Tuesday, January 7, 1997 at 2:00 p.m. in the H.J.E. Reid Auditorium.
Can you imagine commuting to work in an affordable small airplane from your home in the country? Can you picture a sales person calling on three clients in far-flung corners of the state and being home for dinner that same day? Can you see a family regularly flying themselves home to visit grandma on weekends, 500 miles away to a small town with no scheduled air service? How would your personal and business transportation choices be affected by a safe, affordable, all-weather personal small aircraft transportation system? What role will general aviation play in the U.S. intermodal transportation system of the 21st Century?
Emerging satellite navigation, digital communications, micro-computers, and new displays technologies offer breakthroughs in small aircraft features and capabilities for safety, affordability, and ease-of-use. Government, industry, and university research programs are underway to bring these new technologies to the marketplace. These efforts lay the foundations for unique opportunities to meet the Nation's burgeoning transportation needs. However, for these efforts to come to full potential, the national infrastructure of small airports, training industries, fixed base operators, and the air traffic control system must be revitalized. These infrastructure investments require private sector as well as federal, state, and local public sector decisions.
Dr. Bruce J. Holmes manages the NASA General Aviation Program Office located at the Langley Research Center in Hampton, Virginia. In this position, he directs the Advanced General Aviation Transport Experiments (AGATE) Consortium. Dr. Holmes has been with NASA over 20 years. He has served in several research engineering and senior management positions at Langley Research Center in Hampton, Virginia and NASA Headquarters in Washington, DC, including duties Assistant Director for Aeronautics at the NASA Langley Research Center. His aeronautical engineering research accomplishments include drag reduction, flight testing methods, and aircraft design concepts. Dr. Holmes is internationally known for his research in the 1970's and 1980's that laid the foundations for use of natural laminar flow for fuel savings and performance improvements on airplanes in the marketplace today.
Dr. Holmes has published 70 technical papers and has received 4 patents on aerodynamic concepts. Dr. Holmes is a recipient of numerous NASA and technical society awards, most recently receiving the University of Kansas Alumni Honor Roll Award. He is an Associate Fellow and member of the Board of Directors in the AIAA, and a member of the Airplane Owners and Pilots Association (AOPA) and the Experimental Aircraft Association (EAA). His flying background includes over 30 years of professional general aviation flying in flight instruction, Part 135 air taxi and commuter airlines, flight testing, and crop dusting. His passion for aviation began at an early age, flying with his father in the family airplanes.
Tuesday, February 11, 1997 at 2:00 p.m. in the H.J.E. Reid Auditorium.
The Global Positioning System (GPS or NAVSTAR) has been called the most significant civil spin-off of the cold war. It evolved from early technology development efforts in the Navy and in the Air Force, but was almost canceled before gaining approval by the Department of Defense. GPS is still fairly new, and applications taking advantage of it are still being conceived. The GPS constellation of 24 satellites was not declared fully operational until April 27, 1995; prior to this, an initial operational capability was declared on December 8, 1993. While some implementations of GPS can offer phenomenal accuracy (e.g., within a few centimeters for landing aircraft), it still requires some expansions to satisfy signal integrity, continuity and availability requirements. Most of all, for the Global Positioning System to be formally accepted (and certified) internationally, the world community will need greater participation and greater confidence in commitments by the United States, which owns and operates the system.
This presentation will discuss the history, applications, and issues associated with the Global Positioning System. It will also present some of the advanced satellite-based navigation research projects at Stanford University, which are adressing how GPS availability is expected to change the future of ground, marine, and aerospace navigation worldwide. Examples of future applications include automatic landing of airplanes and demonstrations of robotic farm tractors.
Bradford Parkinson of Stanford University, the original Department of Defense (DoD) Global Positioning System (GPS) Program Director, has a broad background in management, modem control, astrodynamics, simulation, avionics, and navigation. He manages the NASA/Stanford Relativity Mission, Gravity Probe B (GPB) and also directs Stanford research on innovative uses of GPS. Degrees are from US Naval Academy (BS 1957), MIT (MS 1961), and Stanford (Ph.D. 1966). He is a distinguished graduate of the US Naval War College and was head of the Department of Astronautics and Computer Science at the US Air Force Academy. From 1966-68 he was an academic instructor for the USAF Test Pilot School. From 1972 to 1978 he led concept development and directed the NAVSTAR Joint Program Office for which he received the DoD Superior Performance Award for Best Program Director (1977). He retired as Colonel in 1978. From 1979 to 1980 he served as a group Vice President for Rockwell International. He was Vice President and General Manager of Intermetrics, Incorporated. He is Chair of the NASA Advisory Council and a member of the Presidential Commission on Air Safety and Security. Dr. Parkinson is a member of the AIAA, AAS, IEEE, ION, and Royal Institute of Navigation (RION). He has received many distinguished awards and authored more than 80 papers on Guidance, Navigation and Control. He is a fellow of the AIAA and the RION, and a member of the National Academy of Engineering. He is a commissioner of the Presidential Commission on Air Safety and Security.
Tuesday, March 4, 1997 at 2:00 p.m. in the H.J.E. Reid Auditorium.
During the 1980's, our understanding of the giant planets — Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune — was revolutionized by detailed images taken by the Voyager spacecraft of these planets' atmospheres. Virtually all astronomy textbooks today still use Voyager images of the planets. However, those images were static: brief snapshots in time of four complex and dynamic atmospheric systems. In short, those images are no longer representative of the appearance of these planets. Recently, our knowledge of the atmospheres of the gas giant planets has undergone striking new advances, due in part to the excellent imaging capability of the Hubble Space Telescope (HST). In this talk, I will bring you up to date on our understanding of the giant planets, emphasizing the results from my two recent HST programs: (1) the study of the collision of Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 with Jupiter, and (2) imaging of intriguing variability in Neptune's clouds. I will also present HST observations of Uranus and Saturn, to place all four giant planets in comparative planetological context. You will leave this colloquium with a brand-new view of the largest planets in the Solar System.
Dr. Heidi B. Hammel is a Principal Research Scientist at MIT in the Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences. She received her undergraduate degree from the same department in 1982, and got a Ph.D. in Astronomy from the University of Hawaii in Manoa (Honolulu, HI) in 1988. After completing a post-doctoral position at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (Pasadena, California), she returned to MIT in 1990. Dr. Hammel works primarily in the field of outer planets. She is an acknowledged expert about the planet Neptune, and was a member of the Imaging Science Team for the Voyager 2 encounter with that planet in 1989. For the impact of Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 with Jupiter in July 1994, Dr. Hammel led the Hubble Space Telescope Team that investigated Jupiter's atmospheric response to the collisions. Her latest research has focussed on imaging of Neptune and Uranus with Hubble Space Telescope.
Dr. Hammel was the 1996 recipient of the Urey Prize of the Division for Planetary Science of the American Astronomical Society, awarded for outstanding scientific research by a young planetary scientist. She also has been awarded several prizes in connection with public outreach, including the Astronomical Society of the Pacific's 1995 Klumpke-Roberts Award for public understanding and appreciation of astronomy, and the 1996 Spirit of American Women National Award for encouraging young women to follow non-traditional career paths.
Tuesday, April 8, 1997 at 2:00 p.m. in the H.J.E. Reid Auditorium.
A recent report of the National Research Council, concludes: "Our planet and global environment are witnessing the most profound changes in the brief history of the human species. Human activity is the major agent of those changes–depletion of stratospheric ozone, the threat of global warming, deforestation, acid precipitation, the extinction of species, and others that have not become apparent." Only one human activity contributes to all of those global changes: global burning, the burning of the world's vegetation–forests, grasslands, and agricultural land–for land clearing and land-use change. It is believed that global burning is overwhelmingly human-initiated and that it has increased significantly over the last few decades, with most of the burning taking place in developing countries. Recent studies using satellite measurements performed at Langley and elsewhere, indicate that global burning is much more widespread and extensive than previously believed. On the average, as much as one percent of our planet's land cover may burn each year. Scientists at the NASA Langley Research Center have been in the forefront of research in global burning, including the use of satellite measurements to assess the geographical extent of burning and the chemical sampling and analysis of gases and particulates produced by burning in very diverse ecosystems. Langley's contributions to our understanding of global burning will be summarized.
Joel S. Levine is a Senior Research Scientist in the Atmospheric Sciences Division at NASA Langley Research Center. Dr. Levine received a B.S. in physics from Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, a M.S. in meteorology from New York University, and a M.S. in aeronomy and planetary atmospheres and a Ph.D. in atmospheric science, both from the University of Michigan. He serves as the Principal Investigator on global burning investigations supported by both NASA and the Global Change Program of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Dr. Levine is Co-Director of an international scientific team to develop a inventory of the gaseous and particulate emissions produced by global burning for the International Global Atmospheric Chemistry Project, part of the International Geosphere-Biosphere Program. Levine has authored or co-authored more than 125 scientific papers and edited four books on global change, atmospheric chemistry, and global burning. He is an Adjunct Professor of Applied Science and Physics at the College of William and Mary, where he teaches atmospheric science and has written and served as the on-camera host for more than 15 PBS television programs on atmospheric science and global change, including the award-winning series, Mission EarthBound. Levine was selected as Virginia's Outstanding Scientist and received the New York Academy of Sciences' Halpern Award for Chemistry, both honors for research in atmospheric chemistry and global change.
Tuesday, May 6, 1997 at 2:00 p.m. in the H.J.E. Reid Auditorium.
The design and development of a series of small planetary exploration spacecraft is proceeding rapidly at NASA and industry centers across the country. Poised for flight in the coming decade, these projects should continue to expand our knowledge of the solar system long after the Mars Pathfinder landing and Mars Global Surveyor orbital insertion later this year. While providing scientists and the public with new data, insight, and images of Mars, these missions are operating with a "better, faster, cheaper" philosophy. As a result, flight of this aggressive series of landers and orbiters poses numerous technological challenges including: design of micro-spacecraft, sample-return systems, the first flight of an aerocapture system, autonomous precision landing, and design of lightweight, high-speed entry systems. In this lecture, NASA's robotic planetary exploration strategy will be discussed. Mission and science objectives will be presented with an emphasis on the technological challenges that lie ahead. Finally, current plans for the piloted exploration of Mars will be discussed.
Robert D. Braun is an aerospace technologist in the Space Systems and Concepts Division of the NASA Langley Research Center. He has been working on the development of aeroassist elements for robotic and piloted planetary exploration since 1987. Dr. Braun received a B.S. in Aerospace Engineering from The Pennsylvania State University in 1987, a M.S. in Astronautics from The George Washington University in 1989, and a Ph.D. in Aeronautics and Astronautics from Stanford University in 1996. He has been a member of the Mars Pathfinder design team since 1992 and is the only non-JPL member of the Pathfinder entry, descent, and landing operations team. Dr. Braun has led the LaRC Mars Pathfinder analysis efforts for which he received the NASA Exceptional Achievement Medal in 1996. He has also worked on the design of the New Millennium Mars Microprobes (scheduled for launch in Jan. 1999) and is currently leading LaRC's Mars 2001 aerocapture team. Dr. Braun also serves as the JPL point-of-contact for LaRC's planetary entry activities.
Tuesday, June 3, 1997 at 2:00 p.m. in the H.J.E. Reid Auditorium.
Over the span of the speaker's career, the practice of aerodynamic design has evolved guided by theoretical aerodynamics, wind tunnel testing, and the ever increasing role of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). Up until the 1990's, progress occurred at a rate paced by the growth of computer power. Computation optimization in the design process became viable. The early 1990's brought a period of major adjustment and realignment as airplane companies adapted to a new paradigm of industrial competitiveness. During this period the focus changed from product performance to process performance. The practice of optimization switched from endeavors that sought to maximize the mission performance of an airplane to the practices that seek to maximize customer satisfaction. The relationship between aero- dynamic design shaping and the manufacturing processes is becoming a key aspect of aerodynamic design. Timeliness has become the dominant theme. New directions in wind tunnel methodology, CFD, and computational optimization were launched at Boeing in the early 1990's as a response to this new paradigm. Those developments have now matured to the point where their impact is being felt in an increasing number of airplane development activities.
We have entered a period where improvements to aerodynamic design process are taking place at a rate that is unprecedented. This presentation provides a number of examples of recent airplane design activities that illustrate how advances in wind tunnel, CFD, and optimization methodology are producing some truly dramatic and inspiring advances. The speaker will conclude with a vision of the future and the challenges that must be met in achieving that vision.
Dr. Paul E. Rubbert is an international expert and leader in the development and application of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) in aerodynamic design. He has been called upon by government, industry and academia to provide his expertise, guidance and vision in charting the ongoing revolution in aerodynamics propelled by of CFD. He has received numerous awards including the prestigious Wright Brother's Medal.
Dr. Rubbert began his career at The Boeing Company in 1960 after receiving BS and MS degrees in Aeronautical Engineering from the University of Minnesota. In 1963, he continued his graduate study at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and received a Ph.D. degree in Aerodynamics in 1965. Returning to the Boeing Company, he led aerodynamic design activities for transonic transport aircraft. In 1972 he became the manager of a CFD research group which has received worldwide recognition, and subsequently he became the Director of the Boeing CFD Laboratory. Today he is a Boeing Technical Fellow and is leading the transformation of aerodynamic engineering in a "quality movement" that is revitalizing an increasing number of U.S. Corporations.
Tuesday, July 15, 1997 at 2:00 p.m. in the H.J.E. Reid Auditorium.
The Mars Pathfinder landing on July 4, 1997 will usher in a new era of planetary exploration. Historically, spacecraft that orbit or land on a distant body carry a massive amount of propellant to decelerate. Instead the Pathfinder spacecraft requires only a modest supply of fuel to navigate to Mars. With use of a Viking-derived aeroshell, the spacecraft descends through the Mars atmosphere directly from its interplanetary flightpath, deploys a parachute approximately 10 km above the surface, and fires solid rockets within 100 m of the surface for final braking prior to the deployment of airbags that cushion its touchdown. After landing, petals open to orient the lander upright, followed by deployment of a small rover, Sojourner, and several science instruments. As the first Discovery mission, accomplishing this project under NASA's "better, faster, cheaper" philosophy was a pathfinding task in itself. Pathfinder's total cost, including rover development, the launch vehicle, and operations was limited to $270M. In comparison, the Viking project would have cost over $3 billion in today's dollars. Additionally, being the first robotic entry system designed in nearly two decades, relevant technical expertise was not available in one location. Instead, a multi-center team was formed to attack the technical challenges and fly the mission on schedule and within cost. In this colloquium, development and flight of the Pathfinder spacecraft will be discussed. In particular, the July 4th entry, descent, and landing events will be highlighted. The latest set of science and engineering data will also be provided.
Anthony J. Spear has been the manager of the Mars Pathfinder project since its inception in 1992. In 1991, he led the initial Jet Propulsion Laboratory studies on NASA's Better, Faster, Cheaper Discovery missions. Tony has worked on numerous interplanetary spacecraft including the Mariner Mars 1964, Mars 1969, and Venus Mercury 1973, Viking, and Magellan programs. He performed numerous management through development and flight of the Magellan spacecraft, serving as Project manager during the Venus orbit insertion in 1990 and completion of the high resolution surface radar imaging map in 1991. From 1975-1979, he managed the development and implementation of several microwave instruments for NASA's SEASAT 1978 Earth satellite mission which included the first synthetic aperture imaging radar to fly in space. Tony has served four years in the United States Air Force and earned a Bachelor of Science degree in electrical engineering from Carnegie Melon, a Master of Science degree in electrical engineering from the University of Southern California, and a Master of Engineering degree from the University of California at Los Angeles.
Tuesday, August 5, 1997 at 2:00 p.m. in the H.J.E. Reid Auditorium.
The Post Cold war era has given rise to increased competition among the aircraft manufacturers of the world. The United Kingdom, France and Japan's Ministry of International Trade have all made substantial investments in technologies required to demonstrate an economically viable and environmentally acceptable high-speed civil transport (HSCT). Industry experts predict that the number of flights to the Pacific Rim will quadruple by the beginning of the next century, spurring the demand for over 500 next-generation supersonic passenger transports. Therefore, the first country to develop a supersonic transport that is competitive (i.e., less than a 30 percent ticket surcharge) with existing subsonic transports stands to capture a significant portion of the long-haul, intercontinental market. Specifically, the HSCT market is estimated to be worth $250 billion and could potentially add 140,000 critical skill jobs to the economy. In order to capture this market and preserve the United States leadership in commercial aviation, the High Speed Research (HSR) Program is being conducted by NASA. The goal of this program is to demonstrate the technical feasibility of a next-generation supersonic transport. This presentation will discuss the challenges faced by the HSR program and the major accomplishments to date.
Wallace C. Sawyer is the Director of the High-Speed Research Program for the Agency. He has held this position since July 1994 and oversees NASA's focused commercial high-speed research efforts. Mr. Sawyer began his career at Langley in 1965 as an aerospace engineer. He has authored or co-authored over 45 technical publications and has also contributed to a technical textbook. He has served in numerous management positions including: Assistant Head, Supersonic Aerodynamics Branch; Head, Concepts Analysis Section; Head, Fundamental Aerodynamics Branch; and Head, Supersonic/Hypersonic Aerodynamics Branch. He has also served as the Assistant Chief and Chief of the Advanced Vehicles Division responsible for directing multi-disciplinary studies of advanced aeronautical vehicles, and in NASA Headquarters as the Acting Assistant Director of Aeronautics for High Performance Aircraft. Most recently, he served as Acting Deputy Director of Aeronautics and Deputy Director of the Aeronautics Program Group. He received his bachelor of arts degree in Physics and Mathematics from Elon College in North Carolina in 1964. He also pursued graduate studies in Physics at the College of William and Mary and in engineering management at George Washington University. He is an Associate Fellow of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics.
Wednesday, September 10, 1997 at 2:00 p.m. in the H.J.E. Reid Auditorium.
The Operations Committee of the International Air Transport Association (IATA) is composed of 30 senior representatives from the Engineering, Maintenance, and Flight Operations areas of IATA's member airlines. This committee recently undertook an effort to define the technological needs of the airlines for successful operations in the next century. Eight significant areas of interest were identified. These are (in alphabetical order): aircraft and engine construction materials; aircraft size; avionics (including future antenna construction and design); maintenance (easing, reducing, eliminating, and managing); operating costs; propulsion and fuel (including noise and emissions); security; and training. The overriding parameter in each of these eight areas, however, is safety. Karel Ledeboer will discuss the airlines' views on each of these eight topics, and will also discuss the three conclusions reached so far: commercial aviation must reach an even higher level of safety than today; operating costs must continue to decrease; and the impact on the environment must be minimized.
Karel Ledeboer, a Dutchman, is an Aeronautical Engineer who earned his degree in 1962 at the Technical University in Delft. At that time he was already employed by KLM Royal Dutch Airlines. He joined the International Air Transport Association (IATA) in August 1994 as Senior Director, then became Technical Director, and is now Director of Operations and Infrastructure. In his 33 years with KLM, Karel has held a variety of functions: Director of Central Engineering, Deputy General Manager, Senior VP for Engineering and Maintenance, Senior VP for Flight Operations, and most recently, Executive VP for Operations. He was Chairman of the Board of a number of KLM subsidiaries, and served on the Board of the Netherlands Aerospace Laboratories. He is also a Fellow of the Royal Aeronautical Society and has received a Knighthood in the Order of the Netherlands Lion.
Tuesday, October 14, 1997 at 2:00 p.m. in the H.J.E. Reid Auditorium.
Gary Smaby began tracking the fledgling supercomputing industry in 1982. From his vantage point as a widely respected Wall Street analyst for the investment banking firm that brought Cray Research into the stock market, Mr. Smaby built an international reputation as an oft-quoted observer on trends in the high-performance computing (HPC) landscape. In his remarks, Mr. Smaby will present an historical, and often lighthearted perspective on the forces that shaped the evolution of supercomputing during its heyday; highlighting the factors that led to the tumultuous restructuring that has characterized the market in the post-Cold War era. In lay person's terms, Mr. Smaby will trace major industry events along the historical timeline and offer some prognostications about the future direction and impact of HPC into the new millenium.
Gary P. Smaby is CEO and Principal Analyst at Smaby Group, Inc, an international strategic advisory boutique. Mr. Smaby advises senior executives at many of the world's largest corporations – and most promising start-ups – on strategies for launching and building successful new technology ventures. He also serves as interim CEO for ThemeMedia, Inc., a Redmond WA based information visualization software start-up formed as a joint venture between Smaby Group and Battelle Memorial Institute. Mr. Smaby began his career in the information technology (IT) industry in 1974 as an entrepreneur when he founded Realcom Corporation, an advanced graphics imaging firm. Over the next eight years, Gary launched and built several successful new ventures. In 1982, shortly after successfully divesting Realcom, Gary joined the Minneapolis-based investment banking firm of Piper Jaffray as vice-president and senior analyst to set up an emerging technology group. During his Wall Street career, Mr. Smaby's coverage encompassed a broad spectrum of the IT industry from high-performance workstations and supercomputers to networking and digital media. He was promoted to Managing Director, Technology Research in 1986. In 1988, Gary left Piper to join the New York investment firm of Needham and Co. as Managing Director. He formed Smaby Group in 1989. Gary graduated with a B.A. from St. Olaf College, with dual majors in East Asian Studies and Art.
Tuesday, November 4, 1997 at 2:00 p.m. in the H.J.E. Reid Auditorium.
Why do airplanes look like they do? There are a host of design and operational factors which directly influence the way an airplane configuration is born. Many of these factors are conflicting in nature. This talk aims to describe these factors in an elementary way and to show how the final shape of an airplane configuration is highly dependent on its intended use. Some basic theoretical formulae, not complicated, are given to show what specific parameters are of key concern in the design process. The factors which are involved in making the airplane as efficient as possible are also brought out. Illustrative slides will form the basis of the presentation.
Dr. John C. Houbolt has had a distinguished career in the aerospace industry, initially with NASA Langley from 1942 through 1963, and then with Aeronautical Research Associates of Princteon from 1963 to 1975, returning to NASA Langley as the Chief Aeronautical Scientist from 1976 until his retirement in 1985. He continues to provide engineering consulting services in his retirement. His interest in airplane design is a personal one related to one of his hobbies: he is a private pilot with a multi-engine rating.
Early in his career Dr. Houbolt specialized in research on stability and dynamics of aircraft structures. As he moved into management, first as Associate Chief of the Dynamic Loads Division (1949-1961) and then as Chief of the Theoretical Mechanics Division (1961-1963), he diversified into research in aeroelasticity of aircraft and space vehicles and in special problems of space flight. Dr. Houbolt has authored over 100 technical reports. He is the recipient of numerous awards including the NASA Exceptional Scientific Achievement Award in 1963 for conception and development of the Lunar-Orbit Rendezvous concept for performing the manned lunar landing mission. He earned a Bachelor of Science and a Master of Science degree in civil engineering from the University of Illinois in 1940 and 1942, respectively, and a PhD. in Technical Sciences from ETH in Zurich, Switzerland in 1957. He also received an honorary Doctorate from Clarkson University in 1990.
Tuesday, December 9, 1997 at 2:00 p.m. in the H.J.E. Reid Auditorium.
NASA, Industry, and academia are currently working together on new solutions to tomorrow's aviation challenges. These challenges include the predicted tripling of passenger air travel from 1995 to 2015 and pressures on the aircraft industry to produce lower ticket prices while remaining economically viable. Future aircraft will also be required to meet increasingly stringent noise, emissions, and safety requirements. The use of revolutionary technologies and aircraft concepts may enable future aircraft to meet these challenges.
One revolutionary concept under study is the Blended-Wing-Body. This thick "flying wing" would carry 800 passengers more than 7000 miles in a double-deck compartment that blends into the wing – almost twice the capacity of a Boeing 747-400. Adjacent to the passenger section is room for baggage and cargo. By integrating engines, wing, and body into a single lifting surface, the overall efficiency will be maximized. Using 2015 technology, advances in structures, aerodynamics and other technologies will be combined to dramatically increase the performance over current aircraft. Many challenges exist that will involve complex solutions requiring a multidisciplinary design approach. This talk will address those challenges and the steps needed to resolve them.
Dr. Robert H. Liebeck is a Senior Fellow at The Boeing Company, Long Beach, California. He has been instrumental in recent application of "flying wing" technology to the subsonic passenger aircraft. He received his B.S., M.S., and Ph.D. in Aeronautical Engineering from the University of Illinois in 1961, 1962, and 1968 respectively. He was employed by the Douglas Aircraft Company in 1961 and has remained with the organization to the present through various corporate changes. Since 1977 he has also been an Adjunct Professor of Aerospace Engineering at the University of Southern California in Los Angeles. Dr. Liebeck is a member of the National Academy of Engineering, a fellow the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, and a fellow of the Institute for the Advancement of Engineering. He has authored or co-authored over 50 technical publications. He has received numerous awards and this year was a keynote speaker to the White House Commission on Aviation Safety and Security.
Wednesday, December 17, 1997 at 1:00 p.m. in the H.J.E. Reid Auditorium. Sponsored by the NASA Langley Research Center Colloquia Committee, the AIAA Hampton Roads Section, the Air Force Association, the National Defense Industrial Association, and the Virginia Aerospace Business Round Table.
On the occasion of the 94th anniversary of the first flight of the Wright Flyer, Dr. Tom D. Crouch, Chairman of the Division of Aeronautics at the National Air and Space Museum, will discuss the unique combination of talents and qualities that enabled Wilbur and Orville Wright to become the first people to sucessfully complete the quest for flight. Dr. Crouch will examine this historic flight from personal, professional, and engineering perspectives to reveal how Wrights found themselves on the doorstep of history on December 17, 1903.
Dr. Tom D. Crouch is Chairman of the Division of Aeronautics at the National Air and Space Museum. A Smithsonian employee since 1974, he has served both the National Air and Space Museum (NASM) and the National Museum of American History (NMAH) in a variety of curatorial and administrative posts. Dr. Crouch holds and BA (1962) from Ohio University, an MA (1968) from Miami University, and a Ph.D. from the Ohio State University. All of his degrees are in history. He is the author or editor of a number of books and many articles for both popular magazines and scholarly journals. Most of his work has been on aspects of the history of flight technology.
Tom Crouch has won a number of major writing awards, including the history book prizes offered by both the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics and the Aviation/Space Writers Association. He received a 1989 Christopher Award, a literary prize recognizing "significant artistic achievement in support of the highest values of the human spirit", for The Bishop's Boys: A Life of Wilbur and Orville Wright.


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text:
Dozier slam among 5 homers for Twins in 11-4 win vs. Brewers
By DAVE CAMPBELL, Associated Press | Posted - Aug. 8, 2017 at 11:11 p.m.
MINNEAPOLIS (AP) — The Minnesota Twins have won three straight games, all after falling behind early.
They're not too late to catch up in the playoff race, either, despite losing two key pitchers at the trade deadline and enduring 1-7 stretch that ended a week ago.
Brian Dozier hit his first career grand slam and Max Kepler and Eddie Rosario each homered twice, powering the Twins past the Milwaukee Brewers 11-4 on Tuesday night for a two-game sweep.
"We're never out of it, and I think that's kind of been our mentality that we've been sticking to," Dozier said.
Matt Garza (5-6) turned in his shortest and worst start of the season with eight hits and eight runs allowed in 3 1/3 innings for the Brewers, who fell to 4-11 in their last 15 road games. They entered the night 1 1/2 games behind the Chicago Cubs in the NL Central.
"It's a tough one to brush off," Garza said. "Get rid of it the best way you can."
Garza took a 4-2 lead into the fourth inning, when Rosario went deep with one out. The Twins then loaded the bases with a single and two walks before Dozier drove a first-pitch fastball to the flag pole behind right field for his 138th major league home run, including 21 this year. Dozier has only homered the opposite way seven times in his career.
"I was just hoping that he didn't try to pull a pitch that was un-pullable," Twins manager Paul Molitor said.
Kepler, who hit a two-run homer in the third, followed Dozier with a solo drive that brought Brewers manager Craig Counsell out of the dugout and Jeremy Jeffress in from the bullpen. Jeffress gave up a solo shot to Rosario in the fifth, but Garza's damage was done.
"You could tell he got frustrated, kind of lazy with keeping the ball down," Kepler said. "He left some up, and we took advantage."
Dozier, Kepler and Rosario went a combined 9 for 13, with seven runs and 10 RBIs. The last time the Twins had multiple players hit multiple homers in one game was Aug. 3, 2011, when Delmon Young and Michael Cuddyer each went deep twice.
The Twins, who moved within 1 1/2 games out of the second AL wild card spot, had the second-fewest home runs in the league entering the game. They trailed the Brewers 4-2 and 4-1 in the fourth innings of the last two games after a 5-0 deficit against Texas in the second inning the day before.
"Just keep riding the wave," Kepler said.
MEJIA EXITS EARLY
Twins starter Adalberto Mejia was pulled with one out in the fourth inning with pain in his upper left arm between the biceps and triceps, after allowing seven hits and three runs. He will be placed on the 10-day disabled list. Tyler Duffey (1-3) relieved with two innings for his first victory of the season, and Dillon Gee struck out five over four scoreless innings for his first career save. Molitor said he'll consider Gee for Mejia's spot in the rotation on Sunday.
Garza was drafted in the first round out of Fresno State with the 25th overall selection in 2005 by the Twins and made his major league debut just 14 months later. They sent him with shortstop Jason Bartlett to Tampa Bay in a six-player trade that made Young the headliner acquisition.
His ERA rose from 3.68 to 4.34.
"He's been in a pretty good groove for a while now and done a very nice job and been very consistent with quality starts and giving us a chance to win," Counsell said. "Tonight wasn't his night."
CHART CLIMBING
Joe Mauer's single in the first inning pushed him past Tony Oliva into third place with 1,918 career hits for the Twins. Kirby Puckett (2,304) and Rod Carew (2,085) are ahead of him. Mauer also passed Puckett with 2,810 times on base, now trailing only Harmon Killebrew (3,072) in the club's history in Minnesota since 1961.
TRAINER'S ROOM
Brewers: C Stephen Vogt, who's been out for three weeks with a sprained MCL in his left knee, has begun squatting but won't be rushed back.
Twins: All-Star 3B Miguel Sano returned to the lineup, having missed three games after being hit by a pitch on the left hand. He struck out three times and grounded into a double play.
The Brewers and Twins will travel east to repeat their two-game interleague series in Milwaukee starting Wednesday, with a 20-year age gap between the scheduled pitchers. RHP Brandon Woodruff will take the mound for the Brewers after throwing 6 1/3 scoreless innings in his major league debut last week. Minnesota RHP Bartolo Colon, who's 44, will make his 518th career start. He's coming off his first victory for the Twins, a complete game.
For more AP baseball coverage: https://apnews.com/tag/MLBbaseball
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DAVE CAMPBELL

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Aldri Sur
After spending a few seasons exploring, trail running, and swimming throughout the raw, rugged landscapes of Norway, Sweden, and Finland, Katie quickly realized her future would be forever changed.
We had the opportunity to sit down with Katie Godec, founder of Aldri Sur to hear what her experience as an entrepreneur has been like. Katie shared the ups and downs of being an entrepreneur, especially during the pandemic, the process of building her brand, and wants to use her brand to encourage actively enjoying life.
Q: Would you share a little about yourself with our audience?
I think it's important that I highlight this first, because it has absolutely nothing to do with what we're going to talk about today. I actually have a college degree, like many, but I have it in music. So I was actually a music educator for a very long time, and I do every so often teach music lessons. I have a couple of students that I've been teaching since they were like four … and I play piano. So, I come from a music education background technically in schooling, but I've done all kinds of stuff.
I don't like being told I can't do it, or "you shouldn't do this because you don't have a degree in it." Blah, blah, blah. If I did that… If I took that advice, I would have made $0. It's not like I'm hiding [this background]. It's more just that it's part of my personal life versus professional life at this point. I have a piano in my house, and I sing, and write music and stuff all the time, but it's more just kind of for me at this point in my life.
Q: What took you from music to the path that you're on now? How did the interests overlap? How did you get into this career path?
My brand, Aldri Sur, is absolutely inspired by my other part of my life, which is my athletic career. I was a triathlete for a really long time. People ask me, "how did you get into doing Triathlons? Were you always athletic?" I was not really athletic. Growing up, I was not on the track team. My parents didn't put me in swimming lessons, although we had a pool so I learned to swim from infancy. They threw me in with some floaties. I really love being outside.
I don't like being told I can't do it, or "you shouldn't do this because you don't have a degree in it." Blah, blah, blah. If I did that… If I took that advice, I would have made $0.
My family went camping all the time. I'm from a semi-rural part of Northern California in Sonoma County, so outdoor stuff was always really fun. And, the brand that I've built is for that. It is for people who just want to get outside. They don't have to be athletes like I was or am, but just definitely stuff that's meant for you to be outside versus inside.
Katie Godec, Owner of Aldri Sur
Q: I'd love to hear a little bit more about that business. What is it? How did it start? And how did you end up turning that passion into what it is now?
When the pandemic happened and a lot of my work was kind of in jeopardy - a lot of my sponsorships from my athletic career were being canceled because races were being canceled, I wasn't able to travel anywhere to go to competitions like I was used to -, I was thinking to myself: how do I take care of myself? One of the things that came up was in the athletic community. Everyone wanted neck gaiters to be masks, but they wanted something that was flexible and easy to go outside with them without having to have an N95 on their face. So I made them. I bought a sewing machine for $90, and I got some thread, and I got some fabric. I lived in Los Angeles, and there's a fashion district where you can easily go down and get the exact type of fabric you need. And I just made these frankenstein-like neck gaiters in my living room.
I have a larger social media following, so I asked a lot of the people that followed me if they wanted to pay for shipping and have these or test them out for me. A lot of people were interested. I sent all the neck gaiters all over the United States, and people were giving me good feedback, so I put a little bit more money into it. I got better at selling them.
I took feedback about the design, and then fast forward... I've handmade, thousands of neck gaiters and sold them. Now, they're all over the United States and they made their way to Europe as well. And then that spiraled more into, "what else would I potentially want to make and sell to people? What can I physically make?
What do I want to have manufactured? That happened a year and a half ago, so today I don't make most of my stuff by hand.
So that's the crazy inception story of the brand. The branding Aldri Sur is a separate story. It's actually Norwegian. It's a Norwegian phrase, "Ut på tur, aldri sur!". It's a rhyme, and it means when you're outside you can't have a bad day. It literally means "out on a hike, never sour, Aldri Sur." So that's the feeling. Getting outside, having a good time.
The branding Aldri Sur is a separate story. It's actually Norwegian. It's a Norwegian phrase, "Ut på tur, aldri sur!". It's a rhyme, and it means when you're outside you can't have a bad day. It literally means "out on a hike, never sour, Aldri Sur." So that's the feeling. Getting outside, having a good time.
Q: Did you feel like this was a creative outlet for you during the pandemic for mental health?
I needed to do something. I'm so lucky that no one in my family has died of COVID-19. We weren't harmed in that way. But as an athlete who spent all my time outside - like hours and hours and hours needing to be outside on a trail or in the ocean to accomplish my training -, when the pandemic first happened in Los Angeles, we weren't even allowed to go on the trail. They shut them down for a few months, and we weren't allowed to go to the beach. I absolutely needed to do something creative inside.
Q: What were those challenges and obstacles that you had to overcome when creating and launching the successful business that you're growing into?
Before I chose the branding Aldri Sur, I had come up with the name Aldri Sur just to give it a name. I had to get a domain to sell the stuff online. So one of my other sub companies I have has the word Tri Life in it (going back to my Triathlon career). So Tri Life is something I use a lot on social media, so I called them Tri Life Tubes, the neck gaiters. So the difficulties were absolutely just getting people aware that these were for sale.
I think probably most companies' problem is getting traffic. I had a little bit of an easier time because I already have a social media following that's pretty active. So those people have been awesome in helping me get things off the ground. But it's still a huge struggle. How do you get people to know that you're making amazing things or how do you teach someone what Aldri Sur means if they're not Norwegian? Just getting the message out to the masses was the number one problem.
Q: How did you learn to really leverage your social media following from a business standpoint and grow all your other channels to drive that traffic and awareness. Was it a matter of taking to Google and just bootstrapping it? What were those outlets that you went to to really understand marketing and how to leverage what you have while also getting into new channels for the larger marketing things like that.
You can read in a book or take a marketing class. I definitely did rely a lot on researching what other people had done versus looking at a textbook or something. So I went to competitors or what I assumed would be brand competitors or brands that I thought were similar that I'd like to be like, and I would spend hours and hours and hours just looking through their website, looking through their blogs and social media, looking at ambassadors that they have for their brand, noticing how they did their product descriptions, where do they ship to, what are their materials made out of and just becoming an expert about their things and then looking at that and making a choice for me.
Do I want to have an ambassador team? Do I want to do email marketing the way I'm noticing this brand is doing. And I've learned you can write down what you want and what you think is going to go well, but you have to test it. So I'm a huge believer in actually using my social media following. A lot of them are my friends and fellow athletes, and I just directly ask them, "do you like this? Would you respond well to this? Is this something you want or don't want?" And I just take their direct feedback and I put it into action because for now, this is my first marketing pool, my first customer base, so the products do need to fit their wants.
Q: Were there any tools or outlets particularly that helped you with that, or was it more organic?
I do have a lot of mentors and friends who've given me tons of advice about my business in general and ways to handle money. But for this particular route of going into manufacturing and retail, I'm just doing it. I was actually on my computer last night, way too late at a coffee shop, trying to plan something minor - like getting some Facebook Ads up for different photos and testing which ones I want -, and I kind of just shut my laptop at some point because it was getting too late and I was very burned out from having to make creative decisions.
But then again it's a test. I'm asking: does this ad work? I don't know if it's going to work. So I thought, "I don't even know if this is going to work. I'm going to go to bed." I shut the laptop and just slept on it. So for now, I'm a small business. I'm kind of a one woman show, and I am still very much figuring it out. But, it's good. It's a journey.
Q: I'm sure that our readers and listeners would love to know what your creative process was all the way from ideation to then having that physical product. Can you unpack that for us and just tell us about your approach?
Branding: So from conception of the branding, I actually spent a really, really long time on purpose in development of the idea behind the logo and actually picking the name Aldri Sur. I knew I wanted something that was Scandinavian, because I'm ethnically part Scandinavian. I have spent a lot of time in Sweden doing races, and the culture wants to be outside. So I knew that I had to do something that involves this sentiment. I'd write down all these names. I'd ask, "Do I want it to be in English or another language," and I would ask friends to read the word out loud just to see if they could even pronounce it. And that took months. Then I also wanted to consider it for trademark purposes. I wanted to pick something that was pretty sound, so that also went through another round of approvals.
Logo: The logo. Oh, my gosh, the logo took forever, too, because I knew I wanted my logo to be very memorable. I wanted it to be something people really wanted to actually have on their clothing, and not just think it's a cool thing. I want them to think, "I know that brand." I wanted them to see the logo and say, "I want to wear that on myself." That's a huge endeavor. So I'm really pleased with it. There are a lot of Norwegian roots in the countryside. There are these rustic plants, moss and such (they grow on the top, and they are just full of character.) They're really hardy. They withstand snow storms and rain and sun.
Product: When that was done, designing natural products felt super easy because I had done all the work. I picked all the branding colors. I had picked the feelings. I wanted the product to give people the messaging of fun, outdoors, and positive vibes. So now fast forward to making a product. We just launched a very small collection of hats, and I wanted the hats to fit my audience. A lot of the people that currently are supporting me are athletic in some way, so we did a performance space hat where you needed to have holes for air flow and moisture. It needed to be comfortable and adjustable, because I do have about half and half male female customers at the moment. So I learned the hard way back in the days of neck gaiters that men have bigger heads and necks usually. And so a lot of the stuff I would make wouldn't fit them because I'm making it to fit me. So that's also tangible feedback.
Production: Another little secret is my current full time work that I also do, in addition to this company, is sort of lightly involved in manufacturing. So I actually help launch brands for other people, such as influencers, celebrities, and others of the like. I work with a company that does that. I'm very lucky that I had some manufacturing connections through them, but it was still the process of vetting, because there's a lot of manufacturers in the world, especially who can make a hat, and I needed to ask: are they the ones that can give me the best price? Are they the ones that can give you good quality that you're looking for? What do you have to negotiate? What are you going to settle on? And something I think for anyone that's looking to manufacture something at the beginning and you don't have a lot of capital. It is a big negotiation. In theory, the factories want you to make as much as possible because that's a lot of money for them, but you might not have $500,000 to drop on your first line. I don't have great advice about how to find a good manufacturing connection, but I do think just research and talking to people, even maybe reaching out to someone who has made something you want to make already and just asking them if they would be willing to give you a phone number and email and start from there.
Q: Where do you see your brand going? Where do you see yourself in five years? What does success look like for Aldri Sur in five years? Do you want to expand? What is that vision?
I have asked myself that as well. I end up doing this thing in life, which is I want to do something new and fun. I'm just going to do it. I'm just going to jump in and do it and then I'm doing it. And then it's like, "Do I want to be doing this?" I ask myself that question. So I did that the other day. I went, alright, you're doing it. You're selling stuff. You designed this. You built a brand. I do want to keep doing it, especially because I just love the brand itself, the meaning behind it.
I am someone who thinks maybe I shouldn't be saying this is someone that's manufacturing products, but we maybe have a little too much stuff in the world at the moment. There's a lot of stuff being made and used and maybe not recycled or it's going to a landfill. I had to make some compromises with my first launch. I really, really wanted everything to be made from recycled materials or to be super sought out where it could last for 50 years and you never have to buy another one. That unfortunately takes a lot of money. Some of my hats are made from 100% recycled polyester. I use compostable bags when I was able to financially afford that. My whole goal moving forward is any money that's being made is going straight back into the business to figure out how to be more carbon neutral. I want to work with carbon neutral factories and make sure that all the materials are recycled or some.
To give a shout out to a brand that I cannot compete with at the moment: Patagonia. They have programs where you can return Patagonia items and then somebody else can buy your Patagonia jacket that was lightly used. So you're not producing another jacket into the world. I would love to get to a place where my company does that also. So that's the goal for the future.
Q: How important was having a cause for you, not from a marketing lens, but from truly just who you are authentically and creating this brand. How important was it for you to have that value alignment and that cause that you were giving back to when developing this brand?
It's literally everything. It causes me cringe when I have to pick up something that's in a plastic bag. I mean, to bring up the pandemic again for sanitary reasons...at some point things had to be individually wrapped or protected so that germs weren't getting on them. It's a solution, but it's also the problem. I think of my nieces. I have a twelve year old niece and a nine year old niece. They have to live on this planet a lot longer than I do. So I'm constantly thinking about my impact on the environment, just everything that's going to be there for them when I'm gone. And then on top of all of that, the brand is about being outside. So we have to protect the outside if that's what my brand is about. And if any investors are listening, please invest my brand so I can expedite this carbon neutral goal that I have.
Q: What does the typical work day look like for you?
It's part of my work. I'm up at 04:45 a.m.. 05:00 a.m.. To do training. So this morning I did an ocean swim and then I did a run and then I went straight home, showered, and then I'm into work calls with this manufacturing job. 09:30 a.m.. And I work until like seven or 08:00 p.m.. And because a lot of manufacturing is done in Asia, the time zone difference for me is really drastic. So I'll have to be in meetings on calls at 09:00 p.m. Though, I said I'm an athlete, so I can't do that. So hopefully the work is done at ten and then marketing, branding, photo shoots, replying to social media stuff. All of that has to happen in the middle of the day. So I have to get the training done in the morning or it doesn't happen.
Q: How do you create those boundaries so that you can, first of all, stay sane but also stay productive, mentally healthy, physically healthy?
I'm fortunate that I've woven my passions of training and being outside into literally the essence of the job. So in theory, if I don't go train and take that time for myself, my brand fails because then I'm an imposter sort of. But I know most people that's not the case, and they could not go for their run and it won't matter to their work. I think if you start to feel like you hate everything... like you're tired and you don't want to do literally anything on your list that day...you probably have to make a change.
Q:What do you enjoy most about what you do and being an entrepreneur?
I don't like being told what to do. I am told what to do about half the day in a really nice way. But being an entrepreneur, even though you're left out to drive, your making the choices and if they go well or don't go well it's on you. At least I get to tell myself to do it. So that's a huge benefit.
Q: What is your least favorite part about being an entrepreneur? The other side of the coin?
It is a little lonely now that it is compounded with work from home. The pandemic is bittersweet, but I can get a lot of stuff done on a phone call or from my home office via email. So in a way, I wish I could be an entrepreneur with other entrepreneurs in an office, which is basically what a co-working space is. So maybe that will change. Maybe I'll get to collaborate more with other people that are in a similar space and have more lunches, go to conventions, things like that.
Q: What advice would you give to anyone looking to start a new brand or an online store?
Biggest piece of advice is you do need to have a connection to the brand beyond wanting to make money, because I think at some point, even if you're making money, it can get really hard and frustrating if you don't have any other reason to be doing what you're doing. I could easily see people getting burned out and that's what they say about investment bankers. Congrats you're making a lot of money and you also hate what you're doing each day. So kind of what's the point? You don't need to take the long branding process that I did. And hey, maybe even my branding process is short. I'm sure companies take years sometimes to develop their brands, but I think really thinking about what you want your brand to be and enjoying that is important.
I'm fortunate that I've woven my passions of training and being outside into literally the essence of the job.
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Morgan & Natasha from WEXEL
October's interview features Morgan Doherty and Natasha McRee from the Austin-based Wexel Art Displays.
Kate Hersh of August Morgan
For this september's interview, we have the pleasure to feature Kate Hersh of August Morgan. Kate shares with us her story and the process behind her delightful cocktail natpkins.
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So there are a lot of things that we do in our office to try to make our patients feel comfortable, both at home and when they're actually having dental work done. When you arrive in the office, in addition to our friendly staff, you're greeted and offered a water bottle, coffee, tea. My mom, affectionately known as Grandma Lu actually makes homemade cookies on a daily basis that we offer to our patients.
When you're in the chair and you're being seen by the staff, we offer pillows for our patients, nice wonderful, cozy blankets for our patients to keep them warm. We've got soothing music that is playing. We have (inaudible) that we offer to our patients if they're just a little bit anxious. If they need something more significant than that we offer sedation dentistry, which is a wonderful way for patients to have dental work done without the anxiety that goes along with it.
And then we check in with our patients consistently. If patients ever get sick of anything in our office, it's probably me asking them how they're doing during a procedure, making sure that they're still comfortable and that they're doing well.
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As a parent its more common to be investing in your children's future well into there adulthood if they're going to provide them with the best start in life. Alongside the cost of living, weddings and possible grandchildren, the two biggest and immediate concerns for most parents are university and housing, both of which have become more expensive than ever before.
University can make an enormous difference in your children's lives, higher levels of education result in higher earning power, in fact on average the benefits of a four-year degree are equivalent to an investment that returns 15.2% per year. A recent report summarised this by concluding the evidence is clear; that some form of postsecondary education is a necessary element of successful, independent lives for most people in today's economy.
However, financing university is expensive. Most parents who borrow to cover the costs, believe they'll be repaying loans for over eight years if they don't have savings. While 60 per cent of parents say, they intend to use savings to cover the costs of university.
Becoming a property owner has also become more difficult, which is why first time buyers are becoming older and older. Recent studies have shown that some have to save for up to 24 years  to afford their first home. This is due to numerous factors including rising rents and low wage growth, especially when inflation is considered. Since 1969, house prices have increased almost 50 times over, while incomes have only grown around 30 times.
This increased difficulty is why experts recommend saving earlier and planning better if you want to help your children financially. But it's not always obvious how it is best to do that.
Some people set up savings plans which they pay into from their child's birth. Saving through investment is a tried and tested way to plan for the future, studies have shown that investing in property actually provides the best return compared to other types of investment. When housing prices increase, investing in residential property can help hedge yourself in a way that other types of savings have difficulty matching.
Rising house prices make investing in property seem unattainable for many. This is where property crowdfunding can help. With Brickowner you can start investing with as little as £100. Brickowner aims to source managers that are experts within their specific property subsector. People that invest through the Brickowner platform will receive any income and capital gain in proportion to the amount they invest.
You can invest as little or as much as you want in different properties. Its possible to diversify your investments by investing in different properties on the platform. Having a diversified portfolio can help stabilise returns and spread any risk.
Overall, if you want to invest in your children's future, we believe you should be starting early. Einstein even called compound interest the 8th Wonder of the World.
More information on the properties available on Brickowner can be found here.
 Resolution Foundation estimate using family Resources Survey, Halifax House Price Index and The Effect of Taxes and Benefits on Household Incomes.


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How to protest Trump
Protesting matters — even if it doesn't lead directly to change.
By Sean Illing@seanilling Updated Nov 12, 2018, 8:45am EST
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Demonstrators attend the Women's March "Power to the Polls" voter registration tour launch at Sam Boyd Stadium on January 21, 2018, in Las Vegas.
Ethan Miller/Getty Images
We are living in an era of unprecedented protest.
There have been more than 20,000 protests since President Trump took office, according to data from the Crowd Counting Consortium, involving close to 21 million people total from nearly every part of the country. In absolute terms, that likely surpasses the amount of activity we saw even at the height of the Vietnam War.
But what difference has all this made? Are these movements putting real pressure on the Trump administration? Does the so-called "resistance" have the right strategy?
L.A. Kauffman has spent more than 30 years immersed in protest movements, as an organizer, strategist, journalist, and observer. She helped coordinate the mass demonstrations against the Iraq War in 2004 and has been actively involved in the various anti-Trump protests since 2017.
Her new book, How to Read a Protest: The Art of Organizing and Resistance, focuses on the 2017 Women's March and all the movements it helped spawn. It's an interesting look at how protests work in this new digital era, and why so many of our conventional views of protests are just wrong.
I called her to talk about the misconceptions we have about protest movements and what she thinks the anti-Trump resistance can do to meaningfully change our political reality.
A lightly edited transcript of our conversation follows.
Sean Illing
You open your book by saying that protests work, but not the way people think they do. What is the biggest misconception people have about protest movements?
L.A. Kauffman
There are two big misconceptions, and they're related. The first one is that protests are primarily a short-term pressure tactic and should be evaluated as such. So a million people marched for gun control all over the country, but the Republicans control Congress and there hasn't been immediate gun reform. So the protest must've failed, right? This idea that protests are first and foremost designed to create short-term policy or legislative change and should be assessed based on how well they did that is just wrong.
The second misconception is that all protests are more or less the same thing. People tend to look at protests or read about protests and there's very little nuance about what kind of protest it was, who organized it, what the aims were, how it came together, and what it was seeking to achieve. And so there's a sort of a flattening that happens a lot of times in the reporting about protests that contributes to that first misunderstanding.
Let's try to clear up that first misconception. In the book, you argue that it's a mistake to view protests as a direct means to change, and that instead, we should see protests as events that alter the climate and make possible all the other kinds of organizing that are necessary for change. Can you say a bit about that?
The way that social, cultural, and institutional change happens is very complex, and it unfolds over long periods of time. For instance, if you're talking about going from a state where homophobia is just the baseline condition of our culture to a moment where gay marriage is legalized and gay relationships are widely accepted — that's a long, slow change.
And it's very difficult to pinpoint how any particular protest works. You have moments where you have very focused protests that are looking for a specific remedy or protesting a very specific injustice. And those could work very well as pressure tactics, but a lot of what is happening is more like movement-building, which is what changes the terms of the conversation.
It's absolutely critical to reframe the public debate around an issue. Creating a sense of possibility that certain kinds of reforms that were once considered unthinkable are now possible. Protests, especially mass protests of the sort we saw in 2017 with the Women's March, help to do this, and it's an essential part of their success. It gives people a sense of their own collective power.
You mentioned the Women's March — I'm curious what you think about its overall significance. There are some who thought it was a purely symbolic victory, that because it wasn't tied to specific policy goals, it didn't accomplish anything. I take it you disagree with this view?
I think the Women's Marches proved extraordinarily consequential. We're having this conversation on the eve of a midterm election, so we don't know what the election results are going to be on Tuesday. But there are times when these protests do seem like they're a moment when people get out and express their views and maybe influence public opinion, but then they just go home and it doesn't build to something more.
What was so striking about the Women's Marches was how much they contributed to the creation of this massive, sprawling, decentralized grassroots resistance to Trump. In the period after the Women's March, 6,000 new locally based resistance groups formed.
Most of them were led by women volunteers and populated overwhelmingly by women, and they were located all across the country. One of the things that was really different about the 2017 Women's Marches from other national protest mobilizations we've seen in the past was just the geographic spread. We haven't seen anything quite like that in the history of this country.
There are still at least 5,000 of those groups active. And that's where a lot of the grassroots mobilization around the midterms is coming from. It's not coming from the Democratic Party apparatus — it's coming from all of these independent, decentralized, locally based groups, in many cases. That's hugely important and stems directly from the Women's March.
What do you make of the broader resistance to Trump right now? Is it succeeding? And if not, how should people who are alarmed by Trump's behavior respond?
The most powerful way for people to protest Trump is by not focusing on him. I wish the marchers in New York, instead of going to Trump Tower, would go to [Senate Minority Leader] Chuck Schumer's office and hold him accountable for the ways in which he has been a really very weak leader for the resistance.
I think the Democratic Party is clearly not going to save us from this authoritarian onslaught. It's going to be grassroots mobilizing, forcing Democrats to take bolder positions than they would otherwise, and keeping the heat up on the Trump administration as well. But there's a certain point at which protesting outside Trump Tower is just shouting into the wind.
It's very hard to measure the impact of a protest movement in real time, for reasons you've already outlined, but you seem to think the resistance to Trump is having a real impact.
I think it has. When you're talking about protests over a major phenomenon like a Trump presidency, it's hard to pin down because we will never know what might have happened if we hadn't been out protesting. We will never know how much worse things would have been. There could have been many more egregious policies that would've been adopted if we weren't out there protesting. The Trump administration would have felt much more emboldened had there not been this enormous opposition.
I often hear people complain about the disruptive nature of protests — that they're too aggressive or that they inconvenience the very people protesters are seeking to persuade. But disruption is precisely the point of protesting; it's about making the status quo uncomfortable and unsustainable. How do you respond to these sorts of complaints?
Well, this goes back to something I was saying early on about there being many different forms of protest in America. There are disruptive protests that bring the disruption directly to whoever is doing the harm. If you're having a sit-in in Sen. Lindsey Graham's (R-SC) office — that's disrupting business in Lindsey Graham's office, and I can do nothing but applaud that.
There are other kinds of disruptive protests where people, say, block traffic on a bridge or a major thoroughfare. People usually call those "direct action" protests, and they can be very powerful. But that is a tactic that I think needs to be used very sparingly, because the people that are inconvenienced are not necessarily people who are part of creating whatever the problem is that you're looking to address.
I always prefer a disruption that interrupts the business of those who are enacting the policy that you want to see change rather than interrupting daily life for ordinary folks who may in fact agree with you; but there are moments in which that kind of protest is one of the most powerful ways of conveying a sense of a state of emergency around an issue.
How has social media and the internet changed the dynamics of organizing and protesting?
That's a key question. I'm old enough that I was doing mass mobilizing before we really had the internet, so I'm less inclined than some people to see the internet as having been this magical advance that makes it so much easier to get the word out. But there's no doubt that it helps facilitate grassroots organizing.
I think the internet has really helped people who are in communities that are small and maybe not predominantly liberal or progressive find each other connect and do organizing work. We had lots of ways of connecting and mobilizing before the internet, but the internet has radically improved our ability to connect and organize and spread information.
But I continue to believe that one of the most important facets of protesting is getting people together in the same physical space. Having people together where they don't belong normally, even if it's an orderly protest that's not blocking traffic, matters. And getting people together in a room matters.
I want to pull on that thread a bit. Why is it so powerful to put your body on the line with other people in defense of a common cause? What is the psychological significance of that?
It's similar to why people come together in physical spaces in houses of worship. There is a bodily experience of community and of connection that is transformative. There are people who can go to a march and just feel bored and annoyed and go home. But we're not just disembodied lives, and we don't just form our views through what we read and see.
We also are people who live in a community, and there's something about the way in which a protest reinforces the sense of the collective and gives people a palpable, bodily sense of collective power that really matters and really has lasting consequences.
What do you say to people who think that rallying or marching is too passive or too gradual and that more direct action like sit-ins or street blockades is necessary? In other words, what's your advice to those who are tempted to take more extreme measures?
I wouldn't use the word "extreme" for nonviolent direct action.
That's totally fair. Maybe "escalate" is a better word, but in any case, you get my point.
L.A. Kauffmann
Of course. So my first book was called Direct Action, and it came out during the initial response to Trump. We saw massive numbers of people in the street and actually almost no direct action at all.
This new book is coming out when we still have mass mobilizing, but what we have been seeing — and we saw it with the family separation policy and then the Brett Kavanaugh fight — is a steady increase in the numbers of people engaging in nonviolent direct action. Mass marches usually do not work as pressure tactics. Well-crafted campaigns of strategic, nonviolent direct action often do.
Right now, everyone is sort of putting everything on hold to focus on the midterms, and rightly so. But I think with whatever outcome we have, nonviolent direct action is going to become an increasingly important and prominent tool used by the resistance going forward. It's going to be one of our most powerful ways of trying to leverage power to turn around some of the damage of the last two years and hopefully lay the foundation for really major change.
Looking forward, is there some constitutional red line that might be crossed — like, say, Trump firing Robert Mueller — that would change the dynamics such that a different sort of protest action would be justified?
Yes, there are red lines which, if crossed, would justify bringing everything to a halt with our bodies in the streets. And there are an extraordinary number of communities poised to take action. If [special counsel Robert] Mueller is fired, there are something like 900 communities where there are people poised to react. Those protests are planned as legal rallies at this point.
But part of what has made the resistance to Trump so powerful is that people haven't waited for permission to form their own resistance groups, haven't waited for permission or direction from a specific leader to just dig in and do the work and figure out where they can be most effective.
And if those red lines are crossed, I hope to see people recognizing that we're in another moment where people will have to think big and step up and nonviolently interfere with business as usual, or risk calamity.
An informed electorate is essential to a functioning democracy. Vox aims to provide clear, concise information that helps people understand the the issues and policy that affects their lives — and it's never been more vital than today. But our distinctive explanatory journalism is expensive. Support from our readers helps us keep our work free for everyone. If you have already made a financial contribution to Vox, thank you. If not, please consider making a contribution today from as little as $3.


text:
Kane Baker, Liam Davies bid to begin 2020 with Valentine's Day victories
Former Midlands lightweight champion Baker is targeting another shot at national honours, while hot prospect Davies has his sights set on area glory at super bantam.
Both will occupy the home corner when BCB Promotions are back in the Stadium Suite at the Banks's Stadium, Walsall Football Club, on Friday February 14.
Birmingham's Baker, from Bartley Green, relinquished the Midlands crown without making a defence to get a shot at English boss Myron Mills.
He was outpointed by Mills by majority decision, with three judges after 10 rounds. Two lodged tallies of 98-92 and 97-94, with the third going for a 95-95 draw.
Baker has since bounced back and got another six rounds under his belt, vanquishing Joe Beeden. He's now determined to have his hand raised again, for the 13th time as a pro.
His best scalp remains against Ishamel Ellis for the area strap, squeezing past him by a point, and his six defeats have all come when facing top-level opposition.
Conor Benn, Gary Cully, Sanjeev Sahota, Sam Maxwell and Darren Surtees were unbeaten and have retained that status since.
Davies, a proud resident of Wellington in Telford, is chasing the vacant Midlands super bantamweight title, with Brett Fidoe a potential co-challenger.
The promising Shropshire starlet has six wins, with two TKOs, and no defeats or draws. He got the full six rounds under his belt, for the first time, last time out.
His most recent opponent, Stefan Nicolae, did pinch a round off him but lost the other five, Davies a wide 60-55 victor.
A previous tussle with Jose Aguilar was scheduled for six, but was over in the fourth when Davies took him out, having halted Pablo Narvaez in two prior to that.
Two of Davies' other adversaries, Edward Bjorklund and Stefan Slavchev, were put down but climbed off the canvas and clung on, seeing out the distance.
Davies turned over at the end of 2018 with a points whitewash over Khvicha Gigolashvili, who had his nose bloodied in the process.
The second generation fighter is the son of ex-pro Tristan Davies, a former Midlands champion himself, and represented his father's Donnington Boxing Club in the unpaid ranks.
He racked up exactly 100 contests, coming out on top 78 times, and was an ABA Schoolboys national champion in 2010. He went on to represent England at youth level.
The Stadium Suite show has been aptly titled 'St Valentine's Day Massacre' and there will be no love lost when two West Midlands derbies get underway.
Clayton Bricknell and Daryl Pearce will attempt to arrest winless streaks, at the expense of each other, when they clash in a lightweight contest.
Bricknell, from Whitmore Reans in Wolverhampton, was last surprisingly beaten by Stu Greener, by a 39-38 scoreline in a point decision, last October.
He's also completed six rounds in a losing effort to Tion Gibbs, who took his '0' and remained unbeaten himself by a 60-56 verdict.
Bricknell had previously been frustrated by a technical draw with Youssef Al Hamidi, who was pulled out after less than a round due to injuring himself.
That came after two wins during his introductory year in 2018, where he outpointed Jamie Quinn and Dylan Draper after a decent amateur grounding.
In 27 unpaid bouts, he recorded 17 wins and claimed two area titles in national competition, representing Wolverhampton Boxing Club and Birmingham's Jewellery Quarter gym.
Brummie Pearce may only have one victory from eight pro fights, but he's only failed to complete the duration once.
He boxed seven times last year and only Sam Noakes could get him out of there early, as he went down by third round stoppage.
Pearce, from Rednal, does additionally have a solitary success on his pro record, defeating Mohamed Mahmoud by a 39-37 margin on his 2018 bow.
Also on a collision course in a super middleweight affair is Kearon Thomas and Ryan Whitehead, the latter making his pro debut.
Thomas sees pro action in his hometown for the first time, still searching for his maiden win at the eighth attempt.
He's been on the road ever since his bow, with six losses (two TKOs) but mostly to foes with a winning record. He did draw with Cory Hardy along the way.
Whitehead, from Telford, will be determined to see Thomas that does not break his duck come fight night. He's another graduate of Donnington Boxing Club.
Completing the line-up is West Bromwich's Matt Gordon, the big heavyweight who steps back through the ropes intent on ramping up his ring return.
He's been a pro since 2015, but spent three years out of the sport after a draw with Lukas Horak. He'd previously outpointed James Oliphant and Jindrich Velecky.
Gordon returned in November, away from home in London, but was removed in less than a round by heavy-handed Ukranian Dorin Krasmaru.
Tickets for the bill in the Stadium Suite are on sale now, priced at £35 standard or £65 VIP with buffet, and can be purchased by calling the BCB Box Office on 07493 582 261.


text:
hostgator coupon code 50 off
The digital age is here to stay – shopping has changed
The demise of the Great British High Street is gathering pace. There was a time when a top name was a gold-plated covenant and the valuation of retail property was simple. That's no longer the case, as old-established names like BHS and Woolworths have disappeared from the scene. Surviving retailers like Marks & Spencer, New Look and House of Fraser are closing stores across the nation. The same applies to restaurants like Prezzo, for example. Banks are also closing branches and even Oxfam is planning to close some charity shops. The abandoned car park of Toys R Us in Tilling Road, Brent Cross, North London has become a huge fly tipping site.
This phenomenon has also affected small independent stores. Corner shops have been hit by the proliferation of mini-supermarkets owned by the major chains. The small shop with flats above, once a guaranteed income provider is no longer an investment of choice.
The convenience and speed of home deliveries has played a large part in this change. 85% of UK consumers aged 18 or over already shop on the internet. According to Conlumino/Webloyalty, 31% of high street stores will close by 2020. The Javelin Group predicts that 34% of retail sales will grow to 34% by 2020. The likes of Deliveroo and Just Eat are transforming the take-away market, giving customers who are time-poor and cash-rich greater and greater choice.
How will this affect the market? A sign of the times is the appearance of Amazon lockers in branches of Morrisons, as they hope to piggyback on on-line sales. Chain stores may get smaller as the bulk of stock will be available on a click and collect basis. Some individual stores may survive if they offer customers something to make the "shopping experience" more exciting. But large department stores may go the way of the dinosaurs and new uses will need to be found to fill the empty buildings. Possibly there may be a new wave of permitted development, allowing upper floors to be changed to apartments or hotels. They could also provide cheaper office space in areas where public transport connections are good.
House prices, too, will be affected. Whereas proximity to shopping was once a major factor, in some cases speed of internet connections may be more important. With technology making working from home become more prevalent, people may be happier to move to more remote areas with limited local shopping, but housing is more affordable as they can use the internet for shopping. Fewer homes were sold in London last year than anywhere else in England and Wales, according to an analysis of Land Registry data by Knight Frank. Prices are moving upwards in the North of England and Scotland.
Working at home gives the freedom for people to move where housing is more affordable and where state schools may both be better and less difficult to get into.
Anne Ashworth, Property and Personal Finance Editor of The Times has said than an unexpected side-effect of the slump in property transactions in London (sales in February were down 23% over a year) has been a rise in the popularity of the rental second home used for holidays and weekends; as well as getting a feel of what it would be like to live out of a major city.
In underwriting and risk assessment, access to information is easier, making informed decisions more likely. In this respect, experience and artificial intelligence can work hand-in-hand to produce the best result. Availability of credit reference and fraud prevention systems can likewise help to prevent costly errors.
It's a new world of wonders out there and e-commerce and digital information is growing daily. Consumers are more and more likely to make decisions and access information on mobile devices. Unfortunately, there is also a new breed of digital criminals whose nefarious skills become ever greater.
Lenders should be aware of both the opportunities and problems this presents and embrace the new age with confidence.
Benson Hersch, CEO of the ASTL
A version of this article appeared in the July edition of Mortgage Introducer
Bridging lenders expect economic stability
Spotlight on default rates
ASTL CEO awarded for service to the industry
CBRE joins The Association of Short Term Lenders
Bridging applications hit record value in Q1 2019
Bridging outlook for 2019: Proceed with caution
Bridging confidence built on strong foundations
Bridging lenders grow in confidence about economy
Bridging market grew by 15% in 2018
The ASTL – looking forward, looking backward
ASTL appoints new PR agency
London Credit joins The Association of Short Term Lenders
Tuscan Capital joins The Association of Short Term Lenders
Debt - the elephant in the room
Sanderson Weatherall LLP joins The Association of Short Term Lenders
Technology – the secret solution to faster finance?
ASTL quarterly results steady, with annualised growth up by 21.2%
Checking the Crystal Ball
The ASTL 10 years on: Q&A with ASTL CEO Benson Hersch
Brexit – an opportunity for bridging lending?


text:
package ec.app.ant.func;
import ec.*;
import ec.app.ant.*;
import ec.gp.*;
import ec.util.*;

/*
 * IfFoodAhead.java
 *
 * Created: Wed Nov  3 18:26:37 1999
 * By: Sean Luke
 */

/**
 * @author Sean Luke
 * @version 1.0
 */

public class IfFoodAhead extends GPNode implements EvalPrint
    {
    public String toString() { return "if-food-ahead"; }

/*
  public void checkConstraints(final EvolutionState state,
  final int tree,
  final GPIndividual typicalIndividual,
  final Parameter individualBase)
  {
  super.checkConstraints(state,tree,typicalIndividual,individualBase);
  if (children.length!=2)
  state.output.error("Incorrect number of children for node " +
  toStringForError() + " at " +
  individualBase);
  }
*/
    public int expectedChildren() { return 2; }

    public void eval(final EvolutionState state,
        final int thread,
        final GPData input,
        final ADFStack stack,
        final GPIndividual individual,
        final Problem problem)
        {
        Ant p = (Ant)problem;
        switch (p.orientation)
            {
            case Ant.O_UP:
                if (p.map[p.posx][(p.posy-1+p.maxy)%p.maxy]==Ant.FOOD)
                    children[0].eval(state,thread,input,stack,individual,problem);
                else children[1].eval(state,thread,input,stack,individual,problem);
                break;
            case Ant.O_LEFT:
                if (p.map[(p.posx-1+p.maxx)%p.maxx][p.posy]==Ant.FOOD)
                    children[0].eval(state,thread,input,stack,individual,problem);
                else children[1].eval(state,thread,input,stack,individual,problem);
                break;
            case Ant.O_DOWN:
                if (p.map[p.posx][(p.posy+1)%p.maxy]==Ant.FOOD)
                    children[0].eval(state,thread,input,stack,individual,problem);
                else children[1].eval(state,thread,input,stack,individual,problem);
                break;
            case Ant.O_RIGHT:
                if (p.map[(p.posx+1)%p.maxx][p.posy]==Ant.FOOD)
                    children[0].eval(state,thread,input,stack,individual,problem);
                else children[1].eval(state,thread,input,stack,individual,problem);
                break;
            default:  // whoa!
                state.output.fatal("Whoa, somehow I got a bad orientation! (" + p.orientation + ")");
                break;
            }
        }

    public void evalPrint(final EvolutionState state,
        final int thread,
        final GPData input,
        final ADFStack stack,
        final GPIndividual individual,
        final Problem problem,
        final int[][] map2)
        {
        Ant p = (Ant)problem;
        switch (p.orientation)
            {
            case Ant.O_UP:
                if (p.map[p.posx][(p.posy-1+p.maxy)%p.maxy]==Ant.FOOD)
                    ((EvalPrint)children[0]).evalPrint(state,thread,input,stack,individual,problem,map2);
                else ((EvalPrint)children[1]).evalPrint(state,thread,input,stack,individual,problem,map2);
                break;
            case Ant.O_LEFT:
                if (p.map[(p.posx-1+p.maxx)%p.maxx][p.posy]==Ant.FOOD)
                    ((EvalPrint)children[0]).evalPrint(state,thread,input,stack,individual,problem,map2);
                else ((EvalPrint)children[1]).evalPrint(state,thread,input,stack,individual,problem,map2);
                break;
            case Ant.O_DOWN:
                if (p.map[p.posx][(p.posy+1)%p.maxy]==Ant.FOOD)
                    ((EvalPrint)children[0]).evalPrint(state,thread,input,stack,individual,problem,map2);
                else ((EvalPrint)children[1]).evalPrint(state,thread,input,stack,individual,problem,map2);
                break;
            case Ant.O_RIGHT:
                if (p.map[(p.posx+1)%p.maxx][p.posy]==Ant.FOOD)
                    ((EvalPrint)children[0]).evalPrint(state,thread,input,stack,individual,problem,map2);
                else ((EvalPrint)children[1]).evalPrint(state,thread,input,stack,individual,problem,map2);
                break;
            default:  // whoa!
                state.output.fatal("Whoa, somehow I got a bad orientation! (" + p.orientation + ")");
                break;
            }
        }
    }

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Rock out with this Rock'n Party Theme. Perfect for that rockstar in your life.
Fun bold colours on black make matching partyware to this theme easy for a totally awesome looking party. Fun designs include a skull and bones illustration along with guitars, flames, skateboards, an 8 Ball and a cassette tape (a bit of nostalgia for us 80's rock fans).
The basic package consists of designs for 2″ Party Circles, Invitations, Large Thank You Tags, Cupcake wrappers, and a Happy Birthday Banner. Everything will be personalized as per your information making the celebration that much more special. You will receive digital files in PDF format which you can print yourself.
Leila is a stay-at-home mom, MOMpreneur, crafter, foodie and lover of things all pretty. She's a graphic and web designer over at Pixelarcher Creative, she blogs about her craftiness at What I Adore and runs A Little Pixel in her spare time. Party on!
A Strawberry Party Theme for Molly!


An international shipping company continues to eye the Port of Coos Bay on the Southern Oregon Coast as the future home of its newest terminal to handle container cargo.
But APM Terminals North America has slowed the process in light of a struggling global economy that has caused shipping companies to record huge losses.
Marine traffic at Coos Bay is down 50 percent this year and is expected to remain at that level in 2010, said Jeffrey Bishop, executive director for the Port of Coos Bay.
"There is no rush to add capacity to the system," Bishop said.
The general plan, however, hasn't changed, he said.
Bishop said he is barred from naming the development company that's under contract with the Port of Coos Bay. But Oregon Sen. Joanne Verger, who represents the coastal area, has confirmed that the port is working with APM, and the shipping company has stated in trade publications that Coos Bay is being considered for a new terminal.
The terminal being proposed by APM would give the Port of Coos Bay an advantage in handling container traffic in Oregon, which is currently dominated by the Port of Portland.
APM is talking about building a terminal capable of annually handling 2 million 20-foot unit equivalent containers, the industry standard. By comparison, Portland managed 245,459 containers in 2008. The Coos Bay terminal also would mean an infusion of construction jobs to build a facility expected to cost between $400 million and $700 million.
Josh Thomas, spokesman for the Port of Portland, said the port generally considers projects like the one proposed for Coos Bay as benefiting the overall region. He noted that the Port of Portland's marine business isn't exclusive to containers. The port also handles cargo like auto transport ships, dry and liquid bulk shipments and grain.
"It's a well-diversified portfolio," Thomas said.
Wayne Plaster, district manager with Northwest Container Services Inc., remains skeptical that a major terminal as proposed by APM would work in Coos Bay.
"The only reason a major steam ship line would call (on the Port of Coos Bay) is if they had direct rail connection running inland because you don't have a local consumption base," he said.
The port in March bought the 111-mile-long rail line that stretches from the coast to the Willamette Valley, but the route needs drastic repairs. The port is currently using $2.5 million in federal stimulus money to repair a tunnel. Bishop said the port hopes to have the rail line operating within the next 15 months, but acknowledged work is already behind schedule.
Bishop said the port's business is closely tied to Japan's economy. The container business would allow Coos Bay to diversify its business and give shippers an alternate destination rather than the larger West Coast ports.
"Our focus with both railroad and water side development is to focus on any intermodal development," Bishop said.
Has the DOT or anyone else considered the impact on Interstate 5? How much of the container traffic would be by rail and how much by truck?