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The Mechatronics Handbook
According to the original definition of mechatronics proposed by the Yasakawa Electric Company and the definitions that have appeared since, many of the engineering products designed and manufactured in the last 25 years integrating mechanical and electrical systems can be classified as mechatronic systems. Yet many of the engineers and researchers responsible for those products were never formally trained in mechatronics per se. The Mechatronics Handbook can serve as a reference resource for those very same design engineers to help connect their everyday experience in design with the vibrant field of mechatronics. More generally, this handbook is intended for use in research and development departments in academia, government, and industry, and as a reference source in university libraries. It can also be used as a resource for scholars interested in understanding and explaining the engineering design process. As the historical divisions between the various branches of engineering and computer science become less clearly defined, we may well find that the mechatronics specialty provides a roadmap for nontraditional engineering students studying within the traditional structure of most engineering colleges. It is evident that there is an expansion of mechatronics laboratories and classes in the university environment worldwide. This fact is reflected in the list of contributors to this handbook, including an international group of 88 academicians and engineers representing 13 countries. It is hoped that the Mechatronics Handbook can serve the world community as the definitive reference source in mechatronics.
SECTION I: Overview of Mechatronics
1. What is Mechatronics?
2. Mechatronic Design Approach
3. System Interfacing, Instrumentation, and Control Systems
4. Microprocessor-Based Controllers and Microelectronics
5. An Introduction to Micro- and Nanotechnology
6. Mechatronics: New Directions in Nano-, Micro-, and Mini-Scale Electromechanical Systems Design, and Engineering Curriculum Development
SECTION II: Physical System Modeling
7. Modeling Electromechanical Systems
8. Structures and Materials
9. Modeling of Mechanical Systems for Mechatronics Applications
10. Fluid Power Systems
11. Electrical Engineering
12. Engineering Thermodynamics
13. Modeling and Simulation for MEMS
14. Rotational and Translational Microelectromechanical Systems: MEMS Synthesis, Microfabrication, Analysis, and Optimization
15. The Physical Basis of Analogies in Physical System Models
SECTION III: Sensors and Actuators
16. Introduction to Sensors and Actuators
17. Fundamentals of Time and Frequency
18. Sensor and Actuator Characteristics
19. Sensors
20. Actuators
SECTION IV: Systems and Controls
21. The Role of Controls in Mechatronics
22. The Role of Modeling in Mechatronics Design
23. Signals and Systems
24. State Space Analysis and System Properties
25. Response of Dynamic Systems
26. The Root Locus Method
27. Frequency Response Methods
28. Kalman Filters as Dynamic System State Observers
29. Digital Signal Processing for Mechatronic Applications
30. Control System Design Via H 2 Optimization
31. Adaptive and Nonlinear Control Design
32. Neural Networks and Fuzzy Systems
33. Advanced Control of an Electrohydraulic Axis
34. Design Optimization of Mechatronic Systems
SECTION V: Computers and Logic Systems
35. Introduction to Computers and Logic Systems
36. Digital Logic Concepts and Combinational Logic Design
37. System Interfaces
38. Communications and Computer Networks
39. Fault Analysis in Mechatronic Systems
40. Logic System Design
41. Synchronous and Asynchronous Sequential Systems
43. Control with Embedded Computers and Programmable Logic Controllers
SECTION VI: Software and Data Acquisition
44. Introduction to Data Acquistition
45. Measurement Techniques: Sensors and Transducers
46. A/D and D/A Conversion
47. Signal Conditioning
48. Computer-Based Instr umentation Systems
49. Software Design and Development
50. Data Recording and Logging
"Robert H. Bishop"
A Darkness At Sethanon
Adolf Hitler Mein Kampf
Electrify Your Sex Life
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Hazrat Moulana Muhammad Qamaruzaman D.B
Thus Spoke Hazrat Shaikh
Al Qamar Publications
Maulana Maseehullah Khan Sahib (R.A)
Moulana Muhammad Farooq Saheb (R.A)
My name is SHABBIR AHMED ISMAIL LULAT.I was born in the year 1935, village of Kapodra, District Bharuch, INDIA. We had a lot of pious people in our village who had made Bayt at the hand of famous Shaykhs of that time like Hazrat Hakimul Ummat Moulana Ashraf Ali Thanvi R.A. My respected parents had also made Bayt at the hands of Hakimul Ummat. My maternal grandfather and grandmother made Bayt to Hazrat Moulana Shabbir Usmani R.A. which made a significant influence in my life.
After I completed my Secondary school education in India, I came to Zambia in 1953 which was then Northern Rhodesia at the age of 18. I worked for 2 years and four months after which I returned to India in 1956 to get married. I stayed in India for 2 years where I was in the company of my respected father who was a very learned and pious man. I was also in the company of Moulana Abdullah Ismail Patel Kapodrawi . Being in the company of these two noble men helped me greatly in dealing with both deeni and dunyawi (wordly) matters. It also made me a mature person.
In 1958, I returned to Zambia and with Allah's grace and guidance, my mentor Haji Suleiman Patel helped me start my own business. Alhamdulillah, Allah gave me a lot of barkat whereby I finally retired in 1999. I am blessed by Allah with two sons and one daughter and also with grandchildren.
During this period, a lot of Ulema came to Zambia.Alhamdulillah, through my effort, Moulana Ehtesamul Haq Thanvi R.A, Moulana Abrar Dhulwi R.A. and many more respected Ulema came to Zambia.
When Shaykh Zakaria R.A came to Zambia, I made Bayt on his hands and met him twice in Madinah Munawwarah. After his demise, I made Bayt to my present Shaykh Hazrat Moulana Muhammad Qamaruzaman D.B, as far as I remember in the year 2000 and with his guidance I made a lot of spiritual progress. Alhamdulillah, I was given khilafat for all the four silsilah on 2nd September 2004.
Hazrat Moulana Zulfiqar Ahmed Naqshbandi travelled to Gujarat, India and gave numerous lectures during his visit there. These lectures were published as a book "Sukun-e-Dil". Alhamdulillah I contributed to 75% of the cost of publishing this kitaab. Moulana Salahuddin Saifi who published the kitaab told me, "Shabbir Bhai, aapne thawab-e-zariya kamaliya (you have earned continuous rewards)". It was at this time that I realized that publishing kitaabs can also earn thawab-e-zariya. All this time I was contributing in publishing lots of kitaabs but I did not realize its value and importance.
After consultation with a lot of Ulema-e-kiraam, I found out that our Akabirin-e-Deoband's kitaabs are not available in English and a vast majority of Muslims don't understand the Urdu language. So my Shaykh Moulana Muhammad Qamaruzaman D.B., Moulana Abdullah Kapodrawi D.B. and Moulana Saleem Dhorat D.B. gave me permission to translate all there kitaabs in English. But finding a translator was a big challenge. One day, Hazrat Moulana Abdul-Hamid D.B of Darul-uloom Azaadville came to Zambia and I sought his help and guidance. He put me in contact with Moulana Mahomed Mahomedy of Verulam, South Africa.Alhamdulillah, the translation and publishing began.
In the year 2014, I was in the U.K. where several young Muslims came to see me and they requested me to put my kitaabs on the internet by creating a website. By Allah's will, brother Salim Mayet of Durban helped me create a website which is named www.AlQamarPublications.com. Feedback and reviews will be appreciated.
23rd Jumaadul-ukhra 1436.
13th April 2015.
Shabbir Ahmed Ismail Lulat
Plot 1110 Obote Road,
P.O Box 31844, Lusaka, Zambia.
Al Qamar Publications is a non profit website intended for all to have access to free authentic publications from our Akabireen of Deoband in English , Urdu and Arabic .
May this website also be a means of Sawabe Jariya for the sponsors of this website who have not only financially made this website possible , they have also given their valuable time . Ameen .
Shabbir Bhai
Salim Bhai
Copyright © 2018 Al Qamar Publications | Site by	DEZIGN-IT
Great, Thanks!

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Chemung County considers privatizing dental clinic
The dental clinic serves primarily Medicaid and Family/Child Health Plus patients
Operation of the clinic by the county is no longer financially sustainable, officials say
If transfer of ownership is approved, the clinic would remain at the Chemung County Health Center.
Chemung County Executive Tom Santulli is recommending to the County Legislature that the county transfer the operating certificate and ownership of the County Dental Clinic to Regional Primary Care Network, Inc.
The clinic is housed in the Chemung County Health Center and would continue to be operated at this location.
The clinic has been operated by the county for 30 years and remains one of a handful of county-run clinics still in operation in New York State, according to a news release.
The primary mission of the clinic is to provide access to dental services for individuals covered by Medicaid and Family/Child Health Plus.
Due to current regulatory and fiscal constraints, the clinic is not financially viable and is expected to continue to operate at a significant deficit due to insufficient reimbursement for services, Santulli said.
In 2013, the dental clinic served nearly 2,500 patients.
By transferring the dental clinic to Regional Primary Care Network, a federally qualified health center, that agency will receive higher reimbursements which will allow for its continued operation, the news release said.
RPCN will be open to all individuals regardless of county residency or source of payment.
If the legislature approves the clinic transfer, it must still be approved by the state Health Department. County officials hope to have the change completed by the end of the year.


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Our Board & Advisory Council
Help Our Kids
Adult Recess: A Celebration of Childhood
Kids In The Middle Proudly Presents
Kids In The Middle helps families transition to a new way of life before, during and after separation and divorce for the sake of creating healthier futures for all involved.
Proceeds from the event will provide counseling services for children and their families.
Saturday, March 28, 2020 | 6:00 PM
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Occurs annually but very sparsely mainly on west Spitsbergen and on Bjørnøya. Groups of more than two pairs or an autumn flock (brood of young) are rare.
Features: 51-62 cm. A slim duck of Mallard size. Females, juveniles and males in eclipse plumage (late summer plumage) are speckled brown and can then be easily confused with closely related species like Mallard and Gadwall (very rare visitor).
Breeding: Probably makes annual breeding attempts by fresh water with fertile vegetation. Has been found breeding in Adventdalen, in Ny-Ålesund and on Bjørnøya.


Burtonsville Driving School offers the 3-Hour Alcohol & Drug Education Program now online and in person. This three-hour class is required by the Maryland MVA for drivers who have a valid driver's license from another country and want to apply for a Maryland driver's license.
In order to take the class please bring a valid picture ID. The cost for the class is $50.
To take the class online, please click on the link and follow instructions.


DC will host a FREE Smartphone Sanity Training Seminar for Parents on Tuesday, November 13 at 7:00pm at the school's Upper Campus located at 462 Malin Road in Newtown Square. This powerful presentation will be led by David Eaton, President and Co-Founder of AXIS.
The AXIS Organization speaks to over 30,000 students and parents annually with the express goal of helping students and families think clearly and critically about what they believe and to take ownership of their faith. This particular seminar gives parents all the practical information to help families bring balance back to their relationship with technology and each other.
What age should your child get a phone, and what to do if they already have one.
How to use iOS 12 and Google Family Link to control your child's smartphone.
How not to be a jerk since you will literally be able to control their phone.
The seven domains of Smartphone accountability.
How to avoid legal trouble from smartphone misuse.
The biggest smartphone sneaks your child may be using.
Specifics about sexting, smartphone gossip, and screen addiction.
Four important Biblical conversations that will help you grow in trust with your pre-teen and teen as you set phone boundaries.


JAMMU, Sept 20: Well, in the medical field, everyday one has to face complicated cases, but there are some cases that become an example. In Amandeep Medicity, Amritsar, a rare case came few days ago. 58 year old woman Harjit Kaur (name changed), resident of Chheharta, Amritsar whose stature was just 4 feet 6 inches, body weight 77 kg and the body diameter 1.72 sq m. The woman's neck was too small and the veins of the neck did not appear properly due to the high obesity. The legs were too thick. The patient was having constant pain in the chest and was getting chocked & unstable angina. On examination in the hospital, it was found that the blood vessels of the heart (Aortic Anulus) are too small in size and due to obesity, the heart walls got swollen which caused the heart to require more oxygen to work properly and the heart was functioning 25% only (ELVF 25%). For this reason, heart was requiring more power to function properly.
Dr. Bhawna Singh, HOD CTVS & Dr. Manish Arora, HOD Cardiac Anesthesia, Amandeep Medicity concluded after a meeting with their team to go for the bypass surgery of the patient with 3 grafts & valve replacement. The patient's heart was functioning only 25 per cent & the risk was too high. The team of doctors decided to do the surgery by putting the heart on the "heart-lung machine". The heart was placed on a "heart-lung machine" for 3 hours 40 minutes and the team of doctors started the surgery. After all, the hard work of 8 hours did a miracle and the surgery was successful. Dr. The experienced team of Dr Bhawna Singh succeeded in giving the patient new life.


The most recent miracle plant would need vast areas of land to produce relatively little energy.
Just when it seemed the hype over biofuels was finally dying down, the New York Times gave biofuel producers a Christmas present.
The story says that SGB has made significant advances in hybridizing the jatropha plant, thereby increasing its potential yield of oil-bearing seeds. That may be true. But the article completely ignores the fundamental problem with all biofuels: Even after our best hybridization efforts, they still have very low power density. (Power density is a measure of the energy flow that can be harnessed from a given area, volume, or mass.) The result of that paltry power density: Biofuel plantations (as well as wind projects) require vast amounts of land to produce relatively small amounts of energy.
#ad#The hype over jatropha — a tropical plant whose seeds contain a type of oil that can be converted into a substitute for refined petroleum products — has been astonishing. In 2007, Goldman Sachs claimed that jatropha was probably the best feedstock for biodiesel production. Biofuel startup companies raised tens of millions of dollars for jatropha projects. But all of that hype evaporated over the next few years as jatropha yields turned out to be far lower than predicted.
Woody points out that there is tremendous interest in plant-based biofuels because airlines see them as a possible hedge against fluctuating oil prices and also "as a way to comply with government mandates that require the use of low-carbon fuels." Airlines might well be counting on biofuels, but Woody — like nearly every other reporter in the mainstream media who covers biofuels — doesn't bother to look at our current demand for jet fuel, or to compare it with the amount of energy we might reasonably expect to get from jatropha.
Seventy million gallons of jatropha-based jet fuel from 250,000 acres per year is equal to 280 gallons per acre per year, or 6.66 barrels per acre per year. In 2010, global jet-fuel demand was 5.2 million barrels per day, or about 1.9 billion barrels per year.
Bottom line: It would take roughly 285 million acres — 445,000 square miles — of jatropha to satisfy our annual demand for jet fuel. That's a land area about the size of Texas, Colorado, New York, and Ohio combined. And remember, this doesn't displace any of the demand for gasoline or diesel fuel.
The silliness of such a prospect is obvious.
The hype over renewable energy — and in particular, the hype over biofuels and wind energy — has always hinged on the scientific illiteracy and innumeracy of the public and their politicians. By publishing yet more hype about jatropha, and by ignoring the issue of power density, the New York Times is only helping perpetuate that ignorance.
— Robert Bryce is a senior fellow at the Manhattan Institute. His fifth book, Smaller Faster Lighter Denser Cheaper: How Innovation Keeps Proving the Catastrophists Wrong, will be published in May.


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Obstetrics and Gynecology Resident Interest and Participation in Global Health
Stagg, Amy R. MD; Blanchard, May Hsieh MD; Carson, Sandra A. MD; Peterson, Herbert B. MD; Flynn, Erica B. MS, MBA; Ogburn, Tony MD
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, Washington, DC; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, and Department of Maternal and Child Health, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley School of Medicine, Harlingen, Texas.
Corresponding author: Amy R. Stagg, MD, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114; email: [email protected].
Supported by the Council on Resident Education in Obstetrics and Gynecology (CREOG) and the CREOG Education Committee, both of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists.
The authors thank Andrea Carpentieri for providing statistical analysis for this study.
Sandra A. Carson and Erica B. Flynn are employees of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. All opinions expressed in this article are the authors' and do not necessarily reflect the policies and views of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists.
Each author has indicated that he or she has met the journal's requirements for authorship.
Obstetrics & Gynecology: May 2017 - Volume 129 - Issue 5 - p 911-917
To evaluate obstetrics and gynecology resident interest and participation in global health experiences and elucidate factors associated with resident expectation for involvement.
A voluntary, anonymous survey was administered to U.S. obstetrics and gynecology residents before the 2015 Council on Resident Education in Obstetrics and Gynecology in-training examination. The 23-item survey gathered demographic data and queried resident interest and participation in global health. Factors associated with resident expectation for participation in global health were analyzed by Pearson χ2 tests.
Of the 5,005 eligible examinees administered the survey, 4,929 completed at least a portion of the survey for a response rate of 98.5%. Global health was rated as "somewhat important" or "very important" by 96.3% (3,761/3,904) of residents. "Educational opportunity" (69.2%) and "humanitarian effort" (17.7%) were cited as the two most important aspects of a global health experience. Residents with prior global health experience rated the importance of global health more highly and had an increased expectation for future participation. Global health electives were arranged by residency programs for 18.0% (747/4,155) of respondents, by residents themselves as an elective for 44.0% (1,828/4,155), and as a noncredit experience during vacation time for 36.4% (1,514/4,155) of respondents. Female gender, nonpartnered status, no children, prior global health experience, and intention to incorporate global health in future practice were associated with expectations for a global health experience.
Most obstetrics and gynecology residents rate a global health experience as somewhat or very important, and participation before or during residency increases the perceived importance of global health and the likelihood of expectation for future participation. A majority of residents report arranging their own elective or using vacation time to participate, suggesting that residency programs have limited structured opportunities.
The majority of obstetrics and gynecology residents believe that a global health experience is important, although limited structured opportunities are currently available in residency programs.
The Executive Board of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (the College) issued a policy statement (July 2012) that endorsed women's health and rights globally,1 emphasizing the need for health care in settings where health disparities result in a higher burden of disease2 and increased maternal morbidity and mortality.3 Improving women's health care in low-resource settings was highlighted by the United Nations Millennium Development Goals, which promote gender equality and maternal and child health,4 and is a focus of both the recent United Nations Sustainable Development Goals and the Secretary General's Global Strategy for Women's, Children's, and Adolescent's Health.5,6
Resident and medical student interest in global health has paralleled the increased attention in worldwide health care disparities. Data from the Association of American Medical Colleges indicate that 65% of incoming students want a global health opportunity during medical school,7 with participation increasing from 6% to 31% over the past 20 years.8 Resident surveys demonstrate that global health electives are highly rated, increase recruitment to residency programs, and foster long-term global health involvement,9–12 yet only an estimated 17% of obstetrics and gynecology residency programs offer structured global health electives.13
In response to the increased commitment to and focus on global health, the Council on Resident Education in Obstetrics and Gynecology (CREOG) developed and administered a resident survey with the following goals: 1) understand the extent of interest and participation in global health experiences among residents, 2) analyze factors that influence participation in global health experiences, and 3) assess intent to incorporate global health into future practice.
A 23-item survey, developed and tested by members of CREOG and the CREOG Education Committee, queried demographics, motivation, experience, and future intent to participate in global health (Fig. 1). The survey was created in response to concerns brought to CREOG by residency program directors regarding an increased interest, from both residents and applicants, in global health experiences. The survey was distributed to all U.S. obstetrics and gynecology residency programs participating in the 2015 CREOG in-training examination. The survey was voluntary and did not require completion of any one question to advance to the subsequent question. Respondents completed and returned the survey to the site proctor before starting the CREOG in-training examination. The surveys were returned by each residency program to CREOG in a separate packet from the examinations.
Portion of Council on Resident Education in Obstetrics and Gynecology global health survey.Stagg. Resident Interest in Global Health. Obstet Gynecol 2017.
Survey forms were created using Concord Form Design Software 6.0, published by Data Blocks (www.datablocks.com). Returned surveys were scanned on a Fujitsu fi-4340C scanner using Remark Office OMR 8.0 (www.gravic.com). This software marks recognition errors in scanned fields for manual review; handwritten fields were individually reviewed and coded. Scanned and reviewed data were saved to a tab-delimited data file, which was imported and analyzed in SPSS 20.0.0.
Results of each question were reported by number and percent of responses to each answer choice. Blank responses and multiple responses for a question were excluded. Additionally, participants were excluded entirely if they either did not respond to the postgraduate year (PGY) question or responded as "other" as nonresident participants (residency program directors sometimes take the CREOG examination). Some demographic responses were grouped for analysis such as partner status (three "nonpartnered" answer choices combined into one) and future primary clinical practice focus (different types of nonsubspecialty practices grouped into one). The relationship between resident characteristics and expected participation in a global health elective during residency was analyzed by the Pearson χ2 test. A P value of <.01 was considered significant. Residents who responded "don't know" to the question of "expected participation in a global health experience" were not included in this analysis. Pearson χ2 analysis was also used to compare the cohort of residents who answered the question of "the importance of global health" (Fig. 1, question 8) with those who left it blank.
This study was reviewed and deemed exempt by the College's institutional review board.
Of, 5,056 U.S. participants who took the 2015 CREOG in-training examination, 19 were excluded for no response and 32 for a response of "other" for their PGY status, leaving 5,005 eligible participants (Table 1). Of the 5,005 eligible participants, 4,929 completed at least a portion of the survey for a response rate of 98.5%. Blank responses increased with progression through the survey with a question response rate of 97.4% (4,803/4,929) for the first question after the demographic section and 72.7% (3,581/4,929) for the last question.
Demographics of Obstetrics and Gynecology Resident Respondents
Of the residents who rated the importance of a global health experience, 33.6% (1,313/3,904) rated it as "very important," 62.7% (2,448/3,904) as "somewhat important," and 3.7% (143/3,904) as "not important." When asked about the most important aspect of a global health experience, 69.2% (2,993/4,326) indicated educational opportunities (Fig. 1, question 1, response options 1–4: 20.7%, 18.0%, 15.3%, and 15.3%, respectively) and 17.7% (764/4,326) indicated humanitarian opportunity as most important; 12.2% (524/4,326) indicated it was a "chance to see the world" or "not important." The response rate for this question was 79.2% (3,904/4,929). Pearson χ2 analysis of characteristics of the 1,025 residents with a blank response as compared with the 3,904 who completed the question demonstrated that there was a significant association between answering this question and having a global health experience before or during residency (P<.001 for both). Of the 1,025 residents who left this question blank, 33.1% had a global health experience before residency and 1.0% had a global health experience during residency as compared with 60.7% and 10.8%, respectively, who completed the question.
Before residency, 54.9% (2,660) of respondents had a global health experience. Of these, 38.9% (1,034) expected to have one during residency. Conversely, 17.5% (378/2,158) of those without a previous global health experience expected to have one during residency. When residents who had a global health experience before residency rated the importance of global health (2,322), 43.5% (1,010) rated a global health experience as "very important," 54.7% (1,271) as "somewhat important," and 1.8% (48) as "not important." Of the residents who did not have a global health experience before residency (1,481), 19.9% (294) rated a global experience as "very important," 77.3% (1,145) as "somewhat important," and 2.8% (42) as "not important."
Global health experience during residency considerably increased the rating of the importance of global health and intent to incorporate it into future practice (Table 2). Additionally, global health experiences were more common as respondents progressed through their residency as follows: 1.7% (22/1,286) of PGY-1s, 3.5% (44/1,241) of PGY-2s, 10.5% (129/1,223) of PGY-3s, and 19.4% (229/1,179) of PGY-4s.
The Effect of a Global Health Experience During Residency
Of the 4,816 residents who responded to the question of whether they intended to have a global health experience during residency, 29.6% (1,427) expected to have one, 50.7% (2,444) did not, and 19.6% (945) were not sure. When residents who expected to have a global health experience during residency rated the importance of global health, 60.3% (841/1,394) rated global health as "very important," 38.9% (542/1,394) as "somewhat important," and 0.8% (11/1,394) as "not important." Of those who did not expect to have a global health experience during residency, 19.7% (308/1,564) rated global health as "very important," 77.1% (1,206/1,564) as "somewhat important," and 3.2% (50/1,564) as "not important."
Residency programs administer a global health elective differently. Of 4,155 respondents, 18.0% (747) reported their residency program would arrange the elective, 44.0% (1,828) would arrange the elective themselves, 36.4% (1,514) would arrange it themselves as a noncredit experience during vacation time, and 1.6% (66) reported it was a required rotation. Of the 409 residents who had a global health experience during residency and indicated how it was administered, 26.4% (108) had it arranged by the residency, 42.1% (172) arranged their own elective, 25.4% (104) used vacation time, and 6.1% (25) had a required rotation.
Female gender, residents with no partner, residents with no children, having a global health experience before residency, and a plan to incorporate global health into future practice were all significantly associated with expectation for a global health experience during residency (Table 3). Training in community-based compared with university-based residency programs did not significantly affect resident expectation for a global health experience. The same held true for residents anticipating nonsubspecialist compared with subspecialist practice with the exception of those who intended to become reproductive endocrinology and infertility subspecialists, who were less likely to expect to participate.
Resident Characteristics and Expectation for Participation in Global Health
This national survey of obstetrics and gynecology residents reveals a strong interest in a global health experience during residency training. Participation in global health electives during medical school and residency was associated with a greater perceived importance of global health and increased the desire for future global health involvement. This study also highlights the fact that that many residency programs do not provide organized global health experiences; residents often need to arrange their own global health elective or use their vacation time to participate.
To understand how to bridge the gap between trainee interest in global health and developing structured global health electives, coming to a shared definition of the term "global health" is important. "Global health" grew out of "international health," which focused on activities that prevented the spread of epidemics between national borders beginning in the late 19th century. Global health was initially used interchangeably with international health but has come to mean much more, because it now encompasses the goal of improving worldwide health through the reduction of health care disparities.14 Many U.S. medical schools and residencies have developed curricula for global health rotations, yet there is currently no standardization of what these educational experiences entail. U.S. low-resource settings may also be underutilized for these experiences. Additionally, the burden of overseeing these rotations often falls to program directors who may have no background or training in global health.15
Predeparture training and experienced faculty mentorship are thought to be essential elements of a dedicated global health education curriculum for medical students and residents.16,17 Ethical considerations are also a crucial component of a global health curriculum to ensure sustainable practices, appropriate supervision, and proper care in low-resource settings.18–20 However, a recent survey of U.S. obstetrics and gynecology program directors demonstrates that few dedicated global health training programs exist.21 A model for such a program was described in a single surgical residency.22 This residency track focuses on mentoring from experienced global health faculty; building skills to deliver care in resource-limited settings; promoting ethical conduct in vulnerable populations; and developing relationships, through both clinical and research efforts, tailored to the needs of the underresourced country. Such a program, however, requires significant financial resources and global health faculty investment—which are unlikely to be feasible for many residency programs.
We identified a number of characteristics of obstetrics and gynecology residents that were associated with interest in a global health experience. Our results showed that having a partner or children, which might be considered to be a "personal commitment," was associated with less interest in participating in global health. This was also seen in a survey of female pelvic medicine and reconstructive surgery fellows.23 Female residents were also more likely to expect a global health experience as compared with their male counterparts. Our finding that both previous experience and planned future participation were positively associated with expectation for global health participation is consistent with smaller resident surveys, which demonstrate that having an established global health program in residency is correlated with both increased residency recruitment and continued future integration of global health in practice.9–12
Strengths of our study include the large number of obstetrics and gynecology resident respondents across varying types of residency programs throughout all regions of the United States. An important limitation is that the survey focused on just one medical specialty. The cross-sectional aspect of the study also has inherent limitations and results may differ if the study is completed over a different timeframe with this cohort or with future resident cohorts. Another limitation is the loss of respondents as they progressed through the survey, as an increased proportion of residents with a global health experience completing the entire survey.
In summary, this study demonstrates that the majority of U.S. obstetrics and gynecology residents rate a global health experience as important, and many expect to have a global health experience during training. Additionally, the study identifies that the majority of residents plan their own global health elective or use their own vacation time for this experience, suggesting that residency programs may need access to more organized global health opportunities led by global health faculty who can sustain ethically responsible educational experiences. Given the cost of building such programs within each medical school or center, centralization of this endeavor—either regionally through academic centers or nationally through organizations such as the College—may expedite these efforts.
1. The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Statement of policy: global women's health and rights. Available at: https://www.acog.org/-/media/Statements-of-Policy/Public/2012GlobalWmHlthRights.pdf?dmc=1&ts=20160509T1416333138. Retrieved May 9, 2016.
2. Kerry VB, Walensky RP, Tsai AC, Bergmark RW, Bergmark BA, Rouse C, et al. US medical specialty global health training and the global burden of disease. J Glob Health 2013;3:020406.
3. Lozano R, Naghavi M, Foreman K, Lim S, Shibuya K, Aboyans V, et al. Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet 2012;380:2095–128.
4. Nour NM. Preparing for global women's health work. Rev Obstet Gynecol 2013;6:89–92.
5. United Nations Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform. Sustainable development goals. Available at: https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/?menu=1300. Retrieved September 23, 2016.
6. World Health Organization. Global strategy for women's children's and adolescents' health, 2016–2030. Available at: http://www.who.int/life-course/partners/global-strategy/global-strategy-2016-2030/en/. Retrieved September 23, 2016.
7. Nour NM. Preparing for global women's health. In: Nour NM, editor. Obstetrics and gynecology in low-resource settings. Boston (MA): Harvard University Press; 2016:8
8. Nelson BD, Kasper J, Hibberd PL, Thea DM, Herlihy JM. Developing a career in global health: considerations for physicians-in-training and academic mentors. J Grad Med Educ 2012;4:301–6.
9. Powell AC, Casey K, Liewehr DJ, Hayanga A, James TA, Cherr GS. Results of a national survey of surgical resident interest in international experience, electives, and volunteerism. J Am Coll Surg 2009;208:304–12.
10. Bazemore AW, Henein M, Goldenhar LM, Szaflarski M, Lindsell CJ, Diller P. The effect of offering international health training opportunities on family medicine residency recruiting. Fam Med 2007;39:255–60.
11. Castillo J, Castillo H, Ayoub-Rodriguez L, Jennings JE, Jones K, Oliver S, et al. The resident decision-making process in global health education: appraising factors influencing participation. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 2012;51:462–7.
12. Nathan LM, Banks EH, Conroy EM, McGinn AP, Ghartey JP, Wagner SA, et al. Global health training in US obstetrics and gynaecology residency programmes: perspectives of students, residents and programme directors. Postgrad Med J 2015;91:685–91.
13. Hung KJ, Tsai AC, Johnson TR, Walensky RP, Bangsberg DR, Kerry VB. Scope of global health training in U.S. obstetrics and gynecology residency programs. Obstet Gynecol 2013;122:1101–9.
14. Koplan JP, Bond TC, Merson MH, Reddy KS, Rodriguez MH, Sewankambo NK, et al. Towards a common definition of global health. Lancet 2009;373:1993–5.
15. Liu Y, Zhang Y, Liu Z, Wang J. Gaps in studies of global health education: an empirical literature review. Glob Health Action 2015;8:25709.
16. Wallace LJ, Webb A. Pre-departure training and the social accountability of International Medical Electives. Educ Health (Abingdon) 2014;27:143–7.
17. Association of Professors of Gynecology and Obstetrics. Clinical care in low-resource settings: preparing providers and fostering leaders. Available at: https://www.apgo.org/grants-awards/apgo-medical-education-endowment-fund-grant-program/clinical-care-in-low-resource-settings-preparing-providers-and-fostering-leaders/. Retrieved September 6, 2016.
18. Bozinoff N, Dorman KP, Kerr D, Roebbelen E, Rogers E, Hunter A, et al. Toward reciprocity: host supervisor perspectives on international medical electives. Med Educ 2014;48:397–404.
19. Melby MK, Loh LC, Evert J, Prater C, Lin H, Khan OA. Beyond medical 'missions' to impact-driven short-term experiences in global health (STEGHs): ethical principles to optimize community benefit and learner experience. Acad Med 2016;91:633–8.
20. Ethical considerations for performing gynecologic surgery in low-resource settings abroad. Committee Opinion No. 466. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Obstet Gynecol 2010;116:793–9.
21. Eichelberger KY, Morse JE, Connolly A, Autry M. Opportunities and barriers in global women's health training during obstetrics and gynecology residencies in the USA. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2015;128:148–51.
22. Swain JD, Matousek AC, Scott JW, Cooper Z, Smink DS, Bolman RM III, et al. Training surgical residents for a career in academic global surgery: a novel training model. J Surg Educ 2015;72:e104–10.
23. Mishra K, Lopes VV, Hampton BS. Global health interest among female pelvic medicine and reconstructive surgery fellows. J Reprod Med 2015;60:501–6.
Obstetrics & Gynecology129(5):911-917, May 2017.
Articles in PubMed by Amy R. Stagg, MD
Articles in Google Scholar by Amy R. Stagg, MD
Other articles in this journal by Amy R. Stagg, MD
Journal Club - May 2017
Creating Flexible and Sustainable Work Models for Academic Obstetrician–Gynecologists Engaged in Global Health Work
A Comprehensive Evaluation of Obstetrics and Gynecology Residencies' Global Health Training Programs
The Relationship Between Female Genital Cutting and Obstetric Fistulae
Asian Ethnicity and Poor Outcomes After In Vitro Fertilization Blastocyst Transfer
Evaluation of the Protein C Global Assay During Normal Pregnancy and After Assisted Reproduction


Those pushing for this legislation from the creative community should be the first to want our literary and artistic heritage preserved.
But the needs of the present, or at least the profits, seem to be more pressing.
Well, if Harper ignores all the public and business groups on this digital locks issue, and gets away with it, then he sets a precedent to be free to ignore anything else he feels like.
That, I believe, is more scary. Just look at the how deep the hole the corruption of media control in the Italian government's hands has led them. It's an extreme example, Canada is nowhere near that level, but a real life one none the less. Too much control is just as bad as not enough.
Listen to the public on this issue, Harper. Listen or be doomed to repeat the mistakes of others.
The Harper Government already ignores people who don't agree with what their party is trying to do. The problem now is they can do that without being held accountable by the opposition since he doesn't need to make them happy anymore to get things passed in Parliament.
Excellent job by the CCA! Instead of just limiting their recommendation to their own small community, they must have realized that average Canadians have the same problem: formats becoming obsolete.
I have a large collection of Atari 800 and Commodore Amiga software that are on floppy disks and most are protected by copy-protection schemes. Not only can I not currently read the Atari 5.25″ and Amiga 880kb 3.5″ floppies, they are also long past the shelf life for magnetic media and are/will become unreadable and the content forever lost to me. Regarding CDs and DVDs, while the medium itself is still current, for individual (pressed) discs degradation can happen as well. Collectively this phenomenon is known as "bit rot" and the only remedy is regular backups (and even more frequent backups of backups).
I just participated to a democratic process called "elections".
Stop reading this and go vote too! Now!
@Napalm: Perhaps you were unaware that C-32 (now C-11) is a federal bill. The last federal election was several months ago. The next one will not be for several years. In the interim, provincial or civic elections will not have any impact on it. The government that is in power controls over 50% of the seats in parliament, and appear to have no compunction about ignoring anyone who disagrees with them on this bill (which is every other party in parliament, actually).
Let's make permission to use digital locks dependent on first filing unprotected copies with several national archives. There may be restrictions on when the archives can release the materials, but they are guaranteed to become public eventually.
Perhaps you were unaware that, while it is established that copyright is of federal jurisdiction, it is not clear that TPMs, especially when not connected to copyright issues, are the business of the feds.
If it proves later that they are of provincial competence, your provincial election vote counts.
We don't need no archives. They might end up on something like Wikileaks and become embarrassing. Better curb this from the beginning.


text:
Giles DAVIS [Parents] [scrapbook] was born 1 on 23 Jul 1776 in East Molesey, Surrey, England, United Kingdom. He was christened 2 on 13 Aug 1776 in East Molesey, Surrey, England, United Kingdom. He died 3 on 16 Apr 1843 in Chertsey, Surrey, England, United Kingdom. He was buried 4 on 16 Apr 1843 in St. Mary's Church, Walton Upon Thames Parish, Surrey, England. Giles married 5 Jane STRUBELL on 27 Oct 1803 in West Molesey, Surrey, England, United Kingdom.
Giles had a will 6 on 24 Mar 1843 in Walton on Thames, Surrey, England, United Kingdom. His will was probated 7 on 14 Jun 1843.
Will of Giles Davis
PRO National Archives Probate 11/1980 Image Reference 296
This is my Last will and Testament
I give to my wife Jane Davis, all my freehold property for her natural life. I also give unto my wife Jane Davis all my house hold furniture, linen, plates, books and __ in trade and books debts out of which she is to pay all my lawful debts and whatever remains to be all at her own disposal as she thinks is proper with at the ___ of my wife Jane Davis. I give my son John Davis the freehold house, shop and other buildings and premises now occupied by me by his paying ___ ___ hundred pounds the mortgage now on it and also paying his sister Ann Davis thirty pounds and his sister Eliza Davis thirty pounds. I also give to my son Giles Davis the freehold house and premises now occupied by ___ Rogerson. I also give to my son Giles Davis the freehold cottages and land at Haversham (?) occupied by Thomas Greyhorn (?) and other by his paying to his sister Agnes Davis 40 pounds and his sister Susannah Coulber (?) 40 pounds and his sister Ann Davis ten pounds and his sister Eliza Davis ten pounds. Giles Davis my last will March 24, 1843 witnesses Richard Strubell, Isaac Delarne (?) Humphrey Saylor (?)
On the 14th day of June 1843 admon. with the will annexed of the goods chattels and profits of Giles Davis late of Walton on Thames in the county of Surrey ___ for deceased was granted to Jane Davis ___ the relict having been first sworn duly to administor ___ executor or ___ ___ Legatee named in the said will.
Jane STRUBELL was born 1 on 6 Jan 1783 in East Molesey, Surrey, England, United Kingdom. She was christened on 19 Jan 1783 in East Molesey, Surrey, England, United Kingdom. Jane married 2 Giles DAVIS on 27 Oct 1803 in West Molesey, Surrey, England, United Kingdom.
John ANDREWS. John married 1 Susannah DAVIS on 7 Dec 1799 in Chertsey, Surrey, England, United Kingdom.
Susannah DAVIS [Parents] was born 1 on 11 Sep 1779 in East Molesey, Surrey, England, United Kingdom. She was christened 2 on 26 Sep 1779 in East Molesey, Surrey, England, United Kingdom. Susannah married 3 John ANDREWS on 7 Dec 1799 in Chertsey, Surrey, England, United Kingdom.
Christopher CASTLEN [Parents] was born 1 about 1490 in Tenterden, Kent, England, United Kingdom. He died 2 about 1532 in Tenterden, Kent, England, United Kingdom. Christopher married Winifred in Tenterden, Kent, England, United Kingdom.
30 May 1532 the will of CHRISTOFER CASTELEYN of Tenterden. . to be buried in the churchyard.., to the high altar ...... for wax candles to burn before the sacrament 6s.8d. for masses 4d. every quarter for six years . . . 26s.8d. to be distributed at my burial. . . to Walter Chapman my mare which I bought of Dyer ... to every of my daughters a cow ... to Christofer Blossom a cow ... to Christofer Smythe 10s. ... to Julyane my daughter to her marriage £10.. . Residue of moveable goods to Wenefride my wife and to George my son, wife to be sole executrix and Thomas Fordman and Richard Alcok to be overseers ... to Wenefrede Fowle one cow at age 16.. . Witnesses: Thomas Fordman, Richard Alcokk, Peter Shorte & Walter Chapman Feoffees to suffer my wife to occupy and take profits of lands and tenements for ten years, then to my son George who is to pay to wife five marks per year for duration of her life. . . if George die before age 22, then to daughter Elynore. . . if George die without heirs of his body, then house which John Lambyn occupies to remain to Melderede my daughter. . . if George dies before age 22 then daughter Elynore shall have my house that Manning dwelleth in . . . and the lands at the waterrnyline called the Frydes & the Hooke Hame & the Mad To... also, if George dies before age 22, then the Great Stone teke and the Little Stone teke and the Byrchett and the Field in the lane which I bought of William Casteleyne to go to Julyane my daughter. . . and my house and lands called Bokys Hall to Mildrede my daughter. . . wife to have 12 loads of fuel wood every year as long as she is a widow, or for 10 years if she remarry.., for masses for my soul and for parents for 7 years 6s.8d. yearly. .. to my sister Stedeman a cow. No date of probate. (Archdeaconry of Canterbury Wills, 21:58 & FHL # 188930)
Winifred 1. Winifred married Christopher CASTLEN in Tenterden, Kent, England, United Kingdom.
Julyane CASTLEN.
Mar.________ Harris; had a son Thomas
M ii George CASTLEN was born about 1523. He died about 1592.
F iii
Ellinor CASTLEN.
F iv Mildred CASTLEN.
John DALLET 1. John married 2 Rachel CASTLEN in Tenterden, Kent, England, United Kingdom.
Rachel CASTLEN [Parents] was christened 1 on 8 Sep 1553 in Tenterden, Kent, England, United Kingdom. Rachel married 2 John DALLET in Tenterden, Kent, England, United Kingdom.
Richard CASTLEN [scrapbook] was born 1 about 1455 in Tenterden, Kent, England, United Kingdom. He died 2 about 1525 in Tenterden, Kent, England, United Kingdom. Richard married Joanna 3 in Tenterden, Kent, England, United Kingdom.
RICHARD CASTLEN (Thomas, Robert) was born at Tenterden, Kent, about 1455, and died there testate about 1525. He may be the son of Thomas Castlen and his wife Joanna, the testatrix of 1494, but proof is lacking. The language of Joanna Castlen's will is too indefinite to draw conclusions, although Richard did name his first-mentioned child Thomasina, the feminine of Thomas. An abstract of his will follows:
20 April 1525 the will of RICHARD CASTELYN. . to be buried in the churchyard of Saint Mildred the Virgin in Tenterden. . . to the high altar 3s.4d. . . to the maintenance of Jesus Light 8d. . to the poor 20s. at my burial, 20s. one month later. . . for a yearly obit for 7 years 6s 8d. ......... to every of my godchildren 4d...... to John Iddenden the son of my daughter Thomasson 6s.8d. at age 20 ... to Agnes Iddenden the daughter of the said Thomasyne 6s.8d. at time of her marriage to Richard Marrant the son of John Marrant 6s.8d. at age 20.. to Julyane Marrant 6s.8d. at marriage residue to Christopher Castelyn my son, he to be executor. Overseer to be Sir John Castelyn my son. Witnesses: Thomas Born John Marrant and Willyam Hoigges. Feoffees to deliver to my son Christopher all properties in Tenterden and Rolvynden, paying unto Sir John Castelyn his brother $10 at 20s. per year . . . Alice Marrant my daughter to have my house which I have divided for her for life, . . . then to the heirs of Alice. . if Christopher or his heirs make any claim against the house, then she shall have 2 pieces of land called the Burchett and the Swyre. Proved 8 May 1525. (Archdeaconry of Canterbury, 16:293 & FHL # 188927)
Joanna 1. Joanna married Richard CASTLEN in Tenterden, Kent, England, United Kingdom.
F i Thomasine CASTLEN.
F ii Alice CASTLEN.
M iii Christopher CASTLEN was born about 1490. He died about 1532.
John CASTLEN was born 1 about 1488.
JOHN, b about 1488; undoubtely the priest "John Castelyn clerk. . . of the age of lx yeres," in 1548, of Chilliam, Kent, mentioned in Kent Chantries (Kent Archaeological Society, Records Branch, Vol. 12, 1936, p 105-6); d testate 1553
Peter SHORT.
Mildred CASTLEN [Parents] 1. Mildred married Peter SHORT in Tenterden, Kent, England, United Kingdom.
MILDRED; m. Peter Short of Tenterden. The Visitation of Kent, 16194621, Vol. 42, states that Peter Short of Tenterden in Mildreda.filia Castelinl de' Tenterden & had ch.: Peter, Edward, George
Stephen EDDENDEN.
Thomasine CASTLEN [Parents]. Thomasine married Stephen EDDENDEN in Tenterden, Kent, England, United Kingdom.
THOMASINE; m Stephen Eddenden. Stephen Edynden of Bidenden in his will of 2 Dec. 1518, proved 13 Dec. (A. of C., 14:63 & FHL # 188926) bequeathed to his wife Thomasine & his ch. John, Agnes & Richard
John MARRANT.
Alice CASTLEN [Parents] 1. Alice married John MARRANT in Tenterden, Kent, England, United Kingdom.
ALICE; m John Marrant; ch.: Richard, Julyane
William FROST was born 1 about 1500 in Glemsford, Suffolk, England, United Kingdom. He died 2 in 1549 in Glemsford, Suffolk, England, United Kingdom. William married Phillipa.
WILLIAM FROST of Glemsford, county Suffolk, England, was probably born about 1495-1500. His wife was named Philippa. William died in the summer of 1549, testate. After his death, his widow remarried on 15 September 1552 at Glemsford, John Webb of Lidgate, which is about eight miles from Glemsford. He was a widower, his wife Rose having been buried at Lidgate on 11 February 1551/2. John and Philippa (___) (Frost) Webb had a daughter, Anna, baptized in 1553, so it is apparent that Philippa was probably horn after 1508. Philippa was buried at Lidgate on 20 January 1577/8 and John Webb on 25 July 1558.
A William Frost appears in the Glemsford Subsidy list for 1524 when he was taxed two shillings on £4. An abstract of his will follows.
5 July 1549 - the will of WILLIAM FROST of Glemsford. county Suffolk ... sick in body ... to be buried in the churchyard of Glemsford for tithes forgotten 11s..... to wife Phyllip £5 a year for life ... Roger my eldest son shall pay every year for 4 years this sum ... to wife Phillip her dwelling in these howss of my bed house, including use of parlor, parlor chamber and buttery. Son Roger to keep for my wife 2 beasts during her life and firewood during the 4 years ... Son Roger to have profits and usage of hall lands for 4 years on condition that he see Henry my son relieved with meat, drink and apparell at school or to see him set to a good service. Son Roger to keep house in repair during 4 years. Roger to have plow, cart, 15 head of beasts and bullocks and 40 sheep ... to John my middle son my tenement and lands that were Strutt's except one pightell called Rawlyns, and one piece of land lying in Melfed and a piece of pasture called Rogylles pasture, to him for 4 years to him at his entrance, 2 horses, 5 head of cattle, 15 sheep and after the entrance of the said ,John my middle son into his tenement and land to him given, he shall pay to my wife Phvllip 40s. a year of the said £5, he also to find his mother fire wood ... to my younger son John at the age of 26 my tenement called Rogilles with Rogille's pasture, Rawlings pightell, and a meadow of an acre. And that young John shall have his ease always to carry and drive to his grounds over old John's lands, said brother to pay his brother old John rent of 10s. a year... to son young John a Bullock and 5 sheep ... to son Henry when he reaches age of 26, 2 meadows at Sedmell and Newcroft. If son Roger pays 40 marks within 1 year after Henry reaches 26, then Roger shall have it. To son Roger after the death of his mother, 6 silver spoons. To Jonas Woode my acre of land in Melfyld that I bought of Stynte, at age 26, or £4 which son Roger shall pay him for it. If Jonas die before he reaches 26, son Roger shall pay my 3 daughters' children the said £4. To John Wood the new house at Strut's where he dwells now, for 3 years. paying for reparations 3s.4d. yearly ... To Roger Rysbye my tenement called Rogell with the yard except Rawlins, he to pay 22d. a year for reparations for 3 years ... to my 3 daughters the debt due me by Stephen Tonye and William Merchall. To daughters Audrye and Jane each a seam of barley ... to my sister Jurdon a quarter of barley and a combe of wheat ... If wife remarries, she is not to have her dwelling or beasts but shall have yearly £6 to be paid to her by 2 eldest Sons Roger and John, Roger to pay her £3.13s. and John my eldest son 46s. 8d. Executors: sons Roger and Henry, Wife Phullip to have half my household stuff ... to wife Phullip 2 of my best beds. Witnesses: Robert Stansbye, Giles Fyrman. Proved 15 September 1549. (Ref.: R2121/536 & W1/8/43)
Phillipa was buried on 20 Jan 1577 in Lidgate, Suffolk, England, United Kingdom. Phillipa married William FROST.
WEBB, John
M i Roger FROST was born about 1525. He was buried on 4 Apr 1580.
John FROST was born 1 about 1527 in Glemsford, Suffolk, England, United Kingdom.
JOHN, called "old John" or "middle John". He was one of his father's 2 eldest sons, but since he was also called middle John, Roger must have been the elder of the two; prob. b about 1527-32; m Elizabeth ,who was his wife 7 Dec. 1564 when their twin sons were buried (earlier records do not name the mother); 12 ch. b 1554 - 1576/7
M iii John FROST was born about 1530. He died on 6 Feb 1609.
Henry FROST was born 1 after 1535 in Glemsford, Suffolk, England, United Kingdom.
F v
Audry FROST 1.
F vi
Jane FROST 1.
Richard SCOTT [Parents] 1 was born 2 about 1510 in Glemsford, Suffolk, England, United Kingdom. He was buried on 5 Feb 1564 in Glemsford, Suffolk, England, United Kingdom. Richard married Joanna.
RICHARD SCOTT (Richard, William) of Glemsford, Suffolk, was a clothier and was probably born about 1510, presumably in Glemsford, where he lived and died. His first wife, Joanna, was buried 23 August 1556. Seven weeks later, on 8 October 1556, he and Joan Tollington (or Tollerton) were married. She was the widow of Christopher Tollerton of Cavendish, whose will, dated 12 May 1556, was proved 23 September following. She apparently had a still earlier marriage, for she had a son named Andrew James, according to Richard Scott's will. This was, no doubt, the Andrew who was bequeathed 40s. and a cow by Christopher Tollerton, no surname or relationship given. Richard Scott was buried on 5 February 1564/5. He was then designated as "senior" to distinguish him from a younger Richard Scott also living in Glemsford - a first cousin once removed. His widow, Joan, remarried 26 September 1565 to Thomas Hayward, ap- A parentiy her fourth husband. Richard Scott's will follows.
7 February 1564/5 - the will of Richard Skote of Glemsford, clothier...to he buried in the churchyard of Glemsford...to wife Joan all household stuff that she had before her marriage, etc. and £20...to son Edward Scotte £20...to son Richard Scotte £8 at age 21 to son in law Thomas Warren £5 and my mylche heast...to son in law ,Tohn Froste two leases which I now hare of Mr. Polye of - -Boxsted, and lands at Howldens. and 40s...to son in law William Lellye £5...to two youngest daughters Margaret and Elizabeth £18 which I must bare of Robert Carleton, to be paid at age 20 or marringe...to eldest son John £8...to wife's son Andrew Jeames 40s...residue to be divided among my children that are now married. Executors to he George Hixe and Roger Frost. Witnesses: George Collingwood, Robert Carleton. proved 28 May 1565. (R2/32/171 & W1/151/43)
Joanna was buried 1 on 23 Aug 1556 in Glemsford, Suffolk, England, United Kingdom. Joanna married Richard SCOTT.
M i
John SCOTT 1.
F ii Ann SCOTT was buried on 30 Jul 1588.
Katherine SCOTT was born 1 about 1538 in Glemsford, Suffolk, England, United Kingdom.
Mary SCOTT was born 1 about 1540 in Glemsford, Suffolk, England, United Kingdom.
Edward SCOTT was born 1 about 1540 in Glemsford, Suffolk, England, United Kingdom. He died in 1627 in Glemsford, Suffolk, England, United Kingdom.
Was a clothier


text:
Articles with stub sections, Characters, Game Masters, Reapers
Noise Form(s)
Ovis Cantus
Game Master (by proxy, later officially)
Big Guy
Ram Crotch
Higgy
Voice Actor(s)
Travis Willingham (ENG)
Kenji Takahashi (JP)
Yodai Higashizawa (東沢 洋大, Higashizawa Yōdai) is a character in The World Ends with You, and a Reaper Officer. He's a minor antagonist in the main story and the main antagonist of Another Day.
Higashizawa is a 20-year-old powerhouse overflowing with power and ferocity, Higashizawa can shatter concrete with his fists alone. Although physically dominating, his emotions often get the best of him.
Yodai Higashizawa's appearance in the opening cinematic.
Higashizawa is a dread-locked giant and the Game master during Shiki's Chapter. He chose to follow tradition and wait until late in the game to make his appearance in the game, as opposed to Minamimoto and Konishi who both revealed themselves to the Players early on. His Noise form is a giant, bipedal ram with wings. He is shown to be the only high-ranking officer (Gamemaster and up) to regularly don reaper wings, while most others only reveal them when converting to Noise forms.
He takes great pride in his overwhelming strength and ability to split the ground in two. He also speaks with constant references to food. He has a soft side among the group, as he gets very emotional very quickly. He and Minamimoto didn't get along very well. When he is in a battle, he has several quotes such as "Time for a taste test" or "I'll pound you!" This most likely shows that he treats his battles like he is cooking a meal. After being defeated, unlike the other game masters, he congratulates the players before being erased.
His love of food is referenced in Another Day with Rhyme calling him a "Great Chef."
Nothing is known of his background except that it is hinted that he may have been a student of Megumi Kitaniji.
During the first week of the Reapers Game, Higashizawa acts as Game Master and creates the missions for the players to accomplish. During this time, he sets his sights on Shiki, fascinated by her jealousy of Eri. Higashizawa visits Neku and Shiki on Day 5 and informs Neku that he's dead. On Day 7, he is slain by Neku and Shiki.
In Another Day, he was formerly one of the original developers of Tin Pin Slammer along with Ken Doi (and presumably, Sho Minamimoto). After the failure of the (New) Solid Slammer line, he watched as Tin Pin Slammer became flooded with what he referred to as "generic, mass-produced fiascos" and became obsessed with "purifying" the game. He would ultimately side with the Black Skullers and serve as a "booth babe" at the Molco Slam-Off and took part in the pin theft that ensued.
When the Kindred Spirits finally caught up with the Black Skullers, he finally revealed that he wasn't on the Skuller's side either. He revealed the executive meddling that ultimately resulted in the (new) Solid Slammer's failure, and still held to his plan to purify Tin Pin Slammer. However, Sho Minamimoto arrived with a new Solid Slammer: Omega Kaiser Phoenix. With it, Shuto Dan was able to defeat Higashizawa. Only then did Higashizawa see the error of his ways, and returned to Tin Pin development along with Ken and Sho.
Relationships Edit
This section is a stub. You can help by expanding it.
Higashizawa is loyal to Kitaniji, treating him with respect and a mentor, even after he has become Game master. He seems to be infatuated with Shiki, saying that her jealousy will make her a "delicious meal." Although Minamimoto has made fun of him, he seems to give no reaction to the insults.
Higashizawa's Noise Form, Ovis Cantus
His Noise form is a giant, bipedal ram with wings called Ovis Cantus (オウィスカンタス, Owisu Kantasu, Latin for "singing sheep"). He is an immobile boss. He does nothing except for inhaling (which absorbs Neku's psychs and prevents Shiki from attacking) until enough damage has been dealt, after which the screen will flash (at which point he is invincible), where he will say, "Now we're boiling!!" and start attacking.
His attacks include:
"Time for a taste test." - He inhales, breathing in Neku and Shiki's psychs (if Neku uses a pin, the gauge will act like the pin had been used but the actions of the pin will not be executed, nor will Ovis be damaged, and Shiki's moves won't do anything either). Unavoidable, though the best thing to do would be to stop attacking until Ovis stops inhaling. Most ranged pins, if absorbed, will heal Ovis.
"I'll mince you!" - He swipes his claw across the screen, knocking Neku to the other side of the screen, dodged by moving to the bottom or other side of the screen.
"I'll pound you!" - He pounds his fist to the ground, creating a small shockwave, dodged by moving away from his fists. He also attacks Shiki with this by chopping her with his hand.
"I'll char your bones black!" - Expels balls of energy from his mouth, dodged by dashing away from the energy balls; follows by summoning lightning bolts that damages and immobilizes Neku, dodged by dashing everywhere until the lightning bolts stop coming. He also hits Shiki with a move like this.
"We've preheated LONG ENOUGH!" - He says this once his health bar has been depleted to just the green one. Does nothing, but show that he is almost erased.
The kanji for Higashi-zawa Yo-dai literally translates to: East, swamp, ocean, big.
A scene in the manga shows that Higashizawa has poor arithmetic skills, and even confuses arithmetic with mathematics, allowing Sho Minamimoto to make fun of him.
Like the other two Game Masters (Minamimoto and Konishi) including Kitaniji, Higashizawa's name has the kanji affiliated with his noise form hidden inside it. In this case, the kanji affiliated with Yodai's noise form is part of a kanji in his name (the 洋 (Yo) in Yodai contains the Japanese kanji for sheep (羊).
Out of the three Game Masters, Higashizawa is the most loyal to the Conductor, Kitaniji, to a point that Higashizawa could be considered Kitaniji's right-hand man.
In the Another Day side-chapter, when Neku first enters Molco, Higashizawa is the "booth babe" and refers to Final Fantasy VII by saying "Dilly dally, shilly shally," a line originally said by Tifa Lockhart.
He resembles the hard rock/heavy metal artist and actor Meatloaf.
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> as well as integrating Zest persistence into Quartz, and both failed.
> I don't like having such a critical bug in the code, and knowing about it.
> It is simply not to our general standard, and should not be shipped.
> discontinue its inclusion in our deliverable.