text:
What Is A Cold Chain? And Why Do So Many Vaccines Need It?
By Pranav Baskar
Saul Loeb
An employee makes dry ice pellets at Capitol Carbonic, a dry ice factory in Baltimore in Nov. 2020. Dry ice helps keep COVID-19 vaccines cool during transport.
Vaccines are like milk. Both make us stronger, but if stored at the wrong temperature, they spoil.
The reason? At least in the context of COVID-19, shots rely on messenger RNAs — particles, which in oversimplified terms, carry the key instructions for teaching your immune system to fight the coronavirus. mRNAs are fickle things, or as chemists would describe them, they're "unstable." They break down quickly unless adequately protected from those pesky enzymes which eat away at them.
Enter cold storage.
As countries race — and struggle — to deliver mass inoculations in far-reaching corners of the globe, the most formidable challenge for political leaders and public health authorities face is this: how do you transport tiny vaccine vials thousands of miles, keeping them at temperatures colder than an Arctic winter?
Of the three vaccines approved for rollout in many countries, the Pfizer vaccine wins for most high maintenance with storage requirements at -70 degrees Celsius (-94 degree Fahrenheit) — a bit chillier than record low temps at the South Pole. Pfizer announced Friday, however, that the vaccine can actually be kept at around typical home freezer temperatures (a balmy -25 to -15 degrees Celsius or -13 to 5 degrees Fahrenheit) for up to two weeks.
The Pfizer vaccine's new storage requirements are more in line with the Moderna and AstraZeneca vaccines. Moderna can be kept between -25 and -15 degrees Celsius (-13 and 5 degrees Fahrenheit) according to the Centers for Disease Control, while AstraZeneca can go a bit warmer at up to 2-8 degrees Celsius (36 to 46 degrees Fahrenheit).
Bottom line? These vaccines have to stay cold while they leapfrog across continents, hopping from storage site to shipping yard until they finally reach their target cities.
From there, they'll be distributed to regional clinics — some of which may be disconnected from national power grids and/or lack basic refrigeration facilities. They'll travel on trucks with unreliable air conditioning, snaking through hot and humid environments. How will companies ensure the doses stay cold the entire journey?
The answer lies in an orchestra of technologies called "cold chain." North Carolina State systems engineer and vaccine distribution researcher Dr. Julie Swann explains it's a catch-all term for the infrastructure used to transport temperature-sensitive products — like many vaccines — from the point of production to consumers. Fridges, temperature-monitoring technology, ice boxes and even dry ice are all part of the process.
It's not a new idea. Disseminating vaccines via cold chain has been an evolving method for vaccine transport dating back to the 1960s and 1970s. And it's been a perennial public health puzzle for just as long — especially in low-resource countries.
The first problem: it's not cheap. A sub-80 Celsius cooling box, the gold-standard for ultra cold chain storage costs anywhere from $10,000 to $20,000 apiece. It's not surprising then that the technology to preserve ultra-cold medical products is sparsely available in low-income countries.
"The only infrastructure [most low-income countries] do have occasionally exists in academic medical centers located in capital cities," says Prashant Yadav, a senior fellow at the Center for Global Development, whose research focuses on health care supply chains in developing countries. "Many developing countries have only one ultra cold-chain fridge [total]." Cold chain infrastructure is even hard to find in middle and high-income countries, Yadav says.
Yadav adds that while most low- to middle-income countries use routine vaccines that require standard refrigeration, it's taken nearly three decades for there to be reliable access to commercial refrigeration in health clinics and key delivery points across Africa, rural parts of India and island states in the Western Pacific.
At first glance, this may paint a disheartening picture for COVID-19 vaccine distribution. But experts urge hope, pointing to the 2014 Ebola outbreak, where ultra-cold vaccine distribution was relatively successful, "working against all odds," Yadav says.
"The Ebola vaccine relied on ultra-low temperature systems," Swann says. "And systems were put in place to get vaccines all the way to patients. It included a combination of some centralized storage in a distribution center combined with a special kind of thermos, called ArKTek."
Companies and investors are pouring money into innovating and enhancing cold chain infrastructure to get the COVID-19 vaccine around the world. UPS, for one, has constructed "freezer farms" — banks of ultra cold chain freezers — in Louisville, Ky. and the Netherlands, where it plans to store millions of vaccines at subzero temperatures. From there, the company plans to ship the shot worldwide.
Even companies that haven't been in the vaccine business before are investing in and improving upon technology they use to jump in the game. Ember, a company that specializes in temperature-controlled tea and coffee mugs, is working to adapt its temperature monitoring technology into a self-refrigerated shipping box for COVID vaccines.
From temperature-tracking stickers stuck onto vials to make sure they stay at the right temperature, to products resembling the ultra-cold mobile cold storage used during Ebola, the gamut of possible solutions runs wide, says Yadev.
Companies invested in supply are also pushing back on the initial requirements for how cold vaccines really need to be, as well as how long they can actually last. "On the supply side, drugmakers continue to do testing to see how far they can relax temperature requirements," Swann explains. And the gains have been considerable.
Experts say relaxations on the Pfizer's vaccine storage to typical freezer temperatures, for instance, could make a difference in distribution efficiency and getting the vaccine out faster. And the U.S. Food & Drug Administration is poised to approve Pfizer and BioNTech's bid to store COVID-19 vaccines at high temperatures than the ultra-cold.
The path forward to better worldwide distribution doesn't just rely on vaccine innovation, though. In the end, Yadav says it's "simple workarounds" that may end up being part of the answer — things basic picnic coolers or even clever ways of packaging to "get vaccines where they need to go."
Pranav Baskar is a freelance journalist who regularly answers coronavirus FAQs for NPR.
Pranav Baskar


Donate a car or boat to Save the Mantas. Donations will be used by the organization or sold to raise funds for research. We recently had the donation of a boat that we are refurbishing for use in manta research in the Gulf of Mexico next spring.


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Lack of investment in clean energy compromising fight against climate change and poverty
New research highlights a chronic lack of finance that will leave billions of people in Sub-Saharan Africa and Asia without electricity or clean cooking by 2030
Urgent action to accelerate investment in clean energy for developing countries is needed from global leaders assembling at COP26 to ensure a just energy transition
This year's Energizing Finance research – developed by Sustainable Energy for All (SEforALL) in partnership with Climate Policy Initiative (CPI) and Dalberg Advisors – shows the world is falling perilously short of the investment required to achieve energy access for all by 2030 for the seventh consecutive year.
In fact, tracked finance for electricity in the 20 countries that make up 80 percent of the world's population without electricity – the high-impact countries [1] – declined by 27 percent in 2019, the year before the onset of the Covid-19 pandemic. The economic strain caused by Covid-19 is expected to have caused even further reductions in energy access investment in 2020 and 2021.
Energizing Finance: Understanding the Landscape 2021, one of two reports released under the series, finds committed finance for residential electricity access fell to USD 12.9 billion in 2019 (from USD 16.1 billion in 2018) in the 20 countries. This is less than one-third of the USD 41 billion estimated annual investment needed globally to attain universal electricity access by 2030.
Meanwhile, there is an abysmal amount of finance for clean cooking. Despite polluting cooking fuels causing millions of premature deaths each year and being the second largest contributor to climate change after carbon dioxide, only USD 133.5 million in finance for clean cooking solutions was tracked in 2019. This is nowhere near the estimated USD 4.5 billion in annual investment required to achieve universal access to clean cooking (accounting only for clean cookstoves costs).
These findings have been released just ahead of COP26 in Glasgow, where global leaders will focus on how to spark meaningful progress on fighting climate change. As part of this, they will need to consider how to reduce global emissions from the energy sector while also increasing energy access in developing countries to support their economic development.
"We are at a critical moment in the energy-climate conversation," said Damilola Ogunbiyi, CEO and Special Representative of the UN Secretary-General for Sustainable Energy for All and Co-Chair of UN-Energy. "What is clear is that the path to net zero can only happen with a just and equitable energy transition that provides access to clean and affordable energy to the 759 million people who have no electricity access and 2.6 billion people who lack access to clean cooking solutions. This requires resources to mitigate climate change and create new opportunities to drive economic development and enable people everywhere to thrive. Energizing Finance provides an evidence base of current energy finance commitments and the finance countries require to meet SDG7 energy targets."
In 2018, 50 percent of total electricity finance flowed to grid-connected fossil fuels in high-impact countries compared to 25 percent in 2019. While this is a positive trend for the climate, tracked investment in off-grid and mini-grid technology also declined and represented only 0.9 percent of finance tracked to electricity.
Dr Barbara Buchner, Global Managing Director at CPI, who partnered with SEforALL on Energizing Finance: Understanding the Landscape 2021, said: "Achieving both the Paris Agreement and universal energy access requires far greater investment in grid-connected renewables and off-grid and mini-grid solutions than what has been tracked in Energizing Finance. These solutions are essential to helping high-impact countries develop their economies without reliance on fossil fuels."
To better illuminate the challenges high-impact countries face, the second publication in the series, Energizing Finance: Taking the Pulse 2021, offers a detailed look at the estimated volume and type of finance needed by enterprises and customers to achieve universal energy access for both electricity and clean cooking by 2030 in Mozambique, Ghana and Vietnam. Importantly, it illustrates the energy affordability challenges people face in these countries and the need for financial support for consumers, such as subsidies.
The report finds that providing access to clean fuels and technologies, i.e. modern energy cooking solutions, in Ghana, Mozambique and Vietnam will cost a total of USD 37-48 billion by 2030; 70 percent of which will be for fuels (e.g., LPG, ethanol and electricity). A more achievable scenario would be for all three countries to deliver universal access to improved cookstoves at a total cost of USD 1.05 billion by 2030.
"Ghana, Mozambique and Vietnam each have unique challenges to achieving universal access to electricity and clean cooking," said Aly-Khan Jamal, Partner at Dalberg Advisors, who partnered with SEforALL on Energizing Finance: Taking the Pulse 2021. "This research digs deep into these national contexts to identify solutions that can make Sustainable Development Goal 7 a reality."
Providing results-based financing for energy project developers and exploring policies that facilitate demand-side subsidy support and reduce taxes on solar home systems are among several policy recommendations presented for Ghana, Mozambique and Vietnam.
Energizing Finance also advocates for increased innovation in financial instruments to reach the scale of finance needed for universal clean cooking access; for integration of electricity access, cooking access and climate change strategies; and for national governments, bilateral donors, philanthropies, and DFIs to all increase their efforts to mobilize commercial capital to Sub-Saharan African countries.
More of the reports' key findings and recommendations are available here.
[1] Electricity high-impact countries (HICs) are Angola, Bangladesh, Burkina Faso, Chad, Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, India, Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mozambique, Myanmar, Niger, Nigeria, Pakistan, South Sudan, Sudan, Uganda, United Republic of Tanzania.
Clean cooking HICs are Afghanistan, Bangladesh, China, Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, Ghana, India, Indonesia, Kenya, Madagascar, Mozambique, Myanmar, Niger, Nigeria, Pakistan, Philippines, Uganda, United Republic of Tanzania, Vietnam.
Dymphna van der Lans and Damilola Ogunbiyi: Progress on clean cooking is too slow - that must change
Delays in critical finance for energy access push development goals further off track
Clean Cooking Data for All: using household insights to kickstart clean cooking investment
Energizing Finance 2021 official virtual launch
SDG 7.1 - Access to energy
Climate Policy InitiativeDalberg

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text:
< Columnists In Residence
Our columnists are free to write and publish without editorial oversight from Open Space or SFMOMA. The program, which grants lifelong access to our site, is, so far as we know, a unique publishing experiment among major art institutions.
Illegitimate Business
by Dodie Bellamy
Nayland Blake, untitled, 1986
Lending art to an exhibit is a complex experience. It makes you feel like an insider, like you're special, like you're part of the show, even though you know that isn't accurate. It isn't you, but this object you somehow acquired that the spotlight shines on. When you lend a piece to an exhibit, the work seems to take on a life of its own. It doesn't need you. It's happy hanging or sitting in this new space bathed in perfect lighting and tended by professionals who really understand its needs. When you lend an artwork to an exhibit you never get the sense that it's eager to come back home.
Will Brown, a spanking new Mission gallery, has opened with two concurrent shows — a book launch for Daren Wilson's After Morandi, and Illegitimate Business, a group exhibit which mischievously problematizes issues of art acquisition and ownership. The Will Brown website describes Illegitimate Business thusly:
"This exhibition of artworks and ephemera with peculiar provenance investigates the ways in which works of art are acquired outside of galleries and auction houses. The eclectic collection of objects, from some of the world's most revered artists, have one thing in common — they have all been obtained without any monetary transaction, and often illicitly. Illegitimate Business explores the life of an artwork after it leaves the artist's hands and posits that the value of a work, removed from the market, is perhaps most evident in the narrative of its acquisition."
Illegitimate Business is a collaboration between Will Brown (Jordan Stein, Lindsey White, and David Kasprzak) and guest curators Zachary Royer Scholz and Brion Nuda Rosch. Kevin Killian and I lent them our Nayland Blake clock sculpture, so I was especially eager to attend the gallery's grand opening. Will Brown now occupies the same space at the much-missed Triple Base. As Kevin and I walked down 24th Street towards Treat, we saw a huge mob gathered on the sidewalk. "That must be the place!" Kevin exclaimed. Indeed, it was. As we wove our way through the dense mass of artists, curators, and art lovers, I found myself wedged against a short young woman who was standing beside the door. She was so stoned her eyes glowed with wonder and power, like Rasputin's. She locked my gaze and fondled my arm as if it were the most amazing thing she'd ever encountered.
That's me in the foreground, reading a clandestine narrative. Note Nayland Blake's clock on the wall on the right, bare beams in ceiling above.
When we finally made our way inside, I discovered that Illegitimate Business was located in the basement. To get to it, we had to climb down a set of steep, very homemade-looking wooden steps. The basement looked like a basement — cinder block walls, low beamed ceilings, and concrete floor added an aura of secrecy and fugitiveness to the illicit art on display.
The names of the donors were explicitly anonymous (unless you were pushy like me and asked). Beside each piece was a paragraph or two explanation, written by the donor, giving the narrative of its shady acquisition. "Shady" has all sorts of shadings, of course. Nayland Blake didn't quite give us the clock that has hung over our kitchen sink for fifteen years or more. It was student work he no longer wanted when he moved from San Francisco to New York, but he wasn't ready to cut all ties with it, so he said we could have it on long-term loan — but we've got it, and we plan to keep it! Stories ranged from filching artist proofs out of garbage cans to stealing pieces from a gallery bathroom. Many of the stories left me green with envy, such as the person who was printing in the same lab as Cathie Opie, and Cathie wasn't satisfied with how her now-iconic life-size photo of Justin Bond was turning out, so she told the anonymous owner, "You keep it." Other artists included are Jeremy Blake, Mathew Brady, Chuck Close, Kate Gilmore, Chris Johanson, Martin Kippenberger, Harmony Korine, Sol LeWitt, Mary Ellen Mark, Bruce Nauman, Andres Serrano, Roman Signer, Kara Walker, and Carrie Mae Weems. I doubt if any other basement has housed so many drool-worthy pieces.
Catherine Opie, Justin Bond (detail), 1993
When I emailed Nayland, inquiring about the title and date of the clock, he wrote back that he "utterly forgot" about it. Whether its creator remembers it or not, the clock goes on ticking. It doesn't need Nayland. It doesn't need me. It can be found underground at Will Brown through February 26.
Tags: Catherine Opie, Illegitimate Business, Nayland Blake, Will Brown
Chris Cobb says:
I am sorry to see Triple Base go after so long. Thanks for letting people know what's going on there now…
Tirza True Latimer says:
Thank you, Dodie, for bringing focus to this literally underground curatorial venture. I love seeing it through your eyes.


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Pulmonary Hypertension Reduces Function and Survival With Sleep Apnea
Nov 30, 2009 | Pulmonary Hypertension |
by Michelle Rizzo
Last Updated: 2009-11-26 12:00:22 -0400 (Reuters Health)
NEW YORK (Reuter Health) – Pulmonary hypertension may cause functional limitations and increase mortality in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSA), say researchers from the Cleveland Clinic in Ohio. Though generally mild to moderate, severe pulmonary hypertension may occur in this population.
"Greater attention has to be paid to pulmonary hypertension as a morbidity in patients with OSA since it can impact functional capacity and survival," lead author Dr. Omar A. Minai told Reuters Health. "Patients with OSA who have factors indicative of increased risk of pulmonary hypertension should be screened for pulmonary hypertension."
The researchers analyzed data from 83 OSA patients undergoing pulmonary artery catheterization to examine the frequency and impact of pulmonary hypertension. They assessed the predictors of pulmonary hypertension in these patients, and sought to determine whether non-invasive measures are helpful in making the diagnosis of pulmonary hypertension. The findings are published in the November issue of the American Journal of Cardiology.
Of the 83 patients, 58 (70%) had pulmonary hypertension and 25 (30%) did not. Eighteen patients had a pulmonary capillary wedge pressure of < 15 mm Hg. There were no significant differences between patients with and without pulmonary hypertension in terms of age or apnea-hypopnea index.
The strongest correlates of pulmonary function on multivariate analysis were female gender, age < 49 years, and right ventricular systolic pressure > 30 mm Hg.
Overall, 27 patients (33%) had severe pulmonary hypertension, defined as a mean pulmonary arterial pressure of > 40 mm Hg. Patients with severe pulmonary hypertension had more nocturnal desaturation, worse hemodynamics, and greater mortality than those with mild or moderate pulmonary hypertension or no pulmonary hypertension.
The 6-minunte walk distance was lower among patients with pulmonary hypertension compared to those without it (285.5 m versus 343 m). At 1, 4, and 8 years, the survival rates were 100%, 90%, and 76% in patients without pulmonary hypertension and 93%, 75%, and 43% in those with pulmonary hypertension.
"Since pulmonary hypertension may occur from a variety of potential etiologic factors, once pulmonary hypertension is found, its potential etiology should be determined and treated," Dr. Minai told Reuters Health.
"The next step involves 1) translational research into etiologic mechanisms, 2) further delineation of true functional limitation imposed by pulmonary hypertension, 3) evaluating our prediction score for pulmonary hypertension in a different dataset of patients with OSA, 4) designing studies on treatment options for pulmonary hypertension in patients with OSA and to determine if these treatments impact on functional limitation and/or survival," the researcher explained.
Am J Cardiol 2009;104:1300-1306.
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Aerosolized Administration of Drugs: Possible Future Agents and the Role of the RCP
The Therapeutic Uses of Nitric Oxide
ACE Inhibitors Linked to Poor CV Outcomes in Hypertensive Black Adults


In the complex care field, we know that providing better care to the people who need it most is more critical than ever. We also know that the healthcare systems we have in place right now aren't working for populations with complex health and social needs: we need care that is built on personal relationships and that meets people where they are, but our payment and delivery systems aren't structured to deliver care that way. Transforming the fragmented health and social services systems of today so that they provide the coordinated care we need tomorrow will take a bold vision and collective action toward change. That's why we chose organizer, activist, best-selling author, and MacArthur "Genius" Grantee Ai-jen Poo as our keynote speaker for Putting Care at the Center 2018.
In 2011, Ai-jen and workforce and labor expert Sarita Gupta formed Caring Across Generations, an organization working to transform the long-term care system in America by elevating the voices of both the people who need care and those who provide it. Caring Across Generations brings professional caregivers and families together to advocate for policies that ensure that home care is accessible to all who need it, that people are able to live and age in the settings best for them, that family caregivers are adequately supported, and that home care jobs are well-paying, protected, and valued.
Drawing on her decades of experience working alongside domestic workers to advocate for better workplace protections, Ai-jen is working for a human and relationship-based reinvention of our care systems, one that puts caregivers and families at the center. Like us, she knows the value of person-centered care, and that creating systems that truly value care requires building coalitions and partnerships across the country.
Ai-jen Poo learned the importance of care first-hand. Her grandmother, at 92, still enjoys a rich and active life in her own apartment, thanks in part to the care of Mrs. Li and Mrs. Sun, two homecare workers who cook her traditional Chinese dishes and keep her mahjong skills sharp. Her grandfather, however, did not have access to the same kind of care, and this provided a clear demonstration of the impact of care, both on those in need of caregiving and on their families.
Home-based care is in more demand than ever. Ten thousand people turn 65 in the United States each day, and older people increasingly prefer to age in place, in their own homes. With more women (previously the de-facto caregivers for parents and grandparents) working outside of the home, families often turn to professional caregivers to source the care they need.
Home health workers and other caregivers are perfectly positioned to provide what we at the National Center call "authentic healing relationships:" relationships that are secure, genuine, and continuous, and that allow individuals to actively participate in managing their health.
Authentic healing relationships are key to the interventions that complex care programs across the country are spearheading, and the next step is to scale this person-centered approach across systems. Caring Across Generations' work is a great example of new ways that communities are coming together to achieve the policy and systems change that will bring new value to care and caregiving relationships. State by state, they are working to transform care by putting people and relationships at the center of care policy.
Ai-jen began working with domestic workers in 1998, meeting with and organizing nannies in parks in New York City. Domestic workers are the nannies, housecleaners, and home care workers that take care of our loved ones and maintain order in our homes. Domestic workers are mostly women, and disproportionately women of color and immigrant woman—some of the most vulnerable and undervalued workers in the United States. They were excluded from the New Deal legislation that established basic labor protections for most working people and often work in isolation for poverty-level wages.
In 2007, Ai-jen co-founded the National Domestic Workers Alliance (NDWA), an alliance of more than 60 affiliate organizations representing over 80,000 domestic workers and home care workers nationally. NDWA has won workplace protections for domestic workers in eight states and counting, and brought 2 million home care workers nationwide under the protection of the law through a federal rule change. In 2010, Ai-jen noticed that the domestic workers she worked with were increasingly requesting training in elder care, and she recognized the beginnings of a major shift in how we conceptualize and provide care in this country. In 2011, she and Sarita Gupta launched Caring Across Generations to unite the caregiving workforce with families, to advocate together for access to affordable, quality care and a well-trained, well-paid care workforce.
At the National Center, we're organizing a wide range of professionals, from social workers to researchers, hospital administrators to physicians, consumers, family members, and more around the goal of a transformed healthcare system that meets people's complex health and social needs. As we work to organize the field of complex care, we're looking to work like Ai-jen's, with her bold policy vision and insistence on a future where everyone is valued and has access to the care they need, as an illustration of what putting care at the center looks like in practice.
Ai-jen Poo will be the conference keynote at Putting Care at the Center 2018, the third annual conference of the National Center for Complex Health and Social Needs. Join us in Chicago, IL, December 5-7 to hear more about the future of care in America. Putting Care at the Center 2018 is co-hosted by Rush University Medical Center and the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. Tickets will go on sale August 1.
Read our press release announcing Ai-jen Poo's selection as keynote speaker.


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Mate lent me his home videos from the last few years at Fraser. Couldn't let some of this footage go to waste. There is hours and hours but this is just the stuff I got the Coastal Cat footage from.
10 minutes and 10 meg again.
great footage - thanks smithy.
that does not look like a nice relaxing day on the water to me.
I never get bored of watching these Smithy.
Don't spose you've got any from '03?
only three words can describe the skippers on these rigs, BIG BRASS BALLS. Not sure if id have the courage to push through that gutter. Keep the footage coming smithy, really entertaining.
Amazeing stuff, hows the goose that decided that out of all the gutters on Fraser, the that one was the best to have a cast from the shore??
Just goes to show that the skill doesnt automatically come with a flash boat. Some guys made it look easy.
i give the bloke in the tiller steer 10/10!!!!!!!


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A decimal separator misplaced in the 1870s caused the false reputation of spinach for being the vegetable that was richest in iron. Though still highly popular, this narrative is wrong (see here and here). The new narrative can be stated most simply as follows.
The decimal error is a myth, it never occurred. The false reputation of spinach was due to unreliable methods or poor experimentation. That is, errors were inherent in experimental methods, not data handling or a typo (see here). Moreover, Arnold E. Bender and Terence Hamblin were, according to this judgmental new narrative, promulgating pure and utter nonsense based on no true decimal error whatsoever, when they popularized the old narrative. This new narrative is combined with stuff about Popeye and peddled as a hero story about busting a myth about a myth (or "supermyth"). It seems to be highly popular for this reason, but it is also wrong, because a real decimal error did occur and it can explain why the eminent researchers, Arnold E. Bender and Terence J. Hamblin, mixed things up and, inadvertently, created the spinach-iron-decimal-error myth.The important difference between the new narrative and the one to follow is that the latter can explain Bender's and Hamblin's blunder, where the above only returns a verdict verging on insult.
Throughout this series of reconstructing the data handling of the primary research literature, I found that the relevant research was full of data handling and data transformation errors, but none of these errors was as simple as misplacing a decimal separator (see here). Neither Mike Sutton's original sleuthing, nor my in depth analysis and reconstructions of the historic data handling and transformations ever found a displaced decimal separator that could explain why an eminent researcher such as Arnold E. Bender should have come up with that myth.
Surprisingly, I now found a real decimal error that can, indeed, explain how Bender's memory fused it with other peculiarities in the research record and, inadvertently, caused the myth in the 1970s. A simple decimal-point error did occur in an article published in—wait for it—Science 90, no. 2347, pp. 596-597 (1939). But the research reported there was about the iron content of dried peas and beans instead of spinach.* So how can it be the mythical error recurring in the urban legend about spinach & iron?
* The full reference is: Aschman, Leah, Mary Speirs & Dorothy Maddox (1939) The availability of iron in dried peas and beans. Science 90, 596-597.
As you can see, however, this correction of a decimal point error concerning the iron content of butter beans follows directly on an abstract concerning the contents of oxalic acid in vegetables including spinach. Now, one big topic in the debate about the usefulness or uselessness of spinach as a dietary source of iron was oxalic acid, because it binds the iron and thus inhibits the absorption of it by the consumer.
In his inaugural lecture, Arnold E. Bender (1972, The wider Knowledge of Nutrition, Queen Elisabeth College) attributes the discovery of the decimal error explanation for the exaggerated iron content of spinach to the work of a professor Schupan (see here for an account of the sleuthing up of this first claim that a decimal error occurred in relation to the iron-content of spinach).
A lot of this passage is enigmatic or wrong. First, that Professor den Hartog never seems to have published anything himself on the issue. Some C. den Hartog (1971. Nutrition of infants and children. Royal Society of Health Journal 91(3): 111-114) from the Agricultural University in Wageningen, The Netherlands, however, was much into the issue of nutrition, iron deficiency and all that writing: "Neither breast milk nor cow's milk can obviate the need, early in life, for supplements to meet vitamin C, vitamin D and iron requirements" (den Hartog 1971, p. 111, see also p. 114). He has probably been the correspondent of Bender.
Second, Dr. Emil Wolff had no title of nobility, when he published his research in 1871 or 1880; the "Von" in "Von Dr. Emil Wolff" on the title-page must be translated as: "By Dr. Emil Wolff." The fact that Emil Wolff did get knighted towards the end of his life does not change his publishing as a regular guy (same with Justus Liebig, Johann Wolfgang Goethe and many other Germans who are often falsely cited as if knighted).
Third, Wolff's publications contained no misplaced decimal point relating to spinach and iron content (see here and here). In fact, spinach does not even feature as exceptionally rich in iron content in his publications (lettuce and asparagus should have become famous instead of spinach, if it was up to Wolff's data). The one thing that could be called a decimal error occurred in Wolff's later Aschen-Analysen of 1880 and concerned all chemical compounds in all analyzed vegetables (see here). That is, in transferring data from his 1871 Aschen-Analysen, a heading of a whole table said "in 100 parts" instead of "in 1000 parts." Fourth, the guy studying the iron content of vegetables with the α-α'-dipyridyl method was W.C. Sherman not Schupan. Fifth, the discrepancy of the findings of Sherman and colleagues was indeed down to the difference in methods and not to misplaced decimal point (see here).
Later, Bender (1977) released the decimal-point-error legend upon a wider public through a letter to The Spectator.
"Sir: In a recent article (18 June) spinach is given undeserved nutritional eminence, although, since the facts have never been widely publicised, the author can be excused.
For a hundred years or more spinach has been (and clearly still is) renowned for its high content of iron compared with that of other vegetables, but to the joy of those who dislike the stuff this is quite untrue. In 1870 Dr E. von Wolff published the analyses of a number of foods, including spinach which was shown to be exceptionally rich in iron. The figures were repeated in succeeding generations of textbooks—after all one does not always verify the findings of others including the 'Handbook of Food Sciences' (Handbuch der Ernährungslehre) by von Noorden and Saloman in 1920.
In 1937 Professor Schupan eventually repeated the analysis of spinach and found that it contained no more iron than did any other leafy vegetable, only one-tenth of the amount previously reported. The fame of spinach appears to have been based on a misplaced decimal point."
Looking, again, at the above image of the Journal of Home Economics (1940, vol. 32, no. 7, p. 481), we can reconstruct Bender's or den Hartog's faulty and mixed up memory as follows (as den Hartog remains an elusive figure in this legend, I will treat Bender's and Hartog's memory as one). He probably remembered the occurrence of a real decimal error concerning the iron-content of some vegetable, but did not remember correctly that it was made by Ashman et al. (1939. Science 90, 596-597) in relation to butter beans.
2. Why the year 1937?
As the above quote reiterates the idea that spinach is richer in iron than other vegetables, it is unlikely that he had some years before claimed the opposite.
One article published by Schuphan in 1937 (Untersuchungen über wichtige Qualitätsfehler des Knollenseleries bei gleichzeitiger Berücksichtigung der Veränderung wertgebender Stoffgruppen durch die Düngung. Bodenkunde und Pflanzenernährung 2, issue 5-6, pp. 255-304) dealt with quality issues in celeriac including the so-called Eisenfleckigkeit (iron blotchiness) of tubers. He therein debunked the belief that celery tubers turn brown at the cut surface, because of the oxidation of iron and claimed that the colouring is due to resins and essential oils instead. That is, he debunked the idea that the oxidation of iron at the air is the cause of the celeriac getting brown, where it is cut.
The last question remaining is: Why did Bender think (misremember) that the decimal error occurred in the 1870s?
Why place the decimal error in the 1870s?
As a matter of fact, Dahlen's publication consisted of two parts, part A being published at pp. 320-336 of the journal, Landwirtschaftliche Jahrbücher 3, and part B at pp. 723-751. In neither of the parts does Dahlen drop a single word on iron content. He only measured the contents of water, ash, nitrogen, fat, sugar, starch, raw fiber, sulfur, phosphor, ammonia.
Hence, there is at least an erroneous citation by Schuphan (1937) to Dahlen (1874), as well as a typo by Dahlen involving a decimal order of magnitude.
** Another article from Schuphan in 1937 (Der gegenwärtige Qualitätsbegriff bei Gemüsen und die Notwendigkeit seiner Erweiterung auf chemisch erfaßbare Wertmerkmale. Der Forschungsdienst 3: 290-303) discussed the general discrepancy between criteria for the marketability of vegetables (e.g., size, form, colour, solidity) and nutrient quality (e.g., contents in essential oils, proteins, sugar, vitamin c). Most of his examples are taken from his own and others' research on celery. He mentions aside, the effect of P-manure on contents of vitamin c, phosphoric acid and lezithin in spinach, but iron is no issue at all.
This is probably the explanation for Bender's/Hartog's faulty memory and his inadvertent causing of a mythical debunking of a decimal error that did occur, but not in the 1870s, not in relation to spinach and not by Werner Schuphan. Arnold Bender fused the real decimal error concerning iron centent in butter beans with the oxalic acid content and hence low availability of iron in spinach; he further fused the debunking of an allegedly high iron content in celeriac as the cause of brown blotches at its cutting edges with a faulty citation by Schuphan of Dahlen (1874) and Dahlen's typo of a decimal order of magnitude with all this. And he thus came up with a false story about a decimal separator concerning the iron content of spinach having been displaced in the 1870s, and this having been debunked by Schuphan in 1937.
While this is the profane solution to a myth about a myth about the iron content of spinach, everybody is now fascinated about the further myth peddled by Mike Sutton, that no decimal error ever occurred, that no researcher ever existed that would fit to Bender's wrongly spelled "Schupan," and that Bender's memory is anyway pure fantasy and has no roots in anything that really ever happened.


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Extensive work was done in the vineyard to make this wine. All the vines were shoot thinned and fruit thinned to one cluster per shoot. The vines were also leaf thinned and the grapes were handpicked. The grapes for this wine were sourced from our home vineyard, and our neighbouring Hermitage vineyard.
At the winery, the grapes were whole cluster pressed and juice was cold settled for three days before being racked off solids. The juice was then racked to barrel for fermentation. The fermentation was carried out at 14-16 degrees celsius, and took 14 days to complete. The barrel fermented wine was aged on lees for 8 months with extensive lees stirring. Malo-lactic fermentation was not performed.
On the nose this wine has aromas of orange blossom, mandarin, apricot, which, continues on the palate, with flavours of vanilla, and spice. This wine was 100% barrel fermented in a combination of French Oak, Acacia and stainless steel barrels. Aging on lees for 8 months, lends to a rich smooth finish.


Embrace your fierce side in these must have Black Jeans with Leopard Print Detail! We love the distressed look and the leopard patch detailing.
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Use nature's fuel to cook with The Yakone Titanium Stove! This ultralight titanium collapsible stove allows backcountry adventurers to boil water, cook, bake, and simmer using only what is found in the backcountry. While wood is the ideal fuel, feel free to use anything including fallen leaves, dried moss, paper or anything else you can imagine. Comes in 3 sizes for your independent needs, please be sure to review the minimum pot diameter and choose accordingly.
The Yakone Titanium Stove is a 5 piece design which consists of 4 walls that slide together with a solid floor. Once assembled, the firebox is filled with wood (or whatever you want to burn) a pot is placed on top, and an ignition can be given through any of the holes. If feeding the firebox with additional media is required, a large feed port on the side will allow larger and longer twigs to protrude, while smaller gaps in other areas of the stove are ideal for feeding twigs and such.


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From Democracy to Dictatorship in Modern Europe
Opinion - November 20, 2019
By Andrew Hunter & Christina Petru
Ceded to Soviet Premier Josef Stalin on August 23rd 1939 by the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact between Nazi Germany and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the Republic of Moldova has simultaneously struggled to wear the identity it was denied as part of the territory of what is now Romania. Approximately 50% of the population still look west for linguistic and migratory routes, favoring closer affinity with Europe. Yet a portion of the population—almost exactly 50%, too—have close affinity for the Russian Federation, its language and cultural tradition—given Moldova's five-decade status as a Soviet Socialist Republic, under Moscow's de-facto governance.
After declaring independence from the Soviet Union on August 27th 1991, Moldova—which was once amongst the richest republics of the USSR—is now Europe's poorest economy, and amongst its weakest in governance. Caught in perpetual transition, Moldova has shed millions of people to better employment prospects abroad in the decades since independence, along with billions of dollars in funds appropriated by both individuals and governments. After several decades of dominance by Moldova's Communist Party, led by President Voronin, of whom the country's incumbent President, Igor Dodon, was a close ally, the political system was dominated by Moldova's Democratic Party, and its coalition allies—leading to serious failures in governance, perilous bank fraud amounting to loss of $1 billion U.S Dollars, and the politicization of all state institutions—from judiciary, through the civil service and law enforcement. State capture is a cycle which self-enforces, as complicity in corrupt practice becomes a way of life, rather than an anomaly. But, in June 2019, we saw a short opportunity to change Moldova's political discourse, and build democracy. The events were pure caprice, and given Europe's backing—in subsidized lending, budgetary support, and practical diplomacy—we should not be in the situation we face today as Moldovans. We are, because we failed, and we were failed—by a political elite we never held to account, and a president whose cynicism we understood over the course of decades, but still chose to believe.
President Igor N. Dodon is a former Communist Party cadre and sworn authoritarian—who has praised Belarusian dictator Alexander Lukashenko for his managed dictatorship in Minsk, and lauded deposed Ukrainian murderer Viktor V. Yanukovych for using force against popular protest. President Dodon never wanted democracy in Moldova—for reasons which should have been obvious to anyone, when the power-sharing deal was agreed in May. Anyone who minded to read the president's deleted blog posts from his abandoned WordPress website will find that his deleted praise for Eastern Europe's worst perpetrators of human rights atrocities have to be needled from the net very carefully. But it is considerably easier to find Dodon's diatribes against the European Union, writ large and long—in bellicose, angry prose—coupled with adamantine plans for the sort of planned economy (which as the Soviet showed unambiguously are not only non-starters, but destined to fail).
Moldova is currently in the midst of a catastrophe that Europe must heed. The extraordinary dismissal of Prime Minster Maia Sandu on November 12th and the collapse of the European Union and United States-brokered coalition after just five months, should serve as a warning to all who believe in the precepts of Euro-Atlanticism, the Eastern Partnership Program, and not doing what is easy in geopolitics—but doing what's right. The European Union may be busy for many reasons—with strain from Brexit, and atrophied patience for accession by Albania and North Macedonia. But in Moldova, European Commissioner Johannes Hahn played architect to the power-sharing mess which allowed Dodon to govern with Sandu—until Dodon saw the chance to (metaphorically) decapitate his pro-Western, progressive, female prime minister. Sitting cosy in Brussels and calling a scenario where "the bastard you know" is better than "the bastard you don't" may be convenient realpolitik for Europe's ailing statesmen and toothless institutions. But, as is ever so, they don't have to live life under "that bastard"—as the people of Moldova now must do. I ask that you forgive my being profane. I am only paraphrasing President Dodon's remarks to Al Jazeera about Vladimir Plahotniuc—in an episode of "People and Power" broadcast in March 2019.
Recent revelations about Dodon's brother, local elections of dubious legality and a battle for control of the judiciary that climaxed with Prime Minister Sandu's removal have culminated in the appointment of a technocrat government. One led by President Dodon's former advisor, Ion Chicu.
Dodon, who remains a committed Russophile, regard President Vladimir V. Putin as a crucial ally and partner in moving Moldova towards membership of the Eurasian Customs Unions. This proximity is not just political in nature. The president's brother, Alexandru, is currently developing a multi-million dollar luxury real estate project in central Moscow with Igor Chaika, son of Russia's Prosecutor General, Yuri Chaika. Several US Senators, including Sen. (R) Marco Rubio are calling for Chaika to be designated under US sanctions. Igor Chaika's brother, Antyom, is already subject to designation by the Global Magnitsky list, and has been since 2017.
While Sandu had favored closer links with Moldova's European neighbors, Dodon has openly expressed his preference for Russian investment and ownership of increasingly valuable state concessions and strategic assets, including ports currently operated by Austrian companies and tobacco manufactures owned by French nationals. However, Dodon's fury has most notably been focused on the British registered investors in the country's only international airport.
One week before the president flew to New York to address the UN—an address he used to re-emphasize Moldova's neutrality between East and West—Dodon swilled Champaign with Russian businessmen as they applied ink to valuable infrastructure contracts.
Meanwhile, Moldova's anti-corruption police, under orders from a number of committees which seem to have been founded largely to bring the airport back into government hands, raided the office of NR Investments (NRI), who had recently taken over the airport contract.
Ironically, Dodon's party—alleged to be funded largely via fraudulent loans wired via off-shore jurisdictions and then back in to party coffers, as was subject of an extensive media investigation— is now seeking to exclude all companies incorporated outside Moldova from acquisition of government concessions. The irony is further compounded by the fact that since Dodon took power there has been a huge shift towards companies in Moldova incorporating in Cyprus.
A company director, who was happy to be described as an importer of various freight items from the EU, called Dodon's new law "either the act of a fool who wants to assert power" or, more likely, "a fool who owes a Russian oligarch an aviation concession and knows the concessionaire runs from Cyprus."
Perhaps it's pure coincidence, but another individual sanctioned by the US, Roman Trotsenko had expressed interest in buying Chisinau International prior to NRI's purchase of the airport concession- and remains committed, according to numerous media sources.
Mayoral elections on November 4th saw Ion Ceban become the first pro-Russian candidate to govern the capital. Ceban, like the current technocrat prime minister, Ion Chicu, is a former presidential advisor, mired in allegations spanning two decades.
In Moldova, despite our best intentions, the diplomatic community has been duped. The people of Moldova are either completely indifferent, enraged, or opting to migrate—just like their families before them. The president we installed in Moldova—or allowed to remain in the executive, against our better judgement—has become that very thing we intervened to remove this June. The cost to the Eastern Partnership Program—which has roundly failed in Moldova since 2009—is significant. The loss of livelihood to ordinary Moldovans in form of a fledgling pluralist democracy is but greater. The costs Moldova will incur in pecuniary terms, when foreign investors have recourse to law to arbitrate—as others, such as LeBridge, have demonstrated ably—will be enormous. In a land perpetually divided, indefinitely corrupt and caught in stasis, foreign business—in the resources it brings, and when not exploitative—gives us much more than tax receipts. I firmly believe that reliable foreign investors create a different culture in commerce, which reaches far beyond the private sector and in to the political demesne. Politics must be no different in ethics or application to compassionate commerce. When we pay for goods or services, we expect then to be as supplied. The same is true of our politicians' manifestos and national path for this country. We are paying our politicians, and we must retake the agency to state in no uncertain terms that if we wanted to live in Minsk or Moscow we could move there—just as we may travel visa free to any capital city in Western Europe. The simple fact is that we go to these places because life there is bearable. Were life at home bearable, tenable, and lived without the indignity of poverty and the omnipresence of corruption, I know many millions of Moldovan people would return home today. They will not return home to Igor Dodon. He epitomizes the political death match we have been witnesses to since the fall of communism, and he does not stand for progress but regression. We will be burdened with this president, not the EU28. Please act with the dignity and decency that you implore us to do ourselves when you describe democratic principles to Moldova—because put simply, it looks to us like you dealt with the failure of regime change by turning off the lights in our little country, and returning to the dream world of Strausbourg. We will not forget your walking away.
The views expressed in this article are those of the authors alone and do not necessarily reflect those of Geopoliticalmonitor.com or any institutions with which the authors are associated.
We hope you enjoyed this free article
Interview: ECFR's Mark Leonard on Brexit and the Future of the EU
Geopolitics and Conflict Potential in Central Asia and South Caucasus
Pivot or Stumble: Obama's Landmark East Asia Policy Revisited
Opinion December 15, 2014


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Emergency powers for pandemics and other threats
Project status: Closed Start date 09 April 2021 Last updated 11 November 2022
Te Aka Matua o te Ture | Law Commission commissioned Professor Janet McLean KC to write a Study Paper concerning Aotearoa New Zealand's legal and institutional framework for pandemics and other threats. Building on the Commission's Final...
Review of the Law of Privacy
Project status: Closed Start date 12 October 2006 Last updated 20 September 2021
This project involves four stages, with publications at each stage.
Stage 1: Policy Overview was a high-level analysis to assess privacy values, changes in technology, international trends, and their implications for New Zealand law. It...
Second Review of the Evidence Act 2006
Project status: Closed Start date 20 February 2017 Last updated 03 September 2019
For nearly 30 years the Law Commission has been engaged in reforming the law of evidence in New Zealand.
In August 1989 the Minister of Justice asked the Commission to review all evidence law to make it as clear, simple and accessible as...
Project status: Closed Start date 11 April 2013 Last updated 17 August 2017
The objective of the law of contempt of court is to protect the integrity of the justice system and a defendant's right to a fair trial. However, the law is vague in scope, uses outdated language and concepts, and is inaccessible to the New...
First Review of the Evidence Act 2006
Project status: Closed Start date 28 February 2012 Last updated 22 February 2017
Section 202(1) of the Evidence Act required the Commission to report to the Minister of Justice on the following matters:
(a) the operation of the provisions of the Act since its commencement;
(b) whether those provisions should be...


NAIROBI, April 16 (Thomson Reuters Foundation) - Food vendor Mary Akinyi, 39, a single mother of three, arranged her dried fish on a table at the side of a busy road in Kibera, Nairobi's largest slum, getting ready for peak hours in the early evening.
"Many people pass here, and from 4pm I get a lot of customers - they even queue to buy fish," said Akinyi jovially.
Before, there were no tarmac roads to Lindi, a village in Kibera, restricting custom and hiking transport costs.
The alleys leading to the centre would flood in the rainy season, while insecurity forced traders to shut up shop early.
The United Nations projects that 68 percent of the world's population will be living in cities by 2050, up from 55 percent now, with 90 percent of that growth in Asia and Africa.
Before the 3.5-km (2.2-mile) Lindi road was built, Akinyi used to pay about 400 Kenyan shillings ($3.96) to get her fish transported 2 km from the bus station to her stall – with local boys she hired to help sometimes making off with her produce.
In the past, most of the dirt roads got muddy in the rainy season, meaning he could not find any passengers.
Emergency services, such as the fire brigade, can now also access the slum much more easily, he added.
And 205,000 Kenyans have already registered for a new government scheme called "Boma Yangu" (My Home), which aims to provide half a million affordable homes in the next five years.
Nairobi County's 2018 development plan showed more than 80 percent of residents had access to piped water, with only 1 percent taking more than half an hour to reach a water point.
Violet Dorah, a 24-year-old mother of two who lives in Mathare, used to spend up to 200 shillings a day on water but now enjoys a piped supply about 10 metres from her home.
These days she can wash her clothes and fetch water for nothing, spending the money she saves on milk for her child.
Dan Wesonga, a community mobiliser who coordinates the collection of solid waste at Kianda village in Kibera, said new sites had been designated for waste disposal.
Phillip Dinga, an advisor with C40, a group that helps cities around the world tackle climate change, told the Thomson Reuters Foundation urgent responses were needed to deal with the explosion in urban populations.
"Big industries (are) coming up - energy, huge buildings and the transport sector are expanding (and) this means there will be a lot of emissions," he said, referring to planet-warming gases mainly generated by burning fossil fuels.
Dana Omran, managing director for Africa at the 100 Resilient Cities network, noted that by 2025, Africa would have 100 cities with more than 1 million inhabitants each, as well as six of the world's 41 mega-cities.
To help protect Nairobi residents from the risks linked to climate change and air pollution, city official Murimi said staff were being trained on those problems and air-quality monitoring kits procured for schools and other strategic spots.


Fruit juice drinks are loaded with sugar, says new study.
A new British survey just out says many of the commercially available fruit drinks and juices may not be as healthy as you may be led to believe, according to an article on usnews.com.
The study, led by Simon Capewell, a professor at the Institute of Psychology, Health and Society at the University of Liverpool, found the drinks and juices contained as much as an entire day's recommended sugar intake in a single serving. And Pamela Koch, executive director of the nutrition program at Teachers College at Columbia University in New York, says she thinks the same would be found in drinks and juices available in the US.
The study team looked at 203 fruit drinks, 100 percent natural juices, and smoothies marketed to children and calculated the levels of "free" sugars in the almost seven-ounce size servings. Free sugars are not only the ones added to the products, like glucose, fructose, sucrose, and table sugar, but also include sugars that occur naturally, such as honey, syrups, fruit juices and concentrates. Sugars from whole fruits and vegetables that occur naturally are not considered free sugars.
The findings show that almost half the tested products contained 19 grams or more of sugar, an amount equal to about five teaspoons, and the amount recommended for a child's daily intake.
Capewell said the parents have been misled, adding, "The sugar content of the fruit drinks, including natural fruit juices and smoothies tested, is unacceptably high. And smoothies are among the worst offenders." He called on manufacturers to stop adding unnecessary amounts of sugar to these type products.
However, the Juice Products Association said in a statement parents should feel good about giving these products to their children, stating that studies have shown drinking 100 percent juice is not associated with cavities and some studies have actually shown that drinking juice may even protect dental health. The group also cited evidence that says drinking 100 percent juice is not associated with weight issues or obesity in children.
Capewell and his team recommended giving fresh fruit instead of juice, and when giving the child a juice to drink, use unsweetened juice, diluted with water, and only serve it at meal times.


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John ( ) ( ) to ( ) that. ( ) you ( ) my ( )?
Lisa No, I ( ). It's YOUR ( )!
John (H _ _) are you (f _ _ _ _ _ _)?
Lisa I (f _ _ _) much (b _ _ _ _ _) (n _ _). Thank you.
John (I _ _) (g _ _ _) to (h _ _ _) that. (C _ _) you (d _) my (h _ _ _ _ _ _ _)?
Lisa No, I (c _ _ _ _). It's YOUR (h _ _ _ _ _ _ _)!
John How are you feeling?
Lisa I feel much better now. Thank you.
John I'm glad to hear that. Can you do my homework?
Lisa No, I can't. It's YOUR homework!
Lisa I have a headache.
Lisa I'm a little tired.


Lovely retro style 2 bedroom mins from Chelsea in London is an apartment building.
Lovely retro style 2 bedroom mins from Chelsea in London offers accommodation with free WiFi, 2.4 km from Stamford Bridge - Chelsea FC. The Natural Hi...story Museum is within 2.6 km of the apartment. This apartment is equipped with a living room and a fully equipped kitchen. A TV is offered. Victoria and Albert Museum is 2.7 km from the apartment, while Royal Albert Hall is 3 km from the property. London City Airport is 19 km away, and the property offers a paid airport shuttle service.
When would you like to stay at Lovely retro style 2 bedroom mins from Chelsea?
Please inform Lovely retro style 2 bedroom mins from Chelsea in advance of your expected arrival time. You can use the Special Requests box when booking, or contact the property directly with the contact details provided in your confirmation. This property will not accommodate hen, stag or similar parties. A damage deposit of GBP 200 is required. The host charges this 30 days before arrival. This will be collected by credit card. You should be reimbursed within 7 days of check-out. Your deposit will be refunded in full via credit card, subject to an inspection of the property.


Editor: For more than 25 years, Leesburg has had at least one pay-and-play golf course, enjoyed by all levels of golfers including at least one former resident who went on to win a PGA event. We are petitioning the Town of Leesburg to acquire the Westpark Golf Course and to add it to the attractions residents already enjoy.
We ask the Town of Leesburg to preserve the space to allow those of all ages and skill level the opportunity to enjoy one of the great games/pastimes ever created. While golf may not be enjoying an upsurge today, it is a game that has thrived for centuries. We ask the town to take a long-term view.
We urge all those in the town who have an interest in preserving golf or just preserving the green space to sign the petition, either in person at the Pro-Shop at Westpark, or by emailing Westpark Golf course, with a your name and address at websiteadmin@westparkgc.com.
The more folks who respond the better.


There has been much scaremongering about the `death of the book', and how, as words find new ways and means of transmission, young people might gradually begin to shun writing. In the digital age, text becomes information, and information strives to become free. But what value can text hold in the sphere of visual art? How is such text different from poetry? Can the poetic itself be visual art, or is text in this context consigned to the realms of gimmick and catchphrase? Looking at the work of a broad range of artists including Bruce Nauman, Julien Breton, Jeremy Deller, Takashi Murakami, Tracey Emin, Christian Boltanski and many more, The Word is Art examines each of these questions, contending above all that in the digital and online age, words have become more important than ever. With the advent of texting and social media, many predicted the debasement of language, and some have pointed to evidence of this in our so-called `post-truth' culture. Artist Michael Petry demonstrates that, on the contrary, words remain critical, powerful and central to art practice. Digital communication has seen the word as text permeate life in ways that the poets and artists of yesterday could never have imagined. Presenting a brief history of word- and book-based art, and examining major areas where the word has dominated artistic practice, this book takes us on a fascinating and richly illustrated global tour of diverse contemporary art forms.


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Home › Preorder › Alpha Games 12" Vinyl (Exclusive Red)
Alpha Games 12" Vinyl (Exclusive Red)
Release Date April 29th 2022
"Alpha Games was conceived on the road, playing in front of amazing crowds on our last tour and then brought to life with the fire and the frustrations of 2020," says Kele Okereke on Bloc Party's first new album in seven years.
The first Bloc Party album written and recorded as this four piece; adding the musicality of Justin Harris (bass) and the unbridled energy and power of Louise Bartle on the drums to capture the spark of their live shows and to deliver the most exciting Bloc Party album yet.
"We wanted to can what was happening at those massive gigs in 2019, to showcase what Louise can do, what Russell is capable of and most importantly the electricity coming off the audience. We knew that Nick & Adam were the right choice of producers to do that and the result feels like fire in a bottle."
Produced by Nick Launay & Adam Greenspan (Nick Cave, Yeah Yeah Yeahs, IDLES), the 12 tracks of Alpha Games veer from the intense & confrontational (Traps, Day Drinker) to melodic and introspective (If We Get Caught, By Any Means Necessary) and marks a new and important chapter in one of music's most important voices in Kele Okereke and important bands in Bloc Party.
Release Date: April 29th 2022
1. Day Drinker
2. Traps
3. You Should Know The Truth
4. Callum Is A Snake
5. Rough Justice
6. The Girls Are Fighting
1. Of Things Yet to Come
2. Sex Magik
3. By Any Means Necessary
4. In Situ
5. If We Get Caught
6. The Peace Offering
This is a preorder item - refer to estimated dispatch date above.
If you purchase other items in the same order as a pre-order item, the entire order will be sent out when the pre-order is ready to dispatch.
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Vessel 12" Vinyl (Silver 25th Anniversary Edition)
In The Court Of The Dragon 2LP Vinyl
Requiem 12" Vinyl (Indie Exclusive Milky Clear)
Maybe There's No Heaven CD


How do you know if yours are?
Effective managers free up your time to lead the business.
Ineffective management is estimated to be costing UK businesses over £19 billion per year in lost working hours.
43 per cent of UK managers rate their own line manager as ineffective.
New managers are often appointed because they were brilliant at what they did. But have you invested in making them effective at what you want them to do now?
All too often they are lost, lack confidence, struggle to prioritise and are less productive. The result is teams that are de-motivated, lack direction and under-perform.
Through our proven "Stepping Up to Management" programme we will accelerate how they gain and implement the knowledge they need to become effective managers, managing effective teams.
All employees using their initiative.
# ACAS has identified "Giving Managers the Skills to Manage" as one of 7 crucial levers to improving productivity.
Stepping Up to Management is available as an in-company course or book a place on the next public course. To book call 01943-862209 or email info@goodwilltraining.co.uk.
More details below, including outcomes and outline.
Two one-day workshops aimed at introducing the core skills for managing a team.
Each workshop is designed to be a complete learning experience, but taken together they can complement each other and provide a firm foundation for the challenges of leading and working with others effectively.
The workshops are designed using a combination of traditional and the latest learning approaches to ensure the delegates enjoy the process and are thoroughly stimulated throughout. Practical and highly participative, delegates will be challenged to examine their own experiences, objectives and intentions. Each person will leave with a clear, individual and focussed plan for implementing the learning.
The aim of this one day workshop is to provide you with the core management skills to enable you to cross the bridge from individual contributor to a team leader/supervisory or manager role.
First time managers, supervisors, team leaders and staff looking to progress into a management position.
The aim of this second one day workshop is to build on the basics, explore how to develop individuals and team to perform at their best and provide you with the core management skills to enable you to cross the bridge from individual contributor to a team leader/supervisory or manager role.
Who is it for? First time managers, supervisors, team leaders and staff looking to progress into a management position.


I protect my tone with Tone-Gard and mace!
This item is an absolute MUST for me. Since I got my first one years and years ago, I haven't owned a mandolin since that didn't have a Tone-Gard.
Keeps the back of the mandolin away from your body, resulting in a very noticeable boost in tone and volume. So much of the sound of the mandolin comes from the back! This contraption is especially helpful when standing or using a strap. It easily installs by slipping over the back of the mandolin and is slightly adjustable. Rubber and leather pads are in place to protect the instruments finish. Also fits inside most cases, so removal isn't necessary. Not recommended for instruments with varnish finish, unless your like me and don't worry too much about those kinds of things.


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Solar for Good Program Opens Sixth Donation Round to Assist Wisconsin Nonprofits in Going Solar
by Sam Dunaiski | Mar 2, 2020 | Local Initiatives, RENEW Wisconsin, Solar, Solar for Good
RENEW Wisconsin's Solar for Good program has opened its sixth round of donations to help Wisconsin nonprofits install solar power. Grant applications are due Wednesday, May 1, 2020 at www.renewwisconsin.org/solarforgood.
Since 2017, the Solar for Good program has partnered with 75 Wisconsin nonprofit organizations to go solar. When completed, these organizations will have installed 91 solar arrays for a total of 3.24 megawatts of solar electricity, enough to power nearly 700 households.
Solar for Good is administered by RENEW Wisconsin, a statewide renewable energy nonprofit organization. Through a generous donation from the Couillard Solar Foundation, Solar for Good supplies winning nonprofits with solar panels to reduce the overall cost of installing solar power.
This is Solar for Good's sixth award cycle, and the program has assisted nonprofits of all types and sizes across Wisconsin. The grantees include 25 houses of worship, 4 environmental conservation groups, 5 animal shelters, 17 schools and education centers, 2 veterans' groups, and 20 housing providers.
To date, 45 organizations have completed installation of 51 solar arrays. Around $488,000 worth of grants have been dispersed from the Couillard Solar Foundation, and these grants have spurred over $4 million in solar investment across Wisconsin.
By accepting a Solar for Good award, nonprofits agree to promote the environmental and economic benefits of solar power to their communities. Winning organizations educate their members about solar power and are able to showcase their projects' benefits.
Grant applications for Solar for Good must be received by Wednesday, May 1st 2020. Decisions and award announcements will be made on or before Wednesday, May 15th, 2020. RENEW Wisconsin plans on holding an additional round of Solar for Good funding in September of 2020.
How to apply for a solar grant
Organizations can learn more and apply at www.renewwisconsin.org/solarforgood. In order to be eligible, the organization must be a registered nonprofit organization located in Wisconsin, be in good financial standing, be ready to install solar, and agree to participate in educating community members about the benefits of solar energy. If approved for a solar panel award, all fundraising, design and installation for the solar project must be completed within 12 months.
Applications for the Spring 2020 Solar for Good cycle must be received by Wednesday, May 1st 2020. Decisions and award announcements will be made on or before Wednesday, May 15th, 2020.
For organizations looking at solar power for the first time, technical assistance grants are available to fund a solar site assessment (up to $250) or engineering review (up to $500) for their solar array. These applications will be reviewed separately from the applications for solar panel awards and will be allocated on a first-come, first-served basis.
About Solar for Good
RENEW Wisconsin's Solar for Good initiative fosters the expansion of solar power among mission-based nonprofits in Wisconsin. Through a generous partnership with Couillard Solar Foundation, RENEW Wisconsin awards solar panels to nonprofit organizations, helping them switch to clean, renewable, solar energy. More information can be found at www.renewwisconsin.org/solarforgood/.
About RENEW Wisconsin
RENEW Wisconsin is a nonprofit organization which promotes renewable energy in Wisconsin. We work on policies and programs that support solar power, wind power, biogas, local hydropower, geothermal energy, and electric vehicles. More information on RENEW's website: www.renewwisconsin.org.


It's our pleasure to provide you with full-service care for all of your residential electrical needs. Whether you're upgrading your system, remodeling your home, or you need a ceiling fan installed in your living room, you can count on us to deliver the quality service you expect and deserve.
Our professionals are determined to go above and beyond the call of duty every single day.
Between our competitive rates, professional service, and experienced team, you bet you're going to get the unsurpassed quality service you want. When you choose us for the job, it's going to get done with effortless skill and precision every single time.
Get a FREE estimate for your residential electrical needs.
You never have to give up quality for affordability when you choose our electrical service for your property. It's our pleasure to provide you with superior quality service that's simply the best around. Whether you need us for a residential or commercial space, our pros will get the job done right.


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Walshy Fire
Major Lazer share video for new single 'Make It Hot': Watch
Featuring vocals from Brazilian superstar Anitta...
Major Lazer have shared a video for their new single, 'Make It Hot'.
The track features vocals from Brazilian superstar Anitta, giving the outfit's dancehall...
Major Lazer drop video for 'Can't Take It From Me': Watch
With Bob Marley's grandson, Skip, making an appearance...
Major Lazer have dropped the video for 'Can't Take It From Me'.
The track features Skip Marley on vocals, grandson of reggae legend Bob Marley...
Major Lazer drop new video for 'Watch Out For This': WATCH
The Jamaican dancehall cut gets a fitting clip...
Major Lazer have dropped a new video for the single 'Watch Out For This', which features Busy Signal, The Flexican and FS Green.
The clip...
10 moments that defined Major Lazer
The Diplo-led American trio has broken sound barriers and world records. With the group's final album on the horizon, DJ Mag chronicles a decade of...
A consummate crate digger and sonic explorer, American DJ and super producer Wesley Pentz, aka Diplo, has been on a lifelong hunt for the ultimate...
Diplo reveals Major Lazer will release four new singles imminently
Also confirms upcoming collaborations with Ariana Grande, Camila Cabello, Travis Scott, The Weeknd & more...
Major Lazer have confirmed that they are set to release four new songs, with the first coming this month before more new music follows in...
MAJOR LAZER 'LEAN ON' IS SPOTIFY'S MOST STREAMED SONG
Yep, it's the most streamed song on the platform ever
'Lean On' is officially Spotify's most streamed song of all time.
The track, performed by Major Lazer (AKA Diplo, Jillionaire and Walshy Fire) and featuring...


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Become a Member of CGMC
All genders and sexualities welcome!
I'm a returning member. Do I need to do a vocal placement?
No, please come to first rehearsal, while adhering to our current COVID policy. Feel free to reach out to your section rep and notify them that you plan to return..
What is your current COVID-19 policy for members?
Anyone participating in a CGMC rehearsal, external performance (run-out gig), vocal placement, event or performance must be fully vaccinated. Proof of vaccination along with a photo ID is required to join. Please CLICK HERE to read our full COVID-19 policies and procedures.
I don't read music and I don't have any formal musical training. Can I still join CGMC?
Yes! CGMC members represent a variety of different musical backgrounds and skill levels, and reading music is not a requirement.
Is the "vocal placement" the same as an audition? Do I need to prepare anything or bring music?
The vocal placement is essentially the same as an audition. You don't need to prepare anything in advance or bring any music – the director will lead you through some exercises to identify your vocal range and to assign you to one of the four sections (First Tenor, Second Tenor, Baritone or Bass).
When are vocal placements held?
Vocal placements are held twice a year, in August and January. (Those are the months where we begin the "prep period" for our two major concerts: a holiday concert in December and a spring concert in May.)
At the vocal placement, will I have to sing in front of other people?
No – it will be just you and the director.
How often are rehearsals? Is there an attendance requirement?
From late August through mid-May, CGMC rehearses every Sunday from 5:30 – 8:30 p.m. Rehearsals take place at Lakeview Presbyterian Church, located at 716 W. Addison at the NW corner of Addison and Broadway.
Members are required to attend 75% of the weekly rehearsals. (Additional optional rehearsals will be scheduled and they help to make up for absences.)
Are members required to pay dues?
Members are required to pay annual dues in the amount of $275 (payable all at once or in monthly installments), but financial assistance is available. Nobody will be turned away because of inability to pay. New members joining the chorus have a one time $25 New Membership Fee.
How old do I need to be to join?
All CGMC members must be at least 18 years of age.
For more information about being a part of CGMC, you can email us at vocalplacements@cgmc.org.
**Vocal Placements are held twice a year in both August and January.**
Rehearsals & Attendance
CGMC rehearses every Sunday, September through June, from 5:30 PM to 8:30 PM, with certain Sundays off after each concert. Additional rehearsals may be called at the discretion of the Artistic Director or choreographer. Each member is expected to attend all rehearsals during a concert prep period. However, an attendance at 75% of rehearsals during each prep period is required to sing in a performance. No Exceptions!
To help CGMC provide our members with the tools needed to create our great performances, each CGMC member pays yearly dues in the amount of $275 at the beginning of the year, whenever they join. Members can pay their dues in full at the beginning of the year, or they can pay them on a monthly basis. Financial assistance is available to those who could not otherwise afford to participate in the Chorus. Due to COVID-19, there are different options for payment.
New Member Vocal Placements
Our next new member intake will take place in August 2023.
Thank you for your interest in joining Chicago Gay Men's Chorus! Vocal placements for our spring 2023 show On the Big Screen are now closed.
Vocal placements for our Holiday 2023 show will take place in August of this year. Please fill out the form below to be notified when sign-ups open in June 2023.
CLICK HERE to read CGMC's COVID-19 policies and procedures before signing up. At this time all members must be fully vaccinated against COVID-19 and present proof of vaccintaion to join.
For more information or if you have additional questions, email vocalplacements@cgmc.org.


We spoke to Thomas Nielsen, chief digital officer, global transaction banking for Deutsche Bank, about the Open Banking benefits for corporate clients, PSD2 and future trends in finance industry.
For those banks struggling with the complexities of PSD2 help is at hand.
Fraud prevention and detection, and how evolving tech and faster payments impact financial crime compliance.
New York State Department of Financial Services is FX-ed off.
Qatar Islamic Bank UK will implement Volante's VolPay Channel: Open Banking and Token.
Sibos 2018: Can a centralised virtual ledger help banks join API race?
Knowing your customer: blockchain's ultimate killer app?
Abbas Ali, associate director, R3, wants you to be in the know about KYC matters.


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Police urge tougher dog laws after attack
Acpo says dog owners should be prosecuted for attacks that occur on private property as well as those on public land
The Association of Chief Police Officers has renewed a call to strengthen the terms of the Dangerous Dogs Act after an attack in east London hospitalised five officers.
Acpo's lead officer on the issue, North Wales assistant chief constable Gareth Pritchard, said he wanted dog owners to be prosecuted if their animal attacked police when they were making an arrest in a suspect's home. Currently owners can only be prosecuted if a dog attack occurs on public land as opposed to private property. Pritchard added that any new legislation should cover nurses, social workers and postal workers, who were lawfully entitled to be on private property.
Pritchard said he had already worked up draft legislation in conjunction with animal welfare charities and believed the government was now seeking to put that legislation on the statute books. This would allow the more than 6,000 postal workers who are injured in dog attacks each year to seek redress.
On Thursday five officers were injured, three seriously, when a pitbull-type dog went berserk during a raid on a suspect's house in east London. A 25-year-old musician has been charged with offences under the Dangerous Dogs Act.
Police marksmen from the Met's C019 unit later shot the dog dead as officers held it on the ground.
Pritchard, who said he would be in contact with the Met to "look at the lessons and issues" surrounding the case, said he also knew of deaths and injuries that had resulted from dogs attacking people within the confines of private property and new legislation would seek to make owners more responsible. "We are concerned about the deaths and the injuries that are occurring and there is no law to protect people who are injured on private property. We've had cases of kids being killed and seriously injured by dogs on private property and criminal accountability is very difficult in those situations," he said.
He added that the Met now had a new unit to deal with so-called "status dogs", used by gangs to protect themselves against the police and rivals. "We want to protect people who are in a property within the law. We want to give them protection."
Pritchard said that Acpo wanted a more effective preventative strategy and hoped the government would grant police and council officers the power to issue dog control notices as a precursory step to issuing a formal dog control order and dragging dog owners through the courts. "We believe a lot of people would react positively to a notice," he said.
There was also concern that current legislation did not give police enough discretion to lock up dogs they thought were dangerous. Presently, all dogs labelled as dangerous breeds have to be locked up and kennelled automatically at an annual cost to police forces of ?4m.
Gavin Grant, the new chief executive for the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, which has also been pushing for the new legislation, said: "Irresponsible ownership is dire for dogs and the community. Inaction by successive governments has seen it worsen. RSPCA inspectors, our animal rescue centres and veterinary clinics are left to pick up the pieces. As the new RSPCA chief executive, changing this is a key priority.
"The coalition has had 18 months to reintroduce dog registration and microchipping that ties owners to their dogs. Previous governments have failed dogs and owners ? The time for talking is past. We need effective action now."
guardian.co.uk © 2012 Guardian News and Media Limited or its affiliated companies. All rights reserved. | Use of this content is subject to our Terms & Conditions | More Feeds
UK news: Crime | guardian.co.uk


Informative and insightful, this edition of eNews addresses a number of key issues facing the business community. The first is in relation to family business, posing a question which many choose to ignore: do your kids really want to take over your business? The next is in regard to the relevant changes which have been implemented following the end of financial year, providing business owners with an understanding they may not otherwise gain. And finally a segment on 'Deductions for Dummies', the ATO's simple guide to deductions that should not be claimed.
CLICK HERE to read the full article, and let us know what you think using our new commenting feature below.


Firebox volume: 3,2 cu. ft.
Some of the Osburn 2400's impressive features include a 3.2 cubic foot firebox; a heating capacity of up to 2,700 square feet; 12.5" of clearance in the firebox, which can accept logs up to 21"; and a burn time of up to 10 hours in slow combustion mode. In addition to its impressive performance, the 2400 is environmentally efficient, with emissions as low as 1.6 g/hour (in medium-high combustion mode. If you're looking for a large wood stove for your home or weekend cottage, the Osburn 2400 is a perfect choice. Model Number: OB02411 100,000 BTU/h. Heating capacity: 800 to 2,700 sq.ft. Firebox volume: 3,2 cu.ft. Maximum log length: 21″ Adjustable handle Self-cleaning glass system Heavy duty cast iron door Ash drawer with safety lid Mobile home approved Optimum efficiency : 78% Qualifies for the USA tax credit (USA only) Tested by Warnock as per applicable standards (CSA/UL/ULC and/or others).


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Q: Exclude records when a DisposalState is set to "Disposed-off" from "Pending" in SQL SELECT *
FROM [Main_Cause_List]
WHERE DisposalState is 'Disposed-off';

I want to to hide those rows whose case status is changed to "Pending" from case status "Disposed-off". As one case is Disposed-off, then I no need to show that case that in the pending case list.
Basically I will make two lists: (1) for pending case list and (2) for disposed-off list.
For example: once a case fixed for a date=08-05-2021 at that time its DisposalStatus was Pending but in the same date the same Disposed-off.
So when I make BarType Chart then on the same it show me that case in pending list too...how to avoid that case which has been disposed-off...

A: It seems you want to remove from your result all CaseNo for which there is at least one row with DisposalState = 'Dispossed-off'. You can use a windowed conditional COUNT for this.
SELECT *
FROM (
    SELECT *,
        COUNT(CASE WHEN DisposalState = 'Dispossed-off' THEN 1 END)
            OVER (PARTITION BY CaseNo) CountDisposed
    FROM [Main_Cause_List]
) m
WHERE CountDisposed = 0;

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Finally revealed! The scientific facts on juices vs. smoothies. Two health experts are divided on which is healthier. This study clears it up but both are important staples in any healthy lifestyle.
Keep your "Spring Fever" well into summer with this juice. Everyone feels that exhilarating lift of energy in the fever of spring. Why not get a REAL boost of energy to make that "spring" in your step last well into summer?
Infographic: Is blending the same as juicing? This infographic shows you the biggest differences between the two processes.
Why it's hard to juice with one arm. Sometimes life throws us a curve ball and we lose things we often take for granted. How does this effect our every day living?
Wow! I could've had a REAL V-8!


In this lesson our instructor talks about importing media. He discusses using the media browser, importing video, importing JPEG/Illustrator files, and importing Photoshop files. Then he talks about the media browser and import command.
Ive recorded in AVCHD but there is no audio when playing in premiere pro. Tried 2 different cameras in the same format and neither play sound. Panasonic lumix G3 and sony rx100. Any ideas why?


Do you like the big unusual and colorful maps? Then Win10Coaster map will not leave you indifferent! Quite ambitious idea was realized by BlockWorks team. And we must pay tribute, it happened really great and detailed. Map is presented as an "roller coaster" attraction, which greatly simplifies the research and will give you an extraordinary travel experience. I got the impression that I was a little grain of sand in the big kaleidoscope. The patterns were unusually vivid and bright, they changed one by one. It may be mentioned unusually large buildings that surrounded me during the whole trip. If you can't wait to explore this map quickly download it, take the minecart, and dive into the world of pixel beauty!
Immerse yourself in the incredible world of madness, a ride on the minecart at strange flying locations. This map was created to celebrate the 1st year since inception of Minecraft Windows 10 Edition. You will see the incredible buildings and at the same time you do not have to do anything.
Win10Coaster is one of the most unusual and impressive maps for MCPE.


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PU and Malaysian varsity sign MoU for research collaboration
The Educationist Report LAHORE: (Thursday, April 18, 2019): A Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) was signed between Punjab University and UTP (Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS)...
Punjab Research Group Conference held at Oxford University
The Educationist Report LONDON: (March 30, 2019): A one-day conference was organized by the Punjab Research Group at the St Antony's College, University of Oxford,...
30,000 students appear in HEC Law LAT and 4200 in GAT Nationwide
FIR registered for cheating in Quetta, female student hurled threat on staff Report By Haris Zaheer ISLAMABAD (March 17, 2019): The Higher Education Commission (HEC)...
Shanghai Ranking of World Universities 2018
SHANGHAI (August 15, 2018) Harvard University topped the ranking list for the 16th year while Stanford University and University of Cambridge remained to be the...
Sindh's First Youth Policy Launched
Karachi: (May 25, 2018): Over 400 participants, including provincial ministers, government officials, international donors and members of the civil society gathered to celebrate the...
International Hegemony And Sorrows of Palestinians
Palestine pledge called for international protection through OIC. Leaders of Muslim nations have called for an international force to protect Palestinians, following the killing of...
The Educationist Report There are following scholarship opportunities, whch interested candidates may explore: 1. Australia Award Scholarship (http://australiaawardsindo.or.id) 2. LPDP Scholarsh hip (http://www.beasiswalpdp.org/index.html) 3. DIKTI Scholarship a. Dalam...


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Flagship Program Overview
In order to strengthen the core competencies of the University and thus to further the university's aspiration to become a regional institution of national quality, the President and Provost previously invited individual faculty members, faculty teams, and directors to submit academic Flagship Program proposals for select undergraduate or graduate programs.
UNF President announced the Flagship initiative in 2004, and the university has established six such programs: Coastal Biology, Nursing, Music, Nutrition and Dietetics, Transportation and Logistics, and International Business program.
Programs are selected for Flagship status in general because of their excellence in the scholarly accomplishments of their faculty and the demonstrable potential of those faculty to sustain a trajectory toward scholarly distinction; their potential to produce particularly compelling or exceptional educational outcomes for students; and their power to link the quality of education at UNF to a range of civic needs in the region. For this reason, Flagship Programs are selected to receive significant budgetary support for a period of five years (with the possibility of further, albeit reduced, support), during which time they are ideally expected to become self-sustaining or to have generated external funding support.
History of Flagship Program
In developing these programs faculty and administration evaluated existing and potential resources and ensured strong academic leadership in each program, as well as hired faculty and staff who were able to nurture these programs. Flagship programs were identified as candidates with recognized potential involving areas where UNF would have a competitive advantage. The selection process included the input from key stakeholders, inside and outside the University. Flagship program are established with an exceptional faculty both new hires and through faculty development; with significant financial support including funds raised through endowments and funds to support related auxiliary programs and facilities; and through the recruitment of top-quality students to the program, including, when appropriate, international students; and leverage strengths by developing partnerships inside and outside the University.
UNF Designated Flagship Programs
Full Proposal
Department of Nutrition and Dietetics
Coastal Biology
Spinnaker article
Daily Record article
Flagship Contact Information
Director: Dr. Randy Tinnin
Director: Dr. Lauri Wright
Established: October 2006
Director: Dr. Jim Gelsleichter
Established: May 2006
Director: Dr. Andres Gallo
Established: July 2005
Director: Dr. Lillia Loriz
Interim Director: Dawn Russell