks down the music videos correlating with the album…

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Home > News from Elsewhere > Media Releases > Aidee Walker joins Westside
Aidee Walker joins Westside
The Directors & Editors Guild of NZ (DEGNZ), NZ On Air and South Pacific Pictures Limited (SPP) announce actor and director Aidee Walker as the DEGNZ TV drama director attachment to SPP's WESTSIDE 2 television series.
Walker will shadow well-known New Zealand actor and director Michael Hurst through a two episode block of the show, which starts production in October.
"I was so stoked to hear that I have been given this opportunity on Westside," Walker commented. "I can't wait to observe the whole process from read through to directors cut and I'm excited about the collaborations with every department."
Walker is well known as an actor, having held numerous roles including in popular TV shows Step Dave, Outrageous Fortune, Shortland Street and Mercy Peak. As a director, she has written and directed four short films with the recent Friday Tigers winning Best Short Film at the New Zealand International Film Festival and selected to play at the Melbourne International Film Festival.
"This is a great initiative from DEGNZ and NZ On Air and South Pacific Pictures are pleased to be able to support it," said SPP CEO Kelly Martin. "Aidee's wealth of experience in front of the camera combined with her short film successes make her ideally suited to this opportunity. We hope it will be the beginning of a beautiful new relationship!"
"It's a fantastic opportunity for Aidee to observe firsthand the high-pressure world of fast-turnaround television from the other side of the camera," said DEGNZ Executive Director Tui Ruwhiu. "She will undoubtedly benefit immensely working alongside the highly experienced Michael Hurst."
"We are delighted to support Aidee's further development as a director with this initiative," said NZ On Air Chief Executive Jane Wrightson.
Westside is the NZ On Air-funded prequel to hit SPP drama Outrageous Fortune. It is set in 1970s Auckland against a backdrop of real-life historical events. Westside tells the story of legendary safe cracker and career criminal Ted West, his wife Rita, their son Wolfgang and their friends, associates and nemeses. The second series will be produced by Mark Beasley.
This attachment is the second in the DEGNZ TV Drama Director Attachment Scheme, with actor and director Matthew Saville recently chosen to attach to director Roc Pellizarri on Screentime's telefeature Bombshell: The Sinking of the Rainbow Warrior.
The scheme is an industry professional development initiative funded by NZ On Air and the production company involved and managed by DEGNZ. It is intended to give emerging drama directors the opportunity to shadow an experienced director through the pre-production, production and post-production process as a means to improve their craft skills. Three emerging directors will attach to New Zealand drama productions in the 2015/2016 year. The intended outcome is for the attachments to find work on domestic and international productions in New Zealand.
South Pacific Pictures
South Pacific Pictures is New Zealand's largest screen production company and has an international reputation for producing world-class television and film. The company celebrated its 25th anniversary in 2013 and to date has produced around 4000 hours of programming. Drama series and serials, feature films, and more recently, entertainment, reality programming and documentaries are all part of the programming mix. In addition to Westside 2, South Pacific Pictures' 2015 production slate includes: 800 Words, Shortland Street, Step Dave 2, Word Up, Forensics and The Brokenwood Mysteries 2.
Directors & Editors Guild of NZ
The Directors & Editors Guild of NZ is a not-for-profit membership organisation that represents Directors and Editors in the New Zealand screen industry. This includes Directors and Editors of feature drama and documentary; television drama, documentary and factual programmes; short films; video art; animation; commercials and web content.
DEGNZ's two primary roles are advocacy and professional development. We:
are dedicated to promoting excellence in the arts of directing and editing.
foster collegiality and unity within the screen industry.
promote members' creative and economic rights.
work to improve industry working conditions and remuneration.
offer professional advice and information on contracts and industry standards and practice.
offer professional development events, networking opportunities, career advice, dispute resolution, mentoring, workshops, training, discounts and regular news bulletins for members across all levels of expertise, from novices to seasoned professionals.
are a voice for Directors and Editors in influencing policy in the interest of our members. We do this through our membership of the pan‐industry group SINZ (Screen Industry New Zealand), and by making submissions to government and public officials.
internationally work co-operatively with other guilds and we belong to the International Affiliation of English‐Speaking Directors' Organisations (IEASDO).
DEGNZ is Auckland-based with an office in Grey Lynn.
Aidee Walker, DEGNZ, SPP, Westside
John McCay to join NZFC board
Diverse NZ stories
Regan Hall scores directing role On Ash Vs Evil Dead
From DEGNZ Director's Attachment to directing 800 Words
DEGNZ supports DGA, SAG-AFTRA
Abigail Greenwood gets Filthy
Keith Barclay is the Editor of SCREENZ.


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19201 Cook Street
ICONYX Solves Intelligibility Issues at St. Philip's
Posted on Monday, November 13, 2017
Jackson, MS | November, 2017 - While not the equivalent of "man bites dog," a fair-sized church without a sound system is a relative rarity nowadays unless it's an untouchable historic building. But after more than 50 years, St. Philip's Episcopal Church finally joined the ranks of the audio-equipped, thanks to a new Renkus-Heinz system designed and installed by AV systems integrator Sound and Communications.
"We've been working with St. Philip's on and off since the 1960s; they've rented from us for various events many times," notes Sound and Communications Senior System Designer/Acoustical Consultant Jeff Broome. "It's not uncommon in our area for a small rural church with a dozen pews to not have a sound system but it's very unusual for a church this size. The pastor had wanted a sound system for a long time. She told me when the time came, she would call me—and she did. We're the oldest company of our type in the state, and we're the only engineering firm in the state that does audio, video, and acoustics."
St. Philip's sanctuary is spacious and highly reverberant, seating a couple of hundred worshippers. "It is all sheetrock and concrete and hard wood," Broome reports. The rear sheetrock walls are interrupted by brick columns with openings that serve as HVAC vents. An angled ceiling features exposed beams, while windows line the sides of the room. Services are traditional, with piano, pipe organ, and choir.
"Since it's a traditional service, the main need was speech intelligibility; people were complaining that they couldn't understand spoken word," recalls Broome. "Where you sat made a big difference in what you could hear. I told the pastor and her husband, the bishop, that there are sound system technologies that could do a surprisingly good job in a reverberant room like this but it would be much better to have acoustical treatment, as well. In the end, they elected to go with just the new system, without acoustical treatment or even pew cushions. We had previous experience with Renkus-Heinz ICONYX systems, and we knew that ICONYX beam steering was the proper solution, especially with no acoustical treatment in the room. So Richard Hembree of rep firm Griffith Sales came over and set up a ICONYX demo. The pastor and bishop walked the room and were very impressed."
The Sound and Communications team specified a pair of IC24-RN digitally steerable line arrays, mounted to the left and right of the stage. Part of Renkus-Heinz' ICONYX Gen5 series, the IC24-RN provides up to 12 steerable beams that can be individually shaped and aimed, with beam control effective down to 250 Hz. "Renkus-Heinz ICONYX was the only solution I was aware of that would even stand a chance in that environment," asserts Broome. "The steerable beams enabled us to keep the sound on the congregation and off of the walls and ceiling for the most part." The array's slim, low-profile design made it visually unobtrusive, even without a custom paint job.
The system is managed with a Biamp Nexia CS DSP; connections are analog. Sound and Communications also set the church up with TASCAM recording equipment and Audio-Technica wireless mics.
"The client is very happy with their Renkus-Heinz ICONYX system," assures Broome. "Now you can hear spoken word clearly and intelligibly anywhere in the sanctuary, with minimal impact on aesthetics. The project turned out very well."
24 x 4" Digital Steerable Line Array Loudspeaker System
Model: IC24-RN


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D'banj - Don't Tell Me Nonsense - Music/Radio - Nairaland
Nairaland Forum / Entertainment / Music/Radio / D'banj - Don't Tell Me Nonsense (21751 Views)
D'banj - Don't Tell Me Nonsense (OFFICIAL VIDEO) / D'banj - Dont Tell Me Nonsense (Video) / Download Don't Tell Me Nonsense By D'banj (2) (3) (4)
(1) (2) (3) (4) (Reply) (Go Down)
D'banj - Don't Tell Me Nonsense by nairahacker: 7:30pm On Mar 30, 2013
Don't Tell Me Nonsense off the Most Anticipated Album from the D'Kings Men (Dbanj, KaySwitch, JSol).
Listen / Download Here
Re: D'banj - Don't Tell Me Nonsense by Gabrielsylar(m): 12:41am On Mar 31, 2013
80% of dis songs are reflexion of instablility that has become paranoia.......enemy enemy enemy...oga ooo
Re: D'banj - Don't Tell Me Nonsense by airmark(m): 12:41am On Mar 31, 2013
Wow, Dbanj dey vex.
Re: D'banj - Don't Tell Me Nonsense by cichella(m): 12:44am On Mar 31, 2013
Re: D'banj - Don't Tell Me Nonsense by 50calibre(m): 12:46am On Mar 31, 2013
Same thing again, nice beat, style and delivery but few meaningful words. Don't these guys put any effort into writing lyrics? Dbanj has had the opportunity to hang around guys like Kanye and jay-z yet I'm surprised he hasn't drawn inspiration from their writing ability
Re: D'banj - Don't Tell Me Nonsense by doppler777(m): 12:48am On Mar 31, 2013
Hmmmmm....nice beat,but the lyrics are good enough for the touts.Gone are the dayz of "e gba oju e"
Re: D'banj - Don't Tell Me Nonsense by lat4real: 12:54am On Mar 31, 2013
una no dey sleep
Re: D'banj - Don't Tell Me Nonsense by adewal15(m): 12:57am On Mar 31, 2013
Nightcrawlers.. go sleep••
Re: D'banj - Don't Tell Me Nonsense by NSNA: 12:59am On Mar 31, 2013
if Dban'j started with this kind of songs he will not be a star
www.DKMrecords.com
Re: D'banj - Don't Tell Me Nonsense by Rapmaestro(m): 1:04am On Mar 31, 2013
U are telling me nonsense already
Re: D'banj - Don't Tell Me Nonsense by fittty(m): 1:05am On Mar 31, 2013
Same old sh*t, just a different day!
Re: D'banj - Don't Tell Me Nonsense by Nobody: 1:05am On Mar 31, 2013
lat4real: una no dey sleep
you nko? You be watchnight?
adewal15: Nightcrawlers.. go sleep••
wetin u self dey find come here
Re: D'banj - Don't Tell Me Nonsense by tellwisdom: 1:11am On Mar 31, 2013
This guy cant keep singing burial songs for us...Mbbanu
Re: D'banj - Don't Tell Me Nonsense by eXDave: 1:12am On Mar 31, 2013
Nice instrumentals but lyrics re old version of naija music
Re: D'banj - Don't Tell Me Nonsense by lorddarshwood(m): 1:13am On Mar 31, 2013
You've been in the game for long and there's no improvement in ur lyrics,ur even the one yanning none sense,oye ki won gba oju ee ni skibanj
But you got no right to tell us nonsense na
Re: D'banj - Don't Tell Me Nonsense by Nuzo1(m): 1:19am On Mar 31, 2013
Yes D'banj, you are right! Don't only tell me nonesense, don't sing rubish for me too.
I've always thaought that joining G.oo.D music would up your game.
Don't you have people you can pay to write songs for you?
I'm shocked!
Re: D'banj - Don't Tell Me Nonsense by corazoni: 1:23am On Mar 31, 2013
The stupidesst song of all time, meaningless as hell
Re: D'banj - Don't Tell Me Nonsense by OkikiOluwa1(m): 1:29am On Mar 31, 2013
Good beat. Poor lyrics.
Re: D'banj - Don't Tell Me Nonsense by kelvinlink: 1:30am On Mar 31, 2013
A year from Now.....i will come back to this thread to remind you all......."This particular track....Don't tell me nonsense.....will be a monster street anthem..! Admit it.....this kind of track sells in Nigeria. (where everyone gat one imaginary enemy...Lol)
Not too long ago...when olamide dropped ...."First of All"....no one thought Etisalat will make it their widely popular commercial theme song...!
Re: D'banj - Don't Tell Me Nonsense by airmark(m): 1:34am On Mar 31, 2013
kelvinlink: A year from Now.....i will come back to this thread to remind you all......."This particular track....Don't tell me nonsense.....will be a monster street anthem..! Admit it.....this kind of track sells in Nigeria. (where everyone gat one imaginary enemy...Lol)
Dont mind them. Below was one of many comments that rubbished Oliver twist song when first released on notjustok.com :
Medo · 83 weeks ago
I am sorry to say.. this song is totally nonsense..y'all shud stop deceiving him ok. This is not acceptable at all..you r more better than this,do something else ok. .I'm done
Re: D'banj - Don't Tell Me Nonsense by RedLight1: 1:41am On Mar 31, 2013
eni to ba so radarada on nairaland
Eyin boiz Egba oju e
airmark:
just imagine this
You couldn't have said such unless you are his cousin or maybe, you just know nothing about music.
As for Olamide's 'first of all', most people I know went crazy on first hearing. So, I don't know what you are talking about.
Re: D'banj - Don't Tell Me Nonsense by esanland: 1:46am On Mar 31, 2013
This is complete nonsense, a typical Africa mentality, jack of all trade master of non. There are great songs writers in Nigeria he can enlist to write his songs but no, he wan do everything by himself. Bubble gum music which won't stand the test of time. l would doubt if he can even play an instrument which is d bane of some naija artist.
Mediocrity is the enemy of excellency.
Re: D'banj - Don't Tell Me Nonsense by pekelepekele(m): 1:47am On Mar 31, 2013
don't waste ur mb plz. Tonto dike is better than this guy these days
Now i know ... anyone can cook beat but talented artists are very rear
lovely beat nice song
no thru but just getting started
esanland:
Must you add this? JJC
Na now I dey feel D'banj, bachelor and cashflow just weren't it. Na now D'banj just come.
Red-Light:
My brother, it's just a lesson that dont be distracted by the crowd in the market just do what you wanna do.
(1) (2) (3) (4) (Reply)
Top Radio Shows In Lagos/Nigeria? / Burna Boy Bags Two Grammy Nominations at 2023 Grammys / Abuja Radio Stations: 98.3 Hot FM vs. 96.9 Cool FM?


Kellan broke up yesterday from school, he gets two weeks off. I am looking forward to it. I'm looking forward to not dragging the boys out of bed and rushing to get them dressed and fed in the morning. They are still in their pjs, it's 13:22pm and they are not dressed.
I'm not normally like that, i like to have them dressed, but not today. Today i decided they can chill in their pyjamas if they want, they are watching TV, playing with their toys and eating what they like. Nice chilled day for them. I've cleaned and done the washing, Dan is sorting the play room out. It was my job but didn't get round to doing it. My bad.
We have friends over for dinner tonight, so kids are going to have a nice bath and early night while mummy and daddy eat and drink. Just a little blog to let you know i am still here, it's just been a whirlwind getting my head around school.


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text:
Using the 12-item short form health survey (SF-12) to assess self rated health of an engaged population impacted by hurricane Harvey, Houston, TX
Garett T. Sansom1,
Katie Kirsch2 &
Jennifer A. Horney3
In the last decade there has been an increase in community-based organizations providing support and educational outreach to populations effected by hazards. Prior research has demonstrated various roles that community social capital can play in both the enhancement of disaster preparedness and the mitigation of physical and mental health impacts following a natural disaster.
To assess self-reported health of residents of South Houston, Texas impacted by Hurricane Harvey, attendees of a community event completed a survey that included the 12 item short form health survey version 2 (SF-12v2).
Although survey participants were older and more likely to be African-American than the overall population of Houston, they had higher mental health composite scores that the national average, with increases in mental wellbeing associated with a longer length of residence in their neighborhood.
The City of Houston, with highly segregated, socially vulnerable populations at high risk from natural hazards, should consider ways to support community engagement around disaster preparedness, response, and recovery that may build community cohesion and improve post-disaster mental health.
Research has consistently demonstrated that environmental justice communities are disproportionately impacted by proximate sources of pollution, toxic exposures, and other hazards that result in excess risks for human health outcomes based on race, income, housing segregation, and other factors [1,2,3,4,5]. However, individuals living in communities at risk may experience environmental issues in different ways. For example, in a previous study of predominantly Hispanic residents of an environmental justice community located adjacent to the Houston Ship Channel (HSC), respondents reported significantly lower self-reported physical health (p < 0.001), which was negatively correlated with the length of time a resident had been living in the neighborhood (p < 0.001) [6]. However, among this population, mental health scores did not differ from the national average nor change as a function of time living in the neighborhood. In a study of residents of Texas Gulf Coast counties conducted after Hurricane Harvey, residents exposed to Harvey had lower self-rated mental health than the U.S national population (mean mental composite score (MCS) = 34.58, standard deviation (SD) = 8.89) [7]. Because the 12-item Short Form Health Survey version 2 (SF-12v2) is a widely validated measure of self-reported physical and mental health [8], and has been infrequently used to assess environmental or natural disaster related exposures, this study attempted to characterize the self-reported mental and physical health of members of a socially and physically vulnerable South Houston region who were highly engaged in a community non-profit whose focus was related to emergency preparedness and recovery following Hurricane Harvey. Specifically, identifying the potential mitigating effects of increased engagement on the mental health of communities that experience natural disasters.
Environmental justice communities are communities with low socioeconomic status (SES) and minority-majority populations that experience disproportionate exposure to negative environmental conditions compared to more affluent, majority white communities in the U.S. [9, 10]. Over the past 50 years, race has remained one of the most important factors in explaining residential segregation in the City of Houston [11]. Industrial development has primarily been concentrated in east and south Houston neighborhoods, while more affluent residents and the services and amenities associated with them, have primarily developed in the western and northern portions of Houston [12]. Among other factors, these patterns of development mean that African-American, Hispanic, and other minority residents of Houston became increasingly integrated with one another in east and south Houston [13].
A lack of zoning in Houston has furthered these types of land use and urban development inequities, while exposing residents to pollution from more freeway miles than any comparable region of the U.S. [14, 15]. Vulnerable communities in the City of Houston are disproportionately exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) associated with transportation infrastructure [16, 17], heavy metals in standing water [18], detectable lead levels in drinking water [19], and outdated and ineffective infrastructure to handle flooding events [20]. These conditions are being further exacerbated by simultaneous increases in the severity and frequency of inland precipitation [21], the combined effects of sea-level rise, subsidence, and storm surge [22], and increases in the proportion of impermeable surfaces as the result of population growth and development [23].
This increased flood risk in Houston was evident following Hurricane Harvey, which made landfall along the Texas Gulf Coast in August 2017 and became the wettest tropical cyclone to impact the U.S., inundating 70% of the City of Houston at a level of at least 18 in [24].. Using inundation maps produced by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) and the Harris County Flood Control District (HCFCD) following Hurricane Harvey, Chakraborty, Collins, and Grineski (2019a) demonstrated that the greatest floodwater inundation levels were observed in areas with greater proportions of non-Hispanic Black and economically disadvantaged residents [25]. The extent of flooding, as measured by FEMA's Hurricane Harvey Inundation Footprint aerial map, was statistically significantly higher in neighborhoods with a higher proportion of disabled residents, with the greatest risk observed among ambulatory- and cognitive-type disabilities [26]. Across Harris County, neighborhoods with a higher proportion of individuals with one or more disabilities, including neighborhoods with high rates of cognitive- and hearing-type disabilities, were more likely to be located nearer to facilities required by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to submit Risk Management Plans due to their hazardous potential [26].
Study setting
In October 2017, research and engagement staff from the Texas A&M University Institute for Sustainable Communities (IfSC) attended a Community Breakfast event hosted by Charity Productions, a Houston-based non-profit focused on emergency management and public safety issues. Charity Productions hosts quarterly breakfast meetings where community attendees can participate in educational outreach, civic engagement, and community strengthening activities. Often attended by more than 200 residents of Houston, the community breakfasts also include the distribution of fact-based information about hazards and disasters and the opportunity for attendees to participate in community-engaged research projects that focus on collecting data that can help increase community cohesion and resilience. During the October 2017 event, held approximately 2 months after Hurricane Harvey made landfall along the Texas Gulf Coast south of Houston, the agenda focused on how community agencies and residents could partner with academic institutions to better prepare for and recover from increasingly frequent and severe natural hazards like Hurricane Harvey. Attendees were those who had participated within Charity Productions events for several years and attended the quarterly meetings and periodic seminars. Following presentations by elected officials and academic researchers, attendees were asked to complete a survey created by IfSC. More than 90% (138 of 153) of those who attended the breakfast and completed the survey reported a residential address in south Houston (Fig. 1).
Residential Address of Survey Participants by Houston Super Neighborhood; Percent of Respondents (N= 153). This figure depicts the neighborhoods in which participants primary homes are located. This figure was created by the authors utilizing ArcGIS by ESRI
Survey instrument
The survey included three sections. In the first part of the survey, respondents provided demographic information (e.g., gender, race/ethnicity, and age), location of primary residence, and years of tenure in current neighborhood. A second section was included to gauge respondent's perceptions of environmental risk and included questions related to concerns about air pollution, flooding, proximity to industrial facilities, access to public transportation, and housing conditions. The final section of the survey included the SF-12v2, which was adapted from the medical outcomes study [27]. The SF-12v2 has been validated for use in predicting the mental and physical health of populations without targeting specific health outcomes and shown to be reliable in U.S. and international populations [28, 29]. The SF-12v2 has also been validated in several different languages [30, 31], within low SES populations [32], and among immigrant populations in the U.S. [33]. Using a norm-based algorithm it produces a composite score for self-reported mental and physical between 0 and 100, which allows for comparison between study populations and national averages [34].
Eligible participants included members of Charity Productions and community breakfast attendees aged 18 years and older whose primary residence was in the Greater Houston, Texas area. Following the presentations by elected officials and academic researchers about post-Harvey recovery progress, attendees were given a brief overview of the purpose of the survey. Trained engagement staff and graduate students distributed the surveys, confirmed eligibility, and collected completed surveys. Response rates were calculated by summing the total number of eligible attendees, removing academic guests and invited speakers from outside the community, and dividing this number by those who returned a completed survey.
Responses to SF-12v2 questions were used to estimate a mental composite score (MCS) and physical composite score (PCS) for each subject on a 0- and 100- point scale in accordance with the methods outlined by Ware et al. (2000) [34]. The national mean scores for both mental and physical health are standardized at 50; scores above this represent higher, or healthier, individuals than average. Overall and gender stratified mean MCS and PCS values for respondents were calculated and compared with the national mean using two-tailed t-tests. Multiple linear regression was used to assess the impact of time spent in the neighborhood, age, and gender on MCS and PCS. Coefficients of the covariates, along with their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were reported. Two-way scatterplots were created to visually examine associations between MCS and PCS and tenure of residence.
The City of Houston is organized into 88 Super Neighborhoods, which are geographically defined areas where residents, civic groups, and businesses work together to plan and set priorities that address shared concerns [35]. The primary residence of survey respondents were categorized into three groups: 1) South Houston Super Neighborhoods including Sunnyside, Southpark, South Acres/Crestmont Park, Central Southwest, and Greater Hobby Area; 2) Other Houston Super Neighborhoods including Midtown, Downtown, Eastex, and Greater Inwood; and 3) Areas outside the City of Houston, including Brenham, Humble, and League City. Statistical analyses were conducted using STATA 15 (College Station, TX) and Microsoft Excel (Redmond, Washington).
One hundred fifty three surveys were completed at the October 2017 community breakfast (Response Rate = 81.4%). The majority of respondents were female (83.7%, N = 128), African-American (90.2%, N = 138), and 66 years of age or older (79.1%, N = 121), with the average age being 72 years (SD = 10.1 years) (Table 1). Ninety percent (N = 138) of respondents reported living in a Super Neighborhood located in South Houston (Fig. 1), and the average length of residence was 34.3 years (SD = 20.2 years). Two in five (39.1%; N = 61) participants reported that flooding was an issue in their neighborhood, and 35.9% (N = 56) reported pollution was their largest concern. Fifteen percent (N = 24) identified public transportation as an unmet need and 10.3% (N = 16) identified insufficient public services and city maintenance issues.
Table 1 Distribution of study respondents by gender, race/ethnicity, age, and location of primary residence
Respondents had higher MCS than the U.S. mean of 50, with MCS for women of 52.19 (95% CI: 51.06, 53.32) and MCS for men of 53.22 (95% CI: 50.87, 55.56). However, PCS for women was 41.59 (95% CI: 40.74, 42.45) and PCS for men was 40.15 (95% CI: 36.94, 43.47) significantly lower - nearly a full standard deviation - below national mean scores (Table 2). These findings remained consistent after adjusting for the age of respondents (There was no statistically significant correlation between PCS and years lived in the neighborhood (Fig. 2). However, longer length of residence in the neighborhood was positively correlated with MCS (R2 = 0.034; p = 0.031) (Fig. 3).
Table 2 Two-tailed t tests of mean mental and physical composite scores by gender compared to the standardized national average of 50
Physical composite score (MCS) by years lived in the neighborhood
Mental composite score (MCS) by years lived in the neighborhood
Although mean MCS and PCS among both male and female respondents were significantly different than the standardized national average, in multiple linear regression models, other than residence tenure and MCS scores, there were no differences in MCS or PCS by gender or age of respondents and PCS was not affected by tenure (Table 3).
Table 3 Multiple linear regression comparing mental and physical composite scores by gender, tenure of current residence, and age
In this sample of Houston residents that attend communal events through Charity Productions and attended a community engagement event specifically focused on disaster preparedness and recovery from Hurricane Harvey, 90% of respondents reported living in a majority minority South Houston Super Neighborhood, including Central Southwest, Sunnyside, Southpark, South Acres / Crestmont Park, and Greater Hobby Area. South Houston neighborhoods shoulder a burden of excess rates of poverty and unemployment [36] and are susceptible to flood-related damage and exposure opportunities [37]. These neighborhoods have been identified as highly socially vulnerable and having low capacity to prepare for and respond to the stress of hazardous events due in part to their low SES, the prevalence of households that include children, the elderly, or disabled members, a lack of access to transportation, low rates of home ownership, and minority race/ethnicity [38].
While mental and physical health are generally correlated, in this sample respondents reported better than average MCS and worse than average PCS. This is noteworthy as previous research with similar populations has found a rough parity between MCS and PCS. For instance, a cross-sectional study of low-income African American residents of Nashville, Tennessee (N = 1721) utilized the SF-12v2 to assess mental and physical health, finding that mental health and physical health often rose or fell together and mean MCS and PCS were only 6 points apart [39]. In this study, there was more than a 12-point difference in respondent's mean MCS and PCS, more than a standard deviation. These differences may offer insight into the benefits of promoting mental health among vulnerable communities through engagement in civic events focused on disaster preparedness, response, and recovery.
As this study was conducted among a group of community-engaged individuals attending one of several community events throughout the year, it is possible that their engagement was beneficial to their mental health resilience to the impacts of Hurricane Harvey. In research after Hurricane Sandy, Lowe et al. (2015) identified socioeconomic disadvantage, non-Hispanic Black race, and older age as characteristics associated with higher rates of posttraumatic stress [40]. After Hurricane Katrina, white women, older women, and women with a partner were found to be more resilient from depression and post-traumatic stress disorder [41]. However, several models emerged after the Hurricane and the Deep Water Horizon oil spill that demonstrated ways in which faith-based, governmental, and academic groups could come together to improve disaster mental health and resilience [42, 43]. These resident's long-term tenure in their neighborhoods may have facilitated community connections – of which attendance at this community event was one manifestation – that were protective and supported resilience that was operationalized through a relatively rapid return to a pre-disaster state [44]. Further, increased social cohesion, even outside experiencing hazardous events, has been demonstrated to mitigate many potentially negative impacts on mental health and could account for the relatively high MCS scores [45].
Also, among this sample, physical health remained consistent over increasing community tenure, whereas mental health showed a marked and significant improvement the longer individuals lived within their respective communities. Ample evidence exists indicating physical health issues within this community, for instance the mean life expectancy for Harris County and Houston, Texas in 2014 was approximately 79 years, while Sunnyside residents had an estimated mean life expectancy of only 71 years from 2010 to 2015 [46]. Although our sample was small, this lends support to the hypothesis that community cohesion can improve mental health, even in an aging community with physical health issues and provides initial evidence for a pathway to improve lives through interventions targeting communal networking improvement projects.
This study has several important limitations. Primarily this study lacks a matched comparison group to directly assess our results with other groups of differing SES, community cohesion, and exposure to the hurricane. Secondly, since the survey respondents were all attendees at a community engagement event, these findings may not be generalizable to residents of the same Super Neighborhoods that are not engaged in similar organizations. Further, as this event required individuals to travel to a designated location, it may have missed the most vulnerable and those with the greatest physical or mental health challenges. Although no mental and physical health assessments involving this population were conducted before Hurricane Harvey, the present study can provide baseline measures with which to compare future research and generate improved hypotheses. A strength of this study is that the survey was self-administered, limiting potential response bias compared to an interviewer administered survey [47].
Improving our understanding of the complex relationship between the mental and physical health impacts of disasters and the potential for active engagement to mitigate these impacts through increasing individual resilience, even among minority residents of environmental justice communities, will require additional longitudinal research. In the meantime, these data can serve as a baseline for understanding the potential benefits of engagement on mental wellbeing after natural disasters within vulnerable communities.
EPA:
FEMA:
HCFCD:
Harris county flood control district
HSC:
Houston ship channel
IfSC:
The Texas A&M university institute for sustainable communities
MCS:
Mental composite score
PAH:
PCS:
Physical composite score
SES:
Low socioeconomic status
SF-12v2:
12 item short form health survey version 2
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Consent of publication
Research reported in this publication was supported by the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences of the National Institutes of Health under Award Number P42ES027704, the Superfund Research Program (https://superfund.tamu.edu/). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Research Assistant Professor, Environmental and Occupational Health, Texas A&M University School of Public Health, College Station, TX, 77840, USA
Garett T. Sansom
Research Associate, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Texas A&M University School of Public Health, College Station, TX, 77840, USA
Katie Kirsch
Professor and Founding Director, Epidemiology Program, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19713, USA
Jennifer A. Horney
GS and JH collected survey data. GS analyzed and present statistical results. GS, JH, and KK were major contributors in writing the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Correspondence to Garett T. Sansom.
Participants were given an information sheet on details about the research and verbal consent was collected from each participant. Verbal consent was sought to decrease the time burden on participants and increase response rates. This research and approach was reviewed and approved by the Texas A&M University Institutional Review Board (#15-0648D).
Sansom, G.T., Kirsch, K. & Horney, J.A. Using the 12-item short form health survey (SF-12) to assess self rated health of an engaged population impacted by hurricane Harvey, Houston, TX. BMC Public Health 20, 257 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-8349-x
Self-rated health