text:
"No one can turn towards eternity if he has not seen in the eyes or on the face of at least one person the shining of eternal life."
About metropolitan Anthony
Life in pictures
Video with metropolitan Anthony
Video about metropolitan Anthony
Read on-line and download
Foundation Council
Friends of the Foundation
Main page - Legacy - Texts - Human values in medicine. 8 May 1974
Metropolitan Anthony of Sourozh
Human values in medicine. 8 May 1974
Bristol Medico-Chirurgical Society
Theme: Suffering and pain, Death, The value of man Place: Medical institutions Period: 1971-1975 Genre: Talk
Our President has been wise enough to give all his appreciation of the lecture I am going to give before he can hear it, so that he can do it in all sincerity, simply on the grounds of hope.
I am afraid I have really little right and reason to be here speaking on my subject, yet Dostoyevsky said in one of his writings that if you are really concerned with something, if you earnestly are interested and committed to something, you have both a right and a duty to speak on it. I am not going to unveil before you what Dr. Barbour called the "tricks of the trade", I am not going either to attempt at discussing the values, ethical problems, which confront us nowadays in detail. I would like to speak of some basic facts of the human values in relation to medicine and dwell perhaps a little bit more on the question of suffering in general and the question of death, its place within our medical, Christian, priestly situation, because I happen to be simultaneously a physician that has defected and a priest.
Immediately after the war, in conjunction with the Nuremberg trials and the various investigations that were made concerning concentration camps, documents came out about the way in which prisoners had been used as guinea pigs for medical research. This is a point at which I would like to start, not indeed to discuss what happened or to describe it but to underline the fact that, from the point of view of the medical tradition, from the point of view of the tradition of medicine since the earliest times, a patient can never be considered as or treated as an objective investigation, as a guinea pig. What makes medicine, I think, a very peculiar branch of human activity is the blending in it of science and of values, approaches, which have nothing to do with science. Compassion is at the root of the medical concern and compassion is not a scientific approach by its very nature. It is a human approach, it can be introduced into, applied to, any branch of human activity, but apart from compassion, without compassion, there is no medicine. A physician who has been nothing but a man of science capable coldly, cold-bloodedly, dispassionately to do the right thing without relating to a patient at all, without having any interest in the patient but only in the exercise of medicine, either in drug therapy or in surgery or in other methods, would not be a physician in the sense in which I hope, I wish we all think of medicine.
I remember a young surgeon who has now a chair of surgery in France with whom we were discussing before the war the advantages or otherwise of anesthetics in one or another operation, and he said plainly that the only purpose of an anesthetic was to make the work easier for the surgeon. Whether the patient suffered or not was totally irrelevant, and I am not putting words into his mouth, it was exactly what he said and meant, he would have carved a patient live if that could be done without disturbance and could be done without making his operating more difficult and more unpleasant — to him. I have met during the war also a young surgeon, not of the French army, who was a prisoner of war. He had a right of access to the soldiers and officers of his own nationality. I offered to serve for him as anesthetist. He shrugged his shoulders and said, "It's soldiers we deal with, they must be prepared to face suffering", and he operated on them without anesthetics whenever it created no problem, and I remember again in one of the cases of his operations a soldier who had an enormous abscess of the leg whom he refused to use anesthetics for. He operated just like this, the man howled and cursed, and when he had finished and the man had recovered some of his poise, being a well disciplined and well trained soldier he apologised to the lieutenant for the language he had used, and I remember the lieutenant saying to him, "That's all right, your language was just in equipoise with your pain, I forgive you," but it never occurred to him that the pain was in equipoise with his inhumanity and his complete lack of sense of solidarity.
I am giving you these examples because, although they do not occur every day, there are situations in which people get hardened and there are people who in the most normal situation can be so cold and so totally devoid of human compassion, of perceptiveness, that they lose the right to be thought of as physicians. They are butchers, they are technicians, but not physicians. The French writer La Rochefoucauld say in one of his writings, "One has always enough courage to bear other people's sufferings". This is exactly what a physician should not be and should not do. At the root of the medical attitude to the patient, to the problem of illness, to all the ethics and philosophy of medicine here is this virtue of compassion, this sense of solidarity, this respect and veneration for human life, this devotion to the only person who is now in his presence. Short of this the medical profession may be remarkably scientific but it would lose its very substance.
Now, compassion does not mean sentimentality. Those of you or those of us who have any experience of tragic situations, of surgery or of emergency medicine, particularly under circumstances and situations of strain, know perfectly well that we must remain unemotional, at least in the process of treating a patient. You cannot operate under fire in a state of emotion, but all your concern must be on the patient whether people shoot at you or not, because he matters more than you, you are there for him, you have no other raison d'кtre than him, his need. Compassion is not the kind of empathy which we may feel at times, which at times is easy to perceive and at times is induced at the cost of great imaginative efforts. It is not an attempt at feeling what the other feels. This is simply impossible, no one can feel one's neighbour's toothache, not to speak of more complex emotions that go together with the discovery that you have cancer or leukemia, that death is there waiting for you, looming over you. I remember one of my parishioners who lost a child and a young curate coming up to her after a service and saying how sorry he felt, and he added, ill advisedly, "I understand you so well," and the good lady turned, rounded on him and said, "Fool, you understand nothing. First you are not a mother, secondly you have never lost a child, you cannot understand what I feel. What you could do is to feel pain, your own pain, on occasion of my suffering." Well, this is a very important distinction because we should undergo an education, accept an education, and educate ourselves in the ability to respond with all our understanding, all our heart, all our imagination, to what happens to others, but not try to perceive almost in a visceral way, in a biological way, a pain which is not ours, an emotion which is not ours. Our patient is in no need of our perceiving his pain or his suffering, what he needs is our creative response to his suffering and his situation, and a response that is creative enough to force us into an action, an action which is rooted first of all in the respect, in reverence for this person, not for an anonymous patient, not for No. 7 in Ward 13, but for a person who has got a name, a surname, an age, features, who has got a husband or wife or a fiancй or a child, someone who must become to us concrete to the utmost and whose life consequently matters, not simply because we have a general attitude to life and we are taught that we are there to preserve life, to make it last as long as possible and so forth, but because this particular person, whether I like this person or not, matters. To whom?
That we can answer in different ways according to our faith or lack of faith. If we are Christian, if we believe in God altogether, if we believe that no one comes into this world otherwise than called into it, willed into it, loved into it by a God of love, then this person matters at least to God, but also, and we forget that very easily, I am afraid, there is no-one that does not matter to someone. That applies particularly to people for instance in prison or to war criminals or to people whom we charge with inhumanity. Whoever it is has a mother to whom he matters, a wife, a brother, a sister, and so forth. Perhaps the closest the people who truly love him or her whom we feel one should not love but only condemn, know only one side of this personality. It may well be that the side which they know is as real as the one which we know and which they do not know. I am reading at present Solzhenitsyn's Gulag Archipelago. In one of the chapters he underlines this fact, that a man, a person, man or woman, is seen in so many ways by the various people who come into contact with him, and he quotes a conversation that was reported to him. One of the hardest, most heartless interrogators was married and one day his wife, who knew him from a quite different angle, said to a friend, "My husband is such a good interrogator, he told me that there was a man who for weeks and weeks would not recognise his crimes and then he was sent to him and one night's conversation made him avow everything". This woman had no idea of the way in which this recognition of his wrongs had been obtained. She did not know this man from this angle, and this of course is an extreme example, but none of us knows other people from all angles.
How little we know ourselves, how little we suspect what kind of person we can become, may become, under unexpected circumstances, not under duress but simply because we are of a sudden no longer a person known but a person that has become anonymous. So many things happened during the war to people, are done by people, because of their anonymity, because he has no name, he is just one of the many soldiers. Now, I am insisting on this point because it is very easy in certain situations to say that the life of this person matters nothing while the life of another person does matter. Leaving aside the absolute value which God attaches to each of us, the fact that if we ask ourselves or the scriptures what is the value of any of us in the eyes of the Christian God, we can answer, all the life, all the death of Christ. But also, as I have already said, no one, not one person is alone in the world, there is always someone to whom he matters and our attitude as physicians should be a devotion to life, not simply in general terms but in the concreteness of this recognition, he matters, she matters, however incomprehensible it be to me, there is someone for whom his death, his suffering, is acute pain and real tragedy.
There is also in the relationship between physician and patient another side which is connected with his sense of compassion, this attitude of human solidarity, this reverence for his personal, unique unrepeatable existence. It is the way in which a patient surrenders into the hands of a physician and trusts himself to a physician. Now at this point there is an element that comes into the picture which is to me very important. The physician is a man or a woman who is aware of the significance and I would say the sacredness of a human body. As long as we are well we think of ourselves as though we were spiritual beings. We have got of course a body that allows us to transport ourselves from one place to another, to act, to enjoy life, the five senses with which we are endowed, the mind, the perceptiveness, all that we see in terms of our spiritual being. We take our body for granted. In a way we try to enjoy it as much as we can but we do not, or so seldom, no, we do not simply think of our body as though it was a partner on equal terms with our soul and yet when this body decays, when illness, pain, hits our body, then of a sudden we discover that I am my body. I am not my distressed mind, my dismayed emotions, I am this body which is now in danger of destruction, which is full of pain, and the pain which we endure does not need to be the pains of cancer, it may be toothache that can drive you up the wall. I tried once to be ascetical and heroic, I had a toothache and I thought, I will just stand it, am I not a pure spirit? My pure spirit endured it during the day with increasing difficulty, then the night came and I couldn't sleep, strangely enough my soaring spirit was kept awake by this miserable body of mine, and about two o'clock in the morning I went to the tool cupboard of the place where I was and I got my tooth out with the tongs which were used for nails.
Now, I became aware at that moment that my body and me in a very strange way could be identified, they were extraordinarily close to one another. Now, when someone is truly ill doesn't he, everyone, each of you, don't we all discover how much our body matters? What if this body dissolves, what if it becomes an unseemly, distasteful, rotting mass of flesh and bone? Well, think of leprosy, think of so many other diseases that can transform our body into a repulsive, revolting thing. And then think of the way in which you bring yourself, your body, indeed your proud and beautiful spirit brings this body to the physician and says, here am I, helpless, hopeless, afraid, I am ill, I don't know what to do but you can save me. Help, be kind to this body, treat this body with reverence, treat this body with care, and how grateful we are when the physician to whom we have come treats it with reverence, with chastity. How grateful we are when we discover that the physician to whom we have entrusted this body understands what a human body is, not simply material support for our great spirit, but us, us to such a degree that if that body goes, where am I?
All this is a background of the human attitude of the physician. Now, there are innumerable problems that are connected obviously with medical ethics. I would like to concentrate on two things. One of the elements of the Hippocratic oath, or of the ancient oaths of the doctor, was that he would preserve life and alleviate pain. There was no problem about the scale and scope of his activities up practically to the last war. It is only after the last war that things got out of hand in the sense the we are now in possession of drugs or surgical techniques or other techniques that allow us to kill pain to a degree unheard of before, to kill psychological anguish and pain and to prolong life. Now, to what extent can we follow this line? Is it legitimate, and possible, to go ahead endlessly along this line, or are there criteria which will allow us, or force us, to enter into a partnership with pain and with death? I will explain this word of partnership by one example. Some of you may have read a book which was very popular in the thirties, Axel Munthe's Story of San Michele. I read it in those days and I can't remember the detail of what I want to put to you, but the substance is this. When he was a young medical student in the Hфtel Dieu of Paris, where I started my medical training, to begin with he had an impression that the whole of medicine was a fight between the doctor and the enemy that was death. Death was to be defeated, death was to be hated, death could not be accepted, everything was to be done against death, and then, observing all the physicians and perhaps more particularly the nurses, he discovered that there was a much more subtle relationship between the physician and death over the patient. There was a moment when one could fight for life, hopes were high, medical possibilities offered more or less hopes, and indeed at times these hopes were rewarded, but then in other cases with other patients, in spite of all that had been done life could not resist the onslaught of decay, of illness, whether it was infection or cancer, or TB or age, and then he noticed with surprise, and then with increasing interest, with a sense that grew deeper and deeper in him, that a new partnership was established between death and the physician, and there was a moment when things were as though the physician turned to death and said, my time is over, yours has come, let us work together, take over and be kind.
I think this attitude to death is very important. It corresponds to simply the realities of life. Whether we are believers or atheists, we are confronted with the same fact, that there will be a moment when struggling, fighting over this human being to prevent him from dying will transform this body and his mind and this heart into a battle field that will be torn, that will be tramped upon. It will no longer be a struggle for this person, it will be an anonymous struggle, an anonymous battle against death irrespective of what this person endures in the process of this fighting for the preservation of his life. Now, there are in my experience, and I must say, perhaps sadly, that my experience of dying people is extensive, within my family and outside of my family, in the years of war, in the years of hospital training and of practice as well as in the 25 years that I have been a priest, there are two kinds of people who face death with peace. They are rare, comparatively. It is the people who truly believe and those people who truly do not believe. The people who cannot face death are the people who are half believers, or quarters of believers, underbaked, people who do not believe in life, in eternity, in God, but who at the same time are not sure that annihilation is real annihilation, or if one could think in terms of a true annihilation, of not being there, there would be in a way no problem, or less of it, but where things go wrong, where things are very difficult — and you know how illogical our mental processes are — so many people think, yes, but how horrible it will be to discover that I am no more — oh, you laugh, ask yourself how logical you are in other walks of life and how sure you are that you yourself, when you think of your death, not someone else's death but your own, do not feel that it will be horrible to fall into naught and to see that I am an empty space, there is nothing left of me.
Of course from any logical point of view it's absurd, but absurd we are more of our life. People who do not believe, who truly are certain of annihilation, can die. I have seen it, and also people who are faced with death at a moment and in a way which makes sense of their death. I am not extolling the example which I will give you as something which is right as far as its substance is concerned, but as far as the attitude is concerned. During the battles of June 1940 I was on the front line receiving wounded people and I was told that in a corner of our tent there were two dying Germans. As I speak German I was asked to say a few words to them for them to die in less loneliness. They were so appallingly destroyed by heavy machine gun that it was really beyond description. I turned to one of them and, simply to say something, I said, "Do you suffer unbearably," and he smiled and said, "I don't suffer, we are beating you". I don't mean to say that his reason for forgetting his suffering was right in itself, but this is the kind of thing which the martyrs would have said, which a mother could say when the life of her child is involved.
If we have a reason that makes sense of our death we can face it, when we have a faith that allows us to see death as one of the stages of life we can face it, not otherwise, but where the physician comes into the picture, and where there is a dilemma for the physician, is this. In the present situation we are not, or rather you are not asking a patient what he thinks of his life and of his death. You force him into living, you force him rather not into living, into existing, into enduring. In both senses of the word, both lasting and outlasting himself and enduring all the heaviness and pain and anguish of this lasting longer than he wants to, and here there is an ethical problem for the medical profession, but how can this problem be solved? Not otherwise than by a consideration of human values and by non-medical factors because, unless we have a definite attitude to life and its values and to death and its place and significance, we have no other alternative than force people to live until they escape us in the end with a sigh of relief, out of our hands and enter into peace, but this is a problem which must be faced by the medical profession, must be an object of reflection by the medical student. Yes, life is the ultimate value, but is simply lasting identical to living? Yes, death for a Christian is the last enemy to be defeated, but is it defeating death to force someone to remain artificially alive when no life to left? Again is it true that forcing a life to continue is not part of our human struggle for the victory of life over death? I am not solving the problem for you, I am setting it for you. I have my own feeling about it.
Suffering comes also into the picture. We have now unheard of possibilities to alleviate physical suffering and moral anguish and agony. Is it right to use these means? At first you will probably simply shrug your shoulders and say, "Of course it is, aren't we there to achieve it, isn't it what each sufferer expects from us?" Yes, he may, but at what point should we intervene and to what extent? Again it is a question of human values, what is the value of a person, the moral value of a person who, confronted with bereavement, prefers to be made insensitive, prefers to escape the pain and suffering and agony of the bereavement? What does it say about the relationship there was between this person and the person who died? This attitude is conditioned by an attitude to life and an attitude to death and an attitude to self by fear, by many things, but is it humanly dignified, can one vindicate this attitude? Would any one of us wish his wife, his mother, his daughter, to refuse to face the pain of his death and say, "I want to forget, I want to feel as though he was not dead," or as though it did not matter. What does it say about human relationships, of which we speak world without end and ad nauseum? What does it say about my love to the beloved one when I say, now that he, she, is dead, better forget about it, better become insensitive, because it disturbs me. And again, what is the human value of a person who is so afraid of suffering that he will never, or she will never, face any kind of physical ordeal for fear of the suffering?
I was brought up perhaps in a strange way, I am grateful for it. As far as death is concerned, I remember a phrase of my father's, or rather, two phrases. When I was very young we spoke of death and, without explaining to me what it was because it is something which one must discover, he said to me. "Learn in the course of your life to wait for your death, as a young man waits for his bride." And on another occasion, as I was coming back from a holiday camp he met me and said, "I was worried about you." Flippantly, I answered, "Did you think I had broken my neck?" and my father, who loved me but in a sober way, said to me, "No. That would have mattered little. I thought you had perhaps lost your integrity," and he added, "Remember that whether you are dead or alive is of no importance, even to you. What matters is what you live for and what you are prepared to die for". It applies to death. It also applies to suffering. What am I prepared to stand up to? What education shall I receive from my doctor with regard to my suffering? The easy thing is to give generously enough tranquillisers and aspirin and phenobarbitone whatnot for all your patients to feel no pain. At what cost? For one thing, it is only against odds that our character becomes vigorous, courage grows, ability to fight and to stand for values grows. Are we there to undermine this, to encourage cowardice, to allow people to live by fear and for fear's sake to run away from the challenge of life, of death, of pain? On the other hand, and this I think can be observed quite easily, isn't it true that when you begin to alleviate pain you begin with standing up to a certain measure of it, then less and then less, and when you are sure that you can be saved from pain at any moment, then a new pain comes into the picture, the fear of pain? There are people who take aspirin in case their teeth ache. Now you may say, "What is it to us physicians, the patient comes and I am there to respond to his need." No, we are not there to respond to his need, not any more than I as a priest am there to respond to a need. We are not a shop, we are not a restaurant, we are not a circus, we are not simply there to deal out what we are commanded to deal out. In the modern society where people have, at least in theory, an increasing sense of community, of mutual responsibility, of solidarity — I am not speaking of higher qualities of love because they are far above what we can usually afford — we have a duty to confront our neighbour, and ourselves first of course, with the challenge of being human, and being human is a great thing, it entails daring, fearlessness, creativeness, and it is not above human capabilities, only we do not use these capabilities enough.
I remember Solzhenitsyn, who is now in the limelight. He was arrested a few years ago and taken by the KGB and had one of those homely conversations that one can have with political police. He was told that he must keep quiet, he must no longer write, he must no longer speak, he must become like everyone, and he said he wouldn't. Then he was told, but do you realise that you have been already in prison, in camp, do you realise all we can do to you, and he said, "Yes, you have done to me all you could and you have not broken me and I am not afraid of you any more". We admire him but can we emulate him if we are not prepared to face up to odds? Do you imagine that being for a number of years in prisons and concentration camps is a sort of charisma that gives a man endless endurance, heroic courage? No, you come into prison, you go into camp with the amount of courage which you possess. Of course, and that is another aspect of the question, if we allow ourselves to live on too low an ebb, if we are content with just crawling along instead of living, of being a bog instead of being a stream, then of course we cannot summon anything out of ourselves. I would like to give you an example, not theological, not medical either. During one of the bombardments of Paris I was on furlough and found myself on the 4th floor of a house with my mother and grandmother. We never went downstairs into a shelter because we always felt that falling from the top would be a nicer thing than being buried underneath. We sat for a while and then my mother made a very enticing suggestion, to go to the kitchen and on a heap of matches which we carefully had collected, to make a little fire, warm a little water and call that tea, which was all we had. She went into the kitchen, then there was a blast and there was a cry, and I thought my mother was wounded. She never was afraid of bombardments, she had had a daring life before the revolution, so I rushed into the kitchen and I found my mother on all fours on the kitchen table pointing to the corner of the kitchen and saying, "There, there", and there was a mouse. Now, I wonder whether you have ever realised how difficult it is to look up to a mouse? It is too small, it's down below, you can look up at something great that challenges you but the moment you do this, there is no mouse, the moment you do this, there is no person.
Well, this applies to suffering, this applies to our attitude to death. I do believe, and I would like you to believe also, that the role of the physician in a responsible society that wishes to build a city of man worthy of man and, for those of us who are believers, a city of man which would be coextensive with a city of God, is as a priest, indeed as any member of society, but in his own particular way, has got to take part in the challenge of life, not to be one who makes people soft, cowardly, helpless, but a profession that has a vision of life because we have a vision of death and their equipoise, because we have a vision of what man is and because we are not prepared to allow either ourselves or anyone else to be below human stature.
I have spoken much longer than I promised, so I apologise to authority and to you.
Published: Bristol Medico-Chirurgical Journal. Vol. 91 (I/II) 1976, p. 3-7
Listen to audio: no Watch video: no
© Metropolitan Anthony of Sourozh Foundation
© Metropolitan Anthony of Sourozh Spiritual Heritage Foundation


Below you can find answers to the most frequently asked questions.
So what exactly do you offer?
Ever experienced a moment in your life where you needed to make a phone call to a colleague, old friend or ex-lover and you wished you didn't have to? You know those awkward confrontational calls that nobody wants to make?
Hero For You can help you with that and much more: We can also (re)schedule and cancel appointments and meetings on your behalf, book and cancel parties, events and weddings for you, make a resignation call, a romantic phone call to your loved one (or a break-up message), we also make mystery calls with feedback, happy birthday calls, etc.
No longer will you need to make any unpleasant or unwanted calls, we will personally call people on your behalf and deliver your custom message at your desired time.
How much will it cost me for you guys to make a call for me?
Our pricing starts at $9.97 USD per call (we don't charge extra for international calls).
If the person you are calling isn't answering, what will you do?
We will retry up to 3 times (with an interval of 15 minutes each time). If we still can't reach the person after the third time you will have the choice between rescheduling your call or getting a full refund.
Does a real person make the call?
Yup, your custom-tailored call will always be made by a real person from our staff.
Can my message be anything I want it to be?
Normally yes. We do have an acceptable use policy in place. We don't accept, for example, hateful, deceptive and illegal messages. Nor can our service be used for spam.
The person I want you to call lives abroad, is that a problem?
Not a problem at all. We offer the same pricing for both national and international calls.
If you contact us prior to us sending your message or if we are unable to send your message (e.g. an incorrect phone number or the person we are calling is not answering the phone) we will gladly offer you a full refund. If, however, the service has been delivered then, unfortunately, we can no longer offer you a refund.


text:
Torbay primary school closes amid coronavirus fears
Kings Ash Academy says it does not have enough staff to open the school 'safely'
Updated 10:50, 4 JAN 2021
Sign up for our Torbay newsletter and you'll never miss a big story again
A school in Torbay is closed today amid fears of coronavirus transmission among teachers.
Kings Ash Academy in Paignton was due to reopen today after the Christmas holidays.
However, a statement released by the school revealed that the school - including at nursery level - would be closed today.
From Tuesday, January 5 onwards, it will only teach the children of key workers.
The statement says the situation will remain like that for two weeks.
A number of schools across the country are adopting similar positions.
Kings Ash Academy
The statement says: "As you may be aware from the media, infection and hospitalisation rates of Covid-19 have been increasing across the country.
"As a result, the largest teaching union, the NEU has advised its members that is is currently unsafe for them to return to work teaching full classes.
This means that there is not enough staff to open Kings Ash Academy safely for the next two weeks apart from children of critical workers or vulnerable children.
"Therefore, the board have regrettably had to make the following decision: School will be closed to all children including nursery children on Monday 4th January. From Tuesday 5th January, to Friday 15th January, school will only be to pen to children of critical workers and vulnerable children."
Children who are not in school will continue to learn remotely.
DevonLive has contacted Kings Ash Academy for further information regarding its closure.
An employee confirmed that parents had been made aware of the reasons for the school being closed.
Pinhoe Church of England Primary School in Exeter also announced today it will reopen on Monday, January 18. Remote learning will take place from January 5.
Follow the latest school developments as they happen in our live blog.
Local NewsThe likes of Joe Biden, Boris Johnson, Emmanuel Macron and Angela Merkel will be in Cornwall in June when the county hosts the G7 summit

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Kan man inte säga: jag behöver att träna mer.?
No, we don't use the "att" with "behöva".
For some reason, my mind keeps thinking that "behöver" does need "att"... Annoying.
I have a smiilar question to this. When to use -att- before the verb and when not to?
Yes, behöver is only used for present tense, but the English sentence is in the present tense too.
What is the trick to knowing when to keep unimportant words like that in, and when to keep them out?
In this case "träna" is in its base form so it's assumed "att" is there invisibly. The words you mentioned are more like prepositions, and add meaning to speech. The more you hear Swedish, the easier it will become.
So here we can't use "fler" because it is for countable nouns. We should instead use "mer" (for countable nouns and as an adverb). Am I right? Am I missing anything?


Become a Horizon Loyalty Member and save. This will be a convenient experience you will want to use!
To see results, you need to change the way you think about food and exercise to establish a healthy lifestyle, and nobody understands that more than we do.
Our physicians offer personalized, one-on-one services to help you obtain a healthier lifestyle, all within a friendly and empathetic environment.
If you have questions concerning our weight loss program and to determine if our plan is right for you, give us a call.
Horizon Weight Loss is the area's low price leader for identical medications, offering faster and more reliable services. The industry of medical weight loss is still fairly young, making Horizon Weight Loss's years in the business seem like a lifetime of experience. If you're looking for a medial weight loss center that is reliable and trustworthy, look no further than Horizon Weight Loss!
The journey to a healthier you may be a long one. That's why we recommend taking it one day at a time. Through a combination of eating well, good sleep and a proper diet, you can start to feel (and look) great.
Our weight loss physicians provide personalized, one-on-one services to help you obtain a healthier lifestyle.
Dietary supplements on top of a healthy diet may prove beneficial in ensuring your body the nutrients it needs each day.
Lipotropic and Vitamin B12 Injections increase energy while helping counteract your body deficiencies.
Sometimes the hardest part of making a big change is getting motivated. Get inspired by real men and women who have lost major pounds. View weight loss before and after photos of Horizon Weight Loss patients.
Many patients don't understand how to lose the weight and keep it off. We are here to help you understand the severity of being obese. We teach you about nutrition, help with you with exercise routines and provide you with the tools that you need to be successful. Hear what Allison has to say about medical weight loss and the Horizon Weight Loss team!


text:
T 0930/92 (Ion beam processing) of 29.5.1995
H01J 37/30
No PDF available
1. There is an equitable obligation upon every party which is summoned to oral proceedings to inform the EPO as soon as it knows that it will not attend as summoned. This is the case whether or not that party has itself requested oral proceedings, and whether or not a communication has accompanied the summons to oral proceedings.
2. If a party which has been summoned to oral proceedings fails to attend as summoned without notifying the EPO in advance that it will not attend, an apportionment of costs in favour of another party which has attended as summoned may be justified for reasons of equity in accordance with Article 104(1) EPC.
3. When fixing the amount of costs to be paid to a party, in addition to the remuneration of the professional representative of that party, the expenses incurred by an employee of that party in order to instruct the professional representative before and during oral proceedings may be taken into consideration under Rule 63(1) EPC, if such instruction was "necessary to assure proper protection of the rights
Inventive step (yes)
Oral proceedings appointed following auxiliary requests by both parties
No communication under Article 11(2) RPBA
Appellant failed to appear at oral proceedings as summoned
Apportionment of costs in favour of respondent
Fixed amount ordered
Reasonable level of costs
I. European patent No. 0 075 949 comprising eleven claims was granted to the respondent.
Claim 1 of this patent reads:
II. The appellant filed an opposition against the above European patent, citing the documents
III. The opposition division rejected the opposition, grounding its decision in substance as follows:
... Therefore, claim 1 involves an inventive step and, for the same reasons, so does claim 11.
IV. The opponent lodged an appeal against the decision of the opposition division, requesting that said decision be set aside, that the European patent be revoked and, subsidiarily, that oral proceedings be scheduled if the board intended to uphold the impugned decision.
In support of these requests, the appellant argued in substance as follows:
V. The respondent (proprietor of the patent) requested that the appeal be dismissed, that the patent in suit be maintained as granted and, subsidiarily, that oral proceedings be held.
The respondent's arguments, in so far as they do not repeat those of the opposition division, may be summarised as follows:
VI. The board summoned the parties to oral proceedings to be held on 19 October 1994, without issuing a communication pursuant to Article 11(2) RPBA.
VII. The respondent's representative appeared at the date and time fixed for the oral proceedings, accompanied by two employees of the respondent company, one being an inventor, and the other being a member of the respondent's patent department.
The appellant's representative did not appear and, in a telephone call made by the registrar of the board before the proceedings began, he stated that he would not attend the proceedings.
The Chairman opened the oral proceedings and stated that the board intended to dismiss the appeal and to maintain the patent as granted, and that no further submissions from either party concerning the substantive issue of patentability would be admissible.
The respondent's representative stated that a request for apportionment of costs would be filed in writing.
The Chairman stated that the appeal proceedings would be continued in writing with respect to the apportionment of costs, and closed the oral proceedings.
VIII. The respondent's written request for apportionment of costs was filed on 21 November 1994, and contains a request that the following costs which were incurred by the respondent should be awarded against the appellant:
Flight tickets for the two employees of the respondent company, Tokyo - Munich - Tokyo, (copies were enclosed): DEM 20927.20
Hotel expenses for the above two employees (a copy of the bill was enclosed) DEM 2812.20
Travel expenses for the above two employees Yokohama-Tokyo-Yokohama (estimated) DEM 300
Extra expenses for the above two employees for food during their stay (estimated) DEM 1400
Public transport for the above two employees within Munich and to and from the airport (estimated) DEM 50
Renting a video equipment DEM 57.50
Renumeration of the professional representative (1 attorney, 3 1/2 days) DEM 8750
Total: DEM 34296.90
In support of the above request, the respondent submitted essentially as follows:
Since the board came to a preliminary opinion on the written submissions that the appeal should be dismissed, no oral proceedings were necessary from the respondent's side. It is the duty of a party to inform the other party and the board if it does not intend to appear as summoned, in order to avoid unnecessary costs being incurred.
The appellant was informed by letter dated 29 July 1994 which was written in connection with fixing the date for oral proceedings that representatives of the patent proprietor's company would attend the oral proceedings, and it indicated in reply to the respondent (but not to the board) that the appellant might not attend the oral proceedings. However, such an indication was clearly too uncertain for the respondent to cease preparation for the oral proceedings.
The appellant therefore knew that the respondent's preparations for the oral proceedings in October 1994 would incur high costs, and had plenty of time to make up its mind whether or not to attend such proceedings, and if not, to inform the respondent and the board in good time in advance of 19 October 1994.
IX. The board invited the appellant to respond to this request for costs within two months. The appellant's reply was filed on 26 January 1995.
(1) The appellant submitted that the respondent's request for an award of costs should be rejected, essentially for the following reasons:
(a) According to Article 104(1) EPC, each party to opposition proceedings should bear its own costs, unless a different apportionment is ordered for reasons of equity. There are no reasons of equity in the present case to justify a different apportionment of costs.
In principle a party to opposition proceedings is free to choose whether or not to attend oral proceedings which have been arranged by an opposition division or a board of appeal, subject to the following exceptions:
(1) The first exception is when the parties can see that the oral proceedings have been arranged as a consequence of an auxiliary request of only one party. In such a case the party at whose request the oral proceedings have been arranged is obliged either to attend the oral proceedings or to notify the EPO in advance that it will not attend.
The present case is not such a case, because both parties had made an auxiliary request for oral proceedings so the oral proceedings had not been arranged specifically for either one of them. From the appellant's point of view the oral proceedings had not been arranged specifically following its auxiliary request.
(2) A second exception is when the opposition division or board of appeal has issued a communication accompanying the invitation to oral proceedings, which indicated a preliminary view against a particular party. In such a case that party is also obliged to notify its intention not to attend the oral proceedings in good time in advance of the appointed day.
In the present case no such communication was issued by the board of appeal.
Furthermore:
(3) Since about July 1993 invitations to oral proceedings from the EPO have been accompanied by a form entitled "Important information concerning oral proceedings" (Form 2043.2.07.93) which states inter alia that a party which does not wish to attend oral proceedings on the date appointed is requested to notify the EPO immediately, and in urgent cases to notify other parties as well. This form also states that costs incurred by other parties may be charged to a party which either fails to notify such parties of its non-attendance, or does not notify them in good time.
In the present case no such form was sent with the invitation to oral proceedings.
(b) The appellant also contested the extent of the costs claimed by the respondent, as not being justified in equity, for the following reasons:
(1) The Japan-based respondent is represented by a patent attorney based in Munich, who appeared alone at the oral proceedings before the opposition division. The patent proprietor had no proper reason to send its employees to the oral proceedings before the board of appeal in addition to the patent attorney, and it would be unfair to award costs in respect of the attendance of the two employees from Japan.
(2) Furthermore the costs of two employees travelling from Japan goes beyond the scale envisaged under Article 104 EPC.
(3) The length of the two employees' stay in Munich was also excessive for the preparation for oral proceedings.
(4) The preparations during three and a half days by the patent attorney were also excessively long.
X. The respondent replied to these contentions in a letter filed on 21 February 1995.
1. Inventive step
1.4 The appellant's submissions thus do not invalidate the conclusions of the opposition division, which are adopted by the board.
2. The grounds mentioned in Article 100(a) EPC consequently do not prejudice the maintenance of the patent in suit as granted to the respondent. The appeal is therefore dismissed.
3. Apportionment of costs: principles
3.1 Article 104(1) EPC provides that an opposition division or a board of appeal may order an apportionment of costs incurred in oral proceedings, in accordance with the Implementing Regulations, and "for reasons of equity".
3.2 Article 116(1) EPC states that "Oral proceedings shall take place ... at the request of any party to the proceedings ...", and Rule 71(1) EPC states that "The parties shall be summoned to oral proceedings provided for in Article 116 EPC". A summons is an authoritative call to attend at a specified time and place for a specific purpose, namely for holding the oral proceedings. By issuing such a summons, a board of appeal commits itself to holding oral proceedings at the specified time and place, as part of the related appeal proceedings. As a party to the appeal proceedings, a party which receives such a summons (whether or not it has requested oral proceedings pursuant to Article 116 EPC) has an equitable obligation either to appear at the oral proceedings at the specified time and place, or to notify the board as soon as it knows that it is not going to appear at such oral proceedings. This is the case whether or not that party has itself requested oral proceedings, and whether or not a communication has accompanied the summons to oral proceedings.
If a party only knows shortly before the specified time for the oral proceedings that it is not going to attend, such equitable obligation extends also to informing any other parties to the appeal proceedings of such non-attendance. Even then, a party which only decides at such a late stage not to attend oral proceedings runs the risk of an apportionment of costs to compensate for the unnecessary incurring of costs by other parties.
Thus as a matter of legal principle, the board does not accept the submissions of the appellant set out in paragraph IX above, to the effect that a party is in general free to choose whether or not to attend oral proceedings to which it has been summoned, without giving notice to the board and other parties if it chooses not to attend, subject only to the particular exceptions which are there set out. On the contrary, as explained above, there is a general equitable obligation upon every party which is summoned to oral proceedings to inform at least the board as soon as it knows that it will not attend as summoned, in order that the board can then decide the proper future procedural course of the proceedings.
Furthermore, the board does not accept the appellant's contentions to the effect that a party is only obliged to notify the board of its non-appearance at oral proceedings if it can see from the course of the proceedings that such oral proceedings have been arranged as a result of its request for such proceedings. The control of the appeal procedure lies with the board of appeal, not with the parties to the proceedings. Consequently, the board of appeal should always be informed if a party does not intend to appear at oral proceedings.
3.3 If a party duly notifies the board that it will not attend oral proceedings in accordance with a summons, the procedural consequences will vary, depending in particular upon which parties to the appeal proceedings have requested oral proceedings under Article 116 EPC, and also depending upon the particular circumstances of the case.
In a case such as the present, namely opposition appeal proceedings involving two parties, the patent proprietor (respondent) and the opponent (appellant), in which both parties have requested oral proceedings on an auxiliary basis, clearly the board cannot decide the case in favour of either party without first appointing oral proceedings. When issuing the summons to oral proceedings in such a case in accordance with Article 11(2) of the Rules of Procedure of the Boards of Appeal (OJ EPO 1983, 7) the board may (or may not) send a communication accompanying the summons, and it may or may not, in accordance with Article 12 RPBA, include in such a communication a possible appreciation of substantive or legal matters which arise in the case.
Whether or not a communication under Article 11(2) RPBA has been issued, if one of the parties subsequently (but in advance of the day appointed for the oral proceedings) withdraws its request for oral proceedings (or states that it will not attend the oral proceedings, which is normally considered as equivalent to a withdrawal of the request for oral proceedings, see decision T 3/90, OJ EPO 1992, 737), from the point of view of the board of appeal it then becomes procedurally appropriate to review the procedural situation and to decide whether or not the oral proceedings should still take place. If, at that stage in the procedure and at that point in time, having regard to the written submissions of both parties on file, the board intends to decide the case in favour of the party which has withdrawn its request for oral proceedings, it is then still necessary to hold the oral proceedings having regard to the outstanding auxiliary request of the other party. On the other hand, if at that point in time, the board intends to decide the case in favour of the party whose auxiliary request for oral proceedings is still outstanding, the proper procedural course would then be for the board to issue a decision in favour of that party without holding any oral proceedings.
3.4 In the circumstances of the present case, in which the appellant failed to notify the board in advance of the time appointed for oral proceedings that it would not attend such proceedings, the board was unable to carry out such a review of the procedural situation. If the appellant had notified the board in good time before the day appointed for the oral proceedings that it would not attend such oral proceedings, the board would have been able to review the case having regard to the changed procedural situation, and would then have reached the conclusion that it in fact reached at the oral hearing, namely that it intended to decide the case in accordance with the respondent's request to dismiss the appeal. Since the respondent had requested oral proceedings only in case a decision to dismiss the appeal could not be made having regard to the written submissions of the parties, the board would then have been able to cancel the oral proceedings.
It follows that by failing to notify the board in advance of the hearing that it would not attend the hearing, the appellant was directly responsible for the unnecessary incurring of costs by the respondent in preparing for and attending the oral hearing.
In the board's judgment, therefore, for reasons of equity and in accordance with Article 104(1) EPC, in the circumstances of the present case an apportionment of costs in favour of the respondent will be ordered.
3.5 Apart from the fact that the appellant's failure to inform anybody of its intention not to appear at the oral proceedings caused unnecessary costs to be incurred by the respondent, the board would also draw attention to the inconvenience and waste of time caused to the board. If a party which has been duly summoned to oral proceedings fails to appear as summoned, in the absence of any prior notification, before commencing oral proceedings at the appointed time, a board will normally feel equitably and morally obliged to make enquiries by telephone to check whether the non-appearing party is known to be on its way and may have been delayed while travelling. Such enquiries were carried out in the present case.
3.6 In the board's view, the sending or otherwise by the EPO of a form such as Form 2043.2.07.93 accompanying the summons to oral proceedings (see paragraph IX(a)(3) above) is irrelevant to the question whether an apportionment of costs should be ordered having regard to the relevant equitable principles as set out above. Such principles are applicable whether or not such a form is sent. The sending of such a form is a mere "courtesy service", not required by the EPC.
3.7 Although the legal principles discussed above have been considered in the context of appeal proceedings, it will be apparent that such principles are equally applicable mutatis mutandis in proceedings before the opposition divisions.
4. Apportionment of costs: fixing the amount
4.1 Although Article 104(2) EPC provides that "On request, the registry of the opposition division shall fix the amount of the costs to be paid ...", in the board's view this procedural option is clearly inappropriate in a case such as the present.
Rule 63(1) EPC provides that an apportionment of costs "shall only take into consideration the expenses necessary to assure proper protection of the rights involved". Furthermore, the costs "shall include the remuneration of the representatives of the parties".
4.2 In paragraph 22 of a notice entitled "Opposition procedure in the EPO" (OJ EPO 1989, 417), which was issued by the EPO in connection with proceedings before the opposition divisions, it is stated that "If a party fails to appear, without adequate excuse, at oral proceedings arranged at his request, he bears the full costs incurred by the other party, provided these are reasonable in the circumstances". The board endorses this statement in the context of appeal proceedings, and considers that the principles underlying this statement are applicable in a case such as the present, where oral proceedings were arranged as a result of requests by both parties, but would not have been necessary if the party which in fact failed to appear had withdrawn its request for oral proceedings in good time before the day appointed for such proceedings.
4.3 The further question to be considered by the board is thus whether the expenses which have been claimed by the respondent were "necessary to assure proper protection of the rights involved", and were reasonable in the circumstances of the case. In support of this claim, the respondent has explained why the subject-matter of the case is of considerable commercial importance to him. This is not contested by the appellant, although it has submitted that the respondent's claim is excessively high.
Having regard to Article 133(2) EPC, since the respondent company does not have either its residence or its principal place of business within one of the contracting states, it is obliged to be represented in proceedings under the EPC by a professional representative.
In the board's view, the costs of remuneration of the respondent's professional representative in preparing for and attending the oral proceedings during three and a half days were clearly necessary to assure proper protection of the rights involved, and are reasonable, having regard to the nature of the subject-matter of the case (ie DEM 8 750).
Furthermore, during such preparation and attendance at the oral proceedings, in the board's view it was also necessary to assure proper protection of the respondent's rights for at least one member of the respondent company to be present for the purpose of instructing the professional representative both before and during the oral proceedings. Accordingly, in the board's view the claimed costs for one person travelling from Yokahama to Munich and back were also reasonable in the circumstances (ie DEM 10 500). Similarly, the claimed costs of one person staying in a hotel in Munich (DEM 1 400), and some minor incidental expenses are also reasonable (DEM 100).
The board does not consider that the other costs claimed were "necessary to assure proper protection of the rights involved".
4.4 According to Rule 63(2) final sentence, EPC, "Costs may be fixed once their credibility is established". The board accepts the credibility of the costs claimed by the respondent. The costs which have been claimed have been supported by appropriate evidence. The respondent has confirmed that during the three and a half days which are the subject of the claim, this was the only case discussed with the representative.
In the board's judgment, therefore, for reasons of equity the appellant shall pay the respondent by way of apportionment of costs the sum of DEM (8 750 + 10 500 + 1 400 + 100), ie DEM 20 750.
1. The appeal is dismissed.
2. The appellant shall pay the respondent the sum of DEM 20 750 by way of apportionment of costs.


text:
#EndSARS: Man Testifies Before Benue Panel, Alleges Police Poured Petrol On Him
A victim of police brutality, Terfa Gundu, has narrated his ordeal with the personnel of the defunct Special Anti-Robbery Squad in Benue State.
Speaking before the Benue State Judicial Panel of Inquiry, 34-year-old Gundu alleged that policemen from Mopol 13 Makurdi poured fuel for a crime he knew nothing about.
While disclosing this in Makurdi on Monday, the victim said the police personnel hung him on a rod, beat and poured fuel on his back before setting him ablaze all in a bid to forcefully implicate him.
The victim said his ordeal began when he stepped out to buy some provisions in Makurdi, adding that he was arrested and dragged to Mopol 13 for a torture session, as he now claiming N5billion as damages.
They arrested me and took me to MOPOL 13. They took me to one small room and asked me to provide the items that I have stolen," he said.
"I told them I don't know what they are talking about. So they handcuffed me and asked me to squat down and put a rod across. They packed me up and were using a baton to beat me on sensitive parts of my body.
"After some time, they poured fuel at my back and used lighter to ignite the light. When it became too painful for me, I told them to drop me that I am the one that carried those things. They now asked me where I kept those things; I replied that they were at my house."
On his part, the Chairman of the panel, Justice Adam Onum said 28 petitions have been received by the panel.
He called on those with ideas on how to improve and reform the Nigerian police to submit their memoranda.
While warning that petitions from kidnappers and terrorist against the police will not be entertained, Justice Onum assured the people of the state to dispense justice to all those with legitimate claims.
Bibiyobra: Monday, 16 November 2020 at 11/16/2020 08:30:00 pm


text:
Emergency Calls: Attempted robbery reported on Sunday
The News Journal does not identify people charged with misdemeanor offenses in the Emergency Calls. This is a fairness issue related to the large number of incidents that we cannot report in the wide geographic area being covered. Offenders are identified through subsequent court listings.
Emergency Calls: Attempted robbery reported on Sunday The News Journal does not identify people charged with misdemeanor offenses in the Emergency Calls. This is a fairness issue related to the large number of incidents that we cannot report in the wide geographic area being covered. Offenders are identified through subsequent court listings. Check out this story on mansfieldnewsjournal.com: http://ohne.ws/1m8PdLm
Ohio Published 10:25 p.m. ET July 13, 2014 | Updated 11:50 p.m. ET July 13, 2014
40 block of West Arch Street — Property was stolen during a burglary reported Saturday. Police did not observe any signs of forced entry into the residence.
300 block of West Fourth Street — A teenage girl told police a person shot her in the upper right leg with a BB gun Saturday evening. A person chased the vehicle to the Linden side of Mansfield Senior High School where a passenger threw the gun out of the vehicle. A 13-year-old teenage boy was issued a summons in relation to the incident.
200 block of Sturges Avenue — A 27-year-old man was arrested Saturday after he reportedly admitted to stealing medication from a woman's residence.
50 block of Bowman Street — Two 20-year-old men were arrested Saturday afternoon on drug possession and paraphernalia charges. Marijuana was found inside a car after a traffic stop.
100 block of Betzstone Avenue — A woman told police she heard shots fired and found two bullet holes in her residence Saturday evening. Police searched the area but did not find anyone linked to the shooting.
20 block of West Arch Street — A 30-year-old man was arrested for assault after a domestic incident Saturday evening.
2400 block of Possum Run Road — A 32-year-old woman was issued a summons for theft after a shoplifting incident at Wal-Mart Saturday evening.
200 block of Clairmont Avenue — A 27-year-old man was arrested on assault charges then taken to the hospital Saturday. The man was also issued a summons for obstructing official business after he attempted to run from officers. The man involved in the altercation refused treatment at the hospital.
300 block Glessner Avenue — A man told police another man brandished a knife then demanded money from him during an attempted robbery incident Sunday morning. The man ran away from the man with a knife then contacted police from a hospital. Police searched the area but did not find the man.
400 block of Allison Avenue — A 37-year-old man was arrested after he reportedly punched a man in the face after an argument.
Mansfield Avenue near South Main Street — A 36-year-old man was issued a summons for aggravated menacing after he used a racial slur while threatening to kill another man.
200 block of North Main Street — A 37-year-old man was taken to the hospital after he overdosed on drugs Sunday. An officer will follow up with charges once the man in released from the hospital.
Read or Share this story: http://ohne.ws/1m8PdLm


Leave Overwhelm Behind. You're Invited to Begin.
Here it is again — tax season! I mean… April! April is so colorful here in the desert with the plants and bushes in full bloom. The birds are singing and the lizards have begun basking in the sun. And … it's tax season.
I am blessed to have a career that I love, a beautiful place to live, and loving family and friends — but I still have to do taxes. Ugh! I can't get away from it until it's done! But taxes, in a way, can be a blessing in disguise. You get to see how much financial success you've had last year and make adjustments for the year to come!
Some people have already filed their tax returns and I applaud them. I'm guessing they're probably receiving a tax refund. In fact, about 70% of American taxpayers are getting part of over $200 million the IRS will be paying out in refunds this year. That's a lot of money!
The average tax refund will land somewhere around $3000. A lot of people get excited about their refund because it seems sort of like winning a prize or receiving a gift. And $3000 is a lot of money! The truth is, when you receive a tax refund, it's actually the government giving you back your own money. You earned it and gave them too much during the year and now they have to give it back. Interest free.
First, make an adjustment on the amount withheld from your paycheck so your 2018 tax refund will be closer to zero. This means you'll have about $250 more of your money every month! Talk with your HR Department at work. You'll need to fill out the new 2018 W-4 form, but they can guide you through the process. I have friends and family who work in HR and they are some of the nicest people I know. They enjoy helping people!
Second, take time to enjoy having $3000 — and be intentional about how you spend it. My advice is to always do what's right for you. It's your money and you get to decide; but decide with intention. Remember — it's not an all or nothing decision! You don't have to do just one thing with your tax refund. You may want to use T&H's Financial Rule #2: Spend some, Save some, and Give some. I love this balanced approach!
$ 400 : Set aside cash for girls night outs for the next few months!
$ 200 : Give cash to my favorite charities. I like to give to local and global food banks in the spring. I give to St. Vincent DePaul, a local food bank here in Phoenix. I also give to Feed My Starving Children, which is a global food provider.
I hope you enjoy April here in Arizona, or where ever you may be! It's a beautiful time of year! If you like the idea of being intentional and balanced in how you spend your money, then let's work together to create a balanced and intentional financial lifestyle. As the owner and founder of T&H Financial Coaching, I personally work with you one-to-one to get you there. Check out T&Hs Quick Start Package to get started and follow me on Facebook!
I'd also like to invite you to a few of our fun events coming up. Click here for more details!
It's rainy season here in Arizona. When the rain stops, I always make a point to put down my tea and step outside. I hop over the puddle that always forms by my front door and I search for it. Will I be lucky enough to see one today? I look to my left and there it is, spreading across the horizon — a rainbow! Oh my! Rainbows always make me smile. The colors appear softly at first, growing bigger as their arc strengthens. So beautiful! How lucky I feel in those moments!
Seeing a rainbow is lucky, but it's more than just being in the right place at the right time. You have to step outside after the rain. In a way, you have to make your own luck.
How do people afford things like that? Do they find the pot-of-gold at the end of the rainbow? Well, no. It's actually way easier. One day, they proactively decided to start saving money, and then they actually did. By saving some money every day on purpose, they were able to save a lot of money over the years.
At T&H Financial Coaching, we call it a Healthy Habit!
The key to keeping a healthy habit is to make it easy to do.
1. Decide on your container of choice; a mason jar, a box, a vase, or even an envelope will work just fine! I use a mason jar because I love the way they look!
2. Label your container "My Healthy Habit" or "My Pot of Gold". Get creative!
3. Place your container in a safe location where you'll see it every day. Seeing it every day is important because every time you look at it, you will remember to save!
4. Every single day, put $1.00 in!
5. Let yourself soak in that wonderful sense of pride of having saved money and formed a healthy new habit!
$1.00 doesn't seem like a lot at first, but it adds up fast!
You'll have $3,650 at the end of ten years!
So begin today. Ok, maybe tomorrow, but either way — stop waiting! Every day you wait to start saving money is a dollar less in your jar. If you need that extra push or courage to start — email me! I love helping people create their own financial luck.
Imagine the opportunities you'll create for yourself with your $1.00 a day… and then imagine what sort of rainbows you'll see when you start to save even more. As the owner of T&H Financial Coaching, I work with you one-to-one to save dollars, hundreds of dollars, even thousands of dollars! Check out T&H's Quick Start Package to get started and follow me on Facebook!
May you grow your pot of gold!
Ahhh, a good night's sleep! There's nothing like snuggling under the covers, falling fast asleep, and waking up refreshed and ready to confidently take on the day! I always feel happier after a good night's sleep. I'm calmer and the little stresses that come up throughout the day don't bother me as much. Plus, when I get a good night's sleep, my coffee tastes better!
Of course, a sleep so peaceful that your coffee tastes better isn't an easy thing to achieve. Especially when you are worried about money. When it comes to finances, the biggest stress causers (sleep ruiners!) are those $100 – $400 unexpected expenses that you don't have the cash for.
So why do you keep waking up in the middle of the night? Maybe you're anxious about paying for that unexpected cell phone repair. Or maybe you promised your friends you'd meet them for happy hour tomorrow, but your dog got sick and now you have a pretty big vet bill that needs to get paid. You could put it on your credit card, but then your goal to pay your credit card off this month is out the window, and your peaceful dreams are replaced with late night financial worry. Again.
Well, stop worrying! Seriously! At T&H Financial Coaching, it is one of our core beliefs that you deserve a good night's sleep! Money shouldn't cause you stress — it should be the support system you need to live your best life.
So what's the easiest way to sleep stress free? Set up a Happy Rainy-Day Fund! Most people know what a "Rainy-Day Fund" is (the money you set aside to pay for emergencies), but at T&H Financial Coaching, we've redefined it to be a bit … happier!
A Happy Rainy-Day Fund is the money you set aside for ALL of the unexpected expenses of life that aren't part of your regular monthly budget. The difference is that unexpected expenses are not always emergencies — unexpected expenses can come from the joys in your life, too!
What does your calendar look like this month? Maybe your friend is getting married next week, you have three birthday dinners to attend, and your sister just asked you to throw her a baby shower. Or maybe you just got a new job and need a wardrobe update. These are all wonderful things to happen in your life — but they're also unexpected expenses.
It shouldn't matter if the unexpected expenses come from emergencies or happiness, you should be able to pay for them stress-free. That's why I call it the Happy Rainy-Day Fund!
Open a savings account specifically for your Happy Rainy-Day Fund. Keeping it separate from your other accounts is important.
Set up an automatic monthly transfer of $50.00 from your checking account to your new Happy Rainy-Day Fund account.
Transfer $25.00 from every paycheck into your Happy Rainy-Day Fund savings account. This twice per month transfer adds up quickly!
Most of my clients are amazed they have $50 (or more!) they can easily transfer into Happy Rainy-Day Fund, they just need help finding it. That's where I come in. I work with you one-to-one to help you redefine your relationship with your money so you can sleep stress-free. First step ~ a Happy Rainy-Day Fund! Sign up for my T&H Quick Start Package to get started and follow me on Facebook for more great money saving tips!
You deserve a good night's sleep and to enjoy the taste of delicious coffee that comes from those worry-free zzzz's!
February is the month of love! When I think February, I think flowers… chocolates… and greeting cards covered in pink and red hearts! They are so sweet! One of the most important reasons to get your finances together is so that you can gift your love to the people you care most about — and that includes ourselves! To me, loving myself means loving my finances and having a good relationship with my money. And this February, I'm going to gift myself my love! And you should too!
This year, someone who loves me is gifting me $1,000.00! (Just think of all the chocolate hearts I can buy!) Can you guess who? It's me! And yes I am worth it! And so are you!
Last year, American's credit card debt totaled over 1 trillion dollars for the first time. That's 1 trillion with twelve zeros! I can't even wrap my head around that number. How many trips to the moon and back is that!? (Beam me down, Scotty!) Let's make that number a little more real — each American owes an average of $7,000 in debt. That isn't so bad… but wait, it also means that every American is paying an average of $1,000 just in interest to the banks every year. So I say stop loving the banks and give yourself that money instead!
Pay your minimums on time every month.
Choose one credit card and pay as much extra as you can on it every month until it's paid off completely.
Do not charge any more money on that credit card. Ever. Until it is paid off completely.
What nourishes our hearts is not always the easiest thing to do. Sometimes it's even scary. Maybe you have more than one credit card or more debt than you can realistically pay off in one month. Or even in one year. That's ok — because you're not alone! This is my passion. As the owner of T&H Financial Coaching, I work with you one-to-one to truly understand your financial situation and help you fall in love with it! Check out the T&H Quick Start Package and follow me on Facebook! It's time to start loving your finances!
HOW TO BE INTENTIONAL AND BALANCED WITH YOUR TAX REFUND – T & H Financial Coaching on What do you want to be when you grow up?
This is What Happens When Your Rainy-Day Fund is Happy! – T & H Financial Coaching on How an Act of Love Can Save You $1,000 Every Year!


text:
Habitat heterogeneity, temperature, and primary productivity drive elevational gradients in avian species diversity
Ecology and Evolution
By: Kristen G. Dillon and Courtney J. Conway
https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.7341
Anticipating and mitigating the impacts of climate change on species diversity in montane ecosystems requires a mechanistic understanding of drivers of current patterns of diversity. We documented the shape of elevational gradients in avian species richness in North America and tested a suite of a priori predictions for each of five mechanistic hypotheses to explain those patterns.
We used predicted occupancy maps generated from species distribution models for each of 646 breeding birds to document elevational patterns in avian species richness across the six largest U.S. mountain ranges. We used spatially explicit biotic and abiotic data to test five mechanistic hypotheses proposed to explain geographic variation in species richness.
Elevational gradients in avian species richness followed a consistent pattern of low elevation plateau-mid-elevation peak (as per McCain, 2009). We found support for three of the five hypotheses to explain the underlying cause of this pattern: the habitat heterogeneity, temperature, and primary productivity hypotheses.
Main Conclusions
Species richness typically decreases with elevation, but the primary cause and precise shape of the relationship remain topics of debate. We used a novel approach to study the richness-elevation relationship and our results are unique in that they show a consistent relationship between species richness and elevation among 6 mountain ranges, and universal support for three hypotheses proposed to explain the underlying cause of the observed relationship. Taken together, these results suggest that elevational variation in food availability may be the ecological process that best explains elevational gradients in avian species richness in North America. Although much attention has focused on the role of abiotic factors, particularly temperature, in limiting species' ranges, our results offer compelling evidence that other processes also influence (and may better explain) elevational gradients in species richness.
10.1002/ece3.7341
Coop Res Unit Seattle


The bedroom is one of the rooms in a house that is privacy. Not only is it used as a place to rest, but the bedroom is also sometimes a place for other activities such as relaxing, studying, working, and many others. For that, of course, it needs a comfortable atmosphere so that the occupants in it feel at home in the bedroom. The comfort of the bedroom is closely related to the design and concept that is in the room.
You need to know if we need to decorate our rooms as beautifully as possible and also make the room a comfortable and romanticly designed room. Why does it have to be romantic? The reason is that the room includes a very private room that is often used to combine the love of a married couple. Because in combining intimate romance the atmosphere of the room is very influential in arousing sensual arousal that can warm up the atmosphere more relaxed and comfortable.
So what about Christmas? Is decorating a room also needed at Christmas? Of course, we still have to make our bedroom a romantic room so we still feel comfortable while in the bedroom with our partner. And to create a romantic bedroom there are some tips that you have to do, such as choosing the color of wall paint, lighting, curtains and can also add a canopy on the bed.
Believe in the design of a romantic bedroom will be able to warm the atmosphere of the room can also strengthen the fabric of love with our partners.


Enjoy fantastic views and rustic luxury at Skybox ...your basecamp for Smoky Mountain adventures or world class relaxation. Access is easy for anyone in the family with only one step to the front door, which opens to a "great room", consisting of the dine-in kitchen and living room. The kitchen is very well equipped with all stainless appliances, coffee maker, microwave, and ample dishware, cookware, and utensils. The large stacked stone gas fireplace is the centerpiece of the living area which offers an extra flat screen telvision and comfortable sofa and recliner. The master suite also located on the main floor, has a King size with log frame bed, a large in-room whirlpool tub, and french doors that open directly to the hot tub. The covered back deck provides a picnic table, seating, gas grill, private hot tub, porch rockers, and beautiful mountain views, all protected from the weather. Upstairs you will find a spacious loft with comfortable furniture and large flat screen television, surrounded by huge picture windows. The second bedroom suite also offers a King Bed with remote controlled massaging mattress, a full bath, flat screen television, flat screen television, with views as well. The daylight basement has a spacious den with bunk beds, living room furniture, an 60-inch flat screen television, foosball game table, as well as various games and sports memorabilia. The third bedroom on this floor also offer a King bed, flat screen television, massaging mattress, and full bath, so all bedrooms offer equal accommodation for guests. Skybox is located just down the road from the Wild Laurel Golf Course, where scenic golf is available, as well as the grill & pub. Enjoy FREE ACCESS to the swimming pool and 24-hour fitness center while renting the beautiful mountain home.


H and D Barclay, dated 1900; extended (in same style) to E along Foundry Street, 1913; 1st floor bridge linking to Pilmuir Works to S added by Ashton and Beveridge, 1926. Linen damask factory comprising 2-storey, L-plan warehouse, counting house and finishing department to S along Foundry St with low balustraded tower at SW corner and single storey shed for lapping, calendering, sewing and embroidery to N. Warehouse of free Baroque design with eyebrow pediments and attached columns to central opening of tripartite 1st floor window groupings along Foundry St; splayed keystones to those to ground floor. Warehouse of coursed rockfaced sandstone with ashlar dressings to ground floor; ashlar above; 2-storey W wing and factory shed of coursed rubble; 1st floor bridge of reinforced concrete. Ground floor cill course to main 2-storey warehouse; band course above ground floor windows; frieze and moulded cornice to eaves (continued across base of tower, which also has separate frieze and eaves cornice). Raised long and short surrounds to window jambs to ground floor of main warehouse block; stepped splayed keystone to each window/light; raised quoins at arrises.
S (FOUNDRY ST/WAREHOUSE) ELEVATION: 13-bay. Entrance to penultimate bay to left; flanking panelled pilasters with moulded capitals support corniced frieze inscribed 'ST MARGARET'S WORKS' in raised letters; 2-leaf multi-panelled timber door. Window above. 2 windows to ground floor to each bay to right. Tripartite window arrangement to 2nd floor to each bay to right (apart from to outer right bay where bridge adjoins); central window to each bay framed by aedicule (comprising pair of attached Doric columns on bracket bases supporting corniced frieze surmounted by eyebrow pediment); recessed cill/apron to each opening. Roundel carved with cartouche in between each tripartite grouping; carved from left to right: boar's head with shuttle (sign of Dunfermline weavers), 'H & R' (Hay and Robertson), lion rampant and 'WR', 'RHR' and 'JWR' (the initials of 3 partners of firm, all Robertsons). Outer left bay raised as tower; bipartite window with column mullion to each floor; that to ground floor incorporating scrolls at outer upper corners; that to 1st floor with bracket base and carved capital to column; each light recessed slightly, incorporating aprons beneath cills. Lunette above (at base of tower) carved with cherub holding date '1900'.
BRIDGE: shallow-arched corbelled 'bridge of sighs' design. 5 pilastered bays; window to each.
W ELEVATION: 4-bay section of main warehouse to right; closely-grouped 3-bay section to left; window to each bay to each floor; those to ground floor incorporating scrolls at upper corners. Outer right bay raised as tower; bipartite window with pilastered mullion (and incorporating scrolls at outer upper corners) to ground floor; bracketed tripartite oriel above; surmounted by lunette at base of tower; mosaic covering to domed roof and lunette; thistle carving at centre. Plain 12-bay section adjoins set back to outer left; blocked segmental-headed windows to ground floor.
E ELEVATION (OF WAREHOUSE): single storey modern shopfront to Pilmuir St.
N ELEVATION (FACTORY SHED): 6-bay shed. Square brick chimney (either for gas engine or laundry) with recessed panels and cornice at NW angle.
Mainly 2-pane timber sash and case windows to main warehouse (some 3-pane upper sashes). Grey slate roofs; platform design to that to main warehouse; sawtooth profile (glazed along N pitches) to that to factory shed. Original cast-iron downpipes (with moulded hoppers) to main warehouse block.
INTERIOR: main entrance to warehouse opens into vestibule with inner doorway (with flanking Ionic attached columns and eyebrow pediment) set in glazed screen. Main entrance hall incorporates lavish staircase (with carved timber balusters and Art Nouveau newels) and arch-braced cupola. Some good fireplaces, fixed cabinets and window architraves in partners' offices to 1st floor. Majolica-tiled washrooms. Eclectic/Art Nouveau capitals to columns to warehouse; corniced plasterwork over steel beams; complex double scissor-braced timber roof trusses with longitudinal arch braces. Arched-braced roofs (e.g. in former colonial department). Timber trusses and steel beams to factory shed.
Built for Hay and Robertson ltd, established 1862, to eventually become the largest of Dunfermline's damask linen manufacturers. The first part of St Margaret's Works was completed in 1870, enlarged in 1882 and 1893. Weaving stopped in 1979. The main factory was demolished in 1984 and housing built on the site in 1995. The new warehouse, on the site of Dunfermline Foundry, comprised at ground floor a counting house, saleroom, sample room and to the rear lapping and packing rooms. The first floor was a show, stock and designer's room, and had three private rooms for members of the firm. Machine stitching was powered by a gas engine, lifts were hydraulic and electric lighting was fitted from the start. H and D Barclay are primarily known as architects to the Glasgow School Board but also secured commissions for several public buildings in Dunfermline. Their work "will catch the eye of all who delight to see artistic taste brought to bear on that which has much to do with the commercial side of life" (Dunfermline Journal).


I drew this, figured I would post it here to try and revive the thread. Come on people! Fish Stories rocks! Post stuff!
Eh, give it up, I've been trying since it opened, but this place is just dead.
I know. I just can't let it go. When I look at it, I still see my little boy, so full of potential. I don't see some vegetable of a forum, surviving only on the life support of Nightstar.
Leave me to my pain.


Civiq in business for 4 years. Sister company 30 years in business - making industrial computers and displays. Civiq is a spin off.
It is a rugged communication platform.
2000 devices in cities worldwide. NYC has 800 – adding 1,000 more. NYC subway has 400. Devices also in London, Toronto, Montreal, South American and the Yukon.
Located in Milford, MA and product manufactured in Mass.
Technology is proprietary design, patents for heating and cooling system and screen systems.
Smart City perspective – enable communication to cities and its' citizens and visitors.
Lots of intelligence to monitor lights, traffic, waste removal, parking, crowd control, etc.
Users interface with the kiosks, to search for a multitude of POI items. It is ADA compliant.
Space for advertising and branding is available.
Wifi access points are available on the kiosk, or a cellular antenna to sell to a wireless provider.
Cost is $25K a unit, plus Annual Software fees and software upgrades. Servicing and maintaining is not complicated – the DPW and/or Town IT Depts. typically maintain the kiosks.
Galasso suggested we include this product with a grant to be completed for the bikeway crosswalk.
Have had a borrowing relationship with the FEDIC since 2012.
EDIC funded $100K which was lent out. $42K still outstanding from a daycare provider business.
They are a community development financial institution. Do a lot of SBA lending/ micro lending.
Lending since 1995. $22M in total loans for 2018.
2018 Loan Stats: 40% women, 13% minorities, 33% immigrants, 33% located in low income communities, 9% veterans.
Falmouth 2018 Stats: $14.5M in loans,158 jobs created or retained.
Facilitate workshops partnering with the Falmouth Chamber of Commerce.
Galasso inquired if CCC would be interested in lending EDIC money to buy down interest rates to loans made to Falmouth businesses. Marshall replied yes.
Of the $100K the EDIC lent, $60K was paid back and $40K is outstanding.
CCC interest rates are typically slightly higher than the market rate, to support their 501(c)3 business operations, and the partnering with banks to mitigate risks on the larger dollars.
Fox drafted the Friends of Falmouth Station's (FFS) mission statement: The mission of the FFS is to preserve the railroading heritage of Falmouth by maintaining the Station as a community gathering spot for educational and social activities.
The FFS Board has not been finalized – Fox to continue to work on this.
The Jazz Stroll was very successful, about 150 people attended. Upcoming events are: Dec. 8th Falmouth Holiday Stroll, May 12th – National Railroad Day, Aug. 10th – Ice Cream Social.
Fox requested $35 to file the FFS Article of Incorporation and $275 to file with IRS.
MOTION: Moran made a motion to approve the funds as requested. Galasso 2nd. All in favor. Approved.
Moran again recognized the Glynn Law Firm for assisting with the legal documentation undertaken pro bono for this endeavor.
Spoke to Jonathon Idman, Chief Regulatory Officer at the Cape Cod Commission (CCC) on behalf of FEDIC in regard to the Development Agreement (DA) Extension.
CCC thinks the 3-year extension provides able time for the property owners to take advantage of the agreement.
Idman's main concern is who the party will be contracting for a new DA. Typically DA's are entered into by One Landowner who owns several vacant lots. There have only been 5 DA's in the history of CCC (since the 1990's). The model is that one landowner owns all properties and has legal authority to contract with the CCC to bind all the lots to the development restrictions.
Now the Tech Park now has multiple owners – the concern is that it is not thought that the FEDIC has the standing to enter into an agreement for all the Tech Park property owners.
Moynihan summarized all points and challenges in a letter to the FEDIC.
There may be standing with the CCC of a formal incorporated entity or organization of lot owners, like an owner's association.
The CCC may want to understand what benefits to the CCC will be to have a DA.
Competing issues may be a challenge when dealing with multiple owners on a DA, as well as the expense to complete one.
Moynihan advised that the CCC regulations have changed since its' inception. It could be a DA may not be of assistance to the Tech Park development – i.e. endangered species, etc.
There is much more flexibility with the CCC since DA was created, and it will be easier than the Tech Park owners think it will be to work with them individually.
Moynihan advised the CCC designated the Tech Park as a Chapter H Regulations – which is that development and redevelopment up to 40 sq. ft. of floor area can occur for uses of Research and Development and LIB – and are exempt from the CCC review. A significant change that occurred after the DA. It is not attached/included with the DA.
Also new with CCC is the Limited DRI Review – where the CCC and Developer together identify issues area that development affects. Narrows the focus of the review which lessens the cost and time to complete the process.
Moynihan recommends the Tech Park only hold an advisory role and to be careful when thinking about representing the Tech Park property owner's development thoughts and desires.
Moran and Land requests that Moynihan create a letter in collaboration with Broderick and Moran, to the Tech Park Owners and Tenants, outlining the points mentioned today, particularly the issue of "standing". Moran requests the FEDIC take no action until after requesting another meeting with the Owners/Tenants. Ltr. to be sent certified.
Simmler working on design for the crosswalk over RR tracks. Price is estimated at $25K.
Simmler to revisit a grant combining the crosswalk and the kiosk, with Go Fund Me.
Moran said this would need to be combined effort with the Town Mgr.
Moran requested Broderick set up a meeting with Chamber, Town Counsel, Town Finance Selectmen and Town Mgr. with CIVIQ first. Then combine funding efforts of CIVIQ kiosks with Station bikeway crosswalk.
Moran requested a flow chart from Simmler for time period of actions and potential options.
Galasso suggested Commonwealth Place / Mass Development for a grant funding. To move forward with the crosswalk design plans, bids and approvals by MassDOT and include the Kiosks later.
No recent updates. The connection agreement is being reviewed by Eversource.
Burke advised that Highfield Hall made final payment on their loan. Only 1 outstanding loan for $40K to a Daycare Ctr.
Burke noticed that the term for the extension of the loan notification process was not clearly defined within the loan documentation. Going forward need to do better defining extension terms on EDIC loans. Burke will have them sign something that they decided to extend the loan.
MOTION: Burke made a motion to obtain a corrective document, with acknowledging the extension of the loan. Moran 2nd. All in favor. Approved.
MOTION: Burke made a motion to approve the Nov. 11, 2018 warrant in the amount of $8,615.06. Moran 2nd. All in favor. Approved.
Galasso requested a separate account be created for The Open Cape project. incoming funding will be maintained separately – a total of $280K. Burke to hold funds in a Money Market Acct.
Galasso referred to a letter sent by Steve Johnston to Governor Baker asking for the release of the $200K funding. Requested the Selectmen's assistance to move along the process.
Galasso advised that Exec. Director Bobbi Richards has put this project on hold.
Galasso advised the grant was not approved.
Bartlett advised winter is a challenge due to vacation schedules. Considering a spring date. Do not want to compete with the Hyannis Pitch Contest. A decision needs to be made about the expense of $10K. Brooks to continue to work on the project.
Postponed until the December meeting.
Attorney Moynihan advised that it was time for the FEDIC to review the 2007 Draft Bylaws and a vote to be done.
Moynihan provided several minor suggestions but said that the 2007 Draft Bylaws were thorough and well done by Atty. Butler.
Moynihan to check open meeting laws to see if possible to maintain an Executive Committee, and to inquire into rules regarding making decisions by said committee in between the public board meetings.
The Annual Meeting article is to be held once a year, in September. Moynihan advised there is no statute that the FEDIC has a special meeting; it can be a normal meeting, and just named as the Annual Meeting.
Moynihan to do a red line version to start the update process for the FEDIC Board.
Broderick and Bartlett are organizing a Lunch Meeting for early December.
MOTION: Simmler made a motion to approve the October 30, 2018 Board Meeting Minutes. Galasso 2nd. All others in favor. Approved.
MOTON: Simmler made a motion to adjourn. Galasso 2nd. All in favor. Approved.


text:
You are here: Home / 2016 / June
Catty Behavior
June 27, 2016 /0 Comments/in Uncategorized /by Colin McGinn
I know my readers like cat stories, so I have a good one for you. Nearly a year ago I found a kitten in my garden, howling. I adopted him and called him Blackie, on account of his being jet black all over. He is a nice friendly non-violent cat. One of my other cats, Mabel, took an instant dislike to him, though she likes every other cat she has come into contact with. She would ruthlessly chase him intent on serious violence; his only escape was to slide under the chair where she was too big to follow him. He gave her a wide berth at all times. But he was growing bigger all the time and there had to come a day when he could fight back (fortunately he never got seriously hurt by her as a kitten, mainly because of his speed). One day I saw him in a corner unable to escape and he was forced to retaliate. Neither was injured in the encounter but an extraordinary reversal then ensued. Now Mabel became deadly afraid of Blackie! He never hurt her or even menaced her, but she completely reversed roles with him, treating him as an object of dire dread. I think he was puzzled, because he had been very afraid of her up to this point. It has become so bad that she won't come into the house anymore: she gazes through the window to see if Blackie is there but she won't venture inside even if she can't see him. It's a real problem. Is it that she remembers her own past aggressive behavior and projects it onto gentle Blackie? Who knows? Cats!
A lot has been said on this subject and no doubt it is a complete disaster in every way. To me one of the worst aspects of it will be the festering resentment created: within England, within Britain, and within Europe. There will be dislike and suspicion everywhere; ill feeling, anger, contempt. Even if it never comes about, though inefficiency or feet dragging, an awful lot of harm has already been done that cannot be rectified.
There really should be an explicit discipline called "political psychology" that deals with all aspects of the psyche that bear on politics (compare "economic psychology"). Political emotions would be a central area. Much of social science is still in thrall to behaviorism, but we need to recognize the full reality of the inner life in shaping behavior. In fact, most of political theory really is political psychology under another name. And the first law of political psychology is: People hate people with whom they disagree politically.
Philosophical Provocations
Readers may be interested to learn that I have signed a contract with MIT Press to publish a collection of my recently written papers, numbering 50 odd (the remaining 60 or so papers may be published in a later volume). The papers are on a great many subjects but they all aim to provoke–hence the title Philosophical Provocations.
I've been reading Hume's Enquiry and am struck by how much I didn't understand it before–and how little it is still understood. Several commentators have noted that Hume does not deny the existence of necessary connection, merely noting that our only knowledge of causation arises from experience of constant conjunction; but it is striking how much he assumes that causation resides in the single instance and that power is objectively real. His point about causation applies only to the epistemology of causation not its metaphysics. He thinks that necessary connection is real but that we can't detect it in the individual events: he believes in objective causal necessity but he thinks that our human understanding is too limited to grasp it directly–so we fall back on constant conjunction. The cement exists in objects but we can't sense it or form an adequate idea of it.
© Copyright - Colin McGinn
a BOLDER DESIGN