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"If I see a madman driving a car into a group of innocent bystanders, then I can't, as a Christian, simply wait for the catastrophe and then comfort the wounded and bury the dead. I must try to wrestle the steering wheel out of the hands of the driver."
Confronted with the rise of Hitler and Nazism, this was Dietrich Bonhoeffer's call to action.
Distraught with the complacency of the German Evangelical Church, Bonhoeffer became a founding member of the Confessing Church, which opposed the country's growing anti-semitism. Intrigued by Gandhi's adherence to non-violence, the pacifist Bonhoeffer struggled with a response. Opposition grew against his Confessing Church, resulting in it being declared illegal. Bonhoeffer was eventually forbidden to speak publicly, or to publish his writing. Bonhoeffer joined the Abwehr, working in military intelligence. With a Nazi plan to use German Jews as spies in America, Bonhoeffer was able to fund Jews exit from the country under "Operation 7," with no orders other than to escape! In April, 1943, he, his brother-in-law, and others were then arrested. Many of his letters from prison show his growth in faith, yet hope for release. He was never released. The attempted assassination of Hitler July 20, 1944 was tied to Bonhoeffer and others. He was moved between several camps, and finally, at Flossenburg camp, within a few days of liberation by Allied forces, he was stripped and hanged, April 9, 1945.
In this icon Bonhoeffer stands alone, facing the coldness of his cell, hands held open in prayer. He is shown with a halo, indicative of the holiness that was not stifled by the Nazis or his confinement, but blossomed. He loved God's creative hand in nature, and that same holy light of hope shines through the bars into his cell. From Tegel, he wrote that he had, "…learned to see the great events of world history from below, from the perspective of the excluded, the ill-treated, the powerless, the oppressed and despised …so that personal suffering has become a more useful key for understanding than personal happiness."
As he did, may you walk in faith, and find actions that are appropriate to your faith.
Martyrs & Holy People
Williams collection:
Martyrs and Holy People
Dietrich Bonhoeffer -- along with his twin sister, Sabine -- was born on February 4, 1906, in Breslau, Germany. Later a student in Tubingen, Berlin, and at Union Theological Seminary in New York -- as well as a participant in the European ecumenical movement-- Bonhoeffer became known as one of the few figures of the 1930s with a comprehensive grasp of both German and English language theology. His works resonate with a prescience, subtlety, and maturity that continually belies the youth of their author.
He wrote his dissertation, Sanctorum Communio, at the end of three years at the University of Berlin (1924-1927) and was awarded his doctorate with honors. Act and Being, his Habilitationsschrift, or qualifying thesis allowing him to teach at the University of Berlin, was accepted in July 1930. The following year, 1930-1931, Bonhoeffer spent a postgraduate year at Union Theological Seminary in New York. He assumed his post as a lecturer in theology at the University of Berlin in August 1931. In the winter semester 1931-1932 Bonhoeffer presented the lectures that were published as Creation and Fall. His final lecture courses at Berlin -- published as Christ the Center along with a seminar on the philosopher G. W. F. Hegel, were taught in the summer of 1933. His authorization to teach on the faculty of the University of Berlin was finally withdrawn on August 5, 1936.
Bonhoeffer served as a curate for a German congregation in Barcelona during 1929-1930. Following his ordination at St. Matthias Church, Berlin, in November 1931, he was to help organize the Pastors' Emergency League in September 1933, prior to assuming the pastorate of the German Evangelical Church, Sydenham, and the Reformed Church of St. Paul in London. During his sojourn in England, Bonhoeffer became a close friend and confidant of the influential Anglican Bishop, George Bell. After the Confessing Church was organized in May 1934 at Barmen, Germany, Bonhoeffer returned from England in the spring of 1935 to assume leadership of the Confessing Church's seminary at Zingst by the Baltic Sea -- a school relocated later that year to Finkenwalde in Pomerania. Out of the experiences at Finkenwalde emerged his two well-known books, The Cost of Discipleship and Life Together, as well as his lesser known writings on pastoral ministry such as Spiritual Care. His work to prepare pastors in the Confessing Church continued all the way to 1939.
Bonhoeffer's early travel to Rome, his curacy in Barcelona, and his post-doctoral year in New York (including regular work at Abyssinian Baptist Church in Harlem, as well as travel to Cuba and Mexico), opened Bonhoeffer to the ecumenical church. In 1931 he was appointed youth secretary of the World Alliance for Promoting International Friendship through the Churches, and in 1934 he became a member of the Universal Christian Council for Life and Work. At conferences throughout Europe he vigorously represented the cause of the Confessing Church and challenged the ecumenical movement about its theological foundations and its responsibility for peace.
Bonhoeffer's theologically rooted opposition to National Socialism first made him a leader, along with Martin Niemueller and Karl Barth, in the Confessing Church (bekennende Kirche), and an advocate on behalf of the Jews. Indeed, his efforts to help a group of Jews escape to Switzerland were what first led to his arrest and imprisonment in the spring of 1943. His leadership in the anti-Nazi Confessing Church and his participation in the Abwehr resistance circle (beginning in February 1938) make his works a unique source for understanding the interaction of religion, politics, and culture among those few Christians who actively opposed National Socialism, as is particularly evident in his drafts for a posthumously published Ethics. His thought provides not only an example of intellectual preparation for the reconstruction of German society after the war but also a rare insight into the vanishing social and academic world that had preceded it.
Bonhoeffer was also a spiritual writer, a musician, and an author of fiction and poetry. The integrity of his Christian faith and life, and the international appeal of his writings, have led to a broad consensus that he is the one theologian of his time to lead future generations of Christians into the new millennium.
He was hanged in the concentration camp at Flossenbürg on April 9, 1945, one of four members of his immediate family to die at the hands of the Nazi regime for their participation in the small Protestant resistance movement. The letters he wrote during these final two years of his life were posthumously published by his student and friend, Eberhard Bethge, as Letters and Papers from Prison. His correspondence with his fiancé, Maria von Wedermeyer, has been published as Love Letters from Cell92.
—Excerpts from "Brief Biography of Dietrich Bonhoeffer"


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Posted 11 March 2020 in News
Remap North Wales receive their cheque
Remap, a charity that helps disabled people to live more independent lives, has welcomed financial support from the Toyota Manufacturing UK Charitable Trust, in the form of two major donations.
Remap North Wales were pleased to receive their donation of £3,000 from the Trust on the 24th February. The donation supports the work of Remap across the North Wales region, the location of Toyota's Deeside Engine Plant. Similarly, Remap Derby and Burton received £2,000 in support of their work in the area surrounding Toyota's vehicle plant in Burnaston, Derbyshire.
Volunteer members of Remap's local groups provide disabled people with solutions to everyday problems when there is nothing commercially available. Gadgets are designed and custom made recognising that everyone's needs are different. Remap's skilled volunteers respond to thousands of requests for help every year and the service is provided free of charge.
Remap North Wales is chaired by Brian Lammond who said:
"We greatly appreciate the generosity of the Toyota Manufacturing UK Charitable Trust in supporting us in our work on behalf of disabled people in North Wales. Our small group of volunteers provides a vital service and are greatly encouraged by this support."
Since the start of production in 1992, Toyota Manufacturing UK has contributed to a variety of local community causes. Through its social contributions programme, over £6.3 million has been donated to many local, worthy charities and organisations.
Remap Derby receive their cheque

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Well-Known Ferguson Activist Found Dead in Burning Car
Darren Seals had been shot, St. Louis County cops say
Posted Sep 7, 2016 7:55 AM CDT
Darren Seals (Twitter)
(Newser) – A Missouri man who became a familiar face in the protests against the Michael Brown police shooting in Ferguson was himself killed Tuesday, St. Louis County police say. The St. Louis American reports that officers discovered the body of 29-year-old Darren Seals (the police are spelling his name as "Daren") while investigating an early morning report of a vehicle fire in St. Louis' Riverview neighborhood. After the fire was put out, cops found Seals' body with a gunshot wound, and police say they're treating his death as a homicide, per NBC News.
Seals was a vocal activist after Michael Brown's fatal shooting, appearing in national media and standing with Brown's family the night it was announced the officer who shot Brown wouldn't face charges. Seals, who described himself as "Unapologetically BLACK" on his Twitter page, most recently took to the social media site to share his thoughts on Brock Turner, Donald Trump, and the Colin Kaepernick controversy, tweeting of the latter Monday: "The @NFL mad about #Kaepernick protest but I bet they don't turn down all the money from them jersey sales." St. Louis cops aren't saying if there's a motive or suspects in Seals' death. (Read more obituary stories.)
Trump's Farewell Speech: 'Have a Good Life'


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Arabian fantasy
Celtic fantasy
Classical fantasy
Fantasy steampunk
Gunpowder fantasy
Prehistoric fantasy
Genre of fiction
Arthur Rackham's illustration for Alfred W. Pollard's The Romance of King Arthur abridged from Thomas Malory's 15th-century Arthurian medieval fantasy novel Le Morte d'Arthur
Genre studies
Fantasy of manners
Lovecraftian horror
Magic system
Fantasy worlds
Bangsian fantasy
Dark fantasy
Dieselpunk
Fairy tale parodies
Fairy tales
Ghost stories
Gothic fiction
Hard fantasy
High fantasy
Historical fantasy
Kaiju
Low fantasy
Magic realism
Magical girl
Mythopoeia
Occult detective fiction
Romantic fantasy
Science fantasy
Shenmo fiction
Splatterpunk
Steampunk
Supernatural fiction
Sword-and-sandal
Tokusatsu
Urban fantasy
Weird fiction
Western fantasy
Wuxia
Tolkien fandom
Historical fantasy is a category of fantasy and genre of historical fiction that incorporates fantastic elements (such as magic) into a more "realistic" narrative.[1] There is much crossover with other subgenres of fantasy; those classed as Arthurian, Celtic, or Dark Ages could just as easily be placed in historical fantasy.[2] Stories fitting this classification generally take place prior to the 20th century.
Films of this genre may have plots set in biblical times or classical antiquity. They often have plots based very loosely on mythology or legends of Greek-Roman history, or the surrounding cultures of the same era.
Historical fantasy usually takes one of four common approaches:[3]
Magic, mythical creatures such as dragons or other supernatural elements, such as magic rings co-exist invisibly with the mundane world, with the majority of people being unaware of it. In this, it has a close similarity to contemporary fantasy. This commonly overlaps with the secret history trope. Alternatively, the author's narrative shows or implies that by the present day, magic will have "retreated" from the world or been hidden to all but a few initiates so as to allow history to revert to the familiar version we know.[4] An example of this can be found in Lord Dunsany's The Charwoman's Shadow, which takes place in Spain, but which ends with the magician in it removing himself, and all creatures of romance, from the world, thereby ending the Golden Age.[5]
It also can include an alternative history where the past or present has been significantly changed when an actual historical event turned out differently.[6]
The story takes place in a secondary world with specific and recognizable parallels to a known place (or places) and a definite historical period, rather than taking the geographic and historical "mix and match" favoured by other works of secondary world fantasy. However, many, if not most, works by fantasy authors derive ideas and inspiration from real events, making the borders of this approach unclear.
Historical fantasy may also be set in a fictional world which resembles a period from history but is not that actual history.[6]
All four approaches have overlapped in the subgenre of steampunk commonly associated with science fiction literature. However, not all steampunk fantasy belongs to the historical fantasy subgenre.
Cassim in the treasure-filled thieves' cave
After Antoine Galland's translation of One Thousand and One Nights became popular in Europe, many writers wrote fantasy based on Galland's romantic image of the Middle East and North Africa. Early examples included the satirical tales of Anthony Hamilton, and Zadig by Voltaire.[7] English-language work in the Arabian fantasy genre includes Rasselas (1759) by Samuel Johnson, The Tales of the Genii by James Ridley (1764), Vathek by William Thomas Beckford (1786),[8] George Meredith's The Shaving of Shagpat (1856), Khaled (1891) by F. Marion Crawford, and James Elroy Flecker's Hassan (1922).[9]
In the late 1970s, interest in the subgenre revived with Hasan (1977) by Piers Anthony. This was followed by several other novels reworking Arabian legend: the metafictional The Arabian Nightmare (1983) by Robert Irwin, Diana Wynne Jones' children's novel Castle in the Air (1990), Tom Holt's humorous Djinn Rummy (1995) and Hilari Bell's Fall of a Kingdom.[9]
Celtic fantasy has links to historical fantasy and Celtic historical fiction. Celtic historical fantasy includes such works as Katharine Kerr's Deverry series, or Teresa Edgerton's Green Lion trilogy. These works are (loosely) based on ancient Celtic cultures. The separate folklore of Ireland, Wales, and Scotland has sometimes been used indiscriminately, sometimes with great effect, as in Paul Hazel's Finnbranch trilogy, Yearwood (1980), Undersea, (1982) and Winterking (1985);[10] other writers have distinguished to use a single source.[11]
Notable works inspired by Irish mythology included James Stephens' The Crock of Gold (1912), Lord Dunsany's The Curse of the Wise Woman (1933), Flann O'Brien's humorous At Swim-Two-Birds (1939), Pat O'Shea's The Hounds of the Morrigan (1985) and novels by Peter Tremayne, Morgan Llywelyn and Gregory Frost.[11]
The Welsh tradition has been particularly influential, which has its connection to King Arthur and its collection in a single work, the epic Mabinogion.[11] One influential retelling of this was the fantasy work of Evangeline Walton: The Island of the Mighty, The Children of Llyr, The Song of Rhiannon, and Prince of Annwn. A notable amount of fiction has been written in the Welsh area of Celtic fantasy;[12] other notable authors of Welsh Celtic fantasy include Kenneth Morris, John Cowper Powys, Vaughan Wilkins, Lloyd Alexander, Alan Garner,[13] and Jenny Nimmo.[14]
Scottish Celtic fantasy is less common, but James Hogg, John Francis Campbell (The Celtic Dragon Myth, 1911), Fiona MacLeod, William Sharp, George Mackay Brown and Deborah Turner Harris all wrote material based on Scottish myths and legends.[13]
Fantasy based on the Breton folklore branch of Celtic mythology does not often appear in the English language. However, several noted writers have utilized such material; Robert W. Chambers' The Demoiselle d'Ys (from The King in Yellow, 1895) and A. Merritt in Creep, Shadow! (1934) both drew on the Breton legend of the lost city of Ys,[15] while "The Lay of Aotrou and Itroun" (1930) by J. R. R. Tolkien is a narrative poem based on the Breton legend of the Corrigan.[16]
Classical fantasy is a subgenre fantasy based on the Greek and Roman myths. Symbolism from classical mythology is enormously influential on Western culture, but it was not until the 19th century that it was used in the context of literary fantasy. Richard Garnett (The Twilight of the Gods and Other Tales, 1888, revised 1903) and John Kendrick Bangs (Olympian Nights, 1902) used the Greek myths for satirical purposes.[17]
20th-century writers who made extensive use of the subgenre included John Erksine, who continued the satirical tradition of classical fantasy in such works as The Private Life of Helen of Troy (1925) and Venus, the Lonely Goddess (1949). Eden Phillpotts used Greek myths to make philosophical points in such fantasies as Pan and the Twins (1922) and Circe's Island (1925).[17] Jack Williamson's The Reign of Wizardry (Unknown Worlds, 1940) is an adventure story based on the legend of Theseus.[18] Several of Thomas Burnett Swann's novels draw on Greek and Roman myth, including Day of the Minotaur (1966).[19] The Firebrand (1986) by Marion Zimmer Bradley and Olympic Games (2004) by Leslie What are both classical fantasy tales with feminist undertones.[17] Guy Gavriel Kay who has made a career out of historical fantasy, set his two novels in The Sarantine Mosaic series in a parallel world heavily mirroring Justinian I's Byzantium.
Fantasy steampunk is another subgenre of historical fantasy, generally set in the Victorian or Edwardian eras. Steam technology, mixed with Victorian or Gothic-style architecture and technology, is the most widely recognized interpretation of this genre. One of the most popular characteristics of steampunk is the appearance of naked clockwork, rusty gears, and engines. Some works in this genre are alternate history.
Gaslamp fantasy is a subgenre to both steampunk and historical fantasy, take place in alternative universe based on Victorian or Edwardian eras. However magic instead plays a more important role than the era's mechanical technology.
Similar to steampunk, gunpowder fantasy is considered a step below its more popular cousin. Gunpowder fantasy combines elements of epic fantasy (magic, mythical creatures, elves, epic scale) with rifles and railroads. It is a relatively new subgenre, but has been picking up popularity. It varies from steampunk in that it stays away from the fantastic inventions (airships, machines, etc.) that are common in steampunk. It is also sometimes called "muskets and magic". Gunpowder fantasy is generally set in a world with roughly equivalent technology to the world in the 17th through 19th centuries, particularly the latter eras. Typically, gunpowder fantasy also includes elements of real-world technology such as steam power, telegraphy and in some cases early telephones or combustion engines.
Gunpowder fantasy examples include Monster Blood Tattoo Series by D. M. Cornish (2006–2010), Fullmetal Alchemist by Hiromu Arakawa (2001–2010), Terrarch Tetralogy by William King (2011–), and The Powder Mage trilogy, Brian McClellan (2013–2015).
Medieval fantasy encompasses works set in the Middle Ages, and in fictional worlds in time periods resembling the Middle Ages. This sub-genre is common among role-playing games and high fantasy literature. It frequently includes elements of medieval European culture and society, including a monarchical government, feudal social structure, medieval warfare, and mythical entities common in European folklore.
Stories set in prehistoric times and depicting the lives of prehistoric people. Prehistoric fantasy examples include the Earth's Children series by Jean M. Auel (1980-2011) and the Chronicles of Ancient Darkness by Michelle Paver.
Wǔxiá, literally meaning "martial (arts) heroes", is a subgenre of the quasi-fantasy and martial arts genre in literature, television and cinema. Wǔxiá figures prominently in the popular culture of Chinese-speaking areas, and the most important writers have devoted followings.
The wǔxiá genre is a blend of the philosophy of xiá (俠, "honor code", "an ethical person", "a hero"), and China's long history in wǔshù ("kung fu" or "martial arts"). A martial artist who follows the code of xiá is called a swordsman, or xiákè (俠客/侠客, literally "chivalrous guest"). Japan's samurai bushidō traditions, England's knight chivalry traditions, and America's gunslinger Western traditions all share some aspects with China's swordsman xiá traditions. The swordsman, however, need not serve a lord or hold any military power and they are not required to be from an aristocratic class.
^ Shanoes, Veronica (26 January 2012). "20: Historical Fantasy". In Edward James; Farah Mendlesohn (eds.). The Cambridge Companion to Fantasy Literature. Cambridge University Press. p. 236. ISBN 978-0-521-42959-7. Retrieved 9 May 2013.
^ Sinclair Frances, "Historical Fantasy", Riveting Reads plus Fantasy Fiction (UK: School Library Association), 69.
^ "What is historical fantasy?". Tor.com. 2009-07-31. Retrieved 2017-07-12.
^ John Grant and John Clute, The Encyclopedia of Fantasy, "Thinning", p 942 ISBN 0-312-19869-8
^ "What is Historical Fantasy? – Steven Till – Author of medieval fiction". Retrieved 2017-07-12.
^ a b Sinclair Frances, "Historical Fantasy", Riveting Reads plus Fantasy Fiction, (UK: School Library Association), 69.
^ Frances Mannsåker, "Elegancy and Wildness:Reflections of the East in the Eighteenth Century Imagination", in George Sebastian Rousseau and Roy Porter, Exoticism in the Enlightenment, Manchester University Press , 1990 ISBN 0-7190-2677-6 (pp. 175-196).
^ Kenneth Wayne Graham, Vathek and the escape from time: bicentenary revaluations. AMS Press, 1990 (p. 39).
^ a b David Langford, "Deserts",in Westfahl, Gary, ed. The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Science Fiction and Fantasy: Themes, Works, and Wonders. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 2005. ISBN 0-313-32951-6, (pp. 187-189).
^ John Grant and John Clute, The Encyclopedia of Fantasy, "Hazel, Paul" p 458, ISBN 0-312-19869-8. Clute comments that the Finnbranch books "operate at a level of originality rare in fantasy".
^ a b c John Grant and John Clute, The Encyclopedia of Fantasy, "Celtic fantasy", p 275 ISBN 0-312-19869-8
^ Michael Moorcock, Wizardry & Wild Romance: A Study of Epic Fantasy p 101 ISBN 1-932265-07-4
^ a b Brian Stableford, The A to Z of Fantasy Literature,"Celtic Fantasy", p 65-7. ISBN 0-8108-6829-6
^ Donna R. White, A Century of Welsh Myth in Children's Literature, p 5 ISBN 0-313-30570-6
^ E. F. Bleiler, "A.Merrit", in Bleiler, ed. Supernatural Fiction Writers. New York: Scribner's, 1985, pp.835-844. ISBN 0-684-17808-7
^ Paul Harold Kocher, Master of Middle-earth:the fiction of J.R.R. Tolkien Del Rey, 2001, ISBN 0345465601 (p. 18, 167-176).
^ a b c Stableford, The A to Z of Fantasy Literature ,"Classical Fantasy", pp. 79-80.
^ Fred Smith, Once There Was a Magazine: A Personal View of "Unknown" and "Unknown Worlds". Beccon Publications, pp. 17-20. ISBN 1-870824-45-8
^ John Clute, "Thomas Burnett Swann" in: E.F. Bleiler,.ed. Supernatural Fiction Writers. New York: Scribner's, 1985. pp.1097-1104.
Nautical fiction (Pirate novel)
Historical drama films (Middle Ages in film, Arthurian films, Peplum film genre)
Asian films (Samurai cinema and Jidaigeki films, Wuxia films and wuxia tv series)
History play
Historical grand opera (by historical figures)
Bangsian
Dark romanticism
Fairytale fantasy
"Retro"
Dying Earth
Planetary romance
Sword and planet
Shenmo
New weird
Ballantine Adult Fantasy series
The Encyclopedia of Fantasy
Fantasy Masterworks
List of novels (A–H)
(I–R)
(S–Z)
Newcastle Forgotten Fantasy Library
The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction
Fantasy podcast
Filk music
The Inklings
Mythopoeic Society
Works inspired by J. R. R. Tolkien
World Fantasy Convention
British Fantasy
Gemmell
International Fantasy
Japan Fantasy
Méliès d'Or
Mythopoeic
Tähtifantasia
World Fantasy
Giant animals
Genies in popular culture
Skin-walkers
Yōkai
Wild man
Dragonslayer
Fairy godmother
Occult detective
Hard and soft
Dark / Neutral / Light
Magical weapons
Magic sword
Runecraft
Thaumaturgy
Theurgy
Technomancy
Fantasy races
Treants
Mermen
Thieves' guild
Epic poetry
Human–animal hybrid
LGBT themes in speculative fiction
List of highest-grossing fantasy films
Heroic bloodshed
Hong Kong action
Commedia all'italiana
Bromantic
Gross out
Mo lei tau
Docudrama
Calligrafismo
Commedia sexy all'italiana
Sexploitation
Social guidance
see Exploitation film template
Neo-noir
Pulp noir
Tech noir
Chinese horror
German underground
Japanese horror
Korean horror
Mumblegore
Psycho-biddy
Maximalist film
Minimalist film
Musicarello
Sceneggiata
Pop culture fiction
Hardcore pornography
Softcore pornography
Slow cinema
Cinema of Transgression
Extreme cinema
Body swap
Buddy cop
Coming-of-age
Gentleman thief
Gokudō
Gong'an
Mafia comedy
Poliziotteschi
Mexploitation
Turksploitation
Gendai-geki
Goona-goona epic
Tentacle erotica
Jidaigeki
Kaitō
Bruceploitation
Chopsocky
Gun fu
Giant monster
Jiangshi
Zombie comedy
Mouth of Garbage
Muslim social
Outlaw biker
Ozploitation
Partisan film
Rape and revenge
Rumberas
Bavarian porn
Mexican sex comedy
Nazi exploitation
Pornochanchada
Nunsploitation
Sex report
Shomin-geki
Eurospy
Euro War
Revisionist
By movement
or period
American Eccentric Cinema
Australian New Wave
Auteur films
Berlin School
Bourekas
Brighton School
British New Wave
Kitchen sink realism
Budapest school
Cannibal boom
Cinéma du look
Cinéma pur
Documentary Film Movement
Dogme 95
Erra Cinema
European art cinema
Film gris
French New Wave
German Expressionist
German underground horror
Nigerian Golden Age
Grupo Cine Liberación
Hollywood on the Tiber
Hong Kong New Wave
Iranian New Wave
Italian futurist
Italian neorealist
Japanese New Wave
Kammerspielfilm
L.A. Rebellion
Lettrist
Modernist film
Neorealist
New German
New Nollywood
New Queer
Nuevo Cine Mexicano
Pan-India films
Parallel cinema
Persian Film
Poetic realist
Polish Film School
Praška filmska škola
Prussian film
Pure Film Movement
Remodernist
Spaghetti Western
Socialist realist
Social realist
Soviet Parallel
Telefoni Bianchi
Third Cinema
Toronto New Wave
Vulgar auteurism
Yugoslav Black Wave
By demographic
Shōjo
Chick flick
By format,
technique,
approach,
or production
B movie
Cinéma vérité
Classical Hollywood cinema
midnight movie
Database cinema
Docufiction
Ethnofiction
Film à clef
Film-poem
Grindhouse
Hyperlink cinema
Interstitial art
Low-budget
Major studio
Message picture
Meta-film
Musical short
Mythopoeia
Paracinema
Postmodernist
Reverse motion
Semidocumentary
Shinpa
Z movie


text:
Interoperability key to m-health success
Mobile health apps and services won't take off without the involvement of various players from healthcare and insurance companies to governments and the patients themselves, experts said Thursday.
The concept of the handset as a health diagnostic tool is closer to reality than ever as the healthcare sector itself undergoes a major shift from being hospital-centric to patient-centric, said Ursula Oesterle, VP of innovation at Swisscom.
"The focus is shifting from episodic diagnosis and treatment at a hospital to continuous self-diagnostic healthcare focused on wellness, lifestyle changes such as losing weight or quitting smoking, and prevention," she told an mHealth panel session at Mobile Asia Congress in Hong Kong Thursday.
"We're also seeing more user-led innovation via social networks, and distributed information where you can look up health information on the web."
Clive Smith, director of global operations for the Mobile Health Alliance, agreed, adding that lack of interoperability was a major barrier for mHealth uptake, be it between different healthcare systems between hospitals and government departments, or even between individual apps.
"There are 9,000 health apps available today, but hardly any of them talk to each other or share data," he said.
An additional challenge is the tendency of the mobile and healthcare industries seeing one another as one part of their own ecosystem, but understanding very little about how the other ecosystem works, he added.
"The ecosystem needs to be conscious of itself as an ecosystem," Smith said.
Professor K. Ganapathy, president of the Telemedicine Society of India, echoed the need for more interoperability and cooperation. "I am frustrated – I have been trying to do telemedicine in India for ten years, but I cannot integrate it into the country's healthcare delivery system. There is no interoperability at all. Just something like access to health records via mobile can make a tremendous difference. "
Ganapathy mHealth needed to sell itself as a concept. "The masses need to understand this. We need success stories so they can see that their phone can do these things. It needs to be promoted heavily by operators, governments, NGOs and anyone else who can spread the word."
Oesterle added that operators can cash in on mHealth as long as they understand the strengths they bring to the table – namely a brand name, customer base, technological expertise with integration and M2M, tech support and wide geographical presence via POS shops.
"Mobile will serve as an extension of existing services, and function as part of a much larger ecosystem," she said.
The level of cooperation and integration required may be a tall order, but it will also foster more effective and innovative mobile health apps, said Ganapathy, such as traveling asthmatics receiving air-quality warnings on the move and people with high cholesterol being given real-time advice on what foods to avoid in the supermarket.
But he cautioned that mobile healthcare apps should be need-driven, not technology-driven. "Don't make devices and then search for apps – wait for me to tell you what I want, then develop an app for it."


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Die Provinz Palencia ist eine spanische Provinz der Autonomen Region Kastilien und León. Die Hauptstadt ist Palencia. Im Norden grenzt sie an die Autonome Region Kantabrien, im Osten an die Provinz Burgos, im Süden an Valladolid und im Westen an León.

Die Provinz Palencia hat  Einwohner (), von denen etwa die Hälfte in der Hauptstadt Palencia leben.

Bevölkerungsentwicklung der Provinz

Verwaltungsgliederung

Comarcas

Größte Gemeinden
Die Provinz Palencia hat 191 Gemeinden, 11 davon haben über 2000 Einwohner.
Stand

Weblinks

 Diputación Palencia – Provinzverwaltung (spanisch)

Einzelnachweise

Palencia
Verwaltungsgliederung (Kastilien und León)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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text:
Erucius apicalis är en insektsart som först beskrevs av John Obadiah Westwood 1842.  Erucius apicalis ingår i släktet Erucius och familjen Chorotypidae. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

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Theoriq is a collaborative online library which congregates all Principles around us, with a special focus on the humanities, social sciences and entrepreneurship.
Our mission is to collect in one place all theories so that to understand better our world, in an informal and enjoyable fashion intended for the general public – what we call "casual learning", so that any curious fellow can come to learn and nurture their minds.
Merriam Webster tells us that a theory is a "plausible or scientifically acceptable general principle or body of principles offered to explain phenomena"; and the Collins dictionary that theory is "consisting in a knowledge of its principles and methods rather than in its practice". In other words, it is not uncommon to oppose theory to practice as theory.
Theoriq builds a bridge between theory and practice. As such Theoriq is a new player in the digital landscape of knowledge.
We are the first online platform whose mission is to assemble all the theories of this world, common observations about life. We open it to anyone so that to illustrate those theories through their own experience and / or knowledge.
In fact, we bring to the internet age a way of transmitting knowledge as old as our schoolbooks: to describe a theory, which comes most often from a teacher, author or expert; and to demonstrate or invalidate it through an example. In Theoriq case, our users are the ones who bring the example(s), thanks to their own experience and understanding.
Theoriq thus becomes a place that aims to gather all the human experiences and observed facts by linking them to a given theory.
And that's the whole idea. While the majority of facts supporting theories are scattered across hundreds of thousands of resources- often time-stamped as they relate to a particular event, we are grouping these facts in one place, in one page. And we unify those under one theory.
Last, you can support or disapprove a theory by voting for each entry.
Anyone can add an example to a theory. Upon approval, these are published. Visitors can then vote for the best examples, which will move up in the list.
Theories are linked to categories, authors and books (optional), in order to optimize indexing, and therefore the discoverability of the content. Unlike the examples, in order to add theories to Theoriq, you must first become an author. Please read below.
Why should I participate in Theoriq?
By sharing your knowledge of Theoriq, you allow other people, wherever they are on the globe, to leverage your experience and your knowledge to refine their understanding of the world.
Secondly, when you participate in Theoriq, you take part in a large-scale project: building a large body of human experiences and observable facts which you descendants may read one day. We are committed to recognizing everyone's contribution, and each contribution is directly related to your user profile.
I am an author, can I create entries?
Sure, please reach out to us by email at authors@theoriq.com. We are looking for authors with expertise in specific fields. We would be delighted to have you onboard. Make sure you contact us: we have a specific portal for authors which you only selected members can access.
We believe in blending beautiful words and marvelous artwork.
We systematically try to reach out to visual artist to get the agreement to publish their work on Theoriq. Most are happy for us to share their work on our platform.
To this day, a large majority (93%) of the artists we contacted and who responded; agreed for Theoriq to feature their work. Most are happy to see their passionate work - long hours of painting, drawings and creating digitals arts - find a new and additional place to shine on the Internet.
If you want also want to share your creations on Theoriq, please let us know, reach out to artists@theoriq.com.
You can find us on this website, of course, but also through our apps on : iPhone and Android .


text:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?>
<!--
This file is Copyright (c) 2010 by the GPSD project
BSD terms apply: see the file COPYING in the distribution root for details.
-->
<!DOCTYPE refentry PUBLIC
   "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.1.2//EN"
   "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.1.2/docbookx.dtd">
<refentry id='gpsctl.1'>
<refentryinfo><date>29 Oct 2006</date></refentryinfo>
<refmeta>
<refentrytitle>gpsctl</refentrytitle>
<manvolnum>1</manvolnum>
<refmiscinfo class="source">The GPSD Project</refmiscinfo>
<refmiscinfo class="manual">GPSD Documentation</refmiscinfo>
</refmeta>
<refnamediv id='name'>
<refname>gpsctl</refname>
<refpurpose>control the modes of a GPS</refpurpose>
</refnamediv>
<refsynopsisdiv id='synopsis'>

<cmdsynopsis>
  <command>gpsctl</command>
      <arg choice='opt'>-h </arg>
      <group>
	<arg choice='plain'>-b</arg>
	<arg choice='plain'>-n</arg>
      </group>
      <arg choice='opt'>-x <replaceable>control</replaceable></arg>
      <arg choice='opt'>-e </arg>
      <arg choice='opt'>-f </arg>
      <arg choice='opt'>-l </arg>
      <arg choice='opt'>-s <replaceable>speed</replaceable></arg>
      <arg choice='opt'>-t <replaceable>devicetype</replaceable></arg>
      <arg choice='opt'>-R </arg>
      <arg choice='opt'>-D <replaceable>debuglevel</replaceable></arg>
      <arg choice='opt'>-V </arg>
      <arg choice='opt'><replaceable>serial-port</replaceable></arg>
</cmdsynopsis>
</refsynopsisdiv>

<refsect1 id='description'><title>DESCRIPTION</title>

<para><application>gpsctl</application> can switch a dual-mode GPS
between NMEA and vendor-binary modes.  It can also be used to set the
device baudrate.  Note:  Not all devices have these capabilities.</para>

<para>If you have only one GPS attached to your machine, and gpsd is
running, it is not necessary to specify the device;
<application>gpsctl</application> does its work through
<application>gpsd</application>, which will locate it for you.</para>

<para>When <application>gpsd</application> is not running, the device
specification is required, and you will need to be running as root or
be a member of the device's owning group in order to have write access
to the device. On many Unix variants the owning group will be named
'dialout'.</para>

<para>The program accepts the following options:</para>
<variablelist remap='TP'>

<varlistentry>
<term>-b</term>
<listitem>
<para>Put the GPS into native (binary) mode.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>
<term>-c</term>
<listitem>
<para>Change the GPS's cycle time.  Units are seconds.  Note, most
GPSes have a fixed cycle time of 1 second.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>
<term>-e</term>
<listitem>
<para>Generate the packet from any other arguments specified and ship
it to standard output instead of the device. This switch can be used
with the <option>-t</option> option without specifying a device. Note:
the packet data for a binary prototype will be raw, not ASCII-ized in
any way.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>
<term>-f</term>
<listitem>
<para>Force low-level access (not through the daemon).</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>
<term>-l</term>
<listitem>
<para>List a table showing which option switches can be applied
to which device types, and exit.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>
<term>-n</term>
<listitem>
<para>Put GPS into NMEA mode.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>
<term>-s</term>
<listitem>
<para>Set the baud rate at which the GPS emits packets.</para>

<para>Use this option with caution.  On USB and Bluetooth GPSes it is
also possible for serial mode setting to fail either because the
serial adaptor chip does not support non-8N1 modes or because the
device firmware does not properly synchronize the serial adaptor chip
with the UART on the GPS chipset when the speed changes. These
failures can hang your device, possibly requiring a GPS power cycle or (in
extreme cases) physically disconnecting the NVRAM backup battery.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>
<term>-t</term>
<listitem>
<para>Force the device type.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>
<term>-x</term>
<listitem>
<para>Send a specified control string to the GPS;
<application>gpsctl</application> will provide packet headers and
trailers and checksum as appropriate for binary packet types, and
whatever checksum and trailer is required for text packet types.  (You
must include the leading $ for NMEA packets.) When sending to a UBX
device, the first two bytes of the string supplied will become the
message class and type, and the remainder the payload. When sending to
a Navcom NCT or Trimble TSIP device, the first byte is interpreted as
the command ID and the rest as payload. When sending to a Zodiac
device, the first two bytes are used as a message ID of type
little-endian short, and the remainder as payload in byte pairs
interpreted as little-endian short. For all other supported binary
GPSes (notably including SiRF) the string is taken as the entire
message payload and wrapped with appropriate header, trailer and
checksum bytes. C-style backslash escapes in the string, notably \xNN
for hex, will be interpreted; additionally, \e will be replaced with
ESC. This switch implies <option>-f</option>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>
<term>-T</term>
<listitem>
<para>Change the sampling timeout. Defaults to 8 seconds, which should
always be sufficient to get an identifying packet from a device
emitting at the normal rate of 1 per second.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>
<term>-R</term>
<listitem>
<para>Remove the GPSD shared-memory segment used for SHM export. This
option will normally only be of interest to GPSD developers.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>
<term>-h</term>
<listitem>
<para>Display program usage and exit.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>
<term>-D</term>
<listitem>
<para>Set level of debug messages.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>
<term>-V</term>
<listitem>
<para>Display program version and exit.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>

<para>The argument of the forcing option, <option>-t</option>, should be a
string which is contained in exactly one of the known driver
names; for a list, do <command>gpsctl -l</command>.</para>

<para>Forcing the device type behaves somewhat differently depending
on whether this tool is going through the daemon or not. In high-level
mode, if the device that daemon selects for you doesn't match the
driver you specified, <application>gpsctl</application> exits with
a warning.  (This may be useful in scripts.)</para>

<para>In low-level mode, if the device identifies as a Generic NMEA,
use the selected driver instead.  This will be useful if you have a
GPS device of known type that is in NMEA mode and not responding to
probes.  (This option was originally implemented for talking to
SiRFStar I chips, which don't respond to the normal SiRF ID
probe.)</para>

<para>If no options are given, the program will display a message
identifying the GPS type of the selected device and exit.</para>

<para>Reset (-r) operations must stand alone; others can be combined.
Multiple options will be executed in this order: mode changes (-b and
-n) first, speed changes (-s) second, and control-string sends (-c)
last.</para>

</refsect1>

<refsect1 id='environment'><title>ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES</title>

<para>By setting the environment variable <envar>GPSD_SHM_KEY</envar>,
you can control the key value used to designate the shared-memory
segment removed with the -R option.  This will be useful mainly when
isolating test instances of <application>gpsd</application> from
production ones.</para>

</refsect1>

<refsect1 id='examples'><title>EXAMPLES</title>

<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
<term><command>gpsctl /dev/ttyUSB0</command></term>
<listitem>
<para>Attempt to identify the device on USB serial device 0. Time out
after the default number of seconds. Adding the <option>-f</option> will
force low-level access and suppress the normal complaint when this
tool can't find a GPSD to work through.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>
<term>gpsctl -f -n -s 9600 /dev/ttyUSB0</term>
<listitem>
<para>Use low-level operations (not going through a gpsd instance) to
switch a GPS to NMEA mode at 9600bps.  The tool will identify the
GPS type itself.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>

</refsect1>

<refsect1 id='bugs'><title>BUGS</title>

<para>SiRF GPSes can only be identified by the success of an attempt
to flip them into SiRF binary mode. Thus, the process of probing one of
these running in NMEA will change its behavior.</para>

<para>Baud rate and mode changes work in direct mode but are not
reliable in client mode.  This will be fixed in a future release.</para>

</refsect1>

<refsect1 id='see_also'><title>SEE ALSO</title>
<para>
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpsd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpsdctl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gps</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>libgps</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>libgpsd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpsprof</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpsfake</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
</para>
</refsect1>

<refsect1 id='maintainer'><title>AUTHOR</title>

<para>Eric S. Raymond <email>esr@thyrsus.com</email>.</para>
</refsect1>
</refentry>

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


KARACHI: Sindh Chief Minister Syed Murad Ali Shah said on Tuesday that he was not against the construction of the Bhasha dam but had "some reservations" about its "location and availability of water in the system" in such a quantity that the dam could be filled.
He was talking to media at the mausoleum of the Quaid-i-Azam where he had come along with Governor Imran Ismail and members of his cabinet to pay tribute to the Father of the Nation on his 70th death anniversary. After laying a wreath and offering Fateha, the chief minister had an interaction with media personnel.
On a question about the Bhasha dam, he said it (the dam site) lay in the seismic area and the quantity of water required to fill the dam was not available in the (Indus) system.
Elaborating on the water position in the Indus system, he said that last year instead of 10 million acre feet (MAF) only 7.5MAF water was released downstream Kotri.
Mr Shah said that the record of water releases downstream Kotri from 1922 to this date was available with the provincial government (of Sindh). "If anybody wants to verify the figures they are most welcome," he added.
He recalled that "before the construction of the Tarbela dam, 70MAF water was released downstream Kotri at an average and our [Indus] delta was thriving".
"The Indus delta, which provides habitat to hundreds of different species of marine and wildlife, has been recognised as one of the largest deltas of Asia covering an area of around 14,600 square kilometres," the chief minister said. "We have to protect it by releasing river water into it, otherwise all nearby villages and cities will vanish into the sea," he said.
Mr Shah said that the Bhasha dam project was originally initiated by the Pakistan Peoples Party (government), but objections were raised on its technical issues. Therefore, he insisted, "the centre needs to take the federating units on board" over such controversial projects.
In reply to another question, Mr Shah warned against any attempt to roll back the 18th Amendment saying that the amendment "provides provincial autonomy which has strengthened parliamentary form of government in the country". "Any attempt to roll it [18th Amendment back will be strongly resisted," the chief minister warned.
"The 18th Constitutional Amendment was passed by the National Assembly in 2010 and a parliamentary committee comprising over 27 members from all parliamentary parties had drafted it with collective wisdom and [after] extensive discussion with all stake holders" he recalled.
"I am sure the federal government would not disturb it [18th Amendment], but if any such attempt is made, it will meet a strong resistance," the CM said.


I can't help but think when I'm wandering around looking for the Pokémon that this game would be so much more fun if it was geared towards... you know... me.
POKÉMON G(r)O(wnup): If Pokémon GO really wanted to catch me, they'd lure me to locations I can't otherwise be bothered to GO.
Here is how you can play if you are old like me and don't understand how the Internet or Pokémons work. I will explain.
No matter how f-able a mom is, you'd still only be following her to pick up some paper towels.


In 2015 funding will be made available for approximately 7 Radboud Institute for Health Sciences junior researcher projects. The call for these PhD grants is now open.
Only current Radboudumc (junior)PIs (status at January 1, 2014), affiliated with the Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, are eligible to submit a project.
Only one project per applicant can be submitted.
Since research methodology development is an important goal of the Radboud Institute for Health Sciences and 'personalized healthcare' is the overall Radboudumc research theme, two positions will be allocated to projects on "methodology development for research on personalized healthcare".
Furthermore, two positions will be reserved for "international partner" projects. These proposals should be submitted together with an international partner. The PhD student, either a Dutch or a foreign candidate, who will be appointed at the project should perform part of the research in Nijmegen and part of the research at the institute of the international partner (at least one year).
The Grant Review Committee of the Radboud Institute for Health Sciences will assess the pre-proposals on the aspects: 1. suitability of the project for a junior researcher; 2. innovative content; 3. scientific or societal relevance.
A maximum of 15-20 projects will be selected by the Grant Review Committee for submission of a full proposal.
The full proposals will be assessed by the Grant Review Committee of the Radboud Institute for Health Sciences.
The Grant Review Committee will come to a final advice based on the review and the rebuttal. The Committee will rank the projects according to 1. suitability of the project for a junior researcher; 2. innovative content; 3. scientific quality; 4. preliminary results; 5. scientific or societal relevance; 6. collaboration within or between the research theme(s).
The Committee's advice will be handed to the scientific director of the Radboud Institute for Health Sciences for final decision.


text:
<?php

namespace spec\Sylius\Component\Inventory\Model;

use PhpSpec\ObjectBehavior;
use Sylius\Component\Inventory\Model\InventoryUnit;
use Sylius\Component\Inventory\Model\InventoryUnitInterface;
use Sylius\Component\Inventory\Model\StockableInterface;

/**
 * @mixin InventoryUnit
 *
 * @author Paweł Jędrzejewski <pawel@sylius.org>
 */
final class InventoryUnitSpec extends ObjectBehavior
{
    function it_is_initializable()
    {
        $this->shouldHaveType(InventoryUnit::class);
    }

    function it_implements_Sylius_inventory_unit_interface()
    {
        $this->shouldImplement(InventoryUnitInterface::class);
    }

    function it_has_no_id_by_default()
    {
        $this->getId()->shouldReturn(null);
    }

    function it_has_no_defined_stockable_subject_by_default()
    {
        $this->getStockable()->shouldReturn(null);
    }

    function it_allows_defining_stockable_subject(StockableInterface $stockable)
    {
        $this->setStockable($stockable);
        $this->getStockable()->shouldReturn($stockable);
    }

    function it_has_checkout_state_by_default()
    {
        $this->getInventoryState()->shouldReturn(InventoryUnitInterface::STATE_CHECKOUT);
    }

    function its_state_is_mutable()
    {
        $this->setInventoryState(InventoryUnitInterface::STATE_ONHOLD);
        $this->getInventoryState()->shouldReturn(InventoryUnitInterface::STATE_ONHOLD);
    }

    function it_is_sold_if_its_state_says_so()
    {
        $this->setInventoryState(InventoryUnitInterface::STATE_SOLD);

        $this->shouldBeSold();
    }

    function it_returns_its_stockable_name(StockableInterface $stockable)
    {
        $stockable->getInventoryName()->willReturn('[IPHONE5] iPhone 5');
        $this->setStockable($stockable);

        $this->getInventoryName()->shouldReturn('[IPHONE5] iPhone 5');
    }
}


text:
Q: Can't find MySQL Workbench 6.1 32-bit setup for Ubuntu I am using Ubuntu 14.04 32-bit, but I can't find MySQL Workbench 6.1 32-bit setup for Ubuntu. If you have it, then send me a link.

A: In Ubuntu 14.04, open the terminal and type:
sudo apt-get install mysql-workbench

This will install MySQL Workbench version 6.0.8 and also install MySQL Workbench -- architecture independent data (mysql-workbench-data) as a dependency. MySQL Workbench is available in Ubuntu 14.04 in two different architectures, one for 32-bit and the other one for 64-bit. This is close enough to the requested version, MySQL Workbench 6.1, that you should seriously consider installing MySQL Workbench 6.0.8 from the Ubuntu repositories instead of MySQL Workbench 6.1.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Demands on the corporate treasurer are changing, and many are struggling to keep up. Here's where to start.
The rapid shift of economic activity from established markets in Europe and North America to developing ones in Africa, Asia, and Latin America has many CFOs asking treasurers to improve their performance. The pace of growth and regulation has left too many of them lagging behind on even core activities in their home markets: cash management, banking, debt and funding, investments, and risk management for currencies and interest rates. Such shortcomings are only magnified as companies expand into emerging markets,1 1. See, for example, Yuval Atsmon, Ari Kertesz, and Ireena Vittal, "Is your emerging-market strategy local enough?" mckinseyquarterly.com, April 2011. where even world-class treasury departments struggle to navigate varied banking protocols and diverse languages and customs—and often lack an operating model and infrastructure to connect their activities, portfolios, and risks.
The cost can be heavy. Companies pay incremental interest expenses when they overborrow as a result of inaccurate cash flow forecasting and often lose money when they don't hedge exposures for currencies and for interest rates, commodity prices, or both. They pay unnecessary taxes when cash moves needlessly through tax-heavy regions. If inadequate controls or segregated financial responsibilities lead to fraud, companies face both financial losses and reputational damage. Those that miss their financial covenants with banks or fail to meet liquidity requirements can find themselves dealing with credit-rating downgrades, a loss of credit flexibility, or even bankruptcy.
In an effort to help corporate treasurers improve their performance in core activities, we surveyed 120 of them over the past year and conducted in-person interviews with an additional 50. Those sources, as well as our experience working with treasurers, have led us to believe that companies should focus on five moves to improve their global treasury function.
Historically, most companies have had a treasury department at their corporate headquarters, but it was "siloed," managed only core activities, and often duplicated those of individual business units. As bank communications technology improved and treasury groups added new responsibilities, it made sense to consolidate functions that had been operating independently in different parts of the world.
Many companies did centralize treasury functions at headquarters, supported by a few part-time treasury and finance professionals in developing markets. But most treasuries retain too many decentralized components, and few are as centralized in developing markets as they are in developed ones. Our survey found, for example, that among global companies operating in over 50 countries, the average number of bank accounts held was more than 850—considerably higher than the 200 or so we've seen at the best performers. One treasurer we interviewed complained that her company didn't even know how many bank accounts it had overseas. And at one heavy-materials company, analysis of cash balances in 300 accounts held by 25 country locations showed a daily average of over $80 million in uninvested cash over a three-month period.
The ideal model would centralize policy setting, decision making, and execution—though not necessarily personnel. Consolidating the treasury function under the global treasurer can help by giving managers an aggregate view of their cash flow and risk positions—a view they need to optimize debt and investment portfolios and to minimize taxes and financial risk. Moreover, the operating model and infrastructure that connect a company's various activities, portfolios, and risks ensure that even regional treasury groups have the quickness and rigor needed to make the most of activities in volatile markets. They can therefore take advantage of local financial opportunities and avoid unnecessary losses. Such a treasury would have to be flexible and well controlled to receive inputs from regional treasuries.
One caveat: a centralized treasury organization does come with trade-offs; for instance, it might leave a company with less information about local banking and country-specific regulations. Moreover, business units in different regions may have to cede responsibility for activities, such as currency and commodity hedging, that have historically benefitted their local profit-and-loss statements. That can generate resistance from local managers. At one of the world's largest consumer goods companies, for instance, the CFO would like to eliminate duplicate treasury functions among businesses and centralize the treasury in one location. But doing so would require a battle with strong, independent businesses that adamantly defend their own treasury infrastructures and back-office locations.
Such battles are winnable. One global company, for example, upgraded its treasury in Asia to the same level as those in established markets by designing improvements to its operating model to take effect as the treasury function matured over a five-year period. Here the emphasis was on analytical sophistication, internal-client impact, automation, and integration.
The company's treasurer organized a structured workshop, bringing everyone to a single geographical location free of operational distractions, to get buy-in from the global treasury managers and ensure that the treasury's mission and operating model were aligned with the company's mission and strategic plan. The CFO approved investments in new systems for cash management and for the front and back offices. The development of treasury policies and a treasury "dashboard" kick-started the initiative and extended the company's treasury capabilities to its regional businesses. Managers are pleased with the progress of this redesigned treasury, though the CFO reports that it's still struggling with the reporting relationships between the global treasurer and the management of regional business units.
Wherever there's money moving around, fraud and mismanagement are risks. That's particularly true in a company's treasury department, where funds move in real time, using complicated financial instruments—and where an erroneous transaction can affect accounting, financial reporting, and internal controls. Add regional differences in protocols, governance, and oversight norms, and the problem can be a real headache for CFOs and treasurers alike, especially as their companies expand into some developing markets where governance is often weak or nonexistent.
Strengthening treasury governance requires a thorough review of policies and processes for core activities, followed by testing to ensure that they work well in practice and by comprehensive training. One way to start is to test how processes work under stress. The treasurers we identified as most effective, for example, regularly test the business continuity plans that keep treasury operations running through unforeseeable catastrophic events, such as the recent hurricane on the US East Coast, the 2011 tsunami in Japan, or the 2001 terrorist attacks on the New York World Trade Center.
In our experience, such plans should be—but often aren't—tested regularly in all regions to highlight and correct operational-risk weaknesses. Unannounced tests are critical. The global treasurer at a US-based conglomerate, for example, woke up his direct reports with a 5:00 AM telephone call announcing a simulated disruption to normal activities and setting in motion a series of tests. These tests helped the function develop operational readiness and the ability to access and transact in markets, with no "leakage." Ideally, treasury operations would appear undisrupted to senior management.
The rapid pace of software development over the past 20 years has brought to market a range of sophisticated tools that facilitate the treasury function. The conundrum has been that the earliest tools—spreadsheet programs—have dramatically improved. Some CFOs are not convinced that advanced systems are worth the cost, which can run as high as $1 million or more for integrated treasury-management systems and enterprise-resource-planning (ERP) modules. In our survey, we found that nearly half of the companies with less than $10 billion in revenue still used spreadsheets as their primary treasury system.
Yet cost–benefit analyses are unreliable in this case because it's difficult to measure the value of risk avoidance, a unified database, automation, integration, and enhanced management reporting. Quantifying the value of stronger governance, internal controls, and better analytical tools is a challenge, too. And spreadsheet programs, powerful though they may be, are woefully inadequate for a centralized global treasury. They're seldom well controlled, and few companies audit them closely enough to validate the logic of interconnecting calculations or even the formulas in individual cells. A single error in a single cell can ripple through an entire model, leading managers to borrow instead of invest, to hedge incorrectly, and to forget to fund operating accounts or to make debt payments.
And often there's no integration: we continue to encounter treasurers whose management system includes as many as 50 or 100 distinct spreadsheets, often reflecting different systems used by businesses in different geographies. That approach can lead to unnecessary hedge transactions when managers unintentionally hedge exposures in different regions against each other, instead of aggregating the longs and shorts of currency exposures and then hedging the net position.2 2. See Bryan Fisher and Ankush Kumar, "The right way to hedge," mckinseyquarterly.com, July 2010.
Even minor errors can cost a company many times the expense of a more sophisticated treasury-management system. At one North American utility company, for example, a simple spreadsheet error for energy auction bids led managers to enter into nonreversible contracts the company didn't need—a mistake that cost it half of its operating earnings for the quarter. At an agrochemicals company, a simple data entry error led the US treasurer to wire $80 million inadvertently to the wrong payee in the wrong country. By the time managers discovered the error, currency rates had shifted, and returning the cash came at a substantial cost.
Treasurers often admit that their global cash flow forecasts are poor or incomplete. The CFO of one international airline, for example, noted that when his company recently ordered new airplanes, it had no cash flow forecast—and no idea if it could pay when the time came. If it couldn't, the airplane manufacturer would stop delivering planes, hobbling the airline's growth. That's an egregious example, to be sure. Yet in our survey, nearly one-half of the treasurers reported that their cash forecasting was less than 80 percent accurate.
Improving the accuracy of forecasts isn't rocket science; it just requires a robust set of activities that companies don't or can't undertake. A company's treasury function should aggressively analyze cash flow forecasts and different cash scenarios, consult with the company's businesses in all global regions on how they might best utilize cash economically, run currency "what if" scenarios, and provide a multinational company with better intelligence for the use of cash.
An effective program also acts as an early-warning system to anticipate potential liquidity gaps, which are a primary source of financial risk, particularly in emerging markets. Liquidity forecasts, measuring liquid assets and credit sources to predict whether a company will be able to pay its debts and obligations, can help it manage cash by testing stress scenarios for differing market conditions. The daily, weekly, and monthly monitoring of cash in all business regions helps treasurers keep track of progress; for example, it ensures that they have the information needed to decide which cash pools and funding options they should pursue to avoid a cash shortfall and lets them measure the impact of efforts to improve cash flow performance.
Here again, an advanced treasury system is a powerful tool. But as with all technological solutions, it can't fix variances in global cash flow forecasts or automate the process completely. Cash flow forecasting is a structured and iterative process that requires treasurers to seek input from the field and various business locations.
The concept of working capital seems like a simple one: current assets minus current liabilities equals the capital that a company uses in its day-to-day operations.
Yet managing working capital globally is a challenge, especially in developing markets, where the task can be complicated by differences in business culture. Payment terms, for example, may vary markedly—from the 30 days common in many developed markets to as much as 360 days in some South American and African countries. A lack of automated systems to process accounts payable and receivable introduces further complexity.
Moreover, many companies in both developed and developing markets focus too closely on accounting-type measures, such as the cash flow statement or the profit-and-loss statement, without developing discipline in cash and working-capital management. That emphasis misses the real workings of a company and deflects attention from the fundamental principles of optimizing cash. The CFO of a business unit in a global industrial company, for instance, recognized the progress of his treasury's efforts to reduce working capital in accounts payable and receivable. But he also stressed that efforts to improve inventory still needed to encompass the entire cash conversion cycle.
Many executives are surprised to find that their companies hold excessive levels of working capital in regions where they aren't established. Managing working capital is complicated because it requires spending a lot of time with business units in their various regions to understand how they pay their suppliers and figure out customer behavior. It's not an easy task. Yet many treasurers find it a useful way to raise their profile and distinguish themselves as strategic financial advisers to the organization. Indeed, two-thirds of the treasurers in our survey reported seeing working-capital management as an opportunity and would like more involvement in it.
As companies assign new responsibilities to the corporate treasury function, treasurers must improve it with a global focus and streamline its performance. That may require an up-front investment, but the payback is worth it.
Tim Hesler is a senior expert in McKinsey's New York office, Kevin Laczkowski is a partner in the Chicago office, and Paul Roche is a partner in the Silicon Valley office.


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Les Mées – miejscowość i gmina we Francji, w regionie Prowansja-Alpy-Lazurowe Wybrzeże, w departamencie Alpy Górnej Prowansji.

Demografia
Według danych na rok 1990 gminę zamieszkiwało 2601 osób, a gęstość zaludnienia wynosiła 40 osób/km². W styczniu 2015 r. Les Mées zamieszkiwało 3598 osób, przy gęstości zaludnienia wynoszącej 55,3 osób/km².

Bibliografia
 Francuski Urząd Statystyczny

Miejscowości w departamencie Alpy Górnej Prowansji


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Q: RISC-V and Spike: some very basic questions I want to emulate various multi-core hardware with Risc V and Spike but I am really struggling to find documentation: for instance I don't even know where a typcial RISC-V processor begins execution on reset and cannot seem to find this information in the ISA documentation.
Is the answer to look at the Spike sources? Or is there some other pool of documentation I have missed?

A: What you are asking about is not a part of the user-level ISA, but rather, the Platform Specification.
Unfortunately, such a manual does not yet exist.
Your best bet, particularly as the platform and privileged-level specifications are still under rapid development, is to look at the Spike source code, as it is the "Golden Model".
To answer your question about the boot PC, just see what Spike does:
spike -d hello.riscv

A: Regarding bootstrap PC after reset, according to post linked below it is from 0x200.
How can I compile C code to get a bare-metal skeleton of a minimal RISC-V assembly program?

*

*I am still trying to figure out how to get the example in linked post to work on up-to-date rocket.


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"The Alberta government needs to protect our youth from all flavoured tobacco products" said Angeline Webb of the Canadian Cancer Society, Alberta/NWT Division. "Twenty-six thousand Alberta youth are using flavoured tobacco and this is completely unacceptable. Tobacco companies have flooded the market with a wide range of candy and fruit flavoured products to lure young people and this objectionable practice must be stopped".
The Alberta government promised to approve legislation this fall to ban flavoured tobacco products, to prevent tobacco sales to minors and to make vehicles carrying minors smoke-free. A private members bill to ban flavoured tobacco products received support in principle in the Legislative Assembly last May and is scheduled for further debate when the fall session commences later this month.
The survey revealed that about 13,000 Alberta youth, or one-half of all flavoured tobacco users, are using menthol cigarettes according to the Youth Smoking Survey. In sharp contrast, menthol cigarettes represent only four percent of the total adult cigarette market in Canada.


Accommodations on beautiful St. John Virgin Islands near Cruz Bay are very private condominium villas up high on the wooded hillside overlooking the gorgeous waters of the Caribbean with some of its offshore cays and St. Thomas in the west lit up like a Christmas tree at night. Awesome sunsets may be seen from your own private outside deck, or from the pool deck. Villas are 1 bedroom (queen), 1 bath. 10 minute walk into Cruz Bay and minutes from the Virgin Islands National Park. Located within a few miles of some of the most beautiful beaches in the world. There are only 4 villas in the development and they are very private and secluded. The pool is only a few steps from the front door and is perfect for a refreshing dip. The pool deck, which is thoughtfully set among a group of coconut palms, is great for sunbathing and enjoying the sunset view.
Most recent update March, 2009.


Here at Caldwell we provide resources to help you choose the balance that is right for you.
Our variety of balance selection materials and tools will ensure that you get the best balance for the application.
This PDF reviews and compares our balance platforms to help you evaluate which one(s) will be best for your window applications.


What are the most widely known types of blood doping?
What are the side-effects of EPO misuse?
When was a test to detect EPO implemented?
What are synthetic oxygen carriers?
Can synthetic oxygen carriers be detected?
What are the different types of blood transfusions for doping?
Which forms of transfusions can be detected?
What are the side effects of doping by blood transfusions?
There are three widely known substances or methods used for blood doping, namely, erythropoietin (EPO), synthetic oxygen carriers and blood transfusions.
Each is prohibited under WADA's List of Prohibited Substances and Methods.
EPO is a peptide hormone that is produced naturally by the human body. EPO is released from the kidneys and acts on the bone marrow to stimulate red blood cell production.
An increase in red blood cells improves the amount of oxygen that the blood can carry to the body's muscles. It may also increase the body's capacity to buffer lactic acid.
While proper use of EPO has an enormous therapeutic benefit in the treatment of anaemia related to kidney disease, its misuse can lead to serious health risks for athletes who use this substance simply to gain a competitive edge. It is well known that EPO, by thickening the blood, leads to an increased risk of several deadly diseases, such as heart disease, stroke, and cerebral or pulmonary embolism. The misuse of recombinant human EPO may also lead to autoimmune diseases with serious health consequences.
A test for EPO was introduced at the 2000 Summer Olympic Games in Sydney (Australia). The test, validated by the International Olympic Committee (IOC), was based on blood and urine matrices. A blood screening was performed first and a urine test was then used to confirm possible use of EPO.
In June 2003, WADA's Executive Committee accepted the results of an independent report stating that urine tests alone can be used to detect the presence of recombinant EPO. This report, requested by WADA's stakeholders and commissioned by the Agency to evaluate the validity of urine and blood tests for detecting the presence of recombinant EPO, concluded that urine testing is the only scientifically validated method for direct detection of recombinant EPO. This report also recommended that urine testing be used in conjunction with blood screening for a variety of reasons, including the cost savings of performing blood screening prior to testing urine. Some International Federations still use both urine and blood matrices for the detection of EPO. Recently, the urine test used for the detection of some new erythropoiesis stimulating agents was adapted for blood testing.
Synthetic oxygen carriers, such as haemoglobin based oxygen carriers (HBOCs) or perflurocarbons (PFCs), are purified proteins or chemicals having the ability to carry oxygen.
Synthetic oxygen carriers appear useful for emergency therapeutic purposes when human blood is not available, the risk of blood infection is high or when there is not enough time to properly cross-match donated blood with a recipient. However, their misuse for doping purposes carries the risk of cardiovascular disease in addition to various serious side effects (e.g., stroke, myocardial infarction, embolism).
Yes. A test was implemented in 2004.
There are two forms of blood doping: autologous and homologous.
Autologous blood doping is the transfusion of one's own blood, which has been stored (refrigerated or frozen) until needed.
Homologous blood doping is the transfusion of blood that has been taken from another person with the same blood type.
Although the use of blood transfusions for blood doping dates back several decades, its recent resurgence is likely due to the introduction of efficient EPO detection methods.
A test for homologous blood transfusions (HBT) was implemented at the 2004 Summer Olympic Games in Athens.
WADA is funding research projects aimed at developing a test for autologous transfusions.
In order to further improve detection of abnormal blood profiles, WADA is leading the development of a strategy against doping in sport called the Athlete Passport, which is based on following athlete's biological variables over time. The objective of this strategy, which will be added to other anti-doping strategies including "traditional" testing, is to detect abnormal variations of determined biological variables in order to better target testing and/or sanction those found with abnormal variations.
Like the other forms of blood doping, transfusions have serious medical consequences. Another person's blood may contain a virus, which is unwittingly passed on during the transfusion. An athlete uses his or her own blood, can put themselves at significant health risks if the procedure is not done properly or if the blood is not handled or stored in a proper manner. In addition, unnaturally high red blood cell levels increase the risk of heart attack, stroke, and pulmonary or cerebral embolism.


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10 Temples In Cambodia
Cambodia, a country in Southeast Asia known to be alluring travelers with its temple ruins that prettify the landscape. The temples in Cambodia have tales to narrate, but most importantly they stand as architectural gems. The rock cut art and carvings in these landmarks have their own old world charm, something that will urge you to capture for lifetime.
This blog features a list of stunning Cambodia temples, which you must visit during your trip to the country. As you read, you will also get to know important details regarding each of it. So, let's begin!
1. Angkor Wat
Of course, our list of Cambodia Temple had to be kicked off by this one. This is a star attraction of the country which is among the biggest temples and the best preserved ones. As the reflection of this Khmer archaeological gem falls on the reservoir next to it, it weaves a vista to admire. Once you enter the outer gallery, a series of stone sculptures will greet you, depicting various episodes from Hindu epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. Even the ornate pillars will leave you in awe, the sheer precision of carving and the artistry is something that deserve a special mention.
2. Banteay Srei
Often referred to as the art gallery of Cambodia, Banteay Srei is a Cambodia Hindu temple that is indeed confined in size, but the artistry which you will witness are beyond perfection. This ornate ruin is beautified with motifs, figures of gods, and detailed carving. The temple is dedicated to Lord Shiva, and is the only temple in Angkor which was not commissioned by a ruler, but a Brahmin. It dates back to 10th century and was among the first temples which were restored in Angkor.
3. Neak Pean
Indeed a tiny temple, Neak Poan is sits amid a small artificial lake. The name, Neak Pean literally translates to 'entwined serpents' and as many historians believe the structure and its surrounding represent Anavatapta, which is a mythical lake said to have water with medicinal properties. This Cambodian Buddhist temple is closely associated with Preah Khan Temple as well. As you cannot enter inside the temple, this is rather a sight to admire. So, you may skip a visit if you do not have much time in your hands.
4. Banteay Kdei
Built during the twelfth century, Banteay Kdei will mesmerize you with its ornate garudas. Also called the Citadel of Chambers, the temple was beautified with sculptures of women. Today is lies in ruins and is usually less crowded, making it a perfect spot for a tranquil time.
The temple can be explored within an hour and it is suggested that you must also visit Sra Srang, the pool of ablutions.
5. Ta Prohm
Another of the most photographed temples in Cambodia, Ta Prohm is recognized by its labyrinth pattern of roots that cover the structures. It actually may seem to you like an octopus is holding on to something dear to it. According to a Sanskrit stone sculpture, the details of its authorities were once portrayed in the walls of the temples. As you amble through the premises, you'll witness how nature has dominated man made remnants; but this blend is something that makes Ta Prohm stand out.
6. Bayon
The Cambodian temple ruins are intriguing in itself and Bayon will grab all your attention with its rock-cut sculpture of faces. It is believed that these sculptures represent Avalokitesvara (Bodhisattva of compassion), but since some scholars spotted resemblances to King Jayavarman VII, it is also said the king thought of him as a god king. The temple is located amid dense junges with no wall or moat encircling it. This was a rather unique aspect comparing with other Cambodia temples, but later the scholars realized Ta Prohm actually marks the center of the city of Angkor Thom.
7. Banteay Samre
Banteay Samre showcases the unity of Hinduism and Buddhism. It was built in the same period as Angkor Wat and you can indeed find similarities in features such as the style of towers and balustrades. Today, Bayon stands in brilliant condition without the charm of its intricate carving faded away, thanks to careful restoration work.
Banteay Samre is located away from other temples in Cambodia and hence you'd find fewer people here; good news for the travelers looking for rather peaceful tourist attraction.
8. Phnom Bakheng
A temple that is about two centuries older than Angkor Wat, Phnom Bakheng stood as architectural landmark for the first capital of Khmer Empire, Yasodharapura. The five-tiered shikhara of the temples catches the eye and so do the four towers established on the summit. The temple is primarily visited during late afternoons by many tourists as it serves for a magnificent vantage point for sunset views.
9. Preah Khan
Preah Khan used to serve as a holy shrine for the followers of Hinduism and Buddhism. The temple was built by King Jayavarman VII in the twelfth century, marking the defeat of Chams. As the name Preah Khan literally translates to Holy Sword, we can imagine the pride the king took in the event and the building of the structure. It is also believed that Preah Khan served as a residence to the king as he waited for Angkor Thom to be completed.
This was indeed a grand Cambodia temple as it was dedicated to about hundred gods and there were eighteen grand festivals it served as venue of.
10. Pre Rup
Formerly served as king's state temple, Pre Rup was built in 961 by Rajendravarman II. This Hindu temple in Cambodia is dedicated to Lord Shiva and has been associated with funerary rituals. Though it was built using grey sandstone which were rather delicate and most of the temple has somehow failed the test of time, you would be able to see detailed intel carving when on the South-west Tower. This place is specifically popular for delightful sunset views.
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The Second Political Statute of the Province of Costa Rica was issued on May 16, 1823 by the interim government and the Second Provincial Congress of the Province of Costa Rica.  It was issued just after the Ochomogo War when the monarchist camp settled in Cartago and Heredia and headed by Joaquín de Oreamuno as its commander of arms, was defeated by the Republican side commanded by Gregorio José Ramírez and gravitated around San José and Alajuela.

Ramírez defeated Oreamuno on April 5 at the battle of Ochomogo and assumed power until April 16 when he handed it over to a Constituent Congress that held it between April 16 and May 10, 1823, presided over by José María de Peralta y La Vega. This Congress confirmed Ramírez as General Commander in Arms, imposed the seat of government in San José and promulgated the Second Political Statute of the Province that it officiated as a Constitution. This Statute created a Governmental Superior Junta of five tenure and two alternates members and prescribed a bicameral Parliament that appointed a Political Chief, a Mayor and a General Commander of Arms. The two chambers of Parliament were an Assembly of Representatives and a Representative Council both of popular election. The first had initiative of law, fiscal authority and construction of infrastructure, the second functioned as a high chamber with power of sanction of laws, would advise the Executive Branch, commission of appointments and court of ethics for the civil servants.

The statute would remain in force from May 1823 to November 1824, when the Basis of Federal Constitution would become effective as Costa Rica is a member of the Central American Federation.

References

Constitutions of Costa Rica


WANTED: Heading For Tomorrow – Japan – Band Score Tab.
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WANTED: Gamma Ray Best – Japan – Band Score Tab.
WANTED: Land Of The Free – Japan – Band Score Tab.