By accepting delivery of any product delivered from Willis Orchard Company, you ("Customer") agree to be bound by the terms and conditions listed below. You and WILLISORCHARDS.COM agree that the following terms and conditions are the exclusive terms governing the sales transaction between Customer and WILLISORCHARDS.COM. In addition, these terms and conditions are subject to change at any time as deemed necessary by Willis Orchard Company.
2. If your tree dies within one year of the purchase date, simply return the bottom half of the tree or plant item, within the year, with proof of purchase and a new item will be returned to you, at our cost, at the next recommended planting period. (All returned items must be individually marked and identified or it will not be replaced.) We realize that circumstances occur so that you may misplace the original invoice form that comes on the package, within the span of one year. Therefore, proof of purchase may be a copy of the original invoice form, a copy of your credit card statement, a copy (front and back) of your check payment, or simply include the name and address of the person in which the order was shipped and/or billed.
3. Customer is solely responsible for shipping any returned product to WILLISORCHARDS.COM. Customer agrees to bear all shipping and insurance charges and all risk of loss for the return product during shipment.
5. WILLISORCHARDS.COM does not issue refunds for the shipping cost for any items refused upon delivery, returned after accepting delivery, or for orders canceled after shipping from our warehouse has already occurred.
6. WILLISORCHARDS.COM charges a 20% restocking fee for all items refused at delivery, returned after accepting delivery, and/or for orders canceled after shipping from our warehouse has already occurred.
7. WILLISORCHARDS.COM offers a 1 (one) time replacement for any or all items from 1 (one) purchase within 1 (one) year from the date of that purchase. These dates are kept internally in the company's database and are also visible on the invoice attached to the box the order was shipped in. Any items from a single purchase that are sent back for replacement after a replacement order has already been fulfilled for that single purchase, will be charged for shipping for that second replacement item. Therefore, we recommend waiting until late summer to evaluate your trees and then claim your 1 year warranty.
8. In general, any item discounted from the regular published price, at the time the order is placed is void of any guarantee.
9. Our replacement policy is valid item for item. To up-size or exchange for another item is only redeemable for 1/2 (half) the dollar amount of the original item and additional shipping costs may apply for substitutes of larger items.
10. Customer must bring any dispute or discrepancy to the attention of Willis Orchard Company (in writing via mail, e-mail or fax) within 3 (three) days of delivery of goods. After such time, Customer forfeits the right to make any future claims or file any grievances concerning their goods received. Exceptions to this rule apply to any item that does not produce the particular varietal specified on the original invoice attached to the order's box. In this case, documentation, photos and/or the opinions of the local county Agricultural Agent must be presented. Any further action is at the sole discretion of Willis Orchard Company. In the unlikely event that this should occur, a replacement item will be given at no cost to the Customer, not a refund.
11. All orders are custom made and unique to the individual order and are charged at the time the order is placed by the Customer. The price of an item is final and binding as listed at the time the order is placed. Any price increases or decreases for any item is non-applicable and/or non-refundable. Accordingly, all sales are final when payment is received.
Payment Terms; Orders: An order is not binding upon WILLISORCHARDS.COM until it is accepted; WILLISORCHARDS.COM must receive payment before it will accept an order. Payment for product(s) ordered is due prior to shipment. Customer can make payment by credit card, or some other method prearranged with WILLISORCHARDS.COM. Orders made by phone or by online purchase will be charged the same day and will be shipped at the appropriate planting time, unless otherwise arrangements are made prior to ordering.
Cancellations; If a customer cancels an order within 24 hours of being placed, they will receive a full refund. Orders canceled after this period, but prior to shipping will incur a 10% clerical fee.
Shipping Charges; your total cost for purchase of any product will include shipping and handling charges shown on the WILLISORCHARDS.COM invoice.
Any dispute arising out of or related to these Terms and Conditions or the sales transaction between WILLISORCHARDS.COM and Customer shall be governed by the laws of the State of Georgia, without regard to its conflicts of law rules. WILLISORCHARDS.COM and Customer consent to the exclusive jurisdiction and the exclusive venue of the State Courts of the State of Georgia, Bartow County, to resolve any dispute between them related hereto, and the parties waive all rights to contest this exclusive jurisdiction and venue of such Courts. Finally, the Customer also agrees not to bring any legal action, based upon any legal theory including contract, tort, equity or otherwise, against WILLISORCHARDS.COM that is more than one year after the date of the applicable invoice. The Customer also agrees not to attempt credit card chargeback after three days of receipt of goods. Customer should bring any dispute or discrepancy to the attention of Willis Orchard Company within 3 (three) days of delivery of goods. Any dispute or discrepancy that arises should be formally documented in writing or email, as well as by phone.
These terms and conditions, together with WILLISORCHARDS.COM's invoice regarding the products ordered by Customer, are the complete and exclusive agreement between WILLISORCHARDS.COM and Customer, and they supersede all prior or contemporaneous proposals, oral or written, understandings, representations, conditions, warranties, and all other communications between WILLISORCHARDS.COM and Customer relating to the subject products. This agreement may not be explained or supplemented by any prior course of dealings or trade by custom or usage.


Quickness for the party while dealing high DPS.
Using to break defiance bars also increases your allies power by 216 for 10 seconds thanks to .
Note that this build variant only gains boon duration from the .
Quickness uptime on the group.
Quickness for the entire fight you can take this trait for an additional 100 defiance bar damage with .
A 1,200 range teleport to an ally.
Stability or stunbreak is needed.
Deals additional 200 defiance bar damage.
A stationary reflect lasting for 10 seconds.
A slow but strong CC skill. Also destroys projectiles inside.
Tomes are very useful when no other skills are ready. also gets refreshed every time an enemy dies (works with anomalies at Artsariiv/Arkk, knights at MAMA and hallucinations at Siax).
and are great for high incoming damage scenarios.


text:
package org.deviceconnect.android.deviceplugin.uvc.recorder;

import android.content.Context;
import android.graphics.Rect;
import android.util.Size;

import org.deviceconnect.android.deviceplugin.uvc.BuildConfig;
import org.deviceconnect.android.libmedia.streaming.audio.AudioQuality;
import org.deviceconnect.android.libmedia.streaming.gles.EGLSurfaceDrawingThread;
import org.deviceconnect.android.libmedia.streaming.video.VideoQuality;

import javax.net.ssl.SSLContext;

/**
 * プレビュー配信サーバ.
 */
public abstract class AbstractPreviewServer implements PreviewServer {
    protected static final boolean DEBUG = BuildConfig.DEBUG;
    protected static final String TAG = "host.dplugin";

    /**
     * コンテキスト.
     */
    private final Context mContext;

    /**
     * プレビュー再生を行うレコーダ.
     */
    private final MediaRecorder mMediaRecorder;

    /**
     * プレビュー配信サーバのポート番号.
     */
    private int mPort;

    /**
     * ミュート設定.
     */
    private boolean mMute;

    /**
     * SSLContext のインスタンス.
     */
    private SSLContext mSSLContext;

    /**
     * SSL の使用フラグ.
     */
    private final boolean mUseSSL;

    /**
     * コンストラクタ.
     *
     *

     * デフォルトでは、mute は true に設定しています。
     * デフォルトでは、mUseSSL は false に設定します。
     *

     *
     * @param context コンテキスト
     * @param recorder プレビューで表示するレコーダ
     */
    public AbstractPreviewServer(Context context, MediaRecorder recorder) {
        this(context, recorder, false);
    }

    /**
     * コンストラクタ.
     *
     *

     * デフォルトでは、mute は true に設定しています。
     *

     *
     * @param context コンテキスト
     * @param recorder プレビューで表示するレコーダ
     * @param useSSL SSL使用フラグ
     */
    public AbstractPreviewServer(Context context, MediaRecorder recorder, boolean useSSL) {
        mContext = context;
        mMediaRecorder = recorder;
        mUseSSL = useSSL;
        mMute = true;
    }

    // Implements PreviewServer methods.

    @Override
    public int getPort() {
        return mPort;
    }

    @Override
    public void setPort(int port) {
        mPort = port;
    }

    @Override
    public void onConfigChange() {
        VideoQuality videoQuality = getVideoQuality();
        if (videoQuality != null) {
            setVideoQuality(videoQuality);
        }

        AudioQuality audioQuality = getAudioQuality();
        if (audioQuality != null) {
            setAudioQuality(audioQuality);

            MediaRecorder.Settings settings = getRecorder().getSettings();
            setMute(settings.isMute());
        }
    }

    @Override
    public void setMute(boolean mute) {
        mMute = mute;
    }

    @Override
    public boolean isMuted() {
        return mMute;
    }

    @Override
    public boolean useSSLContext() {
        return mUseSSL;
    }

    @Override
    public void setSSLContext(final SSLContext sslContext) {
        mSSLContext = sslContext;
    }

    @Override
    public SSLContext getSSLContext() {
        return mSSLContext;
    }

    /**
     * コンテキストを取得します.
     *
     * @return コンテキスト
     */
    public Context getContext() {
        return mContext;
    }

    /**
     * プレビューを表示するレコーダー.
     *
     * @return レコーダー
     */
    public MediaRecorder getRecorder() {
        return mMediaRecorder;
    }

    /**
     * 映像の設定を取得します.
     *
     * 映像が使用されていない場合は null を返却すること。
     *
     * @return 映像の設定
     */
    protected VideoQuality getVideoQuality() {
        return null;
    }

    /**
     * 音声の設定を取得します.
     *
     * 音声が使用されていない場合は null を返却すること。
     *
     * @return 音声の設定
     */
    protected AudioQuality getAudioQuality() {
        return null;
    }

    /**
     * VideoEncoder の設定に、MediaRecorder の設定を反映します.
     *
     * @param videoQuality 設定を行う VideoEncoder の VideoQuality
     */
    public void setVideoQuality(VideoQuality videoQuality) {
        MediaRecorder recorder = getRecorder();
        MediaRecorder.Settings settings = recorder.getSettings();

        Rect rect = settings.getDrawingRange();
        if (rect != null) {
            videoQuality.setVideoWidth(rect.width());
            videoQuality.setVideoHeight(rect.height());
        } else {
            Size previewSize = settings.getPreviewSize();
            videoQuality.setVideoWidth(previewSize.getWidth());
            videoQuality.setVideoHeight(previewSize.getHeight());
        }
        videoQuality.setBitRate(settings.getPreviewBitRate());
        videoQuality.setFrameRate(settings.getPreviewMaxFrameRate());
        videoQuality.setIFrameInterval(settings.getPreviewKeyFrameInterval());
        videoQuality.setUseSoftwareEncoder(settings.isUseSoftwareEncoder());
        videoQuality.setIntraRefresh(settings.getIntraRefresh());
        videoQuality.setProfile(settings.getProfile());
        videoQuality.setLevel(settings.getLevel());
    }

    /**
     * AudioEncoder の設定に、MediaRecorder の設定を反映します.
     *
     * @param audioQuality 設定を行う AudioEncoder の AudioQuality
     */
    public void setAudioQuality(AudioQuality audioQuality) {

    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Connect it to your existing Garage Door motor and make it part of your Z-Wave System.
Make your garage part of your connected home!
Power supply: 5V DC Adapter for Garage Door Controller. CR2 Lithium battery 3V, 800mA for Sensor.
Operating temperature: 32°F to 104°F/0°C to 40°C.
Storage temperature: -4°F to 158°F/-20°C to 70°C.
Supported audio format: MP3 or WAV.
Operating distance: Up to 1310 feet/400 meters outdoors.


Freeborn was born about 1660. Freeborn's father is Benjamin Balch and his mother is Sarah Gardner. His paternal grandparents are John Balch and Margaret Lovell; his maternal grandparents were Capt Thomas Gardner and Margaret Fryer. He had a brother and two sisters, named Samuel, Sarah and Mary. He is the second oldest of the four children.


text:
Comunicaciones del Museo Nacional de Buenos Aires, (abreviado Común. Mus. Nac. B. Aires), fue una revista con ilustraciones y descripciones botánicas que fue editada en Buenos Aires. Se publicaron 2 números en los años 1898-1901. Fue reemplazada por Comunicaciones del Museo Nacional de Historia Natural Bernardino Rivadavia.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
en IPNI

Revistas de botánica

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


It's no secret that my wife (Carmen Melgoza founder of Latino Fit Club) and I love traveling and exploring new places. We've been fortunate enough to be living a life on-the-go since the beginning of 2018. When the opportunity of driving the Chevy Cruze Hatch Diesel came about we immediately said yes because not only would we make this a road trip experience to Scottsdale, AZ, but we would also attend an MLB spring training game.
The Chevy Cruze was delivered days before our departure so I was able to enjoy it in my city by running errands and simply taking it out for a couple spins with my wife. My wife's favorite color is red and we were happy to drive the car in that color. The brown leather interior caught my eye since the moment I was handed the keys because it made the compact car look modern and sporty. You'll like to hear that the Chevy Cruze offers up to an EPA-estimated 48 mpg on the highway with manual transmission.
For the extensive distance that we drove it from Los Angeles, CA to Phoenix, AZ we were surprised yet pleased with the fuel-efficiency of the car. You would love this too for your future car if you're looking to purchase soon.
We arrived to Scottsdale, AZ late on Friday night and although we only made one pit stop in Coachella, CA we were extremely tired of the long 6+ drive. It was great to be sitting in extremely comfortable seats. While I drove the entire way there my wife was able to take care of our online business. Aside from being bloggers and social media influencers were also fitness coaches and thanks to the built-in Wi-Fi hotspot she was able to get a lot of work done with our clients who are seeing amazing body transformations.
Saturday was game day and we were stoked to be enjoying a spring training game between Los Angeles Angels and Chicago Cubs at Sloan Park in Mesa, AZ. We were happy to arrive in style inside the Chevy Cruze. The weather was perfect and the best part was that we got great seats where we could watch the game without sun rays directly on our faces!
You'll want to know that manual-transmission models for the Chevy Cruze come standard with the RS package, sport-tuned suspension and 18-inch wheels.
Since 2006, Chevrolet, has been supporting baseball and softball at the youth level in communities across the country through Chevy Youth Baseball, a grassroots, community outreach program. Chevrolet once again has sponsored Major League Baseball's PLAY BALL initiative, a collaborative effort between MLB, USA Baseball and USA Softball to encourage participation in all forms of baseball and softball.
After enjoying the game we were starving so we headed out to eat a vegetarian/vegan restaurant called "Flower Child", which by the way was delicious!
After that we went back to the hotel to do some R&R and got ready to explore Downtown Historic Scottsdale in our Chevy Cruze. It was a fun night and we were glad we got to enjoy the small city.
Sunday was return day to Los Angeles and we were sad that our experience had come to an end in the Phoenix area. In Los Angeles, CA we still had more hours to enjoy the car though.
You'll want to know that available features inside the Chevy Cruze include wireless phone charging, heated rear leather seats and heated, leather-wrapped steering wheel. There's also OnStar with 4G LTE connectivity, Android Auto and Apple CarPlay compatibility through Chevrolet MyLink.
Our drive back to Los Angeles was fun because we were able to see an amazing sunset during our drive. Wife and I got to enjoy quality time together and began planning our next trip.
We always felt safe inside the Chevy Cruze because its strong body structure because it features high-strength steel in key areas.
I hope you enjoyed reading my blog post and learning more about the highlights of our trip and of course the car.


text:
Charles Finch (born 1980) is an American author and literary critic. He has written a series of mystery novels set in Victorian era England, as well as literary fiction and numerous essays and book reviews.

Life and career
Finch was born in New York City the son of the art critic Charlie Finch.  He graduated from Phillips Academy and Yale University, where he majored in English and History.  He also holds a master's degree in Renaissance English Literature from Merton College, Oxford. He is the grandson of American artist and writer Anne Truitt.

His first published novel, A Beautiful Blue Death, introduced gentleman sleuth Charles Lenox. The book was named one of Library Journal's Best Books of 2007 and was nominated for the Agatha Award for best new mystery of 2007.  The Fleet Street Murders came out in 2009 and was nominated for the Nero Award. The Woman in the Water, released in 2018, is a prequel presenting the beginning of Lenox's career in detection. The series is published by St. Martin's Minotaur, a division of St. Martin's Press.

Finch's first contemporary novel, The Last Enchantments, was published by St. Martin's Press in early 2014.

He has written for The New York Times and Slate and regularly writes essays and criticism for The New York Times, The New York Times Book Review, The New Yorker, the Guardian, the Chicago Tribune and USA Today.  He was a 2014 finalist for the National Book Critics Circle's Nona Balakian Citation for Excellence in Reviewing, losing to Alexandra Schwartz of The New Yorker. He won the award in 2017.

Finch serves on the curatorial board of the arts colony Ragdale and the board of the National Book Critics Circle.

Bibliography

Charles Lenox series
A Beautiful Blue Death, 2007 Hardcover
2007 Large print
2008 Paperback

2009 German translation (Bella Indigo)
2010 Russian translation (Прекрасная голубая смерть)
2011 Audio
The September Society, 2008 Hardcover
2009 Paperback
2010 Large print
2010 German translation (September Society der Club der tödlichen Gentlemen)
2011 Audio
The Fleet Street Murders, 2009 Hardcover
2009 Large print
2010 Paperback
2011 Audio
A Stranger in Mayfair, 2010 Hardcover
2011 Audio
2011 Large print
2011 Paperback
A Burial at Sea, 2011 Hardcover
2011 Audio
2012 Paperback
2012 Large print
A Death in the Small Hours, 2012 Hardcover
2012 Audio
2013 Large print
2013 Paperback
An Old Betrayal, 2013 Hardcover
2013 Audio
2014 Large print
2014 Paperback
The Laws of Murder, 2014 Hardcover
2014 Audio
2015 Large print
2015 Paperback
Home by Nightfall, 2015 Hardcover
2016 Audio
2016 Large print
2016 Paperback
The Inheritance, 2016 Hardcover
2016 Audio
2017 Large print
2017 Paperback
The Woman in the Water (prequel), 2018 Hardcover
2018 Audio
2019 Paperback
The Vanishing Man (prequel), 2019 Hardcover
2019 Audio
2021 Paperback
The Last Passenger (prequel), 2020 Hardcover
2020 Audio
2021 Paperback
An Extravagant Death, 2021 Hardcover
2021 Audio

Other work
The Last Enchantments, 2014 Hardcover
Paperback
Large print
Audio

What Just Happened?, 2021

References

External links
St. Martin's Author Profile
Questions & Answers with Charles Finch

1980 births
American mystery novelists
21st-century American novelists
Living people
Writers from New York City
Phillips Academy alumni
Yale University alumni
Alumni of Merton College, Oxford
American expatriates in England
American male novelists
21st-century American male writers
Novelists from New York (state)


This is Brickland. For us, it is a creative environment where a perfect balance between craft and technology is achieved. For our customers, Brickland is a playful toolbox when it comes to creating unique visual stories.
Brickland is an animation studio situated in Gothenburg, Sweden. We create high impact 3D and 2D animations, motion graphics, visualizations and digital content for a wide array of platforms.


Waldorf salad is traditionally made of fresh apples, celery, grapes and walnuts, dressed in mayonnaise, and usually served on a bed of lettuce as a starter or a light meal. Fill this in a whole grain tortilla and you have yourselves a delicious wrap for lunch. There are several textures in this filling and every mouthful is an explosion of flavour. To make it lighter I substituted mayonnaise with Greek yogurt. Don't worry about making the wrap soggy if packing it for school or work. The baby spinach prevents the dressing from affecting the texture of the tortilla. Use granny smith apple or any other tart variety of apple.
Keep all the chopped veggies, fruits and chicken ready in a bowl.
Prepare the dressing and add to the salad, mix well to combine .
Warm a tortilla in the microwave for 10 seconds. Place several leaves of baby spinach in the centre of the tortilla and over it a large heap of filling. Fold and secure with a toothpick.
This salad has nutrition galore and makes a great lunch or side dish. Add grilled chicken or fish to it for main course. Add some lime juice to avocado to prevent discolouration. Prepare the salad complete with dressing and pack for lunch with an ice pack or prepare salad and dressing separately and pack for lunch in separate containers. Toss with the dressing just before eating .
Whisk together all ingredients for the dressing in a bowl and keep aside.
Prepare the beans and veggies for the salad.
Add some lime juice to avocado to prevent discolouration.
Spray a non stick pan with cooking oil and place over medium heat. Sauté corn stirring frequently till slightly charred about 7-8 minutes.
Place all the ingredients for salad in a bowl and pour dressing over it. Toss to mix well.
If you are tired of the same sandwich or salad for lunch, why not combine the two in a wrap. Wraps can include all fixings of a salad and sandwich. Just wrap up your favourite fillings and you are all set. This one here is a simple veggie wrap with all the fresh veggies and a simple dressing. You can wrap all the veggies in the tortilla and pack the dressing in a separate box to keep the tortilla from getting soggy. Pour it over the veggies just before eating and enjoy the fresh crispness.
Keep all the chopped veggies ready to wrap.
Make the dressing by mixing all the ingredients together. You can adjust the sweetness and heat as per your taste by altering the amount of ketchup and hot sauce.
Warm a tortilla in the microwave for 10 seconds. Fill the centre with all the veggies and cheese. Drizzle a teaspoon of dressing on top and fold. Secure with a toothpick and enjoy.
If packing lunch for later wrap all the veggies in the tortilla and pack the dressing in a separate box to keep the tortilla from getting soggy. Pour it over the veggies just before eating.


text:
APA Publications
Historic PAS Report Series
PAS published its first Information Report in 1949. To celebrate this history, each month we're presenting a new report from the archives.
We hope you enjoy this month's fascinating snapshot of a planning issue of yesteryear.
AMERICAN SOCIETY OF PLANNING OFFICIALS
1313 EAST 60TH STREET — CHICAGO 37 ILLINOIS
Information Report No. 110 May 1958.
Download original report (pdf)
The bowling alley is fast becoming one of the most important — if not the most important — local center of participant sport and recreation.
Once pretty much a game for men only, bowling now is a popular family recreation, and smart proprietors are turning their alleys into "the poor man's country club." And instead of near-industrial or downtown locations, bowling proprietors are building in the suburbs.
The modern bowling alley is a far cry from some of the dingy old ones of pre-war years. Many are luxurious — attractive decor, comfortable seats, air conditioning, elaborate scoring and pinsetting facilities, a snack bar, coffee shop, or restaurant, often a bar or cocktail lounge, sometimes a nursery, and usually parking areas. In fact, investment in a new bowling alley may run as high as $2 million or more, although some cost as little as $250,000.
There are a half-dozen or more reasons why bowling has grown in popularity so rapidly: people have more leisure time, cost to the bowler is low, people of almost all ages can participate, the game requires no special physical ability, and as new bowling alleys have been built in the suburbs with better facilities, it has become a socially acceptable sport. Undoubtedly television coverage of tournaments and professional matches has also increased interest in the game.
Moreover, women and young people are being encouraged to take part in the game. Special efforts are made to attract housewives to bowling alleys in connection with shopping trips; in many junior and senior high schools bowling has become a part of the physical education program, and school buses are used to take students to the bowling alleys. Junior league (not "Junior League") bowling is encouraged to fill the bowling alleys on afternoons and Saturday mornings; and proprietors also try to attract people who work unusual hours — doctors, waiters, and night-shift workers — who increase business by using bowling facilities in off-peak hours.
Compared with other sports, bowling costs are low. Although balls and shoes may be rented, many bowlers buy the necessary equipment, which, with a carrying bag for the ball, comes to only about $50. These initial expenses are low compared with $150 to $200 for golf, hunting, or fishing equipment and $350 for a start in boating. Furthermore, bowling requires no license, no club membership, and no out-of-city travel, as many recreational activities do. The average bowler spends a little more than $2 a week, or about $10 a month, so that for approximately $120 a year he can enjoy a year-around activity.1
Although an easy game to play, perfection is elusive and no bowler believes he can ever master the game, so he often becomes a steady player. However, the game itself does not require excessive physical activity. In league play, with five on a team, the bowler is seated at least 80 per cent of the time.
At any rate, bowling is not only attracting more enthusiasts, but the new bowling alleys are getting bigger each year. Thirty-six lanes instead of 12 or 16 may soon be the usual size of new installations.
But more important than size — as far as planning agencies are concerned — is the change in location of bowling alleys. As bowling alleys have been moved to the suburbs, more and more patrons come by car, increasing parking problems. Moreover, zoning, noise, lights, and traffic problems have changed to some degree. It is with these problems that this report deals.
A questionnaire, prepared jointly by PLANNING ADVISORY SERVICE and the Bowling Proprietors Association of America, the national organization of bowling alley operators, was sent to the 3,200 members of the Bowling Proprietors group. (About one-third of all proprietors in the United States belong to BPAA.) Nearly 800 questionnaires were returned, an indication of the interest that bowling alley proprietors have in learning about each other's problems and operations. Highlights of questions and replies are summarized in the Appendix.
A few definitions will clarify the differences in meaning between terms in common usage and those in the field of bowling. Clarity is advisable, especially when figuring the number of off-street parking spaces needed for a bowling place.
Among bowling proprietors, the term "bowling establishment" is preferred over "bowling alley" and is being used to upgrade the status of bowling places. However, this report continues to use "bowling alley" because that term is common, both in zoning ordinances and in popular usage.
The word "alley" sometimes is short for "bowling alley" and refers to the whole bowling place; or, sometimes it means the alley itself on which the game is played. To avoid confusion in this report, the word "alley" is not used by itself; the word "lane"2 refers to the actual boards on which the game is played.
Figures on participation in bowling and on number of lanes and establishments were received from the American Bowling Congress, the Women's International Bowling Congress, and the American Junior Bowling Congress. The two major equipment manufacturers, AMF Pinspotters, Inc., and the Brunswick Automatic Pinsetter Corporation, provided extensive help on design, layout, and size of bowling alleys through their architectural services departments. The National Recreation Association furnished information on the importance of bowling in company or industry sponsored recreation programs.
PLANNING ADVISORY SERVICE appreciates the help of the Bowling Proprietors Association of America, the equipment manufacturers, and the bowler organizations.
A list of organizations concerned with various phases of bowling is included in the Appendix.
Growth of the Business
Patronage and Organization Membership
Figures on bowling patronage probably have been inflated to boost bowling into first place among participant sports to outrank golf, fishing, and other outdoor activities. Total patronage has been estimated by the National Bowling Council at from 18 to 22 million a year, although another authority says actual patronage is probably considerably less. Nevertheless, the growth is phenomenal, as membership figures in nation-wide bowling organizations show.
In the tenpin bowling field, three player organizations — the American Bowling Congress, the Women's International Bowling Congress, and the American Junior Bowling Congress — endorse or approve for record purposes (by "sanctioning") players, teams, and leagues for competition in league and tournament bowling for men, women, and young people, respectively. There are also organizations for players competing on candlepin and duckpin lanes.
There are three forms of the game of tenpins: candlepins, duckpins, and tenpins. Tenpins is the most common game. The different pins and balls used are:
Candlepin — a slender, candlelike pin used in the game of candle pins.
Duckpin — a short pin, 9 and 3/8 inches high, used with a small ball, 5 inches in diameter, in the game of duckpins.
Tenpin — a pin 15 inches high used with a ball not more than 27 inches in circumference and weighing not more than 16 pounds or less than 10 pounds in the game of tenpins.
Tenpin competition is highly organized and strictly controlled. Each bowling alley and its lanes are inspected yearly by ABC representatives and "certified" as suitable for league use. The ABC also approves equipment, especially the pins. ABC certifications are used by the WIBC and AJBC as a basis for their league play, too.
The WIBC grew from a 1940 membership of about 82,000 to about 866,000 in 1958. Membership in the American Junior Bowling Congress grew from about 8,000 in 1940 to about 175,000. The ABC membership grew from about 700,000 in 1940 to about 2,300,000 members. (Membership in the ABC is computed on the basis of 4.4 members a team because membership is on team basis.) The National Duck Pin Bowling Congress membership grew from 11,000 members in 1940 to 127,000 members in 1957. With a base of more than 3 million "steady" bowlers, it is obvious that total patronage is large.
League membership in the ABC has been analyzed for the 1956–1957 season.3 Membership by sponsors indicated that "house" leagues — leagues that often carry a bowling establishment's name in their title and whose members have no commercial or other sponsor — made up 38.5 per cent of the league membership. "Mixed" leagues — those in which both men and women compete, usually two men and two women on a team — were 26 per cent of the membership. The mixed league has had an amazing growth. The last time an ABC membership survey was made, for the 1949–1950 season, mixed leagues were not even a category. Other major sponsors are religious groups, 9 per cent, and industries, 8 per cent. Table 1 further analyzes league membership.
American Bowling Congress League Membership Analysis
Leagues Per cent of Total
House 20,992 38.5
Mixed 14,220 26.0
Religious 4,896 9.0
Miscellaneous church 2,840
Holy Name 1,428
B'nai B'rith 628
Industry 4,408 8.0
Aviation, auto 396
Labor unions 356
Oil, gas, railroads 324
Public utility 276
Miscellaneous 3,056
Business 2,780 5.0
Small business 1,848
Financing, banking, insurance 332
Government 2,398 4.4
Armed forces 1,646
Federal, state, city 448
Police, fire 304
Fraternal 1,808 3.2
Knights of Columbus 676
Moose 236
Elks 228
Masonic 176
Veterans 1,120 2.5
American Legion 452
Veterans of Foreign Wars 416
Social 1,108 2.4
Men's clubs 288
Athletic clubs 252
Teachers 120
Medical groups 100
Country clubs 84
Civic, luncheon clubs 588 1.0
Totals 54,318 100.0
Source: American Bowling Congress Newsletter, March 26, 1958.
No commercial bowling alley can be considered a success unless its lanes are certified and it is used by several leagues. In most areas league play dominates a large part of the evening hours. Most leagues are composed of eight or more teams with two to five members on each team. Teams usually have the maximum number of five players. In league play two teams compete against each other on adjoining lanes; each team player bowls three games a night.
To take care of the usual eight-team league, eight lanes are required so that the bowling business considers that the minimum size bowling alley should have eight lanes. Two more lanes may be added for "open" bowling (open to the general public) in order to eliminate waiting until late hours for the lanes to be free of league play. The number of lanes usually increases in multiples of four.
The winter league bowling season of 30, 32, or 35 weeks usually starts in September (memberships in the ABC are renewed on August 1) and ends in the spring. A summer league is one that starts its season after March 15 and ends it by October 1.
Number of Establishments and Lanes
The 1957 ABC Yearbook, in commenting on industry growth, said: "Since the end of World War II to the present day [September 1957] over 20,000 alley beds [lanes] in 2,000 establishments [bowling alleys] have been added to the certification progress report."4
The National Bowling Council estimated in 1956 that the total number of lanes in the country was about 97,000 in some 9,000 bowling alleys. Most of these are tenpin lanes. There are also about 5,000 candlepin lanes (concentrated in New England) and about 8,000 duckpin and rubber band duckpin lanes, which are located mainly along the East coast.5
The biggest factor in the industry's growth is the perfection of a fully automatic pinsetter. The American Machine and Foundry Company developed its first model in 1945 but did not produce a commercial model until 1952. Brunswick-Balke-Collender introduced its automatic pinsetter in 1956, although its first designs date back more than a quarter-century. The AMF leases its machines, while Brunswick sells its. It is estimated that AMF has installed more than 30,000 machines, enough to mechanize pinsetting on about one-third of the lanes in the country. The 1957 annual report of Brunswick shows installation of about 2,000 machines in 1956 and 7,053 in 1957. Automatic machines are also available for candlepin and duckpin lanes.
The results of the PLANNING ADVISORY SERVICE survey showed that while 526 bowling alleys used automatic machines — about 68 per cent — 251 were still using pin boys. Although automatic pinsetters have been in use for only about six years, more than 50 per cent of the country's bowling alleys and probably a larger percentage of the lanes now have them. A considerable market for conversion to automatic equipment still remains, but a large proportion of the bowling alleys existing in 1952 have been converted and nearly all opened since that date use automatic machines.
The automatic machine has been installed for several reasons. It is faster and more evenly paced than pin boys. The machines cost little more than the wages of pin boys and have permitted bowling alleys to locate in the suburbs where it has been difficult to hire boys. Automatic machines also permit around-the-clock bowling. Twenty-four hour operation is increasing and has been able to boost income substantially.
Tables showing growth in numbers of participants, number of bowling alleys, and number of lanes follow.
American Bowling Congress Membership, Certified Establishments and Certified Alley Beds
Growth of ABC — Founded Sept. 9, 1895: Membership — 300's — Lanes — Annual Tournament
ABC ERAS End of Season Teams Leagues City Assn. States 300 Games 299 Games 298 Games
ABC formed Sept. 9, 1895. Constitution adopted Jan. 13, 1896. No team dues; league dues were $1. Figures with * indicate that they were estimates made by early ABC officials. 1895*
*150 —
*41 —
Stage first ABC tourney, Chicago, in 1901. 1901
1903 *200
*400 *67
*136 38
Dues changes to $1 per team which is henceforth the unit of membership. 1904
Gambling, pool making in tournament building stopped; printing of prizes. 1906
First gold medals for 300 games. Eliminate Proxies in 1911.
Eliminate loaded ball in 1913. 1908
World War I period. 1914
The Prohibition era, the first period of great growth. 1920
The Great Depression. (Team membership in round figures for convenience of comparison.) 1930
World War II. 1942
172,000 21,009
The Post-War Period. 1946
53* 118
*Includes District of Columbia and seven foreign countries.
ABC ERAS ABC Establishments ABC Alley Beds Host Cities to ABC Tournament Teams Prize List Year
ABC formed Sept. 9, 1895. Constitution adopted Jan. 13, 1896. No team dues; league dues were $1. Figures with * indicate that they were estimates made by early ABC officials.
Stage first ABC tourney, Chicago, in 1901. Chicago
Dues changes to $1 per team which is henceforth the unit of membership. Cleveland
11,610 1904
Gambling, pool making in tournament building stopped; printing of prizes. Louisville
St. Louis 221
Eliminate loaded ball in 1913. Cincinnati
Toledo 361
World War I period. Buffalo
The Prohibition era, the first period of great growth. —
2,569 —
9,366 Peoria
Chicago 900
107,790 1920
The Great Depression. (Team membership in round figures for convenience of comparison.) 2,732
34,195 Cleveland
St. Paul 2,443
World War II. 5,665
38,023 Columbus
* 5,742 254,704 1942
The Post-War Period. 4,874
67,967 Buffalo
Fort Worth 5,744
*Annual tournament postponed.
Source: Bowling Magazine, September 1957, p. 107.
Women's International Bowling Congress Membership
Year Host Tournament City Team Entry Prize List Membership Sanc. Cities Sanc. Leagues Increase in Membership Increase Sanc. Leagues
1916 St. Louis, Mo. No Records
1917 St. Louis, Mo. 8 40
1918 Cincinnati, Ohio 32 $1,347 412
1919 Toledo, Ohio 40 $1,270 641 15
1920 Chicago, Ill. 84 $3,351 1,005 26
1921 Cleveland, Ohio 66 $2,562 1,220 30
1922 Toledo, Ohio 85 $4,388 1,920 22
1923 St. Louis, Mo. 106 $4,892 2,219 28
1924 Indianapolis, Ind. 126 $3,351 2,885 29
1925 Cleveland, Ohio 153 $5,466 3,769 33
1926 Milwaukee, Wisc. 274 $12,068 4,576 12
1927 Columbus, Ohio 224 $7,722 5,357 28
1928 Detroit, Mich. 220 $8,493 6,095 31
1929 Buffalo, N.Y. 307 $9,588 7,757 34
1930 Louisville, Ky. 354 $11,328 8,985 42 110
1931 New York City 242 $7,728 9,400 50 168
1932 St. Louis, Mo. 303 $9,024 9,746 58 212
1933 Peoria, Ill. 177 $5,994 8,386 56 198
1934 Indianapolis, Ind. 253 $8,697 10,483 68 237
1935 Chicago, Ill. 470 $15,249 13,409 71 310
1936 Omaha, Neb. 373 $11,775 15,886 87 357
1937 Rochester, N.Y. 531 $16,188 22,308 109 622
1938 Cincinnati, Ohio 741 $23,199 36,160 169 1,044 13.852 422
1939 Oklahoma City, Ok. 548 $17,691 51,913 235 1,528 15.753 484
1940 Syracuse, N.Y. 1,185 $32,964 81,776 382 2,399 29.863 871
1941 Los Angeles, Cal. 1,015 $30,837 127,705 519 3,848 45.929 1,449
1942 Milwaukee, Wis. 1,900 $55,197 18,737 625 5,374 56.032 1,526
1943 Tourn. Postponed - Country at War 200,610 563 5,702 16.873 328
1944 " " " 212,581 572 5,944 11.971 242
1945 " " " 252,540 648 7,239 39.959 1,295
1946 Kansas City, Mo. 1,543 $49,569 250,478 753 7,282 2.062 43
1947 Grand Rapids, Mich. 169 $62,022 301,064 901 9,064 50.586 1,782
1948 Dallas, Texas 1,460 $52,530 362,779 1,021 11,047 61.715 1,983
1949 Columbus, Ohio 2,600 $83,784 432,926 1,165 13,064 70.147 2,019
1950 St. Paul, Minn. 2,208 $72,660 495,880 1,254 15,054 62.954 1,990
1951 Seattle, Wash. 1,714 $49,446 542,723 1,350 16,515 46.843 1,461
1952 St, Louis, Mo. 3,045 $84,867 582,703 1,384 17,885 39.980 1,370
1953 Detroit, Mich. 5,000 $38,132 630,421 1,412 19,648 47.718 1,763
1954 Syracuse, N.Y. 4,538 $20,075 665,427 1,468 21,020 35.006 1,372
1955 Omaha, Neb. 2,684 $85,716 706,193 1,498 22,842 40.766 1,822
1956 Miami, Fla. 1,918 $65,148 764,456 1,562 25,561 58.263 2,719
1957 Dayton, Ohio 3,098 $109,584 865,603 1,633 30,059 101.147 4,498
Source: Women's International Bowling Congress, Inc., April 1958.
American Junior Bowling Congress Membership
Years Individuals
1946–47 8,767
1947–48 13,683
1956–57 131,255
Source: Bowling Magazine, September 1957, p. 71.
National Duck Pin Bowling Congress Membership
Source: Letter from A. L. Ebersole, executive secretary, National Duck Pin Bowling Congress.
Economics of the Business
Although the total investment in a new bowling alley may run from $250,000 to more than $2 million, it is possible to become a proprietor with only a small investment. An operator can rent a building and either lease his equipment or buy it with a 35 per cent down payment and the balance payable in two to five years. In such an operation, the proprietor's investment need only be large enough for the equipment down payment and funds for rent and operating expenses. Concessions for services are usually leased to others.
Exclusive of building, land, and subsidiary services, the cost of a bowling alley is usually measured by the cost of each lane. The cost of a lane includes a prorated share of the costs of house balls, rental shoes, player equipment, alleys, and spectator seats. The minimum price today, including semi-automatic pin setters (which are hand-fed and operated by a pin boy), is estimated at $5,000 a lane. With automatic pinsetters, the price goes up to about $13,000 to $15,000 a lane.6;7 In 1956, a Brunswick machine sold for $7,700, while AMF leased for a yearly minimum fee of $800.8 Present estimates place the cost of automatic pinsetters at about $10,000 a lane.
An establishment with 12 to 16 lanes is considered necessary to provide adequate returns in a single-proprietor operation. Many new bowling alleys are being built by corporations or chains under a single owner because of the large investment involved, even with liberal financing by equipment manufacturers. There is a definite break-point in size at about 36 lanes. The same number of employees is needed to run a l6-lane bowling alley as to run a 36-lane but above 36 lanes requirements almost double. This employee factor will cause the size of most new bowling alleys to be either 36 lanes or to jump way above this size — to 52 or more lanes.
Officials of BPAA think that equipment manufacturers have used misleading profit figures in attempting to attract investment in bowling alleys.9
The Ernst and Ernst analysis10 reveals that the average operating profit (total receipts less cost of goods and services sold) before federal taxes was 8.2 per cent. Manufacturers claim that profits are higher — better than 20 per cent. Another measure often used is the return on investment (usually the investment in equipment only). Manufacturers in their promotional brochures,11 claim a return of more than 25 per cent, while more realistic analyses place the return at about 10 per cent,12 which includes the time the proprietor spends on management, a figure that is not generally taken into account by proprietors.
There has been overbuilding of bowling facilities in some cities and over concentration of bowling alleys in parts of other cities, according to the BPAA.13 The association says operators can make a profit at a ratio of one lane per 2,000 population. Other ratios such as one lane per 1,500, or even as low as one for 500 population, have been used, particularly by the manufacturers. In several metropolitan areas, the increase in new bowling alleys has produced an actual ratio of 1 to 900 population.14
Locations and sites of each installation are carefully reviewed by equipment manufacturers. Same type of market research service is provided, either through the manufacturer or a consultant hired by the manufacturer. Although equipment manufacturers attempt to discourage poor location and site choices, they will sell to any operator who can buy, even at the risk of destructive competition among local operators. Each manufacturer reasons, perhaps correctly, that he cannot forbid construction of new bowling alleys; he must provide equipment because someone else will do so if he does not.
The number of lanes and the size and variety of services to be provided are estimated by sales personnel of the manufacturers and are recommended to prospective operators although the operator makes the final decision. The branch sales engineer is supposed to be well acquainted with local conditions, such as zoning, liquor laws, and community attitudes.
The question of control of local concentration of bowling alleys is one that raises difficult legal problems; even informal limitation by proprietors and manufacturers would contravene restraint of trade laws. Planning and zoning can contribute little directly as far as controlling the number of lanes in a community. The bowling industry must solve this problem itself.
Income Sources
The Ernst and Ernst study showed that an average bowling alley derives 65 per cent of its income from bowling itself. Bowling income is based on a charge for each "line" (a game rolled by one person). The same study showed that patronage by per cent of yearly lineage was: league bowlers, 52.6 per cent; open bowlers, 39.8 per cent; tournament bowlers, 4.3 per cent; and junior bowlers, 3.3 per cent. Charges in open bowling averaged 39 cents a line, with a high of 45 cents and a low of 30 cents. League bowlers paid an average of 42 cents a line with a high of 55 cents and a low of 33 cents. Obviously, league bowling is the principal source of income and patronage.
The principal additional source of income is a bar or cocktail lounge. According to the Ernst and Ernst study, bar receipts averaged 17.3 per cent of total receipts. However, the importance of liquor sales varies with state and local liquor laws.
Food sales are also important. The Ernst and Ernst analysis showed that restaurant service produced an average of 7.4 per cent of total receipts. Other items providing income were counter sales (candy, cigars, cigarettes, and soft drinks), 2.1 per cent; sale of balls, bags, and shoes, 2.2 per cent; shoes rentals, 1.8 per cent; amusement devices (such as pinball machines), 1.1 per cent; and miscellaneous, 2.6 per cent. What was once a companion amusement, billiards, produced only 0.5 per cent of total revenue. These averages do not indicate the wide variation in percentage of total income from some of these sources. In particular, bar and restaurant receipts were well over 50 per cent of total receipts in some bowling alleys. Rent from concessions is often on a percentage basis of from 4 to 7 per cent of gross sales.
Perhaps the chief distinction of the modern bowling alley is that it has become a recreation center in itself. The size of plant and the number and kinds of extra services attract many people who come not only to play the game but also to spend the evening. What started out as devices to amuse spectators and players while watching or waiting their turn to play have in many cases become a part of an evening out.
The least that a proprietor offers in the way of services (in addition to the lanes themselves) is rental of balls and shoes and sale of refreshments, which may be by vending machines only. However, these are bare essentials by today's practices and standards, and the modern bowling place offers far more.
The wide range of extra services is to some extent reflected in the following table, which shows the result of the PLANNING ADVISORY SERVICE survey of bowling places, both old and new.
Extra service Per cent of replies
Bowling equipment sold 82
Sandwiches or snacks 67
Coffee shop 36
Cocktails* 31
Pool or billiards 15
Nursery or children's play area 13
*Beer was also sold in almost all places that sell cocktails — probably a reflection of state and local liquor laws.
The survey also showed the following variations from the general pattern: 13 places reported food service by vending machines exclusively; 23 reported selling only candy, cigars, cigarettes, and soft drinks; 12 reported having pinball machines; and nine reported banquet rooms.
Still other fringe services sometimes provided are locker and check rooms, meeting rooms (for league business meetings), and banquet rooms (in conjunction with a restaurant). But the modern bowling alley apparently has not yet reached the peak of its development.
Observations made by the Architectural Design Division of AMF Pinspotters, Inc.,15 indicate the lines along which expansion can be expected to take place.
Restaurant facilities are usually provided in the larger establishments being built today. However, we usually recommend a snack counter and restaurant as small as possible to take care of the bowling patrons, but large enough to lease.
The all-purpose room that can be used as both nursery and meeting room is being introduced in new bowling alleys.
The nursery and all-purpose room is the most necessary in bowling establishments today. We usually try to plan a large room that can be used as an all-purpose room, nursery, and meeting room. This room can also be used for an over-flow of the lounge trade and restaurant trade. It is usually suggested that this room be broken up by folding or sliding doors.
Many of your new communities do not have facilities for large congregations in their churches, schools, or public buildings; therefore, this all-purpose room can be offered as a service to the community for meetings. Many proprietors today offer this room to groups who have no place in which to hold their meetings, and in this way the bowling leagues are enticed to join the establishment. Usually, there is no charge for the use of the room, with the exception that all food and drink is purchased on the premises.
The all-purpose room reflects the emphasis on features that attract women and families. Not only is a nursery offered, but some of the newest bowling alleys provide nursery attendants or have closed circuit TV to monitor it. Also, manufacturers place strong emphasis on the important of "clean, attractive washrooms" that are well designed and maintained.
Number of Lanes
The industry claims that new bowling alleys have been increasing in size for some time. However, the facts indicate that the era of large bowling alleys may be just beginning. The Ernst and Ernst study reported an average of 15 lanes per bowling alley in 1956, with a high of 32 and a low of four. In 1957, the BPAA membership average was 13.2 lanes per member.
The average number of lanes per ABC certified bowling alley is 9.2 (1957). Table 6 shows the average lanes per member and average lanes per new member for the BPAA membership.
Membership in Bowling Proprietors Association of America
Number of members Number of lanes Average number of lanes
Year Total Increase over previous year Total Increase over previous year Per member Per new member
1949 1,335 16,222 12.1
1950 1,534 199 18,896 2,674 12.3 13.4
1954 2,310 220 28,599 2,463 12.4 11. 2
Source: Based on data supplied by Howard C. Seehausen, executive director, Bowling Proprietors Association of America.
The size of existing alleys was distributed as follows, according to the PLANNING ADVISORY SERVICE survey:
Number of lanes Per cent
1 to 8 33
9 to 16 44
17 to 24 16
25 to 32 5
33 or more 2
For the year 1957, AMP Pinspotters reported new alleys installed by them were distributed by size as follows:
4 to 14 32.5
26 to 32 15.5
When compared with the PLANNING ADVISORY SERVICE survey, the percentage of large new bowling alleys reported by AMF is much greater; our survey shows only 7 per cent had more than 25 lanes, while AMF's new construction list showed 25.5 per cent with more than 25 lanes. The largest bowling alley reported by Bowling Magazine (September 1957) was one in Detroit with 88 lanes. Altogether there were 25 bowling alleys that had 42 or more lanes each. More than half were in the mid-West and most of the others on the East coast. But regardless of whose figures are used the facts are that the average bowling alley is still small; large alleys are exceptional.
The minimum area for a bowling alley is determined by the number of lanes, although the over-all size may be a third again as large if extra facilities such as a restaurant, cocktail lounge, or billiard room are provided.
Floor plans for two bowling alleys are shown on pages 16 and 17. The first is a 32-lane alley, arranged in the so-called back-to-back style. (The backs of two sets of lanes are separated by the general area.) The second is a 50-lane alley, with all lanes adjacent to each other. It is notable for the wide variety of facilities offered in addition to the 50 lanes for bowling.
In Time Saver Standards16 reference is made to sound propagation in bowling alleys. Apparently most alleys use sound absorbent materials to reduce the noise level. If the interior noise is cut appreciably, little reaches the exterior unless doors or windows are open.
With air conditioning, many bowling alleys are fully enclosed and doors are closed, thus solving the airborne noise problem. Seventy-three per cent of the respondents to the questionnaire reported that their alleys were fully air conditioned.
The book, Acoustics for the Architect17 describes the problem of external noise control as follows:
For other sources, such as a hotel dance orchestra or a bowling alley next to an apartment, the sound isolation is best provided by two measures: mechanical isolation of the floors to isolate the impacts (percussion instruments or balls and pins) and walls designed to enclose the sound and prevent its being airborne into quiet spaces.
The modern alley, with its emphasis on customer comfort, is probably no more noisy either internally or externally than any other commercial use. For a planning agency, the noise problem is one of the volume and number of people and automobiles in the vicinity of the alley. It is from late night boisterousness, banging of car doors, and the noise of car movement that most objections to the bowling alley as a neighbor to residential uses arise.
Signs and Lighting
The modern bowling alley makes extensive use of exterior signs and lighting for advertising and for illuminating parking areas. Manufacturers advise their clients that for bowling alleys in a "city with public transportation facilities, an impressive entrance from the main thoroughfare has great advantages for drawing bowlers."
Although lights and glare from parking areas make bowling alleys an inappropriate use in certain zones, bowling alleys do not present an unusual problem in this respect. Lights and signs can be controlled satisfactorily under zoning ordinance provisions relating to each district in which bowling alleys are permitted and by a sign ordinance.
In general, according to the survey, bowling alleys are open from midmorning to midnight or one a.m. Only a small number of alleys reported 24-hour operation. Opening hours ranged from 8 a.m. to 2 p.m., while closing hours ranged from 11 p.m. to 4 a.m. Some places stay open until the last bowler wants to leave. Closing hours are regulated in many municipalities and bowling alleys must be licensed. For instance, under a general ordinance regulating business hours, Modesto, California requires that bowling alleys be closed from 2:30 to 8 a.m. If it is desired to regulate hours or other particular aspects of the bowling alley as a business, this should be handled in connection with the issuance of licenses.
Because the bowling alley is dependent upon the automobile for patron transportation to the site, parking is a major factor in site selection. Responses to the question "What per cent of your patrons come to bowl by: walking, public transportation, and automobile?" gave estimates in nearly all cases in excess of 90 per cent for patrons coming by automobile. The responses were so uniform and emphatic that no attempt was made to tabulate them. Of the proprietors who answered, 55 per cent reported that their parking facilities are not adequate for the next five years.
What standards have been proposed or used in efforts to provide adequate parking for bowling establishments? A study of existing ordinance provisions showed that the requirements were, in general, less ample than those suggested by equipment manufacturers and by several proprietors who answered the question on how parking area size was determined. For example, in cities that required so many parking spaces for each lane, requirements ranged front three spaces (Fontana, California, 1957) to seven spaces (Du Page County, Illinois, 1957). The most popular figure was five spaces for each lane (Seattle, Washington, 1957, is an example). However, present off-street parking zoning requirements fall short of most recommendations.
Brunswick suggests a ratio of six parking spaces per lane, and AMF suggests 7.5 per lane. Several respondents said they had tried to obtain sufficient space to park from eight to ten cars per lane in order to accommodate all bowlers at the time leagues changed play.
The change of leagues is the peak demand period (similar to the change of shift for industrial employee parking). The assumption is that each league bowler drives his own car and that every team has five men. So on the basis of ten spaces a lane, a typical 16-lane establishment requires 160 spaces for customer parking. In Building Traffic Safety into Residential Developments18, operators reported their requirements for parking to be ten spaces for each alley.
There can be little quarrel with the need to anticipate the peak demands at changes in leagues when the shift occurs several times a night. Each league takes about an hour to bowl the three games required in league play. Leagues often use the entire bowling alley from late afternoon to midnight.
A requirement of ten parking spaces for each lane may seem excessive because some bowlers will undoubtedly share rides. (Brunswick estimates that 40 per cent arrive as passengers.) However, the suggested requirement probably is not excessive because parking space is needed for those who use the restaurant, bar, and game room facilities, and for employees (if other space for employees' cars is not provided).
Off-street parking requirements for bowling alleys have been set in zoning ordinances by three methods: (1) a required number of parking spaces per lane; (2) a required number of spaces for a specified floor or building area; and (3) a required area for a specified floor or building area (a parking ratio). The second and third methods are cumbersome to use for bowling alleys although they are useful for other businesses. Two Highway Research Board publications19 on parking requirements illustrate the wide variety of methods applied to bowling alleys in ordinances.
The first method is the only one suitable for bowling alleys. However, additional spaces should be required for the auxiliary facilities, such as restaurants and for employees. The method followed elsewhere in an ordinance where parking spaces are required for restaurants and employees, for example, should be used to obtain the additional parking spaces.
Du Page County provides an example of multiple parking requirements:
"Bowling alleys: Seven parking spaces shall be provided for each alley and one parking space for each three employees, plus such additional spaces as may be required hereinafter for related uses such as restaurants."
Some ordinances have dual parking requirements for bowling alleys based on the number of lanes, and for auxiliary facilities, such as restaurants or bars. The Elkhart, Indiana ordinance (1957) says: "for bowling alleys — two parking spaces for each alley plus such additional spaces as may be determined by the Building Inspector for affiliated uses such as bars, restaurants and the like."
Adequate employee parking can be obtained by use of the usual requirement of one space for each two or three employees.
The number of employees, of course, varies with the number of lanes and size of facilities. In particular, the number of bar, cocktail lounge, and restaurant employees increases rapidly as the size of such facilities increase. Our survey showed that 37 per cent of the establishments had one to five employees (not including pin boys), 23 per cent had six to ten, 14 per cent had 11 to 20, 7 per cent had 21 or more, and 19 per cent of the establishments reporting either included pin boys in their totals or failed to answer this question.
Many zoning ordinances attempt to set off-street parking requirements for bowling alleys on the basis of a ratio of parking area to building area, the second method. For instance, Skokie, Illinois (1956) requires:
. . . there shall be provided parking spaces in the ratio of not less than one parking space for each 300 square feet of floor space in the building which is used for such purposes, except that any recreation or amusement building . . . shall provide parking space on the lot in the ratio of not less than one parking space for each 100 square feet of floor space in the building.
Briarcliff Manor, New York (1957) requires: "For each one hundred square feet of area in any place of recreation or amusement — one unit." (A unit is an 8 by 20 foot parking space.)
A variation of this type of requirement appears in the Warwick, Rhode Island ordinance (1957): "Commercial Recreation — One space for each three seats provided for patron use or one space for each 200 square feet of gross floor area used or intended to be used for services to the public, whichever requires the greater number of parking spaces."
Parking space requirements based on floor area or on seats are not appropriate for bowling alleys, nor are those requirements based on a ratio of floor area to parking area, the third method.
In the ordinances reviewed for this report, it was difficult to determine which off-street parking requirements applied to bowling alleys unless specific reference was made to them or to recreational and amusement uses. For example, it was not possible to determine if bowling alleys were in the category of a place of assembly or a retail service business. In many cases bowling alleys seemed to be considered places of assembly for which requirements were based on seats or floor area, neither of which is a realistic measure of the parking demand created by a bowling alley. The use of the word "alley" instead of "lane" could lead to trouble if "alley" was interpreted to mean ''bowling alley."
As the preceding analysis of peak parking demand demonstrates, the impact of a bowling alley on traffic should be evaluated in terms of the number of lanes. During the shift in leagues, a great deal of traffic is usually generated.
Planning agencies, when reviewing bowling alley proposals, should consider whether streets can handle the additional traffic generated by the bowling alley. Some control over curb cuts and driveways also will often be desirable.
Bowling alleys built before 1930 are usually in or near the central business district. In the past, a close tie often existed between the pool hall, the bowling alley, and the saloon in the same neighborhood. The patron was a workman who walked or took public transportation to the alley. Today the market is in the suburbs. Bowling is still largely an after-work and after-dinner sport. Accessibility by car and good parking facilities are the prime considerations, so that downtown is no longer a good location for an alley except in small communities.
Present Locations and Zoning
Bowling alley proprietors want to locate close to the center of a potential market and on heavily traveled arterial streets. These prerequisites closely correspond to those for a shopping center. For this reason, many people think that an integrated shopping center is a good location for a bowling alley. The bowling equipment manufacturers prefer locations in or near industrial areas, in shopping centers, and in areas that are close to middle-income housing.
At present, the actual locations of bowling alleys are quite different from what operators and equipment manufacturers want. Answers to the questionnaire revealed that 39 per cent of the bowling alleys reported on were located in the central business district; 47 per cent were outside the CBD but within the city limits, and only 14 per cent were outside the city limits. Interpretation of their relationship to a CBD by respondents to this question probably varied a good deal, but the results are interesting. Only 10 per cent were located in integrated shopping centers. (Judging from the responses, this is probably an over-estimate of the percentage actually located in such centers.)
By age, 36 per cent were in buildings built before 1930; 11 per cent in 1931–1940 buildings; 10 per cent in 1941–1946 buildings; and 24 per cent in buildings constructed in 1952 or later.
A cross tabulation of age and location showed that only since 1952 has the number built in the central business district decreased sharply and the number built outside city limits increased. Most bowling alleys in integrated shopping centers have been built since 1946, as might be expected.
Of the zoning ordinances examined, bowling alleys are first permitted in local or neighborhood shopping zones only rarely. Elkhart permits bowling alleys in the B-1 — Limited Retail Business zone but attaches the following restrictions:
Bowling alleys, billiard and pool rooms, dance halls, gymnasiums, meeting halls, lodge halls, fraternal organizations and clubs, provided they are located in a basement or above the first floor and above a business use permitted in this section, or said uses may be located on the ground floor when permitted business establishment occupies street frontage except for an entranceway to the rear use.
Bowling alleys are not permitted in Elkhart without restriction until the B-3 zone.
In a city with only two business or commercial zones, bowling alleys are confined to the lower or less restricted of the two zones. Briarcliff Manor, Kern County, California (1957); and Fillmore, California (1957) are examples.
In cities with more than two business or commercial zones, bowling alleys are usually first permitted in the third zone. Zoning ordinances for Skokie, Warwick, Fontana, Pomona, California (1957), and Darien, Connecticut (1957) first permit bowling alleys in the third commercial zone, which is variously called commercial, heavy commercial, central commercial, general commercial, and service business. In Du Page County, bowling alleys are first permitted in the B-4 service zone as a use requiring a special permit.
An exception among communities with more than two commercial zones is Seattle, which first permits bowling alleys in the BC-Community Business zone, the second commercial zone, provided that:
. . . they shall be in a completely enclosed building or completely enclosed portion of building when within fifty (50) feet of any lot in a public R zone, and when located five hundred (500) feet or more from any public school grounds, playgrounds, or public park entrance, amusement enterprises including theaters, pool halls, bowling alleys, dance halls, skating rinks, taverns, restaurants or cafes including entertainment or dancing.
Another exception to the general rule that bowling alleys are first permitted in the third business zone is Howard County, Indiana (1956). There, bowling alleys are permitted in the B-2 Roadside Business zone. Permitted uses in the B-2 zones are "indoor amusement enterprises, including billiard or pool hall, bowling alley, boxing arena, dance hall, games of skill or science, and the like."
In addition to being permitted in the least restricted commercial zone, bowling alleys also are usually permitted in all industrial districts. Industrial zones from which they are excluded are research or light manufacturing zones and industrial parks that are restricted in other ways as well. As all commercial uses are permitted in most industrial zones under the present system of cumulative zoning, there should be no difficulty if a bowling alley proprietor wants to locate in an industrial zone. Bowling alleys do not conflict with industrial uses, except that they may compete with industry for sites.
Possible Zone Locations
A good point of departure for discussion of location problems are the merits and demerits of the planned shopping center as a site for bowling alleys.
A recent Urban Land Institute bulletin20 points out that bowling alleys are money makers. "In a neighborhood center and where there is basement or other secondary use space, bowling alleys can be an important tenant, particularly in middle-income districts."
For purposes of this report, planned shopping centers are classified as "neighborhood centers" if they have a minimum support of 7,000 to 20,000 people and a supermarket as the leading tenant, as "community centers" if they have 20,000 to 100,000 people in support and a variety or "junior" department store as the leading tenant, and as "regional centers" if they have more than 100,000 people in the trade area and department stores as leading tenants.21
The shopping center is considered by some people to be a good location for bowling alleys because the center can accommodate a bowling alley and its problems of traffic, parking, noise, lights, and night activity fairly easily. In addition, the shopping center site meets the desires of those who want to bring the bowling alley to the suburban or middle-income patron.
However, the neighborhood shopping center may be an inappropriate location for bowling alleys, although a community or regional center can be a good choice if certain precautions are observed.
If a bowling alley has one lane for each 2,000 people and a neighborhood center draws from a market of 7,000 to 20,000 people, few neighborhood centers will be large enough to serve a market area as large as that required for a modern l6-lane alley.
The bowling alley will be a strong competitor for parking space usually furnished in a neighborhood center (particularly if the stores stay open some weekday nights and on Saturday) unless a separate parking area is provided for the bowling alley.
Moreover, night-time activity at the alley may prove objectionable to residents who live close to the small neighborhood center. Activity at most neighborhood shopping centers ends around 11 p.m. when the drug store closes. The bowling alley may operate on a 24-hour basis, however.
It is more logical to locate bowling alleys in the community size shopping center. Such a location is better from the standpoint of accessibility. Restaurant and bar patronage in a community center presumably is far greater than in a neighborhood center. And presumably a well designed bowling alley in a community center will attract more business because more people see it while shopping.
In either case the impact of the parking load generated by a bowling alley at periods of peak use should receive special consideration in determining over-all parking requirements for the shopping center.
Objections from residential neighbors of a community center would be less of a problem than in a neighborhood center because the buildings in a community center are usually farther from the boundaries and streets often surround the site. Parking areas serve as noise and light insulators for nearby residents.
From the standpoint of compatibility with other shopping center uses, the bowling alley is, however, unsuitable for a prominent location in the center because it interrupts the flow of shopping traffic along store fronts. Consequently, the bowling alley usually should be located away from the main group of stores. The Community Builders Handbook22 recommends that bowling alleys be allowed only in centers with 50 or more tenants and be allocated to a secondary location.
Although location in the community center has been stressed here, location in a regional center is also appropriate, especially for big bowling alleys.
Not all new bowling alleys can be located in shopping centers, however. What other locations are satisfactory?
Obviously, a bowling alley should not be permitted in any residential zone if it is a commercial operation. However, it is possible that a bowling alley will be built into a structure that has a principal use permitted in a residential area, such as a church community house. In most cases, the operation of bowling alleys by nonprofit organizations does not affect the location of buildings housing such organizations because bowling is only a minor function.
The roadside or string commercial zone is a district to which recreation or amusement enterprises are often relegated. It is frequently an appropriate location for bowling alleys: the parking problem does not arise because usually each business is separately developed in such a zone and has its own off-street parking; traffic, noise, lights, and late hours also are not problems.
Should commercial zones with limited uses designed to service surrounding industrial uses gain popularity, the bowling alley would be an appropriate use in them. The alley would be close to industrial league patrons and would not interfere with the retail activities permitted in such a zone. Furthermore, there would be no conflict in parking space because retail stores in this type of zone are not open evenings. Noise and lights would not be a problem either.
According to the PLANNING ADVISORY SERVICE survey, some alleys are still being located both in central business districts and in lesser commercial areas of the unplanned type. For large cities, the central business district zone, unless broken up into smaller, specialized areas by the zoning ordinance, does not appear to be an appropriate location for new bowling alleys. Suitable sites are necessarily outside the major retail area of the CBD.
In the small city, where the central business district is not divided according to special uses, the bowling alley may be permitted in the CBD if parking can be provided. Judging from the survey, the small town bowling alley operator does not lack parking space in the downtown area, even though he relies on curb parking. Since there is usually only one commercial area, there is no reason to force the bowling alley to locate outside city limits.
However, a bowling alley can conflict with residential uses in a small town and therefore should not be located in local shopping areas unless safeguards, such as screening of parking areas and strict control of lighting and signs are required.
Zoning, however, is not the appropriate legal means of controlling hours of operation or the operation of restaurants or bars in conjunction with a bowling alley. If problems of night-time use — traffic, noise, lights -are factors in locating a bowling alley, the planning agency should separate the incompatible use, rather than attempt to control business hours and other characteristics. In many communities, the operation of accessory facilities, such as restaurants and bars, may complicate the problem of deciding on a proper zone location for bowling alleys.
To summarize, appropriate locations, from the planning viewpoint, are integrated community or regional shopping centers, commercial areas serving industrial zones, and roadside commercial areas. Industrial areas are satisfactory if the operator wants to locate there. In some cases, planned neighborhood shopping centers, older commercial areas, and downtown or central business districts are appropriate, providing adjoining uses are protected. Commercial bowling alleys should not be permitted in residential zones.
Bowling Organizations
The national federation of all organizations interested in bowling, including bowlers, manufacturers, and proprietors:
National Bowling Council
1420 New York Avenue, N.W.
Washington 5, D.C.
Bowler organizations include:
American Bowling Congress
1572 East Capitol Drive
Milwaukee 11, Wisconsin
Women's International Bowling Congress
694 South High Street
Columbus 6, Ohio
American Junior Bowling Congress
1913 West 103rd Street
Chicago 43, Illinois
National Duck Pin Bowling Congress
Equipment manufacturers and trade organizations:
Billiard and Bowling Institute of America
310 West Randolph Street
Chicago 6, Illinois
Architectural Design Division
AMP Pinspotters Inc.
6500 North Lincoln Avenue
Architectural Research Division
The Brunswick-Balke-Collender Company
The Brunswick Automatic Pinsetter Corporation
623 South Wabash Avenue
Proprietors group:
Bowling Proprietors Association of America
185 North Wabash Avenue
Highlights of Answers to Questionnaire*
*Prepared jointly by PLANNING ADVISORY SERVICE and Bowling Proprietors Association of America.
2. Where in relation to the city is your bowling establishment located?
Central business district 39%
Outside central business district but inside city 47%
Outside city limits 14%
3. Is your establishment located in a modern, integrated shopping center?
Yes 10 %
4. In what year was the building in which your establishment is located built?
Before 1930 36 %
1931–1940 11 %
5. Was it built specially for your bowling establishment?
6. Number of lanes?
33 or more 2%
7. If there is seating for spectators, how many seats are provided (in addition to booths for bowlers)?
None 7 %
26–50 34 %
51–100 29 %
101 or more 14 %
8. Do you use pin boys or automatic pinsetters?
Pin boys 32 %
Automatic pinsetters 68 %
9. Number of employees?
21 or more 7 %
Included pin boys or did not report 19 %
10. What services or facilities are provided in connection with your bowling establishment?
Sale of equipment 82 %
Restaurant 29 %
Coffee shop 36 %
Sandwiches and snacks 67 %
Beer 56 %
Cocktails 31 %
Pool or billiards 15 %
Nursery or children's play area 13 %
12. Is your establishment open summers?
13. Is it air conditioned?
15. Do you provide a parking lot for your patrons?
16. If "yes":
Is it used exclusively by your patrons? Yes 75%
How many cars will it hold?
101– 200 22%
201–300 7%
301 or more 10%
17. If "no" do your patrons park:
Free by arrangement at a commercial lot 9%
At their own expense at a commercial lot 16%
In a free public parking lot 25%
Anywhere they can find a parking space 84%
18. Do you consider the existing parking facilities adequate for the next 5 years
1. M. Jeffrey Holbrook, "How to Appraise a Bowling Alley," The Appraisal Journal, October 1957, p. 545.
2. In bowling literature, the term "alley bed" is often encountered. It refers to the wooden boards upon which one bowls and the approach and pit areas. It is often used as a unit measure of size of establishment.
3. American Bowling Congress Newsletter, March 26, 1958.
4. Bowling Magazine, September 1957, p. 46.
5. The Wall Street Journal, March 22, 1956.
6. Holbrook, p. 547.
7. Interview with chief of Architectural Research Division, Brunswick.
9. "Too Many Bowling Establishments?" The Bowling Proprietor, November 1957, p. 9.
10. Report by Ernst and Ernst, certified public accountants, to the Bowling Proprietors Association of America, and based on a survey conducted by BPAA of its membership.
11. Advertising brochures from AMF Pinspotters, Inc.
12. Holbrook, p. 550.
13. "Too Many Bowling Establishments?"
14. Study of Bowling Lanes per Capita — 140 Leading Metropolitan Areas as of July 31, 1957, Bowling Proprietors Association of America.
15. The two major equipment manufacturers, AMF Pinspotters, Inc., and the Brunswick Automatic Pinsetter Corporation, both provide architectural assistance to prospective bowling alley operators in the form of floor plans and other installation details.
16. Time Saver Standards (New York: F. W. Dodge Corp., 1946) p. 481.
17. Harold Burris-Meyer and Lewis Goodfriend, Acoustics for the Architect (New York: Reinhold Publishing Corp., 1957) p. 32.
18. Building Traffic Safety into Residential Developments, National Committee for Traffic Safety (Chicago: Undated).
19. David R. Levin, Zoning for Parking Facilities, Highway Research Board, Bulletin No. 24 (Washington, D.C.: 1950). David R. Levin, Parking Requirements in Zoning Ordinances, Highway Research Board, Bulletin No. 99 (Washington, D.C.: 1955).
20. J. Ross McKeever, Shopping Centers Restudied, Technical Bulletin No. 30 (Washington, D.C.: 1957) p. 34.
21. McKeever, pp. 9–10.
22. Community Builders Handbook (Washington, D.C.: Urban Land Institute, 1954) p. 274.
Copyright, American Society of Planning Officials, 1958.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


This year PPS is celebrating the power of professional thinking for 75 years. It's a story of accomplishments, possibilities and what the right kind of thinking can do over time. Time is a valuable asset. When spent wisely, the possibilities are endless. We can build unbelievable structures and develop cures that can save millions – all that a professional needs is time. But with it comes uncertainty. This is where the power of professional thinking becomes invaluable.
At PPS our approach is unique - different to any other financial services group in South Africa. We have no external shareholders. We share all our profits with our members through their Profit-Share Accounts – sharing R21.6 billion with our members over the last 10 years alone. Over this time we've also introduced several innovative product offerings, tailor-made for professionals.
Our focus is on long-term well-being for our members, ensuring their health, wealth and security. We are truly a company that is ONLY there to serve its members. The PPS Story is about professional thinking over time, it's a celebration of possibilities, and time well spent on ensuring that professionals have the peace of mind to focus on what they do best.


Wade received a call from Hollis Sadler, "Wade, you thirsty?"
"Yeah, but I thought we were dry?"
"Not anymore, I managed to find some?"
"Questions will get you in trouble. I'll call you later with details."
"Hollis, you have made my day!"
"Just between the 2 of us for now."
"You and me and the door post."
"Later", and they rang off.
After some thought of how to handle distribution of his stash, Hollis had come up with up a brilliant plan. About 10 am that morning, Hollis walked in Dot's. The bar was not officially open, but Ike always kept the front door unlocked when he first came in just in case a local had an emergency need of solace or nerve.
"Dr. Hollis, want can I do for you?" Ike asked as he dried some wet glasses sitting on the bar.
"Well, Ike, I have a proposition for you."
"I'm all ears," said Ike as he sat a small glass of the Doctor's favorite single malt Scotch in front of him.
"Ike, we're old friends, right?" Hollis took a swig of the Scotch, "If you are not cotton to my proposal, it will not got any further."
"Haven't seen you in a while and if I did, all we talked about was the weather."
Hollis' idea was that he would deliver the moon shine to Ike one case at the time. Ike could keep all the profits from the sale - a carrying fee.
"So I just add 'Moon Shine' to my list of libations."
"No, only a few folks will know about this. When they come in, they'll just ask you for 'What the Dr. ordered'. When you hear that you know they have access."
"How do they want it? Straight up, neat, with a mixer?"
"Well, you'll learn that perty quickly. You're smart Ike. That's what makes you our favorite bartender."
"How much do I charge?"
"I'll leave that up to you or Dot or whomever. Personally this is between me and you. If you want, I'll be glad to talk with Dot about it."
Ike continued drying the glasses and thinking. "Sounds like a plan. Don't worry about Dot. But I need something else?"
"I need a back up phrase - in case someone comes in I don't recognize. 'What the Dr. ordered', is not sumpem' I hear everyday, but I have heard it before."
"OK, If you're not sure when they give you the phrase, just ask 'Bad Day?' If they reply 'You know, women and money' (or 'men and money'), you'll know they are legit. And if they don't know the right response but give you a look like they know what they asking for, just call me."
"I do not want to know where the elixir came from. I can just assume, it wasn't made in a radiator somewhere back in the swamp."
"No, this is prime, smooth as silk." Hollis took another sip of Scotch. "Know the 'Cookies that are made by little elves in a hollow tree'?"
"Yes, sir," said Ike not knowing where this was going.
"Let's just this was made by little gnomes in a wooden shed."
Knowing exactly what Dr. Sadler was referring to, Ike started laughing,"Say no more."
"I'll drop a case off tomorrow morning before you open."
"When you get low, just call me and in the conversation drop the line,'The hollow tree is about to fall down".
Ike just shook his head and smiled.
Hollis pulled out some cash to pay for his drink. Ike said, "No, sir. This is on the house, business you know."
Hollis reached his hand across the bar,"Thanks Ike, you're good man."
"An old man," Ike said as he shook the doctor's hand.
With that Hollis got off the bar stool and walked out the door. When he got back to his office, he started making calls. He had a list of everyone who's supply of home brew had been cut off thanks' to the Eldridge's unfortunate run in with the law. Needless to say, everyone Hollis called was thrilled. He made sure they knew the magic words and that it would not be available until the following day.
Several asked where he got it from. He told them it was a long story and they did not need to know the details. However, he assured them this was first class stuff, as good as the Eldridge sisters'. No one questioned anything else.
While Dr. Sadler was taking care of his business, the Sheriff received a frantic call from the Haney's, Mrs. Barker's neighbors. "There has been a shooting."
"Next door at Widow Barker's?"
"Stay in place, avoid windows, we are on our way."
Mike and the Sheriff made their way over to Mrs. Barker's home. When they arrived nothing looked askew. As they approached the front door, they heard another shot. "That's a shot gun," said Mike.
The Sheriff motioned for Mike to go around the right side of the house and he would go around the left. Silently they made their way slowly toward the backyard. It wasn't 30 seconds before they heard this blood curdling scream. This was followed by another shot.
Mike and the Sheriff had dealt with some bad situations, but a shooter with a shotgun in a backyard, was not one of them. What if they had some serial killer on their hands? What if the shooter was waiting for the two of them to show up?
Mike took one more step and the shooter, covered with blood, stepped out from the backyard aimed the gun at Mike and fired. When the Sheriff heard the shot, he knew it came from the other side of the house. He moved quickly into the backyard. The first thing that he saw was blood everywhere.


text:
Pelosi eyes 25th Amendment panel to assess presidential capacity
Pelosi plans to introduce legislation to create a commission as outlined under the 25th Amendment to assess the president's capacity to hold office.
House Speaker Nancy Pelosi, along with Rep. Jamie Raskin, D-Md., a constitutional law professor, rolled out legislation that would create a commission to assess a president's capacity to serve as outlined under the 25th Amendment.
The 25th Amendment was passed by Congress and ratified in 1967 as way to ensure a continuity of power in the aftermath of President John F. Kennedy's assassination.
It says the vice president and a majority of principal officers of the executive departments "or of such other body as Congress" may by law provide a declaration to Congress that the president "is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office." At that point, the vice president would immediately assume the powers of acting president.
On Friday, Pelosi said the proposed standing commission would put a process in place for future presidents, though she noted President Donald Trump's COVID-19 situation brought attention to this issue.
Just weeks before the Nov. 3 election, Pelosi said Thursday Trump needs to disclose more about his health after his COVID-19 diagnosis. She noted Trump's "strange tweet" halting talks on a new coronavirus aid package — he subsequently tried to reverse course — and said Americans need to know when, exactly, he first contracted COVID as others in the White House became infected.
"The public needs to know the health condition of the president," Pelosi said, later invoking the 25th Amendment, which allows a president's cabinet or Congress to intervene when a president is unable to conduct the duties of the office.
Trump responded swiftly via Twitter.
"Crazy Nancy is the one who should be under observation. They don't call her Crazy for nothing!" the president said.
The president's opponents have discussed invoking the 25th Amendment for some time, but are raising it now, so close to Election Day, as the campaigns are fast turning into a referendum on Trump's handling of the coronavirus pandemic. More than 210,000 Americans have died and millions more infected by the virus that shows no signs of abating heading into what public health experts warn will be a difficult flu season and winter.
Trump says he "feels great" after being hospitalized and is back at work in the White House. But his doctors have given mixed signals about his diagnosis and treatment. Trump plans to resume campaigning soon.
Congress is not in legislative session, and so any serious consideration of the measure, let alone votes in the House or Senate, is unlikely. But the bill serves as a political tool to stoke questions about Trump's health as his own White House is hit by an outbreak infecting top aides, staff and visitors, including senators.
In a stunning admission, Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell said Thursday that he had stopped going to the White House two months ago because he disagreed with its coronavirus protocols. His last visit was Aug. 6.
RELATED: Nancy Pelosi floats 25th Amendment discussion
RELATED: What happens if a candidate for president dies?
"My impression was their approach to how to handle this was different from mine and what I insisted we do in the Senate, which is to wear a mask and practice social distancing," McConnell said at a campaign stop in northern Kentucky for his own reelection.
Trump abruptly halted talks this week on the new COVID aid package, sending the economy reeling, his GOP allies scrambling and leaving millions of Americans without additional support. Then he immediately reversed course and tried to kickstart talks.
It all came in a head-spinning series of tweets and comments days after he returned to the White House after his hospitalization with COVID-19.
First, Trump told the Republican leaders in Congress on Tuesday to quit negotiating on an aid package. By Wednesday he was trying to bring everyone back to the table for his priority items — including $1,200 stimulus checks for almost all adult Americans.
Pelosi said Thursday that Democrats are "still at the table" and her office resumed conversations with top negotiator Treasury Secretary Steven Mnuchin.
She said she told Mnuchin she was willing to consider a measure to prop up the airline industry, which is facing widespread layoffs. But that aid, she said, must go alongside broader legislation that includes the kind of COVID testing, tracing and health practices that Democrats say are needed as part of a national strategy to "crush the virus."
Normally, the high stakes and splintered politics ahead of an election could provide grounds for a robust package. But with other Republicans refusing to spend more money, it appears no relief will be coming with Americans already beginning early voting.
Democrats have made it clear they will not do a piecemeal approach until the Trump administration signs off on a broader, comprehensive plan they are proposing for virus testing, tracing and other actions to stop its spread. They have scaled back a $3 trillion measure to a $2.2 trillion proposal. The White House presented a $1.6 trillion counter offer. Talks were ongoing when Trump shut them down.
"There's no question that the proximity to the election has made this much more challenging," McConnell said.
Associated Press writers Bruce Schreiner in Frankfort, Kentucky, and Laurie Kellman and Pamananda Rama in Washington contributed to this report.
| Tags: 25th, Amendment, Assess, Capacity, eyes, Panel, Pelosi, Presidential
Trump's Regeneron Treatment Is Not a 'Cure'
American wellness routines have taken a hit during the pandemic [Video]


MANILA President Rodrigo Duterte is against the Road Board from "day one" and he wants it abolished, MalacaAang said on Friday.
Presidential Spokesperson Salvador Panelo said he asked Duterte about his position on the graftridden Road Board on Thursday night during the courtesy call of newlycrowned Miss Universe Catriona Gray on the President at the Villamor Air Base in Pasay City.
I will quote his exact words, he said: 'Day one, I was already against this Road Users Tax, because ginagamit lang yan, ginagawa lang gatasan ng mga corrupt na mga politiko' (because it is being used as milking cow by corrupt politicians), Panelo said.
So that's the position of the President he doesn't like it, he wants it abolished, he added.
Asked if the President wants both the Road Board and the Road Users Tax abolished, Panelo replied: I think so, that's logically that would be the consequence.
Panelo made this clarification after House Majority Leader Rolando Andaya reportedly claimed that he and House Speaker Gloria MacapagalArroyo met with the President in a dinner last September.
During said occasion at the Palace, Andaya said Duterte agreed not to abolish the Road Board.
Panelo said Andaya was either was not listening to the President closely or he misunderstood what the President said.
Panelo also doubts Andaya's claim that Finance Secretary Sonny Dominguez and some Cabinet members went to Congress and Arroyo and told the lawmakers: Huwag ninyong galawin 'yang budget na 'yan, kay Presidente 'yan. (Don't touch that [MVUC] budget, that's for President)".
They will never do that, (that's) out of character iyon kay (of) Secretary Dominguez (he is) straight iyon, Panelo said.
Meanwhile, Panelo said the Presidential Legislative Liaison Office has received the bill abolishing the Road Board.
The problem is, according to the House, it was not signed by Speaker Arroyo but ES (Executive Secretary Salvador Medialdea) was saying that that's ministerial, he said.
Siguro (Perhaps), if the President really wants to end this, he will sign it and then they [House] will go to the court. Those in the House, they may question it, he added.


GCPLD hired JVA Consulting, LLC (JVA) to conduct this review and develop a comprehensive marketing plan. To gather data for the plan, JVA reviewed Garfield County demographics to determine the size and key characteristics of various population segments. JVA also conducted user surveys both online and in person, and facilitated six community meetings to engage with users directly on the topic of community needs and interests, and how the library might address them. Finally, JVA evaluated GCPLD's existing marketing materials and made recommendations for ways to improve and streamline those efforts. You are invited to read the results of JVA's work, either the executive summary or the complete 104-page report, both located online at www.gcpld.org. Print copies of each are also available at your local branch library for your review.


The Zlín office was founded in 2007, and, since 2015, we have been located in the fabulous BATA building number 13 in the Svit area. About 60 people work here and, of course, we are holding the door open for newcomers. By the way if you can play some musical instrument, you could join our company's rock group - but be careful, the second triangle position has been occupied for years now.
Hello, my name is Veru. I started working at CN Group in 2013 as Office Manager for 50% of my time. From 2015 I have been taking care of the HR department in Zlín. I can repair the coffee machine and make very delicious breakfast, but coding is not my cup of my tea.
I've been in CN Group more than five years - started as a tester, continued as a developer, team leader, consultant, project manager, and line manager. Possibilities for self-realisation are endless and I love that everyone can influence not only himself but also the company to be better and better every day.
Hello! I have been working as a Java Developer and I am trying to build the best Java team ever in Zlín. I like joining all the events which we invent here, regardless of whether it's a working event or one for fun, or even both of them!


This example illustrates how to write a DICOM series from a numeric array and create appropriate meta-data so it can be read by DICOM viewers.
Generating an array is done using a simple random number generator for this case but can come from other sources.
Writing the 3D image as a DICOM series is done by configuring the meta-data dictionary for each of the slices and then writing it in DICOM format. In our case we generate all of the meta-data to indicate that this series is derived. Note that we write the intensity values as is and thus do not set the rescale slope (0028|1053), rescale intercept (0028|1052) meta-data dictionary values.
# Setting the type to CT preserves the slice location.
# (0020, 0032) image position patient determines the 3D spacing between slices.


text:
Mimudea ignitalis is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by George Hampson in 1913. It is found in the Nigeria.

References

Endemic fauna of Nigeria
Moths described in 1913
Spilomelinae