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2014 Top Achiever – Consultant: Kristin Sedej, FCSI
Written by Amelia Levin, Contributing Editor
A strong work ethic and entrepreneurial spirit helped Kristin Sedej forge her own path.
Kristin Sedej, FCSIThat's been Sedej's style from the start. Even when flying solo on a project for the first time, Sedej quickly wowed Soldier Field's general contractor by fending off a fee-seeking health inspector with a simple hand sink switch-a-roo. Truth be told, she was shaking at the knees.
"I was a suburban girl and here I was having to travel through Chicago to get to the stadium — I didn't even know where to park or how to find the trailer," she says. At just 34 years old at the time, "I had barely started my career in consulting and was feeling like a little kid."
Still, while under pressure a wave of confidence came over Sedej. It's the story of her career. "Because I didn't have anyone around me saying, 'this is how we do it,' or 'we've always done it this way,' I've been able to try new things," Sedej says. "That's kind of representative of how I've stumbled through this career. My whole life I've been told I'm bullheaded and independent and sometimes it was seen as a bad thing."
Not anymore. In fact, business partner Harry Schildkraut says these are Sedej's best qualities. "We share the same do-what-you-have-to-do-to-get-it-done-and-meet-the-deadline mentality," he says. "She has a vision for S2O Consultants that goes far into the future and wants to be the best consultant she can be."
In Schildkraut's eyes, for Sedej that means being extremely detail-oriented and approaching each project with fresh eyes, a little creativity and the same intensity.
From the start, Sedej had to earn respect in a predominantly male industry with many set-in-stone notions. But she has held fast to her philosophies and values. "You can only earn respect by setting boundaries," she says.
Part of that entails holding spec, and not many people mess with Sedej's spec. She's also known to stop projects in the middle of them if they're not done right. "When there are different people pushing and pulling at you, you have to have integrity and strength of character. You have to stand up for yourself and do what you think is right." For Sedej, the end-user drives the vision.
Sedej attributes her extensive experience working in restaurants as one of the best preparations for a successful career in design. Growing up in Chicago's northern suburbs, Sedej worked at her local Burger King throughout all of high school and during summer breaks while attending Bradley University. After working every single station in the restaurant she moved up the ranks, serving as assistant manager at just 18 years of age. A year later she was recruited to become an assistant manager for a local corporate-owned Pizza Hut. By 22, she was the general manager of her own store.
A gifted student, Sedej could have done any job but always loved foodservice despite its "bad rap." Turns out the grunt work paid off.
"Having a deep understanding of foodservice operations and being a manager at a corporate restaurant has really helped me," she says. "Understanding a profit and loss statement, knowing how labor and food cost affects bottom line — I take all that into consideration when I do my designs." Being a good listener also helps.
In Sedej's view, good foodservice design revolves around menu efficiency and how delivery methods change from one dish to another. "In design, everything comes down to the number of people you're serving, what you're serving and how that affects their experience and expectations."
After having two children early on, the heavy hours of corporate restaurant work posed a challenge for Sedej. Squeezing in some classes at Roosevelt University didn't help matters, either. Sedej knew she'd need a different path.
It was at Roosevelt that she met Ray Sparrowe, dean of the hospitality management program, who was teaching her foodservice design class. A foodservice consultant on the side, Sparrowe first introduced Sedej to the potential career, and to FCSI, which she would later join as a student member.
"Ray took me under his wing and had me work on some of his healthcare projects, attending meetings, discussing design goals and assisting in some spec writing occasionally," says Sedej. This, along with the required coursework, eventually led to a bachelor's degree in hospitality management in 2000.
Sedej excelled in math and drafting classes in high school and, combined with her detail-oriented mindset, design was a natural fit. Throw restaurant experience into the mix and it becomes the perfect career. "What I love about design is the problem solving, linear thinking, and putting details together to make something happen," Sedej says. "It's all about transforming nothing into something functional and wonderful."
Looking for a job as a designer, Sedej pounded the pavement in her town of Cary, Ill. so she could forge a career path while raising her two children. There were two options: work for Harry Schildkraut, then with Cini-Little, or for the late Bob Pacifico of Romano Gatland. She approached both. But the year was 2001 and two weeks after applying for a project management position at Cini-Little, 9/11 happened. Was she the person they had wanted, hiring freeze or no? Schildkraut told her yes. So she kept the faith. Nine months later while working as day manager for a Crystal Lake restaurant, Schildkraut called her back. "He hired me the next day," Sedej says. "It was perfect timing. I really believe I'm where I'm supposed to be."
Though she spent only a short time at Cini-Little, it was there that Sedej says she built the foundation of her knowledge as a designer. She left when Schildkraut made a move to open his own firm, S3 Consultants, Inc., which included another industry veteran who would later leave the group due to visionary differences. As a result, the firm changed its name to S2O Consultants in 2008.
"Harry was instrumental in getting me where I am today," Sedej says. But a turning point came in 2009 when she noticed people began calling S2O not just because of Schildkraut, but because of her work as well. She had developed her own client list and combined with Schildkraut's, "that's when our company really started taking off," Sedej says.
Sedej's most memorable project was working on the renovation of New Orleans' Superdome after Hurricane
Katrina. "It was just five weeks after the hurricane and after the first meeting, Harry turned the project over to me," she says. Sedej faced the biggest challenge of her career: having to literally wade through human feces and wreckage to picture a new beginning for the space, all the while working with high caliber architects and engineers from around the country.
"At the hotel, we had a jug of water we used to brush our teeth with and a band on our wrist in order to eat. The first time I drove from the airport to the Superdome, I was the only car on the highway. We had to move so fast on the project I didn't have time to be scared," Sedej recalls.
After only one season away, the National Football League's Saints had their home field completely back up and running. "To see that place come back to life and what a draw it was for the economy of New Orleans and then to see the Saints win the Super Bowl that year, that will touch my heart forever," Sedej adds.
Sedej's work was so impressive that she's been invited back to New Orleans to participate in four additional enhancement projects for the Superdome and recently completed a large renovation project to Smoothie King Center, the arena across the street that serves as the home for the Pelicans of the National Basketball Association. In fact, Sedej and Schildkraut specialize in sports arena projects. Together, as S2O, they have completed more than 30 sports projects for colleges, universities and professional teams.
Stadium work is "very engineering intensive and less about interior design, more about functionality," says Sedej. "You might have a big kitchen but also many smaller concession areas that need to be coordinated around plumping and electrical requirements. There are many different ways to tackle these projects and the trick is determining the best way."
Sedej also splits her time between many other foodservice sectors, including K-12 schools, higher education and many "miscellaneous" projects like hotels and delis in office buildings, test kitchens, etc. No job is too big or too small.
"I try to make people comfortable and go above and beyond for the customer even if they don't know it," she says. "We are really trying to raise the bar with each project." A focus on details, open communication with the team, regular follow-ups and understanding plumbing, electrical and other functional components of design also helps.
As a longtime member of the FCSI-The Americas Division, conference committee chair and member of the society's ICON group for younger generation and newbie consultants, Sedej's goals center on helping make the consulting industry a more diverse and welcoming one.
"There is so much more collaboration within our group than when I first started in the industry," she says. "There is also more listening to clients rather than assuming we know everything." In essence, there is a lot more focus on growth and nurturing and a lot less on egos.
Title: Principal/Co-Owner, S2O Consultants
Hometown: Waukegan, Ill.
Current Town: Cary, Ill.
First Foodservice Job: Burger King at age 15
Most Memorable Project: Renovating New Orleans' Superdome after Hurricane Katrina
Hobbies: Traveling, exploring new places, trying new restaurants, singing at piano bars
Children: Shelby, 19, and C.J., 21
Industry Involvement: FCSI member since 1998, conference planning committee, 7 years
Best Advice Ever Received: Never give up
Best Advice Ever Provided: Do the right thing because it's the right thing to do. The rest will work itself out.
Mentors: Ray Sparrowe (design professor and FCSI Consultant), Harry Schildkraut (business partner), Jack Sedej (father)
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WNBA star Skylar Diggins hit the red carpet in style at the 2017 Footwear News Achievement Awards (FNAA) tonight in New York.
Diggins sported a cropped sweater with a collared shirt underneath, which she paired with shiny pants and lace-up booties.
The basketball pro added height to her 5-foot-9 frame in her pointy-toe lace-up pumps. A white stripe emblazoned on the side of her shoe continued the athletic vibe of the sweater.
A closer look at Skylar Diggins' footwear.
On the red carpet, Diggins talked about motivating young women to succeed and serving as a strong role model.
Click here to see photos from the red carpet at the 2017 FNAAs.


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4. THE HABSBURG REGIME ADOPTS A MORE ACTIVE STANCE 4. THE HABSBURG REGIME ADOPTS A MORE ACTIVE STANCE The Estates' Plans for Economic Reform
The government began by recasting the fiscal system, which had become wholly inappropriate. The diet debated the issue for several years before taking, in 1750, the first substantive step, which was to revise the tax rolls. In endorsing the decision, the queen observed with wry resignation that she never expected much good to come from such an exercise. Nevertheless, the painstakingly-conducted assessment did make it possible to erect a wholly new fiscal system; it also drew the government's attention to the inadequacies of the tax base in certain districts. Completed in 1754, the new fiscal regime came to be known by the name of the working group's chairman (and subsequent court chancellor), Gábor Bethlen.
{2-591.} The former tax system had focused on the several 'nations', legally distinguished groups, and privileged foreigners, as well as on municipalities. In contrast, the Systhema Bethlenianum was based on individual taxpayers, who would be assessed according to their legal status, assets, and, in the case of certain occupations, income. If, as Johann Hintze proposed, the main criterion of absolutism is that the sovereign taxes his subjects without consulting the estates, then 1754 was a banner year for Habsburg absolutism in Transylvania. And even if this is not the sole criterion of absolutism, the new system had great significance, for by extending the tax to landed property, it transgressed the feudal principle of onus non inhaeret fundo.
The poll tax varied according to the taxpayers' status. The highest rate was paid by burghers; at the lower end of the scale came cotters, miners (who remained subject to the tax until 1747), and domestics, who paid the least. Gypsies were exempt. The tax-rate on assessable property was uniform, except in the Királyföld, where it was higher by a third. Merchants and craftsmen paid income tax according to two sets of three rates; one depended on the economic importance of their locality, the other on their level of income. Those in villages constituted an exception, their income tax being equivalent to half of their poll tax.
The Systhema Bethlenianum was a decisive step in the direction of modern taxation, but its very innovations created new problems. Although the income gap between the inhabitants of prosperous towns and those of the poor market towns was considerable, both had to pay the same six-forint poll tax, or taxa civica. The scheme did not specify how much tax should be paid by young people who were supported by their parents but, being over fifteen, were considered adults. The provision, in the 1754 tax decree, exempting Gypsies from poll tax also caused some confusion, for a fair number of Gypsies had settled down as villeins. It was not clear whether the property tax applied to all arable land or just to land {2-592.} under cultivation. Questions remained concerning the rates of tax applied to different breeds of livestock. Finally, calculation of the total targeted tax revenue was not based precisely on the amounts that would be raised by the different types of tax, leaving unresolved the problem of a potential shortfall.
The shortcomings of the Systhema Bethlenianum were supposed to be remedied by the revised tax system that was adopted in 1763 and named Systhema Buccowianum, after Baron Nicolaus Buccow, the chairman of the Gubernium and Transylvania's military commander. People in the poorer market towns were now assessed a libertinus-taxa of four forints in place of the taxa civica. Young adults who were supported by their parents had to pay {2-593.} the taxa impossessionatorum that was otherwise assessed on domestics, amounting to 18 kreuzers for men and 12 kreuzers for women. Gypsies who had settled down were assessed the same poll tax as villeins. To discourage farmers from suspending cultivation in order to avoid property tax, the same rate was applied to land that was left fallow. The tax to be paid after different breeds of livestock was clarified. Finally, the decree provided that if these taxes failed to a generate the expected revenue, surtax would be imposed at a uniform rate in all categories.
After several years' practice, further refinements proved necessary. This latest revision, adopted in 1769, was known as the Systhema Bruckenthalianum, after the then chairman of the Gubernium, Samuel Bruckenthal. The different rates of poll tax were more sharply differentiated. Towns and market towns were still grouped into three classes, but their merchants and craftsmen were spread over six to eight categories, so that the merchants' poll tax ranged from 6 to 27 forints, and that of craftsmen, from 4 to 16 forints. The poll tax payable by freemen, villeins, and cotters also underwent modification: those whose property tax was more than 6 forints were divided into eight categories, and all were subject to an increased rate of poll tax. To eliminate the confusion surrounding the taxa impossessionatorum, the decree gave a precise definition of a curialist (a lesser landed noble who had no villeins). Frontier guards were exempted from the poll tax. The property tax became more differentiated; different rates applied to cultivated land, meadows, and vineyards, and these rates were further differentiated by category (within a range of 1:2.5). The frontier guards' property tax was reduced by a third. This tax regime remained in effect, with minor modifications, until 1848.
The results of these tax reforms met the government's expectations. In 1752–54, global tax revenues had hovered around 720,000 forints; in 1762, they amounted to 1,147,000 forints, and by 1765, they had almost doubled, reaching 1,318,000 forints. The share paid by the different 'nations' changed considerably over this period. Whereas, initially, the Saxons paid a marginally higher amount than the Hungarians, in 1755 the Hungarian counties contributed 337,367, and the Saxon széks 280,197 forints; and this despite the fact that the Systhema Bethlenianum had set the property tax higher in the Királyföld than in the counties. The elimination of that disparity would only widen the gap between the tax contribution of the two 'nations'.
The compilation of the rolls in 1750 revealed the strengths and weaknesses of the tax base. When the assessors examined the public debt of municipalities and other localities, it came to light that the Királyföld had assumed a crushing debt burden. The root cause of the indebtedness was the heavy burden of taxes. Part of it could be traced back to the war of liberation, but it continued to grow in the 1740s. In 1750, the Saxon municipalities' indebtedness (not including a judgment of 9,634 forints 53 kreuzers against Újegyházszék) amounted to 765,781 forints 46 2/5 kreuzers, more than the country's total tax revenues at the time. Public revenues in the municipalities amounted to 33,812 forints 30 kreuzers, insufficient even to pay the legally sanctioned interest (the actual rates were far higher), let alone to pay off the debt by instalments. The most heavily {2-594.} indebted district was Brassó, which owed 129,066 forints 21 kreuzers; the Beszterce district came second, with 111,931 forints 37 1/2 kreuzers, and of that, Beszterce owed 101,944 forints 1 kreuzer, which put it at the top of the list of indebted towns. Meanwhile, the public debt of villages in Hungarian and Székely administrative districts was generally under 100 forints, and more rarely a few hundred forints. The total public debt of villages in the Marosszék amounted to 3,885 forints 19 kreuzers, or roughly the same as that of an average village in the Barcaság. Among Hungarian and Székely towns, only Kolozsvár had a significant debt (55,675 forints); the others collectively owed about the same amount as the Saxon town of Prázsmár.
The Saxon széks and municipalities had incurred loans from a wide range of social strata. The creditors included local magistrates and other officials, Saxon patricians, and, in smaller number, Hungarian as well as Saxon landowners. Loans were also made by the institutions and clergy of all Churches in Transylvania. These included not only Saxon Lutheran ministers, parishes, and schools, but also Catholic monastic orders (partly in the form of credits transferred to them by foundations), schools, and other institutions or persons; Calvinist ministers, congregations, and schools (notably the college at Nagyenyed); and even some Unitarian clergymen and Romanian priests of uncertain affiliation. There were also some military officers among the creditors.
The pattern of creditors varied by locality. At times, a group of patricians linked by family ties might hold a Saxon szék in its financial grip. Remarkably, there were few urban merchants among the creditors. Their absence may be explained partly by the virtual impossibility of recovering a loan in the 1750s, and partly by the fact that interest was paid not in cash, but in various agricultural services and products (wine, wheat, corn, fattened pigs), by the transfer of some of the village's common land, or by the mortgage on an inn or mill.
{2-595.} This situation compelled the central government to take decisive measures. It dispatched to Transylvania a special commissioner charged with the task of freeing the Saxon 'nation' from its debts and ascertaining how many posts had to be retained in the public service, at what level of remuneration. The man chosen for this mission was Zacharias Wanckhel von Seeberg, a Saxon convert and councillor in the Transylvanian court chancellery. In Saxon historiography, which is generally objective and reliable, Seeberg is invariably depicted as the devil incarnate. Yet the need was urgent, and the commissioner discharged his task with some success: within the space of a few years, he substantially reduced the Saxons' debt. For instance, between 1750 and 1759, the debt of the Brassó district was trimmed by a quarter, to 97,247 forints 47 3/4 kreuzers.
However, Seeberg's activity had inevitably impinged on the administrative autonomy of the Saxon 'nation'. Worse still, his efforts to reduce the debt as well as the number of public officials threatened the very livelihood of the Saxon patrician class. The latter was incensed by his committee's initiatives, and notably by the proposal that in cases where the debtors had paid a rate of interest higher than sanctioned by law, the difference should be retroactively counted as repayment of capital. (Calculations showed that many creditors could be obligated to make reimbursements.) The Saxon 'nation' regarded it as a victory when, in 1758, Seeberg's task was transferred to a 'Saxon Economic Directorate' (Directio Oeconomica Saxonica) chaired by the Saxon count. Samuel Bruckenthal was a staunch and enlightened defender of the Saxon patricians' interests, and there was even greater rejoicing when, a few years later, he managed to obtain that the directorate be disbanded.
Wishing to exploit Transylvania's economic potential to the fullest, the central government had conducted a tax reform and forcefully stabilized the Királyföld's finances, but it needed to do more. In late 1757, most of the Treasury estates were put up for sale. As noted, the principal buyer was Chancellor Gábor Bethlen; {2-596.} he later passed on the Ebesfalva domain to Erzsébetváros, and the Fogaras domains to the Saxon Universitas. In the same period, the Treasury conducted a thorough review of its accounts. One result was that it retrieved from noble, small proprietors fragments of crown estates that the latter had obtained as security against loans. Another was a lawsuit against the Saxon 'nation' over the census sancti Martini. The St. Martin's Day tax had been levied since the Andreanum, but, at the end of the 17th century, it amounted to a mere 6,000 Hungarian forints a year — a negligible sum compared to the enormous taxes exacted at the time of the war of liberation. Leopold I exempted the Saxons from this tax until 1705, when it went into abeyance. In 1758, when the empire was suffering from financial difficulties, the Treasury revived the St. Martin's Day tax, and it demanded from the Saxon 'nation', which was barely emerging from its crushing debt, a retroactive payment of no less than 385,000 forints. The suit was not settled before the end of the period under consideration, but there loomed the threat of a judgment favourable to the Treasury. Meanwhile, in 1757, the state raised a loan in the amount of 279,200 forints.


The June issue of Car & Travel, published by the New York branch of the American Automobile Association (AAA) arrived this week featuring an article titled "Our State's Three Dream Drives." Listed among the top three "attractive escapes … . within reach of a fill-up or two" is Orange County's own Pulaski Highway. The article by author/photographer Jeff Heilman is accompanied by a full-page photo of a Black Dirt farm in Pine Island.
The magazine reaches tens of thousands of readers in the five boroughs of New York City, as well as Westchester, Long Island, Sullivan, Ulster, Dutchess, Orange, Putnam, Chenango, Delaware, Otsego, Schoharie and Herkimer counties, and parts of Lewis, Madison and Oneida counties. However, the article clearly targets those who reside in the New York metropolitan area.
"For a remarkable country experience some 55 miles from midtown Manhattan, head to Warwick …. and sample the beauty of the surrounding Black Dirt Region," begins Heilman. He describes an "agricultural Eden, backed by twin mountains Adam and Eve …" I hadn't expected to learn anything from the article but I never knew the mountains' names before.
To Heilman's list of thirst-slaking welcoming spots I would add the Demarest Hill Winery on Pine Island Turnpike (aka Grand Street) in Warwick. Owner/ winemaker Francesco Ciummo cheerfully offers generous tastings of a wide array of eminently drinkable if not outstanding red and white wines, sparkling wines, and distilled beverages (including a grappa to delight the stout-hearted).
Heilman concludes, "Following 17A back, don't miss Bellvale Creamery atop Mt. Peter for delicious ice cream and great views." No argument there: I just hope the Noteboom/Buckbee family doesn't decide to sell to some big corporation. (I still remember when there was one Friendly's shop in Massachusetts and it had the best home-made ice cream around.) My favorite new flavors at Bellvale are the Meadow Muffins and Blueberry Cheesecake.
Say, this post is making me hungry. I think I'm about ready to take a dream drive. But I'll have to do it later. I have to leave for an appointment in Manhattan now.
Since Thomas Crapper invented the water closet (yes, that's where the word came from), many experts have come to view our sanitation system as the worst idea of all time. We use 3.5 gallons (per flush) of our best drinking water to dilute a few ounces of "excellent fertilizer and soil conditioner" to create an expensive, wasteful disposal problem.
The World Health Organization recently declared that waterborne sanitation is obsolete, and only waterless disposal of waste will allow enough water for drinking, cooking and washing in the world's largest cities.
Waterless and low flow toilets could save the average household as much as $50 to $100 a year on water, adding up to $11.3 million everyday nationally. These are not the same low-flow toilets that gained a well-deserved bad reputation ten years ago. Technology has improved even the lowly Crapper so that most new toilets use only about 1.6 gallons per flush (gpf).
Sweden has popularized a dual-bowl toilet with separate compartments and separate ways of treating human waste. This system uses no water and results in a high quality fertilizer and composted human manure as byproducts. The separating toilets cost comparably to American toilets, but may take a while to catch on. Dual-flush toilets are becoming more popular here in the States, and offer users a choice of .8 gpf or 1.6gpf depending on the size of the job.
Composting toilets are completely waterless and can be self-contained or attached to a whole building system. If you have many bathrooms, a whole building system would be the most economical. It connects all the dry toilets to a single, large compost tank usually in the basement. There is no sewer hookup, so the plumbing ends in the compost tank.
A self-contained composting toilet is essentially a compost drum enclosed inside a toilet with a fold-out handle and tray. Some also contain fans and vents to eliminate odors. We have both a low flow toilet and a composting toilet in our home. We bought the composting toilet locally from Stoves Plus in Thompson Ridge. It is interesting to see who goes where, and we often categorized our guests by their level of queasiness with our plumbing. Once you get over the initial shock of "no water in the bowl" it is easy to appreciate the simplicity of a composting toilet. Wood chips go in, tree food comes out.
Incinerating toilets are similar to composting toilets in that they are waterless. But they use electricity to incinerate human waste to a clean ash eliminating both pathogens (good) and soil nutrients (bad).
—– Try putting a brick in your toilet tank to save up to 5 gallons of water per day.
—– Install a $5 Frugal Flush Flapper valve in your existing toilet and conserve half your water with each flush.
—– Try a $1 Toilet Fill Cycle Diverter to save about ½ gallon per flush.
—– Pee on the trees if you live in a secluded area where no one will know.
—– Check your toilet for leaks which could waste more than 100 gallons of water per day. Add a few drops of food coloring to the tank and see if any colored water leaks into the bowl after a few minutes.
I was trolling around the backroads between Fryeburg, Maine, and North Conway, NH, a couple of weeks ago, when I came upon a small group of people, a small group of dogs and a harried-looking clutch of sheep.
It was a sheepdog clinic. The canines were young and inexperienced, and a stocky farmer guy was training dogs and owners alike.
The rest, though, got gleams in their eyes right away, as they went after the poor, overchased sheep. It was great fun to watch, and I'd have stayed all day, were I not supposed to be at a wedding.
It's such a miracle when any of us, humans or animals, finds his true purpose in life. I can tell you from experience that it feels like nothing else. The whole world seems to open up and shine with life, and possibilities seem endless.
If you're looking for a fun Memorial Day weekend outing, why not try the Paradise City Arts Festival in Northampton, Mass.? It's not such a long drive, but it is a gorgeous one. And the show is fabulous! Jaw-droppingly lovely high-end craft and beautiful paintings, too. I'll be there, in the Morgan Barn, Booth 317. Please come and say hi.
El Capitan is a 3,000-foot vertical rock formation in Yosemite National Park, located on the north side of Yosemite Valley, near its western end. The granite monolith is one of the world's favorite challenges for rock climbers. Ansel Adams was best known for his black and white photographs of the American West, especially in Yosemite National Park.
I cast my vote Tuesday with mixed feelings. I have always voted in favor of the local school budgets and did so again even though we no longer have kids in the Warwick school system. I understand the importance of providing a good education to the children of our community and am aware of the harm that can be caused if we fail to do so.
And so I voted "yes" for the budget and "yes" for the purchase of new school buses. Then I voted for two of the three incumbent members of the board of education and for one of the two new candidates who had fought so hard and in vain to prevent the closing of the Pine Island Elementary School. It doesn't matter which of the incumbents I voted for. All three won re-election. But I felt the people who tried so hard to save their local elementary school deserve to have their voice heard too.
I'm glad he at least intimated that the district is ill. It has been for a while. For too long our top school officials have swept problems like drugs, alcohol abuse, bullying, and suicide under the rug to preserve the myth that all is well. But Bryant seems to be suggesting that the people in Pine Island who opposed the closing of their elementary school are the ones who have made healing necessary. I don't agree.
He is right about one thing: There were tough choices to make. On Tuesday we had a choice of voting for a budget that would slightly increase taxes while cutting back on staff and educational programs, or rejecting the budget and having even more devastating cuts. Talk about voting for the lesser evil. And until there is a change in the way we fund public education, all future school budget elections will probably be the same.
Everyone seems to agree that the system needs to be changed, but beyond that generality are some serious differences. Some blame the teachers' unions and seek to roll back the healthcare benefits, pensions, and job security they have achieved for their members. Others perceive an excess of high-salaried administrators. Some would scrap physical education and team sports as a way of saving money. Some would cut the arts.
All these miss the point. Public education should be funded by the general tax fund and not by property taxes. It is simply unfair for older citizens who live on fixed incomes to be subjected to tax increases they cannot afford. It is also unfair to our children to scrimp on either physical education or the arts. The Roman poet Juvenal had it right when he wished for mens sana in corpore sano (a healthy mind in a healthy body).
I hope that in the next election this issue will be addressed by the candidates. I would like to be able to cast my vote for someone who will stand with parents and teachers in our community and beyond to effect meaningful change in school funding. I am tired of voting for the lesser evil.
Now I'm going to listen to a little Ray Bryant music.
I had the a) privilege; b) opportunity; c) misfortune of attending the Yankees/Red Sox game last Saturday night with my 16-year-old son Zack and his 22-year-old cousin, Andy. It was the Jorge Posada Game. Or rather, the "Where the heck is Jorge Posada?" Game. We sat in the right field seats, near the foul pole. Second deck. Actually, decent seats to watch a wholly indecent game, at least as far as the Yankees are concerned. They could not hit; C.C. could not pitch. It was so boring, all the Red Sox fans in our section didn't even get excited over winning, 6-0.
In fact, the game was so boring I spent more time observing the "fans" around us and left wondering who the heck these people were because they definitely were not baseball fans.
We were surrounded by what I guess would be considered upwardly mobile young people — males and females between 25 and 35 years old with an apparently unlimited supply of disposable income. I surmise this because of all the couples surrounding us (and they were all boy/girl couples) not one ever had even a fleeting conversation about the game we were supposedly watching. I know this because, as I said, the game was so boring you could hear everyone's conversation.
The two couples behind us talked non-stop the entire game. No one ever mentioned a player's name or a game situation. They did drink a lot of beer and eat and laugh a lot and the guys wore Yankees jerseys, but I had to wonder why they couldn't find a cheaper place to double date on a Saturday night.
The same went for two couples two rows in front us. The girls spent most of the game going somewhere or other with each other, coming back with a new bottle of beer ($9) each time. The words, "Let's go, Yankees!" never passed their lips and they didn't even notice that Jorge wasn't in the lineup.
They all did, however, enjoy the stadium cuisine, which is priced to make movie theater food seem cheap. (I sent Zack up with $10 for two more hot dogs and he had to kick in a couple bucks of his own.) Another young guy in front of us sat down with a $25 bucket of chicken wings and a couple of beers. There were probably fries involved, too. He and his date disappeared somewhere in the middle of the game. I don't know which team they were rooting for.
The highlight of the game (I know because Zack posted it on his Facebook page) came when the very quiet young man sitting directly in front of us got hit, first by a hot dog, then by a beer shower, from the third deck directly above us. Since he was wearing a Lester shirt, we assumed he was a Boston fan and so we got some not-so-secret (we smiled at each other) enjoyment out of his misfortune. But he never even got angry. His date did, looking skyward with a "Who are those cretins?" gaze. But "Lester" sat there calmly. He didn't even cheer when Adrian Gonzalez buried the Yankees with a three-run home run.
When I was their age (yeah, I know, here goes the old guy talking about the good old days), if you were fool enough to take a non-baseball-savvy date to a baseball game, you planned on explaining some of the nuances of the game. ("He's bunting to put the runner on second base so he can score on a hit. You can hit foul balls 'til the cows come home.") You didn't mind that because she was at least feigning interest in the game and it made you feel competent. Who cared what the hot dogs cost?
I once took a date to a Yankee game and sagely informed her that Yogi Berra (stop adding up the years) was a very good bad-ball hitter. It didn't matter if it was a strike, Yogi could hit it out. Which, God bless his pinstriped soul, he promptly did. Right down the right field line, near the foul pole in the old Yankee Stadium, where the seats didn't cost anywhere near as much as the similar ones we had in the new stadium.
Of course, our seats Saturday were wider and definitely more comfortable. They cost a hundred bucks each, which is why I was wondering who these young men were who were taking young women on a date to a baseball game which they clearly didn't care about and which would cost them close to $500 anyway by time they got through parking, paying tolls, eating and drinking. Even in Manhattan, dinner and a movie is cheaper.
Because they have not been winning lately, a Mets game does not carry the same cache as a Yankee game, but I am willing to bet there are many more actual conversations about baseball at Citi Field than at the new Yankee Stadium. Not that it's any cheaper.
Just as I was saying to myself for the twentieth time, "Who are these people?" a gray-haired gentleman wearing khakis and a green windbreaker, walked slowly from his seat farther up the right field line to where the kid and the suit were sitting. The guy in the windbreaker held out his hand and gave the kid a ball he had snared earlier in the game. Then he turned and walked back to his seat to watch the Yankees go down without a threat.
By this time, all those twenty-somethings had long been gone, probably looking for a bar to refresh their game memories. But Zack (an avid, true Yankee fan) saw the whole scene play out. He gave the guy in the windbreaker a nod of approval. Now that's cool, however they say it today.
Gas prices have many of us looking at investing in alternative fueled vehicles. Before you buy your next car, take a look at greener vehicles soon available in our country.
—– Gas-electric hybrids were first introduced by Honda in 1999 with the Insight which claimed 70 MPG and the title of most fuel efficient car on the market. Toyota Prius came in second at 50 MPG, but quickly sold more units as the Prius is a midsized car, and still on the market. Currently there are many hybrids on the market, but few can touch the Prius in fuel economy. Aftermarket improvements on the Prius include an updated battery pack that will give the hybrid up to 100MPG by allowing it to be plugged into an electric outlet. The drawback on this plug in kit is that it voids Toyota warrantees, is expensive, and requires installation by a trained mechanic.
—– Purely electric cars were introduced in 1950's with the Henney Kilowatt. Low gas prices kept sales slow until General Motors upgraded the design to the EV-01. Although very popular, and pricey, GM pulled the EV-01 off the market and destroyed its entire inventory causing many to speculate on GM's motives. Nissan seems to have picked up where GM left off with the introduction of the EV-02 Cube in 2012. Nissan's electric car will have a range of more than 100 miles between overnight charges. This is accomplished by improving battery technology by making batteries flat, and more compact, rather than cylindrical cells. This improvement solves the main problem with electric cars which historically had only a 30 mile range. New electric cars are being designed that may act as storage units for the electrical grid system. They feed back electricity to the grid during times of peak demand, like when their owners are sitting in air-conditioned offices during midday heat.
—– Solar cars would be electric vehicles directly powered by solar panels attached to the car. So far, solar engineers have yet to overcome the pitfalls of collecting enough solar energy to power a car for great distances at highway speeds, and overcoming the weight of the solar panels and battery systems. These shortcomings may be solved by inventive racers in the World Solar Challenge and the North American Solar Challenge, sponsored by the United States Department of Energy. Some automakers have small scale electric cars that can be plugged into solar arrays to recharge. Most of these cars are not street legal yet. It is a short time before plug in electric vehicles can be charged by solar or wind powered generators creating the cleanest and greenest vehicles on the market.
—– Compressed air engines are emissions-free piston engines invented by Frenchman Guy Nègre in the 1990's. This car uses pressurized air through a conventional fuel injection system to power the vehicle for a range of 100 miles carrying four or five passengers. The only exhaust is cold air which could be recirculated as air conditioning. A tank of air would cost about $3, and take about three minutes at a service station. The downside is finding a service station with the equipment to compress air to the required density. These cars are not scheduled for release in our country, but are expected to be available in the next few years in Europe and Central America.
—– Water-powered cars are just an urban legend at this point with each example turning out to be either a hydrogen-fueled car, or a fraud. A kit can be purchased online for less than $50 that claims to improve fuel efficiency of gasoline-powered engines by injecting water into the mix, but that claim has yet to be proven scientifically. The only water-powered car that has been on the American market was actually a steam-powered car called the Stanley Steamer in 1906.
—– Hydrogen powered cars are mainly electric cars powered by an onboard fuel cell that generates electricity through a hydrogen/oxygen reaction. The benefits are no carbon emissions, since the fuel cell only emits heat and water. Ford has already manufactured a fleet of fuel celled Focus, proving that fuel cell vehicles can be mass produced. However, there is still the problem of hydrogen infrastructure and the lack of refilling stations and lightweight hydrogen storage. Fuel cell cars are also exorbitantly expensive putting them out of the price range of the average consumer at well over $50,000.
—– Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) cars use mainly methane (byproduct of landfills) to fuel normal combustion engines instead of gasoline. Combustion of methane produces the least amount of carbon emissions of all fossil fuels. Most gasoline cars can be retrofitted to become bifuel running on natural gas as well as regular gasoline. There are already an estimated 5 million CNG vehicles running worldwide including cars like Honda Civics and GM released a multifuel vehicle in Brazil that runs on CNG, ethanol, and regular gas. The same motor was used in the Chevy Astra by the taxi industry. Drawbacks include finding refueling stations, and getting major automakers to release these cars to American markets.
Go find a door that opens wide upon a lovely garden.
Cahoots: A Place or a State of Mind?
To which I say, "Where the heck is this "Cahoots" of which they speak? Is it in Pakistan? After all, it's not the first time members of Pakistan's military have been accused (is that the right word?) of being in Cahoots. This usually follows the assassination of one of their prime ministers. And a long time ago, the government of Pakistan was accused of being in Cahoots with China to snare a piece of valuable waterfront property that India also had its eyes on.
For some reason, people said to be in Cahoots always say they weren't there, so it would appear that this Cahoots is not a nice touristy place, but rather a place people go to plot evil, or at least nefarious, deeds. Which sounds a lot like Pakistan.
Or maybe Afghanistan? When 541 prisoners, including 106 Taliban commanders, tunneled their way out of Kandahar Prison recently, embarrassed U.S. and Canadian officials claimed Afghan prison officials were incompetent, corrupt, and in Cahoots with the Taliban. This suspicion was fueled by the fact that 800 Taliban prisoners had escaped from another maximum security prison in Afghanistan in 2008.
Then again, Cahoots could be in Mexico. In Hidalgo, Mexico, the Catholic Church, no less, has been accused of being in Cahoots with drug lords because it accepts donations from known leaders of that country's drug cartels. A new church with a huge silver cross was built thanks to the generosity of a major drug lord. A plaque on the building identifies him. The people in the small town, who grew up with the man, say they don't know him, but U.S and Mexican officials say they were in Cahoots.
The more I researched, trying to locate Cahoots, the more confusing the answer became. For example, on the other side of the ocean from Mexico, cases of radiation overexposure have led to suspicion that nuclear regulators and the Japanese government operated in Cahoots to cover up fatal flaws at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant, flaws that some experts say would have manifested themselves even without the devastating earthquake and tsunami that cut off power to the plant.
Meanwhile in South Africa, Communist Party General Secretary Blade Nzimande said the capitalist system is neglecting the efforts made by the South Africa working class and that the South African media are part of the problem because they are "in Cahoots with the oppressive capitalist bosses." In the interest of fairness, communist leaders in every nation have always accused capitalists of being in Cahoots with someone.
From here, the search for Cahoots became increasingly futile.
When federal officials sued to shut down an Amish farmer who was selling raw milk across state lines, customers of the Pennsylvania farmer said, "The FDA is in Cahoots with the large milk producers." And WikiLeaks founder Julian Assange charges that Facebook and the U.S. government are in Cahoots to build a mammoth database. He called it "the most appalling spy machine that has ever been invented," in an interview with Russia Today.
There's also an American blogger who says, "My gas station and my grocery store are in Cahoots. They both keep inching up prices, waiting to see which one will bankrupt me first." And a lawsuit has been filed in California accusing Apple, Google, Adobe Systems, Intel, and other tech companies of being in Cahoots to violate antitrust laws by allegedly conspiring to fix employee pay, as well as working out "no solicitation" deals with one another.
Well, no wonder it's so hard to find. Who would ever suspect professional wrestlers of being in Cahoots?
* Cahoots capitals are mine.


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Weight loss is not always the easiest thing to accomplish. As time progresses it is easy to allow your motivation to wane and eventually to give up on your weight loss plans. Read on for some tips from those who have lost the weight and kept it off.
Identifying your most important weight loss goals is the first step in your weight loss program. What exactly are you trying to accomplish through weight loss? Do you want to drop a few sizes? How much weight do you want to lose? Do you just want a healthier body?
Keep track of your weight loss progress by charting your loss or gain from that week. Keep a log of everything you consume, and weigh yourself weekly. Take time to study what you have recorded, and figure out if you should make some alterations. Usually seeing everything you have eaten written down will help you make better food choices.
Food decisions that are last minute are most of the time the result of being overly hungry. It is not a good idea to wait until you are very hungry to eat. Schedule your meals in advance and have snacks on hand. Bring your own lunch instead of going to a restaurant. In addition to being low in calories it will also help you save some money. You're much more likely to break your diet if you've gone a long time without eating. Eat before you're extremely hungry to avoid the trap of overeating. Always purchase healthy snacks, and if it is a veggie that needs to be prepared, prepare it ahead of time. Plan your meals so they are healthy and have limited calories. Instead of eating at a restaurant, bring your lunch from home. This will help you closely monitor your calorie intake and save you money as well.
The two main parts of weight loss are eating healthy foods and getting enough exercise. Following a healthy diet can be simple for some people, although they may struggle with following a workout schedule. Working out with a friend and finding routines that are fun can make working out easier. Try putting the two of them together to get extra motivation.
Throw away any unhealthy food that is found in your cupboards. You can't give into temptation if rich, fatty foods aren't available. Stock your kitchen full of healthy foods you love. The harder it is to eat unhealthy food, the less appealing it will be, and the less you will consume.
See if you can find someone to workout with. Holding yourself accountable for your workout can be difficult, just as it is easy to find reasons not to workout. You are more likely to keep on trucking when you get worn out or frustrated if you have a friend working out alongside you.. You can help keep each other motivated to lose weight.
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It can be hard to shed those extra pounds. After a short period of time, you may find yourself wanting to give up. Here you will find out the secrets of those who have not only been able to shed unwanted pounds, but also have been able to keep them at bay.
Draw up detailed goals to make losing weight easier. Exactly how much do you intend to lose? Is there a certain clothing size you want to wear, or do you want your current wardrobe to fit you comfortably once again? Is your goal to be in better shape or gain energy?
Make sure to track your weight loss progress weekly. Use a journal to keep track of your weight weekly. Record what you eat in the same book. Be sure to write down the foods you have each day, so you can keep track of your daily intake. The simple task of writing it down can prevent you from making poor choices in foods.
Hunger usually results in unhealthy food decisions. You need to make sure that you are snacking on healthy foods during the day, so that you do not reach that starvation level. Schedule your meals and have snacks on hand. Instead of eating fast food, pack a healthy lunch. In addition to being low in calories it will also help you save some money. You're much more likely to break your diet if you've gone a long time without eating. Do not wait until you're to hungry to think before you eat. Pre-plan your daily meals and have a few healthy snacks at hand. Bring your own lunch instead of going out to eat. You will save money, and be able to better keep track of the number of calories you are consuming.
Every successful and healthful weight loss plan combines reasonable exercise and a balanced eating plan. It is imperative that you schedule workouts several times per week to stay active and energized. If you find it difficult to stick to a standard exercise schedule, another option is to look for an enjoyable physical activity that you can regularly commit time to. Try going on a walk with your friends. You could also try doing activities like hiking and salsa dancing to help you lose weight.
Do not let other members of your household fill your fridge with bad food choices. At first your family may find it a bit difficult to adjust, but they will come to realize that it is important for all of you to be healthy. You should reserve your kitchen shelves and your fridge for healthy foods only. Nobody will have to live without a variety of snacking options. One of the best snacks for both adults and children is fresh fruit. Granola is another good choice, among many other options.
Do you have a friend that wants to lose weight too? If so, set up goals together and be there to encourage each other when the other is lacking in motivation. Support from friends and family can keep you on track when all you want to do is stop. Call on a friend when you need some motivation and it will help you reach your goals.
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At times, it is hard to stay motivated. Most of the time, your weight loss goals begin with a bang, but as time goes on, you will notice your motivation wane. You may notice others who are losing weight at a quicker pace and showing more progression. Naturally, you'll question why they are getting those results, and you aren't. How are they achieving these great results and maintaining their fitness?
Start by creating a detailed weight loss plan you know you can follow. You must figure out if you are looking to just lose weight, or tone your body. Is there a weight you want to achieve? Perhaps you want to feel more energetic, increasing your strength and endurance?
Seeing your weight loss progress written down may be the motivator you need to stay on track. Develop a log where you write down every piece of food you eat. Add up the amount of calories you ingest each day to see if you are within your recommended totals. Use that same journal to keep track of your weight from week to week. Try using graphs to visually represent your progress and help motivate you in your journal.
Try not to allow yourself to become famished. When you're famished, you have no self control. Select items for your menus beforehand, and keep snack foods on hand for whenever the need may arise. Always try to take a packed lunch, if you can. Not only will you save money by doing this, you will also remove the temptation of unhealthy foods by not having the need to purchase food on the go.
The most successful weight loss programs combine a good exercise program with healthy, nutritious meals. Setting aside a fixed time each week to exercise regularly will improve your stamina and energy. Finding exercise activities that you have fun doing can be a great way to do this if you find yourself struggling to stick to a standard exercise plan. Go for a walk with some friends, or head out to a dance club.
If your home is full of bad food options, it can be difficult to cease consuming them. However, following the same logic, we can determine that when the refrigerator is full of healthy, nutritious snacks, then that is what you will reach for. Be sure to have plenty of healthy options available, such as veggies, fruits and nutritious snacks. The simplest way to cut back on your junk food consumption is to not buy it at all. You will find it easier to break your junk food habits when you make nutritious alternatives handy and keep the unhealthy stuff out of reach.
Enlist the aid of your friends and family members. While losing the weight is ultimately up to you, keeping friends around who can help and support you is a great way to maintain motivation, especially when you may be in danger of quitting your program. Make sure there are people that you can talk to when you're worn out or having a hard time. People can help you get through your whole weight loss program.
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It's difficult to stay focused on the reasons you're working to lose weight. When you first start losing weight, there is usually a little flurry of weight loss that is very encouraging. Then you tend to hit a plateau, and this can cause you to feel discouraged and lose interest in your project. How can you have some of the passion and persistence that others seem to have rub off on you? What are the secrets to other people's success?
It is essential to know what your goals are if you want your fitness plan to be successful. Do you want to achieve a huge difference in your size, or are you simply hoping to drop a few pounds? Is your goal to get the most energy through a daily work out routine? Where do you see yourself at the end of your workout plan?
It is important to keep track of your progress every week as you move forward. Create a journal and check your weight weekly. Use the journal to list the foods you eat everyday in a food log. Writing down what you are eating will help you remember to make healthier choices.
If you reach a level of hunger that feels like starvation, there's a pretty good chance that you will choose the wrong food to eat. Try to cook and bring your own meals with you when you leave the house. Packing your own lunch for work or school is preferred to ordering food from a restaurant or getting fast food. If you bring your lunch to work with you, it is easier to eat healthy. Because packing your own food is usually cheaper than eating out, you will be pleased by the money that you are saving as well as the benefits to your figure.
Healthy foods coupled with a fat burning exercise plan will make your weight loss plans successful. In order to make sure you are getting the activity your body needs, it is important that you set aside time to workout each week. When you are finding it hard to stay motivated during the work week you should look for something that you like. Take a walk with your kids, play some tennis or ride your bike. Whatever you choose, it will get you moving in the direction of great health!
You want to get rid of jink food from any areas you spend a lot of time in, such as your home, your office, and your car. The simple fact is you cannot eat something that is not there. Make sure that you replace this junk food with more healthy options. Be prepared for sudden snack attacks by having plenty of ready-to-eat foods on hand, such as carrot and celery sticks, fruit, seeds and other nutritious treats.
Ask your friends if they will help you throughout your weight loss process. Weight loss is ultimately up to you, but it is very helpful to have support from friends and family to help keep you motivated. When you do not have the motivation to keep going, you should call your support system and talk about it.
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Weight loss is not an easy endeavor. After a short period of time, you may find yourself wanting to give up. Those who have reached their weight loss goals and maintained their ideal weight have done it with methods like these.
Before you do anything else, decide on some realistic weight loss goals. Do you simply yearn to fit into your old clothes, or do you actually want to make a huge reduction in your weight? Are you really mostly concerned about improving your overall health? Giving yourself concrete goals gives you something to strive for.
Maintaining records is a helpful addition to your weight loss regimen. Keeping a written record of your weight loss journey can help you remain focused on your weight loss goals. Checking your weight weekly will assist you in following your progress. You should try keeping a journal of your food intake as well. Making careful notes on what you eat daily can help you track your diet's effect on reaching your weight loss goals. Keeping an eye on your weight-loss and food journals can help you come up with helpful new ideas.
If you are hungry, you will tend to choose your foods impulsively. You are not thinking about what is good for you and your diet. Therefore, you should have healthy items with you at all times and schedule your meals ahead of time. In order to ensure that you do not have to get take-out, pack a meal with you. This reduces your food costs and the food you prepare yourself will be healthier and lower in calories.
In order to lose weight you need to pay attention to not only your diet but also the amount of exercise you get. To maintain your motivation level, you need to select physical activities that you enjoy doing as part of your exercise plan. Here are some great options: Take a dance class! Join a sports team! Join a hiking club! Get into power walking! Swim or jog with a friend! Use your imagination, and it won't be hard to come up with ways you can get a little more exercise in your daily life.
Refrain from purchasing food that doesn't fit your diet. At first that might be a shock to your family, but guess what? If it's not good for you to eat, chances are it's not good for them to eat either. Load your refrigerator and pantry with plenty of healthy food choices. Do not worry, no one will have to go hungry. Fruit makes a great snack for both children and adults. Keep a supply of granola and assorted healthy snacks in your pantry for everyone in your house to enjoy.
Inform others of your workout goals. They can inspire you to truly reach that weight loss goal. Get together with your friends for support if you feel like giving up.
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Sometimes losing weight can seem like the hardest thing in the world. You start out motivated and ready to conquer the world, but fear and confusion can put a damper on that feeling pretty fast. What secrets are used by those people that do manage to lose weight and keep it off? What are the secrets of people who have success at weight loss?
Before you do anything else, you should ask yourself why you want to lose weight, and then set your goals. Is there a specific function that you are trying to lose weight for? Is there a certain number of pounds you want to lose? Do you want to lose weight to improve your health and vitality? These are the types of things you need to ask yourself.
Keep track of your progress on a weekly basis. Keep a regular journal that has records of your weight, preferably measured by the week. Add a food diary to your journal, and be sure to list your food intake throughout each day. Writing down what you put into your body will make you more aware of your choices, inspiring you to make healthier decisions.
Being extremely hungry can throw your self control out the window. Keep healthy snacks with you at all times. This will help to prevent you from making unhealthy decisions, such as going through the drive-thru at a fast food restaurant. Organize your meals in advance and don't forget to bring your own lunch. Bringing your lunch will save you a lot of money.
Successful weight loss includes not only a healthy diet, but also a good workout routine. Find an exercise that you enjoy enough to do several times a week. When it's hard to fit exercising into your schedule, incorporate a favorite activity into your workout. Take a stroll whenever you get together with your friends. If you have an interest in dancing, take a dance class. If you like hiking, you can go explore several trails near you.
Almost everyone knows it, but few do it. Remove from your fridge and pantry all junk food and calorie-laden snacks. If unhealthy snacks are not around when you want them, you can avoid them altogether. Use healthy alternatives like fresh fruit and vegetables. Make not so good choices unavailable to you: if it's not around you won't think about it.
You cannot lose weight because your doctor says you should or your husband wants you to do it. You have to decide you are going to lose weight because you want to do it for yourself. However, asking your friends and family to be there for you if you need support will make your journey less stressful and more enjoyable. Sometimes you might not really feel like exercising, so you may just need to spend some time with a like-minded soul. Don't give in! Call on your team of supporters to cheer you on and give you the strength you need to keep on course.
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Ethnic Conflict in German Physics
March 31, 2010 /in Featured Articles /by Dan Michaels
Johannes Stark (1874-1947): Leader of the German Physics Movement
After the Napoleonic Wars the Jews began for the first time to enjoy the benefits of full citizenship in the countries of Europe. By virtue of their innate talents, pent-up energy, drive, and ambition, they quickly climbed the social ladder, becoming especially prominent in the first instance in commercial pursuits and later in financial, professional, cultural, and scientific circles. Generally, the leaders in the countries in which they lived, recognizing the talents of the new comers, quickly embraced and employed them as tax collectors, bankers, and investment advisors in order to protect and increase their own wealth and position.
With the Jewish rise to prominence, even dominance in some areas, Jewish thought and teachings have transformed Western society — even the sciences. The ascendancy of the Jews in society in general may be seen in microcosm in the competition for the laurels awarded to the most distinguished researchers in the physical sciences by the Nobel Prize selection board.
Although an imperfect measure, the number of Nobel Prize winners is a handy gauge of outstanding achievement in the sciences. Some consider the measure unreliable because they question the impartiality of the selection board. Others would prefer emphasizing the ethnicity of the laureate rather than the country he happens to reside in, believing that ethnicity is a more significant criterion than citizen ship in a particular nation state. Without a homeland of their own, ethnic Jewish scientists have always carried out their research in diverse countries and have won their Nobel Prizes as citizens of those "host" countries. Some Jewish groups, motivated by pride, have taken to identifying and publicizing the Nobel Prize laureates who are Jewish. Ethnic identification is made according to strict Halachic definition based on the interpretation of Hebrew Scriptures, stipulating that to be a Jew requires being born to a Jewish mother (adherence to the Jewish Volk is inherited down the female line in the same manner as mitochondrial DNA) or undergoing formal conversion to Judaism. In other words, a Jew by that definition can be either one who adheres to the religion of Judaism or a non-believer whose mother happened to be Jewish even if she was not practicing her religion.
To avoid ethnic chauvinism, the Nobel Prize committee itself does not take the ethnicity or the heredity of a laureate into account. The Nobel Committee does not choose the winning Laureate as exemplars of a specific racial group but as citizens of the county in which they reside.
On the basis of the Nobel committee's official criteria, in the overall compilation of winners (in all fields: physics, chemistry, bio medicine, economics, literature, peace) Ger many, without reference to race or religion of its citizens, has had a total of about a hundred laureates. On the other hand, the Jewish world community, using its own Halachic identification criteria, proudly claims today that the number of Jewish laureates to date in all fields has already far surpassed that number, which is to say that approximately 25% of all Nobel laureates to date have been Jews. Using the Halachic method of counting, many American Nobel laureates are of course scored as Jewish.
Based on the citizenship of the country in which they reside, the United States is the grand master with over 160 winners in all fields, repre senting one-third of all Nobel laureates. Before World War II the Ger mans held the overall lead, but have fallen behind owing to the human and territorial losses in World War II as well as the postwar emigration (voluntarily or forcible) of scientists to the United States, Great Britain, Soviet Russia, and elsewhere. In addition, the reorganization and democratization of the German school system by the Allies after the war also lowered standards.
Both peoples, German and Jews, have unquestionably contributed more than their share to the advances made in the various fields of scientific endeavor and especi ally in the natural sciences, as exemplified by physics since about 1900. In the specific field of physics, Germany has produced 26 winners 5 of which were Jews, or roughly 20%. By Halachic definition, Jews worldwide have earned some 44 laureates in physics alone. An educated guess, if not by actual count, suggests that an even greater per centage of U.S. laureates, perhaps 25–30 %, were also Jewish. Four of 6 Russian winners in physics, i.e., two-thirds, were Jewish. Roughly the same numbers and percentages would pertain to chemistry and medicine as well.
The high number of winners for the United States and ethnic Jews since about 1950 can partially be attributed to the fact that increasingly multiple (2–3 or more) scientists may be awarded the laureate for the same accomplishment, i.e., a team of researchers may share the award. Another factor at work affecting the high number of U.S. and Jewish laureates is the high costs involved in modern research that favor the rich countries and put the smaller countries at a disadvantage. Also, the personal wealth of a significant number of U.S. Jewish laureates permitted them to study at the best universities in the world, which, in turn, helps to explain their remarkable success. Moreover, the gifted and affluent ethnic Jewish laureates were able to use and build upon the scientific infrastructure (labs, universities, scholarship, traditions, preexisting and accumulated achievements of earlier, indigenous scholars, etc.) of the advanced Western countries in which they resided.
Intelligence tests have consistently shown that Ashkenazi Jews score higher on average than Whites and Asians. And among the Jews themselves, the Ashkenazi group rates somewhat higher than the Sephardim. However, IQ is apoor explanation of Jewish success in being Nobel laureates because non-Jews greatly outnumber Jews. For example, if we take an IQ of 145 as a cutoff for genius and assume that Jews were around 3.4% of the White US population in 1950, there were nearly 4 times more non-Jewish White geniuses in the US than Jewish geniuses. And there would have been a much greater disparity in pre-World War II Germany where Jews were around 1% of the population.
Ethnic Competition in Physics
Nationalism in the first half of the 20th century, especially in Europe, was so strong that many thought the sciences themselves were pervaded with the spirit of the people who developed them. It was in this age and atmosphere that Zionism too (secular Jewish nationalism) was aborning. To a considerable extent it is true that each nation has its own specific approach or style of research, but can the results of research be colored by the ethnicity of the researcher? The following is based mainly on Johannes Stark's Jüdische und deutsche Physik(Jewish and German Physics, originally published in 1941). Stark was a leader of the German Physics movement during the National Socialist period.
No one has ever accused the Jews or the Germans of being underachievers in matters intellectual. If anything, it is precisely because both peoples are notorious overachievers that they have incurred the suspicion and dislike of the less ambitious who often claim to find the manners of Jews and Germans offensive. Compounding the situation, Jews and Germans often find each other's behavior objectionable, most probably because they are in competition with each other. Like two magnets of the same strength, they can attract each other in one configuration or they can repel each other in another. We have seen both configurations, though admittedly more of the latter.
Both Germans and Jews are proud peoples and have earned the right to be so.
Unfortunately, competition, driven by national pride, has in the past provoked discord and even scandalous contention among Nobel laureates. In Germany, decades before the rise of the National Socialists, a bitter dispute arose between German and Jewish physicists, clearly reflecting group cultural differences. At the center of the storm was Albert Einstein.
A small but important group of German physicists (Wilhelm Wien, Philipp Lenard, Johannes Stark), all early Nobel laureates and suffused with the spirit of German nationalism, resented the fact that natural phenomena discovered by German scientists were quickly appropriated by the British and assigned English names (e.g., Röntgen rays were called X-rays). Even more irritating to the German nationalists was the fact that a number of Jews, domestic and foreign, who studied in Germany, were soon getting an exorbitant amount of publicity and credit for research that had been pioneered earlier by Germans and others.
Philipp Lenard (1862-1947)
This animosity toward the British, like so much of the anger that propelled the rise of the National Socialists, stemmed from World War I propaganda that painted the Germans in the worst possible light, culminating in declaring Germany solely guilty for the war. To counter this propaganda, the Germans, with Wien and other physicists in the lead, joined in the so-called Krieg der Geister (War of Minds) in which leading figures in German society fought a paper war with the French and British to set the record right.
Wilhelm Wien (1864-1928)
The prominence and celebrity accorded to Einstein and "his" Theory of Relativity was, in German eyes of that day, the main provocation and the straw that broke the back of the German nationalists. Several important German physicists believed, for example, that Friedrich Hasenöhrl, a German almost unknown today because his work was not publicized, deserved much of the credit and certainly at least some credit for developing the theory. Hasenöhrl, for example, was the first to postulate the fundamental idea of the equivalence of energy and mass. Underlying the surface dispute of assigning proper credit for the development of the relativity theory was an even more sinister concern. Einstein's relativity was, in the minds of many, equated with moral relativity, a trait that Germans and others associated with Jews. Even the famous E = mc2 formula had been introduced earlier (1903), albeit for a different purpose, by the Italian Olinto De Pretto and published by the Veneto Royal Science Institute in the scientific journal Atte.
Friedrich Hasenöhrl (1874-1915)
In actual fact, Einstein did not win his Nobel Prize for the Theory of Relativity, but for his work in theoretical physics in general and his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect. Nonetheless, Einstein was faulted by German and other physicists for failing to give proper credit to the many scientists upon whose studies he based his own. Stark, among others, asserted that Einstein gave no credit, not even in footnotes, to researchers like Hendrik Lorentz, Jules Henri Poincaré, Ernst Mach, and Stark himself, all of whom had contributed much in the field. Not even the German astronomer and geodesist J. G. Soldner, who lived decades before Einstein and who was the first to describe the bending of light in the gravita tional field of the Sun, was mentioned by Einstein.
Methodically, these disgruntled German physicists proceeded to define how German physics differed from Jewish physics. The essential difference, according to the Germans, resides in each group's fundamental approach to the study of physics. The traditional approach to the study of physics in Germany has been classical, pragmatic, empirical, and experimental. Jewish physics, on the other hand, was considered dogmatic, intuitive, overly abstract and theoretical. Generally speaking, Jewish scientists tended to rely on mathematical rather than observed physical laws, on inductive leaps rather than on the laborious accumulation of empirical evidence. The two divergent schools of research, many thought, reflected the innate ethnic attributes of the physicists.
In 1941 Stark, who was by then a member of the National Socialist Party, condemned the dogmatic approach as practiced by Einstein and other Jewish physicists:
The dogmatic approach seeks to extract scientific knowledge from the human mind. It builds thought systems based on human concepts of the outside world and sees in these only manifestations of their own thoughts and formulas. Our pragmatic approach draws its knowledge from careful observations and planned targeted experiments. Our own imagination is used only as a means of planning the experiment. If the plan does not confirm the experiment, then it is replaced by another concept that better corresponds to reality. The dogmatic approach believes that new knowledge can be obtained by means of desktop mathematical operations. The dogmatists then spin out their formulas into great theories and propagate them in books and on the lecture circuit. A prime example of this is the worldwide aggressive propagandizing of Einstein's theories of relativity. The pragmatic approach seeks to understand reality in patient, often yearlong laboratory work and limits itself to the publication of the results so obtained.
Because the pragmatic German physicists rely chiefly on careful, instrument-based, direct observations of experimental data, their approach is occasionally referred to as "brass machine physics" because of the many tools and instruments employed in their investigations. The dogmatists, on the other hand, chose to derive their knowledge of the laws of physics through mathematical operations and formulas that then formed the basis of the grand theories spun by Einstein and other members of that school of physics. Further irritating the Germans was the disproportionately approbative publicity accorded such dogmatic theories by the print and electronic media, which the Germans believed was managed and promoted by fellow Jews.
By the 1930s extreme elements of the National Socialist Party were even labeling ethnic German researchers like Werner Heisenberg, Max Planck, and Arnold Sommerfeld "White Jews" for sometimes adhering to the Einsteinian theoretical mathematical approach. Even when Heisenberg postulated his Uncertainty Principle, which challenged Einstein's belief in a causal, predictable universe, many German physicists opposed him. These scientists rejected quantum physics on the grounds that all unified field theories, including Heisenberg's, viewed space-time in Einstein's terms.
Some racially minded individuals further opined that perhaps Jewish dogmatism even harkened back genetically to their Semitic ancestors in the age when Jewish prophets and lawgivers abounded. In a more critical vein some critics accused Jews of using their inherent analytical talent for the destruction of their host society's existing absolutes and replacing them with a value system of their own creation (i. e., the thesis of The Culture of Critique). The talent of the Germans on the other hand, was attributed by some to their adeptness in synthesizing proven components into a viable whole (analysis vs. synthesis).
With regard to the employment of Jewish scientists in Nazi Germany, a certain flexibility prevailed. It is said, for example, that that Herman Göring, when once asked to dismiss a valued colleague (Field Marshal Erhard Milch) who was Jewish, told the investigators that "I [Göring] will decide who is a Jew." When it suited them, or expediency demanded it, the Nazi Party was even prepared to declare certain Jews "honorary Aryans." In the field of nuclear physics, for example, Fritz Houtermans was a Communist and the son of a Jewish mother. He was therefore considered Jewish both by according to Jewish law and National Socialist law. Houtermans worked with his German colleagues throughout the war. The higher political echelons of the Party were obviously taking a very prudent approach, preferring not to foolishly alienate modern physicists who might be needed or who might even be correct.
As James Wyllie has shown in his book The Warlord and the Renegade this political flexibility on the part of the Göring family and the Nazi Party was also evident in the field of psychotherapy, in the German Institute for Psychogenic Research and Psychotherapy in Berlin, directed by Matthias Heinrich Göring, a cousin of Herman. Although Matthias Göring himself and the Party favored Adlerian psychoanalysis, his staff included practitioners in the three major fields of psychotherapy as developed by Freud, Adler, and Jung. The Nazi Party, which saw religion and culture as the main determinants of mental processes and behavior, referred to psychotherapy as Seelenheilkunde, literally "soul therapy." So successful was Herman Göring in reconciling the Institute's practices with Hitler and the Party that after the war many of his staff were permitted by the Occupation to continue their work.
The renowned psychologist Carl J. Jung remarked of Hitler:
He belongs in the category of authentic wizards. … He has in his eyes the expression of a prophet. His power is not absolutely political; it is magical. Hitler listens and obeys. The true leader is well led. The idea is confirmed in the word Mahdi, the Islamic Messiah, which translates to 'He who is well led.'
Adler and Freud described him quite differently.
Thus, German and Jewish scientists can and have worked successfully together, even under the worst possible conditions. Even if the extreme nationalists on both sides have to bite their lips, their scientists were able to cooperate in both the best and worst of times. Indeed, their different approaches to research may actually complement each other.
Postscript: After the war in 1947 Nobel laureate Johannes Stark, who had been actively concerned with ridding the German university system of all Jewish influence, was declared a "major offender" and sentenced to four years imprisonment by a denazification court. Philipp Lenard died in 1947 before the courts could convict him.
Daniel W. Michaels, a native New Yorker, received his BS in geography from Columbia University in 1954. Following five years in the Army (three of which stationed in Germany) and a Fulbright grant for studies in Tuebingen University, Mr. Michaels worked in the Defense Department until his retirement in 1993. He continues to contribute articles to various journals on World War II and Cold War matters. (Email him.)
https://www.theoccidentalobserver.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/TOO-Full-Logo-660x156-1.png 0 0 Dan Michaels https://www.theoccidentalobserver.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/TOO-Full-Logo-660x156-1.png Dan Michaels2010-03-31 20:12:122010-11-24 20:15:58Ethnic Conflict in German Physics