You know that crisp, cool day, just before the heat of summer yields its scorching temperatures, that seems to come out of nowhere to remind us that fall is around the corner. There is at least one of these "foreseasonal" days towards the end of each season. It's like the universe's way of giving us a heads up that something new is coming.
I realized a couple decades ago that this gift of the universe is not exclusive to seasons. For every significant experience in my life, there have been similar moments of peering forward that let me know where I was headed. I remember riding up the elevator of The Baltimore Sun ~ I'm not sure if it was a particular smell, or the way the light was reflecting off of the stainless trim on the elevator door, but I do know that in that moment I heard an internal voice say, "I will be working here sometime soon." Sure enough, within a few months I was. I am guessing that I am not the only one with these semi-psychic experiences. I am also assuming that this phenomenon is not reserved for individuals, but can be more generalized.
I was at the wedding of two community changers in Baltimore recently. I am only semi-sentimental. Well, that is a semi-lie. But I certainly don't cry when there is nothing but the architecture of ceremony to evoke emotion. This was different. Really different. It was a perfect day. Billowing white clouds. The temperature was warm enough to hold you, with a breeze that kissed you cool just when you needed to feel it. The setting was an absurdly enchanting place ~ The Cloisters. It looked like a full scale gingerbread castle, with a glistening slab mica schist roof ~ impossibly heavy, and absolutely eatable. Flowers abounded, bursting out of the earth like I remember from my childhood visit to Hawaii. And the people were as radiant and multicolored as the flora. It was as if the gods said that it was ok for babylon to fall, just for this moment, to remind us of what we can be.
The children ran carefree, with flowing dresses and little suits, allowing all the adults to care for them as if they were their dearest aunts and uncles. As the African Drums announced the procession, time stopped to watch. The drummers were dark, beautiful and strong. A stilted glowing white bird emerged from the castle reaching six feet above the heads of the procession. Then came the fathers with their daughters perched upon their shoulders, both adorned with huge flowered robes that flowed to the ground. The girls distributed paper cranes, flower pedals, and rainbowed bubbles throughout the gathering. Feathered girls and tassle-capped boys followed ~ faces shining with the spectacle.
The procession opened. A sound emerged that pulled open my heart to its breaking point as it moved through my soul. Radant Sisters, adorned in Gomesi and other traditional garb, hands opened to the heavens, moved and sang in harmonic waves as though our lives depended upon their song. Everyone, to the smallest baby was as still as a tree.
When the song fell silent, Mark and Rebecca emerged, holding hands, joining their many worlds together. A Black, revolutionary healer, with a White, Jewish, creative, facing each other under a flowing chuppah held by witnesses honoring the four corners of the globe. They spoke intimate truth to each other and to us. They laughed and cried as we echoed the emotional honesty. In that foreseasonal moment, the world was in peace.
and the tears flowed free throughout the cloistered garden.
It does not matter that the summer's heat has returned. Nor is it important that the divisions that set us apart in this post babylonian age, continue to tear at the fabric of humanity. I know, that this moment was a remembering forward, that we as humans will find a way to hear the song the Sisters sing again, and that we will learn their ways and weave the torn pieces of beautiful and tattered fabric together into a quilted tapestry that will cover, protect and adorn us all.


text:
Home Tags Tony Iommi
Tag: Tony Iommi
Ozzy Osbourne Thankful Of Support From Fellow Rock Stars
Dalton Mac Namee - October 9, 2022 0
Ozzy Osbourne has stated that he is very grateful for the outpouring of support given to him from fellow rock stars,...
Ozzy Osbourne Wants To Continue Touring Despite Health Struggles
Dalton Mac Namee - September 15, 2022 0
Despite recent health struggles, Ozzy Osbourne has insisted that he is still keen to continue touring. The Black Sabbath star has insisted...
Ozzy Osbourne Was Not Always Keen On Touring With Black...
Ozzy Osbourne has admitted that he has not always been too keen to tour with Black Sabbath, claiming that himself and...
How Talking To A Horse Prompted Ozzy Osbourne To Give...
Ozzy Osbourne has revealed that talking to a horse for an hour prompted him to stop taking acid. Speaking a recent interview,...
Ozzy Osbourne Makes Surprise Appearance At Commonwealth Games
Ozzy Osbourne made a surprise appearance at Birmingham's Commonwealth Games. You can check out a clip of that performance below. Osbourne had...
Brian May Hails Tony Iommi's Performance At Commonwealth Games
Brian May has heaped the praise on his "close friend" Tony Iommi for his performance at the opening ceremony of the...
Ozzy Osbourne And Tony Iommi Release New Single 'Degradation Rules'
Dalton Mac Namee - July 22, 2022 0
Ozzy Osbourne has released a brand new single, featuring Black Sabbath bandmate Tony Iommi. The new track, 'Degradation Rules' is out...
Duran Duran & Tony Iommi To Perform At Commonwealth Ceremony
Duran Duran and Tony Iommi will perform at the opening ceremony of the Commonwealth Games next week. Taking place next Thursday (July...
Black Sabbath Celebrates 52 Years Since The Birth of Heavy...
Gary Delaney - February 14, 2022 0
Fists flew high in rock solidarity this weekend with the world celebrating 51 years since the 'birth of metal', Black Sabbath's...
Ronnie James Dio Documentary To Be Released In 2022
Dalton Mac Namee - January 4, 2022 0
Having been first announced two years ago, the much anticipated documentary on Ronnie James Dio is to be released some time...

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Is Attack the best form of defense? Van Gaal has history to show that!
Is Attack the best form of defense? Van Gaal has history to show that! Manchester United have spent a net 127million pounds this transfer Window, more than any other side in the League.
Posted by:Junaid Effendi Posted date: Tuesday, September 02, 2014 /comment : 1
In a tipsy, nervy transfer Deadline day where most teams gone over the board to acquire the utility players they were after all the window before, Manchester United seemed to be the one topping that list, much to the happiness of their fans who were felt betrayed by the club's inability to sign players earlier in the Window. Louis Van Gaal would be a relieved man seeing he has enormous number of options up-front in a cluster of star-studded team now. This team is a huge improvement to where David Moyes last season however this fact should also be visible on the League table where Manchester United are worse than they were here, last season.
#454365648 / gettyimages.com
Manchester United have spent a net 127million pounds this transfer Window, more than any other side in the League.
While Champions League is a binding factor for players moving to clubs now-a-days, it seems the fact has gone into dustbin as Angel DI Maria moved from the European Champions to no-Europe at all to suffice his move to his favourite boyhood club Manchester United. While other players like Daley Blind and Radamel Falcao have also followed suit, it would be interesting to note that the defensive problems are still there for the Manchester United boss to tackle on his own after a lack of two World Class center-backs. However as the title above mentioned suggests, United should learn from the Derby rivals Liverpool in order to get back in the Champions League next season.
Liverpool last season conceded a half century of goals. Created the most number of chances and scored the 2nd most number of goals in the League with all things happening at a rapid face. United conceded 10 goals less than the Merseyside's club still they finish 5 places below them which was their lowest ever Premier League finish. Time to learn from who they abhor back then!
Ryan Giggs once said that his Manchester United side will never fell apart like Liverpool, well maybe he is right as United have the financial muscle in the transfer market that could portray even Sam Allardyce as an attacking manager, let alone the Legend at the Old Trafford now. However, in the absence of any quality center back, question is how they will survive against the high scoring Liverpool, Chelsea and Manchester City sides. The answer is simple, by un-doing their effect.
If you look at Van Gaal famous side of Bayern Munich and Barcelona, the highest number of goals his team ever scored is 87 in a League season. While the most number of goals conceded by his Barcelona team was 56, the year they won the League by scoring 78 goals with a modest goal difference of +22. So the Dutchman certainly have the history to put the glory to his side even by conceding goals by and large.
Last season, Luis Suarez and Daniel Sturridge were involved in 51 of the goals directly without assists and with Falcao having not managed an assist for quite some time now, this might be the stat his agent has given to Manchester United. The Red Devils might remain shaky at the back, concede goals and do some errors as characterized by the horrible performance against MK Dons, but one thing that hasn't been visible for them is the goal scoring threat that should erupt now.
Having finishers like Falcao who have scored hat-tricks in European Cup finals amid creators like Di Maria who has assisted the most number of goals last season and was phenomenal in the World Cup before his injury, Wayne Rooney could afford to sit deep and dictate the play as he has done for Sir Alex Ferguson side that won titles. United may concede goals, but they can score a lot more than that and this is the policy Van Gaal has put his money on!
Falcao has managed to provide just 4 assists in last 4 seasons playing for Atletico Madrid and later for Monaco.
So even If United might not concede as many goals like Liverpool last season, they have the midfielders as well as the attackers that can manage the Merseyside club tally of goals and once Falcao, Rooney and Di Maria will come out on pitch, the most severest of defenses in the League will be tested no matter if they park buses or not. So Certainly,United have all in mind when they gone for attackers and this theory should prove its worth on the pitch.
Amir Bashir follow him on Twitter.
Tagged with: Amir Articles barclays premier league Manchester United news and articles
Thatcasinobonus.com - great casino bonus offers.
Top 10 Most Profitable Transfers Of All-Time
Top Ten Most Prolific Premier League Goal scorers of All-Time
Top 10 Most Expensive Brazilian Signings
All Time Greatest Manchester United XI
Top five Real Madrid players of all time
barclays premier league Transfer news Arsenal Manchester United Liverpool La Liga Chelsea Serie A Real Madrid Manchester City Barcelona bundesliga. Juventus Completed Transfer Bayern Munich
Bony or Lukaku, who should Liverpool sign?
Top 5 Football Betting Apps
Two Football Online Pokies to Play
Copyright © , Football News Guru | Reproduction without explicit permission is prohibited. All rights reserved. Designed By Uong Jowo, powered by FNDtek


Muslims believe the sharia law has been revealed by God. In many cases, even if a civil divorce has been granted, individuals will also ask to be divorced by a sharia council.
There are at least 85 of these in the UK, Corbin reported, which are ruling on matters from residents' disputes to divorces, even, according to barrister Charlotte Proudman, on child contact matters. "They're totally unregulated, unauthorised, there's no accountability, and many of them are not operating in accordance with UK law," Proudman said.


Blue Control is an extraordinary new lens coating for glasses that reduces your exposure to harmful blue light.
Blue light has been implicated as a risk factor for Macular Degeneration. While Blue Control lenses are not a cure for Macular Degeneration, they may reduce the risk in susceptible individuals.
With the increasing visual demands on our eyes of near and computer work, it is believed that Blue Control may help to reduce eye fatigue in computer users. Blue light is thought to play a role in regulating sleep patterns, and reducing blue light exposure at night may help reduce fatigue.
High energy blue light is more prevalent in LED (light emitting diode) light sources. LED lights are found in computer/ laptop screens, TVs, smart phones, tablet computers and increasingly in light bulbs. Increased use of these LED devices is increasing our exposure to high energy blue light. This has prompted the new research into the potential harmful effects of blue light.


text:
How to Set Up Unity for Mobile Games
January 9, 2023 November 8, 2019 by Lindsay Schardon
You can access the full course here: Mobile Game Development for Beginners
Adding Mobile Components
In order to build to Android or iOS, we need to add the corresponding components to our Unity version. In the Unity Hub, go to the Installs tab and identify the version of Unity you're using. Click on the three dots and select Add Component.
We can now either select Android Build Support and Android SDK & NDK Tools if we're building to Android, or iOS Build Support if we're building to iOS. Then click Next.
Now let's create a new project, making sure that the version is the same one we added the components to.
In the project, let's go to the Build Settings screen (File > Build Settings…) and switch the platform to either Android or iOS.
In the next lesson, we're going to setup the editor for mobile.
Hey everyone. In this lesson we are gonna be going over how to set up Unity for Android or iOS so that you can then create a game, and build it to either your Android or iOS device.
First of all, I'm here inside of the Unity Hub. What we need to do is make sure that we actually have the Android or iOS components installed to our version of the Unity editor. I'm gonna click on the installs button up here to go to where I have all the different versions of the engine that are installed. And I'm gonna be using Unity 2019.1. As long as you're using 2019, then building to Android you don't actually need to download the external Android SDK or anything like that. It's all built into Unity already.
All we need to do, once you have your version of Unity installed, we need to click on these three little dots here. And then select add component. What we want to do is we want to either select Android Build Support and the Android SDK & NDK Tools. This is about 4.8 gigs, and this will install all the stuff we need in order to build to an Android device. Otherwise, if you want to build to an iOS device, then you can just select the iOS Build Support down here. But, for now, in this course I'm gonna be building to an Android device, so I'll be selecting the Android Build Support and Android SDK & NDK Tools. And then I'll just click on next here. We can then click on I have read and agree with the above terms. Click done, and it should then begin to install.
Now, inside of Unity there isn't really that many differences that we'll be doing, depending on if you're building to Android or iOS. It's all relatively the exact same, except for when we're actually building the project for Android where I would just build it directly to a device, whereas with iOS you do have to build it, and then build it again inside of Xcode. But if you're building to an iOS device we'll go over how to set up Xcode, how to set that all up, and connect it to your device.
All right, once that's finished installing we can just check to see if we have all the components added. Yep, and it seems that I have Android Build Support already installed, or if you'd done iOS Build Support that will be installed as well. What we can do now is create a new Unity project. I'll click on the new button up here. I'm gonna enter this as just MobileCourse. The Unity version, we want to use that 19.1, as that's where we installed our Android component. And then we can just click create projects and get inside of the editor.
All right, here we are inside of the Unity editor. Now what we need to do is convert our platform over to either Android or iOS. Now, as you can see in the top of the screen here, it says we're in the PC, Mac, and Linux standalone platform inside of Unity. To change that we can go file, build settings. And here in the build setting what we should see now is either the Android or iOS platform here. I'm just gonna select Android, and then click on the switch platform button.
Now, depending on how large your existing project is this could take some time. But since we are in a brand new project that's empty it happens almost instantly. Now you can see at the top of the screen it says Android.
In the next lesson, we are gonna be going over just setting up the editor a bit. We'll be adding in our folders, importing some assets, and just setting up a little basic scene where we can start going over all the different touch inputs and gestures in future lessons. We'll also go over how to set up some different aspect ratios in the game view to match whatever your device is. So see you all in the next lesson.
Interested in continuing? Check out the full Mobile Game Development for Beginners course, which is part of our Unity Game Development Mini-Degree.
Build an Educational AR App to Mobile
Unity vs. Unreal – Choosing a Game Engine
Categories 2D, Unity Tags game optimization tutorial, web class
How to Build a Webpage with Next.js
The Beginner's Guide to Unity Certification
Best RPG Tutorials – Making Role Playing Video Games
Best Puzzle Game Tutorials – Building Games to Test the Mind
Best Racing Game Tutorials – Cars, Tracks, and More


text:
Q: Find a polynomial with integer coefficients given a noninteger root Find a polynomial $p(x)$ with integer coefficients such that $a = \sqrt2 + \sqrt[3]{2}$ is a root.
How would I approach this problem? I've tried Vieta's and the RRT, but not really sure how to use them here.

A: Hint:$(a-\sqrt{2})^3 = 2$ and solve for $\sqrt{2}$ and square it again to get an equation in integer coefficients.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
ABOUT THE CREATOR
Jordan Page is a renown blogger, speaker, entrepreneur, wife, and mom to 6 kids (in 8 years!).
You may recognize her from her internationally recognized blog, FunCheapOrFree.com, her ultimate organization and time management program, ProductivityBootCamp.com, or from her national TV appearances on shows such as TLC, Today Show, Good Morning America, Rachael Ray, Inside Edition and more.
As a newlywed couple with a baby on the way, a mountain of debt, and $0 in savings (thanks to starting a business and a failed real estate investment), Jordan and her husband, Bubba, wondered if they would ever recover financially. Finding no resources that "spoke Jordan" (aka, made her hate budgeting any less than she already did), Jordan decided to forge the path herself, and figure out her own unique budgeting techniques and financial principles.
…and it worked.
In just 13 months they got out of $25,000 of debt, on a $31,000 income, and actually had fun while doing it!
Jordan started sharing her unconventional tips and tricks on a small hobby blog, which quickly went viral and escalated into a world-renown budgeting sensation that has taken the world by storm. Her "budgeting for the rest of us" methods have helped hundreds of families all over the globe live what she likes to call "an abundant life, on any budget."
Jordan and her husband, Bubba, have since helped change the lives of hundreds of thousands of families. Thus proving, not just by word, but in deed, that it's possible to live a millionaire lifestyle BECAUSE of budgeting and frugal living, not in spite of it.
Jordan's mission is to bring the new definition of frugal to the world and prove that it's not the drab, miserly, miserable "budgeting" of yesterday. It's fun, hip, sassy, flexible, organized, beautiful, and believe it or not, simpler than you ever imagined.
So pull up a chair, grab yourself a snack, and kiss your mama's "budget" goodbye…you're in for the ride of your life.
© Copyright 2019 FunCheapOrFree.com, LLC - All rights reserved.


text:
Spotlight shines on the economics of 'creativity' at Art Council workshops
Fri Mar 1st, 2013 12:33am
The San Juan County Arts Council will explore the impact of art on the islands economy in a series of free workshops on Lopez, Orcas and San Juan islands, beginning in the month of March.
Funded by a state Arts Commission grant, the workshops feature use of the "Creative Vitality Index" data collection system as a means to better understand economies of creativity. The Arts Council is partnering with San Juan Islands Visitors Bureau on this pilot project.
"We hope to both benchmark the county's creative economy and define its components and critical relationships," Dennis Ryan of the Arts Council said.
Workshops: March 19, Outlook Inn, Orcas, 10 a.m. to noon; March 20, Earthbox Orca Room, Friday Harbor, 1-3 p.m.; March 21, Lopez Library, 10 a.m. to noon (light refreshments available).
Studies show that the arts play a significant role in a local economy and its vitality, state Arts Commission Executive Director Kris Tucker said.
"This project helps us document at the local level just how important the arts are to community well-being, Tucker said.
For more about CVI: http://www.westaf.org/publications_and_research/cvi.


Pentax Imaging has launched a web site just to show off the work of Pentaxians around the world. The new site, www.pentaxphotogallery.com, was designed for Pentax photographers by Pentax Imaging, setting it apart from the other photo sharing sites that are almost ubiquitous.
In the past, Pentax has selected the best photographs taken with Pentax equipment and bound them together once a year in a coffee table-style book. The online Pentax Photo Gallery will allow people to see the photographer's work whenever they want and in six different languages: English, Spanish, German, French, Japanese and Italian.
At launch, the Pentax Photo Gallery will contain 2,500 images from more than 300 photographers from more than 40 countries. Photographers range in age from 16 to 80. At the site, you can learn about the photographers by reading their bios and viewing their images. If you're interested in submitting photos to the gallery, send Pentax an email for more information (photogallery (at) pentax.com). Images are chosen by artistic and technical merit. An optional voting system can be used to direct the selection of images in the future.
The website has a pretty slick Flash-based interface. It's designed so that it really showcases the art of the photographers on the site. The search interface allows you to search by Pentax camera model, Pentax lens, by photography category, or by artist.


text:
Guanxu (kinesiska: 官圩) är en köpinghuvudort i Kina. Den ligger i provinsen Guangdong, i den södra delen av landet, omkring 150 kilometer väster om provinshuvudstaden Guangzhou. Antalet invånare är . Befolkningen består av  kvinnor och  män. Barn under 15 år utgör  %, vuxna 15-64 år  %, och äldre över 65 år  %.

Runt Guanxu är det ganska tätbefolkat, med  invånare per kvadratkilometer. Närmaste större samhälle är Decheng,  km söder om Guanxu. I omgivningarna runt Guanxu växer huvudsakligen savannskog.

Genomsnittlig årsnederbörd är  millimeter. Den regnigaste månaden är maj, med i genomsnitt  mm nederbörd, och den torraste är januari, med  mm nederbörd.

Källor

Orter i Guangdong

WP:Projekt Kina

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Don't leave the dock without these items! They make sailing safer for you and your crewmates. As a carrier, use a soft duffel bag for easy stowing without metal buckles that can scratch woodwork.
Non-skid deck shoes (or sea boots) with non-marking soles.
Heavy-duty gloves (preferably leather) for line handling (fingertips cut off is OK).
Warm clothing head to foot (Note: The ambient temperature on the water is usually lower than on land).


Just a bit of fun with this one. I saw some of this as I came out of life drawing in Liverpool and added more bits to it to supply a narrative and add to the pun. I had a bit of a battle with the loose style and all the detail and the detail seems to have won out.


text:
Fishing for new anti-cancer drugs
Sep. 18, 2013, 8:00 AM
(iStock)
The Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway plays critical roles in embryonic development, including in dorsoventral (back-to-front) patterning in zebrafish. Because aberrant Wnt/beta-catenin activation is thought to cause a number of human diseases, especially cancers, pharmaceutical companies and academic investigators are actively seeking small molecules that inhibit this signaling pathway.
Charles Hong, M.D., Ph.D., associate professor of Medicine, and colleagues devised an in vivo zebrafish screen to identify small molecules that perturb dorsoventral patterning – and therefore might be Wnt inhibitors. In the Sept. 12 issue of Cell Reports, they describe the discovery of windorphen, a small molecule that blocks the Wnt signaling required for ventral development. They showed that windorphen selectively inhibits p300 histone acetyltransferase, a molecule that associates with beta-catenin to regulate gene expression – but that it does not block another beta-catenin-associated protein called CBP. They also demonstrated that windorphen kills cancer cells with activated Wnt signaling.
The findings suggest that windorphen and other small molecules that target the p300 protein may offer therapeutic advantages as anti-cancer agents.
This research was supported by a Veterans Administration Merit Award, a Developmental Grant from the Center for Research in Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva and Related Disorders, and grants from the National Institutes of Health (HL104040, HL100398, GM081635, GM103926, CA095103).
Cancer signaling pathway blocker
Colon cancer's cellular crossroads
Researchers find novel mechanism of resistance to anti-cancer drugs
Study explores anti-viral potential of existing drugs
Health and Medicine Reporter Research Aliquots cancer cell and developmental biology Cell Reports Charles Hong Department of Medicine Department of Pharmacology Division of Cardiovascular Medicine drug discovery NCI NHLBI NIGMS NIH Reporter Sept 13 2013 Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology Veterans Administration Wnt signaling zebrafish


text:
Asylum Information Database | European Council on Refugees and Exiles
Fact-finding visits
Comparative reports
2019: AUTHORITIES
2019: Reception
2018: Access II
2018: Access I
2018: Detention
2017: Vulnerability
2016: Procedures
Legal briefings
Statistical briefings
About AIDA
Country Report: Dublin Last updated: 30/11/20
Forum Réfugiés – Cosi Visit Website
Dublin statistics: 2019
Statistics on the application of the Dublin Regulation are not made available by the authorities prior to their publication on the Eurostat database. In 2019, 46,460 Dublin requests have been made by French authorities, up from 45,358 in 2018. At the end of the year, 36,900 of them were still in Dublin procedure and 9,560 persons re-channelled from a Dublin procedure to a regular or accelerated procedure (requalifiés). As regards the actual implementation of transfers in 2019, no detailed statistics were available at the time of writing. Nevertheless, the Ministry of Interior indicated that transfers had increased by 51%, which means that there have been about 5,335 transfers carried out in 2019, equalling to a 11.5% transfer rate.[1] In 2018, 3,533 transfers had been implemented (compared to 2,633 in 2017) mainly to Italy (1,647), Germany (783) and Spain (262)[2].
Application of the Dublin criteria
The Dublin procedure is applied to all asylum seekers without exception, as per the Regulation. The Ministry of Interior issued an instruction on 19 July 2016, recalling to all Prefectures that "in the current migration context, no asylum application should be registered as France's responsibility without prior verification whether France is in fact the responsible country."[3] The need to strictly apply the Dublin Regulation in response to important secondary movements was recalled by the Ministry in a circular of 23 March 2018.[4]
The official policy of the French Dublin Unit is that it does not transfer unaccompanied children under the Dublin Regulation.[5] Unaccompanied children can however be placed under a Dublin procedure by Prefectures if their claim is not processed before they reach the age of 18 or if they are deemed as adults after age assessment.
In practice, the elements taken into account to determine the Member State responsible can vary from one Prefecture to another but it has been observed that the taking of fingerprints (and therefore the identification of another responsible State) always takes precedence over the application of the other criteria.[6] Practice was expected to evolve with the implementation of the 2015 reform of the law on asylum as the Circular of 2 November 2015 stated that "in case another Member State would be responsible for processing the asylum claim, the Prefecture conduct the interview with the asylum seeker in order to establish his or her conditions of entry, his or her itinerary and potential family ties in another Member State."[7] The instruction of 19 July 2016 also reiterates that the presence of family members must always be inquired, even in the case of a Eurodac 'hit'.[8] In practice, the taking of fingerprints still remains decisive in the determination of the State responsible for processing the asylum claim and family ties are not really examined during the Dublin interview.
The dependent persons and discretionary clauses
It is difficult to know how the discretionary clauses are applied, although a 2017 order of the Council of State illustrates the use of the sovereignty clause in cases where a child with health conditions may encounter risks upon transfer to another country.[9] The use of the clause was encouraged in the context of the Calais camp dismantlement in 2016. In practice, it is possible to ask the Prefecture to be channelled from a Dublin procedure to a regular or accelerated procedure ("requalification") especially for vulnerable people, and the discretionary clause seems to be often applied for these situations in some districts. However, there is not data available on this issue.
While there is no official data available on how long a transfer takes place after the responsible Member State has accepted responsibility, civil society organisations have reported that it can vary from 1 to 153 days.[10]
The Dublin procedure is not carried out by the OFPRA but by a separate entity – the Prefectures – in accordance with the recast Asylum Procedures Directive.[11] The deadline of 3 months for Prefectures to issue an outgoing Dublin request starts running from the moment the applicant makes an application at the orientation platform (PADA) rather than the date of registration of the application at the "single desk", as confirmed by the Administrative Court of Appeal of Bordeaux in application of the Court of the Justice of the European Union (CJEU) ruling in Mengesteab.[12]
In practice, according to a sample analysed by La Cimade in 2018, a Dublin request is sent by the Prefectures to other countries within 21 days on average. This can range from requests sent on the day of registration of the claim at the GUDA, to requests sent after 91 days.[13] No data was made available for 2019, however.
When they go to the Prefecture to register as asylum seekers at the GUDA, all applicants are given an information leaflet explaining, among others, the Dublin procedure; Leaflet A, produced by the EU and translated into several languages.[14] They also receive the general guide for asylum seekers, also translated into several languages, and a form to notify their intention to introduce an asylum claim (see section on Registration). In practice, many asylum seekers do not seem to be really informed of the details of the procedure after their interview.
During the application process, the officers in Prefectures are requested to take fingerprints for each and every asylum seeker above 14 years old and they have a duty to check these fingerprints in the Eurodac database. An exception is made for asylum seekers whose fingerprints are unfit for identification i.e. unreadable. In this case, asylum seekers will be summoned again and their claim will be channelled into the accelerated procedure if their fingerprints are still unfit for identification,[15] with the exception of certain cases such as asylum seekers who are seriously ill. The asylum claim cannot be fully registered without the fingerprints have been taken and checked in Eurodac. Therefore, the asylum claim certification is only delivered once all information, including fingerprints, has been registered.[16]
Asylum seekers receive an asylum claim certification specifying the procedure under which they have been placed, for instance the Dublin procedure.[17] This asylum claim certification allows asylum seekers placed under Dublin to remain legally on the French territory during the entire procedure for the determination of the responsible State.
Once a claim is channelled under the Dublin procedure, the applicant receives a second information leaflet on the Dublin procedure (Leaflet B, produced by the EU and translated into several languages)[18] and a Dublin notice document (convocation Dublin) issued by the Prefecture.
The presence of an interpreter at that stage is not guaranteed and practice varies widely depending on the Prefecture. The applicant must go to the Prefecture every month with his or her Dublin notice document.
Usually, the applicant is informed that a take back or a take charge procedure has been initiated through the information written at the back of his Dublin notice document. However, there is not necessarily information either about the country which was contacted or on the criteria leading to this referral. Moreover, the asylum seeker is not necessarily informed about the date when the country determined to be responsible for his or her application is contacted and sometimes does not know the date of the requested Member State's reply either. Asylum seekers under the Dublin procedure are formally informed about these dates through the notification of readmission order letter delivered to them once the decision to "take charge" or "take back" has been made.
Regionalisation
In 2018, the Ministry on Interior has implemented a regionalisation plan for the Dublin procedure whereby the Dublin procedure is carried out by one Prefecture (pôle régional) per region, with a view to ensuring higher convergence across the French territory.[19] This plan was consolidated in 2019.[20] According to this plan, only one Prefecture per region is now responsible for the implementation of the Dublin procedure for the applications registered in its respective region. Following a pilot phase tested in the regions of Hauts de France and Provences-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, the following Prefectures have been designated as regional focal points (pôles régionaux):
Regional focal points for the Dublin procedure: 2019
Competent Prefecture
Ile-de-France – Essonne
Ile-de-France – Hauts-de-Seine
Île-de-France – Paris
Ile-de-France – Seine et Marne
Ile-de-France – Seine Saint Denis
Ile-de-France – Val de Marne
Ile-de-France – Val d'Oise
Ile-de-France – Yvelines
Whereas the registration of applications is still carried out by all GUDA, all administrative formalities related to the Dublin procedure are conducted by only one Prefecture in each region.
As a result of the regionalisation plan, the Ministry of Interior has advised that reception accommodation should be provided close to the competent Prefecture: asylum seekers should be accommodated in places located close to that Prefecture or, if not yet accommodated, they should register with a PADA near the Prefecture. In some regions, a regional scheme regarding accommodation has been established. In Auvergne-Rhône Alpes for example, this scheme (which is not published) nominates certain PADA and accommodation centres near Lyon, to which all asylum seekers of the region falling under the Dublin procedure must be oriented.
The regionalisation plan creates difficulties for asylum seekers who have no means of travelling to the competent Prefecture after receiving a Dublin notice document, as missing an appointment led to reception being withdrawn and applicants becoming exposed to destitution.[21] The Council of State clarified, however, that where the applicant is required to travel from his or her place of residence to appear before the pôle régional, the transport costs have to be borne by the Prefecture.[22] However, problems persisted throughout 2019 as transport vouchers were sometimes delivered too late. As a result, asylum seekers were not always able to attend their appointment.
Detention and house arrest during the procedure
The law provides the possibility of notifying a house arrest (assignation à résidence) to asylum seekers during the procedure of determination of the responsible Member State (see Alternatives to Detention). Since 20 March 2018, detention can also be ordered at that point (see Grounds for Detention).[23]
In practice, the use of this possibility varies a lot depending on the Prefecture. The possibility to detain asylum seekers from the beginning of the Dublin procedure seems to have been used a few hundred times in 2019. Forum réfugiés-Cosi is aware of at least 200 cases as it provided legal assistance to that end in six different centres located in Lyon, Nice, Marseille, Perpignan, Sète and Nîmes.
Individualised guarantees
In 2019, individualised guarantees were still not checked by Prefectures prior to ordering a Dublin transfer, even though Tarakhel v. Switzerland foresees that States have to check what reception conditions and procedural provisions will be guaranteed to asylum seekers when returned to the determined responsible country. That should particularly be applied to vulnerable asylum seekers and families.
Any transfer decision must be motivated and notified in writing to the applicant.[24] It shall mention deadlines to appeal and explain the appeal procedure. When the person is not assisted by a lawyer or an NGO, the main elements of the decision have to be communicated in a language he or she understands or is likely to understand.
The period between the response of the requested country and the notification of a transfer decision varies considerably among Prefectures. According to La Cimade, it took an average of 73 days in 2018 for a decision to be notified, with some Prefectures issuing a decision in one day and others (Haute Garonne, Meurthe-et-Moselle, Val-d'Oise) taking 4-5 months.[25] More recent information on the average times for the year 2019 were not available at the time of writing.
With regard to the time limit for carrying out the transfer, the Council of State clarified in 2018 that the 6-month deadline under Article 29 of the Dublin Regulation is suspended if the asylum seeker appeals the transfer decision, and continues to run from the delivery of the Administrative Court judgment, regardless of its outcome and only once. This means that even if the Administrative Court annuls the transfer and the Prefect lodges an onward appeal, the 6-month deadline is not renewed.[26]
When a Member State agrees to take charge of an asylum seeker, 3 transfer modalities are available:
Voluntary transfer initiated by the applicant him or herself: a laissez-passer is provided as well as a meeting point in the host country;
Enforced transfer: the applicant is accompanied by police forces up until the boarding of the plane; or
Transfer under escort: the applicant is accompanied by police forces up until the transfer to the authorities of the responsible State.
The modalities put in place to arrange transfers can vary from one Prefecture to another.
Asylum seekers under the Dublin procedure who do not benefit from stable housing receive a first letter from the Prefecture, informing them of the transfer. If they don't come to the Prefecture, they receive a second letter from the Prefecture informing them that the transfer deadline may be extended to 18 months. It is therefore only after 2 refusals to come to the Prefecture that the asylum seeker is considered as absconding. In practice, refusing to come once to an OFII appointment and then once to the Prefecture implies the same consequences.
The law enables the Prefect to place under house arrest, systematically, any asylum seeker subject to a transfer decision (see Alternatives to Detention).[27] According to this measure, the asylum seeker has to respect the limitations defined by the house arrest order. In case the asylum seeker has not complied with the house arrest, he or she may be placed in administrative detention.[28] The Prefect can also request the Judge of Freedoms and Detention (JLD) to make an order to require the assistance of the police to ensure of the presence of the asylum seekers at the place he or she is supposed to remain or to operate his or her transfer.[29] Since an instruction of the Ministry of Interior of 20 November 2017, the use of these provisions increased in every Prefecture.[30]
In practice, the notification of a house arrest is not made under the same conditions if the asylum seekers are accommodated or not. When the asylum seekers placed under Dublin procedure are not accommodated, house arrest is notified in person at the Prefecture. Asylum seekers accommodated are notified by the Border Police at the place they are housed.
Finally, it should be noted that the rate of actual implementation of transfers remains low. In 2018, France had implemented 45,538 outgoing requests and 3,533 transfers, thereby marking a 7.8% transfer rate.[31] In 2019, the Ministry of Interior indicated that transfers had increased by 51%,[32] which means that there have been about 5,335 transfers carried out in 2019, equalling to a 11.5% transfer rate.
In 2019, a total of 26,350 asylum seekers were allowed to lodge applications with OFPRA after their Dublin procedure in France came to an end (requalifiés). Of those, 9,560 had been placed in a Dublin procedure in 2019 and 16,790 in previous years.[33]
Asylum seekers placed under the Dublin procedure do not benefit from an examination of their application for asylum by OFPRA and therefore they do not have a personal interview on the substance of their application for asylum in France in the framework of this procedure. The merit of their asylum claim will be examined if France is designated as the responsible State at the end of the process.
There is a specific interview in the Dublin procedure in France. Difficulties arise from the fact this interview is not always conducted in practice. The instruction of the Ministry of Interior of 19 July 2016 also recalls that interviews must be systematically conducted, not only limited to cases of a Eurodac 'hit'.
Whether they are interviewed or not, all asylum seekers fill in a form during an appointment at the Prefecture to apply for the asylum claim certification.[34] The form includes a part entitled "personal interview" which contains information enabling the Prefecture to determine the Member State responsible for protection, in conformity with Annex I of the Commission Implementing Regulation No 118/2014.[35] During this appointment, which takes place at the GUDA in Prefectures (therefore not in offices guaranteeing confidentiality), questions are asked about civil status, relatives of the applicant, modes of entry into French territory, countries through which the applicant possibly travelled prior to his or her asylum application, etc. Applicants have the possibility to mention the presence of family members residing in another Member State. Some stakeholders have reported that no questions were asked about family members during the interview.
This part of the form is written in French and in English. It must be filled in by the applicant in French, during the appointment. Those appointments are not recorded. Most of the time, the asylum applicant receives a copy of the interview form.
Asylum seekers placed under the Dublin procedure can introduce an appeal before the Administrative Court to challenge the decision of transfer. The appeal has to be introduced within 15 days after the asylum seeker has been notified the decision of transfer. The appeal has suspensive effect. The designated judge has to rule within 15 days after the appeal has been lodged.[36]
These time limits are shorter in case of detention or house arrest. In such cases, the appeal has to be introduced within 48 hours after the decision of transfer has been notified.[37] The judge has to rule within 72 hours after the appeal has been lodged.[38]
In practice, the shorter time limit for introducing an appeal might prevent asylum seekers who are not accompanied or who are accompanied in orientation platforms from introducing their appeal on time. There is a practice in several Prefectures tending to notify the transfer with a house arrest measure on a Friday, to avoid the possibility for the asylum seeker to find legal assistance during the weekend, and transfer him or her 48 hours later.[39] In these frequent cases, there is de facto no effective appeal for those people.
This method was also used by Prefectures to circumvent the prohibition by the Court of Cassation on placing asylum seekers in detention for the purposes of performing a Dublin transfer due to the lack of a definition of the "significant risk of absconding" in national legislation (see Grounds for Detention), until this was introduced in March 2018.[40]
Apart from cases where applicants under a Dublin procedure have access to reception facilities through the emergency scheme, usually they only have access to the legal assistance provided by the PADA.
Access to legal aid can be obtained upon conditions of low income. Applicants must request this allowance at the Legal Aid Office of the relevant Administrative Court. This office can ask for further information and a short account of the legal and de facto reasons why the asylum seeker thinks the contested decision is unlawful or unfounded and may, for instance, lead to a violation of his or her fundamental rights. Access to legal aid can be refused if the arguments are deemed unfounded.
Suspension of transfers
There is no current general policy of suspension of transfers. The official position of the Ministry of Interior consists of systematically applying the Dublin Regulation. In addition, the test applied by Administrative Courts and Administrative Courts of Appeal (erroneously) remains based on the notion of "systemic deficiencies".
Hungary: On several occasions in 2016 and 2017, Administrative Courts have suspended the transfer of asylum seekers under the Dublin Regulation to Hungary.[41] Case law remains inconsistent as of 2018, however, with some courts arguing that the asylum procedure and reception conditions present no systemic deficiencies in Hungary.[42] As France maintains a policy of applying the Dublin Regulation systematically when there are indications of previous stay or application in Hungary, it continued to be the main Member State sending requests in the first half of 2019 (460 requests),[43] although actual transfers have not been carried out at the time of writing.
Italy: Some Administrative Courts have suspended transfers to Italy on account of systemic deficiencies due to pressure on the reception system and the absence of vulnerability identification.[44] In the course of 2018, several judgments of Administrative Courts have annulled transfer decisions based inter alia on the government's decisions to forbid search and rescue boats from disembarking in Italian ports, its plans to slash funding for asylum seekers, its hostile discourse on migrants, and the increase in incidents of racist violence.[45] Higher courts have expressed similar views in some cases.[46] Nevertheless, these rulings have had no effect on policy vis-à-vis Italy until now.
Bulgaria: There have been decisions suspending transfers in 2018, taking into account allegations of police violence against asylum seekers in Bulgaria among other factors.[47] In one case in July 2018, after the European Court of Human Rights granted interim measures under Rule 39 of the Rules of the Court to prevent a transfer to Bulgaria, the Administrative Court of Paris ruled against the transfer,[48] the Council of State found on appeal that the conditions in Bulgaria did not warrant a suspension of the transfer.[49] The Administrative Court of Appeal of Marseille has taken a similar line, arguing that there are no indications that Bulgaria would not offer treatment in compliance with asylum standards.[50]
In some individual cases, Administrative Courts have prevented transfers on the basis of risks of chain refoulement after asylum seekers' return to another Dublin State. This has notably been the case for Afghan nationals in particular, where courts have suspended Dublin transfers to different countries (Austria, Belgium, Germany, Norway, Sweden and Finland) on the ground that asylum seekers would face a risk of indirect refoulement on account of these countries' tendency to return such persons to their countries of origin.[51] In relation to Italy as well, the Administrative Court of Melun suspended the transfer of a Sudanese national in 2017 on the ground that he would face chain refoulement to Sudan if returned to Italy.[52]
The situation of Dublin returnees
Concerning access to the asylum procedure upon return to France under the Dublin III Regulation, these applications are treated in the same way as any other asylum applications. If the asylum seeker comes from a safe country of origin, his or her application is examined under the accelerated procedure. If the asylum application has already received a final negative decision from the CNDA, the asylum seeker may apply to OFPRA for a re-examination only if he or she possesses new evidence (see section on Subsequent Applications).
The conditions of support and assistance of Dublin returnees are complicated. The humanitarian emergency reception centre (Permanence d'accueil d'urgence humanitaire, PAUH) run by the Red Cross based next to Roissy – Charles de Gaulle airport aims to provide people released from the transit zone, after a court decision, with legal and social support. For many years, without any funding to implement this activity, the centre has received Dublin returnees at their arrival at the airport. The returnees are directed towards the centre by the police or the airport services.
Upon their arrival at the airport, the Border Police issues a "safe passage (sauf-conduit) which mentions the Prefecture where the asylum seekers have to submit their claim. This Prefecture may be located far from Paris, in Bretagne for example. The returnees have to reach the Prefecture on their own as no organisation or official service meets them. The centre cannot afford their travel within the French territory due to funding shortages.
When the relevant Prefectures are in the Paris surroundings, two situations may occur:
On the one hand, some Prefectures do not register the asylum claims of Dublin returnees and channel them to the PADA. As it has already been mentioned in the Registration section, access to these platforms is really complicated and some returnees have to wait several weeks before getting an appointment with the organisations running them.
On the other hand, some Prefectures do immediately register the asylum claims of returnees and channel them to OFII in order to find them an accommodation place. The PAUH is the only entity receiving and supporting Dublin returnees upon their arrival in France by Charles de Gaulle airport. Considering the systemic difficulties encountered by the orientation platforms in Paris and its surroundings, several Dublin returnees, after registering their claim, are apt to turn to it in order to complete their asylum claim form or to find an accommodation.
In Lyon, the situation is similar upon arrival of returnees at Saint-Exupéry airport. The returnees are not received at their arrival and not supported. They are deemed to present themselves at the PADA run by Forum réfugiés – Cosi to be registered before submitting their claim. They encounter the same difficulties in terms of accommodation to the conditions in Paris.
[1] Ministry of Interior, Figures on immigration, asylum, nationality for 2019, Press release, 21 January 2020, available in French at : https://bit.ly/3aya5Of.
[2] Eurostat. For ana analysis, see : Forum réfugiés-Cosi, 'L'application toujours incertaine du réglement Dublin', July 2019, available in french at : https://bit.ly/2R8cGXn.
[3] Ministry of Interior, Instruction NOR: INTV1618837J of 19 July 2016 relating to the application of the Dublin III Regulation – Resort to house arrest and administrative detention in the context of execution of transfer decisions, available in French at: http://bit.ly/2jI7dEd, 2. Unofficial translation by the author.
[4] Ministry of Interior, Information of 23 March 2018 on the application of Law n. 2018-187 of 20 March 2018 allowing for sound implementation of the European Asylum System, available in French at: https://goo.gl/m8wNjB.
[5] Position expressed by the Minister of the Interior in 2009, and not reviewed since. Ministry of Interior, Visite d'un centre d'accueil de mineurs étrangers isolés interpellés à Calais : Eric BESSON salue le succès du dispositif mis en place, 1 October 2009, available in French at: https://bit.ly/32Nwa88.
[6] Circular of 1 April 2011 on the application of Council Regulation 343/2003, the so-called 'Dublin Regulation'. Implementation of accelerated procedures of some asylum claims mentioned in art L741-4 Ceseda, available in French at: http://bit.ly/1dBnfeg.
[7] Circular of 2 November 2015 on the implementation of the Law of 29 July 2015 on the reform of the asylum law, available in French at: http://bit.ly/1RaHGPQ.
[8] Ministry of Interior, Instruction NOR: INTV1618837J of 19 July 2016 relating to the application of the Dublin III Regulation – Resort to house arrest and administrative detention in the context of execution of transfer decisions, 3.
[9] Council of State, Order 416192, 5 December 2017, available at: http://bit.ly/2rpCZNM.
[10] This is based on information gathered through Court decisions issued in 2019. See also : La Cimade, Guide pratique et théorique du réglement Dublin, available in French at : https://bit.ly/2uneV0d.
[11] Article 4(2) recast Asylum Procedures Directive.
[12] Administrative Court of Appeal of Bordeaux, Decision 17BX03212, 22 December 2017, available at: http://bit.ly/2DttGBh. See CJEU, Case C-670/16 Mengesteab, Judgment of 26 July 2017.
[13] La Cimade, 'Dublin: Le Conseil d'Etat révise sa jurisprudence sur le report du délai de transfert en cas de recours', 26 September 2018, available in French at: https://bit.ly/2GQNRub.
[14] European Commission and Migrationsverket, Leaflet A: "I have asked for asylum in the EU – Which country will handle my claim?" 2014, available at: http://bit.ly/1PSuhgz.
[15] Article L.723-2 Ceseda.
[16] Circular of 2 November 2015 on the implementation of the Law of 29 July 2015.
[17] Articles L.741-1 and L.742-1 Ceseda.
[18] European Commission and Migrationsverket, Leaflet B: "I am in the Dublin procedure – What does this mean?", 2014, available at: http://bit.ly/1dBoCd2.
[19] Ministry of Interior, Note sur l'application du règlement Dublin III – régionalisation de la procédure Dublin, 30 July 2018, available in French at: https://goo.gl/m3712j.
[20] Arrêté du 10 mai 2019 désignant les préfets compétents pour enregistrer les demandes d'asile et déterminer l'Etat responsable de leur traitement (métropole). NOR: INTV1909588A, available in French at: https://bit.ly/3axKAwv.
[21] ECRE, Access to asylum and detention at France's borders, June 2018, 20.
[22] Council of State, Order 422159, 26 July 2018.
[23] Articles L.551-1 and L.561-2 Ceseda, as amended by Law n 2018-187 of 20 March 2018.
[26] Council of State, Decision 420708, 24 September 2018.
[30] Ministry of Interior, Instruction NOR: INT/V/17/30666/J of 20 November 2017 on the objectives and priorities in the fight against irregular immigration.
[31] Eurostat.
[32] Ministry of Interior, Figures on immigration, asylum, nationality for 2019, Press release, 21 January 2020, available in French at : https://bit.ly/3aya5Of.
[33] Ministry of Interior, Statistics on asylum, 21 January 2020, available in French at : https://bit.ly/2upPBXa.
[34] Scheduled in theory within 3 calendar days after the asylum seekers have expressed their request to be admitted on the territory on the ground of an asylum claim.
[35] Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 118/2014 of 30 January 2014 amending Regulation (EC) No 1560/2003 laying down detailed rules for the application of Council Regulation (EC) No 343/2003 establishing the criteria and mechanisms for determining the Member State responsible for examining an asylum application lodged in one of the Member States by a third-country national, OJ 2014 L 39/1.
[38] Article L.512-1(3) Ceseda.
[39] See for example : InfoMigrants, 'Y-a-t-il des recours possibles à une procédure Dublin?', 6 December 2019, available in French at : https://bit.ly/2RIvUlw.
[40] Court of Cassation, Decision No 17-15.160, 27 September 2017.
[41] Administrative Court of Appeal of Nancy, Decision No 15NC00961, 31 March 2016; Administrative Court of Appeal of Lyon, Decision No 15LY03569, 31 May 2016; Administrative Court of Lyon, Decision No 1605495, 29 July 2016; Administrative Court of Appeal of Bordeaux, Decision No 16BX00997, 27 September 2016. Contrast a decision considering that there are no systemic deficiencies in Hungary: Administrative Court of Versailles, Decision No 16VE02239, 28 June 2017.
[42] See e.g. Administrative Court of Appeal of Versailles, Decision No 16VE02850, 20 February 2018.
[43] ECRE, The Dublin system in the first half of 2019, March 2019, available at: https://bit.ly/2VTIjqx.
[44] Administrative Court of Lyon, Decision 19011982, 13 May 2019. Administrative Court of Rennes, Decision 1705747, 5 January 2018, EDAL, available at: https://bit.ly/2NgRHOw; Administrative Court of Nantes, Decision No 1601004, 12 February 2016. See also Administrative Court of Pau, Decision of 26 January 2018.
[45] Administrative Court of Paris, Decision No 1807362/8, 25 June 2018; No 1810819/8, 3 August 2018; Administrative Court of Bordeaux, Decision No 1803602, 29 August 2018; Administrative Court of Melun, Decisions No 1807266 and No 1807354, 18 September 2018; Administrative Court of Versailles, Decision No 1807048, 11 October 2018; Administrative Court of Pau, Decision No 1802323, 15 October 2018; Administrative Court of Toulouse, Decision No 1805185, 9 November 2018, EDAL, available at: https://bit.ly/2V9Eg5W.
[46] Administrative Court of Appeal of Lyon, Decision No 18LY00381, 2 October 2018; Administrative Court of Appeal of Nantes, Decision No 18NT00965, 5 October 2018.
[47] See e.g. Administrative Court of Paris, Order No 1811611/9, 6 July 2018, EDAL, available at: https://bit.ly/2GCceN5.
[48] Administrative Court of Paris, Order No 1813788/9, 31 July 2018.
[49] Council of State, Order No 423124, 27 August 2018.
[50] Administrative Court of Appeal of Marseille, Decision No 18MA01883, 19 September 2018.
[51] Administrative Court of Lyon, Decision No 1702564, 3 April 2017 (Norway); Administrative Court of Lyon, Decision No 1705209, 28 July 2017 (Finland); Administrative Court of Toulouse, Decision of 27 November 2017 (Sweden); Administrative Court of Appeal of Lyon, Decision No 17LY02181, 13 March 2018 (Finland), EDAL, available at: https://bit.ly/2SSwxMS; Administrative Court of Rouen, Decision No 1801386, 31 May 2018 (Austria); Administrative Court of Appeal of Nantes, Decision No 17NT03167, 8 June 2018 (Belgium); Administrative Court of Bordeaux, Decision No 180412, 15 June 2018 (Germany).
[52] Administrative Court of Melun, Decision No 1708232, 6 November 2017.
Overview of the legal framework
Overview of the main changes since the previous report update
Asylum Procedure
Types of procedures
List of authorities intervening in each stage of the procedure
Number of staff and nature of the first instance authority
Short overview of the asylum procedure
Access to the procedure and registration
Access to the territory and push backs
Registration of the asylum application
Regular procedure
Admissibility procedure
Border procedure (border and transit zones)
Accelerated procedure
Guarantees for vulnerable groups
Special procedural guarantees
Use of medical reports
Legal representation of unaccompanied children
Subsequent applications
The safe country concepts
First country of asylum
Safe country of origin
Information for asylum seekers and access to NGOs and UNHCR
Provision of information on the procedure
Access to NGOs and UNHCR
Differential treatment of specific nationalities in the procedure
Reception Conditions
Access and forms of reception conditions
Criteria and restrictions to access reception conditions
Forms and levels of material reception conditions
Reduction or withdrawal of reception conditions
Conditions in reception facilities
Employment and education
Access to the labour market
Special reception needs of vulnerable groups
Information for asylum seekers and access to reception centres
Provision of information on reception
Access to reception centres by third parties
Differential treatment of specific nationalities in reception
Detention of Asylum Seekers
Legal framework of detention
Grounds for detention
Alternatives to detention
Detention of vulnerable applicants
Duration of detention
Detention conditions
Place of detention
Conditions in detention facilities
Access to detention facilities
Judicial review of the detention order
Legal assistance for review of detention
Differential treatment of specific nationalities in detention
Content of International Protection
Status and residence
Long-term residence
Cessation and review of protection status
Withdrawal of protection status
Criteria and conditions
Status and rights of family members
Movement and mobility
ANNEX I – Transposition of the CEAS in national legislation
Map data © 2013 Basarsoft, Google, INEGI, MapLink, ORION-ME – Terms of Use


text:
Q: How to add a virtual primary monitor in Windows 10? So I have this problem: my PC running latest Windows 10 doesn't have a monitor, and it causes some GPU-accelerated applications and games to give blank or whitescreen output.
The cause is well-known: GPU doesn't see a monitor in some cases, and thus doesn't output anything. Since remote control software like TeamViewer and Steam in-house streaming simply capture the output, they will also get a whitescreen output (see image below).
To combat this issue, one solution is to add a fake primary monitor. There are solutions using HDMI adapters. But I want to find a software solution.
To make things worse, Windows 10 used to have a way to add VGA display manually, but they have removed this ability in recent updates.
Does anyone have some idea on how to add a virtual primary monitor for Windows 10 in 2017 (now soon 2018)?
Thx!