Depiction from 1960 of the most up-to-date West German gas centrifuge, with capability to spin at 300 meters- per-second (Source: page 8 from document 4: report by Union Carbide Nuclear Division).
An early CIA report [document 1] on the Soviet gas centrifuge project based on an interview with a returned German prisoner-of-war.
An AEC study [document 6] which found that the gas centrifuge method posed a somewhat greater proliferation risk compared to the "plutonium reactor route" because it was a "slightly more attractive" method of producing fissile materials. According to the study, while reactors had a "proven" track record as a source of fissionable material, they required more specialized equipment, more labor power, were difficult to hide, and required more uranium, among other considerations.
AEC experts found that West Germany had the "most extensive and most complete gas centrifuge program in the world at this time" and as long as their work proceeded on an unclassified basis it could aggravate the "Nth power" problem. For example, the AEC's director of classification worried that an "unfriendly" country like China might someday acquire the gas centrifuge on the open market [see documents 2 and 6].
To prevent the diversion of gas centrifuge technology into weapons programs, in 1960 the AEC staff recommended safeguards and classification of technology. Because classification could only limit dissemination of the latest centrifuge advances, safeguards on the export of centrifuges and controls over uranium trade would be important elements of an international system [see document 6].
Union Carbide revised its estimate of the time frame for building a centrifuge plant in 1964, finding that class "X" countries would require 8 years, but 5 years if they had some "technical knowledge" of U.S. developments. Class "Y' countries would need about 9 years, but about 7 years if they had knowledge of U.S. developments. They would have to import some hardware and equipment. Class "Z" countries could not develop centrifuges on their own, but with technical advisers, knowledge of U.S. developments, and imported equipment, they could do it in about 9 years [see document 9].
During the following decades, scientists in the United States, Germany, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, and the Soviet Union found that the gas centrifuge technique had great potential to produce enriched uranium cheaply, efficiently, and effectively. Documents recently declassified by the Department of Energy shed light on late 1959-early 1960, when U.S. policymakers, already worried about the spread of nuclear weapons, became aware of the risk posed by the gas centrifuge. Since 1957, the Central Intelligence Agency had been coordinating the production of National Intelligence Estimates forecasting the prospects for further proliferation of nuclear capabilities and U.S. intelligence had discovered the existence of the Israeli nuclear program. The NIEs found that a world with more nuclear powers would pose difficult and undesirable challenges to U.S. influence in world affairs. In this context, the proliferation of gas centrifuge technology could aggravate what policy advisers were beginning to characterize as the "Nth" country problem (that some indeterminate number of countries might develop a nuclear capability).
What contributed to high-level concern about nuclear proliferation via gas centrifuges was not only that such countries as West Germany had a "lead" in the technology, but that their research and development programs were unclassified. The Germans and the Dutch were developing the technology for commercial purposes, so they could produce HEU for nuclear power reactors and eventually eliminate their dependence on U.S. supplies. The German and the Dutch programs, however, were completely uncontrolled at the time and the AEC saw a risk of proliferation if the technology leaked or if high capacity machines became available for export. Brazil had already purchased a number of machines several years earlier. While the AEC had declassified some findings from its classified centrifuge program, it was starting to tighten up controls, and concerns mounted that U.S. classification actions would be irrelevant if Dutch or West German centrifuge technology was unclassified.
Gas centrifuge technology developed further during the 1960s and 1970s, and began to operate on an industrial scale in the three countries–West Germany, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom–which established the URENCO consortium. Such operations remained confined to a handful of countries until the mid-1970s when Pakistani technologist A. Q. Khan stole blueprints from the Dutch URENCO plant in Amelmo in the mid-1970s. Within a few years, the Pakistani nuclear establishment had acquired dual-use technology from a number of suppliers that it used to establish a secret uranium enrichment plant at Kahuta. While the United States and allies attempted to halt or at least slow the Pakistani nuclear program, it was a half-hearted effort because Cold War priorities precluded a forceful nonproliferation policy. Indeed, during the 1990s, A. Q. Khan disseminated gas enrichment technology to Iran, North Korea, and possibly India.
A returned German prisoner of war from the Soviet Union may have been one of the U.S. government's earliest sources on the Soviet gas centrifuge program. His full name presently unknown, Kaiblinger may have been a highly skilled machinist who could use lathes to produce complex equipment. Apparently working in the late 1940s at Manfred Von Ardenne's Institute "A" –located in a former sanitorium in Sinop, Georgia6— Kaiblinger helped with Max von Steenbeck's centrifuge project. He did not see much progress; for example, he reported a comment by one of the Germans, Steudel (first name unknown or "fnu"), that "it could not actually be expected that the centrifuge system would ever be applied on an industrial basis." Kaiblinger provided the U.S. with detailed information on the institute, including a diagram of a centrifuge and the names of scientific workers, among them "Dr. Gerhard [sic] Zippe, a "mechanical physicist [who] worked on preliminary experiments of the development of the centrifuge." Despite the slow start, by the 1950s the Soviet centrifuge process was a highly successful one that, through Zippe's influence, shaped developments in the West.
The AEC's policy to declassify information on the gas centrifuge had a loophole-information could be classified when the technology "could reasonably be used for the production of large quantities of U-235." According to C.L. Marshall, the Netherlands and West Germany were making substantive progress in developing gas centrifuge technology and would eventually be able to build a "working plant for the mass production of U-235." New technology which would make that possible needed to be classified, he argued, because it would enhance the capabilities of an "unfriendly nation" to produce isotopes. Marshall pointed to China as one such country, although he was mistaken to argue that gaseous diffusion technology would not be in Chinese hands "for many years to come."7 To keep gas centrifuges off the "open market," Marshall proposed amending classified U.S agreements with the Netherlands and West Germany so that it would be possible for both countries to cooperate with the United States on the development of gas centrifuge technology on a restricted basis.
To "mitigate to some extent" the risk of nuclear proliferation, Wells proposed that the United States negotiate agreements with the Dutch and the Germans to classify and safeguard gas centrifuge technology. Cooperative research could be helpful by increasing the speed of U.S. progress but would also "enhance control" by the U.S. of the technology. With the complex diplomatic issues raised by the gas centrifuge, Wells asked the State Department to contribute its thinking.
This contractor report deeply informed the thinking of AEC officials. Its chief conclusion was that "in general, it would not be too difficult to build a relatively small clandestine gas centrifuge plant capable of producing sufficient enriched uranium for a small number of nuclear weapons." Industrial countries would have less trouble building and hiding such facilities but, according to Union Carbide, even a nation with "relatively limited industrial activity" could use this technology to produce a nuclear weapon in 8 years.
The Union Carbide study suggested that building a clandestine gas centrifuge plant was a difficult task but that a determined country could do it. What would make the technology attractive to a would-be proliferant was that the centrifuges could be relatively small (less than a foot in diameter) and mounted vertically, which meant they needed little floor space. A building of "modest dimensions" could contain a small centrifuge plant and it would be "difficult to detect, especially in an industrial country." Moreover, compared to the expensive gaseous diffusion enrichment process, the centrifuge method was relatively cheap—four megawatts would be required for the annual operation of a small plant compared with hundreds, perhaps thousands, of megawatts for a gaseous diffusion plant.
Those countries that found a way to produce gas centrifuges for a nuclear weapons program would have to solve other technological problems. Producing HEU for a nuclear weapon would require the creation of a "cascade" of interconnected gas centrifuges and "there has been no indication that anyone has successfully run even two interconnected centrifuges." This, however, was a problem of "plant design and process control" that could be solved. Moreover, a high-speed centrifuge required "suitable material" capable of withstanding high velocities. A "class X" country could solve these and other problems within the stipulated eight years.
The Atomic Energy Commission staff reviewed a number of developments which informed its support for action to classify the gas centrifuge program in the United States and overseas to mitigate proliferation risks. They took into account Union Carbide's findings and a recent General Electric study, which found that in five years (including three years of development) the United States could build a gas centrifuge plant which could produce U-235 at prices competitive with the AEC's current price structure. Other studies showed that the "centrifuge route, as compared with the reactor route … would be the easier to pursue both covertly and overtly." Moreover, recent developments, including Zippe's work at the University of Virginia, demonstrated the potential of the gas centrifuge: "the simplicity of [the Zippe group's] presently developed unit, along with materials improvement developed in missile programs, indicated the feasibility of a short tube unit showing considerable potential for isotope separation." Finally, the fact that the Germans already had the most complete and most extensive gas centrifuge program in the world at this time" made AEC officials want to prevent widespread dissemination of their knowledge. Yet, if the Germans and Dutch were resistant to classification, the AEC was willing to consider the possibility of putting its work on a nonclassified basis.
The AEC study treated classification and the application of safeguards as important to preventing the dissemination of knowledge about the latest developments, but AEC officials also proposed looking at the possibility of U.S. collaboration with the West Germans and Dutch centrifuge projects. Although the State Department's reaction to AEC proposals for classification and cooperation was equivocal, the Commission staff was determined to go forward. One of the recommendations to the AEC General Manager was to hold "exploratory discussions" with the Dutch and West German governments on the possibility of classifying the latest gas centrifuge technology.
The Atomic Energy Commission also approved a staff recommendation for talks with the British, Dutch, and West Germans on classification and control issues. The letter that General Manager Luedecke sent to Farley on 22 April transmitted the AEC's support for the prompt initiation of "exploratory discussions" to "seek control of gas centrifuge equipment and materials and control of centrifuge technology." The AEC and the State Department could send a team of officials to Western Europe to hold such talks.
A forthcoming Electronic Briefing Book will explore U.S. government collaboration with the Dutch, Germans, and British during the 1960s to mitigate the proliferation risk by classifying gas centrifuge technology.
This study extended and refined the 1960 Union Carbide study by taking into account the latest technological developments. Drawing on the results of the AEC gas enrichment program, it supported the basic conclusion that countries at more advanced stages of industrial development would be able to build a gas centrifuge plant for producing nuclear weapons on a clandestine basis. Significant information has been excised from this version of the document, including details on the progress of Union Carbide's successful efforts to produce high-speed gas centrifuges and a functioning cascade. These details are protected under the Atomic Energy Act's "restricted data" controls. Also heavily excised, to protect foreign government and intelligence information, are details of overseas centrifuge developments, including in the United Kingdom, West Germany, the Netherlands, as well as the report's conclusions about the time frames needed for class X, Y, and Z countries to build a gas centrifuge plant. A summary prepared in 1965 for the White House, reproduces the key conclusions (see document 9). Nevertheless, the release includes interesting information, such as the discussion of the considerations that could lead countries at various stages of industrial development to choose between plutonium-reactor and gas centrifuge routes for acquiring a nuclear weapons capability.
In this letter, Seaborg retransmitted the 1964 Union Carbide Nuclear Division study on gas centrifuges and the "Nth Power" problem, while bringing up additional points. He described the AEC's recent efforts to tighten controls over the dissemination of gas centrifuge technology, the latest development being to restrict access to the AEC's latest data to private industry. While understandings with the Netherlands and West Germany to keep gas centrifuge technology classified remained in place, the Germans strongly opposed U.S. proposals to formalize them, probably so that they could retain their freedom of action.
The summary of the 1964 Union Carbide Nuclear Company study includes information that the Department of Energy withheld in its recent release of the full study (see document 8 above). The key withholding concerns the estimates of the time frames needed for class X, Y, and Z countries to build gas centrifuge plants on a clandestine basis. As in the 1960 study, class X countries were those in an advanced state of industrial and educational development, such as Sweden, Japan, and West Germany; class Y countries had more "limited" development, such as Brazil, India, and Israel, while class Z countries had "little technological" or industrial "skill", such as Egypt, Peru, or Pakistan. According to the estimate, to develop a small plant capable of producing enough U-235 for a nuclear weapon, class X countries would require 8 years, but 5 years if they had some "technical knowledge" of U.S. developments. Class Y countries would need about 9 years, but about 7 years if they had knowledge of U.S. developments. They would have to import some hardware and equipment. Class Z countries could not develop centrifuges on their own, but if they had technical advisers, knowledge of U.S. developments, and imported equipment, they would need about 9 years. Physically concealing the plants "should present no problem." The velocities at which U.S. centrifuges could operate, which presumably could serve as a goal for other countries, was excised by DOE.
 . For an early report on the discovery of the Iranian gas centrifuge program and what U.S. intelligence learned about it during the 1990s, see David Albright and Corey Hinderstein, "The Centrifuge Connection," The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, March/April 2004, 51-66. For an overview, see Houston G. Wood, Alexander Glaser, and R. Scott Kemp," The Gas Centrifuge and Nuclear Weapons Proliferation ," Physics Today 61 (2008): 40-45.
 . For useful background, see R. Scott Kemp, "The End of Manhattan: How the Gas Centrifuge Changed the Quest for Nuclear Weapons," Technology and Culture 53 (2012): 276-279.
 . Ibid., 279-297. For background on Zippe, see also presentation by Houston Wood, University of Virginia, at Woodrow Wilson Center for International Scholars, 20 January 2010.
 . Kemp, "The End of Manhattan," 293-297.
 . For a useful account of the German role in the early Soviet nuclear program, see Pavel V. Oleynikov, "German Scientists in the Soviet Atomic Project," Nonproliferation Review 7 (2000), especially pages 11-12 and 22-23.
 . China had already begun construction of the gaseous diffusion plant at Lanzhou, which was completed in 1963; see John Wilson Lewis and Xue Litai, China Builds the Bomb(Stanford CA: Stanford University Press, 1988), 113-125.
 . R. Scott Kemp, "The End of Manhattan," 291.


On 14 October 2011, Cobepa acquired a 32.7% equity stake in d&b audiotechnik GmbH ("d&b"), a leading sound system provider, from Odewald & Compagnie for an undisclosed amount.
International SOS and International Health Care (IHC), a Brazil-based provider of health advisory, occupational health and remote and offshore health services, announced a joint venture to leverage their mutual capabilities and services.
FActS Services and SGG agreed to combine their strenghts to increase their service offering and international solutions to its clients.
Zetes speeds up its market penetration in Africa by acquiring ProScan, a South African company specialising in Goods ID solutions.
At the first quarter the consolidated C.A. of the Group reached EUR 167 million against EUR 118 million at first quarter of 2010.


Jenny is Professor of Social Medicine at the University of Bristol and Director of NIHR CLAHRC West. Jenny along with Professor Richard Martin have been instrumental in the creation and development of Reach West. Jenny oversees the running and ongoing progress of Reach West.
Jenny's main research interests are in people's experiences of illness and health care and the acceptability of healthcare interventions. Other research interests are in perceptions of arthritis, compliance with medications, urinary incontinence, and methodological research attempting to improve the design and conduct of randomised controlled trials of healthcare interventions using qualitative research methods.
Verity works as a Research Associate in Applied Health Research at the University of Bristol and the NIHR's CLAHRC West. Verity's main project since coming to Bristol has been to establish and manage Reach West and has been the project's lead applied researcher since its beginning.
As well as focusing on Reach West, Verity is also involved in other research projects as part of NIHR's CLAHRC West. Verity has a BSc (Hons) in Medical Genetics and a PhD in behaviour change theory and its role in the implementation of genetic knowledge and utilisation among healthcare professionals.
Chris is the lead administrator for Reach West. Chris work as the Information Officer for NIHR CLAHRC West and conducts administration for various other project within this team.
Chris has an extensive background in administration and customer service and in previous roles has designed and implemented various computer systems. Chris has been involved in producing multimedia content for several advertising campaigns as well as creating and maintaining websites and social media platforms.
Ruta acquired skills in systems development when working for the NHS and now uses these skills to build the platform for Reach West and manage the collected data.
Ruta graduated from the University of Vilnius in Lithuania with a BSc in Mathematics and Statistics. Following this she moved to the West of England and obtained an MSc in Statistics and Management from UWE.
Richard is Professor of Clinical Epidemiology at the University of Bristol. Richard along with Professor Jenny Donovan have been instrumental in the creation and development of Reach West. Richard oversees the research side of Reach West, both in developing Reach West but also in managing applications from research teams.
Richard's main research interests are: i) prostate cancer, predicting its progression and secondary and tertiary prevention of the disease via population-based screening and nutritional and lifestyle interventions; ii) the short- and long-term child and adult health effects of breastfeeding and early growth; and iii) uncovering unexpected beneficial and adverse effects of commonly prescribed drugs through pharmaco-epidemiological studies.


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Kappa opto-electronics develops and manufactures high-performance standard and customized CCD cameras for medical, industrial and scientific imaging, and military and law enforcement applications. Camera range includes analog and digital technology, miniature, X-ray, near infrared and cooled versions. Cameras can be shock-, vibration- and temperature-resistant.


Fan: I like your orange shirt; I'm a fan of the Orioles also.
Me: Really? How many years have you been following them?
Fan: I don't know, I think I was kind of born a fan.
Me: Do you get to go to many games?
Fan: Yes, I go once every four or five years.
Me: So you watch them on television quite a bit?
Fan: The Orioles have their own network?
Me: Who is your favorite player on the Orioles?
Fan: I really like Boog Powell and Brooks Robinson.
Me: You do know that those guys are in their 70s now, right?
Fan: Really? It only seems like a couple years ago that I saw them in Memorial Stadium.
Me: That's where you would have seen them. That place has been torn down and the Orioles have played now at Camden Yards for the past 25 years.
That's not much of a fan, is it? But a lot of people are like that about their faith. They say they love God and serve him, though they've forgotten how to get to church or how to live in a way that demonstrates a values system consistent with their profession.
This is essentially what James in getting at in today's passage. At first glance, one can see why Martin Luther struggled mightily to believe that James was a legitimate part of the Scriptures. It sounds like he is asserting that salvation is based upon works and good deeds – the very opposite of the of the primary teaching of the Reformation and the Protestant Church. But James is just so strongly stating the necessity of works as the genuine proof and outcome of salvation, not as the means of gaining salvation.
Merely believing in God isn't enough. As James will say, that doesn't make you any better than Satan's servants – who know that God is real.
And James will go to the great Jewish father of faith – Abraham. Yes, it was faith in God's promises that gave the crediting of righteousness to Abraham, but that wouldn't have been worth anything if he did not act upon that faith with obedience – to the extent of offering his only son Isaac on the altar.
On the other end of the spectrum, James illustrates the combination of faith and works with reference to the prostitute Rahab. She didn't just say she believed, she acted upon her faith in helping the spies from Israel.
As a pastor, I do worry about people who claim to know and follow Christ, but who seldom make it to church. I worry about people who do attend but who seldom get involved in anything and give nothing of themselves. I don't want to say they don't have faith, but the absence of works of service raises the question of the genuine nature of their belief.
Faith and works are like the two sides of a dollar bill, you can't have the genuine article with just one side.
James 2:14 – What good is it, my brothers and sisters, if someone claims to have faith but has no deeds? Can such faith save them? 15 Suppose a brother or a sister is without clothes and daily food. 16 If one of you says to them, "Go in peace; keep warm and well fed," but does nothing about their physical needs, what good is it? 17 In the same way, faith by itself, if it is not accompanied by action, is dead.
This entry was posted in For Our City and tagged James 2:14-26 by Randy Buchman. Bookmark the permalink.
Fascinating (I suppose) that there is so much controversy about Faith Vs Works or Faith and Works. We tend to think that the spiritual traditions we inherent are so perfect and we have such pure truth.
The words "work" "labor" and "endurance" have slightly different meanings in English, yet I'm not going to waste too much time parsing words.
There is no end of writing on these topics. We are called though, to love and pray for each other, including those who have different backgrounds (theological, cultural, educational, racial, economic, etc).
1 Thessalonians 4:9 speaks about this love.
Sometimes this love comes from shared suffering and sometimes from sharing each others burdens. But friendship does require knowing each other.


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Acquired from Unibail-Rodamco in 2011 as part of a wider portfolio, which also includes Bålsta Centrum, Burlöv Center and Haninge Centrum, Väsby Centrum is a popular centre in northern Stockholm with an annual footfall of over six million.
As well as office and leisure space, there are around 80 retail units dedicated to daily goods and fashion, including COOP, ICA, H&M, Lindex and Normal. It also houses important local services such as dentist, GP surgery and children's health care centre.
In 2018, Väsby Centrum was named Climber of the Year in Evimetrix's annual survey on Stockholm's favourite shopping centres. The award was based on a number of factors that shopping centre visitors deem the most essential in creating a successful shopping experience, such as enjoyment, service levels, attractiveness, and the range of goods and services on offer.
The award reflects the successful implementation of a two year strategy to drive performance, which included refurbishment projects, increasing the area dedicated to food and beverage and environmentally sustainable improvements.
Visit the Väsby Centrum website
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Page 274 - Gallery Design of Home And Furniture | Dumpjaygarner Replacing Bathroom Vanity. Area Rugs 8x10 Cheap. Table Lamp With Nightlight Base.
collection of galleries from Home And Furniture like Replacing Bathroom Vanity. Area Rugs 8x10 Cheap. Table Lamp With Nightlight Base. and other designs you might like Arched Window Wall Decor. In Shower Body Lotion. Fleurco Shower Doors. King Size Upholstered Bed. Martha Stewart Outdoor Furniture Home Depot. Best Shower Panel System. Ceiling Hugger Fans Without Lights.


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Girlfriend or Mars? RT interviews Mars One hopefuls
Published time: 11 May, 2014 15:41
A photo of Mars dunes taken by NASA's Curiosity rover on February 19, 2014 (NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS) © NASA
As the ambitious crowd-funded project Mars One narrowed down the candidates for the first Mars colonization to just 705, RT asked two possible trailblazers, one from Quebec and one from Moscow, why they are so determined to take a one-way space ticket.
This week, the international "not-for-profit foundation" seeking to establish a permanent human settlement on the Red Planet – Mars One – announced that only 705 of more than 200,000 applicants for the one-way flight to Mars have been left after medical and other tests.
"We're incredibly excited to start the next phase of Round 2, where we begin to better understand our candidates who aspire to take such a daring trip. They will have to show their knowledge, intelligence, adaptability and personality," Mars One chief medical officer, Norbert Kraft, said in a statement on the project's website.
Of the shortlisted 418 men and 287 women from all over the world, only six teams of four will be eventually selected, according to the project's plan.
RT's Matt Trezza asked two of the remaining Mars One candidates, Canada's Norman Green and Russia's Anna Popenko, how they have come to terms with that there is no coming back from the mission.
"The thought has been there since the very, very beginning that this is a one-way trip. If it became possible to come home after several years, I'm not even a 100 percent sure that I would jump on that ship, simply because it's not part of the mission, it's not in the plans of the mission," Green, a father of two, told RT.
Popenko too never had a shadow of doubt that the dream mission to Mars is the thing she needs, despite outside attempts to discourage her enthusiasm. She said she was even told by a Russian cosmonaut Maksim Surayev, "You'd be better finding a husband, having children and being happy. Why do you need this Mars?"
However, Popenko and several dozen other Russian candidates have already decided their priorities in life, she said.
"Our Russian guys, when asked about finding a girlfriend instead of going to Mars, they say: "Can you ever pretend there are girlfriends that can be better than Mars?"
Both interviewees say they realize that they will not escape missing their family and will have to make do without many other habits, too, while living in extreme Martian conditions in a fragile settlement.
"I would miss surely my friends and my family, but, apart from this, I think eating meat. We will all have to become vegetarians," Popenko said, smiling.
Green's children may also have to bid him farewell at the age of 16 and 20, if he blasts off to Mars in 2024. But for the Quebecois, humankind's future in space is at stake.
Asked if he sees Mars One mission as trailblazers, Green said:
"Absolutely! Every science fiction movie that we have seen, that takes place in space or on the other planet, had to start somewhere. And it looks like it's going to be us."
Despite massive enthusiasm surrounding the project, many are still skeptical it will be able to raise even the very modest set sum of $6 billion to cover the flights, the equipment and the preparations for establishing a human settlement on Mars. So far, a total of $544,000 has been raised, as of February 28.
However, the project's team hopes to turn the first Martian settlers' work into a reality show to help raise the money. It also has a detailed roadmap of the project, involving the use of commercial SpaceX Falcon Heavy spacecraft for the launches.
The project's website also warns candidates that the training work will become their "full time job" even before their final approval for the mission.
"Teams of prospective Mars settlers will be prepared for the mission by participating full-time in an extensive training program… Whole teams and individuals might be selected out during training when they prove not to be suitable for the mission," a Mars One statement says.
Red Christmas: Billionaire eyes private Mars mission in 2017
Potential Martians: Mars One selects 1,058 hopefuls among 200,000 applicants
NASA offers explanation for Mars mystery light
Water was flowing on Mars 200,000 years ago – scientists
NASA wants greenhouse on Mars by 2021


The constitutional roles of the state are to make and execute laws for the good of governance of the state; provide social amenities for the general welfare of the people; provide a conductive and safe climate for the industrial development of the state and secure the lives and properties of its citizenry.
The membership of this body, which is the highest governing organ in the state, consists of the executive Governor, who is the chairman, the deputy Governor, the commissioners, the secretary to the state Government, the head of service and the Chief of staff.
To make laws for the good governance of Edo state, it exercises this function through debates on the floor of the House and the constitution of relevant standing and adhoc committees to reach unanimous agreements on all issues brought before it.
The House of assembly is also empowered by the constitution to invoke its quasi-judicial power by setting up commissions of inquiry to investigate and make recommendations on thomy sensitive issues.
These existing structures comprised of the High court of justice, the various grades of Magistrate Courts and Customary Courts, each conferred with specific judicial functions and jurisdiction.
It also offer legal advice to other government ministries, local Government parastatals and agencies.
The Edo state Customary Court of Appeal adjudicates over appeals from the Area Customary Courts it is headed by the president, Customary Court of Appeal.
Under the 1999 constitution, the independence of the local government is not total, but complementary. They are expected to galvanize and mobilize the people to appreciate and participate on state and federal programmes.
The functions of local government are basically.
Since the creation of Edo state on August 27, 1991, the local government structure and administration has undergone major changes ranging from the creation of six more local government areas in addition to the existing 12 to other radical changes.


A charmingly unique take on the classic Rhodesian, this Artisan was handcrafted from select quality briar by the talented artisans at Savinelli. The line typically offers up more artistic, Freehand renditions of classic shapes — a convention to which this piece caters well to. Soft and supple throughout, this piece forgoes the shape's characteristic beadlines or ridgelines around the waist, opting instead for a fetching array of crisp panels that taper toward the rim. It gives it a subtly floral appeal that's quite handsome.


There's been some significant developments for those who practice social media over the past few years and I think the most important is the recognition that social media isn't just an industry unto itself. It's growing up, maturing and and being recognized within businesses large and small as a disruptive force, a different way of thinking from recent years. The early adopters have gone through that phase where they created Facebook apps and Twitter accounts because the competition has them. They've talked about ROI until they're blue in the face. The result, I think that many more business leaders are recognizing they need to wrap their arms around social while applying the same sense they would for any other decision. The early adopters have made the mistakes, there's now a history of techniques and tactics to learn from.
The reason for this shift in my mind is(a) comfort levels and (b) that we're realizing this social media stuff isn't anything new. We're just doing what we've been doing for years, thinking about our customers and what they want. Businesses have a symbiotic relationship with customers, if you serve them well and meet their needs (product and service) they will return, just as they did for the Mom and Pop stores of years ago.
The big difference between now and Mom and Pop store era is the customers' ability to research quickly and efficiently reviews and word of mouth via social channels on demand. They ask people, and people tell them, lots of people. That's a lot of data being shared, stored and available online to analyze. Marketers are finally getting the tools that allow them to use their skills to assess opportunities and get feedback quickly via automation and customer feedback. This maturation of products has transitioned us to place where business can get back to setting goals and using data to inform their decisions. Less hype more smarts.
So what's this got to do with unicorns and rainbows? It's simple one of them is real and one of them is a myth you just have to recognize which one you want to spend your time looking for and focus your business dollars there.
Hint- rainbows are real and if you know what to look for you can find them, just like your customers. Unicorns on the other hand, well you decide. See, social media IS all about unicorns and rainbows after all.


Everyone knows Jack Tulle as a widower, a doting father, and an honest businessman. The problem is, it's all a lie. For eight years Jack has enjoyed the quiet life in the sleepy little town of Bodey, Colorado where he owns and operates the General Store. He sits on the town council. He dotes upon his eight-year-old, headstrong daughter, Abigail. He is even being sized-up as a prospective new member of the family by the bank president. But when the local saloon announces plans to host a grand prize poker tournament, Jack realizes it could spell trouble. One of the many secrets he's been hiding is that he used to be a con man — mainly underhanded poker, but he wasn't above the odd swindle when the situation presented itself. And a contest like the one his town is planning is sure to draw some old business acquaintances — fellows Jack would really rather not admit to knowing. Of course there's one man in particular Jack is worried about seeing — Tom Jude is the only person who knows the truth behind all his secrets. Tom wasn't just Jack's partner-in-crime, he was also the love of his life. And Tom knows things — like the fact that the little girl Jack is raising, really isn't his… As Jack scrambles to maintain his deceptions by lying to friends and neighbors as well as the child he has grown to love, he discovers the real truth: when your world is built on A Hundred Little Lies, exposing a single one of them can bring the whole thing crashing down.
Some time ago there was a book reviewed on this site which to me was an example of how not to write a lying character. Well, this book to me is an example of how much a skilled writer could do with a lying character — or with any character flaw, really. In this case, Jack is our liar. He narrates this story and I have to say that I fell in love with him from the very first pages of this book simply by reading how he interacts with his daughter Abigail. Actually seeing what kind of girl Abigail is, you cannot not help but like a father who brought up a child like her in my opinion. As the blurb tells us, for the last eight years Jack had been one of the pillars of the community in a small town in Colorado, but an upcoming poker tournament which he and several other residents are trying to stop from happening makes Jack feel that all his secrets could be exposed.
I really, really enjoyed the delicate touch the author uses to portray Jack, his determination not to be the person he used to be, him wanting to do the best he can for Abigail and worrying that he may not be enough to do the best he can. At the same time, for me it was easy enough to see that Jack was being pretty hard on himself, and even at his worst in the past, he was a decent enough person to take on the task he did. Jack is a wonderful example of the character I love the most — flawed but likeable and decent overall, just definitely not perfect. I liked how the author could say a lot without actually saying a lot, be it in the portrayal of Jack or other characters. When Tom Jude arrived in town, I was worried at first, because he seemed to be the kind of person Jack used to be, but then again very slowly the author showed me that what matters the most is that Tom was and is the kind of person Jack loved — and still loves — and that just may be enough for both of them.
Regarding Tom, I felt he was somewhat less developed than Jack and that he did not seem to evolve much since he and Jack parted ways. He still loves Jack and wants to be with him, he just has longer way to go.
Several other secondary characters were very well done, but Jack's daughter Abigail just charmed me. She was such headstrong, smart and well-written character, and her relationship with Jack was often enough just as center stage as him reconnecting with Tom.
A small niggle: at times it felt that the characters knew more than I did of the backstory. It was a bit confusing when they talked about things I did not know, but most of it was eventually revealed, so it was not a big problem at the end.
Fantastic Sirius… Many thanks for this thoughtful review.
Thanks for commenting Damon, I hope you will enjoy this one if you decide to give it a try.
Great review, Sirius! I enjoyed this story very much, too.
FYI, the cover artist is Paul Richmond.
Thanks Leslie, I just added the name of the cover artist, for some reason could not find him before.
Great review – I love this book and would agree with all the points you've picked out.


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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


The only reference devoted entirely to splicing today's ropes The Splicing Handbook includes step-by-step illustrations and explanations for the most useful and popular splices in traditional twisted and modern braided ropes, and it covers every kind of splicing project you are likely to encounter, including modern cordage such as Spectra; mainstream rope materials such as Dacron and nylon; and wire and rope-to-wire splices. Covers all the standard rope constructions using Dacron and nylon, including solid braid, double braid, parallel core, plaited, and three-strand Explains how to splice wire for sailboat shrouds and halyards Shows how to make a broad range of useful onboard projects--and several that will find uses around the home as well, including dog collars, netting, rope railings, and lanyards.
Succinct and jargon free, Stage Rigging Handbook remains the only book in any language that covers the design, operation, and maintenance of stage-rigging equipment. It is written in an at-a-glance outline form, yet contains in-depth information available nowhere else. This fully indexed third edition includes three new parts: the first, an explanation of inspection procedures for rigging systems; the second, a discussion of training in the operation of rigging systems; and the third, essential information about the operation of fire curtains. The remaining six parts, as well as the glossary and bibliography, have been updated. This edition also contains a new preface, many new illustrations, and expanded information on Nicopress terminations. Glerum explains that four main principles make up the core of this book: know the rigging system; keep it in safe working order; know how to use it; and keep your concentration. Glerum applies these principles to all of the major types of stage rigging systems, including block and tackle, hemp, counterweight, and motorized. He describes each type of rigging, then thoroughly reviews the operating procedures and methods of inspecting existing systems.
This fully indexed third edition remains the only book in any language that covers the design, operation, and maintenance of stage-rigging equipment.


Academy Award-winner Robert Redford (Best Director, 1980, ORDINARY PEOPLE) stars with Academy Award-nominee Kristin Scott Thomas (Best Actress, 1996, THE ENGLISH PATIENT) in this landmark epic adapted from one of the most acclaimed novels of our time! After a devastating riding accident, a young girl and her beloved horse are both left with serious physical and emotional scars. Determined to help, the girl's desperate mother (Thomas) puts her busy, big-city life on hold and travels west to seek out the "Horse Whisperer." When she meets this rugged, down-to-earth rancher (Redford), she discovers his extraordinary gift with animals also touches the lives of the people around him! Featuring Hollywood favourites Sam Neill (JURASSIC PARK) and Oscar-winner Dianne Wiest (Best Supporting Actress, 1994, BULLETS OVER BROADWAY) in a superb cast — critics and moviegoers alike were captivated by this powerful motion picture event!


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As the New Jersey construction accident lawyers at Eisbrouch Marsh know, some dangers are expected in a construction zone. But Gary Anderson, a 58-year-old delivery man, was killed in an unexpected freak accident at a construction site last week. He was delivering sheet rock to the site of a residential high-rise building being constructed in Jersey City, NJ, when a one-pound tape measure struck him in the head.
Anderson arrived at the construction site just before 9 a.m. the morning of the accident. The tape measure fell about 400 feet, from the belt of a worker on the 50th story of the building, hit a piece of metal a few feet higher than Anderson's head, and took a bounce to strike his head. Anderson left his safety helmet in his truck, taking the hit unprotected. Anderson was rushed to the hospital but died around 10 a.m. – an hour after he arrived at the construction site.
The building under construction, located at 70 Christopher Columbus Drive, is a nearly-completed luxury high-rise by developer Ironstate Development. It is to contain a hotel and two rental buildings. Expected to symbolize the revitalization of downtown Jersey City, the building will feature a roof deck with pool and tennis court. Construction was halted immediately after the accident.
NJ construction accident lawsuit liability
Construction sites are inherently dangerous, leading to more fatal injuries than all other industries. Each day in this country, there are almost 6.5 million people working on construction sites alongside heavy equipment, explosives, and scaffolding. These workers are surrounded by hazards like falling objects (such as the tape measure that took the life of Gary Anderson), equipment failure and structure collapses, and falls from dangerous heights.
With so many dangers, it is crucial to follow safety protocols. The legal liability for construction accidents can depend on a handful of factors like who had access to the site, who created the danger that caused the accident, and what kinds of precautions the worker took to protect him or herself. In addition, state-specific statutes of limitations set a deadline to file a NJ construction accident lawsuit.
There are also laws determining potential defendants when filing a personal injury lawsuit in New Jersey regarding construction accident injuries.
Eisbrouch Marsh, New Jersey construction accident lawyers
If you or a loved one has been injured in a construction accident, you may be entitled to compensation. If successful, you may be able to recover for pain and suffering, past and future medical bills, and lost wages due to the inability to work. If the accident resulted in death, compensation may also include funeral costs and lost future earnings. Our NJ construction accident lawyers can review your case to discuss the full scope of your options.
The lawyers at Eisbrouch Marsh are thorough and dedicated. We will perform a complete investigation to determine all aspects of both liability and damages. We will use our more than 20 years of experience in personal injury litigation to lobby on your behalf for a full and fair settlement. If a settlement will not provide all the compensation you deserve, we will take your case to a jury. Call us today for a free consultation.
NY Daily News, Man making delivery at Jersey City construction site killed by tape measure dropped from building's 50th floor, http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/delivery-man-killed-freak-job-site-accident-article-1.1997887
NY Times, Falling Tape Measure Kills Man at Jersey City Construction Site, http://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/04/nyregion/falling-tape-measure-kills-man-at-jersey-city-construction-site.html?_r=0
United States Department of Labor, Worker Safety Series: Construction, https://www.osha.gov/Publications/OSHA3252/3252.html


D-Groups consists of 3-6 men or women who are seeking to be intentional about growing in their faith. They are for those who want to be discipled and to learn how to disciple others. The meetings are designed to have intentional conversations that revolve around Scripture and include an accountability component to help "spur one another on." Here are some conversations that have been developed thus far. More to come!


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GOAT Film Reviews
In Search of the Greatest Films of All Time…
Oscar Madness
Top 250 Friday
31 Days of Horror
Tag: Common
[Early Review] The Kitchen (2019)
Director: Andrea Berloff
Cast: Melissa McCarthy, Tiffany Haddish, Elisabeth Moss, Domhnall Gleeson, James Badge Dale, Brian D'Arcy James, Margo Martindale, Common, Bill Camp
Screenplay: Andrea Berloff
102 mins. Rated R for violence, language throughout and some sexual content.
Andrea Berloff has a pretty solid resume for her writing, but The Kitchen is her directorial debut. The film, a 1970s-set Hell's Kitchen gangster picture, is a perfect showcase for her talents.
When three New York gangsters are sent to prison in the 1970s, their wives must find a way to make ends meet. They've all kept relatively out of the family business, and when the family promises to help them financially, they still can't afford to pay their bills. Kathy (Melissa McCarthy, The Heat, Can You Ever Forgive Me?), Ruby (Tiffany Haddish, Girls Trip, Kevin Hart's Guide to Black History), and Claire (Elisabeth Moss, The One I Love, TV's The Handmaid's Tale) decide to take matters into their own hands and actually provide protection to all the businesses who pay money to the crime family, but their plan creates an internal struggle within the family as the balance of power drastically shifts in Hell's Kitchen.
I want to start by stating that I've not read the comic-book miniseries that the film is based on. I will say that, for a first feature, Berloff jumps a lot of hurdles that could have really been problems in this film. She has three strong actresses leading the film, and each one has a unique take on their situation. Kathy has a loving husband and just wants to survive until she begins to like the power. Ruby has never been loved by mother-in-law and family head Helen (Margo Martindale, August: Osage County, Instant Family) because of her skin color and sees this as an out. Claire has been beaten on a daily basis by her husband and decides that she isn't going to be a victim when the men all go to jail. Claire develops a bond with the unstable but doting Gabriel O'Malley (Domhnall Gleeson, Ex Machina, Peter Rabbit).
The film has some nice cinematography and the editing keeps everything moving pretty nicely until the final act, which I felt was more stretched out than it needed to be. One of the reasons it's all the more noticeable is that some of the most surprising story beats in the final 30 minutes are brushed by while some of the more expected plot points are drug out far more than they needed to be.
The only other flaw in the film for me is that certain events play out a little too easily for our main characters. I kept recalling throughout the film that these three wives were never really involved in the family business and yet they took to it so easily that they were able to hold their own against more seasoned gangsters with ease. I would have liked more struggle for them as they make mistakes and learn from them early on. That's the story that would've engaged me more.
The Kitchen is a stylistic pulpy gangster film that sees a pretty standard "rise to power" tale from the point-of-view of characters that don't normally get to be a part of that type of story. Andrea Berloff keeps a nice mix of tension and comedic relief that kept me guessing, even if the story beats occasionally drifted to tropes. The dialogue is snappy and the performances, especially from McCarthy, Haddish, and Moss, are the true strengths here. It's an imperfect movie, but it's one I would gladly see again.
-Kyle A. Goethe
[Happy 5th Birthday!] Date Night (2010)
Director: Shawn Levy
Cast: Steve Carell, Tina Fey, Taraji P. Henson, Common, Mark Wahlberg
Screenplay: Josh Klausner
88 mins. Rated PG-13 for sexual and crude content throughout, language, some violence and a drug reference.
Steve Carell (TV's The Office, Alexander and the Terrible, Horrible, No Good, Very Bad Day) and Tina Fey (TV's Saturday Night Live, This is Where I Leave You) are comedic powerhouses with great chemistry, and in Date Night, from director Shawn Levy (Real Steel, Night at the Museum: Secret of the Tomb), they get the chance to play with it, even with the screenplay's excessive shortcomings.
Carell and Fey play the Fosters, Phil and Claire, and they need a new spark of romance in their lives. Their friends are getting divorced from a lack of love and they desperately want a date night to change it all, so when the tables are booked at the new restaurant, they take the table reserved for the absent Tripplehorns and enjoy their night. That is, until a case of mistaken identity leads to a seedy underworld of bad cops, worse mobsters, and a missing flash drive containing some very dangerous content and the Fosters have more on their plates than a missing spark.
Carell and Fey have tremendous chemistry and play so well off of each other, while director Levy controls the camera nicely lobbing back and forth between action and comedy. We also get some great cameo work from Mark Wahlberg (Boogie Nights, The Gambler), James Franco, Mila Kunis, and more.
The biggest issue here is from screenwriter Josh Klausner (Shrek Forever After: The Final Chapter, The 4th Floor) and his disappointing script. It has a nice general outline; there are laughs here and action there, but rarely do the two meet on equal ground (the dual-car car chase is an exception) which doesn't give the leads much to do to flash their creative abilities.
The leads perform quite admirable and carry the film much better than most others could, which help make Date Night a worthy view of a film, even if it suffers from pitfalls of a less-than-worthy screenplay.
For my review of Shawn Levy's Night at the Museum, click here.
For my review of Shawn Levy's Night at the Museum: Battle of the Smithsonian, click here.
[#2015oscardeathrace] Selma (2014)
Director: Ava DuVernay
Cast: David Oyelowo, Tom Wilkinson, Carmen Ejogo, Andre Holland, Tessa Thompson, Giovanni Ribisi, Lorraine Toussaint, Stephen James, Wendell Pierce, Common, Alessandro Nivola, Keith Stanfield, Cuba Gooding Jr., Dylan Baker, Tim Roth, Oprah Winfrey
Screenplay: Paul Webb
128 mins. Rated PG-13 for disturbing thematic material including violence, a suggestive moment, and brief language.
Academy Award Nominee: Best Motion Picture of the Year [Awards Not Yet Announced]
Academy Award Nominee: Best Achievement in Music Written for Motion Pictures, Original Song ("Glory" by Common, John Legend) [Awards Not Yet Announced]
Selma is the story of a key moment in the life of Martin Luther King, Jr (David Oyelowo, Interstellar, A Most Violent Year): the fight for the right to vote. King has tries to get help from President Lyndon B. Johnson (Tom Wilkinson, Batman Begins, The Grand Budapest Hotel), but to no avail. His wife, Coretta (Carmen Ejogo, TV's Zero Hour, The Purge: Anarchy), would hope to keep him out of harm's way. But in Selma, Alabama, a woman named Annie Lee Cooper (Oprah Winfrey, The Color Purple, The Butler) can't even get registered to vote. King takes his civil rights movement to Selma in hopes of swaying Governor George Wallace (Tim Roth, TV's Lie to Me, Pulp Fiction) to let them vote.
While the film Selma isn't perfect, it does contain some of the more perfect casting and performance work of the past year. David Oyelowo is the spitting visage of the late Dr. King. He has the look, he has the voice, and he has the mannerisms down to a science. Tom Wilkinson plays the former President filled with self-doubt and delusion. Rapper Common (TV's Hell on Wheels, Smokin' Aces) gives one of his best roles as James Bevel, as does Wendell Pierce (TV's The Wire, Parker) in the position of Reverand Hosea Williams. We also get some great turns from some major Hollywood players, like Martin Sheen and Dylan Baker (Spider-Man 2, Anchorman 2: The Legend Continues), in small roles to elevate the craft of the other actors to something truly great.
Director Ava DuVernay's camera is more stoic than static, offering what feels more like a live docu-drama than a sweeping picture, but that isn't necessarily a bad thing, but it did mess with the flow slightly.
I really enjoyed the song "Glory" from Common and John Legend that plays over the closing credits. It displays a plethora of African-American cultural music from the time of Dr. King to present day.
Ava DuVernay's Selma is a film that must be watched, if only for the powerful messages it conveys. I honestly did not know as much about this facet of the Civil Rights Movement, in particular the events in Selma, Alabama, and so I found the film engaging and shocking at times, and definitely worth your time.


South Korea's nuclear power plant operator is conducting a two-day drill to test its resilience to digital attacks, following a series of posts on Twitter from a hacker claiming to have compromised power station computer networks.
Korea Hydro and Nuclear Power (KHNP), which runs 23 reactors and supplies around a third of the country's electricity, kicked off the drill on Monday morning. The hacker posted designs and manuals for two reactors, along with personal information about 10,000 KHNP workers, online via Twitter late last week.
Then, on Sunday, the hacker threatened to release further information unless three reactors were shut down from 25th December. The government says it is handling the incident with "extreme care," though it hasn't yet managed to identify the culprit.


Denny and Mike O'Brian and unidentified bartender in William Finnigan's Saloon. Circa 1912. Courtesy William Finnigan collection.
Miss Ethel Baxter moved from her parent's home on Pilgrim Creek into Noxon in 1907 to work for Mrs. Clifford Weare in the Posts and Poles Store. Clifford was spending more and more time tending to his timber business. Women's white blouses were selling for $1.98 and long silk gloves could be bought for $1 a pair. Corsets and hosiery also were available. Men's suits cost $10 in Thompson Falls, but were not available in Noxon stores.
The coldest weather of the season gripped the valley for ten days during the middle of March, and the businessmen took advantage of it to lay in their supply of ice from the slough. Using ice saws, they cut blocks two feet thick. At the end of each day their muscles ached from using tongs to lift wet, slippery cakes onto sleighs; to be hauled to sawdust filled ice sheds behind the stores and saloons. Children and parents also enjoyed the last of the good skating of the winter.
The annual school board election placed Sheldon S. Brown on the Board of Trustees at Noxon for a three-year term. The community continued to be proud of its school and worked together to improve it.
Sanders County Commissioners granted a license to sell liquor at Noxon to William Finnegan (sic) January 5, 1907, and allotted Dr. E. A. Peek $400 per year as county health officer.
Finnigan's saloon had a seven-foot-tall, multi-mirrored backbar, one of the finest in the county. The false fronted frame building was conveniently situated nearly due south of the railroad depot on the north side of main street. Commodities for Finnigan's saloon in those early years of the century were shipped to Noxon by rail from the Caprice Commercial Company, Butte. Zin Coza tended bar when Bill went somewhere.
Charlie Maynard's Noxon Bar. Denny O'Brian, Sheldon S. Brown, Don Maynard, Jess Beason Bill Finnigan, Can Ryan, unidentified. Circa 1907. Courtesy William Finnigan collection.
Maynard installed a lighting system in his saloon that operated from a tank filled with gas and then pumped up with air from a hand-operated pump. Hollow tubes ran around the room. Mantles made of glass filament were on the ends of the tubes. Operated like a gas lantern, care was needed to turn the gas on slowly enough not to break the mantles. It provided lights as bright as any in the valley for the patrons of the popular saloon.
Jim Finnigan's home west of Noxon, circa early 1900s. Courtesy William Finnigan collection.
Tough elements roamed the area frequently. Clifford Weare, the storeowner at Noxon recalled once when a couple of toughs stabbed him in 1907.
"These toughguts were white kids 22 or 23 years old. George Music and George Brown. They came in my store and told everybody to get out. 'We're going to have a rough house here,' they said. And they were going to lick me.
"That was kinda foolish on their part," Weare would chuckle as he related the tale.
"One of them come around the front of me and the other come behind me. The one behind me had a knife and I didn't know it. But I hit the first fella and he just went down like he was beefed. And he stayed down. He never got up. But the other fella stuck a knife in my back as I was turning towards him. He just hit the shoulder so it didn't hurt me much. If he'd hit me right in the back, it'd of killed me. I went after him. And I put a head on him he could of drank out of a barrel."
Sheriff Massey came on the train from Thompson Falls. Weare told him the culprits were working around Noxon for several months cutting poles and posts and for some reason had a grudge against him. He said theyd waited their opportunity and when no one was in the store Sunday, they had commenced the assault. Massey found Music but Brown had gone back to camp. He deputized Bill Anderson to get Brown. Anderson brought Brown in on Tuesday. The two were held on $250 bond and the judge bound them over on $1,500 each. After the case dragged through court for two and a half days the men were found not guilty and released.1.
Clifford set tongues wagging and created a fearful row when he ran off with Ethel Baxter. After getting married in Greeley, Colorado they returned to the Posts and Poles Store at Noxon. Clifford took his small son, Neil, to live with them. Months later, his ex-wife Pearl, returned to Noxon for a time.
Clifford and Ethel Weare, returning on their railroad-bike after a successful fishing trip; Ethel carrying the pole while Clifford holds the char. Young Neil Weare had ridden behind Ethel, on the bike's bench-like seat. Courtesy Clayton Bauer collection.
The Union Sunday School was started and met at the schoolhouse, mostly at the urging of the women. Shelton S. Brown, one of the school trustees to approve the use of the building for this purpose, was nicknamed 'Sunday School' Brown by the sports in the saloons.
After James Corbett's wife divorced him, James found operating the store and hotel without her too much of a burden, so in January, 1908 he sold out to the McNall brothers, Lee and Filo, of Sprague, WA.2. They took possession on a Tuesday and put in a large stock of groceries, held a dance in their hotel and hired Mrs. Albert Fuller as cook in their hotel dining room.
Teaming up with Weare and the Finnigan brothers, McNall's cut ice and fill their icehouses from the frozen slough. Hay ran out in mid-winter, so Anderson and 'Sunday School' Brown had a carload of hay shipped in from Wicksville for their cattle. Edward Bauers put a cobbler shop in McNall's store, prepared to do all kinds of fancy shoe repairing and Filo McNall became the postmaster.
Three weeks later McNall' were erecting a new building.3. This early expansion encouraged the Finnigan brothers to add a lunch counter to their saloon; a much needed improvement.4.
Henry Arrard was granted a saloon license at Noxon March 4, 1908. On the second Thursday of November the newspaper reported him opening the Blue Front Saloon, but where he located is lost to history. Old timers say that saloons were on the flats near the river so Arrard's may have been there.
James H. Corbett became postmaster at Noxon on March 5, 1908, according to the National Archives, but newspaper articles named Filo McNall as postmaster. Evidently McNall acquired the position with the store and hotel, an added task to store keeping, which was not an business to operate. All commodities were 'put up' by the clerk, and then written down. The chore of scooping such items as macaroni, beans, or rice from a barrel, or climbing a ladder to get kerosene lamps, harness, boxes of crackers, and other items stocked on high shelves fell to him. Patrons were not expected or allowed to select their own items. From hardware to kerosene, just about every conceivable kind of non-perishable merchandise available was stocked in the stores.
Perishables such as milk, eggs, fresh vegetables, were gotten from local ranchers. Meat generally consisted of wild game or fish. Everyone hunted and fished just as everyone cut wood to get the necessities need for living in the valley. Beef was raised, butchered and brought from the Bull River country sometimes, but when Noxon stores added meat counters went unrecorded.
"There was always plenty of fish in the river and creeks," Helen Berray said.
"They were very good eating. There were firm fleshed whitefish, also, but they weren't too good eating but had a mild flavor.
"In late August we fished Ross Creek that fed into Bull Lake. There we used different kinds of fly hooks. We used ten pound salt sacks, two together, one inside the other with a piece of rope to hang over the shoulder, or a piece of overall strap to carry them home. Before we put the fish in them we would either pick some green fern or thimbleberry leaves and put in the bottoms to keep the fish from packing so close and getting soft before we got home.
"What we couldn't keep and eat right away I would make sardines of and can them, or can them with light mustard sauce.
"The deer were always plentiful and often we even canned some of it. We used to trap bear and eat them and use the fat to cook with. Bear oil was also very good to use if you had any trouble with bad dandruff or certain sores on your head.
"You shampooed your head good and put on bear oil but you really needed a cap of some kind at night to keep the oil off the pillow. It sure would help you to have nice hair.
"There were lots of grouse and we had them to eat most all during haying season. We never ate too many wild rabbits, as there was never many. At Heron there were lots of big gray squirrels and my brother, Frank, used to kill them and dress them. Mother would roast or fry them. They sure were good."
Merle Laramie, a homesteader on Bull River, began a deer farm and was known as "Napoleon" Laramie. With great patience the bachelor constructed a picket fence to contain the deer. He had goats on his place and sold meat. His cabin was of hand-hewed logs tightly chinked, snug and tidy with a tight cedar shake roof.
During the summer months of 1908, R. J. Perry platted the town of Noxon on Northern Pacific railroad land "granted and dedicated to the use of the public forever", by the railroad.
NPRR Depot at Noxon circa early 1900s. Courtesy Norman and Betty Larson collection.
"when he wanted it right to the center of a pin head I got disgusted and I threw down the chain and quit. He was about eighty years old and was the crabbiest old man I ever knew," Weare said.
"I think I explained to you some time ago that the company owns all of the land at Noxon and that there has never been any town site platted there. A number of people have put up their buildings on our right of way. To relieve the embarrassment (sic) of the situation you authorized me to have a small town site platted there. Such has been done, and the plat is enclosed herewith, for execution. I have made the town site about as small as it is possible to do so, as there is no likelihood that there will ever be a town of any size at Noxon."
The town site recorded January 23, 1909 lay in Section 19, Township 26N, Range 33W and was notarized in Minnesota by W. F. Van Derlyn.
The Noxon Hotel, owned by Mrs. Lena Baxter, was located at the west end of main streeet. Circa 1918. Courtesy William Finnigan collection. The General Merchandise Store to the east.
Maynard's saloon on main street turned out to be about twelve feet further west than his lot, so timbers were hewed and placed under it.
"Tom Moonen's hand stump puller was attached to the building and the saloon was moved so slow and careful that the guys inside played pool while it was being moved."5.
A group watching a parade, from the veranda of the Noxon Hotel, circa 1916. Ruth and Pearl Maynard are the 2nd and 3rd ladies from the left in the back row. The building was torn down in the 1930s by 'Happy' Carner, who built his garage with the lumber he salvaged. Courtesy Stella Gordon Dameron collection.
Corbett had sold out to the McNall brothers before George Huffman arrived and built a general merchandise store on the street running south at the end of the business district. The large glass front windows of his tidy frame building just below the base of the hill near the west end of town, faced east. Patrons could watch NPRR steamengines pulling eastbound and westbound trains puff into the station. Hoffman, a tall man of substantial girth who wore a black derby hat and a mustache, employed a team and wagon to move his cargo shipments from the railroad spur to his store.
Caption: George Buck's General Merchandise Store, built in 1908. Circa 1910. Courtesy Clayton Bauer collection.
Mr. and Mrs. Ura E. Ellis moved to Noxon from Kansas with their children, Della, Nettie, Pearl, Ura and William the summer of 1908. Ellis's acquired the Huffman store and gave a community dance in July to celebrate. Ellis's acquired the Huffman store and gave a community dance in July to celebrate. Mr. Wagoner is said to have had a store located on the north side of main street that preceded the one Huffman built. It was a big long frame building and sat right up against the railroad track. Wagoner often came into town with a team of oxen pulling his wagon.
L. G. Wagner with his oxen team in Noxon, probably at his own building. Circa 1908. Courtesy William Ellis collection.
The new 28-inch bell for the schoolhouse bell tower provided a reason for celebration in July 1908. It took several men to install the four hundred and fifty pound bell. Melodic peals rang on the cool night air, echoing throughout town and far into the surrounding canyons. One final crescendo heralded the dawn, as the departing merrymakers trekked homeward. It was another July night when two men entered the McNall store at the back door around l:30 a.m. They got into the dining room before McNall "put them to flight with guns."6.
The next month, on a hot August afternoon a deputy U.S. Marshall boarded the eastbound train with Clifford Weare, James Finnigan and Zin Coza in tow, taking them to Helena to "answer to a complaint filed against them for running a saloon on the (Cabinet National Forest) reserve."*6. In September W. R. Hayes McNall Brothers store and ordered in a large stock of groceries. Filo remained postmaster.
Fulks, unidentified, Mildred Weare, Ruby Fulks, Ruth Maynard, Hazel Lyons, Pearl Maynard, Charlie Knutson, Neil Weare, unidentified, unidentified. Front row standing left to right -- Blossom Johnson, Charles DeNoyer (or Mr. Baldwin), teacher; Madelein Brown, unidentified. Front row seated left to right -- Grace Gordon, Leonard Johnson, unidentified, Johnny Knutson, Solon Ellis. Middle row seated left to right -- Stella Gordon, Mammie Ellis, unidentified, Mable Fulks, Ed Lydie, Clayton Bauer, Billy Fulks, Beatrice Johnson, unidentified, Rhoda Knutson, unidentified, Ruth Knutson. Courtesy Stella Gordon Dameron collection.
Ura E. Ellis became the postmaster December 2, 1908, succeeding Filo A. McNall. The post office shifted two blocks west, to Ellis' store. Sleighs and cutters made icy tracks through deep winter snow to their doorway, and people who needed to boarded their horses at a log barn east of Hays store, across from the NPRR water tank. No matter the season, or whether main street was snowcovered, deeply rutted mud or powdered dust, Ellis' kept their glass-paned front store windows gleaming. They proudly celebrated their daughter's marriage to George Buck. GEORGE BUCK GENL MERCHANTILE, painted in large letters, soon decorated the store on the side parallel to the railroad tracks.
Fred W. Raynor was appointed constable of Smead Township on January 4, 1909 and on March 3rd, the commissioners appointed Ed Hampton Road Supervisor at Noxon. On May 10th, Ed Jackson and citizens of Noxon asked the commissioners to let road work by contract to the lowest bidder, but their request was denied.
Grant Clark had a little sawmill up at the first forks on Pilgrim Creek. He sawed the lumber for a hotel he had built in Noxon on the bench just south and east of Finnigan's saloon. Jim Finnigan apparently was the carpenter on it. Clark named it Hotel Montana. Built about this time in the development of the little settlement, the exact year of its beginning is unknown.
Grant Clark built this hotel on the hill. He sold it to Pauline Gordon, who added another wing. It was reported to be the best eating place in all of Sanders County while she operated it. Courtesy Stella Gordon Dameron collection.
Arthur and Fanny Hampton's cabin and another small cabin occupied lots on main street east of the stores, saloons and Baxter's Hotel. Mrs. Saint Clair acquired Boomers Hall, on the bench of land behind the two small homes. She had it converted to Cottage Rooms. Since it overlooked the dusty main street roomers had a bird's-eye view of activity at the NPRR's water tower on the north side. Fanny planted an oak tree beside their cabin. The oak tree thrived, thanks to water bucketed from the water tower across the roadway.
Cottonwood trees sprang up on railroad right-of-way land in Noxon. During two decades they grew tall on the rich, gravelly soil and sent leaf-covered limbs aloft to beautify the town. In springtime, eager children gathered morel mushrooms as fast as the crinkled succulents peeped through the deciduous-tree-leafmold surrounding the tree trunks. Sweetly aromatic sticky red coverings shed from bursting leafbuds coated shoesoles. Weeks before nature's spring crop of mushrooms ended, green-leafed canopies shimmered in the sun and shaded main street. When fall waned, the cottonwood's wind-rustled leaves fell to form thick, decaying mats, and forewarned settlers that snowfall might be expected anytime.
Noxon's 1st schoolhouse after first addition was added. Cleo Gore is the child in the swing. Courtesy Ed and Carrie Gore collection.
Students and teachers, circa after the addition to original Noxon schoolhouse. Courtesy William Ellis collection.
Sanders County Independent Ledger, June 7, 1907, and Sanders county court records.
Sanders County Independent Ledger, January, 1908.
Don Maynard oral tape-recorded history.
Sanders County commissioner's record: School was convened on September 4, 1906 at Noxon for the first time after Sanders County was formed. Miss Nina E. Clawson taught the term that closed April 26, 1907. Census for Noxon area listed 37 children between the ages of 1-18.
The pupils in the spring of 1907 were Ellis Anderson, Melvin Anderson, Madeline Brown, Vic Anderson, Cora Brown, Elizabeth Evans, Amelia Evans, Fern Fulks, Ruby Fulks, Mary Hampton, Lillian Raynor, Arthur Raynor, Neil Weare, Ruby Engle, Charles Knutson, Florence Whitford, Alexander Dun, James Riley, Goldie Fulks, George Hampton, Ernest Raynor, Edward Raynor, Mildred Weare, Alma Engle, John Knutson, Pearl Whitford, Letta Whitford, Mary Haugen and Lewis Bridget.
The school board was composed of J. E. Knott, Chairman, S. S. Brown, Clerk, and Mr. Van Dyke and William Beebe. It was still District No. 3. Records at the courthouse show that when school resumed the fall of 1907 Charles Wiggins was the teacher and District No. 10 had been formed. Mr. Wiggins was teacher again in 1908.
Ed Hampton was the first Clerk for School District No. 10. The first trustees were all three appointed on Sept. 12, 1907, which must be the date of annexation from District No. 3. Miss Josephine Bunn and Mr. Jim Saint taught classes there. Mr. Kurr, Mr. Styler, and Mr. Moran were the next teachers, respectively. Little seems to be known about them with the exception of Mr. Moran, who is reputed to have had the habit of throwing erasers at his pupils.
The voting registration boundary was changed to make Noxon Precinct No. 5. West of Tuscor to Smead Spur on the NP Railroad. Heron became Precinct No. 6 to the Idaho border.