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Una bomba hidráulica o bomba de agua es una máquina generadora que transforma la energía con la que es accionada (generalmente energía mecánica) en energía del fluido incompresible que mueve. El fluido incompresible puede ser líquido o una mezcla de líquidos y sólidos como puede ser el hormigón antes de fraguar o la pasta de papel. Al incrementar la energía del fluido, se aumenta su presión, su velocidad o su altura, todas ellas relacionadas según el principio de Bernoulli. En general, una bomba se utiliza para incrementar la presión de un líquido añadiendo energía al sistema hidráulico, para mover el fluido de una zona de menor presión a otra de mayor presión.

Existe una ambigüedad en la utilización del término bomba, ya que generalmente es utilizado para referirse a las máquinas de fluido que transfieren energía, o bombean fluidos incompresibles, y por lo tanto no alteran la densidad de su fluido de trabajo, a diferencia de otras máquinas como lo son los compresores, cuyo campo de aplicación es la neumática y no la hidráulica. Pero también es común encontrar el término bomba para referirse a máquinas que bombean otro tipo de fluidos, así como lo son las bombas de vacío o las bombas de aire.

Historia
La primera bomba conocida fue descrita por Arquímedes en el  a. C. y se conoce como tornillo de Arquímedes, aunque un sistema parecido había sido utilizado anteriormente por Senaquerib, rey de Asiria en el  a. C.

En el , Al Jazarí describió e ilustró diferentes tipos de bombas, incluyendo bombas reversibles, bombas de doble acción, bombas de vacío, bombas de agua y bombas de desplazamiento positivo.<ref>Derek de Solla Price (1975). Review of Ibn al-Razzaz al-Jazari, The Book of Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Devices. Technology and Culture 16 (1), p. 81.</ref>

 Tipos de bombas

 Según el principio de funcionamiento
La principal clasificación de las bombas se establece según el sistema de funcionamiento en el que se basan.Bombas volumétricas, en las que  su principio de funcionamiento está basado en la hidrostática, de modo que el aumento de presión se realiza por el empuje de las paredes de las cámaras que varían su volumen. En este tipo de bombas, en cada ciclo el órgano propulsor genera de manera positiva un volumen dado o cilindrada. En caso de poder variar el volumen máximo de la cilindrada se habla de bombas de volumen variable. Si ese volumen no se puede variar, entonces se dice que la bomba es de volumen fijo. A su vez este tipo de bombas pueden subdividirse en:
 Bombas de émbolo alternativo, en las que existe uno o varios compartimentos fijos, pero de volumen variable, por la acción de un émbolo o de una membrana. En estas máquinas, el movimiento del fluido es discontinuo y los procesos de carga y descarga se realizan por válvulas que abren y cierran alternativamente. Algunos ejemplos de este tipo de bombas son la bomba alternativa de pistón, la bomba rotativa de pistones o la bomba pistones de accionamiento axial.
 Bombas volumétricas rotativas o rotoestáticas, en las que una masa fluida es confinada en uno o varios compartimentos que se desplazan desde la zona de entrada (de baja presión) hasta la zona de salida (de alta presión) de la máquina. Algunos ejemplos de este tipo de máquinas son la bomba de paletas, la bomba de lóbulos, la bomba de engranajes, la bomba de tornillo o la bomba peristáltica.Bombas rotodinámicas, en las que el principio de funcionamiento está basado en el intercambio de cantidad de movimiento entre la máquina y el fluido, aplicando la hidrodinámica. En este tipo de bombas hay uno o varios rodetes con álabes que giran generando un campo de presiones en el fluido. En este tipo de máquinas el flujo del fluido es continuo. Estas turbomáquinas hidráulicas generadoras pueden subdividirse en:
 Radiales o centrífugas, cuando el movimiento del fluido sigue una trayectoria perpendicular al eje del rodete impulsor.
 Axiales, cuando el fluido pasa por los canales de los álabes siguiendo una trayectoria contenida en un cilindro.
 Diagonales o helicocentrífugas cuando la trayectoria del fluido se realiza en otra dirección entre las anteriores, es decir, en un cono coaxial con el eje del rodete.

 Según el tipo de accionamiento
 Electrobombas. Genéricamente, son aquellas accionadas por un motor eléctrico, para distinguirlas de las motobombas, habitualmente accionadas por motores de combustión interna.
 Bombas neumáticas que son bombas de desplazamiento positivo en las que la energía de entrada es neumática, normalmente a partir de aire comprimido.
 Bombas de accionamiento hidráulico, como la bomba de ariete o la noria.
 Bombas manuales. Un tipo de bomba manual como la bomba de balancín.
 Motobombas diésel'. Un tipo de bomba movido por un motor diésel.

 Tipos de bombas de émbolo
 Bomba aspirante

En una "bomba aspirante", un cilindro que contiene un pistón móvil está conectado con el suministro de agua mediante un tubo. Una válvula bloquea la entrada del tubo al cilindro. La válvula es como una puerta con goznes, que solo se abre hacia arriba, dejando subir, pero no bajar, el agua. Dentro del pistón, hay una segunda válvula que funciona en la misma forma. Cuando se acciona la manivela, el pistón sube. Esto aumenta el volumen existente debajo del pistón, y, por lo tanto, la presión disminuye. La presión del aire normal que actúa sobre la superficie del agua, del pozo, hace subir el líquido por el tubo, franqueando la válvula —que se abre— y lo hace entrar en el cilindro. Cuando el pistón baja, se cierra la primera válvula, y se abre la segunda, que permite que el agua pase a la parte superior del pistón y ocupe el cilindro que está encima de este. El golpe siguiente hacia arriba hace subir el agua a la espita y, al mismo tiempo, logra que entre más agua en el cilindro, por debajo del pistón. La acción continúa mientras el pistón sube y baja.

Una bomba aspirante es de acción limitada, en ciertos sentidos. No puede proporcionar un chorro continuo de líquido ni hacer subir el agua a través de una distancia mayor a 10 m. entre la superficie del pozo y la válvula inferior, ya que la presión normal del aire solo puede actuar con fuerza suficiente para mantener una columna de agua de esa altura. Una bomba impelente vence esos obstáculos.

 Bomba de Sevilla
Un tipo de bomba aspirante que puede elevar agua a más de diez metros es el de la bomba de Sevilla, descubierta accidentalmente en 1798, que fue citada y comentada en obras extranjeras. Esta bomba eleva una mezcla de aire y agua. Se trataría del caso inverso de la trompa de agua.

 Bomba impelente
La bomba impelente consiste en un cilindro, un pistón y un caño que baja hasta el depósito de agua. Asimismo, tiene una válvula que deja entrar el agua al cilindro, pero no regresar. No hay válvula en el pistón, que es completamente sólido. Desde el extremo inferior del cilindro sale un segundo tubo que llega hasta una cámara de aire. La entrada a esa cámara es bloqueada por una válvula que deja entrar el agua, pero no salir. Desde el extremo inferior de la cámara de aire, otro caño lleva el agua a un tanque o a una manguera.

Reparación de bombas

Examinar los registros de reparación de bombas y el tiempo medio entre fallos (MTBF) es de gran importancia para los usuarios de bombas responsables y concienciados. En vista de ello, el prefacio del Manual del usuario de bombas 2006 alude a las estadísticas de "averías de bombas". Por comodidad, estas estadísticas de fallos se traducen a menudo en MTBF (en este caso, vida útil instalada antes del fallo).

A principios de 2005, Gordon Buck, ingeniero jefe de John Crane Inc. para operaciones de campo en Baton Rouge, Luisiana, examinó los registros de reparación de varias refinerías y plantas químicas para obtener datos significativos sobre la fiabilidad de las bombas centrífugas. Se incluyeron en el estudio un total de 15 plantas en funcionamiento con casi 15 000 bombas. La más pequeña de estas plantas tenía unas 100 bombas; varias plantas tenían más de 2000. Todas las instalaciones estaban situadas en Estados Unidos. Además, se consideraban "nuevas", otras "renovadas" y otras "establecidas". Muchas de estas plantas -pero no todas- tenían un contrato de alianza con John Crane. En algunos casos, el contrato de alianza incluía la presencia in situ de un técnico o ingeniero de John Crane Inc. para coordinar diversos aspectos del programa.

Sin embargo, no todas las plantas son refinerías y los resultados son diferentes en otros lugares. En las plantas químicas, las bombas han sido históricamente artículos de "usar y tirar", ya que el ataque químico limita su vida útil. Las cosas han mejorado en los últimos años, pero el espacio algo restringido disponible en los "antiguos" prensaestopas DIN y ASME limita el tipo de cierre que cabe. A menos que el usuario de la bomba mejore la cámara de sellado, la bomba sólo admite versiones más compactas y sencillas. Sin esta mejora, la vida útil en instalaciones químicas suele rondar entre el 50% y el 60% de los valores de refinería.

El mantenimiento no programado suele ser uno de los costes de propiedad más significativos, y los fallos de cierres mecánicos y cojinetes se encuentran entre las principales causas. Tenga en cuenta el valor potencial de seleccionar bombas que cuestan más inicialmente, pero duran mucho más entre reparaciones. El MTBF de una bomba mejor puede ser de uno a cuatro años mayor que el de su homóloga no mejorada. Hay que tener en cuenta que los valores medios publicados de averías de bombas evitadas oscilan entre 2600 y 12 000 dólares. Esto no incluye los costes de oportunidad perdidos. Se produce un incendio en una bomba por cada 1000 averías. Tener menos fallos de bombas significa tener menos incendios destructivos de bombas.

Como ya se ha señalado, una avería típica de una bomba, basada en informes reales del año 2002, tiene un coste medio de 5000 dólares. Esto incluye costes de material, piezas, mano de obra y gastos generales. Prolongar el MTBF de una bomba de 12 a 18 meses ahorraría 1.667 dólares al año, lo que podría ser mayor que el coste de mejorar la fiabilidad de la bomba centrífuga.Bombas de lodos sumergibles muy solicitadas. Engineeringnews.co.za. Recuperado el 2011-05-25.

 Cebado de bombas rotodinámicas
Para el correcto funcionamiento de las bombas rotodinámicas se necesita que estén llenas de fluido incompresible, es decir, de líquido, pues en el caso estar llenas de fluido compresible (cualquier gas como el aire) no funcionarían correctamente.

El cebado de la bomba consiste en llenar de líquido la tubería de aspiración succión y la carcasa de la bomba, para facilitar la succión de líquido, evitando que queden bolsas de aire en el interior. Al ser necesaria esta operación en las bombas rotodinámicas, se dice que no tienen capacidad autocebante. Sin embargo, las bombas de desplazamiento positivo son autocebantes, es decir, aunque estén llenas de aire son capaces de llenar de fluido el circuito de aspiración.

En un circuito como el mostrado en el esquema adjunto sin ningún dispositivo adicional, al detener la bomba centrífuga el fluido del circuito de aspiración cae hacia el depósito vaciándose la bomba por el vacío creado por el circuito primario.

La altura de elevación  que proporciona la bomba es siempre la misma y responde a la siguiente fórmula:

donde  es la presión de impulsión,  es la presión de aspiración,  es la densidad del fluido y  la aceleración de la gravedad.

Despejando la diferencia de presiones se tiene que:

De esta fórmula se puede observar que la diferencia de presiones que consigue la bomba entre la impulsión y la aspiración es mayor cuanto mayor sea la densidad del fluido a mover.
De tal forma que para el caso concreto del agua se tiene:

Con lo cual:

Es decir, si la bomba está llena de aire la presión de aspiración es 0,00129 veces la que conseguiría dicha bomba si estuviese llena de agua, es decir, si estuviese cebada. Por lo que si la bomba está vacía la altura que se eleva el agua en el circuito de aspiración sobre el nivel del agua en el depósito es mínima y totalmente insuficiente para que el agua llegue a la bomba.

Por otra parte el funcionamiento de una bomba centrífuga en vacío puede estropear el sellado de la bomba debido a una deficiente refrigeración dado que no circula fluido por su interior que ayuda a mejorar la disipación del calor producido por la bomba.

Por lo tanto en instalaciones de bombeo cuyo esquema coincide con el indicado en el esquema adjunto es necesario un sistema adicional para evitar que la bomba se descebe. Algunos de estos sistemas se enumeran a continuación:
 Se puede construir un orificio en la parte superior de la carcasa de la bomba y arrojar agua sobre el mismo para que la bomba al encenderse esté llena de agua y pueda bombear correctamente. No se trata de un sistema muy eficiente.
 Se puede usar una válvula de pie (Válvula antirretorno). Permite el paso del líquido hacia la bomba pero impiden su regreso al depósito una vez se ha apagado la bomba con lo que impide el descebe de la tubería de impulsión. Puede presentar problemas cuando el fluido tiene suciedad que se deposita en el asiento de la válvula disminuyendo su estanqueidad, por otra parte supone una pérdida de carga más o menos importante en la tubería de impulsión por lo que aumenta el riesgo de que se produzca cavitación en la bomba.
 Uso de una bomba de vacío. La bomba de vacío es una bomba de desplazamiento positivo que extrae el aire de la tubería de impulsión y hace que el fluido llegue a la bomba centrífuga y de este modo quede cebada.
 Por último otra posibilidad consiste en instalar la bomba bajo carga, es decir por debajo del nivel del líquido, aunque esta disposición no siempre es posible, a no ser que se instale sumergida, con lo cual la bomba tiene que ser especial.

 Sellado de bombas

Las bombas precisan de sellos hidráulicos para impedir que los fluidos que están siendo impulsados salgan al exterior de la máquina a través de la vía de transmisión de movimiento desde el motor a los internos móviles de la bomba.

En el campo del refino de petróleo y de la petroquímica existen sellos mecánicos de bombas estandarizados por API (American Petroleum Institute'') que, aunque se trata de una asociación estadounidense, son de aplicación en todo el mundo. Cada tipo de sello recibe el nombre de PLAN API. Estos sellos pueden ser simples o dobles y, además, pueden disponer o no de un sistema de refrigeración.

También existe una clasificación de sellos de bombas según ANSI.

A continuación se incluye la equivalencia API - ANSI de los sistemas de sellado o planes más utilizados:

 PLAN API 11 (ANSI PLAN 7311)
 PLAN API 12 (ANSI PLAN 7312)
 PLAN API 21 (ANSI PLAN 7321)
 PLAN API 22 (ANSI PLAN 7322)
 PLAN API 31 (ANSI PLAN 7331)
 PLAN API 41 (ANSI PLAN 7341)
 PLAN API 13 (ANSI PLAN 7313)
 PLAN API 23 (ANSI PLAN 7323)
 PLAN API 32 (ANSI PLAN 7332)
 PLAN API 62 (ANSI PLAN 7362)
 PLAN API 52 (ANSI PLAN 7352)
 PLAN API 53 (ANSI PLAN 7353)
 PLAN API 54 (ANSI PLAN 7354)

Véase también

Teoría y funcionamiento
 Hidráulica
 Hidrostática
 Hidrodinámica
 Principio de Bernoulli

Tipos de bombas

 Bomba de engranajes
 Bomba de tornillo
 Tornillo de Arquímedes
 Bomba peristáltica

 Bomba centrífuga

 Bomba de ariete
 Golpe de ariete
 Noria

Otras bombas y aplicaciones especiales
 Bomba de aire
 Bomba de vacío
 Bomba neumática
 Inyector-bomba
 Bomba sumergible

Máquinas de fluido
 Máquina de fluido
 Máquina hidráulica
 Turbomáquina
 Turbina hidráulica
 Compresor
 Turbocompresor

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Bombas.
 Bombas y compresores.
Bombas de desplazamiento Positivo.
 Animación flash de una bomba de lóbulos dobles.
 Animación flashlash de una bomba de lóbulos triples.
 Imagen y vídeo del funcionamiento de una bomba de lóbulos.
 Funcionamiento de las bombas de engranajes externos.
 Tipos de bombas de agua, mantenimiento y su funcionamiento.

Sistemas de bombeo
Conceptos relacionados con la hidráulica

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London Zoo Ticket
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(yo͞odŏk`səs, nī`dəs), 408?–355? B.C., Greek astronomer, mathematician, and physician. From the accounts of various ancient writers, he appears to have studied with Plato in Athens, spent some time in Heliopolis, Egypt, founded a school in Cyzicus, and spent his later years in Cnidus, where he had an observatory. It is claimed that he calculated the length of the solar year, indicating a calendar reform like that made later by Julius Caesar, and that he was the discoverer of some parts of geometry included in the work of Euclid. He was the first Greek astronomer to explain the movements of the planets in a scientific manner. His system involved a number of concentric spheres supporting the planets in their paths. Some scientists still held this belief at the time of Copernicus.
Born circa 408 B.C.; died circa 355 B.C. Ancient Greek mathematician and astronomer. Student of Archytas of Tarentum.
Eudoxus traveled in Greece and Egypt, later settling in his homeland in the city of Cnidus. He founded a school for mathematicians and astronomers. Eudoxus was the first to develop the general theory of proportion (discussed in the fifth book of Euclid's Elements). According to Archimedes, Eudoxus developed the method of exhaustion. In astronomy he made one of the first attempts to develop a theory of planetary motion. His works have not been preserved.
Kol'man, E. Istoriia matematiki v drevnosti. Moscow, 1961.
He believed his colleague at the Plato's Academy mathematician and astronomer Eudoxus of Cnidus (408-355) who developed theory of concentric planetary spheres with various direction of movements of planets among which Earth took the central position.
Lines 1-757 versify a prose work on astronomy by Eudoxus of Cnidus (c.
The didactic poem he composed, based upon a prose work by Eudoxus of Cnidus, is a treatise on ~the starry sphere' which describes the constellations and zodiacal signs and is filled with exotic bits of knowledge for a curious reader like Melville.


text:
576 F. 2d 1332 - Nelson v. O E Serwold N Nelson
576 F2d 1332 Nelson v. O E Serwold N Nelson
576 F.2d 1332
Fed. Sec. L. Rep. P 96,399
Kenneth N. NELSON, Plaintiff-Appellant,
O. E. SERWOLD and Helen Serwold, his wife, Defendants-Appellees.
Kenneth N. NELSON, Plaintiff-Appellee,
O. E. SERWOLD and Helen Serwold, his wife, Defendants-Appellants.
Nos. 76-1001, 75-3833.
Ninth Circuit.
Rehearing En Banc Denied in No. 76-1001 June 26, 1978.
William D. Cameron (argued) of Williams, Lanza & Kasterner & Gibbs, Seattle, Wash., for Kenneth N. Nelson.
William A. Helsell (argued), of Helsell, Fetterman, Martin, Todd & Hokanson, Seattle, Wash., for O. E. and Helen Serwold.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Western District of Washington.
Before KOELSCH and WRIGHT, Circuit Judges, and CALLISTER, District Judge.*
PER CURIAM:
The plaintiff, Kenneth N. Nelson, was awarded.$3,003.48 plus interest and costs in this 10b-5 action against defendants Serwold. They were found to have violated Rule 10b-5 of the regulations promulgated under § 10(b) of the 1934 Securities and Exchange Act (hereinafter "Act"), and its Washington counterpart, RCW § 21.20.010, by failing to reveal the existence of the "control group" under which 56% of a telephone company's stock, held in the name of O. E. Serwold, was in fact beneficially owned by Serwold and other members of the "group," and by failing to disclose an informal, long-range intent of the "control group" to modernize the telephone company and ultimately to sell it.
Plaintiff asserts on appeal that the district court erred by not basing relief on a rescissory theory of damages requiring a complete disgorgement of profits.
On their cross-appeal, defendants contend that the omissions in the representations made through their attorney were not material. They also insist that Ernst & Ernst v. Hochfelder, 425 U.S. 185, 96 S.Ct. 1375, 47 L.Ed.2d 668 (1976), decided after the district court's determination, requires reversal in light of the district court's finding of an absence of scienter.
We believe that the district court's finding that defendants failed to disclose material matters is amply supported by the evidence. We also believe the evidence supports a finding that the defendants acted knowingly or recklessly, a standard adequate to support Rule 10b-5 liability after Ernst & Ernst.
Finally, we reverse on the issue of damages, and remand so that the district court can recompute plaintiff's damages based on a rescissory theory. Affiliated Ute Citizens v. United States, 406 U.S. 128, 92 S.Ct. 1456, 31 L.Ed.2d 741 (1972).
Poulsbo Rural Telephone Association (Poulsbo Telephone), a Washington corporation, was formed in 1908. Serwold was employed there as a lineman in the 1930's and became its president in 1957. He and his wife were directors of the company.
Serwold desired to modernize the company's equipment and install a dial system. He applied for a loan from Pacific Mutual Life Insurance Company in the mid-1950's. Poulsbo Telephone's attorney advised him to obtain "control" of the company so that he could deal effectively with the lender. Because he did not have funds to acquire control, he discussed the matter with social friends Rudie and Evelynn Iversen, William H. Gee, and J. Paul Coie. In 1956, the Serwolds, the Iversens, Gee, and Coie agreed to pool cash sufficient to acquire a controlling interest. Stock so acquired was to be owned of record by Serwold and beneficially owned as follows: approximately 30% for the Serwolds, 30% for the Iversens, 30% for Gee, and 10% for Coie. The group's desire to modernize was motivated, at least in part, by its plan to develop the company into a marketable enterprise. It acquired 56% of Poulsbo Telephone's stock as of 1959 and thereafter Serwold discontinued active efforts to acquire more stock.
On October 17, 1962, Earl A. Korth (Korth), a Wisconsin attorney, wrote to Poulsbo Telephone advising that stock certificate No. 305 for 36 shares issued to R. Norman had been found in his file in the Estate of Nels Nelson, Deceased. Korth asked information on the "status" of the stock. Serwold referred the letter to Coie who responded on December 11, 1962 that, upon receipt of "satisfactory evidence of present ownership, we . . . may be in a position to offer $5.00 per share." No other information about the status of the stock was provided.
Korth wrote to Coie on January 22, 1963, showing ownership in the Nelson Estate and inquiring whether "any dividends . . . are accrued." There was no response for 27 months, during which time the Nelson Estate was closed. The administrator, Herbert Nilsson, retained the certificate in a safe deposit box.
On April 15, 1965, Coie wrote Korth:
If you will give us an affidavit and surrender Certificate # 305 for 36 shares . . ., the enclosed check of O. E. Serwold . . . in the sum of $180.00 may be cashed.
There have been no dividends ever declared since the formation of this company, and none can be anticipated for years because of mortgage commitments required to finance capital improvements. This is a regulated utility and there has never been a surplus from which dividends could have been declared.
In a letter to Nilsson on April 20, 1965, Korth indicated that he assumed that the $180.00 represented the fair market value of the stock. Coie received a copy of that letter. Nilsson relayed the information to the plaintiff. On July 9, 1965, Korth wrote Coie inquiring "whether or not Mr. Serwold would be willing to pay $250 ($6.94 per share) for the stock." Coie agreed and forwarded another Serwold check for the additional sum. In 1965, Poulsbo Telephone stock had a book value of approximately $60.00 per share.
Thereafter, on September 16, 1965, Korth mailed to Coie the endorsed stock certificate No. 305 and Nilsson's affidavit tracing ownership to the Nelson Estate.
Serwold, as president of Poulsbo Telephone, first received "feelers" in 1965 or 1966 from persons interested in purchasing all or part of the company's stock. In 1968 or 1969, Serwold and Telephone Utilities, Inc., of Ilwaco, Washington, discussed a possible sale of Poulsbo Telephone. Negotiations with United Utilities, Inc. (United), of Hood River, Oregon, began in December 1970, and resulted in the sale of all Poulsbo Telephone assets in 1971.
Under the Agreement and Plan of Reorganization, Poulsbo Telephone exchanged all its assets for United stock, which it then distributed to its shareholders. Poulsbo Telephone shareholders received 25 shares of United stock (a value of $500) for each share of Poulsbo Telephone. At the time of the exchange, Poulsbo Telephone stock had a book value of approximately $163.00 per share.
In 1971, plaintiff received a letter from Richard Peterson, R. Norman's nephew, alluding to the proposed transaction between Poulsbo Telephone and United. He then retained counsel and sued on June 20, 1972, having first obtained assignments from other relatives.
Over a two-year period the district court heard evidence and issued an oral opinion on September 20, 1974, a written opinion of October 25, 1974 as to liability, two letter-opinions on damages dated December 5, 1974, and January 23, 1975, and Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law on September 29, 1975.
I. RULE 10B-5 LIABILITY.
Material Omission
Rule 10b-5 makes it unlawful "to make any untrue statement of a material fact or to omit to state a material fact necessary . . . to make the statements made, in the light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading. . . ." 17 C.F.R. § 240.10b-5. A statement or an omission is material if it reasonably could have been expected to influence the decision to sell. Affiliated Ute Citizens of Utah v. United States, 406 U.S. 128, 153, 92 S.Ct. 1456, 31 L.Ed.2d 741 (1972).
The district court concluded that Coie's representations to Korth with respect to (a) nondeclaration of dividends, (b) available surplus for dividends, and (c) mortgage restrictions on dividend payments did not amount to material misrepresentations which would expose defendants to Rule 10b-5 liability. The evidence supports these conclusions.
However, considering the disclosures in their entirety, the district court did find liability for material omissions, particularly for the defendants' failure to disclose the existence of the "control group," and the informal, long-range plan of the control group to acquire a majority of Poulsbo Telephone stock and build the company into a marketable entity. We agree.
Clearly, a "group" was formed to acquire control of Poulsbo Telephone. Equally clear is the fact that while Serwold appeared as owner of record of 56% of Poulsbo Telephone stock at the time of the sale, its beneficial ownership was divided among members of the "group."
The existence of a plan to acquire control of Poulsbo Telephone, strengthen and sell it is supported by the facts that the control group set out to acquire a majority of the stock; they ceased affirmative efforts to acquire stock after achieving control; they set out on a plan of modernization; they entertained "feelers" from and negotiated with potential purchasers of the company; and they eventually sold it for a substantial gain.
We find more than sufficient evidence to sustain the district court's findings of the existence of the control group and its long range plan. We also agree with the district court's conclusion that knowledge of these facts would have influenced a reasonable investor's conduct.
Defendants assert that the relationship between the attorneys representing the plaintiff and themselves was "casual." They so characterize it to justify their failure to disclose the existence of the "group," its long range objective to sell Poulsbo Telephone, and any additional financial information. Their position is not well taken. Korth, in his initial letter to Poulsbo Telephone, which Coie answered, requested information as to the "status" of the stock. "Status" suggests more detailed financial information than the general response "(W)e . . . may be in a position to offer $5.00 per share," especially in light of defendants' subsequent knowledge that the plaintiff erroneously assumed that $5.00 represented the fair market value of the stock. Even if Coie ignored the ramifications of Korth's use of "status," he could not ignore Korth's reliance on the $5.00 per share figure as its fair market value for his recommendations to the plaintiff.1
We agree with the district court's findings that the omissions, considered in their entirety, but with particular reference to nondisclosure of the control group and its long-range plan are material within the meaning of Rule 10b-5.
Scienter
The district court relied on White v. Abrams, 495 F.2d 724, 730, 734 (9th Cir. 1974), which rejected "scienter or any other discussion of state of mind as a necessary and separate element of a 10b-5 action." It also relied on Myzel v. Fields, 386 F.2d 718, 734, 747 (8th Cir. 1967), cert. denied, 390 U.S. 951, 88 S.Ct. 1043, 19 L.Ed.2d 1143 (1968), to support its finding of Rule 10b-5 liability without a showing of scienter.
After the district court's decision, however, the Supreme Court held that negligence is an insufficient basis for Rule 10b-5 liability. Ernst & Ernst v. Hochfelder, 425 U.S. 185, 96 S.Ct. 1375, 47 L.Ed.2d 668 (1976). In rejecting negligence as a sufficient basis, the Court stated that some form of scienter was required.
Although it initially defined scienter as a "mental state embracing intent to deceive, manipulate, or defraud," id. at 193-94, 96 S.Ct. at 1381, the Court expressly limited that definition to the case before it. Id. at 193-94 n. 12, 96 S.Ct. 1375. It recognized that "(i)n certain areas of the law recklessness is considered to be a form of intentional conduct for purposes of imposing liability for some act." Id. In doing so it expressly refused to consider whether "reckless behavior is sufficient for civil liability under § 10(b) and Rule 10b-5." Id. Its succeeding terminology, analysis, and citation to authority, however, lend credence to a broad interpretation of scienter. Bucklo, The Supreme Court Attempts to Define Scienter Under Rule 10b-5: Ernst & Ernst v. Hochfelder, 29 Stan.L.Rev. 213, 218 (1977).
In his analysis of statutory language, Justice Powell apparently accepted a knowledge standard, concluding that the language "strongly suggest(s) that § 10(b) was intended to proscribe knowing or intentional misconduct." Ernst & Ernst, 425 U.S. at 197, 96 S.Ct. at 1383 (emphasis added). Also, the Securities & Exchange Commission's argument that "Congress must have intended to bar all such practices and not just those done knowingly or intentionally" strongly suggests that section 10b was intended, at a minimum, to proscribe knowing or intentional wrongdoing. Id. at 198, 96 S.Ct. at 1383 (emphasis added). In addition, we note that the Court cites no cases or commentaries indicating a requirement of strict common law intent. Bucklo, supra at 219 n. 30.
Although the Supreme Court left undecided the question whether recklessness is sufficient to support liability under Rule 10b-5, distinguished jurists have long considered it so. SEC v. Texas Gulf Sulphur Co., 401 F.2d 833, 868 (2nd Cir. 1968) (en banc) (Friendly, J., concurring), cert. denied, 394 U.S. 976, 89 S.Ct. 1454, 22 L.Ed.2d 756 (1969); Kohn v. American Metal Climax, Inc., 458 F.2d 255, 270 (3rd Cir.) (Adams, J., concurring and dissenting), cert. denied, 409 U.S. 874, 93 S.Ct. 120, 34 L.Ed.2d 126 (1972). See also Loss, Summary Remarks, 30 Bus.Law. 163, 165-66 (Special Issue 1975) (commenting on White v. Abrams ). And since Ernst & Ernst, courts have continued to assess Rule 10b-5 liability for reckless behavior. Bailey v. Meister Brau, Inc. 535 F.2d 982, 993 (7th Cir. 1976); McLean v. Alexander, 420 F.Supp. 1057 (D.Del.1976).
Ernst & Ernst, we think, only went so far as to eliminate negligence as a basis for liability. We agree with those courts which have found that Congress intended the ambit of § 10(b) to reach a broad category of behavior, including knowing or reckless conduct.
The district court, operating without the benefit of Ernst & Ernst, found the nondisclosures of the defendants amounted to omissions prohibited by Rule 10b-5. It also stated, however, that the evidence did not justify a finding that the defendants "deliberately and cold-bloodedly set out to conceal information which 10b-5 requires to be provided." The language "deliberately and cold-bloodedly" suggests willfulness or a particularly aggravated intent.
The question remains whether the lower court found the defendants merely negligent, or whether it found their conduct more culpable than mere negligence, yet short of willful intent to defraud. Keeton, Fraud: The Necessity of an Intent to Deceive, 5 U.C.L.A.L.Rev. 585 (1958). The fact that the district judge never used the word "negligence," or any of its derivatives, in any of his findings of fact, conclusions of law, or opinions tends to indicate that he did not base his decision on a negligence theory.
The district court had sufficient evidence to find liability. It appears that the defendants' omissions were, at the very least, with knowledge. Lanza v. Drexel & Co., 479 F.2d 1277 (2nd Cir. 1973). They knew of the control group, the outstanding, but still indefinite, plans to sell after construction and improvement had conferred added value, and the steady and significant increases in earnings and book value in the few years between the seller's first inquiry and the ultimate sale of the 36 shares.
Knowledge of plaintiff's assumption that $5.00 per share represented the fair market value of the stock was imputable to the defendants because of the statements of their personal attorney. Alternatively, the district court could have found Coie reckless in his evaluation of the "status" of the stock, and imputed that recklessness to the defendants. The evidence supports a finding of recklessness, or some degree of intent not sufficiently aggravated to be characterized as "deliberate and cold-blooded." That would also be consistent with the district court's findings.
II. DAMAGES.
Having found an absence of "scienter" (i. e., "deliberate and cold-blooded intent"), the district court based damages on the highest value for the shares as of December 31, 1967, which it concluded was a reasonable time after the transaction. The court awarded $3,003.48 ($83.43 per share) plus interest and costs. We believe the district court erred in its choice of the theory upon which it computed damages.
Although there is no express enumeration of remedies under Rule 10b-5, it is clear that a plaintiff may sue for money damages. Because few cases have gone to final judgment, the law in this area is still in a formative, somewhat confused state. The early cases generally awarded the difference between the value given and the value received, but the recent trend looks to defendant's profits, rather than to plaintiff's losses, in measuring damages. R. W. Jennings & H. Marsh, Jr., Securities Regulation 1085-88 (4th ed. 1977).
For example, in Janigan v. Taylor, 344 F.2d 781 (1st Cir. 1965), the court included in damages the profits realized by insiders in the form of accretion. Similarly, in Myzel v. Fields, 386 F.2d 718 (1967), cert. denied, 390 U.S. 951, 88 S.Ct. 1043, 19 L.Ed.2d 1143 (1968), the Eighth Circuit, relying on Janigan, dismissed a defendant's argument that an instruction to the jury permitting an award on the basis of defendant's gain rather than plaintiff's loss violated § 28(a)'s command that only actual damages be recoverable.2
The Supreme Court, relying on Janigan and Myzel, stated the rule for the measure of damages for defrauded sellers in Affiliated Ute Citizens v. United States, 406 U.S. 128, 155, 92 S.Ct. 1456, 1473, 31 L.Ed.2d 741:
In our view, the correct measure of damages under section 28 of the Act . . . is the difference between the fair value of all that the . . . seller received and the fair value of what he would have received had there been no fraudulent conduct . . . except for the situation where the defendant received more than the seller's actual loss. In the latter case damages are the amount of the defendant's profit. (Emphasis added.)
This rule provides full compensation for injury caused by fraudulent conduct, and, significantly, it removes all incentive to engage in such conduct.3 It results in the "simple equity that a wrongdoer should disgorge his fraudulent enrichment." Janigan v. Taylor, 344 F.2d at 786. The instant case falls within the rule of Affiliated Ute Citizens : because the defendant's gain is greater than the seller's loss,4 damages are the amount of the defendant's profit.5
Defendants strenuously argue that the disgorgement theory is harsh and applicable only to instances of conscious, affirmative misrepresentations as opposed to mere omissions, as in this case. They argue that to award profits accrued over such a long time makes the fraudulent buyer an insurer against adverse market fluctuations. We are not persuaded.
First, we see no harshness in a remedy which takes from a fraudulent actor what was generated by his conduct. Green v. Occidental Petroleum Corp., 541 F.2d 1335, 1342 (9th Cir. 1976) (Sneed, J., concurring); Myzel v. Fields, 386 F.2d 718, 747 (8th Cir. 1967); Janigan v. Taylor, 344 F.2d 781, 786 (1st Cir. 1965). To allow violators of the Act to profit by their misconduct would undermine the deterrence that the Act was intended to effect.
Secondly, the remedial section, 28(a), does not distinguish between misrepresentations by affirmation and omission. There is no logical basis for such a distinction. This is especially so in the context of the overall statutory scheme of full disclosure. Either kind of misrepresentation is a means by which one can defraud another, and an omission can be as intentional as an affirmation.
Finally, we find that to refuse to award all of the accretion in value through the date of the discovery of the fraud would reward those who conceal their misconduct. We agree with Janigan v. Taylor, 344 F.2d at 786, that "(i)t is more appropriate to give the defrauded party the benefit even of windfalls than to let the fraudulent party keep them."
Judge Sneed recently articulated the theoretical model underlying the disgorgement theory. Green v. Occidental Petroleum Corp., 541 F.2d 1335, 1342 (9th Cir. 1976) (concurring opinion). He explained:
(T)he rescissory measure of damages . . . in theory . . . contemplates a return of the injured party to the position he occupied before he was induced by wrongful conduct to enter the transaction. Assuming a sale and purchase of stock, true rescission would involve a return, on the one hand, of the purchase price and, on the other, of the stock purchased. In many instances, however, the purchaser no longer possesses the stock when rescission is sought. Under those circumstances only the monetary equivalent of the stock can be returned.
To adhere to the model of rescission the monetary equivalent should be determined as of the date the purchaser was under a present duty to return the stock, viz. the day of judgment. See Note, The Measure of Damages in Rule 10b-5 Cases Involving Actively Traded Securities, 26 Stan.L.Rev. 371, 372 (1974). The courts generally, however, do not use the date of judgment but employ an earlier post-transaction date, such as the date of disclosure of the fraud. Id.
This measure (purchase price less value at the time of disclosure) works justly when a defrauded seller proceeds after an increase in value of the stock against a fraudulent buyer who is unable to return the stock he fraudulently purchased. His inability to return the stock should not deprive the injured seller of the remedy of restitution. Under these circumstances it is appropriate to require the fraudulent buyer to account for his "ill-gotten profits" derived from an increase in the value of the stock following his acquisition of the stock. See Janigan v. Taylor, 344 F.2d 781 (1st Cir. 1965). See also Affiliated Ute Citizens v. United States, 406 U.S. 128, 92 S.Ct. 1456, 31 L.Ed.2d 741 (1972). Only in this manner can the seller be put in the position he occupied before the contract was made. Cf. 5 Corbin on Contracts, § 1112 (1964).
The sale of Poulsbo Telephone's assets to United precipitated the discovery of the fraud and it is reasonable to fix that as the date of discovery. Plaintiff should be awarded defendants' profits derived from the sale to United.
We reverse and remand for a determination of damages consistent with this opinion.
Of the District of Idaho
It is strange that Serwold accepted a letter, addressed to the company of which he was president, from a stockholder inquiring as to the status of the stock, but did not respond in his capacity as a corporate officer. Nor did he have a representative of the company respond. Instead, he turned the letter over to Coie, a control group member and personal friend who at the time represented Serwold personally but did not represent the company. Then Serwold, in his personal capacity, offered to purchase and did purchase the shares from plaintiff with personal checks transmitted through Coie
Defendants claim Myzel cannot be authority for applying the disgorgement theory, because that court gave an instruction referring to "reasonable period after the fraudulent transaction." The actual instruction, however, provided:
What constitutes a reasonable period is for you to determine upon all the facts of this case. You should bear in mind that the statute is not intended to provide investors with an insurance policy against market changes. It does, however, seek to prevent those who have engaged in fraudulent or illegal conduct from benefiting by that conduct.
386 F.2d 745 n. 23 (emphasis added).
The only possible exception to this rule, noted in Janigan upon which the Court relied, is a subsequent increase in the value of the stock attributable to special or unique efforts of the fraudulent party other than those for which he is duly compensated
The record, however, fails to show the accretion in Poulsbo Telephone stock values was caused by defendants' "extraordinary contributions." Serwold was a director and president of the company, and his wife was a director. To the degree they did modernize Poulsbo Telephone and effect the sale, they were acting in their compensated corporate capacities.
Defendant's profit was roughly $495 per share ($500 worth of United stock received less their cost of $5 per share of Poulsbo Telephone), as opposed to plaintiff's loss at the time of the transaction, which was approximately $55 per share ($60 book value less $5 received)
Although we conclude this case clearly falls within the exception to the Affiliated Ute Citizens rule, we also believe the result follows from the general rule of the case. Had there been no fraudulent conduct, the evidence could support a finding that plaintiff would not have sold the Poulsbo Telephone stock until the company was sold to United. Treating the shares as "historical curiosities," the administrator kept them in a safe deposit box. Absent the April 15, 1965, letter from Coie, it is likely the certificate would have remained in the Wisconsin safe deposit box until the sale to United. Hence, had there been no fraudulent conduct, the plaintiff would have received stock in United valued at $500 per share of Poulsbo Telephone, rather than the $5 per share that he received in the fraudulent exchange. The circumstances would seem to justify awarding any accretions in value through the date of the sale to United


text:
Dalido accelerates bid to develop his property
By KAREN VELIE
Ernie Dalidio's legal team launched a new offensive last week to reinstate Measure J and asked a judge to reconsider a second negative ruling in the rancorous fight over development of his San Luis Obispo County acreage.
Attorney Michael Morris appealed the judicial decision which invalidated Measure J and Attorney James McKiernan filed an application to change a federal judge's tentative ruling that tossed out a lawsuit Dalidio filed against opponents he alleged interfered unlawfully with his proposed development.
The current court actions are the latest chapter in an almost 20-year battle to prevent Dalidio from developing his land along Highway 101 near Madonna Road in San Luis Obispo.
Last month, Judge Roger Picquet overturned a 2006 San Luis Obispo County ballot initiative approved by voters by a 65-35 percent margin. The measure would have allowed Dalidio to incorporate business, retail, and residential on his 131-acre site.
"Our appeal is part of the long saga regarding this matter, opposed by the same folks who have always opposed it," Morris said. "Whether the appeal is approved or not, the project will move ahead through the county with just a different approach."
Opponents of the development, Citizens for Planning Responsibly (CPR), and the Environmental Center (ECOLSLO), sued to overturn Measure J.
"We are prepared to fight," said Citizens for Planning Responsibly spokesperson Rosemary Wilvert in response to Dalido's recent appeal. "Judge Picquet ruled that Measure J was illegal. We are not concerned. We will have to gear up to oppose the appeal. You can't trump state law. Let him waste more time and money."
Dalido's multi-million-dollar lawsuit claims that the Downtown Association and Responsible County Development LLC conspired and implemented unlawful business practices to thwart the proposed development
Judge Christina Snyder tentatively dismissed the case due to the defendants' First Amendment rights. Anti-SLAPP statutes allow a judge to dismiss a suit at the onset. SLAPP or "Strategic Lawsuits against Public Participation" refer to lawsuits often filed by developers and government officials against individuals and community groups for speaking out on civic or government issues.
Dalidio's attorneys argued that unknown developers, using environmentalist as "straw men," funded the bulk of the "No on J" campaign through Responsible County development LLC.
"This is about developers trying to run Ernie off," McKiernan countered. "Based on my argument, the judge agreed to review and take on submission allowing us to change or amend our charges."
"No on J" spokesperson Alan Thomas contends that Measure J sets an unfair playing field in favor of Dalidio.
"The irony is that Measure J would have given Dalidio's team a huge unfair competitive advantage over other local developers and downtown retailers who play by the rules," Thomas said. "That's the joke of all this. It's Ernie's team who've been trying to do what McKiernan's lawsuit accused others of doing. Fortunately, they've been thwarted by many honest, decent people who really care about this town and don't get paid a single penny for their troubles."
If unable to file in federal court, McKiernan plans to bring his case back to state court.
"It was a chess move to federal court," McKiernan said, "an attempt to hold back on revealing the members of the LLC. We will go back to state court if we have to. In state court the members of the LLC will be disclosed within 20 days."
Tags:, Dalidio
Subjects: Big Box Store Court Dalidio Developer's San Luis Obispo
Murdered ASH patient worried about alleged killer who just lost major court appeal
1st Choice Mortgage bites the dust
Why should the Dalidio family put up most of the money to build an overpass to Prado Road. Didn't I just read that the new Margarita housing development on the east end of Prado "needs the overpass"?
Cal Trans most surely will not approve on-ramps and exits so close together. Those traveling south on HWY 101 could exit at Los Osos Valley Rd and double back on Calle Joaquin pass Kimball Chevrolet/VW toward the Embassy Suites Hotel. Wasn't that where Calle Joaquin was originally supposed to meet? (At the Sear's store)
If he scaled back the development slightly, he would only need an off-ramp from southbound 101. Northbound drivers could exit at either LOVRd or further north at Madonna Rd. If the city still needs an overpass, how about asking those on the east side of the freeway who would benefit by a Prado Road overpass to kick in?
McKierman? I thought failed Central Coast Mall developer Bird was bad for Ernie.
Comprimise..Pig farm !!!! worked for Alex
I hope Ernie sells the property at a discount to a large corporation. They can sit on it until SLO becomes gridlocked for lack of the Prado overpass.
When the city goes to the corporation for help, they will say sure. However we want and need twice the density as proposed by Ernie. And they will get it.
End result, we suffer through the traffic mess and get exactly what we did not want. Serves us right.
The main question for me seems to be the character of development, and the Dalidio Ranch project is just more of the ticky-tacky chain stores that are invading town. The extension of the auto dealerships along 101 — is this separate and a done deal? — is especially bad, reminding me of the auto malls that line 101 in Oxnard and Ventura. What a hideous gateway to the city for people arriving from the south on 101.
But I'd be interested in what alternatives, short of nothing, people see for that land. Residential? Different sorts of commercial development?
If one agrees that as a general matter growth is happening here to some degree — you could stop all growth, but that's a much bigger question — at some point it will come down to developing something like the Dalidio property somehow, or some other piece of land. If you compare the Dalidio parcel to the prospect of development snaking into Los Osos Valley, Edna Valley or somewhere else that truly represents sprawl, Dalidio starts to seem not so bad from many angles.
But if we want that property to become a permanent open space or park, the city or county should buy it. That seems absurd to me, sandwiched between 101, Madonna Road and Madonna Plaza, and open space could be better preserved elsewhere. Or folks here could take it off Dalidio's hands and farm it. I hear corn-based ethanol is an ideal alternative fuel. :)
I hate to see SLO grow, especially in the manner it's happened for the most part, and Measure J was a disgrace, but there are far worse forms of sprawl than development of the Dalidio parcel.
Whenever I hear that a development should be allowed because it's already surrounded by development, I can't believe that argument can be forwarded by intelligent people. All that development surrounding Dalidio is also pretty recent. It was swamp and agrarian before. To me it's like suggesting that nuclear waste should be buried on the site, because heck, there's already a source nearby. Of course master planning a community is really hard, but try recreating a bit of nature. As Will Rogers supposedly said "Invest in LAND…they ain't makin' any more of it."
I actually don't believe "SOMETHING" must be built on this land. The surrounded argument is ridiculous. Drive down lovr and you will see many farms working marginal land not nearly as large as ernie's. Sun+water+dirt= sustainable food source. I know that Ernie sold his soul and hocked his family's future on this project to the point of no return but don't insult me that a Target store is all this land is good for.
And retail dollars are hardly a boon to the economy. Suck ass jobs and tons of traffic. No thanks. And while I'm at it the "Gap" property on lovr should not be allowed to develop until they fix the overpass. Alex screwed slo, his minions continue to screw slo and Ernie is left having to pay for those sins.
I just find it hard to believe that there is absolutely no compromise here.
The property IS surrounded by development.
There ARE retail tax dollars that go north and south due to lack of availablity in SLO.
Ernie's land cost basis is extremely low, even accounting for the money he has spent over the last decades attempting to develope his land. Given that, he could afford to build a retail project with relative low density and have it still pencil out.
I also believe that his opponents recognize that SOMETHING will be built on his land and, given that, will agree to some sort of compromise.
Unfortunately any compromise will have to start with Ernie, and that currently looks unlikely.
At least for now.
As the Sun God I can assure you that I still shine on the Dalidio property even while it is "surrounded" by a freeway and houses.
And Robert Moses, I don't know how having big box stores will help the environment. The whole sales pitch was to create a destination shopping center to attract out of town money. If they do not attract out of town money then the project is a failure. There is only so much retail pie in San Luis.
Yes, slodeath, the Los Angeles model that so many cities have duplicated is a disaster, but one can argue that developing the Dalidio property isn't really sprawl of the worst sort. Look at the satellite imagery on
And one has to concede that some big box stores are inevitable and that such stores could never be developed in a downtown like SLO's. In the case of SLO, you can even argue that opening big box stores was a net gain environmentally, since far fewer car trips to Santa Maria are necessary. (My friends and I used to make regular trips to SM or Santa Barbara to shop, and aside from car impacts, the loss of tax revenue to other cities was a bit absurd.)
Please google James Howard Kunstler and read his predictions for 2008. The entire car and suburb/sprawl based national economic model is a dinosaur slowly gasping as gasoline reaches $4 a gallon. SLO is no exception.
There really are no "good guys" on either side of this, and it's a shame that there seems to be no way to compromise. Some sort of development of this property seems reasonable, but Dalidio's approach has been very poor and his opponents are obviously tainted by self-interest.
It's worth remembering that the erstwhile Central Coast Plaza was hobbled by a desire to protect the downtown, while at the same time recognizing that recent retail development on the south side of town has been of a very sorry character.
I've often wondered why Alex Madonna's funeral procession was routed down Higuera Street, when obviously it should have gone down eponymous Madonna Road, past Denny's, McDonald's, Chili's, the chain motels, the gas stations and a vast sea of tarmac that could swallow your dreams whole, and then down Los Osos Valley Road, where Alex could have been interred on aisle 19 at the Home Depot.
If measure J was illegal using the ballot to promote development then why not overturn the city ballots cancelling a project that was approve by the city.
I still maintain that Ernie mistake was partnering with an out of town developer and not the Madonas or the Copelands.
It sure is nice the Madonas can build a little bike path and not be responsible for the problems on Los Osos Vally Rd.
I guess it is who you know in this town.
65% of the voters approved the project when they voted on J. It's rediculous that a hand full of trouble makers can cause so many problems for Ernie. Good Luck Ernie.
Is this where the sublime officially transitions to the ridiculous?
Can someone explain to us why Ernie is using James McKiernan as his attorney??? Did he run out of money???


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3 additional keys will fill up the golden hens wild symbols. This will transform all wilds to become stacked. So now it's possible to get wild symbols that cover the whole reel. The final wild symbol is activated if a total of 9 keys are collected. This will make all wild symbols single wilds, but they will all become expanding wilds for all the remaining spins. The essential thing on this slot machine is to get several wild symbols during the free spins, as these symbols reward you with addition re-spins that doesn't reflect the amount of spins left. So for each new wild symbol that lands, the chance of getting all the keys is increasing because of all the added re-spins.
Jack and the Beanstalk is created by Net Entertainment.


text:
<?php

// doesn't have to be logged in for these functions
if (API::action('timeleft'))
{
	API::set('timeleft', User::getTimeleft());
	API::finish();
}
else if (API::action('forget'))
{
	User::forget();
	API::finish();
}
else if (API::action('logout'))
{
	if (API::has('admin') && API::get('admin') == 1 && isset($_SESSION['last_site_request']))
		unset($_SESSION['last_site_request']);

	User::logOut();
	API::finish();
}

if (!User::isAdmin())
{
	Common::responseCode(403);
	user_error('Forbidden access', ERROR);
}

if (API::action('delete_user'))
{
	if (!API::has('user_id') || API::get('user_id') == User::getUserId())
		user_error('No user ID set or user ID equals current user ID', ERROR);

	Db::exec("DELETE FROM user WHERE user_id = '" . Db::escape(API::get('user_id')) . "';");
	API::finish();
}
else if (API::action('get_users'))
{
	$users = array();
	$table = Db::query("SELECT * FROM user;");
	while ($row = $table->fetch())
	{
		$row['current'] = $row['user_id'] == User::getUserId();
		$row['role'] = ucfirst($row['role']);
		$users[] = $row;
	}
	API::set('users', $users);
	API::finish();
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Scale up your design skills with two new video tutorials in this month's Tech Roundup.
When someone thinks about attending a service at their house of worship, their first thought probably isn't about the visually spectacular production they're about to witness. But that's just where Seth Thiesen brings his skills to bear as a production and lighting director.


text:
Alain Michelotti
Pain is usually the reason why most patients consult a chiropractor.
When the onset of the pain is sudden, as often happens after lifting or bending awkwardly, twisting suddenly or making a jarring movement, it is reassuring for the patient to be able to attribute the cause to a specific event. "I did something foolish", "I know I should not have done that" are the types of comments we hear regularly.
"The pain came from nowhere", "It came out the blue", "I was fine when I went to bed and the following morning it was so painful that I could not get my head off the pillow"
However, although the onset can still appear to be sudden, there may be no particular event, which can be identified as a possible trigger. In these cases the patient often feels let down by his/her body. "The pain came from nowhere", "it came out the blue", "I was fine when I went to bed and the following morning it was so painful that I could not get my head off the pillow" are the comments we hear.
This impression that the pain has appeared "from nowhere" occurs because the process has been developing well before we become aware of it. In addition to this gradual build-up of a problem, the culmination comes when some minor, trivial activity (eg lying in bed) acts as a trigger. The British describe it as 'the last straw that breaks the camel's back' and the French, 'the last drop that makes the vase overflow' and this is exactly what occurs.
What happens is that long before we're aware of the severe pain, most of us suffer from all sorts of periods of mild discomfort and stiffness caused by general 'wear and tear'. All this takes a gradual toll on our joints and their supportive structures. Add to that a lifestyle of poor posture at work, long hours of driving, slouching on the sofa in front of the television and you have the perfect recipe for an acute episode of neck, mid back or low back pain one day.
But, you will say, what steps could I take to avoid reaching the acute stage? Our advice would be to monitor your health and keep your body working as smoothly as possible. Think about your car, do you keep it regularly serviced, or do you wait until you break down in the pouring rain in the middle of nowhere before you call a mechanic?
The analogy may be obvious, but don't you think your body is just as important as your car? If so, a visit to the chiropractor may save you a lot of trouble and pain further down the road.
For further information, please visit http://www.webmd.com/pain-management/guide/chiropractic-pain-relief#1
#GuildfordChiropractor #GuildfordChiropracticCentre #Painrelief #Pain #GuildfordPhysiotherapy #SurreyChiropractor #GuildfordChiropracticClinic
Challenging yourself!
From Cradle to Grave: Part 3
© 2021 Guildford Chiropractic Centre. All rights reserved.
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Saturday: 8.00am -12.30pm


The 1% depend on the 99% for their money, and hence their power. In essence, very rich persons and corporations gain power by leveraging everyone else's spending. Multinational corporations rely on our spending habits for their very survival. We, the 99%, have been indoctrinated and acculturated to be consumers in order to support the capitalistic system that keeps the 1% afloat.
Consumer spending currently makes up more than 70% of the nation's economy.
But, consuming 'stuff' is killing the planet. And 'stuff' is nothing more than a rearrangement of the Earth's resources – extracted, transported, processed, stored, manipulated, packaged, bottled, repackaged, transported again, marketed and shipped. At each step CO2 is spewed into the atmosphere. Nothing short of a complete economic and social realignment will save our planet.
A wide-scale consumer revolt could significantly change the way corporations operate and restructure the supply chain to support the Earth, rather than depleting it. Either we change now or pick up the pieces later.
If the average consumer were to 'cut the cord' to multinational corporations by limiting consumption, this would have a severe impact on the corporations' power and reduce their 'leverage' and influence over government. Either we stick to the path the multinationals have chosen for us or we take control wherever, however and in all ways it is possible to do so.
Since the advent of Bernays' efforts to influence public consumption based on trends, propaganda, and marketing, the corporate hold on the general public and the government has only increased. Either we assume responsibility for the future or we mourn for those who live to pick up the pieces.
Moreover, consumption of 'stuff' creates false needs and more importantly distracts the public from the larger issues. There is no time for distraction left. Every week another study says things are happening faster than we thought. And the next week another study says, no, it's actually happening faster than that. And the next week another says once again, the same thing, it's happening faster yet again.
"All the ice does not have to melt, it just needs to be lubricated enough from below and chunks that are holding the front in place need to melt. And then the whole of it will slide into the ocean," said a friend who is a physicist.
The overarching issue is Climate Breakdown. It is time to take the future into our own hands.
"Remember to check on elderly friends, relatives and neighbors, and those who are unwell," the state emergency services tweeted.
Chinese regulations on coal mining have not curbed the nation's growing methane emissions over the past five years as intended, says new research.
The history civil disobedience and its role in the Break Free movement.
If all the ice melted the seas would rise ~240 feet.
Mitch McConnell and Jim Inhofe top the list at $3 million and $2 million in dirty money over their careers, while the lifetime average among the 150 deniers is a scant $455,731 — which certainly sounds low. But that doesn't include money spent on outside PACs and support.
What does stopping oil, coal, and gas at the source look like? It means no new drilling, no new oil and gas pipelines, and no new mining. Proposals for carbon taxes and cap-and-trade have taken up too much climate-solution oxygen in recent years, and so far they have been flimsy half measures porous with loopholes. They come nowhere close to meeting the scale of the crisis. You think Exxon is going to support the whopping $27,000 per ton carbon tax that the IPCC report actually recommends? The most recent carbon tax bill floated last fall proposed a $15 per ton price on carbon if that gives you an idea.
Even though climate change is expected to reduce the total amount of US snowfall this century, it's unlikely to significantly rein in the most powerful nor'easters that pummel the East Coast, new research indicates.
the amount of gas flared in North Dakota in October was enough to heat 4.25 million homes in America. And while the fracking industry in North Dakota is flaring the most gas in the nation, it's not the only place this is a growing issue. Flaring reportedly also doubled in 2018 in the booming Permian Shale in Texas and New Mexico, with an estimated $1 million a day of gas burned off.
An estimated ten thousand students took to the freezing cold streets of Berlin, Germany on Friday as they added their voices to the growing youth-led global uprising that is demanding urgent and far-reaching action to address the world's climate crisis.
…"My message was that most emissions are caused by a few people, the very rich people, who are here in Davos.
More than 26,000 students so far have pledged in an online manifesto that they will never work for companies they deem to be heavy polluters, which they hope will shame companies into becoming more forceful players against global warming.
….The protest was part of what the group called a "nationwide day of nonviolent civil disobedience and protest," according to its website.
The resulting fungal-like adhesive material(s) (FLAM) are strong, lightweight and completely sustainable, as no organic solvent or plastic is used in their production. They can be molded or processed using common woodworking techniques, they are lightweight and fully biodegradable.
They found that while the urine inevitably produced greenhouse gases, up to three times as much came from grassland that suffered from overgrazing and low soil quality.
One location we analyzed is Surat, India, a coastal city of 4.5 million people. There, residents deal with frequent flooding, heavy monsoon rains and extreme heat. But they're also learning to adapt to these extremes by co-building basic infrastructure and planning for emergencies.
Using gribbles as a model to extract biofuels from wood could prove a game-changer in the quest to turn to alternative energy sources, and not only because the process is cleaner and cheaper than existing industrial techniques.
In Cuyahoga Valley National Park in Ohio, we've planted thousands of saplings with the help of hundreds of volunteers. Those tiny trees are supposed to be part of a decades-long experiment on the critical zone, the life-sustaining region from groundwater to treetops. The only thing that protects the saplings from hungry deer is a thin fence. And the Park Service rangers who protect the fence are furloughed — not working because they're government employees.
Eutrophication and climate change have contributed to the worsening of environmental conditions.
… conclude that warming temperatures are driving increased heat transfer in the atmosphere, which is compensated by a reduced heat transfer in the ocean. Additionally, the researchers concluded that the excess oceanic heat is trapped in the Southern Ocean around the Antarctic.
Marine ice sheets are especially sensitive to heat delivered by ocean currents. Fast flowing inland ice streams of the West Antarctic are buttressed by floating ice shelves, which—if diminished or lost—raise the possibility of a runaway flow of West Antarctica's marine ice.
"If the aerosols indeed cause a greater cooling effect than previously estimated, then the warming effect of the greenhouse gases has also been larger than we thought, enabling greenhouse gas emissions to overcome the cooling effect of aerosols.
Globally, permafrost temperature increased by 0.29 ± 0.12 °C. The observed trend follows the Arctic amplification of air temperature increase in the Northern Hemisphere.


CO+HOOTS Foundation presents Take the Stress out of Your Personal Budget–for Entrepreneurs!
We'll be taking an educational approach with a presentation that is geared toward helping entrepreneurs of all levels learn how to master the art of sticking to a budget when paychecks aren't regular.
Eric Elam is a father, entrepreneur, and investment advisor. He manages and trains advisors across the country In business and investment principles he has learned through personal experience as well as nearly a decade in the business. He has taught philosophies and programs that makes things simple and easy to understand. Eric helps businesses and individual clients set and achieve their goals.


Read this morning, Bush signed a bill to build a 700 mile fence along the border of our southern states. I find this truely unbelievable. I wonder how the Mexicans will take the news?
I just hope that if the Democrats do take control of Congress that one of their priorities will be to help Bush pass a guest worker program.
"I wonder how the Mexicans will take the news?"
When there's a will, there's a way.... from both sides of the fence.
When the large farm owners and corporations need more fruit and vegetable pickers, be assured that 'Homeland Security' will be watching somewhere else (turning a blind eye), while the needed workers happily slip by.
This is all a game, and the 'boogie man' won't be so boogie when his labour is needed.
Yes, a 700 mile long fence that will take 7 years to build at a cost of $7 Billion. There is already a double fence along the San Diego/Tijuana corridor and while it has slowed the flow of illegal immigration it hasn't really put that much of a dent in it. Nor has dramatically increasing the number of Border Patrol agents stemmed the flow. In fact, the number of illegal aliens successfully getting across the border actually increased in spite of substantially more agents. Source of the information? The INS. So now a triple fence will be in place, making the world's busiest border crossing all but impossible for the normal, law abiding citizen of either country.
Another interesting factoid that appeared in the San Diego Union/Tribune this week. Corruption among INS and Border Patrol agents is rampant and is now being seen as a threat to National security according to both the INS and Department of Homeland Security. This is the first recognition I've seen in the American press that corruption is a two-way street. INS and DHS both give similar reasons for the increase in corruption on this side of the border - Greed. Border Patrol and INS agents understand what coyotes do; that there is money to be made in the transportation of human flesh.
It's not strictly an American or a Mexican problem, and until the two governments can find a way to begin dealing with the core and root issues, systemic changes won't happen. Fences aren't the answer, nor is refusal or inability to provide viable economic opportunities so that people don't have to try and cross.
And I'll stop at that since this is not a political discuss forum.
Please do not be critical. This fence is truly a marvel. Seven hundred miles of fence to be built with no funds - they did not fund it.
It's like the 8 billion in "compasionate Conservative" funds for helping the poor - that turned out to be maybe 20 million, not all of which was ever allocated.
Mexico is working on the problem now. See attachment.
May I refer you to this article.
So when is a fence not a fence?
If the U S A wants to do something intelligent they should build their wall along the Golf Coast to protect American Citizens from the next Hurricane and storm surge, now that would be constructive.
To build a wall or fence between to friendly Countries is anti democracy it is a slap in the face to Mexico and it is just Damm wrong!
Economic Development in Mexico is the only solution. Mexico is the USA's number two trading partner in the world now as it is. Thank you.
You don't understand, they don't want Mexicans to multiply and become a majority!!! Getting pretty close though.
Although you probably do not intend to be racist, your comments certainly are. this site is for Mexico Travel ,, Culture and business.
Most people on this site love Mexico and the wonderful Mexican People. If you have a problem with over population take that up with the Vatican ( Catholic Church ) which by the way I am one of. I am also related to Mexicans, not only be heart by by blood.
If I can help you in any way to understand Mexico better, please let me know.
Dear mexriko1 and others: I certainly am not racist and never intended to sound that way. If I touched someone's sensibilities in that regard, please let me apologize. However, I would like all of you to think for a moment, and be honest with yourselves, why a country has borders to begin with. I believe the way to enter a country is to do it legally and with respect for that country and its laws and citizens. Similar to entering someone's house. You do not simply barge in and after some time has elapsed you begin to demand things that you have not properly earned. The same applies to me and others wishing to enter Mexico. We certainly are not allowed to sneak in somewhere out in the wilderness without proper identification or papers (lots of them no less! detailed stuff, copies upon copies, proof of income, etc. etc.) and start working and living there. I shudder to think what would happen if any of us tried that trick and got caught. The American government has been very lenient in the past and has always treated illegals with kindness and generosity. I doubt very much that such kindness would be shown towards us if we decided to simply enter their country the same way as they do the U.S.
There also has to be respect for a country's reasons for curbing an onslaught of foreigners - no matter what they may be. No explanations necessary. We would not question Mexico's reasons either for making us get FM3's, menaje de casas, import stickers for our cars, expensive insurance, and so on. They have the right to impose those rules as it is THEIR country and we must obey and be grateful to be permitted to enter and enjoy its beauty and the people.
Perhaps you now understand what I was trying to convey.
I think the US government is also worried about a 'dirty bomb' getting across the southern border and that is a primary reason both the Canadian and southern borders are being improved.
on the other hand, about six years ago, my wife and I did all the paper work to bring family up from Mexico, Paid the US government about the same amount in fees and still we wait for the papers to be processed...The government has the money, over five years, "interest free" and still our families wait in Mexico to cross over legally. We are only one family among thousands that are "going through the process" While our family waits in Mexico to get the O.K. from the U.S. to come over, their neighbors slip up here, work the crops, return sob and continue to build a nice little farm..slipping back nob ever year to get more money.
With all due respect. Tell it to the Blackfeet, the Sioux or the Cheyenne.
is alot easier in Mexico than in the US and many people do... "Remember "americans"
can and do immigrate illegally also.
"Remember "americans" can and do immigrate illegally also."
I'm not trying to start a food fight here, but how many "Americans" do you think live and work illegally in Mexico, Tony? Is the number anywhere near the millions of Mexicans that live and work illegally in the USA? Of course not. And that, quite simply, drives the difference in border crossing/immigration policies between the two countries.
I don't see an easy solution to your family's specific immigration situation. The current push to tighten the US borders and establish a viable guest worker program probably isn't going to make it any easier for members of your family to enter the USA. I don't see immigration lines getting any shorter, any time soon. With no change in the economic balance between the USA and Mexico, there will always be more people wanting to immigrate (legally and illegally) than the USA is willing to accept.
In the final analysis, the ability to provide a solution that best serves the Mexican people lies with the Mexican government.
Sorry, Tony. It was Mexicobill who mentioned the difficulty his family had entering the USA. Most of my remarks concerning the difficulty of Mexicans entering the USA were meant to be directed to him.... sorry.
Tony, It is true that a foreigner can cross the Mexican border into the free zone with ease, but without a visa, etc. Once they go further onto México, or after 72 hours they are illegal.
Living in México illegally can be done, but it is not easy, especially if a person needs to work to stay here. You will be asked to show your visa, or proof of Mexican citizenship every time you turn around here. If you want to rent a nice house you will need to show proof of identity.
We have had to pledge the title to a house in Mexico City three times when leasing houses in Cuernavaca to guarantee that we will pay the rent. Renting houses is done differently in tourist areas, but you will need a steady outside income to pay the generally higher rents in those areas.
If you want to have electric service, a telephone, or a cell phone in your name, you will need to show identity approved by The Mexican Government. If you manage to get a Mexican drivers license without showing a visa, Mexican drivers licenses are not a valid form of identity here, although some businesses will accept them.
Even my Mexican wife needs to show her Mexican voters card here for many transactions, it is accepted as proof of her Mexican citizenship.
It goes without saying that if you drive an American plated car here without a temporary import sticker on it, you will eventually get nailed.
As for working here illegally, being fluent in Spanish would almost always be requisite and it must be remembered that the Mexican minimum wage is generally the highest wage a person can hope for, and many employers pay less than the minimum. Without papers a person will surely make much less than the minimum. Most Americans cannot live on $10 Dollars a day or less even here.
The standard workweek in México is usually 10 hours per day and usually 6 days per week. If an employee needs to work more hours than that to finish a task, no extra pay is usually given, they are generally paid by the day, not the hour. Without an education, or a profession, this is a tough place to make a living for a worker.
The possession of an illegal firearm, or even a single bullet means mandatory prison time here. Only in the movies can a criminal race across the Canadian or Mexican border and be home free.
As I said, it can be done, but it certainly is not easier than living in The U.S. illegally.
So it is OK to do things illegally when it fits your needs, but not the other way around..... what is good for the goose is good for the gander !
For those not wanting to believe that these lands were stolen, let's just see today's example of the current administration going into war, deposing an elected government, and invading another county under complete and total lies.
You will be asked to show your visa, or proof of Mexican citizenship every time you turn around here.
We are both FM-2 holders and have never been asked to show our visas in five years but, of course, we have not crossed the border. I suppose I had to show my visa when opening a bank account but you don´t need a bank account to get by here as long as you have a U.S. or other foreign bank account and have a debit card. It´s pretty loose around here in our experience.
Another fact that Mr. 'goodie-two-shoes' is conveniently ignoring is the fact that some 25 to 30% of the land now claimed to belong to the USA, and where the border fence is being build, belonged to Mexico...... until a shady deal, under the gun, was concocted by the USA to 'purchase' that land in one case, and to in another stealing it 'fair and square' via a phony independence and attachment of Texas.
For those not wanting to believe that these lands were stolen, let's just see today's example of the current administration going into war and invading another county under total lies.
Victors do not typically produce war criminals.
"Do as I say, not as I do", cried the queen. And then the knaves cried, "´Tis, he! Tis he."
Stay the course? Who said stay the course? Off with his head! Benchmarks, I say.
Sorry but my experience is the same as Bubba's. We have visited Mexico for the last 15 years.
delivery truck and was stopped by the federales - they checked the truck for guns and dope.
No one was ID'd. I was helping with the deliveries so in essence I was "working".
One can rent in Mexico with virtually no ID. which includes water, elect etc... if you look around.
Your smaller cities and towns do not require official paperwork.
I have seen at least one gringo selling imported far eastern goods on a blanket in Oaxaca.
There was no way this guy was legal.
than their mexican counterparts - due to the high level professional demand.
The only problems I ever have is getting INTO the US.
Yes, you can go for years and luck out and never need to show proof of identity. But sometimes you will need to provide identification at the most surprising times.
A couple of years ago an ATM ate my card. With a lot of help from a young man at Costco, I was able to get it back in just eight days. Since it was an American ATM card, the bank would not return it to me until I showed them my U. S. passport, not a visa, my passport.
I had to show my FM3 visa to another bank a few years ago before they would sell me Mexican insurance for my Mexican plated car. I also had to show proof that I was a legal resident when we nationalized both of our cars.
In all three of the houses we have lived in, here in Cuernavaca the electricity was in the owner's name. In the first house, the telephone was too. In the second house, we bought the phone line from the previous tenant. I had to show proof to Telmex that I was in Mexico legally to get it transferred into my name. Same thing when we got cable TV and cable Internet service.
The house we are in now was new when we moved in. We are the first occupants. I had to apply for a new telephone line and number here, and I had to again prove I was in Mexico legally.
All three of the houses have stationary gas tanks. To open an account with the gas company that we preferred to use for delivery, I had to show proof that I was here legally in the first house. I didn't need to do that when we moved, they just transferred the account to a new address.
I have been visiting, and now living in Mexico for a total of over 40 years. When we first moved here we lived In Mexico City, that's my wife's hometown. I am aware that in some places you can rent a house with all utilities in the owner's name. I am aware that in some of the small towns and villages where there is high unemployment you can keep your head low and remain undetected as an illegal if you can find way to generate an income. I am aware of all the expats working here illegally as bartenders, Real Estate salespersons, etc. in tourist, and expat enclaves.
I'm also aware that if you piss the wrong Mexican off, or if they want your job, they will report you to the MIGRA and you will be on a bus to the border in a heartbeat if you are illegal here.
I am also aware that there is no shortage of skilled workers in Mexico. Anyone working illegally here is going to be underpaid. I am aware that there are many under skilled people working at various jobs and trades in Mexico. The skilled people do exist, but the employers don't want to pay them what they are worth.
There are some illegal U.S. citizens here, but I believe the numbers of them are so low that they are not a big problem for The Mexican Government. Not many people will want to move from a place where making a living is comparably easy to a place where making a living is hard when you are illegal there.
The phony border fence is like a stroke. It makes you dizzy, you can´t smile without contorting your face and you can´t think straight. If you don´t get help immediately, you start spouting some sort of lost Russian dialect indicating that you will now save the world from itself and shortly after that you will expire and the world will rejoice at the event.


Ask Garry! - Over 100 answers to your e-mail questions. Advice from buying camera equipment to a career in photography and everything else in-between!
Qualities of Light - Have you seen the Light?
Filters - From Dale Wilson and Daryl Benson's book "A Guide to Photographing the CANADIAN LANDSCAPE"
Recommended Books - Garry's recommendation for instructional books about photography.


Let's face it, pumpkin puree is quite the seasonal thing and it's very easy to just buy a few cans of puree. However, if you are like me, you cringe when you settle for canned products.
But if you are also like me then you know you need pumpkin puree for #AllThingsPumpkin like pumpkin spice smoothies, pumpkin face masks, and of course pumpkin pie!
Canned food has a few reasons for not being all that great, in case you didn't know. There is the fact that most cans contain BPA in the lining and thus BPA ends up in your food. There's also the fact that canned is obviously not as nutritious as fresh because it's been processed.
The good news is that homemade pumpkin puree is actually quite easy.
I just made a batch of puree and now I'm going to show you how I did it.
Small pumpkins – You can use any pumpkins but the smaller ones such as "pie pumpkins" are the ones that taste best and have the best texture.
Slice off the top of your pumpkin (You know, the stem part).
Scrape out the seeds and pulp from the center of the pumpkin.
Place pumpkin pieces on a baking sheet face down (so skin side up) and roast at 350 degrees for 30-45 minutes. When you can easily pierce the pumpkin meat with a fork, it is done cooking.
Place all the meat into a food processor or blender and whirl away. You may need to add a bit of water. Puree till it's smooth. Voila pumpkin puree!
You can use the puree immediately, store in the refrigerator for a few days, or freeze for later use.
I roasted two pie pumpkins and ended up with about 6 cups of pumpkin puree. We have already used all of it up so I need to go buy more pumpkins.
If for some reason you are having an incredibly hard time cutting through your pumpkin, then you can throw them in the oven WHOLE for a few minutes (no more than 10). This will get them just soft enough to cut through. I however, haven't had to do this yet.
Thanks! I just picked up some pumpkins from our CSA today and need to try this!
i usually cook so much pumpkin at a time it takes over 3 hours to cook… lol good stuff!
We are with you 100% on fresh ingredients. We made pumpkin cheesecake with our puree. It was amazing.
Wow. I never really thought about the inside of cans before..I'm not sure if they're lined with BPA in Europe, the Netherlands specifically, as well, but on the other hand, supermarkets dont sell canned pumpkin puree here. As a matter of fact, pumpkins are only available in the stores for a couple of years now, so we're still getting to the stage where they sell 'em chopped and pureed. So thanks for posting the recipe!
Great idea! My kids don't like the taste of pumpkin but will happily eat pumpkin cornmeal muffins! I'll have to make some puree up in the next week or two.
Do you pressure cook your puree? 🙂 And thanks for the article! I had just learned this year that the store bought pumpkin is mostly Hubbard Squash. Who knew?
I have not pressure cooked my puree yet but you definitely can!


text:
HomeNewsPoliticsChina Calls Sushma Swaraj's UN Speech "Arrogant", Needs To Take A Long, Hard Look At Itself
China Calls Sushma Swaraj's UN Speech "Arrogant", Needs To Take A Long, Hard Look At Itself
Even Big Buddy Can't Correct The Blunder
The heated exchange between India and Pakistan at the United Nations General Assembly now has another player. Unsurprisingly, China stepped in to support its long-time buddy, Pakistan, when it really needed it. In a response to Indian foreign minister Sushma Swaraj's hard-hitting speech at the UNGA, China said that the speech was "arrogant" and also termed India's stance as "bigotry."
An editorial in the tightly-run state media said, "With smooth development of its economy and foreign relations in recent years, an arrogant India has looked down on Pakistan and assumed a haughty air with China."
In all its attacks towards India, the editorial did admit that there is terrorism in Pakistan.
"There is indeed terrorism in Pakistan. But is supporting terror the country's national policy? What can Pakistan gain from exporting terrorism? Money or honour," the editorial said.
China's Hypocrisy
The editorial, titled 'India's bigotry no match for its ambition,' also said that India is taking for granted that it should be "feared" by its neighbouring nations. You know, the same thing China has been doing for decades.
According to the editorial, India should befriend China and respect Pakistan. One nation must respect another, of course. But when a nation's sovereignty is threatened time and again, should it cower out of fear and "respect" or should it fight back and let the neighbours know that it won't tolerate any violations?
China also seems to think that India should be oblivious to obvious threats from countries that we share borders with.
"India also seems to assess China's strategic hostility with its own logic: China's sound relations with Pakistan are to counter India. China's road construction in Doklam is to threaten the security of its Siliguri Corridor and China's Belt and Road initiative operates programmes with Pakistan and other South Asian countries to encircle India. In any case, India's interests always reside at the epicenter of this logic."
Well, can you blame us?
India has fought wars with both countries and has suffered immense damage. So when two unfriendly neighbours, on either side of the country, start collaborating, it's only natural for India to be highly concerned about these developments. How is this seen as a fault by anyone?
Pakistan Runs to Big Buddy After Its Massive Blunder
It's obvious that Pakistan needed backing from its giant friend. After all, when your country's representative makes a huge blunder during a speech watched across the globe, what are your options anyway? One has to bring out the big guns. Pakistan's Representative to the United Nations, Maleeha Lodhi, flashed a picture of a woman injured with pellet guns and said this was a result of India's alleged atrocities in Kashmir. But, as it was soon revealed, the picture had nothing to do with Kashmir. The picture was taken in 2014 by photographer Heidi Levine at the Shifa Hospital in Gaza City, and the woman in the picture was identified as Rawya abu Jom'a. Far away from India or Pakistan.
Pakistan at the UNGA, showing picture of Gazan woman
Speaking at UN needs some homework. In this case, looks like quantum mechanics for them!
This level of error can only be expected by an amateur researcher who didn't think of verifying a picture they found on Google Images. When your own representatives are making such shameful errors on a global stage, it was natural for Pakistan to seek help from a higher power – China.
And China delivered for Pakistan, as it always does.
Tags:china, Maleeha Lodhi, sushma swaraj, sushma swaraj speech, United nations
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