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Keep in mind that this update is for informational purposes only, so please consult with an accounting or tax professional before making any changes to your 2023 tax strategy. You can also contact your financial professional, who may be able to provide you with information about the pending changes.
Traditional IRA contribution limits are up $500 in 2023 to $6,500. Catch-up contributions for those over age 50 remain at $1,000, bringing the total limit to $7,500.
Remember, once you reach age 73, you must begin taking required minimum distributions from a Traditional IRA in most circumstances. Withdrawals are taxed as ordinary income and, if taken before age 59½, may be subject to a 10% federal income tax penalty.
Roth IRAs
The income phase-out range for Roth IRA contributions increases to $138,000-$153,000 for single filers and heads of household, a $9,000 increase. For married couples filing jointly, phase-out will be $218,000 to $228,000, a $14,000 increase. Married individuals filing separately see their phase-out range remain at $0-10,000.
To qualify for the tax-free and penalty-free withdrawal of earnings, Roth 401(k) distributions must meet a five-year holding requirement and occur after age 59½. Tax-free and penalty-free withdrawal can also be taken under certain other circumstances, such as the owner's death.
Workplace Retirement Accounts
Those with 401(k), 403(b), 457 plans, and similar accounts will see a $2,000 increase for 2023, the limit rising to $22,500. Those aged 50 and older will now have the ability to contribute an extra $7,500, bringing their total limit to $30,000.
Once you reach age 73 you must begin taking required minimum distributions from your 401(k) or other defined-contribution plans in most circumstances. Withdrawals are taxed as ordinary income and, if taken before age 59½, may be subject to a 10% federal income tax penalty.
SIMPLE Accounts
A $1,500 increase in limits for 2023 gives individuals contributing to this incentive match plan a $15,500 stop light.
Much like a traditional IRA, once you reach age 73, you must begin taking required minimum distributions from a SIMPLE account in most circumstances. Withdrawals are taxed as ordinary income and, if taken before age 59½, may be subject to a 10% federal income tax penalty.
As a reminder, this article is for informational purposes only. Consult with an accounting or tax professional before making any changes to your 2023 tax strategy.
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Contemporary art is extremely inconsiderate. Proclaiming that everything can be art, Conceptual Art after 1960s brought an element of humor in the representation and interpretation for artists and critics, but made art more difficult for the audience with the most objective perspective, especially those without artistic education or sense of judgment, to whom gallery is an unfamiliar place.
Obviously, art doesn't necessarily have to satisfy everyone in order to be art. However, at the time when they were discussing the visual sensation of the 'film', the new technology which brought about the destruction of Benjamin's traditional notion of the aura in the 19th century, portraits were largely what produced that conventional aura and the only genre that could be understood by everyone. People were able to easily understand the work of art within 3 seconds, which is shorter than what it takes to cook a serving of instant noodles.
And what can we say about art works in galleries and museums today? They demand a reconstitution of indiscriminate gaze throughout the entire space of the white cube and beyond, with chaotic sounds escaping from media art works, bombardment of videos and objects spread out like a farmer's market. The audience must arrange their own flow of traffic to view the exhibition, and exchange their time and patience for cultural benefits. It's not an easy task to take in an art work, especially conceptual art work which demands a thinking process that can be flat out exhausting. Not that Benjamin took pleasure in it, but the destruction of aura that Benjamin pointed out was to make art enjoyable for the outsiders today, which precisely means to reconstitute the distribution of political authority.
As an art critic with amazing intuitive powers to predict the audience and consumer-based society of the 21st century, Benjamin is an essential philosopher extremely pertinent to the Korean society in the 21st century, devastated by cultural consumerism. Like how Benjamin took strolls throughout the modernized <?xml:namespace prefix = st1 ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" />Paris and physically embodied sensational art, the art and culture of Korea in the 21st century is in the process of meandering through the town alleys to proceed into the traditional market. Korea, always in a present-progressive mentality and placing particular importance on art education is looking forward to the world UNESCO competition. This background seems not too irrelevant to Yang Ah Ham's exhibition Adjective Life, which ultimately sums up the discourse in the relationship between art and society.
Yang Ah Ham uses diverse mediums and materials, but focuses mainly on video. The nomadic disposition of the artist who works in Korea and Amsterdam, focuses on a necessary element of 'travel.' Her 'Life' series, starting with her solo exhibition Dream in Life (2004), Transient Life (2005) and Adjective Life (2010), functions partly as a poetic documentary which depicts the artist, as an outsider having left Korea, trying to form a relationship with Korea. The space of Ham's works which traverses across Seoul, New York, Chicago, China and the Netherlands, is really glocal. Observing the relationship between reality and man as an agent of the society, her work and perspective is summed up as being existentialistic. Her works capture various looks of the adjective life, capturing the gaze on man, man's gaze on the world, the other, and the disciplined gaze of the pigeons that have become part of the modern society.
As a retrospective type of solo exhibition showing all of Ham's works since 2006, Adjective Life is an exhibition that is much dedicated to the content and form. Above all, it demands time and observation from the audience. But to require such careful and delicate observation from the audience means to also demand a certain level of patience, which inversely connotes to the fact that the works are not easily understandable. Upon entering the exhibition, what greets the audience along the glass wall is the text written Non-Sense Factory (2010), a novel type written by the artist. Naturally I looked at the wall and read the Korean text. To confess, I actually read the rest of the text when I went back home. Fascinated by novels, the artist furnished and distributed the printed text, not visual image, throughout the exhibition space like a printed material. The 'inconsiderate' nature of contemporary art is exemplified at this point. For this exhibition review, I visited the exhibition twice, as it required that much time to fully understand the works. Or, to put in another way, it might be said that the space is a result of the inconsiderate installation manner of the organizers, who, filled with the passion for a retrospective show, spread out the art works across the two floors of the exhibition space like a rude flea market. This is referred to as the excess in the exhibition spectacle.
In terms of exhibition space and under the title Non-sense factory, it's incomprehensible as to why the second and third works share the space without any division, despite the fact that they are organically related to each other. I asked for a description of the works to a docent of the gallery, whose reply was simply that she didn't know. She claimed that she wasn't a docent. The description of the third work was found behind the wall of the second work. Naturally, there were descriptions of the art works printed on paper; however, it's not such a tough thing to facilitate the reading of the space by numbering the art works and having their title and descriptions in order. This is the same case for other contemporary art exhibitions, where moving from work to work with a description paper feels like finding one's way through a maze.
The central theme penetrating through the oeuvre of Yang Ah Ham is Life. This arises from her nomadic life, above all things. Like Paik Nam June who opted for a nomadic life rather than rooting down somewhere, most of the artists of the neoliberal generation lived a life of pilgrimage. Ham also coats layers of identity on her ontology through endless relationships with the others and the society. Following her early works that reinvented personal narratives or memories, which is something that an emerging artist often take on to define oneself, Ham embodies social issues and collective memories in her works. Whether collective or private, such life of diverse spectrum that cannot be fixed and defined is like the never ending current of water. The film critic Geoffrey Nowell Smith who studied the popular melodramas of America in the 1950s-60s, noted in his book Home Is Where the Heart Is, that: "Melodramas create and depict how people live in the society, and it defined as a genre which recapitulates social and psychological issues." Ham's works also follow the regulations of mellow dramas. In her work Collected Anonymous (2007), she picks up numerous hair bands on the streets, bring them back to Korea to analyze the DNA of the owner of the hair bands to carry on a futile attempt at imagining and guessing such anonymous life. Intervened in this work is a reason of fantasy, like a novel that tries to retrace the faults of diversity in life. Her grounds for fantasy are more apparent especially in her video works. This is especially true in terms of formality in works like Portable Life and Ultimate Traveler's Guide, both from 2006, in which the screen is shaky and slow motion is applied like a road movie. Like Bunuel and Dali's surrealist movie Un Chien Andalou, the motive to render reality surreal, or to depict things that are visible and invisible, are often delivered through narration or dialogue. In the quasi-Sci-fi movie Invisible Clothes (2008), the image is barely apparent due to the overwhelming amount of text (dialogue), meaning that the film is appreciated only through paying undivided attention to the dialogue. On the other hand, this also reveals the inferiority of the visual image. Like the example of the new work Non-Sense Factory, with novel text and installation, it is clear to read the motive to emphasize more on the text rather than on the image in many works, especially in many video works.
Like the proposition of Geoffrey Nowell Smith who saw melodrama as a transformation of tragedy in a new social context in the 18th century, and Fredric Jameson who proposed that "melodrama and tragedy are similar, but the former reveals the conflict between the hero and the villain, and the goodness of the individual and the ethics of evil," our lives are carried out through innumerable decisions made and battles taken between the good and the evil within ourselves. Like the circular cycle of the chasing predator and the prey being chased in the TV animation Tom and Jerry, our lives are filled with such a cycle of being a predator one day and a prey the next. The works Chocolate Head (2007) and Out of Frame (2007), illustrate the problems of art, society, politics and the distribution of authority, and bring to mind the animation Tom and Jerry. Like the performance of casting the head of world-famous collector and curator in chocolate and then consume it without being able to resist the temptation, the relationship between the artist and curator-collector remains as an inescapable subject, like the endless food chain of contemporary art, where good human network has become something important even for artists. For more than half of her 13 works in this exhibition, the artist chose to use chocolate as the material. I dare to propose an alternative, Korean version for the new work Out of Frame. I wonder what the audience's reaction would be, if the heads of famous Korean figures, including Hong Ra hee, were cast in chocolate and the performers sucked on them like in Chocolate Head. Although small in scale, the artist cast her whole entire body in chocolate for this exhibition. I quoted a biblical verse in the epilogue. It questions as to who would actually count sand. Our life is such, like the sand that cannot be counted despite of our desire to count it. Yang Ah Ham's adjective life, or more precisely the individual human life, is like mere accumulation of sand, beyond the human count.


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Элисон Дуди (; род. , Дублин) — ирландская актриса и модель.

Биография

Элисон Дуди родилась 11 ноября 1966 года в Дублине, Ирландия. Воспитывалась в богатой семье, была самая младшая из трех детей. Она получила образование в монастыре. Позже Элисон училась в Национальном колледже искусств в Дублине, но потеряв интерес, бросила его и заинтересовалась модельным бизнесом.

Её актёрский дебют состоялся в 1985 году в фильме «Вид на убийство». После роли в фильме «Индиана Джонс и последний крестовый поход» стала представителем косметической фирмы L'Oréal.

С 1995 по 2003 год Элисон в кино не снималась. В декабре 1999 года режиссёр Питер Джексон лично предлагал ей роль Эовин в фильмах «Властелин колец: Две крепости» и «Властелин колец: Возвращение короля», но она отказалась в связи с беременностью.

В 2004 году Элисон вернулась в кино и снялась в фильме «Копи царя Соломона». В 2011—2012 годах снималась в телесериале «Бивер Фолс».

Личная жизнь
С 1994 по 2006 год была замужем за Гэвином Орейлли. Воспитывает двух дочерей — Алану (1996 г.р.) и Лорен (1999 г.р.).

С 2011 по 2012 год встречалась в бизнесменом Дугласом де Ягером. С октября 2014 года встречается с бизнесменом Тадхг Гири.

Фильмография

Примечания

Ссылки

 Элисон Дуди (Alison Doody)  на kinomania.ru

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Hey, Tim, still think the same?
Doesn't matter, don't think its accurate to think there's no reason to be nervous. There is every reason to be nervous. Panic? not yet, but if they lose tonight and jets win, watch out.
Fair point, I'm just not as confident of sens getting it done in Washington/Boston regardless of the situation. Hopefully it doesn't even come to that.
Yes. I guess Latendresse would've been the difference?
Not what I asked. Was there a need to play Kassian when McLaren had 2 shifts the whole game?
They had won against the Devils with Kassian out of the lineup, so he tinkered with a winning lineup to put him in.


text:
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New Asian Deal, New Container Ship Order and More for Maersk This Week
Largest Shipping Line Changes Tactics from Mega Box Carriers
DENMARK – HONG KONG – SOUTH KOREA – WORLDWIDE – Lots of news from Maersk this week as the largest container shipping line in the world signs an agreement with Dubai headquartered logistics group GAC to handle all the husbandry requirements of both Maersk and MCC vessels calling at Hong Kong. Under the two-year contract, which commenced on 1 July 2015, GAC will handle more than 1,000 calls annually at all the city's ports and terminals. MCC is the Singapore based box carrier whose 80 vessels supply all Maersk's intra-Asian shipping needs.
Hong Kong ranked as the world's fourth largest container port with a throughput of 22.3 million TEUs in 2014. In 2015, however, container throughput year-on-year declined, dropping by double digits in March 2015. The port's handling capacity has been impacted by a number of factors including greater deployment of mega container vessels, a substantial rise in river barge traffic (these are increasingly favoured over above ground transportation for the movement of cargo containers) and the port's increasing reliance on international transhipments.
Thomas Okbo, GAC Hong Kong's Managing Director, believes that this trend may yet be reversed and that container throughput will rebound meaning Hong Kong will see moderate growth in the near future, saying:
"Hong Kong will continue to be one of the world's thriving container ports. With enhanced port handling capacity, I expect the throughput to turn around, which will in turn boost the demand for our shipping services. When Maersk Line wanted to outsource its husbandry operation in Hong Kong, we put together a dedicated team to handle the account, in close cooperation with four professionals from their husbandry team. With more than 40 years of agency experience in Hong Kong, we have what it takes to meet their needs."
Maersk spokesman Danny Chen, Director Procurement, Far East Asia Liner Operations Cluster of Maersk Line (China) was clear as to why GAC has been selected to handle the husbandry contract saying:
"We chose GAC to handle our husbandry requirements in Hong Kong based on its established track record in ship agency, marine and crew transportation in South China, as well as our shared corporate ethos of delivering on promises of performance."
Maersk has also been busy on ensuring its fleet of around 600 ships with a combined carrying capacity of 2.9 million TEU stays out in front of the competition, with the news that the company has just signed a new building contract with Hyundai Heavy Industries (HHI) for nine more vessels. These will be 14,000 TEU ships and there is also an option for eight more of the 353 metre long box carriers.
This is the third new-building order in Maersk Line's investment programme announced in September 2014. The order follows the seven 3,600 TEU feeder vessels and eleven 19,630 TEU Triple-E vessels announced earlier this year as part of Maersk Line's $15 billion investment in new-buildings, retrofitting, containers and other equipment. Maersk Line will thus be able to acquire the capacity it needs, replace less efficient tonnage and increase its share of owned vessels. The Maersk order book currently corresponds to 0.5 million TEU or approx. 16% of Maersk Line's current fleet (excluding options).
The orders consist of 7 x Baltic Feeder vessels for delivery in 2017, 11 x 19,000 TEU vessels for delivery in 2017-18, 11 x 9.5-10,000 TEU chartered vessels 2015-16 and these 9 x 14,000 TEU vessels for delivery in 2017. This tranche of the programme has a value of $1.1 billion and was signed by Mr. Sam H. Ka, Chief Operating Officer (COO) of HHI and Mr. Søren Toft, COO of Maersk Line, at a ceremony at Maersk Line's headquarters in Copenhagen. Søren Toft commented on the versatility of the ships saying:
"I am very pleased about this order for which we have taken a new approach. The vessels will be designed to operate in and perform efficiently across many trades and not just designed for one specific trade. They will help us stay competitive and make our fleet more flexible and efficient. We have a long and good relationship with HHI. The quality of the vessels has always been up to high standards and we look forward to receiving this new batch."
Designing vessels with a flexible operational profile is somewhat of a first for Maersk Line. By moving away from hulls designed with a certain speed and draft in mind, Maersk Line is strengthening its fleet with vessels which can be deployed on East-West or North-South trades where requirements differ, with no impact on fuel consumption. The nine vessels will join Maersk Line's fleet in 2017 and sail under Singaporean flag. Since 2002, HHI has delivered more than 50 container vessels to Maersk Line, including 22 WAFMAX vessels (4,500 TEU), which were delivered in 2011-13.
THe port managers having dredged the channels into the Port of Baltimore recently, Maersk has also announced its return to the east coast port. Maryland state officials say the company is to start providing three weekly services from Far Eastern and European ports carrying around 30,000 new shipments annually. The dredging was commissioned to ensure Baltimore was not left behind when larger vessels begin to transit the improved Panama Canal next year. Speaking of the move Michael White, president of Maersk Line North America observed:
"Today's global supply chains require stable, smooth-running transportation services that enhance supply chain integrity and improve productivity."
Over at Maersk Oil, Exova, the global testing, calibration and advisory services provider, has been awarded another contract to provide materials qualification testing for the company. The contract is an extension of the testing Exova has previously undertaken on down-hole tubulars for Maersk Oil's North Sea Culzean Field Development Project in 2014.
In addition to bespoke materials qualification testing, the new contract also sees Exova provide two sets of electrochemical corrosion tests as well as a programme of Galvanically-induced Hydrogen Stress Cracking (GHSC) tests. Helene Jones, general manager at the Exova Corrosion Centre in Dudley, said:
"We are proud to extend our relationship with Maersk Oil. The company demands the highest standards of testing services and the capabilities we offer through our dedicated corrosion centre in Dudley mean we are well placed to meet its requirements."
Photo: Søren Toft of Maersk and Sam H. Ka of Hyundai Heavy Industries seal the deal on the nine new ships.
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A cellular base station (tower) designed to serve a very small area, such as part of a building, a street corner, or an airplane cabin.
A picocell is generally smaller than a microcell, although the distinction is not always clear.
Picocells are usally used to extend coverage to indoor areas where outdoor signals do not reach well, or to add network capacity in areas with very dense phone usage, such as train stations.


The wind can make cold temperatures feel even colder. The wind chill index measures what the temperature feels like on exposed skin based on the speed of the wind. A wind chill can cause your body to lose heat faster and your skin to freeze very quickly. Wind chills below -70 have been recorded in some northern Canadian communities.


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'Changing My Mind' by Zadie Smith
By Ella Taylor
Nov. 15, 2009 12 AM PT
Occasional Essays
Zadie Smith
The Penguin Press: 306 pp., $26.95
Reviewing Zadie Smith's 2001 debut, "White Teeth," the critic James Wood lumped the blazing hot young British writer with no less than Salman Rushdie, David Foster Wallace, Don DeLillo and Thomas Pynchon to launch a broadside at a genre he'd named "hysterical realism." While praising Smith's assured prose and her comic gifts, Wood wrung his hands over the giant tomes with their artificially frenzied vitality, subdividing plot lines and mushrooming characters, few of whom stick around long enough to engage our interest, let alone our allegiance.
He wouldn't say that about Charles Dickens, I muttered, but then he did. Dickens, with his huge canvases, and multiple subplots stuffed with characters with funny names, may have been slapped by Wood with a paternity suit for this new genre, but, the critic bemoaned, his descendants lack the master's capacity to imbue caricatures with strong feeling. Having tried several times to force my way into the sprawling, multi-culti "White Teeth," set in the northwest London working-class borough of Willesden, where Smith grew up, I had to agree. The novel is not boring -- Smith's darting intelligence alone holds you -- but her self-conscious prose enervates, and her sketchy characters and scattershot subplots lack the deep satisfactions of, say, Monica Ali's " Brick Lane," which takes on the teeming melee of the 21st century city without sacrificing our identification with the immigrant family at its heart.
The British reading public begged to differ. At age 25, Smith became the author of a runaway bestseller, for which her publisher reportedly paid her an advance of 250,000 pounds, while she was still an undergraduate star at Cambridge University. Born of a black mother from the Caribbean and a white working-class father, Smith endured unwelcome pressure to become the voice of multicultural Britain, which must explain why she makes no secret of her mistrust of identity politics. The telegenic Smith became an instant celebrity who cut an articulate, if sometimes haughty, public figure (she could be cranky to a degree that would make V.S. Naipaul proud). Inevitably, praise was more muted for her next two novels, "The Autograph Man" and "On Beauty."
Today, Smith flits across the Atlantic to teach and lecture at Ivy League schools. To judge by "Changing My Mind: Occasional Essays," her new collection of writings for a range of periodicals, she hasn't been idle on the writing front. Smith's reflections on, among other things, Greta Garbo, literary trends, Oscar parties and a trip to Liberia, fall more or less gracefully into ostensibly banal categories of "Reading," "Being," "Seeing," "Feeling" and "Remembering." Taken together, they reflect a lively, unselfconscious, rigorous, erudite and earnestly open mind that's busy refining its view of life, literature and a great deal in between.
Delightful, painful and spontaneously funny (it runs in the family -- her two younger brothers are rap artists and stand-up comedians), Smith's personal writing opens a candid, though never prurient window onto her parents' "code-red marriage" and subsequent divorce. "Family represents a reality of which Christmas is the dream," she writes wistfully but without self-pity, analyzing a damaged photograph of a long-ago compulsory celebration of "the most cultish, insular day in the nuclear-family calendar." Returning more than once -- as she does in her novels -- to a fractious but formative relationship with a much older father, whose ashes she once kept in a sandwich bag, Smith shows herself in more ways than one to be a very old, empathetic head on ridiculously young shoulders.
Which may be why her favorite film is not the pioneering multicultural "My Beautiful Laundrette" but "The Philadelphia Story." Smith's film criticism is instinctive and untutored (not necessarily a bad thing), but her enthusiasm for Katharine Hepburn, whose body she describes as "one long muscle, devoid of bust but surprisingly shapely if seen from the back," is so infectious that -- as one who agrees with Dorothy Parker's judgment that Hepburn's acting "ran the gamut of emotions from A to B" -- I'm willing to forgive the claim that the actress gave a great performance in "Little Women." Her take on Garbo's face is basically recycled Roland Barthes, and "Ten Notes on Oscar Weekend," a report on hanging out with screenwriting nominees, is wickedly observant (lounging at the Mondrian, she's devastating on the difference between hot girls and actresses) but hardly groundbreaking about Hollywood.
It's in her impassioned, compulsively dialectical and endearingly wonkish inquiry into literature that Smith really takes off. Deploring the idea of a "Black Female Literary Tradition" ("thick with a breed of greeting-card lyricism"), she confesses her unwilling conversion, at her mother's behest, to the work of Zora Neale Hurston ("as exceptional among black women writers as Tolstoy is among white male writers"). "Their Eyes Were Watching God" rescued Smith from her postmodern aversion to identification with character (and pushes her, as she has publicly acknowledged, further into Wood's camp). For a literary rebel who counts among her heroes Nabokov and Barthes (both of whom she re-reads here) and Robbe-Grillet, Smith digs in pretty deep with the canon. She defends George Eliot against Henry James and E.M. Forster against detractors who dismiss him as middlebrow. She stakes a claim to fellowship with Cynthia Ozick and gives Kafka his due as an existential prophet of postmodern identity crises. "These days we all find our anterior legs flailing before us," she writes. "We're all insects, all Ungeziefer, now."
Indeed, 21st century anxiety is the subject of the two most ambitious essays here. "Brief Interviews With Hideous Men: The Difficult Gifts of David Foster Wallace" is a rigorously exegetical defense of Wallace's short-story collection, as well as a lovely memorial to the moral self-interrogations of the writer, written shortly after his 2008 suicide. "Two Directions for the Novel" pits Joseph O'Neill's acclaimed "Netherland" against Tom McCarthy's "Remainder," both of which address post- 9/11 anxieties about the authenticity of the self. Smith approves of "Remainder," whose "narrative has a nervous breakdown," while accusing O'Neill of embodying a "breed of lyrical realism [that] has had the freedom of the highway for some time now, with most other exits blocked." You can agree or not, but in "lyrical realism" one can't help hearing either echoes of James Wood or a sly dig in his ribs.
Taylor is a freelance writer in Los Angeles.
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NEW YORK (CBSNewYork) – A former police officer, accused of tampering with evidence after a shooting last summer, appeared in court Friday.
Former NYPD sergeant Ritchard Blake was indicted for tampering with the crime scene after shooting an unarmed man during an altercation in Brooklyn last August.
A grand jury already cleared the former police officer of all counts for the shooting, but Blake is now facing charges for allegedly planting a knife next to the victim before police arrived at the scene.
Surveillance cameras appeared to catch the officer pick the knife up once he realized he was on video.
Blake sat before a judge and pleaded not guilty to two felony counts of tampering with evidence Friday.
The 40-year-old was off duty when he shot 21-year-old Thavone Santana in the chin in East New York.
At the time, Blake claimed he acted in self-defense and believed Santana was trying to rob him. Sources tell CBS2 the two men actually knew each other and had been previously fighting over a woman.
After the shooting Blake called 911, but sources tell CBS2 Blake is seen on surveillance video taking a knife out of his own pocket, placing it on the ground next to Santana.
"When they hear my client's side of the story at the jury trial I'm confident he'll be exonerated of all charges," defense attorney Abe George said.
Blake was released on his own recognizance after the judge ordered he have no contact with the victim.
He's due back in court next month and, if found guilty, he could face up to four years in prison.


Provide comfort for the family of Annie Williford with a meaningful gesture of sympathy.
Mrs. Annie Mauline Bone Williford, age 88 of 8175 Lavonia Highway, Lavonia, Ga., went to be with the Lord on Monday, April 8, 2019 at Hartwell Health and Rehab surrounded by her family.
She is survived by her children, Kathy Alexander and Kenneth Johnson of Hartwell, Ga., brother, Frank Bone of Elberton, Ga., grandchildren, Brent (Cindy) Alexander & family, Marc Johnson (Vicki) & family and Tiffany Kennedy & family. Thirteen great- grandchildren and three great-great grandchildren also survive. She was preceded in death by her parents, husband, Sam Williford, sister, Daisy Middleton, brothers, Charlie and Talmadge Bone, grandsons, Kevin Alexander and Curt Johnson and a great-granddaughter, Crystal Johnson.
Funeral services celebrating the life of Annie Williford will be held on Wednesday, April 10, 2019 at Three o'clock from the chapel of Coile and Hall Funeral Directors with Rev. Sean Payne officiating. Burial will follow at Memorial Garden of Prayer. The family will greet friends one hour prior to the service at the funeral home. The family will be at their respective homes.
To send flowers in memory of Annie Williford, please visit our Heartfelt Sympathies Store.
Provide comfort for the family of Annie Williford by sending flowers.
Kenneth and Kathy, loving thoughts and prayers are with you and yours during this difficult time of losing your special Mom. Fond memories of years ago are being remembered.


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Q: It rains a lot in winter. vs There is a lot of rain in winter When I translate these sentences in my native language I don't feel any difference. Could you tell me these differences if they are?

It rains a lot in winter.

vs

There is a lot of rain in winter.

Do you use both of them?

A: There is no difference in meaning, and both are idiomatic.
From the perspective of style, which is of course opinion rather than objective, I prefer "It rains," both because it is slightly more concise and also because "there is" as a dummy subject is overused. But this does not affect the answer to your question, which is whether the two forms have any difference in meaning. No, they do not.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


The envisioned long-term goal is to provide neuro-scientific knowledge, methods and technologies which allow wireless acquisition and interpretation of neuronal activity patterns related to specific cognitive states in real time. Furthermore, effective and detailed feeding of information into ongoing neuronal processing should be possible. The combination of "reading" and "writing" allows a highly differentiated interaction with the brain and will be used for the construction of cerebral visual and other sensory prostheses providing the user with a high quality of perception. The device should be medically safe with a life-time of several decades. The complete system includes hardware and software as well as neuro-scientific methods and basic knowledge of the interactions with the brain.
* Neuronal mechanisms of complex cognitive processes which are based on the interaction of multiple sub-systems of the brain.
* Pathophysiology of complex neurological and psychiatric disorders.
* Closed-loop-systems for influencing pathological psychiatric states (e.g. anxiety disorders) or neurological states (e.g. Parkinson's disease).
* Automatic, on-demand local transfusion of neuro-pharmaceutical drugs depending on local brain states, for minimizing the volume of these substance and thus their side effects.
* Telemedical detection of acute medical hazards, like uprising seizure activity and other pathological conditions.
A hallmark of the technologies and methods, which will be developed in the course of our key objective, is their flexible adaptability to brain structure, recording task and stimulation requirement. Highly differentiated acquisition of neuronal activity in distributed processing networks will be achieved by weakly invasive electrode arrays which follow the curvature of the brain and therefore allow simultaneous, spatially specific recording from thousands of electrodes. Moreover, feeding-in of information with electrical or optogenetic methods will be possible. The carrier substrate of the electrode array will dissolve after implantation, leaving a bio-compatible mesh of electrodes. The electronics for signal acquisition, stimulation and wireless transmission of data and energy will be flat, error tolerant and low in component number; it will be integrated in the flip-side of the array.
In a complimentary approach, arrays of multi-contact needles will allow recording of action potentials and local field potentials in all layers of the cortical column as well as in brain areas which are not accessible with surface electrodes. At the same time, complex electrical and/or opto-genetical stimulation patterns can be applied with high spatio-temporal resolution. The needles are equipped with electronics; they almost completely submerge in the tissue, are atraumatic and do not trigger immune reactions.
Surface and needle arrays can be used in combination. They allow closed-loop applications, where recorded signals are used to generate stimulation patterns. Furthermore, the recorded data allow conclusions about dynamics and function of brain areas and processing pathways, thereby providing parameter constraints for biologically plausible neuronal models. These models will enable identification and quantification of (possibly pathological) neuronal activation patterns and current information processing. Moreover, the models are crucial for developing stimulation patterns which evoke quasi-natural activity patterns suitable for feeding in sensory information or generating specific network states.


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High school court athletes
Basketball unifies Mariners, Panthers, Windjammers, Lions, Mustangs
Unified basketball grows by leaps, bounds in Midcoast — from Thorndike to Waldoboro
By Mark Haskell | Feb 01, 2019
Photo by: Holly Vanorse Spicer Scene from Medomak at Oceanside high school unified basketball in Rockland.
High school basketball in the Midcoast — which includes Knox, Waldo and Lincoln counties — is as unified as ever.
Only four years removed from Oceanside of Rockland beginning the movement — and two years since Mount View of Thorndike joined the ranks — this season, unified basketball has five teams in the area as Medomak Valley of Waldoboro, Belfast and Camden Hills of Rockport have joined the court fray in what arguably has become the state's most popular high school sport.
Unified basketball combines Special Olympics athletes and general student-athletes (partners) in 5-on-5 competition. The sport has been popular in the state for roughly a decade, but the sport became sanctioned by the Maine Principals' Association at the start of the 2015 season.
Watch video and see more photos below.
The two most crucial components that make the game different from traditional basketball is there can be no more than two partners on the court at any given time with the Special Olympics Athletes, and the partners can account for no more than 25 percent of the team's total points. Teams also are only permitted to play half-court defense.
The sport has flourished the past few seasons. There were 18 teams statewide during the 2015 season. Now, the state's numbers have swelled to more than 50 teams.
The Panthers and Lions are part of the MPA-sanctioned 2019 campaign, while the Windjammers technically are a club team, but play other teams in exhibition games.
Camden Hills athletic director — and unified coach — Steve Alex said he did not want to put pressure on the school if it did not have the numbers to support the team.
Now, with 19 players on the roster, he said he plans to have them "officially" in the fold next season.
"We were just kind of testing the waters this year just trying to get a feel for it and see how it would all work," he said. "Next year we plan to have an MPA schedule."
In the meantime, Alex said he plans to sign his team up for daylong unified basketball tournaments, which run throughout the state on various dates and sites throughout the season. He also hopes to get a few extra exhibition games on the schedule with Medomak Valley and Oceanside once the other winter sports season begin to wind down.
The Windjammer team has practiced three times a week, and without taxing the already slim amount of afterschool gymnasium time the school has available.
"One of the great things about it that makes it really conducive for the students is that we do it during a period at the end of the day called flex time," Alex said. "It's like an extended homeroom. And the kids basically can come after their fourth-period class to the gymnasium at 2:05 p.m. and then we practice right until the end of school."
Alex said their first game against Belfast "was absolutely fantastic" and that "It was so much fun we actually put an extra five minutes on the clock in the second half because people wanted to play more."
Medomak Valley unified basketball coach Tracie McLain went to a coach's training school put on by Special Olympics Maine over the summer.
Initially, she thought starting a team two years from then would be a real possibility. However, "I left knowing it was something he had to start now."
"It was so motivating to listen to the speakers and those that were already involved share stories of how partners and athletes came together to compete on the court," she said. "I went to [athletic director Matt [Lash], and he and Principal Linda Pease were very supportive and willing to do whatever we needed to move forward with it."
McLain said "things have gone great" through the first few games of the season and "the way they all get so excited for each other when they accomplish something, whether it be scoring a basket, securing a rebound, or playing solid defense, is very moving."
"In the Belfast game, one of our athletes caught the ball, used a shot fake, and passed to a teammate who scored," she said. "It is good stuff. I also love how everyone cheers for everyone. Home fans cheer for the visiting team and vice-versa, even the student sections show enthusiasm for both teams, and that means a lot."
"We talked about it for over a year," said Belfast athletic director Terry Kenniston. "We really didn't want to jump into it before we were ready. So this summer we decided it was something we wanted to move forward with."
"The kids that are involved, especially the athletes, are tremendously excited," he said. "Here's an opportunity for them to play a sport that they really like and they haven't had that opportunity for a long time in a lot of cases. And we've had a pretty good turnout."
Kenniston said, "It's been a great experience so far" and that "the kids all seem to understand the spirit of it." He added he was impressed in some of the goodwill being displayed by some of his athletes in the team's second game of the year at Mount View.
"One of our athletes actually rebounded the ball two or three times and turned around and gave it to a Mount View kid who was trying to score," he said. "A lot of times you see the support kids doing that, but this was actually one of our athletes that said, 'Hey, try it again!' It's really been a positive thing for us and for the school."
Unified games typically begin earlier in the day — between 3 and 4 p.m. — and are often precursors to many of the freshman, junior varsity or varsity basketball games.
The following is a breakdown of games for local schools:
Belfast — At Oceanside, Feb. 1, 3:30 p.m.; versus Ellsworth, Feb. 7, 4 p.m.; at Medomak Valley, Feb. 8, 3:30 p.m.; at Mount Desert Island, Feb. 13, 3:30 p.m.; versus Oceanside, Feb. 14, 3:30 p.m.; and versus Mount View, Feb. 26, 3:30 p.m.
Oceanside — Versus Belfast, Feb. 1, 3:30 p.m.; at Bucksport, Feb. 5, 3:15 p.m.; versus Hampden/Bangor, Feb. 8, 3:30 p.m.; at Medomak Valley, Feb. 12, 3:30 p.m.; at Belfast, Feb. 14, 3:30 p.m.; and versus Bucksport, Feb. 28, 3:30 p.m.
Mount View — At Dexter, Feb. 1, 4 p.m.; at Bucksport, Feb. 7, 3:30 p.m.; at Mount Desert Island, Feb. 11, 3:30 p.m.; at Belfast, Feb. 26, 3:30 p.m.; and at Medomak Valley, Feb. 28, 4 p.m.
Medomak Valley — Versus Belfast, Feb. 8, 4 p.m.; versus Oceanside, Feb. 12, 3:30 p.m.; at Morse, Feb. 26, 3:30 p.m.; and versus Mount View, Feb. 28, 4 p.m.
Team members for Medomak Valley, coached by Tracie McLain, include Jaden Abruzese, Peter Alexander, Greyson Clark, Angel McKay, Tyler McKay, Von McLaughlin, Jacob Rinehart, Michael Severson, Natalie Shields, Cassandra Smeltzer, Baylee Stewart, Hattie Watmough and Leah Wilcox. Paul Smeltzer, Lydia Simmons and Kayla Donlin also coach.
Team members for Oceanside, coached by Joanna Hall, include Joumana Ben Salem, Aidan Bonzagni, Krista Butler, Haley Callahan, Thomas Coombs, Olivia Dougherty, Erica Dyer, Elaina Emerson, Justin Hunt, Ryan Morse, Kaytlyn Pierce, Caleb Powell, Byron Radley, Angel Seiders, Uriah Thongsophaphone, Ryan Warren and Dylan Whitamore. The Mariner spirit squad also includes Julia Bartlett, Lindsey Brooks, Jackie Daggett, Jacqueline Hall, Lainie Hooper, Mattie Hooper, Justin Hunt, Lydia Laslavic, Valerie Lorleberg, Lexie McMahan and Nina Waldron. Colleen Rickard, Julia Clough and Sadie Street also coach.
Team members for Mount View, coached by Ron Simmons, include Diesel Bryant, Nick Elkins, Austin Grotton, Tamika Henry, Logan Irvine, Emily Kendall, Jen Littlefield, Ricky Nelson, Brendan Savoy, Justice Savoy and Morgan Taylor.
Team members for Belfast include Airy Berry, Jenna Brassbridge, Josh Chun, Mercedes Curtis, Gia Davila, Isabella Degraff, Jordan Drinkwater, Kaitlyn Elliott, Hailey Emerick, Toby Jones, Tiger Lee, Hunter Marish, Nate McGovern, Mykaila Willard, Rico Washington and Sara McIntire.
Team members for Camden Hills, coached by Steve Alex, include Alexandra Southworth, Alexia Cazemajou, Ashley Jacobs, Blaine Cook, Chelsea Field, Deven Short, Ethan Ford, Francis Ostensen, Jerrid Farwell, Joseph Coffey, Josh Henning, Kenny Magivney, Lauryn Keating, Lexi Heidorn, Lincoln Pierce, Nick Braun, Samuel Brownawell, Samuel Moody and Tom Roberts.
Coaches can report results to Courier Publications/VillageSoup by emailing game information or by sending photos, taken by a smartphone, of the home and away books, to sports@courierpublicationsllc.com. Results also can be reported by calling 594-4401, extension 116.
The following is a recap of reported results from area teams throughout the start of the campaign:
Oceanside 55, Mount View 53
At Thorndike Jan. 24, the Mariners headed into the Mustangs' pen and netted a two-point victory.
Warren scored 13 points for the winners, while Morse and Radley added eight; Pierce, Seiders and Emerson, six; Callahan, four; and Coombs and Whitamore, two.
Elkins led Mount View with 22 points, while Grotton added 19; Savoy, six; Irvine, four; and Justice Savoy, two.
Oceanside 44, Medomak Valley 40
At Rockland Jan. 22, the Mariners emerged with a four-point win.
Warren led Oceanside with 15 points, while Angel Seiders added eight; Byron Radley, six; Pierce, five; Emerson and Callahan, four; and Morse, two.
Angel McKay scored 18 points for Medomak Valley, while Tyler McKay added 16 and Severson six.
Medomak Valley 34, Belfast 31
At Belfast Jan. 25, the Panthers prowled to a three-point win over the Lions.
Angel McKay scored 20 points for Medomak Valley, while Tyler McKay added 12 and Severson two.
McGovern scored 11 points for Belfast, while Grotton and Berry added six; Lee, four; and Jones and Washington two.
Mount View 66, Brewer 57
At Thorndike Jan. 31, the Mustangs upended the Witches.
Elkins led Mount View with 16 points, while Brendan Savoy added 14; Grotton, 13; Justice Savoy, 12; Kendall, four; and Nelson, two.
Calvin Taylor scored 17 points for Brewer, while Sydney MacDonald and Julianna Briggs added eight; Keenan MacDonald, six; Gene Turner, Amanda Tracy and David Sites, four; and C.J. Horr and Jimmy Nile, two.
Medomak Valley at Oceanside unified basketball
Oceanside hosts Medomak Valley on Jan. 22 in high school unified basketball in Rockland. (Video by: Holly Vanorse Spicer)
Scene from Camden Hills high school unified basketball in Rockport. (Courtesy of: Steve Alex)
Scene from Medomak Valley at Oceanside high school unified basketball in Rockland. (Photo by: Holly Vanorse Spicer)
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Mark Haskell
Associate Sports Director
594-4401, ext. 116
Mark has been covering local sports throughout Knox, Waldo and part of Lincoln county since 2007. Haskell has a bachelor's degree in Mass Communication from the University of Maine and is also a 2000 graduate of Rockland District High School. He has won multiple Maine Press Association awards for writing and photography.
Mark loves iced coffee, cargo shorts, spending time with friends and family and suffers no longer after his beloved Philadelphia Eagles beat the New England Patriots in Super Bowl LII.
He resides in Thomaston with his wife Jenn, his sons Beckett and Austin and daughter Lila.
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365 Day Fast in Solidarity with DREAMers – A Facebook group committed to fasting and praying in solidarity with DREAMers and other migrants. At least one person from the group is fasting and praying on any given day of the year.
BorderLinks was founded in 1988 as the educational arm of the Sanctuary Movement and continues to lead immersion educational trips in the borderlands. We bring the voices of directly-affected people and their allies to the forefront of conversations about migration justice.
Humane Borders, motivated by faith and the universal need for kindness, maintains a system of water stations in the Sonoran Desert on routes used by migrants making the perilous journey here on foot. Our primary mission is to save desperate people from a horrible death by dehydration and exposure and to create a just and humane environment in the borderlands. Founded in the summer of the year 2000, Humane Borders, Inc. is a non-profit corporation run almost exclusively by volunteers.
Ironwood Tree Experience leads environmental education programs for high school age youth in Tucson. It's mission is to create healthy and resilient communities by engaging youth with the natural world and encouraging them to be stewards of the environment and Sonoran Desert.
Mountain View Friends Meeting [Quaker], Denver– MVFM is a Monthly Meeting of the Religious Society of Friends [Quakers], and a member Meeting of Intermountain Yearly Meeting. Active Social Ministry is an important part of the practice of our faith. MVFM has been involved in migration, immigration and sanctuary work for over 30 years.
Promotoras de Derechos Humanos are a collective of Tucson women from the (im)migrant community who work together to promote education about human rights.
School Sisters of Notre Dame, Douglas, AZ is an international congregation of women religious, ministering in 30 countries.
Shalom House: Hospitality house in Douglas. Anyone needing temporary housing is welcome to stay for no charge.
Shalom Mennonite Fellowship – Shalom is an inclusive, diverse Anabaptist faith community, active in the Southern AZ Sanctuary Coalition and in the Casa Mariposa Detention Visitation Program. We are glad to host the orientation and send-off for Migrant Trail Walk this year!
St. Francis Shelter is a We are a men's homeless shelter offering a limited number of individuals year round community, opportunity and support and a larger number of guests nightly meal and housing services during cold winter months.
University Presbyterian Church, Tempe, AZ – University Presbyterian Church has been involved in supporting the Migrant Trail since early in the Walk's history, both through direct participation and through financial support. It is a progressive congregation engaged in peacemaking; whether on the desert, supporting shelter for asylum seekers, or providing support for the homeless on it's city streets.


Discussion in 'Vertebrate Pet Talk' started by LC72uk, Jul 7, 2018.
Is it common to keep venomous snakes over there? Does it require a whole host of special permits as it does here?
I've been to the hot room at Hamm with a vet friend of mine. He's into the vipers. He's got a whole room full of them.
Not really that common as the Venomous market in the UK counts for about 11%.
Yes over here we require a DWA which is a Dangerous Wild Animal Licence we also have to have Public Liability Insurance.
I`m just starting to rebuild my Hot collection again.
Over here I'd be surprised if the venomous snakes were more than 1% of the market. Very few people can get the necessary permits.
I live in the County of Essex and in my home borough I am the only person licensed to keep Venomous Snakes.
Well if ever one were to escape, they'd know whose door to knock on, wouldn't they?
Enn49 and LC72uk like this.
He's a very handsome guy.
Believe it or not there are many properties , too many in the UK that have these Reptiles illegally , there was one place around a mile away from me that was raided by police , when they got in there was a 5ft Caiman on the loose just walking about in the house. There were many Venomous snakes as well, Cobras , Rattlers, many of the snakes had to be put to sleep due to their poor condition and there were also many other dead non venomous snakes and lizards.


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Воло́жинское гетто (август 1941 — лето 1943) — еврейское гетто, место принудительного переселения евреев города Воложин Минской области в процессе преследования и уничтожения евреев во время оккупации территории Белоруссии войсками нацистской Германии в период Второй мировой войны.

Оккупация Воложина
Перед войной численность евреев в Воложине составляла 1434 человека.

Город был оккупирован войсками вермахта 25 (26) июня 1941 года, и оккупация продлилась 3 года — до 5 июля 1944 года.

Бургомистром города оккупанты поставили Станислава Торского (Stanislaw Torsky), человека с крайне антисемитскими взглядами.

Создание гетто
Немецкие солдаты, вошедшие в город, сразу же убили несколько евреев. На следующий день, 26 июня 1941 года, гестапо в принудительном порядке создало юденрат в составе 12 человек. Бургомистр уже на второй день своего правления приказал арестовать 11 евреев (среди них — городской врач с дочерью), которых зверски избили и расстреляли.

В августе 1941 года в Воложине было создано еврейское гетто, куда немцы согнали евреев из Воложина, Вишнево, Ошмян и близлежащих деревень — всего примерно 3500 человек.

Вскоре после оккупации в городе была образована еврейская подпольная группа антинацистского сопротивления.

Условия в гетто
Евреев изнуряли принудительным трудом, подвергали пыткам, морили голодом, многих публично убивали.

Местных жителей, которые иногда пытались помочь евреям с едой, жестоко наказывали.

Уничтожение гетто
Воложинская комиссия содействия ЧГК СССР в акте от 13 июня 1945 года официально зафиксировала, что большинство убитых среди мирного населения Воложинского района от рук нацистов и их пособников составили евреи. В их числе погибли последние 64 ученика Воложинской иешивы.

Немцы, педантично исполняя нацистскую программу уничтожения евреев, первое массовое убийство евреев организовали в августе 1941 года. 45 человек вывели за город, заставили выкопать яму и всех расстреляли, заживо закопав раненых вместе с мёртвыми.

28 октября 1941 года глава местного отделения гестапо по прозвищу Мока (Moka) приказал расстрелять 10 евреев в лесу возле города. Среди убитых был Якоб (Яни) Гарбер, глава юденрата. Известен случай, когда несколько евреев расстреляли на развёрнутом свитке Торы.

1 декабря 1941 года было убито около 300 воложинских евреев.

10 мая 1942 года евреев Воложинского гетто решили наказать за трёх немцев, несколькими днями ранее убитых партизанами. В 5 часов утра гетто было оцеплено подразделением СС вместе с белорусскими и польскими полицаями. Они вошли в гетто, убили двух еврейских полицейских на воротах, а затем начали стрелять в толпу евреев. Глава полиции подозвал одного из членов юденрата, приказал чистить сапоги и затем выстрелил ему в голову. Часть евреев пыталась взобраться на крышу и спрыгнуть за ограду гетто. Большинство из них были застрелены, но 12 человек сумели бежать. Часть оставшихся в живых людей прождала до вечера, а затем ночью некоторым удалось уйти в лес.

В середине июля 1942 года в Воложине были расстреляны 2000 евреев.
Ещё одна «акция» (таким эвфемизмом немцы называли массовые убийства) была организована в октябре (сентябре) 1942 года. Гестаповцы пригнали 225 (220) евреев из помещений бывших польских казарм на улицу Дубинскую и расстреляли.

В январе 1943 года на окраине Воложина, на улице Шаповаловской (ныне — Загородная), немцы и белорусские полицаи сожгли заживо около 400 евреев в сарае для сушки льна.

В июне (2 мая) 1943 года немцы убили 1500 воложинских евреев, в том числе детей и женщин. Поводом для этой расправы стал донос местного жителя Данилы Нехая в гестапо, что евреи прячут у себя радиоприёмник. Сначала гестаповцы собрали узников гетто на площади по улице Дубинской в большом сарае, и уже оттуда группами по 50-100 человек гнали на воложинское еврейское кладбище, где расстреливали. Сопротивлявшихся, пытавшихся спрятаться или убежать убивали на месте. 600 евреев, которые пытались спрятаться, заживо сожгли в доме бывшего польского жандарма Булова (Bulow) рядом с кладбищем. Во время этой расправы сумел спастись только один Гирш Склют, который смог ударить полицейского и убежать. По показаниям на суде одного из участников массовых убийств: «…Мы выехали в город Воложин, где расстреляли около двух тысяч человек евреев — мужчин, женщин, детей. Руководил расстрелом Граве. …Я лично расстрелял сто двадцать человек».

Через некоторое время, летом 1943 года, последних евреев из гетто привели на кладбище, заставили выкопать большую яму, а затем закопали живьём с помощью тракторов и танков.

Несколько евреев, вернувшихся в Воложин после освобождения города, были убиты местными жителями.

Случаи спасения и «Праведники народов мира»
В Воложине 3 человека были удостоены почетного звания «Праведник народов мира» от израильского мемориального института «Яд Вашем» «в знак глубочайшей признательности за помощь, оказанную еврейскому народу в годы Второй мировой войны»
 Стасяк Мария — за спасение Дратвицкой Регины и её сына Бени.
 Новодворские Ян и Антонина — за спасение Лавита Шаи и Гудеса Иосифа.

Организаторы и исполнители убийств
Руководство расстрелами возглавляли немецкие офицеры Блюм и Блеш, которым помогали местные коллаборационисты. В убийствах евреев активное участие принимали комендант городской полиции Янковский (бывший уполномоченный Наркомата земледелия БССР в Воложине). Особой жестокостью к евреям отличились жители Воложина Тавтень, Зенько, Ботян и братья Станкевичи из деревни Филиппиняты.

Полицаи Нехай, Журкевич и Кашкевич после расстрелов занимались мародёрством — снимали с тел убитых обувь и одежду, выламывали зубные коронки из золота и платины, забирали ценные вещи, деньги и часы.

Память
После освобождения города Чрезвычайная комиссия смогла восстановить только 136 фамилий евреев Воложина из более чем 3000 убитых с указанием их возраста, пола, профессии и последнего предвоенного места работы.

В 1992 году старое еврейское кладбище, на котором происходили расстрелы евреев, на средства зарубежных еврейских организаций было огорожено забором и приведено в порядок. Там, в центре города, находится братская могила 45 евреев, которых в августе 1941 года гитлеровцы заставили выкопать самим себе могилу и расстреляли.

В 1995 году на другом месте расстрела евреев в Воложине поставлен памятник с надписями на белорусском языке и на иврите.

В 1961 году установлен памятник — скульптура скорбящей матери — на могиле узников гетто (Гора Высокая), где в сентябре 1942 года немцы замучили и расстреляли 1000 евреев, узников гетто. В 2015 году туда были перезахоронены останки убитых евреев, найденных во время строительных работ на стадионе, а весь мемориал был реконструирован и обновлен.

В 1961 году установлен такой же памятник на могиле евреев (100—220 стариков, женщин и детей), убитых в октябре-ноябре 1942 года.

Материалы о Воложинском гетто экспонируются в Воложинском краеведческом музее.

Опубликованы неполные списки убитых евреев Воложина.

Примечания

Источники
Книги и статьи

 Судебный процесс по делу о злодеяниях, совершённых немецко-фашистскими захватчиками в Белорусской ССР, с. 183—184;
 Новак М. Ф. Валожынскае гета
 Новак М. Ф. «Кровавый след в истории». Газета «Працоўная слава» Воложинского районного исполнительного комитета, № 172—173 (8340-8341), 6 ноября 2009 года
 Роўда. Н. Расстрэл яўрэяў у Валожыне. Гавораць сведкі
 В. Корбут. «Это было массовое уничтожение людей», газета «Советская Белоруссия», № 244 (24625), 23 декабря 2014
 ;

Архивные источники
 Национальный архив Республики Беларусь (НАРБ):
 фонд 4, опись 29, дело 112, листы 459—460;
 фонд 845, опись 1, дело 63, лист 20;
 фонд 861;
 Государственный архив Российской Федерации (ГАРФ). — фонд 7021, опись 89, дело 4, листы 2, 11-69;
 Архив Яд Вашем, М-33/1136;

Дополнительная литература
 Н. А. Михайлашев. «Буря гнева», Минск, изд. «Беларусь», 1971
 Ицхак Арад. Уничтожение евреев СССР в годы немецкой оккупации (1941—1944). Сборник документов и материалов, Иерусалим, издательство Яд ва-Шем, 1991, ISBN 9653080105

 Новак М. Ф. «Крывавы след нямецка-фашысцкай акупацыі ў гісторыі Валожынскага раёна»

См. также
 Гетто в Воложинском районе

Гетто в Белоруссии
Гетто
Гетто, созданные в 1941 году
Гетто, ликвидированные в 1943 году


text:
Two Upbuilding Discourses (1843) is a book by Søren Kierkegaard.

History
Kierkegaard published Two Upbuilding Discourses three months after the publication of his big book, Either/Or, which ended without a conclusion to the argument between A, the aesthete and B, the ethicist, as to which is the best way to live one's life. Kierkegaard hoped the book would transform everything for both of them into inwardness.   In 1832 Hegel began an argument with Christianity by saying that knowledge is not something hurtful to faith but helpful. He says, philosophy (the love of knowledge) "has the same content as religion." This is due, in part, to the efforts of "Anselm and Abelard, who further developed the essential structure of faith" in the Middle Ages. Hegel wants people to base their belief in God on knowledge rather than faith, but, Kierkegaard wants each single individual to act out their faith before God. Faith isn't won by mental toil, it's won by personal struggle and the help of God. Kierkegaard steers his readers away from the outer world of observation to the inner world of faith.

Upbuilding was translated Edifying in 1946 when David F. Swenson first translated them. They became Upbuilding Discourses in Howard V. Hong's translation of 1990. Kierkegaard compared the poet, A in Either/Or, to the upbuilding speaker in a book published in 1846, "the decisive difference between the poet and the upbuilding speaker remains, namely, that the poet has no end or goal other than psychological truth and the art of presentation, whereas the speaker in addition has principally the aim of transposing everything into the upbuilding. The poet becomes absorbed in the portrayal of the passion, but for the upbuilding speaker this is only the beginning, and the next is crucial for him-to compel the stubborn person to disarm, to mitigate, to elucidate, in short, to cross over into the upbuilding." And what did edifying or upbuilding mean to Kierkegaard? He explained this in relation to love in 1847, "To build up is to presuppose love; to be loving is to presuppose love; only love builds up. To build up is to erect something from the ground up – but, spiritually, love is the ground of everything. No human being can place the ground of love in another person's heart; yet love is the ground, and we build up only from the ground up; therefore we can build up only by presupposing love. Take love away – then there is no one who builds up and no one who is built up."

Either/Or ends with Kierkegaard's first upbuilding discourse, The Upbuilding Thought That Lies in the Thought That in Relation to God We Are Always in the Wrong.  He says, "Why did you wish to be in the wrong in relation to a person? Because you loved. Why did you find it upbuilding? Because you loved. The more you loved, the less time you had to deliberate upon whether or not you were in the right; your love had only one desire, that you might continually be in the wrong. So also in your relationship with God. You loved God, and therefore your soul could find rest and joy only in this, that you might always be in the wrong. You did not arrive at this acknowledgment out of mental toil; you were not forced, for when you are in love you are in freedom." Kierkegaard uses the Two Upbuilding Discourses to explain that the single individual has a relationship with God that is based on faith, not on knowledge. When faith announces itself within the individual, the job is to protect faith against its greatest enemy, doubt.

Structure
Each of the Eighteen Upbuilding Discourses begin with a dedication: To the late Michael Pedersen Kierkegaard, formerly a clothing merchant here in the city my Father these discourses are dedicated.
Next, there is either a Preface or a prayer attached to one of the discourses. The Preface is dedicated to that single individual Kierkegaard calls my reader.
Finally the discourses themselves are presented. Each discourse is based on a Bible passage. These are the titles of his first two discourses.
The Expectancy of Faith
Every Good and Every Perfect Gift is From Above

Dedication, Preface, or Prayer
The dedication is worded exactly the same in each of his eighteen upbuilding discourses. He didn't dedicate one of his discourses to his mother but only to his father. One scholar wondered about this: "With regard to family affairs, it is remarkable that Søren never mentions his mother. She is never even named in his journals; and while he never tired of speaking about his father and dedicated all his Edifying Discourses to him, we have not a single word from his pen about his mother. Not once is her death mentioned with even a word, although from other sources it would appear that he took this to heart, and sorrowed greatly." It's not known why Kierkegaard never mentioned his mother in any of his works.

The Preface to each work is directed toward that single individual that Kierkegaard refers to as my reader. Although this little book (which is called "discourses", not sermons, because its author does not have authority to preach, "upbuilding discourses," not discourses for upbuilding, because the speaker by no means claims to be a teacher) wishes to be only what it is, a superfluity, and desires only to remain in hiding, just as it came into existence in concealment, I nevertheless have not bidden it farewell without an almost fantastic hope. Inasmuch as in being published it is in a figurative sense starting a journey, I let my eyes follow it for a little while. I saw how it wended its way down solitary paths or walked solitary on public roads. After a few little mistakes, through being deceived by a fleeting resemblance, it finally met that single individual whom I with joy and gratitude call my reader, that single individual it is seeking, to whom, so to speak, it stretches out its arms, that single individual who is favorably enough disposed to allow himself to be found,  favorably enough disposed to receive it, whether at the time of the encounter it finds him cheerful and confident or "weary and pensive," –On the other hand, inasmuch as in being published it actually remains quiet without moving from the spot, I let my eyes rest on it for a little while. It stood there like a humble little flower under the cover of the great forest, sought neither for its splendor nor its fragrance nor its food value. But I also saw, or thought I saw, how the bird I call my reader suddenly noticed it, flew down to it, picked it, and took it home, and when I had seen this, I saw no more. Copenhagen, May 5, 1843 Preface His expectancy was humble. His hope was that one single individual might take an interest in his little pamphlet. Five years later he wrote,  "The big work, Either/Or was 'much read and more discussed'-and then the Two Edifying Discourses, dedicated to my deceased father, published on my birthday (May 5), "a little flower hidden in the great forest, not sought out either for its beauty, or for its scent, or because it was nourishing'. No one took serious notice of the two discourses or concerned himself about them." One of his friends bought the book and complained because it wasn't clever. Kierkegaard offered him his money back.

Either/or was indirect communication but Kierkegaard's discourses are direct communication. The two modes of communication have ultimately the same aim: "to make aware of the religious, the essentially Christian."

Later, in May 1849, Kierkegaard wrote this:

Kierkegaard begins each of his Eighteen Discourses of 1843-1844 with a prayer. The following is part of his first prayer. The new year faces us with its requirements, and even though we enter it downcast and troubled because we cannot and do not wish to hide from ourselves the thought of the lust of the eye that infatuated, the sweetness of revenge that seduced, the anger that made us unrelenting, the cold heart that fled far from you, we nevertheless do not go into the new year entirely empty-handed, since, we shall indeed also take along with us recollections of the fearful doubts that were set at rest, of the lurking concerns that were soothed, of the downcast disposition that was raised up, of the cheerful hope that was not humiliated.

The Expectancy of Faith
Galatians 3:23 to the end:
"Before this faith came, we were held prisoners by the law, locked up until faith should be revealed. So the law was put in charge to lead us to Christ that we might be justified by faith. Now that faith has come, we are no longer under the supervision of the law. You are all sons of God through faith in Christ Jesus, for all of you who were baptized into Christ have clothed yourselves with Christ. There is neither Jew nor Greek, slave nor free, male nor female, for you are all one in Christ Jesus. If you belong to Christ, then you are Abraham's seed, and heirs according to the promise." (NIV translation)

Every individual is engaged in a struggle with himself whether he knows it or not. He has a "natural need to formulate a life-view, a conception of the meaning of life and its purpose." Many will find meaning and purpose in maintaining health, developing talent, or having money.  All the worldly goods are outer goods and each person struggles to possess his share of these goods. Kierkegaard says, "Faith is not only the highest good, but it is a good in which all are able to share, and the person who rejoices in the possession of it also rejoices in the countless human race, "because what I possess," he says, "every human being has or could possess." No one ever has to struggle with another to gain faith. One must struggle only with oneself and with God.

He goes on to say that it's a duty to have faith and not to have faith is a sin. Kierkegaard says an individual "puts on duty," because duty is not "outside himself but within himself". His definition of sin is that it's the opposite of faith. He is interested in helping the person find faith but he has too much respect for the individual to just wish faith into his being. He says, "if I could do that, then the very moment I gave it to him I would be taking it from him, since by giving him the highest, I would be depriving him of the highest, because the highest was that he could give it to himself." (...) "Therefore, I will thank God that this is not the way it is. My love has only lost its worries and won joy, because I know that by my making every effort I still would be unable to preserve the good for him as securely as he himself will preserve it, and he must not thank me for it either, not because I am releasing him but because he owes me nothing at all." Early existentialist writers developed their thinking along this same line of thought.  Delmore Schwartz said, "No one can take your bath for you." Martin Heidegger said, "No one can die your death for you." Rudolf Bultmann, along with Kierkegaard, said, "No one can hold your faith for you."
 Kierkegaard examined how different reactions to life's conditions are affected by whether an individual has faith or not. "When the world commences its drastic ordeal, when the storms of life crush youth's exuberant expectancy, when existence, which seemed so affectionate and gentle, changes into a pitiless proprietor who demands everything back, everything that it gave in such a way that it can take it back-then the believer most likely looks at himself and his life with sadness and pain, but he still says, "There is an expectancy that the whole world cannot take from me; it is the expectancy of faith, and this is victory. I am not deceived, since I did not believe that the world would keep the promise it seemed to be making to me, my expectancy was not in the world but in God." (...) The other view is presented with this quote. "When everything changes, when grief supersedes joy, then they fall away, they lose faith, or, more correctly-let us not confuse the language-they then show that they never had it." Eighteen Upbuilding Discourses The Expectancy of Faith P.23-25

Every Good and Every Perfect Gift is From Above
James 1:17-22  The text for this Discourse:
"Every good and perfect gift is from above, coming down from the Father of the heavenly lights, who does not change like shifting shadows. He chose to give us birth through the word of truth, that we might be a kind of firstfruits of all he created. My dear brothers, take note of this: Everyone should be quick to listen, slow to speak and slow to become angry, for man's anger does not bring about the righteous life that God desires. Therefore, get rid of all moral filth and the evil that is so prevalent and humbly accept the word planted in you, which can save you. Do not merely listen to the word, and so deceive yourselves. Do what it says." (NIV translation)

This discourse deals with the new way a Christian sees once he's discovered that he has faith. Again, one is not to explain what faith is, that would be a waste of time. In Fear and Trembling Kierkegaard says, "Even if someone were able to transpose the whole content of faith into conceptual form, it does not follow that he has comprehended faith, comprehended how he entered into it or how it entered into him." Faith isn't an outer good; it is for the inner man. Kierkegaard says the following in Concluding Unscientific Postscript, In the godly discourse about faith, the main point is that it informs us how you and I (that is, single individuals) become believers and that the speaker helps tear us out of all illusions and knows about the long and laborious way and about relapse.  … we sit (in Church) and observe what faith is capable of doing-not as believers, but as spectators of the achievements of faith, just as in our day we do not have speculative thinkers but spectators of the achievements of speculative thought. But for the theocentric, speculative, and objective age it is, of course, more likely far too little- to become involved in the ultimate difficulties, where the question ultimately becomes as sharp, as penetrating, as disturbing, as uncompromising as possible about whether the individual, you and I, is a believer and about how we relate ourselves to faith from day to day. Postscript Note p. 419

It is very difficult for an individual to know that "God is good." We can try to change God and make our wishes his wishes but then Kierkegaard explains, "I would have been weak enough to make him just as weak; then I would have lost him and my trust in him, . . ." Kierkegaard asks questions to try to understand how faith can be understood by an individual. He says, "Is there joy in heaven, only sorrow on earth, or only the news that there is joy in heaven! Does God in heaven bring out the good gifts and lay them away for us in heaven so that we can receive them sometime in the hereafter!" His understanding is that God makes good and perfect gifts for "anyone who has enough heart to be humble."

Too often individuals "pervert God's good gifts to their own detriment" or the second one wish is fulfilled they ask for another, without even remembering to say thanks to God for the first wish. The sermon text is there but Kierkegaard admits that sometimes he's "too cowardly, or too proud, or too lazy to want to understand the words properly." He also points out that people who are unable to live up to God's commands "prefer to be ashamed of themselves in their solitude." He says, "Have you been prompt in enduring the pain of the accounting; have you borne in mind that he loved you first? Have you been quick to judge for yourself that he should not continue to love you while you were slow to love in return?" His point is: "A person can truly love God only when he loves him according to his own imperfection".

"If a person were permitted to distinguish among Biblical texts, I could call this text [James 1:17-21] my first love, to which one generally ('always') returns at some time: and I could call this text my only love — to which one returns again and again and again and 'always.' "Journals Book XI 3B 291:4 August 1855

Reception
Kierkegaard sold 200 copies of the Discourses and only one editor reviewed it. Either/Or was reviewed by both Meïr Aron Goldschmidt and Johan Ludvig Heiberg. The Two Discourses had to wait until 1927 to be noticed and wasn't translated into English until 1946 when David F. Swenson translated the eighteen discourses and published them in four volumes. And then Howard V. Hong translated and published them in 1990 into one volume. Scholars relate most of Kierkegaard's work to his relationship to his father, Regine Olsen, the Corsair affair, or his attack upon the church; all deal with his outer being.

Criticism
Kierkegaard was a Lutheran and his stance was the same as that of Martin Luther's five solas.  Hegel thought differently about faith, he says, "The One Spirit is in fact the substantial foundation; this is the spirit of a people, as it takes a definite shape in the individual periods of the history of the world. it is the national spirit. This constitutes the substantial foundation in the individual; each person is born in his own nation and belongs to the spirit of that people. This spirit is in fact the substantial element, and as it were the identical element of nature; it is the absolute foundation of faith. It is the standard which determines what is to be regarded as truth. (…) Each individual as belonging to the spirit of his people is born in the faith of his fathers, without his fault and without his desert, and the faith his fathers is a sacred thing to the individual and is his authority. This constitutes that basis of faith afforded by historical development. "  Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Translated by Ebenezer Brown Speirs,  Lectures on the philosophy of religion, together with a work on the proofs of the existence of God. Translated from the 2d German ed. by E.B. Speirs, and J. Burdon Sanderson: the translation edited by E.B. Speirs (1895) p. 222-223 The difference between Kierkegaard and Hegel was that Kierkegaard believed the single individual comes to faith while Hegel believes the whole nation comes to faith in a cosmic consciousness.

Kierkegaard used Immanuel Kant as an example of a scientific individual and wondered how he would respond to Hegel were he alive. Kierkegaard wrote, "If a man like Kant, standing on the pinnacle of scientific scholarship, were to say in reference to demonstrations of the existence of God: Well, I do not know anything more about that than that my father told me it was so-this is humorous and actually says more than a whole book about demonstrations, if the book forgets this."

Hegel believes faith is derived through necessity and Kierkegaard believes a person comes to faith in freedom. In Hegel's universe a person is a Christian because his father was a Christian, just like someone might be a plumber because his father was a plumber. Kierkegaard didn't believe that philosophy or history can lead anyone to faith. He even said, "Philosophy cannot and must not give faith." He said the same thing in Either/Or.Philosophy has nothing to do with what could be called the inner deed, but the inner deed is the true life of freedom. Philosophy considers the external deed, yet in turn it does not see this as isolated but sees it as assimilated into and transformed in the world-historical process. This process is the proper subject for philosophy and it considers this under the category of necessity. Therefore it rejects the reflection that wants to point out that everything could be otherwise; it views world-history in such a way that there is no question of an Either/Or. Søren Kierkegaard, Either/Or Vol. II Hong p. 174

Kurt F. Reinhardt said the following in his 1952 book, The Existentialist Revolt (23): The Socratic method consists, according to Kierkegaard, in leading the reader to a point where he finds out for himself what the author has been trying to convey to him, without the need of "direct communication." To accomplish this, Kierkegaard needed a number of sharply profiled individual characters whose thoughts and actions he could experimentally develop to their extreme possibilities. This is the explanation of the use of the many pseudonyms in Kierkegaard's works. "With my left hand," he says, "I gave to the world 'Either /Or (i.e., pseudonymous "indirect communication"), and with my right hand 'Two Edifying Discourses'" (i.e., "direct communication" over the signature of his own name).

John George Robertson discussed Kierkegaard's Two Upbuiding Discourses in 1914. "This is not the place to deal in detail with Kierkegaard's purely theological activity, although its significance, especially for Denmark, was quite as great as his writings on aesthetic and ethic questions. Has not Dr Brandes claimed for him that he is the greatest religious thinker of the entire nineteenth century? The militant character of Kierkegaard's individualism first assumed its full proportions in his interpretation of religious doctrines. Some three months after Enten Eller appeared To opbyggelige Taler (Two Edifying Addresses), in which he faced the difficult problem of reconciling the essentially social Christian faith with his own uncompromising individualism. The idea of altruistic Christian love put peculiar difficulties in his way, which he ultimately solved by defining that love, not as an immediate relation of one human being to another, but as an indirect relation through God."

Walter Lowrie said the Two Discourses were an "either/or" meant for Regine Olsen. His general approach to the discourses was how they related to the outer aspects of Kierkegaard's life; especially his relationship with Regine Olsen. He also mentions that his Unbuilding Discourses were "tardily translated" by the Germans "for the sake of completing the edition." "Therefore, since these works were not available to students the pseudonyms works were not rightly understood." A later scholar agreed with Lowrie about Regine and went so far as to say, "Shortly before leaving Berlin he had finished part two of Either/Or and had set to work on the aesthetic part. The book was finished late in autumn, and came out on February 20, 1843. Of the reception it got I have spoken earlier. Some months later under his own name Two Edifying Discourses, which no one took any notice of. All through his life Kierkegaard has over and over again, and in all possible ways, asserted that his authorship can all be traced back to what he went through in his relationship with Regine."

Kierkegaard tried to explain himself, "Although Either/Or attracted all the attention, and nobody noticed the Two Edifying Discourses, this book betokened, nevertheless, that the edifying was precisely what must come to the fore, that the author was a religious author, who for this reason has never written anything aesthetic, but has employed pseudonyms for all the aesthetic works, whereas the Two Edifying Discourses were by Magister Kierkegaard." "I held out Either/Or to the world in my left hand, and in my right the Two Edifying Discourses; but all, or as good as all, grasped with their right what I held in my left. I had made up my mind before God what I should do: I staked my case on the Two Edifying Discourses; but I understood perfectly that only very few understood them. And here for the first time comes in the category 'that individual whom with joy and gratitude I call my reader', a stereotyped formula which was repeated in the Preface to every collection of Edifying Discourses."

He also explained what he meant by the individual human being. "'The individual' is the category of spirit, of spiritual awakening, a thing as opposite to politics as well could be thought of. Earthly reward, power, honour, etc., have no connexion with the right use of this category. For even if it is used in the interest of the established order, inwardness does not interest the world; and when it is used catastrophically, it still does not interest the world, for to make sacrifices, or to be sacrificed (which may in fact be the consequence of declining to entertain the thought of becoming a power of a material sort), does not interest the world. 'The individual'-that is the decisive Christian category, and it will be decisive also for the future of Christianity."

References

Sources

Primary sources
 Two Upbuilding Discourses, 1843 Swenson translation
 Eighteen Upbuilding Discourses, by Søren Kierkegaard, Princeton University Press. Hong, 1990
 Either/Or Part I, Edited by Victor Eremita, February 20, 1843, translated by David F. Swenson and Lillian Marvin Swenson Princeton University Press 1971
 Either/Or Part 2, Edited by Victor Eremita, February 20, 1843, Hong 1987
 Fear and Trembling; Copyright 1843 Søren Kierkegaard – Kierkegaard's Writings; 6 – copyright 1983 – Howard V. Hong
 Concluding Unscientific Postscript to Philosophical Fragments Volume I, by Johannes Climacus, edited by Søren Kierkegaard, Copyright 1846 – Edited and Translated by Howard V. Hong and Edna H. Hong 1992 Princeton University Press
 The Point of View for My Work as An Author: A Report to History, edited by Benjamin Neilson, by Søren Kierkegaard 1848,  Translated with Introductory Notes by Walter Lowrie, 1962, Harper and Row Publishers
The Sickness Unto Death, by Anti-Climacus, Edited by Søren Kierkegaard, Copyright 1849 Translation with an Introduction and notes by Alastair Hannay 1989

Secondary sources
Lectures on the philosophy of religion, together with a work on the proofs of the existence of God, Vol 1, Translated from the 2d German ed. by E.B. Speirs, and J. Burdon Sanderson: the translation edited by E.B. Speirs (1895)  Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, 1832
Søren Kierkegaard, A Biography, by Johannes Hohlenberg, Translated by T.H. Croxall, Pantheon Books 1954
 Hunt,George Laird,
 A Short Life of Kierkegaard, by Walter Lowrie, Princeton University Press, 1942, 1970

Online sources
 A Selection from Two Upbuilding Discourses 1843 Free Audio
Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews

External links

 D. Anthony Storm's Commentary on Kierkegaard
 Richard Bauckham In the Mirror of God's Word: Kierkegaard and the Epistle of James Vimeo Video

Books by Søren Kierkegaard
1843 books


It is not surprising when someone refuses to accept the biblical view of creation. People prefer to see themselves as independent masters of their universe. Children cannot forget soon enough they were birthed from something. When given the choice between freedom and accountability, what teenager would choose the latter? We teach our kids to do their own work and to stay out of other people's business and then throw them into a community environment as employees and wonder why they struggle. Even confusion has an origin if you look for it.


Congratulations on reaching the dissertation milestone in your Ph.D. program of study. We are pleased to join your journey to personal and professional growth through scholarship. On this page, you will find some guidelines and resources you need to complete the Ph.D. in Criminal Justice. Keep in mind that each college may have minor differences in policies and procedures, so this is where you can come for resources specific to the Ph.D. in Criminal Justice. Your dissertation chair, once nominated by you and approved by the program director, is always the best resource for information once you enter the dissertation courses.
Writing a dissertation requires a different set of skills from anything you have done so far in your academic program. During this capstone project, you will transform your knowledge, thinking, insight, and skills as a scholar, in order that you may both (a) demonstrate your research competence and (b) develop greater understanding of phenomena in the context of crime and justice. Much of what you do in a doctoral program is learn to be a self-directed learner and scholar. The dissertation is to be written in scholarly language and the style of the discipline, and it results from a comprehensive, logical, and ethical investigation. You will develop your research agenda throughout your coursework and residencies, and shape a coherent plan for your dissertation during your prospectus course.
Ultimately, you will select a dissertation committee, comprising a chair and second committee member, who are subject matter and methodology experts; the School of Public Policy and Administration (SPPA) will appoint the University Research Reviewer (URR) for your committee. Your committee will work with you in an iterative process to research and write your dissertation.
Please explore this site to find answers to frequently asked questions. We wish you all success in this process.