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Existing Building Code 2015 of Colorado
ADOPTS WITH AMENDMENTS:
International Existing Building Code 2015 (IEBC 2015)
Chapter 1 Scope and Administration
Chapter 3 Provisions for All Compliance Methods
Chapter 4 Prescriptive Compliance Method
Chapter 5 Classification of Work
Chapter 6 Repairs
Chapter 7 Alterations - Level 1
Chapter 10 Change of Occupancy
Chapter 11 Additions
Chapter 12 Historic Buildings
Chapter 13 Relocated or Moved Buildings
Chapter 14 Performance Compliance Methods
1401.1 Scope
1401.1.1 Compliance With Other Methods
1401.2 Applicability
1401.2.1 Change in Occupancy
1401.2.2 Partial Change in Occupancy
1401.2.3 Additions
1401.2.4 Alterations and Repairs
1401.2.5 Accessibility Requirements
1401.3 Acceptance
1401.3.1 Hazards
1401.3.2 Compliance With Other Codes
1401.3.3 Compliance With Flood Hazard Provisions
1401.4 Investigation and Evaluation
1401.4.1 Structural Analysis
1401.4.2 Submittal
1401.4.3 Determination of Compliance
1401.5 Evaluation
1401.5.1 Fire Safety
1401.5.2 Means of Egress
1401.5.3 General Safety
1401.6 Evaluation Process
1401.6.1 Building Height and Number of Stories
1401.6.1.1 Height Formula
1401.6.2 Building Area
1401.6.2.1 Allowable Area Formula
1401.6.2.2 Area Formula
1401.6.3 Compartmentation
1401.6.3.1 Wall Construction
1401.6.3.2 Floor/Ceiling Construction
1401.6.4 Tenant and Dwelling Unit Separations
1401.6.4.1 Categories
1401.6.5 Corridor Walls
1401.6.6 Vertical Openings
1401.6.6.1 Vertical Opening Formula
1401.6.7 HVAC Systems
1401.6.8 Automatic Fire Detection
1401.6.9 Fire Alarm Systems
1401.6.10 Smoke Control
1401.6.10.1 Categories
1401.6.11 Means of Egress Capacity and Number
1401.6.12 Dead Ends
1401.6.13 Maximum Exit Access Travel Distance to an Exit
1401.6.14 Elevator Control
1401.6.15 Means-Of-Egress Emergency Lighting
1401.6.16 Mixed Occupancies
1401.6.17 Automatic Sprinklers
1401.6.18 Standpipes
1401.6.18.1 Standpipe Categories
1401.6.19 Incidental Uses
1401.6.20 Smoke Compartmentation
1401.6.21 Patient Ability, Concentration, Smoke Compartment Location and Ratio to Attendant
1401.6.21.1 Patient Ability for Self-Preservation
1401.6.21.1.1 Categories
1401.6.21.2 Patient Concentration
1401.6.21.3 Attendant-To-Patient Ratio
1401.7 Building Score
1401.8 Safety Scores
1401.9 Evaluation of Building Safety
1401.9.1 Mixed Occupancies
Chapter 15 Construction Safeguards
Chapter 16 Referenced Standards
Chapter A1 Seismic Strengthening Provisions for Unreinforced Masonry Bearing Wall Buildings
Chapter A2 Earthquake Hazard Reduction in Existing Reinforced Concrete and Reinforced Masonry Wall Buildings With Flexible Diaphragms
Chapter A3 Prescriptive Provisions for Seismic Strengthening of Cripple Walls and Sill Plate Anchorage of Light, Wood-Frame Residential Buildings
Chapter A4 Earthquake Risk Reduction in Wood-Frame Residential Buildings With Soft, Weak or Open Front Walls
Chapter A5 Earthquake Hazard Reduction in Existing Concrete Buildings
Chapter A6 Referenced Standards
Appendix B Supplementary Accessibility Requirements for Existing Buildings and Facilities
Appendix C Guidelines for the Wind Retrofit of Existing Buildings
Chapter C2 Roof Deck Fastening for High-Wind Areas
Resource A Guidelines on Fire Ratings of Archaic Materials and Assemblies
Section 1401 General
The provisions of this chapter shall apply to the alteration, repair, addition and change of occupancy of existing structures, including historic and moved structures, as referenced in Section 301.1.3. The provisions of this chapter are intended to maintain or increase the current degree of public safety, health and general welfare in existing buildings while permitting repair, alteration, addition and change of occupancy without requiring full compliance with Chapters 5 through 13, except where compliance with other provisions of this code is specifically required in this chapter.
Alterations, repairs, additions and changes of occupancy to existing structures shall comply with the provisions of this chapter or with one of the methods provided in Section 301.1.
Structures existing prior to [DATE TO BE INSERTED BY THE JURISDICTION. Note: it is recommended that this date coincide with the effective date of building codes within the jurisdiction], in which there is work involving additions, alterations or changes of occupancy shall be made to conform to the requirements of this chapter or the provisions of Chapters 5 through 13. The provisions of Sections 1401.2.1 through 1401.2.5 shall apply to existing occupancies that will continue to be, or are proposed to be, in Groups A, B, E, F, I-2, M, R and S. These provisions shall not apply to buildings with occupancies in Group H or I-1, I-3 or I-4.
Where an existing building is changed to a new occupancy classification and this section is applicable, the provisions of this section for the new occupancy shall be used to determine compliance with this code.
Where a portion of the building is changed to a new occupancy classification and that portion is separated from the remainder of the building with fire barrier or horizontal assemblies having a fire-resistance rating as required by Table 508.4 of the International Building Code or Section R317 of the International Residential Code for the separate occupancies, or with approved compliance alternatives, the portion changed shall be made to conform to the provisions of this section.
Where a portion of the building is changed to a new occupancy classification and that portion is not separated from the remainder of the building with fire barriers or horizontal assemblies having a fire-resistance rating as required by Table 508.4 of the International Building Code or Section R317 of the International Residential Code for the separate occupancies, or with approved compliance alternatives, the provisions of this section which apply to each occupancy shall apply to the entire building. Where there are conflicting provisions, those requirements which secure the greater public safety shall apply to the entire building or structure.
Additions to existing buildings shall comply with the requirements of the International Building Code, International Residential Code, and this code for new construction. The combined height and area of the existing building and the new addition shall not exceed the height and area allowed by Chapter 5 of the International Building Code. Where a fire wall that complies with Section 706 of the International Building Code is provided between the addition and the existing building, the addition shall be considered a separate building.
An existing building or portion thereof that does not comply with the requirements of this code for new construction shall not be altered or repaired in such a manner that results in the building being less safe or sanitary than such building is currently. If, in the alteration or repair, the current level of safety or sanitation is to be reduced, the portion altered or repaired shall conform to the requirements of Chapters 2 through 12 and Chapters 14 through 33 of the International Building Code.
Accessibility shall be provided in accordance with Section 410 or 705.
For repairs, alterations, additions, and changes of occupancy to existing buildings that are evaluated in accordance with this section, compliance with this section shall be accepted by the code official.
Where the code official determines that an unsafe condition exists as provided for in Section 115, such unsafe condition shall be abated in accordance with Section 115.
Buildings that are evaluated in accordance with this section shall comply with the International Fire Code and International Property Maintenance Code.
In flood hazard areas, buildings that are evaluated in accordance with this section shall comply with Section 1612 of the International Building Code, or Section R322 of the International Residential Code, as applicable if the work covered by this section constitutes substantial improvement.
For proposed work covered by this chapter, the building owner shall cause the existing building to be investigated and evaluated in accordance with the provisions of Sections 1401.4 through 1401.9.
The owner shall have a structural analysis of the existing building made to determine adequacy of structural systems for the proposed alteration, addition or change of occupancy. The analysis shall demonstrate that the building with the work completed is capable of resisting the loads specified in Chapter 16 of the International Building Code.
The results of the investigation and evaluation as required in Section 1401.4, along with proposed compliance alternatives, shall be submitted to the code official.
The code official shall determine whether the existing building, with the proposed addition, alteration, or change of occupancy, complies with the provisions of this section in accordance with the evaluation process in Sections 1401.5 through 1401.9.
The evaluation shall be comprised of three categories: fire safety, means of egress, and general safety, as defined in Sections 1401.5.1 through 1401.5.3.
Included within the fire safety category are the structural fire resistance, automatic fire detection, fire alarm, automatic sprinkler system and fire suppression system features of the facility.
Included within the means of egress category are the configuration, characteristics, and support features for means of egress in the facility.
Included within the general safety category are the fire safety parameters and the means-of-egress parameters.
The evaluation process specified herein shall be followed in its entirety to evaluate existing buildings in Groups A, B, E, F, M, R, S and U. For existing buildings in Group I-2, the evaluation process specified herein shall be followed and applied to each and every individual smoke compartment. Table 1401.7 shall be utilized for tabulating the results of the evaluation. References to other sections of this code indicate that compliance with those sections is required in order to gain credit in the evaluation herein outlined. In applying this section to a building with mixed occupancies, where the separation between the mixed occupancies does not qualify for any category indicated in Section 1401.6.16, the score for each occupancy shall be determined, and the lower score determined for each section of the evaluation process shall apply to the entire building, or to each smoke compartment for Group I-2 occupancies.
Where the separation between the mixed occupancies qualifies for any category indicated in Section 1401.6.16, the score for each occupancy shall apply to each portion, or smoke compartment of the building based on the occupancy of the space.
The value for building height and number of stories shall be the lesser value determined by the formula in Section 1401.6.1.1. Section 504 of the International Building Code shall be used to determine the allowable height and number of stories of the building. Subtract the actual building height from the allowable height and divide by 121/2 feet (3810 mm). Enter the height value and its sign (positive or negative) in Table 1401.7 under Safety Parameter 1401.6.1, Building Height, for fire safety, means of egress, and general safety. The maximum score for a building shall be 10.
The following formulas shall be used in computing the building height value.
AH = Allowable height in feet (mm) from Section 504 of the International Building Code.
EBH = Existing building height in feet (mm).
AS = Allowable height in stories from Section 504 of the International Building Code.
EBS = Existing building height in stories.
CF = 1 if (AH) – (EBH) is positive.
CF = Construction-type factor shown in Table 1401.6.6(2) if (AH) – (EBH) is negative.
Note: Where mixed occupancies are separated and individually evaluated as indicated in Section 1401.6, the values AH, AS, EBH and EBS shall be based on the height of the occupancy being evaluated.
The value for building area shall be determined by the formula in Section 1401.6.2.2. Section 506 of the International Building Code and the formula in Section 1401.6.2.1 shall be used to determine the allowable area of the building. Subtract the actual building area from the allowable area and divide by 1,200 square feet (112 m2). Enter the area value and its sign (positive or negative) in Table 1401.7 under Safety Parameter 1401.6.2, Building Area, for fire safety, means of egress and general safety. In determining the area value, the maximum permitted positive value for area is 50 percent of the fire safety score as listed in Table 1401.8, Mandatory Safety Scores. Group I-2 occupancies shall be scored zero.
The following formula shall be used in computing allowable area:
Aa = Allowable building area per story (square feet).
At = Tabular allowable area factor (NS, S1, S13R, or SM value, as applicable) in accordance with Table 506.2 of the International Building Code.
NS = Tabular allowable area factor in accordance with Table 506.2 of the International Building Code or nonsprinklered building (regardless of whether the building is sprinklered).
If = Area factor increase due to frontage as calculated in accordance with Section 506.3 of the International Building Code.
The following formula shall be used in computing the area value. Determine the area value for each occupancy floor area on a floor-byfloor basis. For each occupancy, choose the minimum area value of the set of values obtained for the particular occupancy.
i = Value for an individual separated occupancy on a floor.
n = Number of separated occupancies on a floor.
Evaluate the compartments created by fire barriers or horizontal assemblies which comply with Sections 1401.6.3.1 and 1401.6.3.2 and which are exclusive of the wall elements considered under Sections 1401.6.4 and 1401.6.5. Conforming compartments shall be figured as the net area and do not include shafts, chases, stairways, walls, or columns. Using Table 1401.6.3, determine the appropriate compartmentation value (CV) and enter that value into Table 1401.7 under Safety Parameter 1401.6.3, Compartmentation, for fire safety, means of egress, and general safety.
TABLE 1401.6.3 COMPARTMENTATION VALUES
OCCUPANCY CATEGORIES
Compartment size equal
to or greater than 15,000
square feet b
Compartment size of
10,000 square feet c
7,500 square feet d
5,000 square feet e
2,500 square feet or less
A-1, A-3 0 6 10 14 18
A-2 0 4 10 14 18
A-4, B, E, S-2 0 5 10 15 20
F, M, R, S-1 0 4 10 16 22
For SI: 1 square foot = 0.0929 m2.
A wall used to create separate compartments shall be a fire barrier conforming to Section 707 of the International Building Code with a fire-resistance rating of not less than 2 hours. Where the building is not divided into more than one compartment, the compartment size shall be taken as the total floor area on all floors. Where there is more than one compartment within a story, each compartmented area on such story shall be provided with a horizontal exit conforming to Section 1026 of the International Building Code. The fire door serving as the horizontal exit between compartments shall be so installed, fitted, and gasketed that such fire door will provide a substantial barrier to the passage of smoke.
A floor/ceiling assembly used to create compartments shall conform to Section 711 of the International Building Code and shall have a fire-resistance rating of not less than 2 hours.
Evaluate the fire-resistance rating of floors and walls separating tenants, including dwelling units, and not evaluated under Sections 1401.6.3 and 1401.6.5. Group I-2 occupancies shall evaluate the rating of the separations between patient sleeping rooms.
Under the categories and occupancies in Table 1401.6.4, determine the appropriate value and enter that value in Table 1401.7 under Safety Parameter 1401.6.4, Tenant and Dwelling Unit Separation, for fire safety, means of egress, and general safety.
TABLE 1401.6.4 SEPARATION VALUES
A-1 0 0 0 0 1
A-2 -5 -3 0 1 3
R -4 -2 0 2 4
A-3, A-4, B, E, F, M, S-1 -4 -3 0 2 4
I-2 0 1 2 3 4
S-2 -5 -2 0 2 4
The categories for tenant and dwelling unit separations are:
1. Category a‒No fire partitions; incomplete fire partitions; no doors; doors not self-closing or automatic-closing.
2. Category b‒Fire partitions or floor assemblies with less than 1-hour fire-resistance ratings or not constructed in accordance with Section 708 or 711 of the International Building Code, respectively.
3. Category c‒Fire partitions with 1-hour or greater fire-resistance ratings constructed in accordance with Section 708 of the International Building Code and floor assemblies with 1-hour but less than 2-hour fire-resistance ratings constructed in accordance with Section 711 of the International Building Code or with only one tenant within the floor area.
4. Category d‒Fire barriers with 1-hour but less than 2-hour fire-resistance ratings constructed in accordance with Section 707 of the International Building Code and floor assemblies with 2-hour or greater fire-resistance ratings constructed in accordance with Section 711 of the International Building Code.
5. Category e‒Fire barriers and floor assemblies with 2-hour or greater fire-resistance ratings and constructed in accordance with Sections 707 and 711 of the International Building Code, respectively.
Evaluate the fire-resistance rating and degree of completeness of walls which create corridors serving the floor and that are constructed in accordance with Section 1020 of the International Building Code. This evaluation shall not include the wall elements considered under Sections 1401.6.3 and 1401.6.4. Under the categories and groups in Table 1401.6.5, determine the appropriate value and enter that value into Table 1401.7 under Safety Parameter 1401.6.5, Corridor Walls, for fire safety, means of egress, and general safety.
TABLE 1401.6.5 CORRIDOR WALL VALUES
a b ca da
A-1 -10 -4 0 2
A-2 -30 -12 0 2
A-3, F, M, R, S-1 -7 -3 0 2
A-4, B, E, S-2 -5 -2 0 5
I-2 -10 0 1 2
a Corridors not providing at least one-half the exit access travel distance for all occupants on a floor shall use Category b.
The categories for corridor walls are:
1. Category a‒No fire partitions; incomplete fire partitions; no doors; or doors not self-closing.
2. Category b‒Less than 1-hour fire-resistance rating or not constructed in accordance with Section 708.4 of the International Building Code.
3. Category c‒1-hour to less than 2-hour fire-resistance rating, with doors conforming to Section 716 of the International Building Code or without corridors as permitted by Section 1020 of the International Building Code.
4. Category d‒2-hour or greater fire-resistance rating, with doors conforming to Section 716 of the International Building Code.
Evaluate the fire-resistance rating of interior exit stairways or ramps, hoistways, escalator openings, and other shaft enclosures within the building, and openings between two or more floors. Table 1401.6.6(1) contains the appropriate protection values. Multiply that value by the construction-type factor found in Table 1401.6.6(2). Enter the vertical opening value and its sign (positive or negative) in Table 1401.7 under Safety Parameter 1401.6.6, Vertical Openings, for fire safety, means of egress, and general safety. If the structure is a one-story building or if all the unenclosed vertical openings within the building conform to the requirements of Section 713 of the International Building Code, enter a value of 2. The maximum positive value for this requirement shall be 2.
TABLE 1401.6.6(1) VERTICAL OPENING PROTECTION VALUE
PROTECTION VALUE
None (unprotected opening) -2 times number of floors connected
Less than 1 hour -1 times number of floors connected
1 to less than 2 hours 1
2 hours or more 2
TABLE 1401.6.6(2) CONSTRUCTION-TYPE FACTOR
R TYPE OF CONSTRUCTION
IA IB IIA IIB IIIA IIIB IV VA VB
1.2 1.5 2.2 3.5 2.5 3.5 2.3 3.3 7
The following formula shall be used in computing vertical opening value.
VO = Vertical opening value.
PV = Protection value from Table 1401.6.6.(1).
CF = Construction-type factor from Table 1401.6.6.(2).
Evaluate the ability of the HVAC system to resist the movement of smoke and fire beyond the point of origin. Under the categories in Section 1401.6.7.1, determine the appropriate value and enter that value into Table 1401.7 under Safety Parameter 1401.6.7, HVAC Systems, for fire safety, means of egress, and general safety. Facilities in Group I-2 occupancies meeting Categories a, b or c shall be considered to fail the evaluation.
The categories for HVAC systems are:
1. Category a‒Plenums not in accordance with Section 602 of the International Mechanical Code. -10 points.
2. Category b‒Air movement in egress elements not in accordance with Section 1018.5 of the International Building Code. -5 points.
3. Category c‒Both Categories a and b are applicable. -15 points.
4. Category d‒Compliance of the HVAC system with Section 1020.5 of the International Building Code and Section 602 of the International Mechanical Code. 0 points.
5. Category e‒Systems serving one story; or a central boiler/chiller system without ductwork connecting two or more stories. +5 points.
Evaluate the smoke detection capability based on the location and operation of automatic fire detectors in accordance with Section 907 of the International Building Code and the International Mechanical Code. Under the categories and occupancies in Table 1401.6.8, determine the appropriate value and enter that value into Table 1401.7 under Safety Parameter 1401.6.8, Automatic Fire Detection, for fire safety, means of egress, and general safety. Facilities in Group I-2 occupancies meeting Category a, b or c shall be considered to fail the evaluation.
TABLE 1401.6.8 AUTOMATIC FIRE DETECTION VALUES
A-1, A-3,
F, M, R, S-1 -10 -5 0 2 6 ‒
A-2 -25 -5 0 5 9 ‒
A-4, B, E, S-2 -4 -2 0 4 8 ‒
I-2 NP NP NP 4 5 2
The categories for automatic fire detection are:
Category a‒None.
Category b‒Existing smoke detectors in HVAC systems and maintained in accordance with the International Fire Code.
Category c‒Smoke detectors in HVAC systems. The detectors are installed in accordance with the requirements for new buildings in the International Mechanical Code.
Category d‒Smoke detectors throughout all floor areas other than individual sleeping units, tenant spaces and dwelling units.
Category e‒Smoke detectors installed throughout the floor area.
Category f‒Smoke detectors in corridors only.
Evaluate the capability of the fire alarm system in accordance with Section 907 of the International Building Code. Under the categories and occupancies in Table 1401.6.9, determine the appropriate value and enter that value into Table 1401.7 under Safety Parameter 1401.6.9, Fire Alarm System, for fire safety, means of egress, and general safety.
TABLE 1401.6.9 FIRE ALARM SYSTEM VALUES
a ba c d
A-1, A-2, A-3, A-4, B, E, R -10 -5 0 5
F, M, S 0 5 10 15
I-2 -4 1 2 5
a. For buildings equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler system, add 2 points for activation by a sprinkler water-flow device.
The categories for fire alarm systems are:
1. Category a‒None.
2. Category b‒Fire alarm system with manual fire alarm boxes in accordance with Section 907.4 of the International Building Code and alarm notification appliances in accordance with Section 907.5.2 of the International Building Code.
3. Category c‒Fire alarm system in accordance with Section 907 of the International Building Code.
4. Category d‒Category c plus a required emergency voice/alarm communications system and a fire command station that conforms to Section 911 of the International Building Code and contains the emergency voice/alarm communications system controls, fire department communication system controls, and any other controls specified in Section 911 of the International Building Code where those systems are provided.
Evaluate the ability of a natural or mechanical venting, exhaust, or pressurization system to control the movement of smoke from a fire. Under the categories and occupancies in Table 1401.6.10, determine the appropriate value and enter that value into Table 1401.7 under Safety Parameter 1401.6.10, Smoke Control, for means of egress and general safety.
TABLE 1401.6.10 SMOKE CONTROL VALUES
A-1, A-2, A-3 0 1 2 3 6 6
A-4, E 0 0 0 1 3 5
B, M, R 0 2a 3a 3a 3a 4a
F, S 0 2a 2a 3a 3a 3a
I-2 -4 0 0 0 3 0
a. This value shall be 0 if compliance with Category d or e in Section 1401.6.8.1 has not been obtained.
The categories for smoke control are:
2. Category b‒The building is equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler system. Openings are provided in exterior walls at the rate of 20 square feet (1.86 m2) per 50 linear feet (15 240 mm) of exterior wall in each story and distributed around the building perimeter at intervals not exceeding 50 feet (15 240 mm). Such openings shall be readily openable from the inside without a key or separate tool and shall be provided with ready access thereto. In lieu of operable openings, clearly and permanently marked tempered glass panels shall be used.
3. Category c‒One enclosed exit stairway, with ready access thereto, from each occupied floor of the building. The stairway has operable exterior windows, and the building has openings in accordance with Category b.
4. Category d‒One smokeproof enclosure and the building has openings in accordance with Category b.
5. Category e‒The building is equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler system. Each floor area is provided with a mechanical air-handling system designed to accomplish smoke containment. Return and exhaust air shall be moved directly to the outside without recirculation to other floor areas of the building under fire conditions. The system shall exhaust not less than six air changes per hour from the floor area. Supply air by mechanical means to the floor area is not required. Containment of smoke shall be considered as confining smoke to the floor area involved without migration to other floor areas. Any other tested and approved design that will adequately accomplish smoke containment is permitted.
6. Category f‒Each stairway shall be one of the following: a smokeproof enclosure in accordance with Section 1023.11 of the International Building Code; pressurized in accordance with Section 909.20.5 of the International Building Code; or shall have operable exterior windows.
Evaluate the means of egress capacity and the number of exits available to the building occupants. In applying this section, the means of egress are required to conform to the following sections of the International Building Code: 1003.7, 1004, 1005, 1006, 1007, 1016.2, 1026.1, 1028.2, 1028.5, 1029.2, 1029.3, 1029.4 and 1030. The number of exits credited is the number that is available to each occupant of the area being evaluated. Existing fire escapes shall be accepted as a component in the means of egress when conforming to Section 405.
Under the categories and occupancies in Table 1401.6.11, determine the appropriate value and enter that value into Table 1401.7 under Safety Parameter 1401.6.11, Means of Egress Capacity, for means of egress and general safety.
TABLE 1401.6.11 MEANS OF EGRESS VALUESa
A-3, A-4, E, I-2 -10 0 2 8 10
M -3 0 1 2 4
B, F, S -1 0 0 0 0
R -3 0 0 0 0
a. The values indicated are for buildings six stories or less in height. For buildings over six stories above grade plane, add an additional -10 points.
The categories for means-of-egress capacity and number of exits are:
1. Category a‒Compliance with the minimum required means-of-egress capacity or number of exits is achieved through the use of a fire escape in accordance with Section 405.
2. Category b‒Capacity of the means of egress complies with Section 1005 of the International Building Code, and the number of exits complies with the minimum number required by Section 1006 of the International Building Code.
3. Category c‒Capacity of the means of egress is equal to or exceeds 125 percent of the required means-of-egress capacity, the means of egress complies with the minimum required width dimensions specified in the International Building Code, and the number of exits complies with the minimum number required by Section 1006 of the International Building Code.
4. Category d‒The number of exits provided exceeds the number of exits required by Section 1006 of the International Building Code. Exits shall be located a distance apart from each other equal to not less than that specified in Section 1007 of the International Building Code.
5. Category e‒The area being evaluated meets both Categories c and d.
In spaces required to be served by more than one means of egress, evaluate the length of the exit access travel path in which the building occupants are confined to a single path of travel. Under the categories and occupancies in Table 1401.6.12, determine the appropriate value and enter that value into Table 1401.7 under Safety Parameter 1401.6.12, Dead Ends, for means of egress and general safety.
TABLE 1401.6.12 DEAD-END VALUES
OCCUPANCY CATEGORIESa
A-1, A-3, A-4,
B, F, M, R, S -2 0 2 -4
A-2, E -2 0 2 -4
I-2 -2 0 2 -6
a. For dead-end distances between categories, the dead-end value shall be obtained by linear interpolation.
The categories for dead ends are:
1. Category a‒Dead end of 35 feet (10 670 mm) in nonsprinklered buildings or 70 feet (21 340 mm) in sprinklered buildings.
2. Category b‒Dead end of 20 feet (6096 mm); or 50 feet (15 240 mm) in Group B in accordance with Section 1020.4, Exception 2, of the International Building Code.
3. Category c‒No dead ends; or ratio of length to width (l/w) is less than 2.5:1.
4. Category d‒Dead ends exceeding Category a.
Evaluate the length of exit access travel to an approved exit. Determine the appropriate points in accordance with the following equation and enter that value into Table 1401.7 under Safety Parameter 1401.6.13, Maximum Exit Access Travel Distance for means of egress and general safety. The maximum allowable exit access travel distance shall be determined in accordance with Section 1017.1 of the International Building Code.
Evaluate the passenger elevator equipment and controls that are available to the fire department to reach all occupied floors. Emergency recall and in-car operation of elevators shall be provided in accordance with the International Fire Code. Under the categories and occupancies in Table 1401.6.14, determine the appropriate value and enter that value into Table 1401.7 under Safety Parameter 1401.6.14, Elevator Control, for fire safety, means of egress and general safety. The values shall be zero for a single-story building.
TABLE 1401.6.14 ELEVATOR CONTROL VALUES
ELEVATOR TRAVEL CATEGORIES
Less than 25 feet of travel above or below the
primary level of elevator access for
emergency fire-fighting or rescue personnel -2 0 0 +2
Travel of 25 feet or more above or below the
emergency fire-fighting or rescue personnel -4 NP 0 +4
For SI: 1 foot = 304.8 mm.
NP = Not permitted.
The categories for elevator controls are:
Category a‒No elevator.
Category b‒Any elevator without Phase I emergency recall operation and Phase II emergency in-car operation.
Category c‒All elevators with Phase I emergency recall operation and Phase II emergency in-car operation as required by the International Fire Code.
Category d‒All meet Category c; or Category b where permitted to be without Phase I emergency recall operation and Phase II emergency in-car operation; and at least one elevator that complies with new construction requirements serves all occupied floors.
Evaluate the presence of and reliability of means-of-egress emergency lighting. Under the categories and occupancies in Table 1401.6.15, determine the appropriate value and enter that value into Table 1401.7 under Safety Parameter 1401.6.15, Means-of-Egress Emergency Lighting, for means of egress and general safety.
TABLE 1401.6.15 MEANS-OF-EGRESS EMERGENCY LIGHTING VALUES
NUMBER OF EXITS REQUIRED BY
SECTION 1006 OF THE
INTERNATIONAL BUILDING CODE CATEGORIES
Two or more exits NP 0 4
Minimum of one exit 0 1 1
The categories for means-of-egress emergency lighting are:
1. Category a‒Means-of-egress lighting and exit signs not provided with emergency power in accordance with Section 2702 of the International Building Code.
2. Category b‒Means-of-egress lighting and exit signs provided with emergency power in accordance with Section 2702 of the International Building Code.
3. Category c‒Emergency power provided to means-of-egress lighting and exit signs, which provides protection in the event of power failure to the site or building.
Where a building has two or more occupancies that are not in the same occupancy classification, the separation between the mixed occupancies shall be evaluated in accordance with this section. Where there is no separation between the mixed occupancies or the separation between mixed occupancies does not qualify for any of the categories indicated in Section 1401.6.16.1, the building shall be evaluated as indicated in Section 1401.6, and the value for mixed occupancies shall be zero. Under the categories and occupancies in Table 1401.6.16, determine the appropriate value and enter that value into Table 1401.7 under Safety Parameter 1401.6.16, Mixed Occupancies, for fire safety and general safety. For buildings without mixed occupancies, the value shall be zero. Facilities in Group I-2 occupancies meeting Category a shall be considered to fail the evaluation.
TABLE 1401.6.16 MIXED OCCUPANCY VALUESa
A-1, A-2, R -10 0 10
A-3, A-4, B, E, F, M, S -5 0 5
I-2 NP 0 5
a. For fire-resistance ratings between categories, the value shall be obtained by linear interpolation.
The categories for mixed occupancies are:
1. Category a‒Occupancies separated by minimum 1-hour fire barriers or minimum 1-hour horizontal assemblies, or both.
2. Category b‒Separations between occupancies in accordance with Section 508.4 of the International Building Code.
3. Category c‒Separations between occupancies having a fire-resistance rating of not less than twice that required by Section 508.4 of the International Building Code.
Evaluate the ability to suppress a fire based on the installation of an automatic sprinkler system in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1 of the International Building Code. "Required sprinklers" shall be based on the requirements of this code. Under the categories and occupancies in Table 1401.6.17, determine the appropriate value and enter that value into Table 1401.7 under Safety Parameter 1401.6.17, Automatic Sprinklers, for fire safety, means of egress divided by 2, and general safety. High-rise buildings defined in Chapter 2 of the International Building Code that undergo a change of occupancy to Group R shall be equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler system in accordance with Section 403 of the International Building Code and Chapter 9 of the International Building Code. Facilities in Group I-2 occupancies meeting Category a, b, c or f shall be considered to fail the evaluation.
TABLE 1401.6.17 SPRINKLER SYSTEM VALUES
aa ba c d e f
A-1, A-3, F, M, R, S-1 -6 -3 0 2 4 6
A-2 -4 -2 0 1 2 4
A-4, B, E, S-2 -12 -6 0 3 6 12
I-2 NP NP NP 8 10 NP
a. These options cannot be taken if Category a in Section 1401.6.18 is used.
The categories for automatic sprinkler system protection are:
1. Category a‒Sprinklers are required throughout; sprinkler protection is not provided or the sprinkler system design is not adequate for the hazard protected in accordance with Section 903 of the International Building Code.
2. Category b‒Sprinklers are required in a portion of the building; sprinkler protection is not provided or the sprinkler system design is not adequate for the hazard protected in accordance with Section 903 of the International Building Code.
3. Category c‒Sprinklers are not required; none are provided.
4. Category d‒Sprinklers are required in a portion of the building; sprinklers are provided in such portion; the system is one that complied with the code at the time of installation and is maintained and supervised in accordance with Section 903 of the International Building Code.
5. Category e‒Sprinklers are required throughout; sprinklers are provided throughout in accordance with Chapter 9 of the International Building Code.
6. Category f‒Sprinklers are not required throughout; sprinklers are provided throughout in accordance with Chapter 9 of the International Building Code.
Evaluate the ability to initiate attack on a fire by a making supply of water available readily through the installation of standpipes in accordance with Section 905 of the International Building Code. "Required Standpipes" shall be based on the requirements of the International Building Code. Under the categories and occupancies in Table 1401.6.18, determine the appropriate value and enter that value into Table 1401.7 under Safety Parameter 1401.6.18, Standpipes, for fire safety, means of egress, and general safety.
TABLE 1401.6.18 STANDPIPE SYSTEM VALUES
aa b c d
A-1, A-3, F, M, R, S-1 -6 0 4 6
A-2 -4 0 2 4
A-4, B, E, S-2 -12 0 6 12
a. This option cannot be taken if Category a or Category b in Section 1401.6.17 is used.
The categories for standpipe systems are:
1. Category a‒Standpipes are required; standpipe is not provided or the standpipe system design is not in compliance with Section 905.3 of the International Building Code.
2. Category b‒Standpipes are not required; none are provided.
3. Category c‒Standpipes are required; standpipes are provided in accordance with Section 905 of the International Building Code.
4. Category d‒Standpipes are not required; standpipes are provided in accordance with Section 905 of the International Building Code.
Evaluate the protection of incidental uses in accordance with Section 509.4.2 of the International Building Code. Do not include those where this code requires automatic sprinkler systems throughout the building including covered and open mall buildings, high-rise buildings, public garages and unlimited area buildings. Assign the lowest score from Table 1401.6.19 for the building or floor area being evaluated and enter that value into Table 1401.7 under Safety Parameter 1401.6.19, Incidental Uses, for fire safety, means of egress and general safety. If there are no specific occupancy areas in the building or floor area being evaluated, the value shall be zero.
TABLE 1401.6.19 INCIDENTAL USE AREA VALUES
PROTECTION REQUIRED BY TABLE 509 OF
THE INTERNATIONAL BUILDING CODE PROTECTION PROVIDED
None 1 hour AS AS with CRS 1 hour and AS 2 hours 2 hours and AS
2 hours and AS -4 -3 -2 -2 -1 -2 0
2 hours, or 1 hour and AS -3 -2 -1 -1 0 0 0
1 hour and AS -3 -2 -1 -1 0 -1 0
1 hour -1 0 -1 -1 0 0 0
1 hour, or AS with CRS -1 0 -1 -1 0 0 0
AS with CRS -1 -1 -1 -1 0 -1 0
1 hour or AS -1 0 0 0 0 0 0
AS = Automatic sprinkler system;
CRS = Construction capable of resisting the passage of smoke (see IBC Section 509.4.2 of the International Building Code).
Note: For Table 1401.7, see page 75.
Evaluate the smoke compartments for compliance with Section 407.5 of the International Building Code. Under the categories and occupancies in Table 1401.6.20, determine the appropriate smoke compartmentation value (SCV) and enter that value into Table 1401.7 under Safety Parameter 1401.6.20, Smoke Compartmentation, for fire safety, means of egress and general safety. Facilities in Group I-2 occupancies meeting Category b or c shall be considered to fail the evaluation.
TABLE 1401.6.20 SMOKE COMPARTMENTATION VALUES
A, B, E,
F, M, R and S 0 0 0
I-2 0 NP NP
For SI: 1 square foot = 0.093 m2.
a. For areas between categories, the smoke compartmentation value shall be obtained by linear interpolation.
Categories for smoke compartment size are:
1. Category a‒Smoke compartment size is equal to or less than 22,500 square feet (2092 m2).
2. Category b‒Smoke compartment size is greater than 22,500 square feet (2092 m2).
3. Category c‒Smoke compartments are not provided.
In I-2 occupancies, the ability of patients, their concentration and ratio to attendants shall be evaluated and applied in accordance with this section. Evaluate each smoke compartment using the categories in Sections 1401.6.21.1, 1401.6.21.2 and 1401.6.21.3 and enter the value in Table 1401.8. To determine the safety factor, multiply the three values together, if the sum is 9 or greater, compliance has failed.
Evaluate the ability of the patients for self-preservation in each smoke compartment in an emergency. Under the categories and occupancies in Table 1401.6.21.1 determine the appropriate value and enter that value in Table 1401.7 under Safety Parameter 1401.6.21.1, Patient Ability for Self-preservation, for means of egress and general safety.
TABLE 1401.6.21.1 PATIENT ABILITY VALUES
I-2 1 2 3
The categories for patient ability for self-preservation are:
1. Category a‒(mobile) Patients are capable of self-preservation without assistance.
2. Category c‒(not mobile) Patients rely on assistance for evacuation or relocation.
3. Category d‒(not movable) Patients cannot be evacuated or relocated.
Evaluate the concentration of patients in each smoke compartment under Section 1401.6.21.2. Under the categories and occupancies in Table 1401.6.21.2 determine the appropriate value and enter that value in Table 1401.7 under Safety Parameter 1401.6.21.2, Patient Concentration, for means of egress and general safety.
TABLE 1401.6.21.2 PATIENT CONCENTRATION VALUES
The categories for patient concentration are:
Category a – smoke compartment has 1 to 10 patients.
Category b – smoke compartment has more than 10 to 40 patients
Category d – smoke compartment has greater than 40 patients
Evaluate the attendant-to-patient ratio for each compartment under Section 1401.6.21.3. Under the categories and occupancies in Table 1401.6.21.3 determine the appropriate value and enter that value in Table 1401.7 under Safety Parameter 1401.6.21.3, Attendant-to-patient Ratio, for means of egress and general safety.
TABLE 1401.6.21.3 ATTENDANT-TO-PATIENT RATIO VALUES
The categories for attendant-to-patient concentrations are:
1. Category a‒attendant-to-patient concentrations is 1:5.
2. Category b‒attendant-to-patient concentrations is 1:6 to 1:10.
3. Category c‒attendant-to-patient concentrations is greater than 1:10 or no patients.
After determining the appropriate data from Section 1401.6, enter those data in Table 1401.7 and total the building score.
TABLE 1401.7 SUMMARY SHEET-BUILDING CODE
Existing occupancy ________________________________________ Proposed occupancy________________________
Year building was constructed ________________________________ Number of stories______ Height in feet________
Type of construction ________________________________________ Area per floor______________________________
Percentage of open perimeter increase______%
Completely suppressed: Yes ____ No ____ Corridor wall rating:___________________________
Type:_________________________________________________
Compartmentation Yes ____ No ____ Required door closers: Yes ______ No ______
Fire-resistance rating of vertical opening enclosures_________________________________________________________
Type of HVAC system________________________________, serving number of floors:____________________________
Automatic fire detection: Yes _____ No _____ Type and location___________________________
Fire alarm system: Yes _____ No _____ Type______________________________________
Smoke control: Yes _____ No _____ Type______________________________________
Adequate exit routes: Yes _____ No _____ Dead ends:__________ Yes ______ No ______
Maximum exit access travel distance________________________ Elevator controls: Yes ______ No ______
Means of egress emergency lighting: Yes ______ No ______ Mixed occupancies: Yes ______ No ______
Standpipes Yes_______No_______ Patient ability for self-preservation _______________
Incidental use Yes_______ No_______ Patient concentration _________________________
Smoke compartmentation less
than 22,500 sq. feet (2092 m2) Yes_______ No_______ Attendant-to-patient ratio _______________________
SAFETY PARAMETERS FIRE SAFETY (FS) MEANS OF EGRESS (ME) GENERAL SAFETY (GS)
1401.6.1 Building Height
1401.6.9 Fire Alarm System
1401.6.11 Means of Egress
1401.6.12 Dead ends * * * *
1401.6.13 Maximum Exit Access Travel Distance
1401.6.15 Means of Egress Emergency Lighting * * * *
1401.6.19 Incidental Use
1401.6.21.3 Attendant-to-patient Ratio * * * *
÷2 =
Building score‒total value
* * * *No applicable value to be inserted.
The values in Table 1401.8 are the required mandatory safety scores for the evaluation process listed in Section 1401.6.
TABLE 1401.8 MANDATORY SAFETY SCORESa
OCCUPANCY FIRE SAFETY
(MFS) MEANS OF
EGRESS (MME) GENERAL
SAFETY (MGS)
A-1 20 31 31
A-4, E 29 40 40
B 30 40 40
F 24 34 34
I-2 19 34 34
R 21 38 38
S-1 19 29 29
a. MFS = Mandatory Fire Safety.
MME = Mandatory Means of Egress.
MGS = Mandatory General Safety.
The mandatory safety score in Table 1401.8 shall be subtracted from the building score in Table 1401.7 for each category. Where the final score for any category equals zero or more, the building is in compliance with the requirements of this section for that category. Where the final score for any category is less than zero, the building is not in compliance with the requirements of this section.
TABLE 1401.9 EVALUATION FORMULASa
FORMULA T1401.7 T1401.8 SCORE PASS FAIL
FS - MFS ≥ 0 ______ (FS) – ______ (MFS) = _______ _______ _______
ME – MME ≥ 0 ______ (ME) – ______ (MME) = _______ _______ _______
GS – MGS ≥ 0 ______ (GS) – ______ (MGS) = _______ _______ _______
a. FS = Fire Safety. MFS = Mandatory Fire Safety.
ME = Means of Egress. MME = Mandatory Means of Egress.
GS = General Safety. MGS = Mandatory Means of Safety.
For mixed occupancies, the following provisions shall apply:
1. Where the separation between mixed occupancies does not qualify for any category indicated in Section 1401.6.16, the mandatory safety scores for the occupancy with the lowest general safety score in Table 1401.8 shall be utilized. (See Section 1401.6.)
2. Where the separation between mixed occupancies qualifies for any category indicated in Section 1401.6.16, the mandatory safety scores for each occupancy shall be placed against the evaluation scores for the appropriate occupancy.
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Home Science & Technology Health & Medicine What do we know about Bell's Palsy?
What do we know about Bell's Palsy?
© April 17, 2014 © April 17, 2014 Health & Medicine / Personal Reminiscences / Science & Technology
Bell's Palsy is one of those rare ailments, and one that annoys more than threatens, but can be difficult and socially awkward for sufferers. It's also one that still baffles researchers as to its cause. And also for an effective treatment.
According to facialpalsy.org,
The name 'Bell's palsy' comes from 19th-century Scottish anatomist and surgeon Sir Charles Bell, who discovered that severing the seventh cranial (or facial) nerve causes facial paralysis.
It has no vaccine, no known method for prevention, and the treatment is still uncertain.
[youtube=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zxVHFJs1uJ4]
Wikipedia tells us:
Bell's palsy is a form of facial paralysis resulting from a dysfunction of the cranial nerve VII (the facial nerve) causing an inability to control facial muscles on the affected side… Bell's palsy is the most common acute mononeuropathy (disease involving only one nerve) and is the most common cause of acute facial nerve paralysis (>80%)… The hallmark of this condition is a rapid onset of partial or complete paralysis that often occurs overnight.
It also says:
It is thought that an inflammatory condition leads to swelling of the facial nerve. The nerve travels through the skull in a narrow bone canal beneath the ear. Nerve swelling and compression in the narrow bone canal are thought to lead to nerve inhibition, damage or death…
Some viruses are thought to establish a persistent (or latent) infection without symptoms… Reactivation of an existing (dormant) viral infection has been suggested as a cause of acute Bell's palsy. Studies suggest that this new activation could be preceded by trauma, environmental factors, and metabolic or emotional disorders, thus suggesting that a host of different conditions may trigger reactivation.
Which, in essence, doesn't tell us a lot about the actual cause or why it recurs; mostly it remains guesswork. Bell's Palsy affects about 20 people per 100,000 population, and the incidence increases with age and with certain medical conditions.
The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke says somewhat more comprehensively:
Bell's palsy occurs when the nerve that controls the facial muscles is swollen, inflamed, or compressed, resulting in facial weakness or paralysis. Exactly what causes this damage, however, is unknown. Most scientists believe that a viral infection such as viral meningitis or the common cold sore virus—herpes simplex—causes the disorder. They believe that the facial nerve swells and becomes inflamed in reaction to the infection, causing pressure within the Fallopian canal and leading to ischemia (the restriction of blood and oxygen to the nerve cells). In some mild cases (where recovery is rapid), there is damage only to the myelin sheath of the nerve. The myelin sheath is the fatty covering-which acts as an insulator-on nerve fibers in the brain.
The disorder has also been associated with influenza or a flu-like illness, headaches, chronic middle ear infection, high blood pressure, diabetes, sarcoidosis, tumors, Lyme disease, and trauma such as skull fracture or facial injury.
It notes the treatment is relatively simple, albeit takes time:
Recent studies have shown that steroids such as the steroid prednisone — used to reduce inflammation and swelling –are effective in treating Bell's palsy.
Steroids have to be started as quickly as possible after onset, however, to be effective, as this study shows.
Other drugs such as acyclovir — used to fight viral herpes infections — may also have some benefit in shortening the course of the disease. Analgesics such as aspirin, acetaminophen, or ibuprofen may relieve pain…
However, as the BMJ site notes, antivirals are most effective when used within 72 hours of onset – along with the steroids. Anti-viral medicine "enhances" recovery rates when paired, but alone seems to have no significant effect.
The prognosis for individuals with Bell's palsy is generally very good. The extent of nerve damage determines the extent of recovery. Improvement is gradual and recovery times vary. With or without treatment, most individuals begin to get better within 2 weeks after the initial onset of symptoms and most recover completely, returning to normal function within 3 to 6 months. For some, however, the symptoms may last longer. In a few cases, the symptoms may never completely disappear. In rare cases, the disorder may recur, either on the same or the opposite side of the face.
Blocking pain is helpful, because pain may also happen as a side-effect of the anti-viral drugs (headache in particular). There are often side effects from the prescribed drugs for Bell's Palsy, as Medical News Today tells us. Most of these are minor, but there is one serious potential side-effect from the ailment every sufferer needs to pay attention to :
Eye lubrication – if the patient is not blinking properly the eye will be exposed and tears will evaporate. Some patients will experience a reduction in tear production. Both may increase the risk of damage or infection. The doctor will prescribe artificial tears in the form of eye drops and also an ointment. The eye drops are usually taken during the waking hours, while the ointment is applied before going to sleep.
Patients who cannot close their eye properly during sleep will need to use surgical tape to keep it shut. Patients who experience worsening eye symptoms should seek medical help immediately. If you cannot get hold of your doctor go the emergency department of your nearest hospital.
The Mayo Clinic adds:
Bell's palsy, also known as facial palsy, can occur at any age. The exact cause is unknown, but it's believed to be the result of swelling and inflammation of the nerve that controls the muscles on one side of your face. It may be a reaction that occurs after a viral infection.
For most people, Bell's palsy is temporary. Symptoms usually start to improve within a few weeks, with complete recovery in about six months. A small number of people continue to have some Bell's palsy symptoms for life. Rarely, Bell's palsy can recur.
But recur, it can. Why it does is another guessing game. The clinic lists several potential viral causes, all of which might play a role in recurrence:
Cold sores and genital herpes (herpes simplex)
Chickenpox and shingles (herpes zoster)
Mononucleosis (Epstein-Barr)
Cytomegalovirus infections
Respiratory illnesses (adenovirus)
German measles (rubella)
Mumps (mumps virus)
Flu (influenza B)
Hand-foot-and-mouth disease (coxsackievirus)
But what if you don't have any of these, or haven't had them since childhood (chicken pox, measles and mumps)? Do they remain dormant in the body even if supposedly "cured" and can reactivate years, even many decades later? Some viruses have this ability, but do they?
The bad news, I suppose, is the herpes simplex virus – the cold sore virus – as a possible cause. It's an old, well-known and common disease the Roman emperor Tiberius even commented on. According to some reports, as many as 90% of American males (and I assume similar numbers for Canadian males) have been exposed to that virus. And this site suggests an even higher incidence rate (no source cited). Wikipedia has similar numbers (with sources cited) that show how widespread it is (and has been with our species for at least 60,000 years).*
With something so common and widespread, control and isolation seems unlikely. Wikipedia tells us that once it gets established, it's here to stay:
Herpes viruses establish lifelong infections, and the virus cannot yet be eradicated from the body. Treatment usually involves general-purpose antiviral drugs that interfere with viral replication, reduce the physical severity of outbreak-associated lesions, and lower the chance of transmission to others. Studies of vulnerable patient populations have indicated that daily use of antivirals such as acyclovir and valacyclovir can reduce reactivation rates.
The Bell's Palsy organization in the UK notes:
About 7% of patients have recurrent Bells palsy. The mean recurrence interval is 10 years. Recurrent Bells tends to cluster in families as well as diabetics.
The US National Library of Medicine notes:
Of 1,700 patients with facial paralysis seen in a retrospective study from 1969 through 1977 and 280 patients seen prospectively from 1983 through 1986, 7.1% had recurrence of Bell's palsy. In this group, the frequency of ipsilateral recurrence was equal to that for contralateral recurrence. The mean age at onset of Bell's palsy was 33.0 years; Bell's palsy recurred a mean of 9.8 years later. Recurrent facial paralysis did not indicate a worse prognosis for recovery regardless of which side was affected. There was no statistical difference between results for male patients or female patients, nor was there a statistically significant sex predominance, except in the age group 10 to 19 years.
However, the Journal of Laryngology & Otology notes a study of 165 patients, of whom 25 had recurring Bell's Palsy, which is a 15% recurrence rate. And this site suggests reports that have pegged it as high as 20%, although the source for that claim is not cited.
Back to the symptoms:
Besides facial muscles, the nerve affects tears, saliva, taste and a small bone in the middle of your ear.
That last indicates an increased sensitivity – sometimes to the point of acute painfulness – in the affected ear. Very painful if the sound is nearby and loud, as in a small dog barking indoors.
Johns Hopkins University is equally vague as to the cause:
A specific cause of Bell's palsy is unknown, however, it has been suggested that the disorder is due to inflammation that is directed by the body's immune system against the nerve controlling movement of the face.
Why particularly that nerve? Nothing I've read yet makes it clear why it should be a target. or why any dormant virus would resurrect itself in such a specific manner to attack such a small, isolated area.
JHU notes several options for treatment – not necessarily cures – including:
Your doctor will establish an appropriate treatment protocol for your condition based on the severity of your symptoms and your medical profile. Other treatment options include:
Steroid medications to reduce inflammation
Antiviral medications, such as acyclovir
Analgesics or moist heat to relieve pain
Physical therapy to stimulate the facial nerve
Some individuals may choose to use alternative therapies in the treatment of Bell's palsy, but there is no proof these alternative therapies actually make an absolute difference in a person's recovery. Such treatment may include:
Biofeedback training
Vitamin therapy, including B12, B6, and the mineral zinc
Judging by the number of videos on Youtube about alternative "medicines" and "therapies", it seems there many quacks and cons making money from this ailment, even if there is no proof of any real effect on the patient aside from the usual placebo effect.
The UK National Health Service adds that recovery may simply be a matter of time, patience and the body's ability to heal itself without help – although it may take longer that way:
Around 7 out of 10 people with Bell's palsy make a complete recovery, with or without treatment. Most people notice an improvement in their symptoms after about two to three weeks. However, a complete recovery can take between three and six months. The recovery time varies from person to person and will depend on the amount of nerve damage.
It does add a note about the benefit of physiotherapy that is not expanded on in most other sites:
Your physiotherapist will teach you a series of facial exercises that will strengthen the muscles in your face to improve their co-ordination and range of movement.
Physiotherapy has been successful in a number of Bell's palsy cases, although it may not be suitable or effective for everyone.
The NHS also warns of potential complications:
About 2 in 10 people experience long-term problems resulting from Bell's palsy, which may include any of the following:
A contracture – This is where your facial muscles are permanently tense. It can lead to facial disfigurement such as the eye becoming smaller, the cheek becoming more bulky, or the line between the nose and the mouth becoming deeper.
Loss or reduced sense of taste – This can happen if any damaged nerves do not repair properly.
Speech problems – This can occur as a result of damage to the facial muscles.
Eye-mouth synkinesias – This happens as a result of the nerve in your face growing back in a different way. It can cause your eye to wink when eating, laughing or smiling. Sometimes it can become so severe that the eye can close completely during meals.
Eye drying and corneal ulceration – Corneal ulceration can occur when the eyelid is too weak to close completely and the protective tear film becomes less effective. It can also occur as a result of reduced tear production, which can lead to infection and cause blindness.
Tears when eating, known as 'crocodile tears'
The BMJ site gives sufferers a mixed hope for recovery:
Two thirds of patients recover spontaneously, and 85% report some improvement in the first three weeks. In the other 15% of patients some improvement occurs by 3-6 months. Patients need follow up for assessment of recovery and support.
So it seems sufferers usually recover with or without treatment, sometime between three and 26 weeks. That's not terribly comforting, and there haven't been enough studies yet to really develop a clear picture of the effectiveness of any treatment or drug. Still a lot to learn about Bell's Palsy.
* For another take on herpes simplex as a possible benefit to humanity, read this article and this one.
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Q: CAP Contest question inertia I am studying for the CAP physics contest and came across this question:

"You are holding a bottle of pop in your hands on a bus. The bubbles in the pop are going straight up. Suddenly, the bus brakes hard to avoid a road hazard. How is the motion of the bubbles in the pop affected?"

I believed that since the bubbles are moving forward in their intertidal frame of reference, that they would move backwards in the drink. However, the answer is they would move towards the front of the bus. I was hoping someone would be able to help me understand why?

A: Just think of what you experience when the bus breaks. You break your nose if you don't have your seatbelt on.
So for sure the bubbles would go forward, because they keep moving and the bus is the thing that "goes back". I would add that the bubbles keep going up, as the force in the vertical frame would be the same with or without the bus braking.

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Award-winning writer Robbi D'Allessandro donates all production proceeds to women's charities.
Boston, Mass… (April 24, 2015) – Award-winning Boston area stage and screenwriter, Robbi D'Allessandro, explores the many faces of shame as 333 Productions presents the World Premiere of her original play, The Voices of We, at the Boston Playwrights' Theatre from April 25 to May 9.
The Voices of We is a new full-length play that explores the challenges women face in today's sociopolitical and economic climate. The diverse characters in The Voices of We, face the daunting challenges inherent in the fight against domestic violence, and struggles for reproductive rights, self- defined gender identity and sexual orientation, motherhood, positive body image, and more. We are proud to announce that all proceeds from each performance goes to non-profit women's organizations, that in part or whole, benefit women in need.
For more information about Robbi D'Allessandro, please visit www.sandsplays.com.


text:
Миливоје Максић (Београд, 19. јануар 1928 — Београд, 2. март 2003) био је друштвено-политички радник и амбасадор СФРЈ. У периоду од октобра 1991. до маја 1992. обављао је функцију вршиоца дужности Савезног секретара за иностране послове СФРЈ и последњи је који је заузимао ту функцију.

Биографија
Рођен је 19. јануара 1928. године у Београду. Гимназију је завршио у Смедереву, а дипломатске студије у Београду. У дипломатској служби је од 1. августа 1949. године. Читаву своју каријеру је провео у дипломатији. Најпре је обављао дужност секретара заменика министра иностраних послова ФНРЈ, потом је 1951. године прешао на позицију референта за НР Бугарску у Министарству иностраних послова, а од 1953. до 1957. обављао је дипломатске дужности према НР Пољској, најпре као саветник за штампу амбасаде ФНРЈ у Варшави, затим и као референт за НР Пољску у одељењу Савезног секретаријата за иностране послове (ССИП).

У Секретаријату је био до 1963. године као помоћни референт у Координационом одељењу, да би маја 1963. године прешао на дужност саветника у амбасади СФРЈ у Москви. Након боравка у Совјетском Савезу, Максић је постао шеф одсека у Служби за истраживање и документацију (СИД), од 1967. до 1969. године, а након тога и шеф одсека за СССР и НР Монголију у управи за источну Европу. Потом је био саветник у југословенској амбасади у Варшави, да би у марту 1973. године преузео дужност саветника у кабинету Савезног секретара за иностране послове СФРЈ Милоша Минића. Потом је био начелник управе ССИП-а за западну Европу, од септембра 1973, да би у периоду од 1977. до 1980. године био спољно-политички саветник председника СФРЈ Јосипа Броза Тита, а затим кратко и председника Председништва СФРЈ.

Дужност амбасадора СФР Југославије у Народној Републици Пољској обављао је од 1982. године, а почетком 1987. године постао је руководилац сектора ССИП. У октобру 1988. постао је заменик Савезног секретара за иностране послове СФРЈ Будимира Лончара, а након што је он напустио ту функцију крајем 1991. године, Максић је био вршилац дужности и уједно последњи Савезни секретар за иностране послове Социјалистичке Федеративне Републике Југославије, од 12. децембра 1991. до 28. априла 1992. године. У пензију је отишао последњег дана формално-правног постојања социјалистичке Југославије.

Током своје дипломатске каријере, Максић се највише бавио стратешком анализом и планирањем политике, укључујући и југословенске односе са земљама на истоку и западу Европе. Објавио је преко 200 аналитичких записа, а након пензионисања био је активан у оквиру Форума за међународне односе, нарочито у погледу разраде стратешких концепата и развоја алтернативних праваца спољне политике. Године 2001. написао је књигу "У раскораку са светом", у издању Хелсиншког одбора за људска права.

Преминуо је 2. марта 2003. године у Београду и сахрањен је на Новом гробљу у Београду.

Носилац је више југословенских одликовања, а од иностраних се истиче француски Национални орден Легије части у реду Официра.

Видите још
 Списак министара иностраних послова Југославије

Референце

Литература
 Миливоје Максић У раскораку са светом. "Хелсиншки одбор за људска права" — "Загорац", Београд, 2001. година

Спољашње везе
 Биографија Миливоја Максића на сајту Министарства спољних послова

Рођени 1928.
Умрли 2003.
Комунисти Србије
Друштвено-политички радници СР Србије
Друштвено-политички радници СФРЈ
Амбасадори СФР Југославије
Министри СФР Југославије
Одликовани Легијом части (Србија)
Сахрањени на Новом гробљу у Београду
Политичари из Београда

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Un trol (en anglès, troll, inspirat dels nans malignes de la mitologia nòrdica), en l'argot d'internet, és algú que intenta provocar els altres des de l'anonimitat, en fer missatges que intenten excitar emocions en una comunitat en línia. Això ho acostuma a fer per a aconseguir una reacció per part dels altres usuaris o bé per a causar problemes, o, d'una altra manera, alterar la conversa normal en un tema de discussió, aconseguint que els mateixos usuaris s'enfadin i s'enfrontin entre si. Segons la Universitat d'Indiana el 2010 eren una comunitat en augment.

És contrari a les bones maneres a la xarxa.

El trol pot crear missatges amb diferent tipus de contingut com grolleries, ofenses, mentides difícils de detectar, amb la intenció de confondre i ocasionar sentiments en els altres.

Tot i que originalment el terme només es referia a la pràctica en si i no a la persona, un desplaçament metonímic posterior ha fet que també s'apliqui a les persones que incorren en aquest tipus de pràctiques. El seu origen etimològic més probable evoca la idea de «mossegar l'ham» o «mossegar l'ham molt més» (trol és un tipus de pesca en anglès).

Mentre la paraula  trol i el seu verb associat trolejar  estan vinculats amb una discussió a Internet, els mitjans de comunicació en els anys recents l'han tractada com un adjectiu, i la fan servir per a etiquetar accions intencionalment provocatives i assetjaments fora d'un context en línia. Per exemple, els mitjans de comunicació han fet servir trol per a descriure a «una persona que danya els llocs d'elogi a Internet amb l'ànim de causar dolor a les famílies».

La repressió dels trols quan són força nocius és possible dins del marc legal existent, però la comunitat d'internet i juristes s'hi oposen en témer que pugui anar en contra de la llibertat d'expressió. L'usuari que pateix provocacions trolaires ja pot actuar. El primer principi és no alimentar el trol amb reaccions als seus missatges. A més, segons el programari es pot bloquejar, denunciar al proveïdor del servei o també a un cos policial a qui s'ha de reenviar el missatge amb un comentari.

Se l'ha de distingir de les respostes irades en un diàleg a Internet.

Etimologia
La paraula trol prové de l'anglès modern, el verb troll -anomenada curricà en català- és una tècnica de pesca que consisteix a arrossegar lentament un esquer o un ham amb esquer des d'una barca en moviment. per extensió, es va emprar el substantiu trol per a designar els qui actuen amb afany de provocació.

A partir de la coincidència amb la paraula que prové del nòrdic antic, que designa el trol (monstre mitològic), s'ha amalgamat el significat de provocador amb el de l'ésser mitològic, especialment en un sentit pejoratiu.

La paraula evoca els trols del folklore escandinau i els contes infantils, on són sovint criatures obstinades a fer entremaliadures i malícies. La imatge del trol sota el pont en el conte «Els tres cabrits rondinaires» (també conegut com «El gegant i les tres cabretes») emfatitza la reacció negativa del trol cap als estranys que s'endinsen en el seu entorn físic, particularment per aquells que tenen la intenció de pastar en els seus dominis sense permís.

El primer ús col·loquial de la paraula trolling fora de l'àmbit d'Internet per a descriure accions deliberades dutes a terme per tal de provocar una reacció, es pot trobar en les Forces Armades: cap a 1972, està documentat l'ús de trolling per part dels pilots de l'Armada dels Estats Units per a descriure els caces MiG a la Guerra del Vietnam.

S'afirma que l'ús contemporani del terme va tenir la seva aparició a Internet a finals de la dècada del 1980, però els primers exemples coneguts provenen de 1992.

Història primerenca

La derivació més possible de la paraula trol pot ser trobada en la frase «trolling for newbies» (trolejar novells), popularitzada en l'inici dels anys 90 en el grup d'Usenet, alt.folklore.urban (AFU).

Comunament, es pot entendre com una broma interna relativament suau entre els usuaris veterans, presentant qüestions i temes que van ser tant ben fetes que els usuaris nous ho poden prendre seriosament. Per exemple, un veterà del grup pot crear una publicació en la idea equivocada comuna que el vidre flueix a través del temps. Els lectors amb més temps poden reconèixer el nom de qui va publicar i conèixer sobre què estan parlant, però els nous subscriptors al grup no podrien captar-encara, i respondrien així. Aquests tipus de trols serveixen com una pràctica per identificar informació privilegiada del grup. Aquesta definició de trolling, considerablement més estreta que l'enteniment modern del terme, va ser considerada una contribució positiva. Un dels trols més notoris d'AFU, David Mikkelson, va crear el lloc web de folklore urbà  Snopes.com.

A la fi dels anys 90,  alt.folklore.urban  va tenir tal gran tràfic i participació que el trolling d'aquest tipus arrufar les celles. Altres van expandir el terme per incloure la pràctica de gastar una broma a un usuari seriosament desinformat o enganyat, fins i tot en un grup de notícies on un no va ser recurrent. No obstant això, el terme és més d'humor que de provocació.

En altres idiomes
En islandès, þurs (un thurs) o tröll (trol) potser es refereixi als trols. Els verbs  þursa  (trolejar) i  þursast  (ser un trol, trolejar a) poden ser usats.

En xinès, trol és referit com bái mù (), que pot ser simplement explicat com «ulls sense pupil·les», en el sentit que mentre la pupil·la de l'ull és usada per a la visió, l'escleròtica no pot ser vista, i el trol involucra parlar a cegues coses sense sentit a Internet, tenint total indiferència a les sensibilitats o no estar conscient de la situació a mà, similar al tenir els ulls en blanc. Un terme alternatiu és  bái lan  (), que descriu una publicació completament absurda i sense sentit feta per fastiguejar als altres. Tots dos termes es van originar a Taiwan, i també estan en ús en Hong Kong i Xina continental. Una altra denominació, xiǎo bái (() és un terme derogatori que fa a tots dos bái mù i bái lan, i va ser usat en fòrums d'Internet per un autor anònim.

En japonès,  vol dir «pescar», i es refereix a les publicacions intencionalment enganyoses l'únic propòsit és provocar als lectors. El terme  significa «deixant deixalles», i també pot ser usat per referir-se al correu brossa.

En coreà,  nak-si  (낚시) significa «pescar», i és usada per referir-se als intents de troleig a Internet , així com les publicacions amb títols enganyosos llocs així a propòsit.

Al idioma portuguès, en la seva variant més comuna en el brasiler, trol (tɾɔw en la pronunciació portuguesa) és el terme usual per denotar als trols d'Internet (exemples de termes derivats comuns són trolismo o trolagem , «trolling» i el verb  trolar , «to troll», que va entrar en l'ús popular), però una expressió antiga, usada per aquells que volen evitar anglicismes o argot, és  complexo do pombo enxadrista  per denotar el comportament dels trols, i  Pombos enxandristas  (literalment, «coloms escaquistes», o simplement  Pombos , són els termes usats per nomenar els trols). Els termes són explicats per una dita: «Discutir amb fulano és el mateix que jugar escacs amb un colom: el colom es passeja pel tauler, fa caure les peces, es defeca en aquest i simplement vola, cantant victòria ».

Al idioma tailandès, el terme «Krian» (เกรียน) ha estat adoptat per descriure als trols d'Internet. El terme literalment es refereix a un tall de cabell molt curt portat per la majoria dels nois escolars a Tailàndia, comparant així als trols d'Internet amb nois escolars entremaliats. El terme «top Krian» (ต บ เกรียน), o «bufetejar un cap pelicorta» es refereix a l'acte de publicar respostes intel·ligents per refutar i considerar com ximples els missatges dels trols d'Internet.

 Referències

 Enllaços externs

 Desenvolupament de la incidència i seguretat
 The Trolling Academy - assessorament, comentaris i entrenament per combatre els trols
 Get Safe Online - assessorament gratuït sobre experts en seguretat en línia

 Antecedents i definicions

 definició NetLingo

 Acadèmic i debat
 Cerca de seguretat en línia: administrar "Trolling" en un fòrum feminista <! - - espantar pressupostos del document original ->
 Com respondre a la ira d'Internet
 Malwebolence - The World of Web Trolling;  New York Times Magazine , per Mattathias Schwartz; 3 d'agost de 2008.
 Internet: Els Trolls són narcisistes, psicòpates i sadistes. Jennifer Golbeck per a "Psychology Today''". 18 de setembre de 2014.

Cultura d'Internet
Psicologia social


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A beautiful set of three burp cloths with fabric center panels in stylish colors and patterns. This burp cloth set features arrows and geometric lattice designs in light blue, grey and white color. Makes a great baby shower gift!
These high quality burp cloths are handmade just for you. They are pretty enough for special outings but durable for every day use.
Super soft, loved the patterns. Would shop here over and over.


text:
Q: Query for below code of ASIHTTPRequest what is purpose of using ^ sign in below code?
__block ASIHTTPRequest *request = [ASIHTTPRequest requestWithURL:sourceURL];
    [request setCompletionBlock:^{
        NSLog(@"Image downloaded.");
        NSData *data = [request responseData];
        image = [[UIImage alloc] initWithData:data];
        [[NSNotificationCenter defaultCenter] postNotificationName:@"com.razeware.imagegrabber.imageupdated" object:self];
    }];
    [request setFailedBlock:^{
        NSError *error = [request error];
        NSLog(@"Error downloading image: %@", error.localizedDescription);
    }];

A: ^ Sign symbolizes the block of code as the whole function is written der itself rather than creating a method and calling it using a @selector.
Hope this helps you.

A: The caret (^) introduces a block literal and the curly braces enclose statements that make up the body of the block. You can think of a block as being similar to an anonymous function.
You should refer this article..


text:
For Elite Athletes, Stronger Might Not Mean Faster
Doug Dupont
Many athletes work to develop leg strength as a means of improving speed. This is because greater power is required in the legs if you plan to exert more force against the ground. Putting more force into the ground sounds like it would make you faster all on its own, but a large component of running speed is reducing the amount of time spent on the ground, which requires greater power.
In a study this month in the Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, researchers investigated the transfer effect from performing strength and power exercises. The study asked whether or not exercise in the gym and power drills on the field are good ways to improve speed in elite level rugby players.
The design of this analysis was two-fold. First, it was a causal-comparative cross sectional design. This means the researchers compared the strength of the athletes to their speed at one specific point in time. The study was also longitudinal, meaning the investigators looked at one group of rugby players over the course a year to find out if changes in strength went hand-in-hand with changes in speed.
The tests for strength and the workout in the longitudinal part of the study were similar, which is important to note. The strength tests involved a jumping test, a power clean, and a front squat. The training itself was individualized and occurred in two to four sessions per week, depending on the player and the time of year. The program included the strength test exercises and other typical strength lifts.
The first part of the study included forty rugby players, divided into the twenty fastest players and the twenty slowest players. Speed was gauged not just in maximal velocity but also acceleration, the latter of which is more important for most sports. Although rugby players were studied, neither the tests nor workouts were specific to rugby per se, so the results would apply to any athlete.
The faster players were indeed stronger and more powerful than the slower players. It's interesting to note, however, that the slower players had stronger correlations to the tests for maximum speed. This could be caused by several factors. Perhaps there was a greater skill component for the faster players, since top speed requires less relative strength than acceleration. My own theory is that the difference could also be related to the fact that acceleration is more quad-focused, whereas top speed is hamstring-focused. This would explain the stronger correlation between the power clean and relative strength.
The second part of the study addressed some of these questions. The front squat had several moderate correlations, but only the power clean showed a strong enough effect to be considered for transfer of strength calculations. This is mostly because the change in strength over the year for the fifteen rugby players was pretty low due to experience, scheduling, and injuries. Despite the small improvements, there was still a causal effect of the power clean, particularly on maximal velocity stride length.
These results confirm what many coaches already know. Relative strength is important for athletes who do a lot of running in their sports. But beyond a certain level of strength, practice and technique need to be the focus of speed development.
1. Matt Barr, et. al., "The transfer effect of strength and power training to the sprinting kinematics of international rugby players," Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, DOI: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000000423
Photo courtesy of Shutterstock.
See more about: strength and conditioning, speed
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Home of the Alpha Squad.
The next chapter of the Destiny experience is just around the corner. Here's what you need to know to be a part of our section of the universe.
Bungie is changing the clan and group system in preparation of Destiny 2 and this means a few changes will take place. Due to our group founder being unreachable, the default settings Bungie have put in place will be a deletion of the current clan with the group staying as is. Only the founder will be able to claim the group name and start a new one.
This is where the change is. The staff have enabled the clan on a second group where all members can join. You should click this link and join the clan. There's nothing to lose because the current clan will be deleted by Bungie. All members of the second group have until the end of August 23rd to join the clan or they will be removed from the group, by Bungie, and need to join again.
If you have any questions feel free to ask below.
Original link has been replaced with the new one. If you'd rather just search for it the clan name is Spartan I Project Clan.
Hi all .. dang it, missed the conversion date.
What's the name of the new clan I need to (re)join in order to be migrated to the new game?
Thx very much for your help!!!
LOL .. Nevermind, I figured it out!
Thx for taking the time to set this up Love the banner!
The link's been 404'd. Not sure if that's Bungie "hiding" things until D2 launches or some sort of mishap.
The link was from before Bungie took everything down for maintenance. Now it's a different URL and I haven't had the chance to change it yet. Working on that now. I didn't know it was back up until 1 this morning when my phone suddenly got the notification.
There a way to send an invite to join the new clan?
Don't think so until game is live. Just go to the link and sign in and click join.
Thanks for the clarification NeoRman. Hope to see all of you in-game soon.
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Things are starting to get exciting around these parts! Club members are actively training up on Mt. Hood. We're seeing our first snows (keep it comin!) and we're preparing for our holiday meetings, potlucks, parties, and race days. Visit our Calendar page to stay in the know.


text:
Press Contacts | Accreditation
Giro-E meets Saimon Polini
Giro-E meets Saimon Polini, 46, marketing director of Polini Motori, a family business. He does so at the opening of EICMA 2021. Today, Saimon Polini is the main figure in an interview published in the mobility supplement of the newspaper Il Foglio.
The company, based in Alzano Lombardo (Bergamo), has a long history, starting in 1945 as a bicycle manufacturer. Then, it became famous with two-stroke engine tuning kits (who doesn't remember the Polini kit for the Vespa?). In 2016, the "conversion": an electric motor to be mounted on bikes. Today it is one of the main producers of electric motors for e-bikes in Italy, along with OLI (Cesena), Askoll (Dueville, Vicenza), and FIVE (Bologna), which produces not only motors but also batteries in a ZEB, Zero Emission Building. There are no official figures, but Italian production of motors for e-bikes is expected to exceed 25,000 pieces per year – not such a small amount.
"We produce 6,000 pieces per year, which are mounted on high-end bikes, but also tandems, cargo and city bikes," explains Polini. "We could increase our production up to 8,000 motors, but right now many companies are not assembling the bicycles because of lack of components. We got inspired when we bought some e-bikes equipped with rear-hub motor. Our technical department disassembled the motors and then bought a mid-drive motor bike… That's where our research kicked off. The prototypes of the first motors were designed and produced and, in 2017, we launched the EP3 on the market – a name indicating the third version we have manufactured."
Today everyone is talking about e-bikes, but that was not the case then
"When we started the project, 90 percent of the electric market included city bikes. Our sporty and racing soul made us immediately think of the most difficult bike to equip: the racing bike. In 2017, in Verona we presented our motor mounted on a racing frame, something no one had ever done. We are proud we went our own way and didn't imitate anyone. We are also proud that today we are helping many small and medium-sized manufacturers grow, and with us they are taking an increasingly significant share of the market."
Why a mid-drive motor? Today, many city and racing e-bikes have hub-drive motors.
"The hub motor is very limited, both in terms of power – hence performance – and development. The mid-drive motor is more structured. It weighs more, but it allows you to think about the future. With the new motor we presented last May – the EP3+ – we've made great leaps at the software and hardware levels, with innovations that allows for energy saving during the rides, which makes the battery last longer with the same performance. It's important to have a powerful motor on a pedal-assist bike, because then it is never used at full power and battery power is saved. We have five drive/power modes: most people only use the first two or three. The hub motors, which have less power, are often used at full power by people who are looking for help while pedalling. That means they use up the battery sooner. What counts is the bike's power-to-weight ratio: it is not the lightest bikes that go faster, but those with more power. And when you have a motor on a bike, it is not the extra two or three kilos that matters, provided that the motor is powerful."
One of the challenges of the e-bike is range, but it is difficult to quantify
"Because there are too many variables related to the bike. You need to know how much the person weighs, how well-trained they are, what kind of tires they use, whether it's windy… When we talk about range, we never give a specific figure. There are people who did a gruesome Gran fondo, like Nove Colli, with our engines and after 200 kilometres they still had some battery power. But they were very well-trained riders. Stefano Passeri, the EWS world champion, climbed 3,000 metres elevation gain on one battery in his last race in Scotland, on a rainy and riding a mountain bike, which is heavier."
What can Made in Italy give to the e-bike world?
"Quality, design, performance. In Italy we may not have the companies with the biggest manufacturing output, but we do have companies with prominent reputation. Our engines are one hundred percent Polini: engineering, moulds, prototypes machined from solid, crankcase machining, assembly. Everything is done in-house in Bergamo. Polini motors are fully Polini.
What can be done to promote cycling in cities?
"Creating bike parking, because bicycles are easy to steal. I myself don't use it in the city, because I never know where to leave it, especially if I am riding a nice bike. If secure parking were created for bicycles, it would encourage people to use them. That would be important, because with today's bicycles, which have ever-increasing performance and range, you can really think about a daily use of the bike, even by those who live outside the city."
Will you be returning to Giro-E, after your experience with the BFD team in 2019?
"If we find teams that want to equip their bikes with our motor, we'll be super glad and will certainly support them, since all those who did the Giro-E with our motor enjoyed it."
IN THE PHOTO Stefano Passeri, EWS-E world champion (world circuit dedicated to enduro on e-bikes) in the Vet 50+ category on a Polini motorized Fulgor.
About Giro-E
Come to Giro-E


text:
A new barter scheme tries to short-circuit the distortion of aesthetic value
What would you do for the following? A melting tehnicholor landscape. A telephone earpiece with tiny squawking birds waiting to ravage the caller's ear. A romantic message about the memories we carry in our souls spelt out in solar panel powered lightbulbs. Three box-lit lit close-ups of an anus perhaps?
This is the concept behind Art Barter, an exhibition that is the lovechild of two young curators Lauren Jones and Alix Junta, and which asks what value we put on art. Fifty emerging and established artists have offered their work up to the public in return for . . . well, anything except money.
"In a world where the actual piece of work and its message or beauty often falls second to the hype or price that is attached, we hope to encourage people to value the work themselves, not for the name or price tag attached" says Jones.
For the next three days these fifty -- among them big guns such as Tracey Emin, Mat Collinshaw, Gary Hume and Gavin Turk -- will grace the walls of The Rag Factory, Hume and Emin's old studio off Brick Lane. Their identities are kept anonymous, in order that personal taste is allowed to dictate the value of the work -- at least that's the idea.
But some are a giveaway. Simon Tyszko, who has built a full size replica of a Dakota wing in his apartment in Fulham offers the whole lot, wing and apartment complete with a 98-year lease. What he is expecting in exchange? "A hamlet in the South of France".
One corner of the exhibition is reserved for punters scribbling on "barter forms" with tiny pencils. They are offering anything from home-cooked curries and trumpet lessons to adult-sized giraffe suits or "the fur of 25 minks".
Artists are not obliged to accept and it remains to be seen whether these noble intentions can have any effect on an industry where notions of value and worth have become so skewed. At best, the popularity and support that Art Barter has achieved could indicate a re-emerging bohemian sensibility among some of Britain's most eminent artists; at worst, it is at least an entertaining experiment for all involved.
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The American Society of Landscape Architects (ASLA) announced this week that Mayer/Reed won an Honor Award in Residential Design for its work on Bud Clark Commons. The society will present the award for the project to Mayer/Reed at its November annual meeting in Boston.
Bud Clark Commons is an urban mixed-use facility in Northwest Portland that offers comprehensive services to homeless persons. Mayer/Reed provided landscape architecture, urban design and visual communications services for the project, working closely with the project architects, Holst Architecture.
The ASLA awards program recognizes the best in the landscape architecture of public places, residential designs, campuses, parks and urban planning projects from across the United States and around the world. A jury composed of top practitioners and academicians from throughout North America selected this year's honorees.


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Sheffield United Sign Scott Hogan on Loan from Aston Villa Until End of Season
Sheffield United have made Aston Villa striker Scott Hogan their third signing of the January window, as manager Chris Wilder has moved to add some fire-power to his squad.
The 26-year-old joins the Blades until the end of the season, having managed just seven appearances for Villa in all competitions, most recently in the 3-0 FA Cup defeat to Swansea earlier in the month.
 HOGAN SIGNS
✍ Aston Villa striker Scott Hogan arrives at Bramall Lane on-loan until the end of the season.
"Scott had options but he made it clear that he wanted to join us and that goes a long way in my book."#SUFC
— Sheffield United (@SUFC_tweets) January 31, 2019
"I've made no secret of my admiration for Scott and his abilities, we made enquiries about him in the last window and we've had to be patient," Wilder told the Sheffield United website.
"He is a player we know a lot about and we are confident that he will be a great addition to what we already have. Options at the top end of the pitch are vitally important and in the situation we find ourselves in, Scott offers us a new dimension.
 "I'm finally here and I can't wait to get started. There's no hiding from the fact it's been a difficult time at Villa, I've been there two years and had relative success, but personally it didn't really happen for me."#TwitterBlades #SUFC #ForgedinSteel ⚔⚪⚫
"Also, Scott had options but he made it clear that he wanted to join us and that goes a long way in my book."
United will be hoping the addition of Hogan can help them climb the Championship table even further, as they find themselves in third place, in pursuit of Norwich and Leeds for the automatic promotion places.
⚡ ⚡ H O G A N S I G N S ⚡ ⚡#SUFC // #LoanDeal pic.twitter.com/A0VP3a3CSR
He is likely to go straight into the squad for the clash against Bolton Wanderers on Saturday.


text:
Q: DB Cursor Failures on Google BigQuery Need to understand why did the below query failed in GCP BigQuery. What are the possible reasons for failure?
The 3 DB cursors which failed for the script to ingest the data into Mongo:
All 3 were running on the same table, and they get authentication error:
{
  "error": {
    "code": 401,
    "message": "Request is missing required authentication credential. Expected OAuth 2 access token, login cookie or other valid authentication credential. See https://developers.google.com/identity/sign-in/web/devconsole-project.",
    "errors": [
      {
        "message": "Login Required.",
        "domain": "global",
        "reason": "required",
        "location": "Authorization",
        "locationType": "header"
      }
    ],
    "status": "UNAUTHENTICATED"
  }
}


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ARCHAEOLOGY NEWS – Ancient Digger brings you the latest archaeology news and headlines everyday of the week!
A lesion on the foot of a 2,000-year-old skeleton discovered in a Roman burial site in northern Italy appears to constitute rare tangible evidence of execution by crucifixion, according to an interdisciplinary team of Italian researchers.
New research has rubbished our perception of it as a region inhabited solely by white Europeans. Roman Britain was actually a highly multicultural society which included newcomers and locals with black African ancestry and dual heritage, as well as people from the Middle East.
A male skeleton unearthed in 1996 and dating from some time in the 6th to 8th century AD showed evidence of a man who not only survived his right hand being chopped off, he attached a large knife in its place. The remarkable specimen, known as T US 380, is described in new research published in the Journal of Anthropological Sciences. T US 380 was recovered from one of 164 tombs excavated from the Longobard necropolis near Verona in northern Italy in the 1980s and 1990s.
Over her two decades of observation, Knott says, orangutan numbers have declined, but the population she studies in Gunung Palung National Park in Indonesia remains a stronghold for the species. Knott's research project is one of the longest running studies of wild orangutans. She also works to protect them through her organization, the Gunung Palung Orangutan Conservation Program.
Large Sunken Island Existed off Bulgaria's Black Sea Coast till Middle Ages, According to Roman Era Maps, Geomorphology Research. A sizable but now destroyed and/or sunken island – likely the size of Greece's Aegean island of Thasos – existed in the Black Sea off the southern Black Sea coast of today's Bulgaria but disappeared as a result of natural calamity sometime in the Middle Ages, a report points out.