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Calhoun Correctional Institution, Florida: A Gladiator School
By Stephen Shenfield July 10, 2022 at 11:44 am No Comments 14 Min Read
Calhoun Correctional Institution is one of fifty major prisons operated by the Florida Department of Corrections, the state's largest agency. It is in Blountstown, Calhoun County in the Florida panhandle. The warden is Mr. Heath Holland.
Calhoun CI has capacity for 1,350 men. A man who was there from 2009 to 2014 says that the actual number of inmates is about 1,600. There are some cells, but most inmates are accommodated in blocks of 70 bunks. The place is very dirty. In summer the heat gets unbearable, but the inmates have to bear it because there is no air conditioning for them (except when they get to go to the law library or if they are admitted to the infirmary).
A Digression: Who Was Calhoun?
In whose honor is this prison – and the county in which it is situated — named? Who was this Calhoun?
John Caldwell Calhoun (1782—1850) was a congressman from South Carolina and vice president of the United States from 1825 to 1832. He was an advocate of slavery. An advocate, not a defender. For unlike other politicians in the antebellum South, who defended slavery as a 'necessary evil,' Calhoun advocated it as a 'positive good' that benefited slaves as well as their owners. Old slaves in America, he argued, were treated more kindly than paupers in the poorhouses of Europe. There he perhaps had a point.
The name Calhoun is widely scattered across the map of the United States, in the North as well as the South. It has been attached to 14 cities, 12 counties, 79 streets, avenues, roads, lanes, and squares, 17 schools and colleges, 2 lakes, 2 parks – and several state prisons. Only 6 of these 130 or so objects have been renamed.
Sabrina's Petition
Let's start this account of conditions at Calhoun CI with a petition that Sabrina Sykes of Apopka, Florida addressed to the state governor on change.org, entitled 'Stop the Torture and Abuse of Inmates at Calhoun CI.' She recounts what happened to her son Keenan soon after his arrival at the prison in January 2019:
One Tuesday evening … a female guard accused him of rolling his eyes at her. A captain then took him into the bathroom off camera and told him he was going to gas and beat him and throw him into solitary confinement because he thought he saw him roll his eyes at the female guard. Keenan assured the captain that he did not roll his eyes. Keenan asked me to report the threat to the Inspector General's Office that same evening. I submitted the report via the IG website. The next day I received a call from Assistant Warden Kent. He thanked me for reporting the threat and assured me that an investigation would be made to ascertain exactly what happened…
I spoke to Keenan briefly on Friday evening (February 1) and asked him if all was well. He assured me everything was fine, but the guards who had threatened him would be coming on duty within the hour. At approximately 6:30 pm I received a call from another inmate. He told me that the guards did their walk through and immediately zoned in on Keenan. They took him into the bathroom off camera, stripped him, gassed him, beat him, and took him to the box. I received a call from another inmate who described how Keenan was sitting on his bed when the guards approached him, grabbed him, and took him into the bathroom off camera, where they gassed and beat him. I received a third call from the parent of another inmate, who let me know how upset her son was because he had just witnessed the guards snatch Keenan from his bunk, take him into the bathroom, and gas and beat him… All three witnesses have now been put in confinement as retaliation.
So the prison administration had ample warning. They could so easily have prevented the Correctional Officers (guards) from carrying out their threat against Keenan. Why didn't they? Perhaps they just didn't give a damn. Or perhaps they thought – unofficially, of course — that he should be severely punished for 'disrespecting a white woman'? After all, Florida was and remains part of 'the South' — even though it isn't one of the states that first come to mind when we hear the phrase. Many young black men have been murdered there for similar – often quite imaginary — offenses.
On February 9 Sabrina posted an update:
My son is still in 24-hour confinement. I have not heard from him even though he is permitted to write letters. He usually sends me two letters a week.
Another update followed on February 23:
The last letter I received from Keenan described his first four days in confinement after the guards gassed and beat him. They stripped him of all his clothes and left him there on the concrete without a pad to sleep on. No shoes, socks, pants, or shirt; he only had on his boxers. He then described how they turned on the ventilation fans to draw in the cold air from outside to further torment him. He now has clothes… They said they threw his clothes away because of the gas they used on him, but they should have replaced them immediately. I have been told an investigation is underway into the whole incident and he will not be released until it is completed… I am praying he will be transferred out of Calhoun CI.
There are no further updates, but more insight into conditions at Calhoun CI is contained in comments. Signatories are invited to leave a comment explaining why they have signed the petition. Quite a few of the comments – 22 out of 93 — mention abuse suffered there by the signatory or by a friend or relative (son, husband, brother, father). Abuse always takes place 'off camera.'
Wanda Goff: 'My husband is in Calhoun CI. I haven't heard from him in 9 days. I called and found out he was in the box, but I worry because I feel he would have written me by now if he was able. He has told me stories of ways the guards punish them. Making them strip down to their boxers and hug light poles in cold weather and other degrading, inhumane punishment. I'm scared every day that he's in that facility.'
Fatal Abuse
In several cases the abuse appears to have resulted in death:
Angela Jones: 'My ex-husband was just found dead last night in his confinement cell at Calhoun and I don't know what happened yet.'
Jessica Turner: 'My dad took his own life in a county jail, probably from all the trauma he experienced over the years in prison.'
Diane Howard: 'I have a son going through the system… Guards are killing and abusing our loved ones daily.'
Lisa Murphy: 'My best friend passed away last week because the guards are abusing the inmates… He was 33 years old, signed up for the Graphic Design Program there, due for release in 4 months, and now he's gone. It's the guards.'
Almost always the cause of death will be officially recorded as natural or accidental.
Note that even a prison sentence as 'short' as one year (sentences shorter than that are served in a local jail, not a prison) may turn out to be a death sentence when served at a place like Calhoun. A gentle young man sent there after being convicted of a minor non-violent offense will either perish, or come out a deeply traumatized suicidal wreck, or survive as a hardened and brutalized criminal. Do the judges who send youngsters to such hell holes really not know what they are doing? Or if they do, then how do they sleep at night?
Our comrade Joe R. Hopkins was at Calhoun for several months; he is now at Okeechobee Correctional Institution, which is a little less dangerous. He once remarked that Calhoun is a 'gladiator school' – a place where guards entertain themselves by forcing inmates to fight one another. A comment by a man who signed Sabrina's petition confirms this:
Bernard Kloss: 'I was an inmate there in 2012. The Laundry Sargent was very abusive, as were many other Correctional Officers. I too was gassed, threatened, and made to fight. If I refused, I was told that they would put me in the hospital with a new charge.'
COs sometimes unleash violence against visitors as well. In a letter to me one Calhoun inmate recounted these incidents:
When my mother came to see me, … the female guards patted her down hard and slammed her head up against the wall. I never got to see her, she died that same night. My wife, who was in the visitation room, heard what happened. She asked why my mother's head had been slammed and demanded to see the duty warden. Instead of the duty warden, a member of the rapid response team came to her table and told her to leave. She refused. She was picked up – she was only slightly over four feet tall – and slammed onto the floor, handcuffed from behind, picked up again, slammed onto the floor again, then dragged outside to the parking lot and transported to a local county jail, where she was warned not to file any complaints and released.
[On another occasion] when my wife came to visit me, she brought games and puzzles and donated them for the use of visitors and their kids, but they were put in the guards' trunks and taken away. When she asked why, she was attacked by several female guards. They beat her so badly that she was still bleeding on her way home.
Some comments complain about corrupt guards who smuggle drugs, cell phones, and other contraband into the prison. One mentions guards who are themselves drug addicts:
Wendy Sanchez: 'My husband is in there… One officer threatened to shoot him… These officers stay high on molly.'
'Molly' is a slang term for 3,4-methylenedioxy-methamphetamine (MDMA), also known as Ecstasy. It is a synthetic drug that alters mood and perception, enhancing energy and pleasure.
Guards and Gangs
Decent inmates face abuse not only from guards but also from fellow prisoners who are gang members, although here too the guards and especially the prison administration are at fault for giving the gangs free rein.
Here are some accounts of gang violence and its impact on decent prisoners:
Janna Romine: 'A couple of inmates have died this year and their deaths are under investigation. My grandson is currently in isolation following a gang-related incident in which he tried to protect a smaller guy. After finding out the Bloods now have a hit on him, he acquired a knife for defense and got put back in isolation with a DR [Disciplinary Report]. He has been incarcerated for 15 years with no DR and was looking forward to a re-hearing of his case. I have called the warden three times and reported this to the Inspector General. No answers so far. They say that they check on him around the clock, but he says that's not true.'
Prisoners under the threat of gang violence face a Catch 22. They know that the guards cannot be relied on to protect them. Yet if they arm themselves for self-defense they are disciplined and penalized. No attempt is made to distinguish aggressors from victims.
Angelwings Atilla: 'My son is there. He has been beaten and refused medical help. The guards let the gangs rule. They give them permission to beat and stab other inmates. The guards are not protecting the inmates; they are putting their lives in danger every day. There are several inmates asking for help to remove them from this hell hole run by dirty low-life gangsters. The warden, his assistant, the guards, the medical staff — all evil… They let a young man die this month, putting him in the hole with meth in his stomach. Others asked for help for him. To no avail. He died. Now his daughter has no father, because Calhoun Is so corrupt. Nothing matters to them except doing things their way, bringing in phones and drugs to make money. Power-hungry wolves with no respect for anything but themselves. My son is a human being, not a whipping post. He has been sexually assaulted, beaten until he was black and purple all over. Now they are threatening to stab him. They are taking money from our boys. They call [relatives] to say that if they do not get money the inmate will get jumped. Anywhere from $100 to $500 from the mother, father, grandmother, etc. If it isn't paid they charge interest! It's like a really bad movie from another country.'
Darlene Roderick: 'I'm signing on behalf of an inmate incarcerated there. He was jumped and kept putting in a request to see medical. His mom called numerous times before they finally brought him to the infirmary. The doctor said he needed surgery immediately on his jaw, which was broken in four places. [Instead] he was put in confinement for 'acting like a baby.' They confiscated his tablet and the woman who answered the phone told his mom it was because he was telling her too much. A bunch of us mommas called the prison to get him medical care, because he was in severe pain and couldn't eat or sleep. The attack happened around October 21 and they finally transferred him to a hospital on October 31. When he arrived his temperature was 105.7 and he was in a coma. The admitting nurse told his mom he was in a life or death situation.'
These comments bring up a number of issues that require treatment at much greater length – rape,[1] extortion, medical neglect.
Extortion takes various forms. It often starts with the theft of an item of great value to the prospective victim, such as his tablet or a good pair of boots. The victim is then invited to 'pay ransom' – that is, buy it back. As very few prisoners have the opportunity to earn money, the real victims are the relatives who pay up in order to protect their loved one.
Medical care at Calhoun CI is provided, to the extent that it is provided at all, by a private company named Centurion Managed Care. From a database of vacancies on its website we find that ten positions at Calhoun are currently unfilled, including Site Medical Director and Director of Nursing. This means that the medical staff consists solely of nurses and medical assistants, with no physician to give them guidance. The prison has some sort of arrangement with a Nurse Practitioner who works at a local clinic for pregnant and breastfeeding women; she visits the prison now and then but maintains no office there.
Even when a physician is present, it must always be kept in mind that he/she is not an independent professional but merely an employee of Centurion. As such, there are many tests and treatments that he/she can order or administer only with permission from officials higher up in the company. Permission is often refused with a view to holding down costs. This often results in conditions being left untreated until they become very serious and difficult to treat. For instance:
Sheila B. Self: 'Because Tyson was denied medical treatment for a cyst on his vocal cord, it metastasized to Stage 4 throat cancer, resulting in his voice box being removed. That could have been prevented by using a laser beam to remove the cyst.'
Prison staff are disinclined to believe inmates' descriptions of their own symptoms. They start out from the assumption that prisoners are malingerers and hypochondriacs, and only strong evidence to the contrary will budge them from this view in an individual case. Even for medical staff the first concern is exposing inmates who are only pretending to be sick; treating those who really are sick comes a distant second. This attitude also plays a major part in the chronic neglect of prisoners' medical needs.
I have focused on one particular prison about which I happen to have been able to gather some information. Although Calhoun CI, Florida is probably one of the worst prisons, there are many others like it.
For a rough idea of the full scale of the issue, bear in mind that the 1,600 men at Calhoun make up less than one thousandth part of all prisoners in the country. According to the Prison Policy Initiative, almost 2 million people are incarcerated in the United States in 1,566 state prisons, 102 federal prisons, 2,850 local jails, 1,510 juvenile correctional facilities, 186 immigration detention facilities, and 82 Indian country jails, as well as in military prisons, civil commitment centers, and state psychiatric hospitals.
There is now a procedure by which a relative or friend on the outside can report an incident of abuse and have it investigated. This may create the impression that prison authorities are seriously committed to crack down on abuse. However, it is difficult if not impossible to get out the information for a report. Prisoners have no right to unmonitored communication with outsiders[1] and are liable to be punished for revealing abuse. Investigations are internal and nothing is known about how they are conducted. Like internal police investigations, they are unlikely to lead to action. An institution cannot be expected to police itself. In practice the main function of the complaints procedure is to placate victims' relatives.
[1] On rape, I recommend the Human Rights Watch report No Escape: Male Rape in U.S. Prisons.
[2] The sole exception is communication with lawyers. However, very few prisoners are represented by a lawyer: quite apart from the expense, very few lawyers are willing to represent prisoners. Most of the many prisoners who take legal action represent themselves.
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Stephen Shenfield
I grew up in Muswell Hill, north London, and joined the Socialist Party of Great Britain at age 16. After studying mathematics and statistics, I worked as a government statistician in the 1970s before entering Soviet Studies at the University of Birmingham. I was active in the nuclear disarmament movement. In 1989 I moved with my family to Providence, Rhode Island, USA to take up a position on the faculty of Brown University, where I taught International Relations. After leaving Brown in 2000, I worked mainly as a translator from Russian. I rejoined the World Socialist Movement about 2005 and am currently general secretary of the World Socialist Party of the United States. I have written two books: The Nuclear Predicament: Explorations in Soviet Ideology (Routledge, 1987) and Russian Fascism: Traditions, Tendencies, Movements (M.E. Sharpe, 2001) and more articles, papers, and book chapters that I care to recall.
War in Ukraine — Debate in Germany
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Israeli Teens Refuse To Join Army
Imprisonment Terror War
By World Socialist Party US September 8, 2022 at 9:56 am No Comments 3 Min Read
Please Help Our Comrade Joe Hopkins
healthcare Housing Imprisonment
By Stephen Shenfield November 8, 2021 at 3:31 pm No Comments 8 Min Read
Unless otherwise noted, all World Socialist Party US works are licensed under a 2023 Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
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Vitry-en-Artois is een gemeente in het Franse departement Pas-de-Calais (regio Hauts-de-France) en telt 4606 inwoners (1999). De plaats maakt deel uit van het arrondissement Arras.

Geografie
De oppervlakte van Vitry-en-Artois bedraagt 18,8 km², de bevolkingsdichtheid is 245,0 inwoners per km².

Verkeer en vervoer
In de gemeente ligt spoorwegstation Vitry-en-Artois.

Demografie
Onderstaande figuur toont het verloop van het inwonertal (bron: INSEE-tellingen).

Geboren

 Philippe de Vitry (1291-1361), componist, muziektheoreticus, bisschop, dichter en diplomaat

Externe links

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Some people might call Katie Kate a super hero, but really, she just likes to help kids like her overcome their fears.
This heartwarming and educational series is the first designed specifically to help kids and families understand their serious medical conditions and overcome their fears. This allows parents and medical professionals to set young patients on the road to understanding. Katie Kate teaches kids that when they have worries, the best thing to do is to ask questions so things won't seem so scary.
When the Great Katie Kate comes to the rescue, there is nothing to fear. The Worry Wombat will indeed disappear!
The Great Katie Kate covers a wide range of health topics, including explaining epilepsy to children, children's books about cancer, kids' books on diabetes, and children's books on asthma.


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Without the boundary changes, a Tory majority is impossible
Cameron's party would need a lead of 11 points to win without the changes.
There is no guarantee that the Lib Dems will vote down the planned boundary changes in retaliation for the abandonment of House of Lords reform. Contrary to what some claim, no link was made between the policies in the coalition agreement (the AV referendum was the quid pro quo for the boundary changes) and Nick Clegg has previously told MPs that "there can be no justification for maintaining the current inequality between constituencies and voters across the country." This is a powerful position from which to argue that the Lib Dems should not renege on the agreement.
If, however, Clegg vetoes the bill, the final version of which is not due to reach parliament until 2013, who benefits? The most obvious answer is Labour. Without the boundary changes, Miliband's party only needs a lead of three points (on a uniform swing) to win a majority, compared with one of four points under the new constituencies. Conversely, the Tories, who would need a lead of seven points with the changes, would need a lead of 11 points without them.
The reason Labour retain their electoral advantage is that the electoral bias towards the party owes more to differential turnout (fewer people tend to vote in Labour constituencies) and regional factors (the Tory vote is poorly distributed) than it does to unequal constituencies (the coalition plans to fix constituency sizes at around 76,000 voters).
As I've argued before, even if the boundary changes are implemented, the odds are against a Tory majority in 2015. No sitting prime minister has increased their party's share of the vote since 1974, and Cameron is failing to make progress among those groups that refused to support him last time round. But if the boundary changes are abandoned, it is no exaggeration to say that a Tory majority, difficult to achieve at present, becomes impossible. For this reason, it is no surprise that Cameron is determined to push ahead with the bill.
› The first social media Olympics: the highlights
David Cameron waits to greet Russian President Vladimir Putin outside 10 Downing Street. Photograph: Getty Images.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


I have officially moved into my new apartment and I am so excited to give you all a tour!
First up, my bedding: I chose Tommy Hilfiger Hibiscus Hill Pink (thanks Homegoods!). I bought a pillow awhile back and it matches this bedding!
The comforter is reversible so I can switch it up!
I also got a spare set of white sheets with pink ruffles thanks to the Lilly Pulitzer Rue La La sale!
I had TH bedding when I was younger, and I loved it. The sheets were so soft. Enjoy!
so cute! i love those sheets, and don't you just love Homegoods?
Looovvveee. I hope you're enjoying the new apt! Can't wait to see more.
Congrats on the apartment and I love that Tommy Hilfiger bedding!
My Lilly loving friend/sorority sister/roommate just purchased the same bedding for her new place!
Congrats! Hope you're enjoying your new place!
I love your bedding, it's so cute!
Ahh we have the same bedding! I just wrote my post about it for tomorrow. I cannot wait to actually use it in my apartment next year!!!
Cute stuff!! Congrats on the new place!!


text:
THE WENDY JAMES
Queen High Straight
TPOTT
The Price Of The Ticket
Released February 19th 2016
ALBUM PREVIEW TRACKS
Your browser does not support the audio element. The Price of the Ticket - Bad Intentions And A Bit Of Cruelty
Your browser does not support the audio element. The Price of the Ticket - Indigent Blues
Your browser does not support the audio element. The Price of the Ticket - King Rat
Your browser does not support the audio element. The Price of the Ticket - You're A Dirtbomb, Lester
Your browser does not support the audio element. The Price of the Ticket - Farewell To Love
Your browser does not support the audio element. The Price of the Ticket - It's Alright Ma (Bonus Track)*
Wendy James 5th solo LP 'The Price Of The Ticket' was recorded in NYC, mixed in Berkeley CA. The players on this album are a bona-fide line-up from all-time legendary Punk and New Wave bands: Lenny Kaye (The Patti Smith Group) on guitar, Glen Matlock (Sex Pistols) on bass, James Sclavunos (Nick Cave & The Bad Seeds) on drums, with tracks 12 and 13 recorded by Wendy James and James Williamson (Iggy and The Stooges), Steve Mackay (Iggy and The Stooges), James Sclavunos (Nick Cave and The Bad Seeds).
All songs are written and produced by Wendy James. *Tracks 12 and 13 are cover versions of songs written by Fred 'Sonic' Smith (MC5/Sonic's Rendezvous Band) and Bob Dylan respectively.
Wendy James has evolved now to the point that Transvision Vamp is an iconic and collectable favorite band of the late 80's, 90's and her new music is constantly a push forward. Followed by and bought by proceeding generations of Alt-Rock n Roll fans all over the world. Cited by Miley Cyrus as her original pin-up and in the same breath compared to Patti Smith as an uncompromising artist, songwriter and musician.
Originally from London, now resident of NYC, Wendy has achieved what few can or have: longevity and a future in New Wave Garage Rock.
The release of 'The Price Of The Ticket' includes all formats: LP Vinyl, CD and Digital Download, two 7" singles taken from the album and a glorious picture disc.
Artwork by Kym Ellery and Roze Hooij
Release date: 19th February 2016.
1 PALOMA'S DOWNS
2 INDIGENT BLUES
3 KING RAT
4 LOVE FROM THE 9TH
5 BAD INTENTIONS AND A BIT OF CRUELTY
6 YOU'RE A DIRTBOMB, LESTER
7 SCREAMIN' BACK WASHINGTON
8 WHY OH WHY DO YOU HURT ME STILL?
9 FAREWELL TO LOVE
10 COWBOY RHYTHM
11 SITUATION NORMAL AT SURFRIDER
12 YOU'RE SO GREAT
13 IT'S ALRIGHT MA
WENDY JAMES – VOCALS/RHYTHM GUITAR/KEYS & PIANO
LENNY KAYE – RHYTHM/LEAD GUITAR (Patti Smith/Nuggets)
GLEN MATLOCK – BASS (Sex Pistols)
JAMES SCLAVUNOS – DRUMS (Nick Cave and The Bad Seeds)
JAMES WILLIAMSON – GUITAR & BASS. Track 12 & 13 (Iggy and the Stooges)
STEVE MACKAY – BARITONE SAX. Track 13 (Iggy and the Stooges)
All songs written and produced by Wendy James
All songs mixed by Wendy James & Jesse Nichols
**Tracks 12 &13 written by Fred 'Sonic' Smith & Bob Dylan
Photography and Art Direction by Kym Ellery and Roze Hooij
Ⓟ & ©Copyright Wendy James 2014. All Rights Reserved. Unauthorized Duplication is a violation of all applicable laws.
*You're So Great Written by Fred Smith © 1978 Stratium Music Inc (ASCAP)
Used by permission. International Copyright Secured. All rights reserved.
**It's Alright Ma Written by Bob Dylan © 1965 by Warner Bros Inc
*Renewed 1993 by Special Rider Music. All Rights Reserved
To Buy click here
DISCLAIMERS & COOKIE POLICY • WEBSITE & CONTENT COPYRIGHT WENDY JAMES 2023
GENERAL ENQUIRIES: ENQUIRIES@THEWENDYJAMES.COM
PURCHASE ENQUIRIES: support@remedy.uk.com


Rarely in life do I see something SO GREAT that I just can't keep it to myself. I ran across this picture today on the internet. I mean, come on...our president hugging a person dressed up as a bunny!!! And the way he is leaning into it and holding it's hand, too funny! But, I also must say, what is up with the bunny's eye shadow? It is a little out of control. Same with the ginormous heart on the dress. All of this is just TOO GOOD!
The President and the Easter Bunny.... how great!!!!
This is Awesome. Thanks for the laughs!!!


Helen Adams, senior online lecturer in the AUS's School of Education K-12 Library Endorsement Program, is a 2018 inductee into the Wisconsin Library Hall of Fame. A long-time school librarian, author, and presenter in Wisconsin and nationally, Adams has been active in the American Association of School Librarians (AASL), serving on its Board of Directors and as president in 2001-2002. She is also well-known as an advocate for minors' intellectual freedom and privacy in school librarians. Most recently she served as the chair of the American Library Association's Intellectual Freedom Committee.


text:
object main extends App {
  /*
   * Implicit conversions:
   * Implicits can be inserted into a program
   * to fix any of its type errors.
   * For example:
   * If an operation (f.e. x + y) does not type check
   * the compiler might changes it to convert(x) + y,
   * where convert is some available implicit conversion.
   */
  /*
   * 1) Only definitions marked "implicit" are available.
   * Example: implicit method to convert Int to Str
   */
  implicit def intToString(x: Int): String = x.toString
  def printString(x: String): Unit = { println(x) }
  printString(1)
  /*
   * 2) An inserted implicit conversion must be in scope
   * as a single identifier or to be associated
   * with the source or target type of the conversion.
   * - Single identifier:
   * The compiler will not insert a conversion
   * of the form someVariable.convert(x).
   * - Exception:
   * One exception to the rule is the companion object.
   * An implicit conversion therefore could be packaged
   * in the class or the companion object.
   */

  object Euro
  class Euro
  object Dollar {
    implicit def dollarToEuro(x: Dollar): Euro =
      new Euro
  }
  class Dollar
  /*
   * 3) Only one implicit is inserted.
   * The compiler will do not compound operation as below:
   * convert1(convert2(x)) + y
   * However, it is possible to ceate such operation
   * by having implicit take implicit parameters.
   *
   * 4) Explicits-first.
   * The compiler WILL NOT replace code of which type checks.
   */
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


20th November 2018, London and New York: There has been a sharp increase in the number of consumers protecting their personal data. The first six months of 2018 saw 26% of global smartphone users starting to protect their identity and personal information for the first time.
Now, no longer passive spectators in personal data, in total 76% of smartphone users are actively spending time and effort trying to secure their information. This comes in response to a landmark year, where high-profile data leaks rocked consumer trust and at the same time the EU's General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) came into force.
This new era in personal data management and protection has been identified in the fifth annual Global Consumer Trust Study from global trade body Mobile Ecosystem Forum, whose report launched today in association with Assurant.
Smartphone users place importance on privacy (72%) and knowledge of how their personal data is used (68%). They are also concerned that data collection puts them at risk (57%). As a result, many consumers (69%) didn't download an app due to excessive permission requests, while two-thirds (63%) didn't complete a purchase on their smartphone due to trust issues.
With new data protection laws now in force in Europe and data privacy legislation under review in all of the 10-markets studied, the study carried out by On Device Research on behalf of MEF, found nearly all smartphone users (97%) now believe they have legal rights around their personal data, although many are less clear precisely what those rights are. Since GDPR came into force, 62% of European respondents have noticed changes providers have made due to the legislation.
63% of the 6,500 smartphone users studied are willing to manage their own personal data and are demanding solutions that put them in control. However, despite this sea change in consumer attitude and behaviour, only 27% of respondents actually feel in control of their personal data, while 36% do not feel they have a choice when terms and conditions demand access to personal data. There is a clear discrepancy, as users value their privacy, but do not yet feel in charge.
On average, consumers are adopting less than three of twelve suggested privacy protection actions. This fragmentation indicates that users are still considering multiple options, with no clear set of best practices available.


text:
Dit artikel gaat over de Geschiedenis van de halfkantons Bazel-Stad (Basel-Stadt) en Basel-Landschaft (Bazel-Landschap). Voor meer informatie over de gelijknamige stad, zie: Bazel.

Het ontstaan van de kantons Bazel-Stad en Basel-Landschaft

Het huidige kanton Bazel-Stad (vroeger een halfkanton genoemd) is ontstaan in 1833, tot die tijd vormde het met het huidige kanton Basel-Landschaft (eveneens in het verleden een halfkanton genoemd) het kanton Bazel, dat van 1501 tot 1833 als ondeelbaar kanton bestond.

Tot aan de opdeling van het kanton lag het bestuur in handen van een Grote Raad (kantonsparlement) en een Regeringsraad (uitvoerende macht). Beiden werden gedomineerd door inwoners van de stad Bazel, terwijl de invloed van de Baselbieter (bewoners van het platteland) gering was. De Baselbieter hadden achterstelling ten opzichte van de stad altijd geaccepteerd, maar door de ideeën van de Verlichting wilde de plattelandsbevolking geëmancipeerd worden. De machthebbers uit de stad waren tegen de emancipatie van de plattelanders, omdat dit hun machtspositie in gevaar bracht. Als gevolg hiervan radicaliseerde de plattelandsbevolking.

Op 18 oktober 1830 vergaderden 25 Baselbieter in Bad Bubendorf onder leiding van Stephan Gutzwiller en stelden een brief op gericht aan het bestuur van het kanton waarin gelijke rechten voor de Baselbieter werden geëist. De regering ging echter niet op de eisen van de Baselbieter in waarna de situatie escaleerde. In Liestal werd een tegenregering gevormd. Deze tegenregering stond de verstrekking van wapens aan 3000 Baselbieter toe. De regering van het kanton Bazel zond daarop op 16 januari 1831 een leger naar Liestal en bezette de stad. Het opstandelingenleger dat uit Liestal was verdreven bedreigde daarop de steden Gelterkinden, Reigoldswil, Anwil en Bubendorf, die de kantonnale regering loyaal gebleven waren. Na enige tijd verliet het bezettingsleger Liestal weer.

Gedurende de jaren 1832/1833 kwam het geregeld tot schermutselingen tussen opstandige Baselbieter en regeringstroepen. Op 3 augustus 1833 rukte een regeringsleger van 1200 man met 14 kanonnen op naar Liestal, dat inmiddels weer door de opstandelingen werd bestuurd, om het opstandelingenleger aan te vallen. Echter, bij Hülfenschanz (tussen Pratteln en Frenkendorf), stonden de regeringstroepen voor een veel groter opstandelingen en blies men de aftocht. Tijdens hun terugtocht leden de regeringstroepen zware verliezen. Tegen de avond waren de regeringstroepen weer in Bazel. Tijdens de 11 uur durende burgeroorlog lieten 60 regeringssoldaten het leven. Drieëndertig van hen liggen begraven op het kerkhof van de kerk van Muttenz. De grafopschriften zijn vandaag de dag nog steeds leesbaar.

De Tagsatzung, de vergadering van afgevaardigden van de Zwitserse kantons, vond dat er zo spoedig mogelijk een oplossing moest worden gevonden. De Tagsatzung besloot dat het aloude kanton Bazel in tweeën moest worden opgedeeld. De twee halfkantons Basel-Landschaft en Bazel-Stad (Basel-Stadt, tot 1847 Basel-Stadttheil) waren een feit. Bazel-Stad werd gevormd uit de stad Bazel en de drie gemeenten Riehen, Bettingen en Kleinhüningen. De rest van het kanton - het grootste deel - vormde Basel-Landschaft.

Voor de verdeling van het gezamenlijke eigendom werd een arbitrair hof ingesteld. Dit werd een delingscommissie bestaande uit ieder vijf afgevaardigden voor de nieuwe halfkantons. Tevens namen nog twee afgevaardigden uit andere kantons zitting en werd een voorzitter aangesteld. Bijna anderhalf jaar had de commissie nodig om de bezittingen te verdelen. Op 21 april 1935 werd het proces officieel afgesloten en een document ondertekend. Een van de belangrijkste bezittingen die werd verdeeld was de kerkschat van het bisdom Bazel. 64% van de schat kwam in handen van Bazel-Landschap en 36% kwam in handen van Bazel-Stad. Daar Bazel-Landschap al snel in de financiële problemen kwam, werd het grootste deel van de schat verkocht en zo raakte het verspreid over de hele wereld.

Aan het eind van de jaren vijftig van de negentiende eeuw werden de vestingwerken van Bazel-Stad - mogelijk gezamenlijk eigendom van de halfkantons - gesloopt. Het land dat vrijkwam werd verkocht. Het geld kwam volledig in handen van Bazel-Stad, waarop Bazel-Landschap een rechtszaak begon. In 1862 oordeelde de rechter dat het vrijgekomen land uitsluitend tot het halfkanton Bazel-Stad toebehoorde.

Van 1833 tot de Sonderbund-oorlog
De leiding van Bazel-Stad had verwacht dat de opdeling van het kanton slechts tijdelijk zou zijn en dat financiële problemen in Bazel-Landschap aan de rand van de afgrond zouden brengen en hierdoor de hereniging niet lang op zich zou wachten. Inderdaad kampte Bazel-Landschap met financiële problemen, maar het halfkanton wist zich staande te houden. Terwijl in Bazel-Landschap radicale liberalen aan de macht waren, werd Bazel-Stad bestuurd door conservatieven en conservatief-liberalen. Tot aan de Sonderbund-oorlog werd de Kleine Raad (Regeringsraad) van het kanton Bazel-Stad gedomineerd door Karl Burckhardt en Johann Rudolf Frey die steeds om de beurt voor een jaar het Bürgermeisterschap (voorzitterschap van de Regeringsraad) vervulden.

Tijdens Sonderbund-oorlog vocht het kanton Bazel-Stad aan de zijde van regeringstroepen tegen de rooms-katholieke, landelijke kantons. In 1848 werd Bazel-Stad een van de kantons van de nieuwe Bondsrepubliek Zwitserland.

Democratie
In 1863 brak de democratische beweging door in het kanton Bazel-Landschap. De democratische beweging in Bazel-Landschap streefde niet alleen volledige volkssoevereiniteit na, maar ook uitgebreide sociale voorzieningen. In 1850, 1863 en in 1892 volgden herzieningen van de kantonsgrondwet ten gunste van de democratische beweging. Binnen de liberale beweging ontstond echter wel beroering over de hervormingen, de zogenaamde Antirevisionisten waren tegenstanders van de verdere uitbouw van de democratie, terwijl de Revisionisten daar wel voor waren.

Herenigingspogingen
Omstreeks 1900 begonnen delen van het kanton geïndustrialiseerd te worden. Eenzelfde proces voltrok zich in het kanton Bazel-Stad. Rond diezelfde tijd bloeide de beweging op die naar hereniging van de twee halfkantons streefde. Ofschoon de beweging in de daaropvolgende decennia groeide, kwam het nooit tot een hereniging. In 1969 wees de bevolking van Bazel-Landschap in een referendum de herenigingsplannen af. Het feit dat een hereniging er niet in zat, betekende niet dat de twee halfkantons niet nauw zouden samenwerken, integendeel, er zijn diverse samenwerkingsverdragen tussen de twee halfkantons gesloten. In 1976 werd op initiatief van beide halfkantons de Universiteit van Bazel opgericht.

In het begin van de 20e eeuw groeide de Sociaaldemocratische Partij (SP) in het kanton Bazel-Landschap. De SP trad toe tot de Regeringsraad van Bazel-Landschap en in 1929 werd Jakob Mosimann de eerste sociaaldemocratische voorzitter van de Regering van Bazel-Landschap; het monopolie van de liberale FDP in Bazel-Landschap was gebroken. In juli 1940 werd Hugo Gschwind de eerste voorzitter van de Regering van de Conservatieve Partij (dat wil zeggen Rooms-katholieke partij). Vanaf de jaren 30 nam ook de invloed van de Boerenpartij toe. De naam van deze partij werd in de 1936 gewijzigd in Partij van Boeren, Middenstanders en Burgers en sloot zich aan bij de federale partij die dezelfde naam droeg, de voorloper van de huidige Zwitserse Volkspartij (SVP).

Elisabeth Schneider-Kenel (CVP), die van 1 juli 1998 tot 30 juni 1999, van 1 juli 2002 tot 30 juni 2003 en van 1 juli 2005 tot 30 juni 2006 voorzitter van de Regering was geweest, is tot nu toe (2006) de enige vrouw die dit ambt heeft bekleed.

Toevoeging van Laufental bij het halfkanton

In 1994 stemden de inwoners van Laufental, een district van het kanton Bern, bij referendum, vóór aansluiting bij Bazel-Landschap. Toen in 1979 de Jura zich van het kanton Bern en het kanton Jura werd gevormd, bleef Laufental deel uitmaken van Bern. Laufental, dat als een enclave in Jura lag, was geïsoleerd van de rest van Bern. De bewoners van Laufental waren allerminst gelukkig met de situatie en in 1994 volgde het referendum.

Zie ook
 Basel-Landschaft

Baz


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Q: Long long in c99 In the C99 standard they introduced long long. What is the purpose of this? In my (limited) C programming experience, I've only every seen a 4-byte int and an 8-byte long. For example, from Compiler Explorer:

If long is already 8 then, why is it necessary to add another long long type? What does this do to the compiler/architecture?

A:
If long is already 8 then, why is it necessary to add another long long type? What does this do to the compiler/architecture?

"If long is already 8" is not always true as much code exists that relies on 32-bit long and int as 32 or 16 bits.
Requiring long as 64-bit would break code bases.  This is a major concern.

Yet requiring long to remain 32-bit (and no long long) would not make for access to standard 64-bit integers, hence a rationale for long long.
Allowing long as either 32-bit or 64-bit (or others) allows for transition.
Various functions pass in/return long like fseek(), ftell().  They benefit from long being more than 32-bit for large file support.
Recommended practice encourages a wider long: "The types used for size_t and ptrdiff_t should not have an integer conversion rank greater than
that of signed long int unless the implementation supports objects large enough to make this necessary."  This relates to memory sizes exceeding 32-bit.

Perhaps in the future an implementation may use int/long/long long/intmax_t as 32/64/128/256 bits.
IAC, I see fixed width types intN_t increasing in popularity over long and long long.  I tend to use fixed width types or bool, (unsigned) char, int/unsigned, size_t, (u)intmax_t and leave signed char, (unsigned) short, (unsigned) long, (unsigned) long long for special cases.

A: The C standard only guarantees that an int can be (loosely speaking) 2 bytes, a long can be 4 bytes, and a long long can be 8 bytes.
In fact, MSVC still uses a 4 byte long even though it has a 4 byte int.

A: The only relevant requirement for int and long, then and now, is that int must be at least 16 bits and long must be at least 32 bits.  16- and 32-bit systems both tend to have 32-bit long, and 64-bit machines were much less common in the late 1990s.  So prior to C99, programmers could not portably rely on having a 64-bit integer  type available at all.  That problem was solved by the introduction of long long, which is required to be at least 64 bits.   (I believe it was already provided by GCC and maybe other compilers as an extension).
These days, many (but not all) 64-bit systems use a 64-bit long and do not bother to make long long any bigger, so it is 64 bits as well and is in some sense redundant. Those are presumably the systems with which you're familiar, but they do not represent everything out there.

A: I think you didn't realize that you're making a huge wrong assumption about how C type-width requirements work: ISO C just sets a minimum value-range like the smallest-magnitude allowed LONG_MAX and LONG_MIN (-2147483647, not 8 because ISO C allows one's complement and sign/magnitude signed integers, not only 2's complement.)  Actual implementations are allowed to have wider types, often to match a register width or operand-size the target machine can do efficiently.
Much has been written about this on Stack Overflow and elsewhere, which I'm not going to try to repeat here.  See also https://en.cppreference.com/w/c/language/arithmetic_types

That led you to the mistake of looking at the type-width choices in the x86-64 System V ABI and assuming that other C implementations are the same, I think.  x86-64 is a 64-bit ISA that can efficiently work with 64-bit integers, so 64-bit long was a fairly sane choice.
No sane ABI for a 32-bit machine like i386 would use 64-bit long because that's not required, only 32-bit.  Using 64-bit would mean it couldn't fit into a single register.  Compile with -m32, or compile for 32-bit ARM.  Godbolt also has GCC for AVR and MSP430. On those 8-bit and 16-bit machines, GCC picks the smallest widths allowed by ISO C (2-byte int, etc.)
In 1999, x86-64 didn't even exist.  (A few other 64-bit ISAs did, like Alpha).  So looking at one of the 2 mainstream ABIs for it to understand C99 choices is not going to get you very far.
Of course C needs a type that's guaranteed to be at least 64-bit, to let people write programs that efficiently do 64-bit integer math.

And BTW, x86-64 can do 32-bit integer stuff as efficiently as 64-bit, sometimes more efficiently.  So making long a 64-bit type is arguably not great.  Some code uses long because they want a type that needs to be 32-bit, but doesn't benefit from having it wider.  For such code, 64-bit long just wastes cache footprint / memory bandwidth, and code size (REX prefixes).  In C99 the ideal choice would be int_least32_t, but that's annoyingly long to type and rarely used.
But OTOH, long is sometimes hoped to be "the widest efficient (1-register) type", although there's no such guarantee and LLP64 ABIs like Windows x64 with 32-bit long aren't like that.
Another whole can of worms is C99 int_fast32_t and x86-64 System V's IMO poor choice to make that a 64-bit type.  (I have a half-written answer for Cpp uint32_fast_t resolves to uint64_t but is slower for nearly all operations than a uint32_t (x86_64). Why does it resolve to uint64_t? which I should finish...  int_fast32_t raises the question of "fast for what purpose", and on many implementations it's not what you'd hope for many cases.
See also

*

*C++ - the fastest integer type?

*How should the [u]int_fastN_t types be defined for x86_64, with or without the x32 ABI?

*Why would uint32_t be preferred rather than uint_fast32_t?

*Why is uint_least16_t faster than uint_fast16_t for multiplication in x86_64?

*Compiler optimizations allowed via "int", "least" and "fast" non-fixed width types C/C++

A: There are some limits but the compiler author is free to choose the lengths for the standard C variable types (char, short, int, long, long long).  Naturally char is going to be a byte for that architecture (most with C compilers are 8 bits).  And naturally you cannot have something smaller be bigger than something bigger, long cannot be smaller than an int.  But certainly by 1999 we saw the x86 16 to 32 bit transition and for example int changed from 16 to 32 with a number of tools but long stayed 32.  Later the 32 to 64 bit x86 transition happened and depending on the tool there were types available to help.
The problem existed long before this and the solution was not to fix the lengths of the types, they are, within rules, up to the compiler authors as to size.  But the compiler authors need to craft a stdint.h file that matches the tool and target (stdint.h is specific to a tool and target at a minimum and can be version of tool and build options for that tool, etc).  So that, for example, uint32_t is always 32 bits.  Some authors will convert that to an int others a long, etc in their stdint.h.  The C language variable types remain limited to char, short, int, etc per the language (uint32_t is not a variable type it is converted to a variable type through stdint.h).  This solution/workaround was a way to keep is from all going crazy and keep the language alive.
Authors will often choose for example if the GPRs are 16 bit to have int be 16 bit, and if 32 bit be 32 bit and so on, but they have some freedom.
Yes, this specifically means that there is no reason to assume that any two tools for a particular target (the computer you are reading this on for example) use the same definitions for int and long in particular, and if you want to write code for this platform that can port across these tools (that support this platform) then use the stdint.h types and not int, long, etc...Most certainly if you are crossing platforms an msp430 mcu, an arm mcu, an arm linux machine, an x86 based machine, that the types, even for the same "toolchain" (gnu gcc and binutils for example), do not have the same definitions for int and long, etc.  char and short tend to be 8 and 16 bits, int and long tend to vary the most, sometimes the same size as each other sometimes different, but the point is do not assume.
It is trivial to detect the sizes, for a compiler version/target/command line options, or just go the stdint route to minimize problems later.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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the 60mm rims are tubeless ready and built with ud carbon for more stiffness and include ffwd's darc aero profile. the stiffness and aero performance of this set makes it loved by many riders of different levels. durability is also found in ffwd's new design with uv protected logo's. built with dt swiss hubs based on straight pull spokes stiffness and spoke loads are optimised. adding the 2:1 spoke ratio on the rear wheel brings these characteristics to an even higher level. ffwd wheels are always shipped as a complete package including most common accessories protected by a nice wheel bag. outboxing will be something to look forward to!
stiffness and aerodynamics for any rider on carbon rims with alloy brake surface!
the best of aerodynamics and speed comes together in this wheel set!
these 60mm tubular rims are built with ud carbon for more stiffness and feature ffwd's darc profile for the best aerodynamics. the stiffness of this set makes it the choice of sprinters on the road where the aero advantages are key reason for triathletes to choose these wheels. the new 3k nano brake technology increases stopping power in all conditions as well as product lifetime. durability is also found in ffwd's new design with uv protected logo's. built with dt swiss hubs based on straight pull spokes stiffness and spoke loads are optimised. adding the 2:1 spoke ratio on the rear wheel brings these characteristics to an even higher level. ffwd wheels are always shipped as a complete package including most common accessories protected by a nice wheel bag. outboxing will be something to look forward to!
the 60mm tubular rims are built with ud carbon for more stiffness featuring the new ffwd logo design and ffwd's darc aero profile. offering the best aerodynamics these wheels are used most on time trial and triathlon bikes but would make a mean sprinting machine as well. durability is also found in ffwd's new design with uv protected logo's. dt swiss hubs are know for their high quality and low and easy maintenance. on the disc brake models the 2:1 spoke ratio brings more spokes on the critical side of the wheel making sure the best balance and durability is reached. ffwd wheels are always shipped as a complete package including most common accessories protected by a nice wheel bag. outboxing will be something to look forward to!
the 60mm tubular rims are built with ud carbon for more stiffness featuring the new ffwd logo design and ffwd's darc aero profile. offering the best aerodynamics these wheels are used most on time trial and triathlon bikes but would make a mean sprinting machine as well. durability is also found in ffwd's new design with uv protected logo's. dt swiss hubs are known for their high quality and low and easy maintenance. on the disc brake models the 2:1 spoke ratio brings more spokes on the critical side of the wheel making sure the best balance and durability is reached. ffwd wheels are always shipped as a complete package including most common accessories protected by a nice wheel bag. outboxing will be something to look forward to!
these 60mm rims are built with ud carbon for more stiffness and feature ffwd's darc profile for the best aerodynamics. the stiffness of this set makes it the choice of sprinters on the road where the aero advantages are key reason for triathletes to choose these wheels. the new 3k nano brake technology increases stopping power in all conditions as well as product lifetime. going wider to 26mm outside rim width these are tubeless ready. the new ffwd design features uv protected logo's. built with dt swiss hubs based on straight pull spokes stiffness and spoke loads are optimised. adding the 2:1 spoke ratio on the rear wheel brings these characteristics to an even higher level. ffwd wheels are always shipped as a complete package including most common accessories protected by a nice wheel bag. outboxing will be something to look forward to!
best aerodynamics and disc brakes for fast triathletes!
the 60mm rims are built with ud carbon for more stiffness featuring the new ffwd logo design and ffwd's darc aero profile. offering the best aerodynamics these wheels are used most on time trial and triathlon bikes but would make a mean sprinting machine as well. going wider to 26mm outside rim width these are tubeless ready. the new ffwd design features uv protected logo's. dt swiss hubs are known for their high quality and low and easy maintenance. on the disc brake models the 2:1 spoke ratio brings more spokes on the critical side of the wheel making sure the best balance and durability is reached.
the wider rims with tubeless compatibility in combination with the disc brakes make these wheels your perfect choice for gravel use. go up to 40mm to choose your ideal tire profile to attack those gravel roads! ffwd wheels are always shipped as a complete package including most common accessories protected by a nice wheel bag.outboxing will be something to look forward to!
the wider rims with tubeless compatibility in combination with the disc brakes make these wheels your perfect choice for gravel use. go up to 40mm to choose your ideal tire profile to attack those gravel roads! ffwd wheels are always shipped as a complete package including most common accessories protected by a nice wheel bag. outboxing will be something to look forward to!
the f6t is the ultimate all-round track wheel set for races and training.
ffwd wheels offers a broad range of carbon wheels for different disciplines in cycling. both f9t and f6t track wheels feature the same rim profile, making them ideal to combine. like all laced wheels, the track wheels are hand built at our facility in the netherlands. the track wheels are built with high polish ffwd track hubs and laced with sapim cxray spokes.
More aerodynamic, the best choice for maintaining speed.
going for the ultimate speed!
these 90mm tubular rims are built with ud carbon for more stiffness and feature ffwd's darc profile for the best aerodynamics. the new 3k nano brake technology increases stopping power in all conditions as well as product lifetime. the new ffwd design features uv protected logo's. as it is easier to maintain your speed with higher rims these f9r wheels are used mostly in triathlon. built with dt swiss hubs based on straight pull spokes stiffness and spoke loads are optimised. adding the 2:1 spoke ratio on the rear wheel brings these characteristics to an even higher level. ffwd wheels are always shipped as a complete package including most common accessories protected by a nice wheel bag. outboxing will be something to look forward to!
speed and aerodynamics on disc brakes for triathlon!
the 90mm tubular rims are built with ud carbon for more stiffness featuring the new ffwd logo design and ffwd's darc aero profile. the new ffwd design features uv protected logo's. offering the best aerodynamics these wheels are used most on triathlon bikes. dt swiss hubs are know for their high quality and low and easy maintenance. on the disc brake models the 2:1 spoke ratio brings more spokes on the critical side of the wheel making sure the best balance and durability is reached. ffwd wheels are always shipped as a complete package including most common accessories protected by a nice wheel bag. outboxing will be something to look forward to!
speed, aerodynamics and disc brakes for triathletes!
the 90mm tubular rims are built with ud carbon for more stiffness featuring the new ffwd logo design and ffwd's darc aero profile. the new ffwd design features uv protected logo's. offering the best aerodynamics these wheels are used most on triathlon bikes. dt swiss hubs are known for their high quality and low and easy maintenance. on the disc brake models the 2:1 spoke ratio brings more spokes on the critical side of the wheel making sure the best balance and durability is reached. ffwd wheels are always shipped as a complete package including most common accessories protected by a nice wheel bag. outboxing will be something to look forward to!
these 90mm rims are built with ud carbon for more stiffness and feature ffwd's darc profile for the best aerodynamics. the aero advantages and ease to maintain speed are key reason for triathletes to choose these wheels. the new 3k nano brake technology increases stopping power in all conditions as well as product lifetime. going wider to 26.6mm outside rim width these are tubeless ready. the new ffwd design features uv protected logo's. built with dt swiss hubs based on straight pull spokes stiffness and spoke loads are optimised. adding the 2:1 spoke ratio on the rear wheel brings these characteristics to an even higher level. ffwd wheels are always shipped as a complete package including most common accessories protected by a nice wheel bag. outboxing will be something to look forward to!
these 90mm rims are built with ud carbon for more stiffness and feature ffwd's darc profile for the best aerodynamics. the aero advantages and ease to maintain speed are key reason for triathletes to choose these wheels. going wider to 26.6mm outside rim width these are tubeless ready. the new ffwd design features uv protected logo's. dt swiss hubs are know for their high quality and low and easy maintenance. on the disc brake models the 2:1 spoke ratio brings more spokes on the critical side of the wheel making sure the best balance and durability is reached. ffwd wheels are always shipped as a complete package including most common accessories protected by a nice wheel bag. outboxing will be something to look forward to!
both f9t and f6t track wheels feature the same rim profile, making them ideal to combine. the f9t is the ultimate high speed track wheel set for races and training. like all laced wheels, the track wheels are hand built at our facility in the netherlands. the track wheels are built with high polish ffwd track hubs and laced with sapim cxray spokes.
Stiff and aerodynamic, for time trial and triathlon on the road. Even more stiffness in both front and rear wheels for the track.
get your time trial or triathlon game to the next level!
the ffwd clincher disc wheel offers the best in aerodynamics and lateral rigidity. this disc-c is combined best with either the ffwd front wheels f4r-c or f6r-c.
the ffwd tubular disc wheel offers the best in aerodynamics and lateral rigidity. it is best combined with ffwd front wheels like the f4r, f6r, f9r or three. depending on the course, weather conditions and personal physics you can choose the best combination.
the ffwd full carbon clincher disc wheel serves a demand especially in the triathlon scene. benefit from a full carbon disc wheel for clincher tires and choose your optimal combination with front wheels from 45mm (f4r), 60mm (f6r) or even 90mm (f9r)! the ffwd disc wheels are built for optimal aerodynamics and stiffness.
the ffwd disc track wheel is designed to offer the best stiffness and aerodynamics due to the optimized lenticular shape. the rear wheel is the most used in combination with our five-t front wheel for the strong sprinters on the track. there is also a matching front disc that as a set is perfect for (team) pursuits.
Most aerodynamic front wheel for time trial or triathlon.
Most stiff and aerodynamic front wheel for track sprinters.
the ffwd five-t track wheel is a carbon 5 spoke track wheel with naca profiles. it's available in two options of bearing choice, with standard skf bearings or ceramicspeed™ bearings. this is the ideal front wheel for sprinters always used in combination with the ffwd disc-t as rear wheel!


text:
import os.path as osp
import sys

def add_path(path):
    if path not in sys.path:
        sys.path.insert(0, path)

THIS_DIR = osp.dirname(__file__)
ROOT_DIR = osp.join(THIS_DIR, '..')
CAFFE_DIR = osp.join(ROOT_DIR, 'py-faster-rcnn', 'caffe-fast-rcnn', 'python')
FRCNN_DIR = osp.join(ROOT_DIR, 'py-faster-rcnn', 'lib')

add_path(ROOT_DIR)
add_path(CAFFE_DIR)
add_path(FRCNN_DIR)


Joanna and Kyle had a lot of family and friends come out to Oregon from the East Coast. Now, they have "mountains" out East…but they don't have massive volcanoes rising from the hills around them like Mt. Hood does above Mt. Hood B&B. Everyone enjoyed a gorgeous sunny day, smiling faces and dancing feet right up until Joanna and Kyle's sparkler send-off!


text:
Q: Database not updating after calling TableAdapter.Update() Method I have an existing Access 2003 Database that I imported into a Outlook 2003 AddIn Project. VS 2005 then generated the DataSet based on the one table I had in my database. Below is the code I use to add a row to the table:
        public CustomPropertiesDataSet.CustomPropertiesRow addItem(string id, string projectnumber, string task, string overtime, string category, string subcategory, string finished)
        {
            CustomPropertiesDataSet.CustomPropertiesRow newrow = this.NewCustomPropertiesRow();

            newrow.ItemID = id;
            newrow.Projectnumber = projectnumber;
            newrow.TaskDescription = task;
            newrow.Overtime = overtime;
            newrow.Category = category;
            newrow.Subcategory = subcategory;
            newrow.Finished = finished;
            try
            {
                this.Rows.Add(newrow);
                newrow.AcceptChanges();
                this.AcceptChanges();
                custompropertiesadapter.Update(this);
            }
            catch(System.Exception ex)
            { }

            return newrow;
        }

My problem here is that the tabe doesn't get updated. When I debug, I see that the DataSet contains the new row, but not the database.

A: I will go out on a limb and suggest that you need to move 'this.Rows.Add(newrow);' to a point BEFORE you are setting all the field values.  I believe the '.Add' initializes the row, which would wipe out your previous settings (or in a prior lifetime, 'Add, populate, save'.


About Us — HI Photo Co.
"Time stands the best in captured moments"
My name is Mel, Owner of HI Photo Co.
Your life milestones and special events are just as important to our team as it is to you. Our goal is to provide the highest level of service and attention to detail so that you are left with photographs and memories that will last a lifetime.
Thank you for checking us out and we hope to be at your next event.


text:
Тентекса́й () — село у складі Келеського району Туркестанської області Казахстану. Входить до складу Бозайського сільського округу.

Населення — 544 особи (2009; 698 в 1999).

Примітки

Джерела

Посилання
 На Вікімапії

Населені пункти Келеськогорайону
Села Туркестанської області


This is a rather unusual RAM expansion in that it also doubles up as a monitor stand! The unit probably connects to the side expansion slot and sits snugly against the rear of the A500/+ with a large surface for standing your monitor on. The unit may also have allowed you to install a hard drive and an extra internal floppy drive.


text:
const Updater = require('./Updater');

class TimelineUpdater extends Updater {
    constructor() {
        super({
            name: 'Timeline',
            filename: 'timeline.json',
            request: (splatnet) => splatnet.getTimeline(),
            rootKeys: ['coop', 'weapon_availability'],
            imagePaths: [
                '$.coop..gear.image',
                '$.coop..gear.brand.image',
                '$.weapon_availability..weapon.image',
                '$.weapon_availability..weapon.special.image_a',
                '$.weapon_availability..weapon.sub.image_a',
            ],
            localization: [
                {
                    name: 'gear',
                    entities: '$.coop..gear',
                    id: ['kind', 'id'],
                    values: 'name',
                },
                {
                    name: 'brands',
                    entities: '$.coop..gear.brand',
                    id: 'id',
                    values: 'name',
                },
                {
                    name: 'weapons',
                    entities: '$.weapon_availability..weapon',
                    id: 'id',
                    values: 'name',
                },
                {
                    name: 'weapon_subs',
                    entities: '$.weapon_availability..weapon.sub',
                    id: 'id',
                    values: 'name',
                },
                {
                    name: 'weapon_specials',
                    entities: '$.weapon_availability..weapon.special',
                    id: 'id',
                    values: 'name',
                },
            ],
        });
    }
}

module.exports = TimelineUpdater;


Saves The Cost Of A Complete New Top.
The retaining strap broke on one of the outlets of my Wastemaster, there are 2 in this set so it will save me loosing it down a drain plus a spare and the price of buying the complete item. Not originally in stock but quickly sourced, great work ta.


NEW CONSTRUCTION HOME FOR APRIL MOVE-IN! Captivating North Lake single family home in Romeoville boasts an impeccable 2,825 sq ft home plan design featuring 4 bedrooms, roomy loft, 2.5 bathrooms, 3-car garage, and FULL basement. Beautiful open concept kitchen including expansive island with additional storage space, abundant peninsula counter space, designer cabinets with crown molding, pendant lights, and stainless steel appliances! Master suite includes sizable walk-in closet. Master bathroom with ceramic tile and dual bowl vanity. Home site with a fully sodded front yard near park at the new Renwick Place community in Romeoville. Similar home pictured.


text:
Denying genocide: the Rwanda plan
In the aftermath of Rwanda's genocide against the Tutsi in 1994, the perpetrators launched a campaign to create an alternative "truth". The first of a two-part article examines its origin and the west's complicity.
Andrew Wallis
If one inherent certainty of life is that truth is the first casualty of war, another is that after genocide comes denial and revision. The killers, planners, organisers and supporters of genocide will seek to hide the crime, distort its statistics, deflect attention and even rebrand themselves as heroes not villains, saviours not savages. Armenia, the Holocaust, Srebrenica, Cambodia and Rwanda: each is a lesson in human depravity, yet each genocide has been followed by determined and continuous efforts to nullify, downplay and revise the perpetrators' role.
Peter Balakian, a writer on the Armenian genocide, noted at the time of its centenary this year: "Genocide denial is the last phase of genocide. It denounces the victims and rehabilitates the perpetrators. It also robs the victim's culture of all moral order." Today, the rise of social media contributes another weapon to the denialists' armoury. Its particular climate allows anyone to pose as an expert with an objective, or at least plausible, view (often with links added to impart a sense of evidence-based authority). Such contributions are often a disguise for well-orchestrated (though "anonymous") public-relations (PR) campaigns of disinformation. The blizzard can be of such momentum that its lies and propaganda are taken as the "new" truth by credulous sections of the public, even as incredulous survivors look on horror.
Rwanda is a powerful illustration of this trend. Here, an insidious and creeping rise of denial has made the truth of the 1994 genocide against the Tutsis an unwanted battleground. Perpetrators have sought to hide their crimes and responsibility, and made unlikely alliances with those who seek only an opportunity to make easy capital (political or personal) from the horror of 1994. The result has been to implant and cultivate a narrative of genocide denial, merging past horrors and present-day Rwandan politics and condemning the victims to new pain and suffering.
The new "truth"
The genocide of April to July 1994 left a truly shattered landscape. The country was a mass grave, bankrupt of cash and commodities, its new government faced with an enormous post-genocide crisis and task of rebuilding from "ground zero". But the perpetrators, who had fled to refugee camps in Zaire (now the Democratic Republic of Congo), Burundi and Tanzania, were in defeat quickly plotting a new agenda. Already, their intent was - breathtaking as it sounds - to persuade the international community that there had been no genocide, and so no responsibility for 800,000 deaths. The extraordinary ambition was made more urgent once the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) was set up in late 1994, and the "category one" criminals (those held to be chiefly responsible) began to be targeted.
In a meeting on 3 April 1995, almost a year to the day that the genocide began, the Hutu extremist leadership "rebranded" itself as the Rally for the Return of Democracy to Rwanda (RDR). The next day, thirteen senior Rwandan military commanders pledged their support for the new party. A primary aim was to convince the west that they were not a "bunch of killers" (a prescient phrase used by their most solid international backer, France's then president Francois Mitterrand). They were, instead, a "democratic" group - moderate, maligned and misunderstood - who truly represented the Rwandan people, and could again be entrusted with the running of a country that was rightfully theirs.
The medical charity Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) / Doctors without Borders took a different view of this new group:
"They have emerged from the same ideological background as the extremists, they justify the genocide and paint themselves as victims. They circulate a list of all human rights abuses in Rwanda since October 1990 when the RPF first invaded the country and claim to give a "truthful accounting of the facts" surrounding the death of President Habyarimana…Due to continued impunity, these same officials continue to manipulate the refugee population by controlling the flow of information and political discourse."
The RDR's military wing was composed of the former Rwandan army (FAR) and the extremist Hutu interahamwe militia, both of which were heavily complicit in the genocide. Soon, its ideologues and media-savvy members began to publish a string of reports, each following a rigid line on the causes and outcome of 1994's events. In this new "truth" there had been no genocide - only unplanned and "spontaneous" attacks by peasants and, occasionally, military personnel angered by the death of their president, Juvenal Habyarimana, in a plane crash (which the new "truth" said, was the work of the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) which was now in power in Rwanda).
There was more. Such "massacres" as there had been involved both sides killing each other (the so-called "double genocide" story), so any responsibility was shared; the Hutu "hate radio" station RTLM, in which many of the RDR held shares, was purely a "private company" that promoted free speech; and the interahamwe were mere "civil defence" units, defending the local population against foreign ("Ugandan") RPF invaders.
On an international level, responsibility for the "massacres" was pinned on the Anglophone (United States and British) governments, which were alleged to have trained and assisted the RPF as part of their geostrategic plan to gain a new ally in central Africa. The role of France, which in reality was the major backer (military, diplomatic, political and financial) of the genocidal regime, was portrayed as nothing but neutral assistance (see Silent Accomplice: The Untold Story of the Role of France in the Rwandan genocide [IB Tauris, 2014]).
The recovery plan
A year after the birth of the RDR, its coordination committee issued a nineteen-page report on its operational strategy. The focus was the pressing need to raise funds to achieve its military, political and PR objectives. The report carefully avoids the word genocide, and instead uses the RDR's preferred "Rwandan crisis" and "Rwandan tragedy". It noted the pressing need to "change the image of the Rwandan refugee" while ensuring an "efficient defence" for "refugees" facing prosecution before the newly created ICTR.
The strategy proposed launching a diplomatic charm offensive in European Union countries, especially France and Belgium, as well as other friendly African countries, Russia and China. An RDR presence at African Union and Francophone conferences would also be required to push the denial agenda; vital new links necessary within United Nations institutions such as the UNHCR and Unicef; and connections with NGOs such as Amnesty International. The targets for active political, diplomatic and financial support included sympathetic former diplomats, church hierarchy, and foreign businessmen. This was an early agenda to create an entire revisionist bandwagon.
The report further urged a common stance to questions by the international media about the genocide, the role of militia and death-squads, the involvement of the former Rwandan army, and issues around "impunity". Press releases must be sent out to "present a saleable image to the exterieur" and promote this alternative view of the "Rwandan tragedy". Alongside this strategy, the RDR was insistent it should continue to work hard in "destabilizing and sabotaging the economy of the enemy" (i.e., the new Rwandan government), "provoking subversive activities inside Rwanda", retraining and arming youth in the refugee camps, and finally reconquering Rwanda.
The Hutu extremist leadership set up a "Société Civile" group inside the refugee camps, aiming to become the sole representatives of the latter to the international community. By early 1995, the group's work was extensive. It had, said MSF, set up:
"92 affiliated non-profit-making organizations such as: l'Association des Journalistes Rwandais en Exil, le Cercle des Intellectuels, l'Association pour la Promotion Féminine et la Réhabilitation de la Famille Rwandaise, and l'Association des Juristes pour les Droits de l'Homme…. Most were founded by members of Rwanda's well-educated elite, the MRND, and of the extremist media that functioned in Rwanda before the genocide. Some receive substantial funding from abroad… Another one of these NGOs, the Association Justice et Paix pour la Réconciliation au Rwanda in collaboration with the Société Civile, states that no evidence incriminating the self-proclaimed government-in-exile has come to light and that it was the RPF who committed the genocide of the Hutu."
In addition, other pre-1994 backers of Habyarimana's regime, such as senior members of Catholic church and religious communities like the Pères Blancs (White Fathers) continued to lend their hefty financial and political support to pushing RDR propaganda and defending individual priests. The latter protected and assisted Father Wenceslas Munyeshyaka, charged with genocide and rape, in his escape to France and a new parish; and Father Anastase Seromba, accused of bulldozing his church onto thousands of Tutsi refugees, who was found a new parish in Italy.
The spreading lie
In June 1996, the RDR's wing in Cameroon, where dozens of those wanted for complicity in the genocide had fled, issued a public statement entitled "United Nations Security Council misled about presumed 'Tutsi Genocide' in Rwanda". Colonel Theoneste Bagosora and his fellow genocidaire had been severely riled by a number of detailed reports written by the UN Special Rapporteur to Rwanda, Rene Degni-Segui, in 1994-95 that concluded by calling for the arrest of those responsible for the genocide.
The title of the RDR statement betrays its content. It did not recognise that "genocide" (always in inverted commas) had taken place. A flavour of its denial can be seen in the stalwart defence of Radio RTLM, which many signatories of the RDR document had helped to finance and set up. RTLM had gained particular notoriety for its presenters' role in actually announcing on air the names of people who were to be hunted down and killed, and for its frequent proclamations that the "work" (killing) must be finished. This RDR statement said that RTLM was acting merely as any radio station would: gathering, processing and disseminating information, while abiding by professional ethics and the code of conduct for journalists.
Several contributors to the Cameroonian report were later convicted at the ICTR for their role in the horror, including its "architect" Theoneste Bagosora, the RTLM and propaganda chief Ferdinand Nahimana, the "butcher of Gisenyi" Colonel Anatole Nsengiyumva, and local mayor Laurent Semanza.
In July 1996, a few months after Bagosora was arrested by the ICTR, a meeting of defence attorneys in Nairobi was organised by the Belgian lawyer Luc de Temmerman (who had for some years represented the Habyarimana family). His plan accorded with the RDR's strategy: getting all the defendants to agree a common stance on the "massacres", and then showcasing this before the ICTR's judges and international media. The investigative journalist Thierry Cruvellier, who covered the ICTR for many years, wrote that de Temmerman saw the courtroom as merely another forum to advance the Hutu cause. The latter's defence-lawyers meeting, itself financed by the RDR, had the additional objective of using substantial commissions from the legal fees to fund "the [Hutu] cause": that is, negating the genocide of the Tutsis.
Michael Karnavas, an American defence lawyer who was part of this early group, was told by de Temmerman that he was not representing an individual but "the Hutu nation" and "the cause". Thierry Cruvellier quotes Karnavas: "I was instructed that the genocide had not occurred, that it was simply Tutsi propaganda; but that if a genocide had taken place, the Tutsis were responsible for exterminating the Hutus." (see Court of Remorse: Inside the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, University of Wisconsin Press, 2010). In light of these defence tactics, several lawyers who have worked for the accused have insisted in court and publicly that there was no genocide, and that the defendants have therefore committed no crime.
Since such early tactics, a number of prominent defence lawyers have continued Temmerman's campaign – both at the ICTR and in domestic courts where their clients have stood accused of genocide and related crimes. Indeed in some cases their virulent negationist views, promulgated at every opportunity at specially convened conferences, university campuses, media appearances and online, see them revel in the quasi-celebrity status, publicity and self-promotion that such denial gives them. As genocide has repeated itself so have genocide-deniers. Michael Shermer notes that one high-profile Holocaust-denier "slipped into the revisionist movement not because the historical evidence has taken him there, but because he found an audience and a receptive market."
With Rwanda as with the Holocaust, a reverse "Stockholm syndrome" is operating. This has affected some who have come under the RDR's influence, albeit many are not aware of its denialist nature until they have become fully committed supporters. It is clear that several lawyers who began defence work for the genocidaire started out knowing nothing about 1994, but over a short period became indoctrinated by their client's Hutu extremist ideology; the result, in some cases, saw them taking on even more extreme views than those they represented. An assessment of Holocaust denier David Irving rings all too true of many lawyers and commentators who have cemented their reputations on the basis of denying the genocide against the Tutsi. "Gaining no positive reinforcement from academic circles and scholarly historians, [Irving] began to identify with those who were providing him with primary source documents - old Nazis and Hitler insiders" (see Michael Shermer, "The Faustian bargain of David Irving", in Michael Shermer & Alex Grobner eds., Denying History: Who Says the Holocaust Never Happened and Why Do They Say It?, University of California Press, 2000/2009).
It's a sad take on today's world where denial of the most appalling crime (whether it be by the Ottoman state, Serbian nationalists, anti-semites, or Hutu extremists and their ideological partners) seems more and more to go unnoticed by a public that tires quickly of, or is vulnerable to amnesia over, even relatively recent world events. Into such fallow - and fertile - ground, genocide denial can quickly take root: first revising the truth, then reversing it.
To paraphrase Stefan Ihrig talking about Armenia, again earlier this year: Rwandan denialism "says the men, women and children never died. Or if they did - if those mass graves, pit latrines, churches, roadsides, banana plantations and hillsides were indeed the final horrific resting place of those who were cut and hacked and shot to death - they were merely victims of a war. And anyway it was their fault because 'their' side started it in 1990. And such violence was in the circumstances understandable. But it was never a genocide."
Yet the victims were not just some sort of collateral damage - all 800,000 of them; Each person had their own loves and lives and hopes and dreams. Nor are they mere statistics to be argued over by those trying to defend their actions or to make cheap political or intellectual points. The genocide must not be reduced to an RDR-inspired conspiracy theory that absolves the perpetrators of blame, and absolves the rest of us with having to make any decision as to who was to blame. As the British journalist Lindsey Hilsum, the only English-speaking journalist in Rwanda as the genocide erupted, notes: "You cannot be objective about genocide. It's not 'on the one hand the victims are good and on the other hand they are bad."' Nor can you be objective about denial or those who promote it. To deny genocide is surely to deny our own humanity.
Published in: Home
Rwanda: a step towards truth
Written by: Andrew Wallis All articles by: Andrew Wallis
Rwandan rifts in La Francafrique
"Rwanda: The Untold Story": questions for the BBC
Perfidious Albion? The strange case of Karenzi Karake
France and Rwanda's genocide: a long wait
The DR Congo: behind the headlines
Genocide and justice: where now?
'term-id:[26644]'