The RCS-modelLed "hockey-stick" chronology of Yamal: what went wrong?
Dendroclimatology is a discipline that focuses on studying past, present and even future climate from tree-rings. Dendroclimatology (Climate oriented tree-ring science) has been publicly critisized for unproper use of tree-ring data. Public discussion in Finland was active in the beginning of 2010. Reporter Martti Backman in a MOT TV documentary called Climate catastrophe cancelled (produced by YLE, a Finnish Broadcasting Company), criticised on tree-ring science adopted in the on-going IPCC climate research. Statistician Steve McIntyre had previously analysed a dataset of a Larix tree-ring chronology collected in the Russian Yamal region. According to his results the 'hockey stick" shaped results derived from those data were "nonsense" (e.g. Yamal: A "Divergence" Problem). Inspired by the worldwide debate initiated by the e-mail leakage "Climategate" and the "Yamal divergence" conclusions of McIntyre, Backman decided to prepare a TV documentary on the subject.
Kari Mielikäinen, Professor of Growth and Yield, and Senior Researcher Mauri Timonen (the author) from Metla (Finnish Forest Research Institute) were asked to give an expert opinion about the climatic interpretation of the Yamal chronology. Well, having a decades long experience in tree growth modelling, applying RCS (Regional Curve Standardisation) as our standard tool in our growth trend studies, and also having an active role in method development (e.g. Ultimate RCS modelling), we may have some understanding on the subject. Finnish Lapland is rather close to the Yamal Peninsula (1600 km) and there grows our timberline Scots pine at around the same latitude. But as we don't recognise any "hockey stick" like climate patterns here, doing some analysis with the Yamal tree-ring data ia a very interesting case to us. I hope my longish story triggers some discussion on the challenges and great possibilities of Dendroclimatic modelling.
How to expose climatic variations from tree-rings?
Some people perhaps think it might not be possible to determine long term (low-frequency) climate fluctuations from tree-rings and make reliable climatic interpretations based on them. That's not however the case: there are at least 150 climatically sensitive tree species around the world that correspond with good correlation to local climatic conditions.
We Finnish tree-ring researchers go on working with our over 7600 years long tree-ring chronology and the related data of timberline Scots pine. This research material is composed of living trees, snags, stumps, building material and a number of megafossils (subfossils). The climatic signal extracted from tree-rings of Scots pine, e.g. ring width correlation with June-July temperature, is considered to be even one of the most accurate known proxies in the world!
Exposing climatic signals from tree-rings is not straightforward. There are many pitfalls to avoid in the different stages of modelling. The growth process of tree-rings can be described by Ed Cook's conceptual aggregate model. To an experienced dendrochronologist applying properly this simple basic model, climatic signal extraction is not a significant problem.
There are two approaches for exposing climatic signals from tree-rings: Single Tree Standardization (STS) and Regional Curve Standardisation (RCS).
The first step in applying STS is to standardise separately (define a mean ring width - age curve relationship) each tree-ring series (Fig. 6 on the right). Then the tree-ring widths have to be transformed to tree-ring indices by a simple techniques of dividing the observed ring-widths by the modelled values. If using percentages, the values have to be multiplied by 100. Therefore, if the observed value coincides with the curve value, the index will be 100. The values exceeding 100 refer to better growth conditions and vice versa.
STS fits well for exposing annual (High-Frequency) and decadal (Medium-Frequency) climatic variation. As a rule of thumb, STS makes it possible to identify climatic periods (cycles, trends) about half of the individual series length in maximum. As the oldest Finnish Scots pines reach the age of about 800 years, STS can expose ca. 400 years long cycles or trends in maximum.
Our RCS method uses the whole data (or a dataset created by BFM filtering, Fig. 4) for defining an average growth model (Fig. 6). The idea in RCS modelling is to describe a non-climatic mean ring width - age curve. Cook's Conceptual Linear Aggregate Model gives a good idea for the variables to be considered in modelling.
All the samples covering the whole 1000-yr period (Fig. 6) were used for building a joint average growth model (ring width - age model) (Fig. 8). When climate during some period is warmer than normal, annual ring-width averages are higher compared to the values of the standardised growth curve (indices > 100) and vice versa.
A less discussed question in tree-ring science is proper sample size. There is actually no final common answer available, because the needed sample size depends largely on the investigated issue: tree-ring width, tree-ring density, isotopes stored in tree-rings etc. Defining a proper sample size for a specific ring-width data, however, is the most challenging task, because tree growth is determined by a large number of internal and external growth factors (as described in Cook's Conceptual Linear Aggregate Model).
Properly sized tree-ring data needed for climate modelling may be based purely on statistical sampling. It may, however, not always be the best fit for two reasons: 1) sample size gets large and costly to process; 2) unknown growth factors bring extra noise to data (e.g. insect damage, storms, floods, fellings and other human activities), which is hard to handle in analyses. We prefer collecting cost-effective tree-ring data based on carefully considered predefined information. The benefits of this kind approach are smaller sample size and better data quality (less noise).
What is the correct sample size and how many independent data sets should be collected for the requested accuracy? Proper solution requires a conceptual understanding in terms of validity and reliability. Validity describes how well the collected data set represents the question setting. Reliability is linked to statistical sample sizing.
We, in our climate analyses, set the minimum accuracy of the annual ring-width or tree-ring index estimate to at least a ± 10% level at 5% risk. We usually define sample size based on the coefficient of variation as shown in Fig. 5. The formula may not be ideal for this purpose, but it, however, gives an objective tool for taking into consideration the variability of local climate. According to the table, a ± 10% accuracy requirement at 5% risk level counts at the Finnish pine timberline at least 50 observations per year. One can ask whether a 10 % accuracy is adequate for correlating tree-ring indices with instrumental measurements. Well, it is worth discussing; collecting even larger data sets would not at all be a bad idea!
A method called Box Filling Method (BFM, Fig. 4) is useful for creating balanced RCS datasets. There are three dimensions in the BFM approach: calendar year, cambium age and number of samples. If "box filling" is done successfully, there is also a good chance to build a reliable RCS model.
But note: BFM improves only the reliability, not the validity of data! That is why attention has also to be paid to the homogeneity of growing conditions of the sample trees. As often happens, sample trees are collected from a variety of sites. This may lead to misinterpretations and completely wrong conclusions!
Also a single storm or some other natural event (e.g. insect outbreak) may have a strong effect on sample trees. A change in stand structure may invoke a drastic growth reaction to the nearby survivors, which can be erraneously interpreted as a common climatic signal. In order to avoid these kinds of pitfalls, a number of separate data sets over the investigated region should be collected (Fig. 1). Not until after testing all the data sets and chronologies over the whole region and comparing the results to previous studies, the worst climatic misinterpretations may be recognised. But that still does not necessarily provide the answer to the original question setting of data validity.
The Russian 4000-yr Yamal chronology of Larix was completed in the ADVANCE-10K EU Project in 1996-1999 and published in Holocene 2002 (Briffa et al. 2002). The same project and paper introduced also the Finnish 7520-yr chronology of timberline Scots pine (Eronen et al. 2002), the Swedish 7400-yr Tornetrask chronology of Scots pine (Grudd et al. 2002) and the German 10479-yr chronology of Oak (Friedrich et al. 2002). The Finnish chronology was later on extended to 5634 BC (Helama et al. 2008). For more details, check the newspaper article in Helsingin Sanomat Muinainen ilmasto oli aaltoliikettä (Ancient climate was of cyclic origin; sorry, only in Finnish).
The ring-width data of the Yamal chronology, as checked by Cofecha's Quality Control and Check (output), seems to be of the highest quality. Cofecha, which is a leading dating and tree-ring data quality checking program of the ITRDB DPL library, reports only four flags and shows exceptionally high interseries correlation (r=0.771). For those wanting to check the contents of the Finnish supralong chronology data, enclosed some information: Cofecha summary and some overall documentary: paper of evaluation and some poster presentations: a, b and c. Included also a User Guide to COFECHA output files.
Climatic interpretation of the Yamal chronology has triggered a lot of discussion for its hockey stick shaped curve. There was no hockey stick in the earlier climatic presentation of the Yamal chronology by Hantemirov et al. 2002 (Abstract). The hockey stick was reported later on, in 2009 Briffa's paper. Why did Briffa get different results compared to Hantemirov et al.? Some possible reasons can be listed: 1) Different methodologies: Hantemirov applied the so called Corridor Method, but Briffa his fine-tuned RCS method. 2) Cambium age distribution over time (calendar year range) in the Yamal data is unbalanced because the oldest tree-rings appear only during the last couple of hundred years. A good data for building basic RCS ring width - cambium age models requests an evenly distributed data, both over the cambium age and the calendar year. Accepting all the available ring-width data for model processing inevitably results an unbalanced time-related age distribution, which may lead to strange results as seen in the Yamal case.
As explained earlier, BFM makes it possible to create optimal data sets for high-quality RCS modelling. This method, in combination with careful randomising in sampling, allows to create several replicated subdatas. This benefits RCS to be tested with several independent data subsets. The examples here show the importance of Age Banding (Fig. 8) to be applied in the RCS method. Age Banding, i.e. limiting ring-age within the frames of a data set, greatly balances the tree-ring data needed for the basic RCS ring-width age modelling (Fig. 9).
This important view of RCS modelling should be noted: RCS is highly dependent on successful ring width - ring age modelling. Poor data (like in the case of the Yamal modelling problems) may lead to biased models and misleading conclusions. Ignoring the role of ring age in RCS modelling in fact seems to be a major problem in Dendrochronology. The Yamal chronology data is a typical example of a dataset with distorted age distribution over time (calendar year) causing "funny" results.
As seen in the Yamal case (Age Banding - Scatter), tree-ring age distribution over the calendar year axis does not fulfil the age restriction of 70-110 years. All the tree-ring cambium ages in the 1900s exceed 110 years, because the tree-rings of the same living trees since the 1750s were used for filling the 250-yr gap between the youngest subfossils and the present. Considering the use of BFM approach in the Yamal case, it is not possible, because there is not enough data available for passing the Age Band limitation. Arguing on this fact, my strong opinion is: the Yamal data represents a typical tree-ring dataset that never should be applied in RCS modelling! Compare some age-banded models in the poster.
The Yamal tree-ring data is technically almost flawless, but small data size easily leads to validity and reliability problems. We do can draw conclusions from annual and decadal variations, but exposing longer trends is much more challenging and the risk of misinterpretation dramatically increases. Poor cambium age distribution over time in the data prevents using Age Banding, which is an essential part of RCS modelling. If we, e.g., would like to use an age band of 70-110 years, it would not at all be possible in this case, because average cambium age increases gradually from 75 years to 250 years in the 1900s. Applying the 70-110 band would fail because of lacking observations in the 1900s! That's because all rings are older than 110 years!
If there are plenty of tree-ring data available, it is very useful to apply BFM and create several independent or dependent data sets for advanced RCS analysis. Although RCS can not be applied properly to data sets like Yamal, indexing methods like STS and Shiyatov's Corridor Method play well. Unfortunately ordinary tree-ring indices can expose trends only about half of the life span of the oldest trees. The maximum trend or cycle length in the Yamal case would thus be some 130 years. That is not enough for identifying periods like MWP, LIA and MWP. Comparison of the RCS and STS chronologies, however, show that RCS produces a hockey stick shaped curve but the STS method not. Check the poster.
1) What is the validity of this kind of data? What do the trees actually represent? The risk they are exposing something else than climatic responses is obvious.
2) What is the reliability of the sampled data set? Knowing well that variation in tree growth at the Finnish timberline areas, expressed in terms of the coefficient of variation (CV), is 40-50 % (timberline pine in Finnish Lapland over 40 % and Larix in the Yamal peninsula over 45 %), a lot of careful investigation should be paid to sampling. And this is not enough, we definitely have also to also to consider, what kind of predefined ruling to adapt in order to maximise the climatic signal.
3) What research method is most suitable for producing proper conclusions? Considering the two climatic signal exposing methods, STS and RCS, it is crucial to make difference that STS exposes only local annual and decadal variation while RCS can expose also long-term variation. Age Banding should always play an important role in applying the both methods. Because RCS is a very data sensitive method, considerable attention should be paid for analysis of all the relevant data characteristics. If the data set does not fulfil the predefined information requested by the BFM, RCS should not be used for climatic analyses at all. This is actually the case also with the Yamal data set.
4) How to generalize results? Small data sets, as used e.g. in the Yamal case, represent only local climatic conditions, provided that the validity and reliability of the data is high enough. If not, climatic conclusions may be even locally badly misleading.
5) One more thing to be considered: the whole research process, the results and the conclusions should be exposed to public criticism before publishing. As seen every now and then, peer-reviewing does not always guarantee the proper scientific conclusions! Unfortunately.
Because the Yamal region is pretty close to Finland, we tree-ring scientists are frequently asked whether our chronologies expose any hockey stick like patterns. As the enclosed graphs, referring to some preliminary results from Mielikäinen's Growth Trend Project, suggest there are no specific hockey stick patterns in these chronologies.
Finnish timberline pines grow normally, reflecting the June-July temperature variation. The observed solid temperature - growth response wipes off also the worry about any trend like divergence problems. As regards to low-frequence variation, Finnish timberline pines speak for a typical MWP-LIA-MWP pattern in their growth (Fig. 5 in this poster).
Although the "boomerang" shaped growth/temperature pattern arouses common interest, we, however, prefer to investigate the cyclic growth/climate patterns found in our pine and spruce chronologies. According to spectral analysis, the three strongest cycles exist between 81 and 95 years. That coincides with the solar based Gleissberg cyclicity (80-90 years). We hypothesise that the climatic part of tree growth at the Finnish pine timberline is mainly solar-forced, but also triggered by the cyclicly warming-cooling sea waters (AMO) and the macroclimate dynamics (NAO). The paper of Helama et al. (2010) gives an interesting introduction to this direction.


I have run The Property Voice Podcast for over a year now and I thought it time to get a little bit of feedback from you if you could help with that.
The show had an original format as a Series linking a number of central themes in each episode under a central theme. The first series tackled some of the foundations in property investment, whilst the second series looked at the various cycles in property, with a third series planned for a month or so on creative financing in property. Each episode contained three main segments: Property Chatter, the main content, Your Voice, which showcased some of your questions and other contributions and finally the Shout Out, which gave tools and resource recommendations.
In between series we have had two types of format.
Initially, we had the Musings episodes, which retained the 3 main segments (Property Chatter, Your Voice & Shout Out), however, the theme of the episode was not always linked to a central theme as it is within a series - they were more random if you like. These were typically 30-45 minutes long.
More recently, we have had the Soundbites episodes, which only had the Property Chatter segment, but are otherwise similar to the idea of a Musings episode...only shorter at around 15-30 minutes typically.
Various guests under the description of 'Subject Matter Experts'...so specialists in their field rather than everyday investors.
* 1. How many of The Property Voice Episodes have you listened to?
* 2. Which podcast formats have you listened to (tick all that apply)?
Any and all of them as I can't get enough of property!
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text:
The Sun's picks in selected General Assembly and County Council races
Ebersole, a long-time Catonsville resident and math teacher at River Hill High School in Columbia, would bring three decades of education experience and smart views on the environment and job creation. Both Lam, a physician and a former legislative staffer for Del. Dan Morhaim, and Hill, a plastic surgeon, would bring health care experience to a legislature that needs it. Lam, a Columbia resident, also pledges to bring a progressive voice to the district and we like his ideas on a progressive tax plan. Hill, also a Columbia resident, makes the environment and support for small businesses among her priorities.
There is no primary in the district's senate race.
42nd District
State Sen. Jim Brochin annoys just about everyone (us included) at one point or another. That alone seems to be the basis of his challenge by former Del. Connie DeJuliis, who has predicated her campaign on the idea that she is a real Democrat and he is not. Ms. DeJuliis decries Mr. Brochin's willingness to break with his party and his propensity to change his mind — gay marriage and gun control among the most prominent examples. Indeed, he sometimes comes down on what, from our perspective, is the wrong side on big issues, as in his opposition to Maryland's version of the Dream Act. But since when is a willingness to listen to the evidence and change one's mind a bad thing? Another reliable vote for the Democratic leadership is not what Annapolis needs, and it's almost certainly not what the 42nd District wants. Mr. Brochin gets our endorsement.
The new 42nd includes a Democratic-leaning one-member district in the south, where incumbent Del. Steve Lafferty is unopposed for the Democratic nomination. But the race in Republican-leaning District 42-B is much more contentious, with GOP incumbent Dels. Susan Aumann and Joseph Boteler III facing challenges from attorney Chris West and Jesse Filamor. Ms. Aumann has consistently demonstrated herself to be a caring and thoughtful lawmaker during her three terms in Annapolis, and she is extremely attentive to issues of importance to her constituents. Delegate Aumann gets our endorsement. Among the other candidates, Chris West, a long-time Republican activist and first-time candidate, stands out. He combines moderation on social issues with a focus on improving Maryland's business climate through tax and regulatory reform. He has a realistic sense of how he, as a Republican, could influence legislation in a Democrat-dominated General Assembly, and he brings welcome expertise on issues related to state pensions and education policy.
Thanks to redistricting, the residents of the Catonsville area have the opportunity to elect two new delegates in a district that was once entirely within Baltimore City. Five Democrats, none with any experience in elected office, are running. Rainier Harvey and Charles Sydnor are the best among them.
Mr. Harvey, a Windsor Mill resident, is a veteran and former police officer who now serves on the Baltimore County Planning Board. While this is his first campaign for public office, he is nevertheless familiar with the world of politics, having served as political director for Del. Adrienne Jones, who had represented the area when it was part of District 10.
Mr. Sydnor, a Catonsville resident, is an attorney with a Columbia company founded by James Rouse that seeks to create opportunity for low- and moderate income people through affordable housing. A Johns Hopkins University graduate who focused on educational policymaking in graduate school at UMBC, he will bring a thoughtful, intelligent approach to matters before the General Assembly.
County Council District 2
First-term County Councilwoman Vicki Almond is facing a rematch from her opponent in 2010, Jon Herbst. Then a Republican, Mr. Herbst has switched parties and is now challenging her in the primary, and the 36-year-old attorney has the backing of County Executive Kevin Kamenetz and state Sen. Bobby Zirkin (for whom Ms. Almond once worked as chief of staff). Much of the issue at hand revolves around Ms. Almond's handling of the approval of the Foundry Row project in Owings Mills, which will include a Wegmans grocery store. Indeed, we agree that her enthusiasm for the project appeared to get ahead of the process, but we also get the sense that dissatisfaction with the final result is concentrated among rival developers rather than Ms. Almond's constituents.
Mr. Herbst says the district needs someone with the skills and background that Mr. Kamenetz brought to the council when he represented the 2nd and that Ms. Almond squanders too much goodwill by disagreeing with the executive. However, we think the council needs someone like Ms. Almond, with her decades of experience in community work and her willingness to ask tough questions about the administration's policies. She has our endorsement.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


How Many Miles Does It Take For Stress Relief?
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State of mind or a state of grace.
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Hi Noemie, I missed you last week, especially in anglophone class, hope you are feeling ok, why not download your vocab list from the site? Your test1 is on Tuesday!


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McCaughan D, Roman E, Smith AG, Garry AC, Johnson MJ, Patmore RD, Howard MR, Howell DA.
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The impact of rheumatological disorders on lymphomas and myeloma: a report on risk and survival from the UK's population-based Haematological Malignancy Research Network.
Kane E, Painter D, Smith A, Crouch S, Oliver S, Patmore R, Roman E.
Cancer Epidemiol. 2019 Apr;59:236-243. doi: 10.1016/j.canep.2019.02.014. Epub 2019 Mar 4.
Perspectives of bereaved relatives of patients with haematological malignancies concerning preferred place of care and death: A qualitative study.
Disease-related factors affecting timely lymphoma diagnosis: a qualitative study exploring patient experiences.
Howell DA, Hart RI, Smith AG, Macleod U, Patmore R, Roman E.
Br J Gen Pract. 2019 Feb;69(679):e134-e145. doi: 10.3399/bjgp19X701009. Epub 2019 Jan 28.
McCulloch R, Smith A, Crosbie N, Patmore R, Rule S.
Br J Haematol. 2018 Nov 26. doi: 10.1111/bjh.15696. [Epub ahead of print] No abstract available.
Painter D, Barrans S, Lacy S, Smith A, Crouch S, Westhead D, Sha C, Patmore R, Tooze R, Burton C, Roman E.
Br J Haematol. 2018 Nov 8. doi: 10.1111/bjh.15619. [Epub ahead of print] No abstract available.
A Generic Model for Follicular Lymphoma: Predicting Cost, Life Expectancy, and Quality-Adjusted-Life-Year Using UK Population-Based Observational Data.
Wang HI, Roman E, Crouch S, Aas E, Burton C, Patmore R, Smith A.
Value Health. 2018 Oct;21(10):1176-1185. doi: 10.1016/j.jval.2018.03.007. Epub 2018 Apr 24.
Cohort Profile: The Haematological Malignancy Research Network (HMRN); a UK population-based patient cohort.
Smith A, Howell D, Crouch S, Painter D, Blase J, Wang HI, Hewison A, Bagguley T, Appleton S, Kinsey S, Burton C, Patmore R, Roman E.
Int J Epidemiol. 2018 Apr 2. doi: 10.1093/ije/dyy044. [Epub ahead of print] No abstract available.
Myeloma: Patient accounts of their pathways to diagnosis.
Howell DA, Hart RI, Smith AG, Macleod U, Patmore R, Cook G, Roman E.
PLoS One. 2018 Apr 4;13(4):e0194788. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194788. eCollection 2018.
Smith A, Roman E, Appleton S, Howell D, Johnson R, Burton C, Patmore R.
Br J Haematol. 2018 Apr;181(2):215-228. doi: 10.1111/bjh.15170. Epub 2018 Mar 13.
Palliative care specialists' perceptions concerning referral of haematology patients to their services: findings from a qualitative study.
BMC Palliat Care. 2018 Feb 21;17(1):33. doi: 10.1186/s12904-018-0289-1.
Determinants of hospital death in haematological cancers: findings from a qualitative study.
McCaughan D, Roman E, Smith AG, Garry A, Johnson M, Patmore R, Howard M, Howell DA.
BMJ Support Palliat Care. 2018 Mar;8(1):78-86. doi: 10.1136/bmjspcare-2016-001289. Epub 2017 Jun 29.
Emergency admission and survival from aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphoma: A report from the UK's population-based Haematological Malignancy Research Network.
Kane E, Howell D, Smith A, Crouch S, Burton C, Roman E, Patmore R.
Eur J Cancer. 2017 Jun;78:53-60. doi: 10.1016/j.ejca.2017.03.013. Epub 2017 Apr 13.
Multiple myeloma: routes to diagnosis, clinical characteristics and survival - findings from a UK population-based study.
Howell D, Smith A, Appleton S, Bagguley T, Macleod U, Cook G, Patmore R, Roman E.
Br J Haematol. 2017 Apr;177(1):67-71. doi: 10.1111/bjh.14513. Epub 2017 Feb 1.
Roman E, Smith A, Appleton S, Crouch S, Kelly R, Kinsey S, Cargo C, Patmore R.
Cancer Epidemiol. 2016 Jun;42:186-98. doi: 10.1016/j.canep.2016.03.011. Epub 2016 Apr 16.
Treatment cost and life expectancy of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL): a discrete event simulation model on a UK population-based observational cohort.
Wang HI, Smith A, Aas E, Roman E, Crouch S, Burton C, Patmore R.
Eur J Health Econ. 2017 Mar;18(2):255-267. doi: 10.1007/s10198-016-0775-4. Epub 2016 Mar 11.
Impact of age and socioeconomic status on treatment and survival from aggressive lymphoma: a UK population-based study of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.
Smith A, Crouch S, Howell D, Burton C, Patmore R, Roman E.
Cancer Epidemiol. 2015 Dec;39(6):1103-12. doi: 10.1016/j.canep.2015.08.015. Epub 2015 Sep 2.
Preferred and actual place of death in haematological malignancy.
Howell DA, Wang HI, Roman E, Smith AG, Patmore R, Johnson MJ, Garry A, Howard M.
BMJ Support Palliat Care. 2017 Jun;7(2):150-157. doi: 10.1136/bmjspcare-2014-000793. Epub 2015 Jul 8.
Lymphoma incidence, survival and prevalence 2004-2014: sub-type analyses from the UK's Haematological Malignancy Research Network.
Smith A, Crouch S, Lax S, Li J, Painter D, Howell D, Patmore R, Jack A, Roman E.
Br J Cancer. 2015 Apr 28;112(9):1575-84. doi: 10.1038/bjc.2015.94. Epub 2015 Mar 24.
Costed Treatment Pathways of Diffuse Large B Cell Lymphoma in a UK Population-Based Cohort: A Patient Level Simulation Model.
Wang HI, Smith A, Roman E, Crouch S, Jack A, Patmore R.
Value Health. 2014 Nov;17(7):A624-5. doi: 10.1016/j.jval.2014.08.2221. Epub 2014 Oct 26. No abstract available.
BMJ Support Palliat Care. 2015 Dec;5(5):496-502. doi: 10.1136/bmjspcare-2013-000578. Epub 2014 Feb 19.
Long-term medical costs and life expectancy of acute myeloid leukemia: a probabilistic decision model.
Wang HI, Aas E, Howell D, Roman E, Patmore R, Jack A, Smith A.
Value Health. 2014 Mar;17(2):205-14. doi: 10.1016/j.jval.2013.12.007.
Smith AG, Painter D, Howell DA, Evans P, Smith G, Patmore R, Jack A, Roman E.
BMJ Open. 2014 Jan 15;4(1):e004266. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2013-004266.
Place of death in haematological malignancy: variations by disease sub-type and time from diagnosis to death.
Howell DA, Wang HI, Smith AG, Howard MR, Patmore RD, Roman E.
BMC Palliat Care. 2013 Nov 19;12(1):42. doi: 10.1186/1472-684X-12-42.
Time-to-diagnosis and symptoms of myeloma, lymphomas and leukaemias: a report from the Haematological Malignancy Research Network.
Howell DA, Smith AG, Jack A, Patmore R, Macleod U, Mironska E, Roman E.
BMC Hematol. 2013 Oct 31;13(1):9. doi: 10.1186/2052-1839-13-9.
Bangalorelakshminarayana U, Patmore R, Dore P, Jayan R, Greenstone M.
Br J Hosp Med (Lond). 2013 Jul;74(7):412-3. No abstract available.
Whole genome expression profiling based on paraffin embedded tissue can be used to classify diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and predict clinical outcome.
Barrans SL, Crouch S, Care MA, Worrillow L, Smith A, Patmore R, Westhead DR, Tooze R, Roman E, Jack AS.
Br J Haematol. 2012 Nov;159(4):441-53. doi: 10.1111/bjh.12045. Epub 2012 Sep 13.
Incidence of haematological malignancy by sub-type: a report from the Haematological Malignancy Research Network.
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Br J Cancer. 2011 Nov 22;105(11):1684-92. doi: 10.1038/bjc.2011.450. Epub 2011 Nov 1.
Haematological malignancy: are patients appropriately referred for specialist palliative and hospice care? A systematic review and meta-analysis of published data.
Howell DA, Shellens R, Roman E, Garry AC, Patmore R, Howard MR.
Palliat Med. 2011 Sep;25(6):630-41. doi: 10.1177/0269216310391692. Epub 2011 Jan 12. Review.
Destined to die in hospital? Systematic review and meta-analysis of place of death in haematological malignancy.
Howell DA, Roman E, Cox H, Smith AG, Patmore R, Garry AC, Howard MR.
BMC Palliat Care. 2010 Jun 1;9:9. doi: 10.1186/1472-684X-9-9.
Rearrangement of MYC is associated with poor prognosis in patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma treated in the era of rituximab.
Barrans S, Crouch S, Smith A, Turner K, Owen R, Patmore R, Roman E, Jack A.
J Clin Oncol. 2010 Jul 10;28(20):3360-5. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2009.26.3947. Epub 2010 May 24.
The Haematological Malignancy Research Network (HMRN): a new information strategy for population based epidemiology and health service research.
Smith A, Roman E, Howell D, Jones R, Patmore R, Jack A; Haematological Malignancy Research Network.
Br J Haematol. 2010 Mar;148(5):739-53. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2009.08010.x. Epub 2009 Dec 1.
Brachial plexopathy following high-dose melphalan and autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation.
Parrish C, Ming A, Patmore R, Shields M, Allsup D.
Bone Marrow Transplant. 2010 May;45(5):951-2. doi: 10.1038/bmt.2009.243. Epub 2009 Sep 21. No abstract available.
Development of EBV-associated diffuse large B-cell lymphoma in Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia and mantle cell lymphoma.
Varghese AM, Sayala H, Evans PA, O'Connor SJ, Patmore R, Hillmen P, Owen RG.
Leuk Lymphoma. 2008 Aug;49(8):1618-9. doi: 10.1080/10428190802123481. No abstract available.
Inhaled nitrous oxide (Entonox) as a short acting sedative during bone marrow examination.
Steedman B, Watson J, Ali S, Shields ML, Patmore RD, Allsup DJ.
Clin Lab Haematol. 2006 Oct;28(5):321-4.
Flow cytometric disease monitoring in multiple myeloma: the relationship between normal and neoplastic plasma cells predicts outcome after transplantation.
Rawstron AC, Davies FE, DasGupta R, Ashcroft AJ, Patmore R, Drayson MT, Owen RG, Jack AS, Child JA, Morgan GJ.
Germinal center phenotype and bcl-2 expression combined with the International Prognostic Index improves patient risk stratification in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.
Barrans SL, Carter I, Owen RG, Davies FE, Patmore RD, Haynes AP, Morgan GJ, Jack AS.
Effects of fenoxycarb on development and reproduction of the oriental cockroach, Blatta orientalis.
Evans RG, Sunley A, Bradford C, Patmore RI.
Med Vet Entomol. 1995 Jul;9(3):235-40.
Cytomegalovirus-induced T-cell proliferation and the development of progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy following bone marrow transplantation.
Owen RG, Patmore RD, Smith GM, Barnard DL.
Br J Haematol. 1995 Jan;89(1):196-8.
Kerr KG, Anson JJ, Patmore R, Smith G.
J Hosp Infect. 1994 Jan;26(1):73-5. No abstract available.
Effects of chronic administration of benfluorex to rats on the metabolism of corticosterone, glucose, triacylglycerols, glycerol and fatty acid.
Brindley DN, Akester H, Derrick GP, Irvine CD, Patmore RD, Spencer H, Yule-Smith A, Finnerty C, Saxton J, Macdonald IA, et al.
Biochem Pharmacol. 1988 Feb 15;37(4):695-705.


If you are looking to turn up the heat, look no further. If you want to feel the burn long after you have finished eating, then the Habanaga pepper is what you need. This pepper is so hot that the Indian army has used them like weapons with their burning blinding ability. Now that's hot! The Habanaga chili pepper is rated at a whopping 800,000 on the Scoville Scale for Peppers. It is bursting with flavor, but it is so hot, it will make you cry, sweat and could even make it impossible to talk for a brief amount of time.
Now in regards to the use of these fiery beasts, the possibilities are endless. From soups to chili and pasta to nachos that can burn your lips off, you will not be disappointed. Keep in mind that fiery pieces of delight for all heat lovers do need to be eaten with care. Obviously making the fatal mistake of touching your eyes, nose or mouth when preparing these peppers will probably result in some unpleasant moments especially with their degree of heat.
Keep in mind, less is more when using this type of pepper in your favorite recipes. For example, want to kick it up a notch the next time you make burgers? Dicing up an option with a small amount of this pepper will definitely kick your taste buds into overdrive, and if you want even more delicious decadence, paired with your favorite cheese makes an excellent hot cheese dip. Want to give your ketchup a kick? Well there you go, but proceed with caution. Remember that everyone's tolerance is different.
Wonder how this pepper was created? A New Mexico University student accidentally crossed a Habanero pepper with a Naga Jolokia pepper, both of which of pretty fiery alone, but combined the Habanaga chili pepper was was created. So there you go, some food for thought. So chop, dice, slice and saute this firecracker, but be prepared!


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About us, contact us
Pacific Disaster Risk Management Project
People and Policy
Ama Takiloa ʻa e Kakai Fefine Tonga (Light the Way for Women in Tonga)
Youth and Mental Health
Water, Sanitation and Health
Sustainable Rainwater Harvesting
Organic Home Gardening
Disaster Preparedness: Coping Communities
Mitigating Climate Change Impacts in Haʻapai
Developing Model Species Recovery Plan for Tonga
Voter Attitude Survey and Education
About TCDT
The Tonga Community Development Trust (TCDT) is an indigenous, non-governmental development organization operating in the Kingdom of Tonga. TCDT's focus is on capacity building with special attention on the less developed, more disadvantaged communities of Tonga including the poorest of the poor. Our projects cover the following focal areas: Family and Community Health; Rural Water Supply and Sanitation; Sustainable Development; Environmental Conservation; Disaster Preparedness; Womens in Development; Human Rights; Good Governance, Civic Education and Voter Education.
Brief Historical Background
Tonga Trust started from the work of the Catholic Village Womens Development Program (VWD) in 1978. The organisation was formally registered at the Tonga"s Magistrates Court in November 17, 1983 under the name Foundation for the Peoples of the South Pacific/Tonga (FSP Tonga). Two years later, the name of the organisation was changed to Tonga Community Development Trust in November 17, 1985. Its mandate continued to focus on alleviation of poverty in Tongan families and communities and fostering self reliance and sustainable community development. Since its inception, TCDT has been governed by a Board of Directors and managed daily by an Executive Director.
TCDT's headquarters is on the main island of Tongatapu. A field office was opened in Neiafu, Vavaʻu in April 1999. Since then we have also established field offices in Haʻapai and ʻEua. It is envisaged that a field office will be open in Niuafoʻou in 2009.
Tonga Trust is working in partnership with development partners to foster self reliance and sustainable community development in Tonga.
Families and Communities in Tonga are empowered to be self-reliant and active agents of their own sustainable development.
SELF-RELIANCE – Tonga Trust is guided by the principle of helping the poor families and communities to help themselves
EMPOWERMENT – we actively promote empowering communities to understand and actively participate in taking action to meet their needs sustainably
PARTNERSHIP – we encourage forming partnership with and/or from local to international communities while addressing local community's needs and aspirations
EQUITABLE RIGHTS – we believe that everyone has equitable rights to access development opportunities, disregarding social and economic background and geographical location
SUSTAINABILITY – we support community's ownership of problems and cost-effective solutions to ensure sustainability of benefits
Roles of TCDT
To work with poor and disadvantaged families and communities to improve their living standard
To build the capacity and confidence of families and communities, especially women through technical training in specific skills that are relevant and useful for home and community development
To provide linkages and pathways between families and communities with other development sources of assistance, such as government, local and foreign donors
To increase people's understanding of their basic rights
To facilitate and empower communities governance structure as a strong foundation for charging their own development and self-reliance
Relevance to Government Sustainable Development Plan 8 (SDP8)
Tonga Trust strategic goals are in line with the following goals from the government SDP8:
Create a better governance environment
Ensure equitable distribution of the benefits of growth
Improve health standards
Ensure environmental sustainability and disaster risk reduction
Maintain law and order, social cohesion and cultural


Neural Entrainment or Rhythmic Evoked Responses - can we tell them apart?
Over the past years, there has been growing evidence the the brain entrains to rhythms in the environment and that this entrainment facilitates sensory processing and attentional selection. However, rhythmic stimuli also produce rhythmic evoked responses in sensory cortices, posing a challenge for demonstrating "purely endogenous" neural entrainment. In this talk I will survey several recent MEG and EEG studies in which we attempt to disentangle bottom-up auditory evoked responses from evidence of neural entrainment to simple tones as well as complex stimuli such as speech and music.


Advances in VDI healthcare technology over the past several years have created an appealing answer for healthcare IT teams and end users alike. Virtual workspaces can provide that unique mix of all-the-time access and tighter security. Hardware and infrastructure costs decline. With Comport's long experience in hospitals plus VDI and network expertise, organizations looking to implement or improve their virtual desktop solutions can be sure that their end user experience is user-friendly – smooth and seamless.
Healthcare virtual desktop infrastructure (VDI) is continuing to gain popularity because of the centralized management that helps maintain security, ensure compliance and reduce costs.
If you have a current VDI environment, Comport can take a look at your infrastructure to provide information on any gaps in security and/or improvements needed to optimize your investment.
Our team has a proven history of designing, implementing and improving virtual environments within healthcare through our deep industry knowledge.
We have earned the distinction of INC 5000 America's Fastest Growing Private Companies, CRN's triple crown winner and more.
Healthcare VDI offers clinicians better options for faster, more efficient patient care. Contact the healthcare technology experts at Comport to get started today!


NETWORKING developers are highly in demand, receiving impressive salaries in top organizations.
Get trained from IIHT Certified Trainers having rich experience in Networking concepts.
Experience best of infrastructure at IIHT Computer Labs.


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Daily Motivations - Follow
Herman Melville (born Melvill; August 1, 1819 – September 28, 1891) was an American novelist, short story writer and poet of the American Renaissance period. Among his best-known works is his magnum opus, Moby-Dick (1851), and Typee (1846), a romantic account of his experiences of Polynesian life.
Melville was born in New York City, the third child of a merchant. Typee, his first book, was followed by a sequel, Omoo (1847). Both were successful and they gave him the financial basis to marry Elizabeth "Lizzie" Shaw, a daughter of a prominent Boston family. His first novel not based on his own experiences, Mardi (1849), was not well received. His next fictional work, Redburn (1849), and his non-fiction White-Jacket (1850) were given better reviews but did not provide financial security.
Moby-Dick (1851), although now considered one of the great American novels, was initially not well received by contemporary critics. His psychological novel, Pierre: or, The Ambiguities (1852) was also scorned by reviewers. From 1853 to 1856, Melville published short fiction in magazines which were collected in 1856 as The Piazza Tales. In 1857, he traveled to England and then toured the Near East, and that same year published his last work of prose, The Confidence-Man (1857). He moved to New York in 1863 to take a position as Customs Inspector and turned to poetry. Battle-Pieces and Aspects of the War (1866) was his poetic reflection on the moral questions of the American Civil War. In an emotionally jarring incident for Melville in 1867, his eldest child Malcolm died at home from a self-inflicted gunshot.
Within ten years of his son's death, Melville's metaphysical epic Clarel: A Poem and Pilgrimage in the Holy Land was published in 1876. In 1886, his other son Stanwix died of apparent tuberculosis, and Melville retired. During his last years, he privately published two volumes of poetry, left one volume unpublished, and returned to prose of the sea. The novella Billy Budd was left unfinished at his death but was published posthumously in 1924. Melville died from cardiovascular disease in 1891. The centennial of his birth in 1919 became the starting point of the Melville revival, with critics rediscovering his work and his major novels starting to become recognized as world classics of prominent importance to contemporary world literature.
Quotes by Herman Melville
Hope is the struggle of the soul, breaking loose from what is perishable, and attesting her eternity.
Old age is always wakeful as if, the longer linked with life, the less man has to do with aught that looks like death.
Is there some principal of nature which states that we never know the quality of what we have until it is gone?
At sea a fellow comes out. Salt water is like wine, in that respect.
Faith, like a jackal, feeds among the tombs, and even from these dead doubts she gathers her most vital hope.
Let us speak, though we show all our faults and weaknesses, - for it is a sign of strength to be weak, to know it, and out with it - not in a set way and ostentatiously, though, but incidentally and without premeditation.
There are times when even the most potent governor must wink at transgression, in order to preserve the laws inviolate for the future.
To know how to grow old is the master work of wisdom, and one of the most difficult chapters in the great art of living.
A smile is the chosen vehicle of all ambiguities.
Truth is in things, and not in words.
Truth is the silliest thing under the sun. Try to get a living by the Truth and go to the Soup Societies. Heavens! Let any clergyman try to preach the Truth from its very stronghold, the pulpit, and they would ride him out of his church on his own pulpit bannister.
Truth uncompromisingly told will always have its ragged edges.
Friendship at first sight, like love at first sight, is said to be the only truth.
In this world, shipmates, sin that pays its way can travel freely, and without passport whereas Virtue, if a pauper, is stopped at all frontiers.
Copyright 2019 GoodQuote


Last year, almost 4 million people did not pay their taxes on time. In 2010, Kurt Avarell, left a high-powered legal career in Manhattan to help ease the process for small- and mid-size businesses by developing a technological approach to the most tedious parts of doing taxes. The result was Canopy, which has been growing so fast that the company recently closed a $30 million funding round to help keep up with demand.


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Excellence in Automation in Ireland recognised!
The Ireland ISA Section, which is a voluntary organisation with a membership of over 220, received its charter in 1978. Its purpose is to bring together all personnel involved in the instrumentation and related disciplines in order to enhance their capabilities in instrumentation design, manufacture and use.
This year the 35th annual Honours and Awards Ceremony was held in the hallowed halls of University College Cork. This annual ceremony to acknowledge and encourage excellence for those training for careers in Instrumentation, Control and Automation.
This year six awards were presented, three of which have been submitted by Third Level institutions and three industry awards.
The presence of sponsors clearly showed both the industry's awareness and its support for promoting and awarding excellence in automation. (see list at bottom). Here are some pictures of the event of varying quality.
Awardees:
Craft Person Award: Chris Ryan has completed his apprenticeship as an Instrumentation craftsperson. He has achieved all credits in every subject for phase 2,4,6. Chris is an excellent student. He was nominated for this award by Pat Mc Carthy & Jim Doyle of the Cork Educational and Training Board.
Chris has also completed a number of in-house and external training courses. Chris served his apprenticeship with Lotus Works and has worked on several major projects in the Dublin, Galway & Limerick areas.
Colm Prendergast
Degree Award: Colm Prendergast has been an outstanding student on the degree course in Electrical and Electronic Engineering at the Dublin Institute of Technology (DIT).
This project demonstrates the automation of a grain dryer using a programmable logical controller (PLC) and creating a control interface for it using a human machine interface (HMI) for the Strawchip Ltd agribusiness based in Athy, County Kildare.
Dr. Mick Mc Keever, lecturer at the DIT had no hesitation in nominating Brian for this award.
Honours Degree Award: Brian Martin, B.Sc. (Hons.) in Physics with Astronomy, worked on developing a test platform to characterise and test finger ejection systems in optical sorting devices. Ejection systems remove unwanted products from production lines at high speed and with a high degree of accuracy. As such, the components used within ejection systems must operate in a fast, efficient, accurate and predictable manner. The project was conducted in collaboration with an industrial partner, Tomra Sorting Solutions – Food based in Citywest in Dublin, and they were delighted with the project work and outcomes.
Professor Enda Enda McGlynn commented that this was an exceptional project and that Brian was a worthy recipient for the award.
Thomas Butler
PHD Award: Dr. Thomas Butler has recently graduated with a PhD in Applied Physics from Cork Institute of Technology. His thesis title was "Real-Time Characterisation of Dynamic Laser Fields".
Many modern technologies rely on laser devices ranging, for example, from high speed communication networks to medical imaging systems. A detailed examination and understanding of the fundamental operating dynamics of these laser devices is crucial in ensuring not only the quality and effectiveness of the devices in their current applications but in also providing insight into the future development of next generation photonic devices.
Dr. Guillaume Huyet of the Physical Sciences Department at the Cork Institute of Technology recommended Dr Butler for this award.
Pioneer Award: This is one of the earliest awards given by the section since 1984. It is awarded, on the nomination of two or more Society members, in recognition of a lifetime devoted to Instrumentation / Automation in Ireland.
John Lotty
This year, members Mr. Bob Shine, himself a recipient some years ago and Mr. Declan Lordan, nominated Mr. John Lotty, through his dedicated support of the ISA Ireland Section has worked for over 35 years promoting the development and growth of Instrumentation and Control in Ireland. John is a Senior Life Member of ISA, and during his extensive career was a member of the Institute of Engineers of Ireland, the Marketing Institute of Ireland, the Institute of Public Relations and a member of the Professional Journalists Institute in Ireland. He career includes stints in the British Royal Force and then in Pfizer's plant in Cork. He was then with Marathon (now Kinsale Energy) for over thirty four years retiring earlier this year.
In 1992 – 1994 John served as Section President, uniquely the only person to serve two consecutive terms. During his terms he brought a new professionalism to the Section this resulted in a significant membership increase. His PR abilities secured high profile of the Section across the media in Ireland.
He has continued to support our annual Honours and Awards with special attention on the Honour's Degree Award as the annual €1,000 Busary is given in memory of Ger Dullea the section president prior to John, who tragically lost his life in 1993.
He was been recognised internationally by the Society with the Distinguished Society Service Award in 2006.
Innovation Project Award: This awards recognises a project which has made a significant contribution to the advancement of industry in Ireland through the use of Automation Technology.
The JJCV Team, Aidan Jordan is second from right.
Aidan Jordan was nominated by Declan Fagan of Vision Care Ireland, Limerick. For development on the JJCV Compare tool, a software application developed by Vision Care Ireland to perform multiple compare and review functions on multiple control system platforms. Siemens/CTI APT and Allen Bradley RSLogix Studio 5000 make up the majority of control system platforms at Vision Care Ireland.
Savings in excess of €200,000 have already been realised by the company this year as a result of the introduction of this tool.
#ISAuto #PAuto @IrelandISA @_LotusWorks @ditofficial @CIT_ie
Labels: Awards, Ireland, ISA
Communication securely to IoT Clouds.
Enabling PCs communicate with fibre-optics.


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Listen To Flatbush Zombies New Song "Babel"
"In celebration of our 1 year anniversary of #3001, here is some unreleased ear candy."
By Maya Lewis
Flatbush Zombies has released a new track entitled "Babel." The group tweeted that the previously unreleased song was in honor of the one-year anniversary of their debut album 3001: A Laced Odyssey. The track, which permiered on their Soundcloud, was produced by the groups own Erick "The Architect" Elliot.
Listen to "Babel" below and Watch "Everything You Need To Know About The Flatbush Zombies."
IN CELEBRATION OF OUR 1 YEAR ANNIVERSARY OF #3001, HERE IS SOME UNRELEASED EAR CANDY, THANK U https://t.co/qZsk60EE25 pic.twitter.com/pHYVML4kwj
— Flatbush ZOMBiES (@FlatbushZombies) March 12, 2017
Flatbush Zombies, Hip-Hop, Maya Lewis


Lower left (kneeling): The young man is engrossed in the unfolding of the theorem's proof and visual representation. The fingers of his left hand form an enumerated triangle.
Upper right: "I think I've got it!" This man is following the argument, and expresses his dawning comprehension with the cupped hands facing downward. Perhaps they are even moving slightly in rhythm to express the process of dawning comprehension.
Upper left: With his right hand on the back of the man who already comprehends, this man (in green, like his confused friend) proceeds to point out (his left index finger already aimed at Euclid) the solution to the problem.
Together, all the figures in this scenario within the School of Athens represent the Renaissance belief that the artist could depict the motions of the mind. As Leon Battista Alberti wrote: "A painted narrative will move the soul of the beholder when each person painted there clearly portrays the movements of his own soul."


Attention seniors, there are a few updates from the college center concerning the Hollywood High Scholarship application and college deadlines.
The first update being that this Thursday, April 25, the scholarship application is due at the college center or Ms.Pinedo's mailbox no later than 3 p.m. Remember to attach a baby picture, a current picture, and a one page letter of intent before submitting. Achieve the Honorable Scholarship Night will be on Wednesday, June 5.
The second update is that the college center will be open every Thursday until 5 p.m and Saturdays from 9 a.m to 1 p.m. Seniors are able to come in and make an appointment to review their options for college. However, students can come in at any time to print or get their work done.
The third update consists of college deadlines. Most schools have an "Intent To Register" as a way for students to officially secure their spots. Some schools charge to do this, but can get a fee waiver if they qualify. This needs to be done before May 1. It is important to make sure that this has been done before May 1.
Seniors if you know what school you are going to be sure to fill out the Transcript Request form on schoology under "Class of 2019 Scholarships" so Ms.Pinedo can send them to your future college. Any questions or concerns be sure to visit the college center.
Track and Field had a preseason race against Abraham Lincoln High School and Esteban E. Torres High School on Friday, March 1. Their season starts this week and their first race will be against Downtown Magnet High School on March 8 at Hollywood.
The team has been practicing since January, preparing themselves for this season. Usually, their practice consists of running three to seven miles daily. Ashley Zulueta, SAS junior and a first-year runner, is doing sprints and hurdles. "My preseason race had me nervous all day, but I feel like I did better than I expected for a first-timer." Although she tripped a few times at the events she said she would not "let it faze" her.
She is going to use her experiences from preseason to achieve her goals. Her goal for this upcoming season are to "become a better hurdler," and to "overcome the general statements that 'short' people aren't the best option for hurdle races." To achieve her goals she plans to push herself every day by "running and sprinting more than usual" to build her endurance and to eat healthier and put a limit to junk food.
Brandon Aguila, distance runner and SAS sophomore said, "I feel pretty well for my first track meet." His teammates supported him as he ran and said he couldn't have done it without their support. His goals for this season are to get faster so he can improve his "mileage time to get under six minutes and to get closer to the team." He is sure that if he keeps practicing he will accomplish his goals.
Winter break is right around the corner, which many students are looking forward to. However, before they can go on a break they must get through finals. Finals week can be stressful for students because it can either bring up their grade or lower it causing stress and anxiety. Here are 10 tips to make it through finals without being overly stressed.
Study every day, but not all at once. Try to study in your free time and not procrastinate. Study in a quiet place to avoid getting distracted.
Manage your time well by studying for the hardest things and then the easiest. Try to study in the order you have your finals each day that way the information is still fresh. Don't cram everything in one day.
Avoid distractions and focus on studying for what might be on the exam. Give it your full attention and take breaks to not overwhelm yourself.
Quiz yourself on the topic with flashcards. You can also ask one of your friends to quiz you which would help remember things easily.
Use different study methods to find out which one works best for you. This would help you memorize information better.
Color code your notes by what's most important.
Get a good night sleep by getting at least eight hours of sleep. Don't stay up too late trying to remember everything because it won't work.
Have a good breakfast every morning because taking an exam with an empty stomach can be distracting.
Motivate yourself by putting a goal. Don't give up if you feel frustrated after studying for a long time, take a break and remember that this will benefit you in the end.
Remember that exams do not define your level of smartness. Always try your best and stay positive.


Grate the zest of 1 orange and 1 lime into a bowl.
Squeeze 1 tablespoon of juice from the orange and 2 tablespoons of juice from the limes.
Whisk in the soy sauce and mix together well.
Let sauce sit in the fridge to chill, about 30 minutes.
To toast the sesame seeds, warm a pan over medium to low heat.
Add seeds to dry pan. 7. Stir frequently and watch to be sure you don't burn them. This should only take 1-2 minutes and you'll start to smell a slight nuttiness.
Using a mandoline, thinly slice the cucumber as desired.
Sprinkle frisée lettuce on a salad plate.
Add salmon as desired and sprinkle with toasted sesame seeds.
Add cucumber and microgreens as desired.
Drizzle lettuce and salmon with the citrus soy dressing and serve immediately.


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dawnklehrbooks » Classical music » Hessische Kantorei, Helga Köhler, Philipp Reich, Johann Hermann Schein - Der Thomaskantor
Hessische Kantorei, Helga Köhler, Philipp Reich, Johann Hermann Schein - Der Thomaskantor album mp3
Performer: Hessische Kantorei
Title: Der Thomaskantor
Style: Choral
Other formats: AC3 MP1 VOC WAV DTS MP3 AAC
Hessische_Kantorei Choral 1957
Johann Hermann Schein (20 January 1586 – 19 November 1630) was a German composer of the early Baroque era. He was born in Grünhain and died in Leipzig. He was one of the first to import the early Italian stylistic innovations into German music, and was one of the most polished composers of the period. On the death of his father, Schein moved to Dresden where he joined the choir of the Elector of Saxony as a boy soprano.
Thomaskantor (Cantor at St. Thomas) is the common name for the musical director of the Thomanerchor, now an internationally known boys' choir founded in Leipzig in 1212. The official historic title of the Thomaskantor in Latin, Cantor et Director Musices, describes the two functions of cantor and director. As the cantor, he prepared the choir for service in four Lutheran churches, Thomaskirche (St. Thomas), Nikolaikirche (St. Nicholas), Neue Kirche (New Church) and Peterskirche (St. Peter)
Johann Hermann Schein was clearly very sensitive to the timbres and expressive possibilities of the instruments he scored in these works.
Canzon à 6 (Schein, Johann Hermann). 1609 in Venus-Kränzlein (N. 4). Canzonas; For 6 instruments; Scores with open instrumentation; For 6 players; For orchestra (arr); For orchestra; Scores featuring the orchestra; For 3 lutes (arr); Scores featuring the lute; For 3 players; For 3 guitars (arr); Scores featuring the guitar. Johann Hermann Schein: Sämtliche Werke, 1 Bd. (p. 6-56) Leipzig: Breitkopf & Härtel, 1901.
Category:Johann Hermann Schein. Media in category "Johann Hermann Schein". The following 4 files are in this category, out of 4 total. Grünhain Nicolai-Kirche . pg 4,000 3,000; . 8 MB. Johann Hermann Schein 1620. jpg 956 1,219; 940 KB. Johann Hermann Schein. png 523 634; 94 KB. JohannSchein. php?title Category:Johann Hermann Schein&oldid 343044538".
Banchetto Musicle 1617.
Johann Hermann Schein's Israelsbrünnlein, published in Leipzig in 1623, is a supreme achievement not only among the works of this composer, who had been Thomaskantor in Leipzig since 1616, but also for the entire body of German music written during the first half of the 17th century. Among the 26 motets written in the Italian madrigal manner 23 are settings of Old Testament texts, a fact to which the collection owes its title.
A Zion Spricht: Der Herr Hat Mich Verlassen
B Dennoch Bleibe Ich Stets An Dir
Künstlerische Leitung Professor Dr. Wilhelm Ehmann, Herford
Albums related to Hessische Kantorei, Helga Köhler, Philipp Reich, Johann Hermann Schein - Der Thomaskantor:
Michael Praetorius ‧ Erasmus Widmann ‧ Johann Hermann Schein - Collegium Terpsichore - Daentze Aus "Terpsichore" ‧ Daentze Und Galliarden ‧ 3 Suiten Aus "Banchetto Musicale" mp3 download
Schütz / Schein / Scheidt, Raymond Leppard, Purcell Chorus Of Voices, Philip Jones Brass Ensemble - Voices And Brass mp3 download
Johann Sebastian Bach, Thomanerchor Leipzig, Gewandhausorchester, Thomaskantor Georg Christoph Biller - Wo Gott Der Herr Nicht Bei Uns Hält mp3 download
Carl Weinrich - Organ Music Of The Bach Family mp3 download
Johann Sebastian Bach, Bach-Ensemble, Helmuth Rilling, Bach-Collegium Stuttgart - Die Bach Kantate: BWV 150 - BWV 88 mp3 download
Johann Ludwig Bach, Rheinische Kantorei, Hermann Max - Motetten - Motets mp3 download
Johann Friedrich Fasch, Carl Fasch, Zádori, Norin, Mammel, Mertens, Rheinische Kantorei, Das Kleine Konzert, Hermann Max - Cantatas / Psalm 119 mp3 download
Johann Sebastian Bach - Kantorei Barmen-Gemarke - Helmut Kahlhöfer - Auf, Schmetternde Töne Der Muntern Trompeten Kantate BWV 207A / Tönet, Ihr Pauken! Erschalltet, Trompeten Kantate BWV 214 mp3 download


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Home / News / WORLD / Libyan rebels 'miss Gaddafi' after years of chaos created by Western intervention
Libyan rebels 'miss Gaddafi' after years of chaos created by Western intervention
Libyans who mounted a revolution against Colonel Muammar Gaddafi now miss the stability provided by the old order because of the savage violence into which the country has descended, RT reports.
The testimony has emerged in a number of on-the-ground interviews carried out by the Daily Mail and comes only days after a Commons Defence Committee report placed blame for the country's collapse and the emergence of Islamic State (IS, formerly ISIS/ISIL) firmly on the shoulders of David Cameron.
The former PM, who stepped down as an MP hours before the report was published last week, faces calls from fellow Tories to appear before the committee to account for the "ill-conceived" 2011 war, which even US President Barack Obama is alleged to have privately written off as Cameron's personal "sh*t-show."
Five years on from the conflict, Libyans are lamenting the violence, blackouts, shortages, refugee crisis and general descent into chaos of the formerly stable North African state.
"I joined the revolution in the first days and fought against Gaddafi," a former anti-regime fighter named Mohammed told the Mail.
"Before 2011 I hated Gaddafi more than anyone. But now, life is much, much harder, and I have become his biggest fan," the 31-year-old said.
An oil worker named Haroun said getting rid of Gaddafi "was clearly a mistake because we weren't ready for democracy and we needed support from the international community, which just wasn't there."
Political activist Fadiel told the British newspaper that although "it should be better than Gaddafi's time now," all that remained is "chaos and everyone fighting each other, it's just a mess."
Entrepreneur Nuri from Tripoli said: "It's not so much about being pro-Gaddafi because he was a crazy leader who was actually quite embarrassing internationally. It's just that people's lives are so difficult now compared to under Gaddafi."
Medical student Salem, 26, also from Tripoli, said hopes had been quickly crushed in the wake of the US-led war in which the UK played a major part.
"Far more people have been killed since 2011 than during the revolution or under 42 years of Gaddafi's rule combined. We never had these problems under Gaddafi.
"There was always money and electricity and, although people did not have large salaries, everything was cheap, so life was simple," he added.
// © RT
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MargieHoldsCourt.com
Rules Everyone Asks - Part One
A Discussion of What All Reporters Are Asking
When you deal with transcripts, you have the same questions as others who are dealing with transcripts. Everyone wants to know whether to use a comma or a semicolon before "right?" Everyone wants to know what to put after the answer "Yes" before the rest of the sentence. All around the country, reporters are asking the same questions. Here are some of the answers.
Margie Wakeman Wells
Margie Wakeman Wells is a lifetime credentialed teacher in the state of California and is certified as a CRI. She is in her sixth decade of teaching -- with 40 of those years in the field of court reporting. As a reporting instructor, she has taught from the theory level through the exit speeds as well as all manner of English courses – both on campus in a bricks and mortar school and online.
She has presented, under the auspices of NCRA and state court reporting organizations, over 300 seminars for reporters on English-related topics as well as seminars for teachers and students.
Court Reporting: Bad Grammar/Good Punctuation, her best-selling reference text, and the workbook that accompanies it are available at margieholdscourt.com. In addition, she has published Word Pares, Pears, Pairs, a reference work of 2,000 word pairs with definitions, examples, and idioms for the words, and is currently writing a grammar text. She has also written a drill book series for improving accuracy: Practice Really DOES Make Perfect.
Margie operates "Margie Holds Class," her online school, for both live and recorded classes and writes her blog, "All Things English," at margieholdscourt.com. Margie currently serves as the Education Liaison for the California Court Reporters Association.
Margie has two grown sons and lives with her husband, Bill, in Culver City, California.
Rules Everyone Asks About - Part 1 (Carbon Paper Days) (12:36)
Rules Everyone Asks About - Part 2 (Question Mark) (16:08)
Rules Everyone Asks About - Part 3 (Tag Clause) (19:17)
Rules Everyone Asks About - Part 4 (Word So) (10:35)
What if I have technical questions/issues?
You can contact support via the green "Support" button on the lower right corner of the screen.
Once you register for the course, the course -- the recordings, the resource materials, and the practice exercises -- will be available to you for 45 days. Do not sign up until you have the time to spend on the material.
What if I have a personal emergency during the 45-day period and cannot spend time on the material?
Please contact me at [email protected] These issues will be handled on an individual basis.
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Great 2 story home with an open floor plan. The kitchen has a large pantry, breakfast nook, breakfast bar & lots of cabinets & counter space & opens out to the dining room and living room. The backyard has a covered patio with a ceiling fan & it's a very private yard with tree's & rose bushes. All bedrooms are upstairs. The master suite has a double door entry, ceiling fan, huge walk in closet with built in shelving & double sinks in the bathroom. 2nd & 3rd bedrooms have ceiling fans & one has a walk in closet. New roof in 2017. Home is in the La Cueva school district & is close to shopping & restaurants.
Listing courtesy of ABQ Home Brokers.


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Ryan Flaherty's career, from Deering High School to the Baltimore Orioles
Ryan Flaherty, in his uniform as Deering High School's shortstop, in a Wednesday, June 1, 2005 file photo. Gordon Chibroski/Staff photographer
Maine Celtics – 1/28/23
Gallery: ClassSschools
Ryan Flaherty's career, from Deering High School to the Baltimore Orioles - Gordon Chibroski/Staff photographer | of | Share this photo
Ryan Flaherty, in his uniform as Deering High School's shortstop, in a Wednesday, June 1, 2005 file photo.
Ryan Flaherty's career, from Deering High School to the Baltimore Orioles - Herb Swanson/Staff photographer | of | Share this photo
Ryan Flaherty runs for yardage against Portland's Alex Layug as Deering High School's quarterback in this November 25, 2004 file photo.
Ryan Flaherty's career, from Deering High School to the Baltimore Orioles - GEORGE WALKER IV / THE TENNESSEAN | of | Share this photo
Ryan Flaherty plays shortstop for Vanderbilt University in a May 17, 2007 file photo.
Ryan Flaherty's career, from Deering High School to the Baltimore Orioles - John Ewing/Staff Photographer | of | Share this photo
Ryan Flaherty, a former Deering High School and Vanderbuilt University baseball player, poses for a photograph in uniform for Team USA, where he played in international competition, in this August 21, 2007 file photo.
Ryan Flaherty, surrounded by friends and family members, learns that he's been picked #41 overall in the baseball draft in this June 5, 2008 file photo. He gets a big hug from his grandfather, Edward Flaherty, Sr. whom he credits with a lot of inspiration and motivation to be his best. He is surrounded by aunts, grandmothers and mother, Debbie, at right.
Ryan Flaherty's career, from Deering High School to the Baltimore Orioles - The Associated Press | of | Share this photo
Baltimore Orioles second baseman Ryan Flaherty throws to first during a baseball game against the Boston Red Sox at Fenway Park, Wednesday, June 24, 2015, in Boston. The Red Sox won the game 5-1.
Baltimore Orioles' Ryan Flaherty, right, scores before the tag from Cleveland Indians catcher Yan Gomes in the fourth inning of a baseball game, Sunday, June 7, 2015, in Cleveland. Flaherty, along with J.J. Hardy, scored on a two-RBI single by Travis Snider during a 7-3 victory over Cleveland.
Baltimore Orioles second baseman Ryan Flaherty leaps over Boston Red Sox's Blake Swihart after forcing him out on a double-play grounder by Rusney Castillo in the fifth inning on Wednesday, June 10, 2015, in Baltimore. The Orioles won the game 5-2.


The food poisoning attorneys at Newland & Newland, LLP, represent children and adults who have been injured by food. Usually, when a person consumes food that has been spoiled or contains pathogens, a food injury occurs. Food poisoning injuries caused by Salmonella, Shigella and E-Coli for example, are dangerous and can be fatal. However, there have been several other types of food related cases our law firm has handled involving food allergies and hot substances.
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If you have been a victim of an allergic reaction, please contact Newland & Newland, LLP.
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Contact our experienced food safety lawyers for your food related injuries. Call us today to schedule a free initial consultation.


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ELCA Blogs / ELCA Worship / Prompts for Prayers of Intercession – August 28, 2022
Prompts for Prayers of Intercession – August 28, 2022
These prompts are provided for worship leaders as they prepare the prayers of intercession for weekly worship. The prompts are prepared by several leaders in the ELCA and reflect current world and national events. You are encouraged to adapt and add other concerns for your local context, including staying informed of events and concerns in your synod.
Intercession prompts:
For communities in China impacted by drought…
For communities in Algeria impacted by wildfires…
For victims of gun violence in Washington DC…
For resolution to the ongoing war in Ukraine as we cross the six-month mark of the war, and especially remembering Ukraine's Independence Day (August 24)…
For those grieving the loss of a pet…
For those struggling with debt or financial stress…
For those experiencing housing insecurity…
Other notable events and observances:
Suicide Prevention Awareness Month (September)
Sept 2: Nicolai Frederik Severin Grundtvig, bishop, renewer of the church
Suggested hymns & prayers:
A prayer after the death of a pet (ACS p. 55)
Gracious God, we grieve the death of our friend and companion name . We offer gratitude for the blessing name was in our lives, and for the joy and love name brought to us. Receive name into your embrace, and continue to bless us with memories of name 's life and affection. We ask this through Jesus Christ our Savior. Amen.
A prayer of Archbishop Desmond Tutu (ACS p. 48)
Creator God, you have called us to be keepers of your earth. Through greed we have established an economy that destroys the web of life. We have changed our climate and we drown in despair. Let oceans of justice flow. May we learn to sustain and renew the life of our Mother Earth. We stand with indigenous people worldwide who are demanding restoration of their ancestral lands. We pray for our leaders, custodians of Mother Earth, that they may negotiate with wisdom and fairness. May they act with compassion and courage; and lead us into the path of justice for the sake of our children and our children's children. Amen.
Hymns of discipleship & hospitality
Build a Longer Table (ACS 1062)
God, Be the Love to Search and Keep Me (ACS 1084)
ELW = Evangelical Lutheran Worship
ACS = All Creation Sings: Evangelical Lutheran Worship Supplement
Additional topical prayers are found in Evangelical Lutheran Worship (pp. 72–87) and All Creation Sings (pp. 46–55), as well as in other resources provided in print and online at sundaysandseasons.com.
Follow this link to access resources to assist worshiping communities as they respond to the crisis in Eastern Europe. Several prayers are provided that could be used during the prayers of intercession or at other times, in public worship or for devotional use at home or in other settings.
All Creation Sings includes several resources for lament including "Lamenting Gun Violence" (Leaders Edition, p. 107) and "Service after a Violent Event" (Pew Edition p. 64-66, Leaders p. 110-113) as well as several collect prayers. This content is also available on SundaysandSeasons.com in the Library.
Further assistance for composing prayers of intercession can be found here: Resources for Crafting Prayers of Intercession
Crafted intercessions for every Sunday and festival are provided in the Sundays and Seasons worship planning guide published in-print and online by Augsburg Fortress.
Prayer Ventures, a daily prayer resource, is a guide to prayer for the global, social and outreach ministries of the ELCA, as well as for the needs and circumstances of our neighbors, communities and world.
Image from All Creation Sings, © 2020, Augsburg Fortress. All rights reserved. Used with permission.
Resources, stories and news from the ELCA Worship Office.
ELCA Worship Home Page
Revised Common Lectionary Resource
The Use of the Means of Grace
ELCA Worship Resources
Subscribe to ELCA Worship News
Subscribe to Daily Bible Reading email
Prompts for Prayers of Intercession – August 21, 2022 | Prompts for Prayers of Intercession – September 4, 2022
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We are the church that shares a living, daring confidence in God's grace. Liberated by our faith, we embrace you as a whole person–questions, complexities and all. Join us as we do God's work in Christ's name for the life of the world.
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Waterbury, VT Attorneys, Lawyers and Law Firms
Directory of Waterbury, Vermont Attorneys, Lawyers, Law Firms, etc.
(6 attorneys currently listed)
Burlington attorneys (181), Montpelier attorneys (50), Stowe attorneys (14), Waitsfield attorneys (5), Richmond attorneys (3), East Montpelier attorneys (2)
Attorney Edith Be
Bjornlund W Bruce
Justin Blackman
Jeffrey Kilgore
Sheila Ware
United States Attorney News
Former Human Rights Commission employee enters plea deal in child pornography
Posted Jan 21, 2014 on abclocal.go.com
Larry Brinkin, who used to work for the Human Rights Commission of San Francisco, entered into a plea deal agreement on his child pornography charges.
The plea deal saw a second charge of child pornography distribution dropped against the 67-year-old Brinkin.
Under the plea deal, Brinkin will spend six months behind bars and another six months of house arrest. Afterwhich, he will undergo probation for four years.
Brinkin, who is a staunch supporter of the LGBT advocacy, will also be entered in the list of sexual offender and is ordered to go through therapy.
Randall Knox, an attorney in San Francisco, said that Brinkin has been deeply sorry for what he has done and has fully understood the damage that child pornography can inflict on victims.
$600,000 bail set for man who threatened Seattle mayor
Neither the prosecution nor the defense got what they wanted when the judge ordered Mitchell Munro Taylor to remain in jail and set the bail at $600,000.
Eric Lindell, the Seattle criminal lawyer defending for Taylor, had asked for a $10,000 bail saying that his client has not been taking his medicines for Asperger's Syndrome.
This was countered by the prosecution, who sought a $1 million bail.
Lindell was jailed when he posted several threatening messages on Seattle Mayor Ed Murray's Facebook page.
He also posted a threat which authorities believed targeted Kshama Sawant, the first socialist to have become a member of the City Council.
Murder charge dismissed in shooting death of man from Trussville
Posted Dec 18, 2013 on www.myfoxal.com
The murder charge filed against Freddie Earl Patton,53, for the shooting death of his girlfriend's father, Kenneth Millar, 81, has been dismissed upon the request of the Deputy District Attorney.
An order for Patton's release from jail has been signed, however, he may not be off the hook yet as the DA's office has stated that the case will be turned over to the grand jury in Jefferson County.
The prosecution moved for the dismissal after arguing with the defense who wanted to further question the detective about the autopsy report.
Birmingham criminal attorney John Lentine said that a manslaughter charge should have been filed instead of murder because the shooting was an accident.
If Patton gets indicted, he will have to go back to jail.
Cop gets two months for shooting trainee during an exercise
Posted Dec 17, 2013 on www.baltimoresun.com
William S. Kern, a Baltimore Police instructor, was handed a 60-day jail stay, for shooting Raymond Gray, a police recruit, while they were doing exercises.
Kern, who has been in service for 19 years, told the court during his trial that he had brought a live gun to the exercises and he had accidentally used it instead of the training weapon.
Gray was hit in the head and was blinded in one eye when Kern fired his gun through the window to show the recruits the danger of lingering near the door, the window or the hallway.
Kern said that he brought his gun to the training for the safety of the recruits because the facility where they were having their exercises is not secure.
Baltimore defense attorney Shaun F. Owens had argued for Kern's release saying that his client's eventual dismissal from the service would already be enough of a punishment.
Kern is on a 60-day suspension while the Baltimore Police conducts an investigation within its ranks.
Gray's family, who expressed dissatisfaction with the sentence, has also filed a civil lawsuit in relation to the incident and is being represented by Baltimore litigator A. Dwight Pettit.
Jury clears King of Pop's concert promoter of negligence
Posted Oct 02, 2013 on www.theblaze.com
A jury rejected a negligence lawsuit brought by Katherine Jackson, the mother of Michael Jackson, against AEG Live LLC, the This is It concerts promoter of the King of Pop.
Katherine Jackson's lawyers claimed that the promoter erred when it failed to verify if Dr. Conrad Murray was qualified when it hired him as the singer's doctor.
AEG denied the allegation but said that Murray was hired by Michael Jackson himself.
Murray is already serving a jail sentence for the death of the popstar.
Los Angeles lawyer Marvin S. Putnam, AEG's lead defense counsel, said the jury made the right decision.
The Jackson lawyers had pointed out that the promoter was only after its own profits thus it did not bother to make sure that Murray was a qualified physician.
Putnam and his defence team claimed Murray's hiring was the singer's choice and that if their client had known about what Murray and Jackson were up to they would not have gone on with the series of concerts.
More United States Attorney News
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merchant or trader (2)
newspaper editor x
journalism x
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Heco, Joseph (1837-1897)
Heco, Joseph (1837-1897), government interpreter, merchant, and publisher
Joseph Heco. As pictured in Hutching's California Magazine, c. 1856–1860. Courtesy of the Library of Congress (LC-USZ62-93843).
Roger Daniels
Heco, Joseph (1837–1897), government interpreter, merchant, and publisher, was born Hamada Hikozō in the village of Komiya, near Kobe, Japan, on the eastern shore of the Inland Sea, the second son of a well-to-do farmer. After his father's death his mother remarried, to a sea captain who adopted him. While on what should have been a brief internal voyage in late 1850, his ship was blown into the Pacific. He and sixteen other persons, after drifting for fifty-two days, were picked up by a U.S. ship that landed at San Francisco in February 1851. The American authorities, planning for Commodore ...


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While crack addiction may not be considered the epidemic it once was in the United States, it is still a major issue in many communities. Crack is a highly addictive and deadly drug that is widespread and easily obtainable.
Crack is made by combining cocaine with additives such as baking soda in order to strengthen its effects and increase profitability for drug dealers. Crack is potentially one of the most well known and stigmatized drugs in the country. The 1980s featured a crack problem among communities that were severe that the government considered it to be an epidemic.
Crack users will experience manic and sudden bursts of unexplained energy. They will often appear agitated, paranoid, excited beyond reason. As the dose wears off, users will experience fatigue and a need to sleep for long periods.
For those who use crack regularly, the sudden swings of great energy to immense fatigue can lead to many mental health issues. Mood swings, violent behavior, and depression can all occur among those addicted to the drug. Attempting to stop using the drug without help can lead to suicidal thoughts and uncontrollable physical ticks often referred to as jitters.
The Origins of Crack Cocaine
Crack cocaine is made from the leaves of the coca plant. Originating in South America, coca leaves have been used since ancient times for their euphoric effects. When English travelers came to South America and saw how the coca leaves were used, they brought them back to England. Soon they became widely available across Europe.
In 1855, pure cocaine was extracted from coca leaves for the first time. This led to the medical discovery of anesthetics such as Novocain, but also the abuse of cocaine quickly became a problem throughout the world.
By the mid-20th century, cocaine had already become illegal in much of the world. However, it remained a prominent cash crop for many South American countries. Cartels began to form around the growing and exporting of cocaine into countries where it remained illegal.
Cocaine became so common in South America that it became harder to sell. There was simply too much on the market for many of the cartels to make money. The chemical sodium bicarbonate was added to powdered cocaine in order to make the effects stronger in hopes it would be easier to sell. This was the invention of crack cocaine.
The first traces of crack came from South America into Miami in 1981. By 1984, crack was in mass production and could be found in every major American city.
The Crack Epidemic
The crack epidemic refers to a period when the usage of crack skyrocketed in the United States during the 1980s. Due to the high profit margin for those who sold drugs, crack became a popular option to push. Quickly it became one of the largest street drugs in America because of how cheap it was to buy and the strength of its effects.
The crack epidemic had a particularly devastating impact in urban environments, especially on the African-American communities. As industries began moving outside of cities during the administration of Ronald Reagan, crack introduced a new economy to otherwise abandoned inner-city neighborhoods.
Young men who could not find jobs were suddenly able to make large amounts of money by selling crack. The demand for the drug on the streets continued to rise and the ability to sell and make money continuously pulled more people into the drug world.
Due to the economics of the drug-selling world, violence began to skyrocket in the mid-1980s. Independent drug dealers began to use violence to defend and expand their territory, which in turn would lead to more profit.
The Reagan administration began implementing policies to combat the effects of the crack epidemic of city communities, which they deemed the "War on Drugs". Federal anti-drug laws were passed and funding was raised in the name of ending the use of crack cocaine.
The policies of the "War on Drugs" were based on deterrence strategies. This includes heavy punishments for even the smallest of drugs dealers selling crack cocaine. The belief behind deterrence strategies is that overly harsh punishments should scare away more people from either buying or selling crack.
These policies quickly increased prison populations, especially among young black males. Courts became overrun in small drug cases and law enforcement agencies struggled to keep up. Today, many consider the policies of the "War on Drugs" to have been a failure that made the drug problems in cities worse rather than better.
Can You Overdose On Crack?
It is possible to overdose on crack cocaine. Overdosing on crack can lead to seizures, coma, or death. Often the withdrawal effects are serious enough that many people seek it out convinced they need it to straighten themselves out. However, this can be incredibly dangerous and easily lead to an overdose if it has been a while since a person had last used it.
It is possible to overdose on most drugs, but due to the potency of crack cocaine, it remains a huge and potentially dead risk for anyone using the drug. Crack is also so addictive that it is possible to become fully addicted after a single use.
Crack Addiction Treatment
When seeking treatment for any addiction order it is vital to not do it alone. Crack is one of the most addicting and devastating drugs in the nation and the effects that withdrawal can have on a person in recovery are serious enough that they should be treated by a medical professional. The cravings that come with crack withdrawal are so powerful it is near impossible to do it alone.
Even after detox, it may be important to enroll in a sober living or rehabilitation treatment center in order to continue the system of support needed to avoid seeking out drugs. Every person is different and may need different levels of care during their recovery process.
When in recovery it is important to work on the underlying mental health disorders that often are the root cause of the addiction. Dual-diagnosis treatment focuses on dealing with both the mental disorders and addiction disorders a person in recovery is facing.
Therapy options such as Cognitive Behavioral Therapy can be very helpful for those in recovery. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, or CBT, can be helpful with those dealing with serious addiction disorders. CBT works by changing the way individuals think about different situations. This helps those in recovery see new options when dealing with the cravings caused by addiction disorders.
At Create Recovery Los Angeles we are here to help those seeking recovery from crack addiction. Please call us at 855.518.0143 to learn more.


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Mickey Gilley Injured in Car Accident
Says, "I Don't Intend to Retire. I Will Be Out There on the Road, and I'll See You Real Soon."
by Lauren Tingle 1/4/2018
Country legend Mickey Gilley and his son, Michael Gilley, sustained minor injuries from a car accident on Wednesday (Jan. 3).
According to a press release, the two were driving back to Branson, Missouri after an event in Texas when their vehicle rolled over three times off the interstate. The 81-year-old artist fractured an ankle and his right shoulder. His son sustained minor bruises.
Gilley's Jan. 6 show at the Texas Theatre in Greenville will be rescheduled. He plans to resume performances on Jan. 20 at the Orange Blossom Opry in Weirsdale, Florida.
On Thursday (Jan. 4), he updated his fans in a Facebook video message saying, "I am having a hard time walking because I have a big boot on my left leg. But other than that I'm doing pretty good. To be 81 years old and put myself through what I've been through, it's kind of tough sometimes on the old man, but I don't intend to retire. I will be out there on the road, and I'll see you real soon."
Embedded from www.facebook.com.
According to the Houston Chronicle, Gilley's son was driving his 2013 Toyota SUV when another driver ran a stop sign ahead of them. He swerved to avoid an accident but clipped another vehicle in the process, which led to his vehicle rolling over and landing upside down on the side of the road.
A member of the Texas Country Music Hall of Fame, the Natchez, Mississippi native has been performing since 1957. He grew up playing music across the Mississippi River in Ferriday, Louisiana with his cousins Jerry Lee Lewis and Jimmy Swaggart. Since 1974, he's charted 17 No. 1 hits including "Room Full of Roses," "I Overlooked an Orchid," "City Lights" and "Window Up Above." In 1970, he opened Gilley's Club in Pasadena, Texas, which became the subject of the famous 1980 film, Urban Cowboy, starring John Travolta.
Lauren Tingle
Lauren Tingle is a Tennessean and storyteller who eats music for breakfast, lunch and dinner. When she's not writing or rocking out, she enjoys yoga and getting lost in the great outdoors.
Tags: Mickey Gilley