text:
\section{Introduction}

In industrial inspection, there is an ever-growing demand for highly accurate, non-destructive measurements of three-dimensional object geometries. A variety of optical sensors have been developed to meet these demands~\cite{Girod00}.
These sensors satisfy the requirements at least partially. Numerous applications, however, still wait for a capable metrology. The limitations of those sensors emerge from physics and technology--the physical limits are determined by the wave equation and by coherent noise, while the technological limits are mainly due to the space-time-bandwidth product of electronic cameras.

Closer consideration reveals that the technological limits are basically of information-theoretical nature. The majority of the available optical 3D sensors need large amounts of raw data in order to obtain the shape. A lot of redundant information is acquired and the expensive channel capacity of the sensors is used inefficiently~\cite{Wagner03}. A major source of redundancy is the shape of the object itself: If the object surface $z(x,y)$ is almost planar, there is similar height information at each pixel. In terms of information theory the surface points of such objects are ``correlated''; their power spectral density $\Phi_z$ decreases rapidly.
In order to remove redundancy, one can apply spatial differentiation to whiten the power spectral density (see Fig.~\ref{spectra}). Fortunately, there are optical systems that perform such spatial differentiation. Indeed, sensors that acquire just the local slope instead of absolute height values are much more efficient in terms of exploiting the available channel capacity. Further, reconstructing the object height from slope data reduces the high-frequency noise since integration acts as a low-pass filter.

There are several sensor principles that acquire the local slope: For \emph{rough surfaces}, it is mainly the principle of Shape from Shading~\cite{Horn89}. For \emph{specular surfaces}, there are differentiating sensor principles like the differential interference contrast microscopy or deflectometry~\cite{Haeusler88}. Deflectometric scanning methods allow an extremely precise characterization of optical surfaces by measuring slope variations as small as $0.02$\,arcsec~\cite{Weingaertner99}. Full-field deflectometric sensors acquire the two-dimensional local gradient of a (specular) surface. Using ``Phase-measuring Deflectometry'' (PMD)~\cite{PMD99Pt,Knauer04,Kaminski05a,Lowitzsch05b}, for example, one can measure the local gradient of an object at one million sample points within a few seconds. The repeatability of the sensor described in~\cite{Lowitzsch05b} is below $10$\,arcsec with an absolute error less than $100$\,arcsec, on a measurement field of $80$\,mm~$\times$~$80$\,mm and a sampling distance of $0.1$\,mm.

In several cases it is sufficient to know the local gradient or the local curvature; however, most applications demand the height information as well. As an example we consider eyeglass lenses. In order to calculate the local surface power of an eyeglass lens by numerical differentiation, we only need the surface slope and the lateral sampling distance. But for quality assurance in an industrial setup, it is necessary to adjust the production machines according to the measured shape deviation. This requires height information of the surface. Another application is the measurement of precision optics. For the optimization of these systems sensors are used to measure the local gradient of wavefronts~\cite{Pfund98}. To obtain the shape of these wavefronts, a numerical shape reconstruction method is needed.

\subsection{Why is integration of 2D gradient data difficult?}
In the previous section we stated that measuring the gradient instead of the object height is more efficient from an information-theoretical point of view, since redundant information is largely reduced. Using numerical integration techniques, the shape of the object can be reconstructed locally with high accuracy. For example, a full-field deflectometric sensor allows the detection of local height variations as small as \emph{a few nanometers}.

However, if we want to reconstruct the global shape of the object, low-frequency information is essential. Acquiring \emph{solely the slope\/} of the object reduces the low-frequency information substantially (see Fig.~\ref{spectra}). In other words, we have a lot of \emph{local\/} information while lacking \emph{global\/} information, because we reduced the latter by optical differentiation. As a consequence, small measuring errors in the low-frequency range will have a strong effect on the overall reconstructed surface shape. This makes the reconstruction of the global shape a difficult task.

Furthermore, one-dimensional integration techniques cannot be easily extended to the two-dimensional case. In this case, one has to choose a path of integration. Unfortunately, noisy data leads to different integration results depending on the path\cite{Agrawal05}. Therefore, requiring the integration to be path independent becomes an important condition ("integrability condition") for developing an optimal reconstruction algorithm (see Sections~\ref{problem} and~\ref{optimal}).

\section{Problem formulation}
\label{problem}

We consider an \emph{object surface\/} to be a twice continuously differentiable function $z: \Omega\to \mathbb{R}$ on some compact, simply connected region $\Omega\subset \mathbb{R}^2$. The integrability condition implies that the gradient field $\nabla z=(z_x,z_y)^T$ is \emph{curl free}, i.\,e. every path integral between two points yields the same value. This is equivalent to the requirement that there exists a potential $z$ to the gradient field $\nabla z$ which is unique up to a constant. Most object surfaces measurable by deflectometric sensors fulfill these requirements, or at least they can be decomposed into simple surface patches showing these properties.

Measuring the gradient $\nabla z$ at each sample point $\mathbf{x}_i=(x_i,y_i)^T$ yields a discrete vector field $(p(\mathbf{x}_i),q(\mathbf{x}_i))^T,\; i=1\dots N$. These measured gradient values usually are contaminated by noise--the vector field is not necessarily curl free. Hence, there might not exist a potential $z$ such that $\nabla z(\mathbf{x}_i) = (p(\mathbf{x}_i),q(\mathbf{x}_i))^T$ for all $i$. In that case, we seek a least-squares approximation, i.\,e.\ a surface representation $z$ such that the following error functional is minimized~\cite{Horn89,Frankot88,HorovitzK04}:
\begin{equation}\label{approx_functional}
	J(z) := \sum_{i=1}^N \left[z_x({\bf x}_i)-p({\bf x}_i)\right]^2 + \left[z_y({\bf x}_i)-q({\bf x}_i)\right]^2.
\end{equation}

\section{Related Work}

In the case of one-dimensional data, integration is a rather straightforward procedure which has been investigated quite extensively~\cite{Yaroslavsky,Elster02a}. In case of two-dimensional data, there exist mainly two different approaches to solve the stated problem~\cite{Schluens96}.
On the one hand, there are \emph{local methods}: They integrate along predetermined paths. The advantage of these methods is that they are simple and fast, and that they reconstruct small local height variations quite well. However, they propagate both the measurement error and the discretization error along the path. Therefore, they introduce a global shape deviation. This effect is even worse if the given gradient field is not guaranteed to be curl free: In this case, the error also depends on the chosen path.
On the other hand, there are \emph{global methods}: They try to minimize $J(z)$ by solving its corresponding Euler-Lagrange equation\cite{Agrawal05}
\begin{equation}\label{poisson}
	\nabla^2 z({\bf x}) = \frac{\partial p}{\partial x}({\bf x}) + \frac{\partial q}{\partial y}({\bf x})\,,
\end{equation}
where $\frac{\partial p}{\partial x}$ and $\frac{\partial q}{\partial y}$ denote the numerical $x$- and $y$-derivative of the measured data $p$ and $q$, respectively. The advantage of global methods is that there is no propagation of the error; instead, the error gets evenly distributed over all sample points. Unfortunately, the implementation has certain difficulties. Methods based on finite differences are usually inefficient in their convergence when applied to strongly curved surfaces~\cite{HorovitzK04}. Therefore, they are mainly used for nearly planar objects. Another approach to solve Eq.~(\ref{poisson}) is based on Fourier transformation~\cite{Frankot88}. Integration in the Fourier domain has the advantage of being optimal with respect to information-theoretical considerations~\cite{Yaroslavsky}. However, Fourier methods assume a periodic extension on the boundary which cannot be easily enforced with irregularly shaped boundaries in a two-dimensional domain.

In general, it is crucial to note that the reconstruction method depends on the slope-measuring sensor and the properties of the acquired data. For example, slope data acquired by Shape from Shading is rather noisy, exhibits curl, and is usually located on a full grid of millions of points. Here, a fast subspace approximation method like the one proposed by Frankot and Chellappa~\cite{Frankot88} is appropriate. On the other hand, wavefront reconstruction deals with much smaller data sets, and the surface is known to be rather smooth and flat. In this case, a direct finite-difference solver can be applied~\cite{Southwell80}. Deflectometric sensors deliver a third type of data: It consists of very large data sets with rather small noise and curl, but the data may not be complete, depending on the local reflectance of the measured surface. Furthermore, the measuring field may have an unknown, irregularly shaped boundary. These properties render most of the aforementioned methods unusable for deflectometric data.
In the following sections, we will describe a surface reconstruction method which is especially able to deal with slope data acquired by sensors such as Phase-measuring Deflectometry.

\section{Shape reconstruction}
\label{method}

\subsection{Challenges}
The desired surface reconstruction method should have the properties of both \emph{local and global\/} integration methods: It needs to \emph{preserve local details\/} without propagating the error along a certain path. It also needs to minimize the error functional of Eq.~(\ref{approx_functional}), hence yielding a \emph{globally optimal solution\/} in a least-squares sense. Further, the method should be able to deal with \emph{irregularly shaped boundaries}, \emph{missing data points}, and it has to be able to reconstruct surfaces of a large variety of objects with steep slopes and \emph{high curvature values}. It should also be able to \emph{handle large data sets\/} which may consist of some million sample points.
We now show how to meet these challenges using an analytic interpolation approach.

\subsection{Analytic reconstruction}
A low noise level allows \emph{interpolation\/} of the slope values instead of approximation. Interpolation is a special case which has the great advantage that we can ensure that small height variations are preserved. In this paper we will only focus on the interpolation approach as analytic reconstruction method. For other measurement principles like Shape from Shading, an approximation approach might be more appropriate.

The basic idea of the integration method is as follows: We seek an analytic interpolation function such that its gradient  interpolates the measured gradient data. Once this interpolation is determined, it uniquely defines the surface reconstruction up to an integration constant. To obtain the analytic interpolant, we choose a generalized Hermite interpolation approach employing \emph{radial basis functions\/} (RBFs)~\cite{Narcowich03,Buhmann03}. This method has the advantage that it can be applied to \emph{scattered data}. It allows us to integrate data sets with holes, irregular sampling grids, or irregularly shaped boundaries. Furthermore, this method allows for an optimal surface recovery in the sense of Eq.~(\ref{approx_functional}) (see Section~\ref{optimal} below).

In more detail: Assuming that the object surface fulfills the requirements described in Section~\ref{problem}, the data is given as pairs $(p(\mathbf{x}_j),q(\mathbf{x}_j))^T$, where $p(\mathbf{x}_j)$ and $q(\mathbf{x}_j)$ are the measured slopes of the object at $\mathbf{x}_j$ in $x$- and $y$-direction, respectively, for $1 \le j \le N$.
We define the interpolant to be
\begin{equation}\label{interpolant}
	s({\bf x}) = \sum_{i=1}^{N} \alpha_i \, \Phi_x (\mathbf{x}-\mathbf{x}_i)
	           + \sum_{i=1}^{N} \beta_i \, \Phi_y (\mathbf{x}-\mathbf{x}_i),
\end{equation}
where $\alpha_i$ and $\beta_i$, for $1 \le i \le N$, are coefficients and $\Phi:\mathbb{R}^2 \to\mathbb{R}$ is a radial basis function. Hereby, $\Phi_x$ and $\Phi_y$ denote the analytic derivative of $\Phi$ with respect to $x$ and $y$, respectively. This interpolant is specifically tailored for gradient data~\cite{Lowitzsch05b}. To obtain the coefficients in Eq.~(\ref{interpolant}) we match the analytic derivatives of the interpolant with the measured derivatives:
\begin{equation}\label{setup_interpolation}
	\left\{
	\begin{array}{r@{\quad}}
	\displaystyle s_x (\mathbf{x}_j) \stackrel{!}{=} p(\mathbf{x}_j) \\
	\\
	\displaystyle s_y (\mathbf{x}_j) \stackrel{!}{=} q(\mathbf{x}_j)
	\end{array}
	\right.
	\mbox{, \quad for $1 \le j \le N$}.
\end{equation}
This leads to solving the following system of linear equations~\cite{Ettl07}:
\begin{equation}
\label{linear_system}
	\underbrace{\left(
	\mbox{\begin{tabular}{cc}
	$\Phi_{x x}(\mathbf{x}_i-\mathbf{x}_j)$ & $\Phi_{x y}(\mathbf{x}_i-\mathbf{x}_j)$\\
	\\[-0.7em]
	\\[-0.7em]
	$\Phi_{x y}(\mathbf{x}_i-\mathbf{x}_j)$ & $\Phi_{y y}(\mathbf{x}_i-\mathbf{x}_j)$\\
	\end{tabular}}
	\right)}_{A \, \in \, M^{2N\times2N}}
	\underbrace{\left(
	\mbox{\begin{tabular}{c}
	$\alpha_i$\\
	\\[-0.7em]
	\\[-0.7em]
	$\beta_i$
	\end{tabular}}
	\right)}_{\alpha \, \in \, M^{2N\times1}}
	=
	\underbrace{\left(
	\mbox{\begin{tabular}{c}
	$p(\mathbf{x}_j)$\\
		\\[-0.7em]
	\\[-0.7em]
	$q(\mathbf{x}_j)$
	\end{tabular}}
	\right)}_{d \, \in \, M^{2N\times1}}.
\end{equation}
\\
Using the resulting coefficients $\alpha_i, \beta_i$ we then can apply the interpolant in Eq.~(\ref{interpolant}) to reconstruct the object surface. For higher noise levels an \emph{approximation\/} approach is recommended. In this case, we simply reduce the number of basis functions so that they do not match the number of data points any more. The system $A\,\alpha=d$ in Eq.~(\ref{linear_system}) then becomes overdetermined and can be solved in a least-squares sense.

\subsection{Optimal recovery}\label{optimal}
The interpolation approach employing radial basis functions has the advantage that it yields a \emph{unique\/} solution to the surface recovery problem: Within this setup, the interpolation matrix in Eq.~(\ref{linear_system}) is always symmetric and positive definite. Further, the solution satisfies a \emph{minimization principle\/} in the sense that the resulting analytic surface function has minimal energy~\cite{DNW99}.

We choose $\Phi$ to be a Wendland's function~\cite{Wendland95}, $\Phi({\bf x}) =: \phi(r)$, with
\begin{equation}\label{wendland}
	\phi(r) = \frac{1}{3}(1-r)_+^6(35r^2+18r+3)\in C^4(\mathbb{R}_+) \mbox{~and~} r:=\sqrt{x^2+y^2}.
\end{equation}
This has two reasons: First, Wendland's functions allow to choose their continuity according to the smoothness of the given data. The above Wendland's function leads to an interpolant which is three-times continuously differentiable, hence guaranteeing the integrability condition. Second, the compact support of the function allows to adjust the support size in such a way that the solution of Eq.~(\ref{linear_system}) is stable in the presence of noise. It turns out that the support size has to be chosen rather large in order to guarantee a good surface reconstruction~\cite{Lowitzsch05b}.

\subsection{Handling large data sets}
The amount of data commonly acquired with a PMD sensor in a single measurement is rather large: it consists of about one million sample points. This amount of data, which results from a measurement with high lateral resolution, would require the inversion of a matrix with $(2\times 10^6)^2$ entries (Eq.~(\ref{linear_system})). Since we choose a large support size for our basis functions to obtain good numerical stability the corresponding matrix is not sparse. It is obvious that this large amount of data cannot be handled directly by inexpensive computing equipment in reasonable time.

To cope with such large data sets we developed a method which first splits the data field into a set of overlapping rectangular patches. We interpolate the data on each patch separately. If the given data were height information only, this approach would yield the complete surface reconstruction. For slope data, we interpolate the data and obtain a surface reconstruction \emph{up to a constant of integration\/} (see Fig.~\ref{mirror_fit}(a)) on each patch. In order to determine the missing information we apply the following fitting scheme:
Let us denote two adjacent patches as $\Omega_1$ and $\Omega_2$ and the resulting interpolants as $s_1$ and $s_2$, respectively. Since the constant of integration is still unknown the two interpolants might be on different height levels. Generally, we seek a correcting function $f_2:\Omega_2\to\mathbb{R}$ by minimizing
\begin{equation}\label{lsqfit}
	K(f_2) := \sum_{\mathbf{x}\in{\Omega_1}\cap{\Omega_2}} |s_1(\mathbf{x}) - s_2(\mathbf{x}) - f_2(\mathbf{x})|^2\,.
\end{equation}
This fitting scheme is then propagated from the center toward the borders of the data field to obtain the reconstructed surface on the entire field (see Fig.~\ref{mirror_fit}(b)).

In the simplest case, the functions $f_i$ are chosen to be constant on each patch, representing the missing constant of integration. If the systematic error of the measured data is small, the constant fit method is appropriate since it basically yields no error propagation. For very noisy data sets it might be better to use a planar fit, i.\,e.\ $f_i(\mathbf{x}) = a_i\,x+b_i\,y+c_i$, to avoid discontinuities at the patch boundaries. This modification, however, introduces a propagation of the error along the patches. The correction angle required on each patch to minimize Eq.~(\ref{lsqfit}) depends on the noise of the data. Numerical experiments have shown that in most cases the correction angle is at least ten times smaller than the noise level of the measured data.

Using this information we can estimate the global height error which, by error propagation, may sum up toward the borders of the measuring field~\cite{Knauer06a}:
\begin{equation}\label{globaltilt}
	\Delta z_{\rm global} \approx \tan(\sigma_\alpha)\,\Delta x\,\sqrt{M}\,,
\end{equation}
where $\sigma_\alpha$ is the standard deviation of the correction angles, $\Delta x$ is the patch size, and $M$ is the number of patches. Suppose we want to integrate over a field of $80$\,mm (which corresponds to a typical eyeglass diameter), assuming a realistic noise level of $8$\,arcsec and a patch size (not including its overlaps) of $3$\,mm. With our setup, this results in $27\times 27$ patches, with a maximal tipping of $\sigma_\alpha\approx 0.6$\,arcsec per patch. According to Eq.~(\ref{globaltilt}), the resulting global error caused by propagation of the correction angles is \emph{only $45$\,nm}.

We choose the size of the patches as big as possible, provided that a single patch can still be handled efficiently. For the patch size in the example, $23\times 23$ points (including $25\%$ overlap) correspond to a $1058\times 1058$ interpolation matrix that can be inverted quickly using standard numerical methods like Cholesky decomposition.

A final remark concerning the runtime complexity of the method described above: The complexity can be further reduced in case the sampling grid is regular. Since the patches all have the same size and the matrix entries in Eq.~(\ref{linear_system}) only depend on the distances between sample points, the matrix can be inverted once for all patches and then applied to varying data on different patches, as long as the particular data subset is complete.
Note that Eq.~(\ref{interpolant}) can be written as $s = B\,\alpha$, where $B$ is the evaluation matrix. Then, by applying Eq.~(\ref{linear_system}) we obtain $s = BA^{-1}\,d$, where the matrix $BA^{-1}$ needs to be calculated only once for all complete patches. If samples are missing, however, the interpolation yields different coefficients $\alpha$ and hence forces to recompute $BA^{-1}$ for this particular patch. Using these techniques, the reconstruction of $1000\times 1000$ surface values from their gradients takes about $5$ minutes on a current personal computer.

\section{Results}

First, we investigated the stability of our method with respect to noise. We simulated realistic gradient data of a sphere (with $80$\,mm radius, $80$\,mm~$\times$~$80$\,mm field with sampling distance $0.2$\,mm, see Figure~\ref{noise_sphere}(a)) and added uniformly distributed noise of different levels, ranging from $0.05$ to $400$\,arcsec. We reconstructed the surface of the sphere using the interpolation method described in Section~\ref{method}. Hereby, we aligned the patches by only adding a constant to each patch. The reconstruction was performed for $12$ statistically independent slope data sets for each noise level.

Depicted in Figure~\ref{noise_sphere}(b) is a cross-section of the absolute error of the surface reconstruction from the ideal sphere, for a realistic noise level of $8$\,arcsec. The absolute error is less than $\pm 15$\,nm \emph{on the entire measurement field}. The local height error corresponding to this noise level is about $\pm 5$\,nm. This demonstrates that the dynamic range of the global absolute error with respect to the height variance ($25$\,mm) of the considered sphere is about $1:10^6$ .

The graph in Figure~\ref{noise_sphere}(c) depicts the mean value and the standard deviation (black error bars) of the absolute error of the reconstruction, for $12$ different data sets and for different noise levels. It demonstrates that for increasing noise level the absolute error grows only linearly (linear fit depicted in gray), and even for a noise level being the \emph{fifty-fold of the typical sensor noise\/} the global absolute error remains in the \emph{sub-micrometer regime}. This result implies that the reconstruction error is smaller than most technical applications require.

Another common task in quality assurance is the detection and quantification of surface defects like scratches or grooves. We therefore tested our method for its ability to reconstruct such local defects that may be in a range of only a few nanometers. For this purpose, we considered data from a PMD sensor for small, specular objects. The sensor has a resolvable distance of $30$\,\textmu m\ laterally and a local angular uncertainty of about $12$\,arcsec~\cite{Kaminski05a}. In order to quantify the deviation of the perfect shape, we again simulated a sphere (this time with $12$\,mm radius and $5.7$\,mm~$\times$~$5.7$\,mm data field size). We added parallel, straight grooves of varying depths from $1$ to $100$\,nm and of $180$\,\textmu m\ width and reconstructed the surface from the modified gradients. The perfect sphere was then subtracted from the reconstructed surface.
The resulting reconstructed grooves are depicted in Figure~\ref{groove_sphere}(a). The grooves ranging from $100$ down to $5$\,nm depth are clearly distinguishable from the plane. Figure~\ref{groove_sphere}(b) shows that all reconstructed depths agree fairly well with the actual depths. Note that each groove is determined by only $5$ inner sample points. The simulation results demonstrate that our method is almost free of error propagation while preserving small, local details of only some nanometers height.

So far, we used only simulated data to test the reconstruction. Now, we want to demonstrate the application of our method to a real measurement. The measurement was performed with a Phase-measuring Deflectometry sensor for very small, specular objects. It can laterally resolve object points with a distance of $75$\,nm, while having a local angular uncertainty of about $200$\,arcsec. The object under test is a part of a wafer with about $350$\,nm height range. The size of the measurement field was $100$\,\textmu m~$\times$~$80$\,\textmu m. Depicted in Figure~\ref{wafer} is the reconstructed object surface from roughly three million data values. Both the global shape and local details could be reconstructed with high precision.

\section{Conclusion}

We motivated why the employment of optical slope-measuring sensors can be advantageous. We gave a brief overview of existing sensor principles. The question that arose next was how to reconstruct the surface from its slope data. We presented a method based on radial basis functions which enables us to reconstruct the object surface from noisy gradient data. The method can handle large data sets consisting of some million entries. Furthermore, the data does not need to be acquired on a regular grid--it can be arbitrarily scattered and it can contain data holes. We demonstrated that, while accurately reconstructing the object's global shape, which may have a \emph{height range of some millimeters}, the method preserves \emph{local height variations on a nanometer scale}.

A remaining challenge is to improve the runtime complexity of the algorithm in order to be able to employ it for inline quality assurance in a production process.

\section*{Acknowledgments}

The authors thank the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft for supporting this work in the framework of SFB 603.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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It has a uniform texture (non-foliated) and is very hard, 7 on the Mo's Scale.
Quartzite is resistant to weathering.
Quartzite is usually white or grey and sometimes pink to red if iron oxides are present.


Hagåtña, GUAM — The U.S. Department of Justice has filed its reply to the government of Guam's defense of the Chamorro Land Trust Act citing a landmark 26-year-old case that upheld the validity of the act and orders its implementation.
"(In that case), the government of Guam admitted that the Chamorro Land Trust Act discriminates on the basis of race and national origin," the Justice Department argued.
DOJ sued GovGuam in September 2017 contending that the CLTA provides preferential housing benefits only to those it defines as "Native Chamorros" and therefore it "discriminates on the basis of race and national origin" in violation of the Fair Housing Act.
Guam Deputy Attorney General Kenneth Orcutt filed an opposition to that argument on Oct. 2, writing, "The CLTA has nothing to do with perpetuating racial discrimination in housing and has everything to do about rectifying the inequities of the post-war land-taking by the United States military."
However, in his response, acting Assistant U.S. Attorney General John Gore maintained, "The government of Guam argued precisely the opposite in Santos v. Ada, claiming that the CLTA did not restore land to those who lost it."
That case was filed in 1992 by the late Angel Santos and The Chamorro Nation against then-Gov. Joseph Ada. The Superior Court of Guam issued a decision upholding the validity of the CLTA and ordered its implementation at that time.
Now, the DOJ Civil Rights Division maintains the CLTA is racially discriminatory.
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Gore also noted that Chief Judge Frances Tydingco-Gatewood of the District Court of Guam already has recognized in the lawsuit filed by retired Air Force officer Arnold Davis that the "CLTA plainly creates a racial classification benefiting ethnic Chamorro and excluding others."


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This is my full review of Genius Lego Inventions with bricks you already have. I was given an advance copy of this book in exchange for my honest opinion.
Are your kids like mine? They get a thrilling new Lego set, put it together, play with it a while, and then it's demolished. Sure they build a little with their "old" Legos, but they really just want a new set.
And then there are the kids that won't even touch their Legos unless they are part of a set. Seriously, I have had this happen!
And then there are those who want to put together the set, but it is big and they can't commit, so it sits half done while the remaining pieces are scattered through the room and down the hall never to be seen again.
Wouldn't it be great if they had a ready source of ideas for all those Legos they have taken apart or never put together. Ideas that weren't too big, but were still cool enough to warrant building. A sort of jumping off point to spur their engineering imaginations?
Enter Genius Lego Inventions with bricks you already have!
This book contains instructions to build 40 new creations, and the best part, they all have some sort of moving part or simple machine in the design.
There were cheers at my house when I pulled this book out of the envelope, and the building had to start as soon as humanly possible!
Lots of the positives are obviously about the actual projects, so let's look at those a little closer. After taking apart current Lego creations my kids have a tendency to build more houses. My son will build airplanes, but the girls tend to stick to houses. This book really broadens their horizons. They can build inspiring projects that actually DO something. My son was super excited to actually build a transformer!
I love how the projects in this book make use of gears and other moving parts. I think utilizing these in new ways is great STEM learning. It increases their curiosity for what other things they might be able to make too.
These are not large projects. Once the pieces are located, they can be built in a fairly short amount of time. So even kids who fizzle out on those large Lego sets can conquer these cool little creations.
They are also easily personalized. For the most part these projects could easily be any color of block and still perform the same function, so if you don't have the right size red bricks, just swap out blue in the same size. Or if you have a child who needs everything to be green, go for it!
The other thing that I appreciate about the book is that it gives a full instruction list for each project as well as step by step instructions. So, it is very similar to have the actual Lego sets are presented. This means it will also be familiar for the kids and they won't have to do a lot of reading to build a project.
Genius Lego Inventions is a wonderful book, but because it has such fun, moving creations, it also uses parts to make them move. So lots of gears and some ball joints are used. These are not the most common Lego pieces. We have them, but we also have more Lego pieces than anyone needs because my husband leads robotics in our 4H. Before buying be sure you have a handful of these moving pieces. Otherwise check out one of the author's other books that have more stationary, yet cool, creations, or buy some some gears! Or do both, really if you have Lego lovers this might be the best way to go.
OK, maybe 2 things to be aware of. Even if you have every Lego piece you could imagine, you must be sure you have your Legos organized. I cannot even begin to explain the chaos that ensues when you have three Lego addicted kids with an awesome new book descend on the giant tub of Legos! I so wish we had had more organization; I see a day of Lego sorting in our future.
This book was a huge hit with my family, and if you have any tiny engineers it is sure to be a hit in your too! I personally can't wait to try it on those kids that refuse to build if it isn't a "set."


If you find or see a roach there is no need to feel ashamed or embarrassed because it doesn't mean you did something wrong.
Unfortunately, cockroaches are one of the very common pests in the Indy area that every resident could eventually have to deal with. You might keep your home clean on a regular basis and still be invaded by these nasty pests. Just because you have a clean house doesn't mean your neighbors home is the same way. It seems that the amount of roach problems are keeping a steady pace with the rising number of foreclosed homes. Once these invasive pests eat the food in an abandoned home they'll come searching for food in the nearest building.
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Cockroaches are great at adapting to new environments, unlike most pests. This makes them sometimes a little more difficult to detect and get rid of. Not only are they dreadful and unclean, but they also pose a health risk to humans.
These vermin can carry unhealthy bacteria, which can be easily transferred to humans. They can contaminate dishes, home surfaces, and food. In humans, this could lead to food poisoning and diarrhea. Keeping food in sealed containers can be another essential precautionary step to take.
Keep your loved ones healthy; call us at the first sign of roaches!
They can access your property through any crack you can imagine. To prevent them from entering your structure it's important to plug up any holes close to baseboards, pipes, and windows. The will frequently hide beneath paper or cardboard boxes, so ensure that you get rid of any of these hiding spots also.
In our experience, in-store solutions for cockroaches are worthless. The substance our cockroach exterminators use to eradicate these pests is far more powerful than what you'll find inside a store. We've had a few customers who waited a few years before finally contacting us to get rid of their problem!
The cockroach removal service our company offers is reasonably priced and we guarantee our work. You should not have to deal with these nasty creatures another day! Give us a call at (317) 474-6571 today and we'll supply you with a totally free estimate and schedule your appointment.


Atlanta right-hander Gavin Floyd has looked dominant in his first three starts since returning from Tommy John surgery. Specifically, Floyd has garnered a 2.41 ERA and 1.34 WHIP over 18.2 innings of work, including producing a 17/5 K/BB ratio. Floyd's command and control have been outstanding as evidenced by his 51% ground ball rate and 13% swinging strike rate. Meanwhile, Colorado is a significantly different team away from Coors Field as evidenced by the fact that the Rockies are batting just .246 with a .296 on base percentage on foreign soil (4.0 runs per game), including hitting a mere .226 with a .275 on base percentage versus right-handed starters and .268 with a .301 on base percentage over the last ten days (3.6 runs per game). Colorado's offense could also be without left fielder Carlos Gonzalez as he left Wednesday's game with left index finger inflammation and did not play Thursday.
I also like the fact that Floyd is supported by an excellent Atlanta bullpen that owns a 2.87 ERA and 1.22 WHIP this season, including a 2.33 ERA and 1.14 WHIP at Turner Field and a 1.62 ERA and 1.08 WHIP over the last seven games. Atlanta relievers also boast an impressive 10.63 K/9 rate in 2014. Colorado's arrival at Turner Field invokes fond memories from last season as the Braves swept the Rockies, outscoring them 40-13 and outhitting them 55-36 between July 29 and August 1. Atlanta first baseman Freddy Freeman welcomes Colorado with open arms as he is hitting .365 (31-for-85) with a .455 on base percentage in 22 games (10 home runs, six doubles, 25 RBIs). And, while Colorado hurler Jordan Lyles takes the mound with a respectable 3.50 ERA and 1.22 WHIP, his periphery numbers are a complete mirage. Specifically, a 26% hit rate and 73% strand rate are the real reasons behind his "success" – significant regression is on the horizon.
Let's also note that Lyles was 7-9 with a 5.59 ERA in 142 innings pitched at Houston, and I can assure you that he hasn't become an ace overnight. Lyles is also coming off his worst outing of the season wherein he allowed six runs, five hits and six walks in 3 1/3-innings against the weak-hitting Padres. From a technical standpoint, the Braves are a profitable 28-9 (+16.9 units) versus teams with a winning record, 83-37 at home, 75-35 as home favorites, 37-15 at home versus teams with a winning record and 44-20 at home in the first half of the season. Let's also note that Atlanta is 8-2 in its last ten games as a favorite and 79-34 at home versus right-handed starters, whereas the Rockies are a money-burning 16-35 as road underdogs, 2-10 in their last 12 games on the road versus teams with a win percentage of .601 or greater and 14-38 in their last 52 meeting at Turner Field. With Atlanta standing at 19-7 in its last 26 meetings with the Rockies, take the Braves and invest with confidence.
Technician's Corner: Atlanta is 11-1 (+11.9 units) versus National League teams averaging more than 5.2 runs per game and 8-1 (+8.2 units) versus teams batting .275 or better on the season. Colorado is 3-22 (-18.0 units) on the road following a division home loss as a favorite.


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Found 4 collections related to West Indians
Beach-Thomas family
Beach-Thomas family papers, 1888-1973 [bulk 1924-1945]
Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, Manuscripts, Archives and Rare Books Division | Sc MG 607
.6 linear feet (1.5 archival boxes)
The Beach-Thomas family originated in Port-of-Spain, Trinidad. Beatrice Beach, born in 1889 to James and Caroline Nurse, immigrated to New York City in 1924. She had one sister, Catherine, and a brother Randolph Thomas through her mother.... more
The Beach-Thomas family originated in Port-of-Spain, Trinidad. Beatrice Beach, born in 1889 to James and Caroline Nurse, immigrated to New York City in 1924. She had one sister, Catherine, and a brother Randolph Thomas through her mother. Beatrice's husband, Edward, was a former Corporal in the Trinidad Police Force who became a seafarer in the years immediately before his family emigrated to New York. Eric Thomas, Beatrice's nephew, also immigrated to New York in 1924 and was raised by his aunt and uncle. Later, he served in the United States military during World War II. Except for a trip to Trinidad in the 1950s, Beatrice Beach remained in New York where she died in October 1982. The Beach-Thomas Family Papers span the years 1888-1973. The papers contain letters and property records that reveal various aspects of the Beach and Thomas's lives as homeowners in Trinidad and immigrants in the United States. The letters cover a wide-range of subjects such as immigration, employment, financial hardships, family relationships and support, social customs in Trinidad and the lives of black servicemen in the United States military. The property records consist largely of property assessments and tax receipts for the house on 11 Irving Lane in Port-of-Spain but also include some related correspondence. less
Westerman, George W.
George W. Westerman papers, 1886-1988 (1934-1985 [bulk 1934-1985]
58 linear feet
The George Westerman papers document the numerous and diverse interests of this journalist, sociologist, diplomat and activist, who was deeply immersed in issues relating to practically every issue on the isthmus of Panama, especially those... more
The George Westerman papers document the numerous and diverse interests of this journalist, sociologist, diplomat and activist, who was deeply immersed in issues relating to practically every issue on the isthmus of Panama, especially those affecting people of West Indian origin, from the 1940's through the early 1980's. The collection consists primarily of personal papers, news articles and administrative files pertaining to Westerman's journalism career, his published and unpublished writings, speeches, conference papers, and material relating to his career as an impresario. Additionally, the collection encompasses his involvement in Panamanian politics, United States-Panamanian relations, especially Panama Canal treaty negotiations, as well as education, labor, ameliorating conditions associated with racial discrimination, and sports. There is also reference material about various aspects of West Indian life in Panama. less
Tuitt, Charles, 1894-1965
Tuitt Family papers, 1931 - 2005 [bulk 1929 - 1971]
1 linear foot (1 record carton)
This collection includes correspondence, personal documents, and genealogical research pertaining to the Tuitt family of Montserrat, the United States, and the US Virgin Islands.
Montserrat Progressive Society of New York
Montserrat Progressive Society records, 1916-1999 [bulk 1939-1968]
1.46 linear feet (7 boxes)
The Montserrat Progressive Society was formed September 25, 1914, with the aim of alleviating the socio-economic challenges faced by Montserratians who immigrated to New York. The Montserrat Progressive Society records, 1916-1999, consist... more
The Montserrat Progressive Society was formed September 25, 1914, with the aim of alleviating the socio-economic challenges faced by Montserratians who immigrated to New York. The Montserrat Progressive Society records, 1916-1999, consist primarily of meeting minutes and financial ledgers. less
Indicates that portions of this collection have been
digitized and are available online.


text:
Cedarpelta bilbeyhallorum is een plantenetende ornithischische dinosauriër, behorend tot de Ankylosauria, die tijdens het vroege Krijt leefde in het gebied van het huidige Noord-Amerika.

Vondst en naamgeving
In 1990 vonden Sue Ann Bilbey en Evan Hall bij de Price River in Carbon County, Utah, de resten van ankylosauriërs. In 1998 werd de vondst gemeld in de wetenschappelijke literatuur.

In 2001 werd de typesoort Cedarpelta bilbeyhallorum benoemd en beschreven door Kenneth Carpenter, James Kirkland, Donald Burge en John Bird. De geslachtsnaam is afgeleid van de Cedar Mountain en het Oudgriekse peltè, "klein schild". De soortaanduiding eert de ontdekkers.

Het holotype, CEUM 12360, is gevonden in de Cedar Mountain Formation. Eerst werd aangenomen dat de laag deel uitmaakte van de Ruby Ranch Member maar later bleek dat de jongere Mussentuchitafzetting te zijn die dateert uit het late Albien. Het bestaat uit een gedeeltelijke schedel. Vermoedelijk zijn twee individuen opgegraven. De postcrania van het individu van het holotype en de schedel en postcrania van het tweede individu lagen niet meer in verband. De talrijke elementen zijn aangewezen als paratypen.

De paratypen betreffen de specimina CEUM 10405: een linkerpremaxilla; CEUM 10410: een rechterneusbeen; CEUM 10421: een rechter prefrontale; CEUM 10560: een rechtertraanbeen; CEUM 10352: een rechterpostorbitale; CEUM 10598: een jukbeen; CEUM 10325: een linkerfrontale; CEUM 10332: een wandbeen; CEUM 10345: een rechtersquamosum; CEUM 10417: een linkerquadratum met quadrojugale; CEUM 10561: een linkerquadratojugale; CEUM 10267: een hersenpan; CEUM 10270: een linker surangulare; CEUM 10529: een linkerangulare; CEUM 11288: een halswervelcentrum; CEUM 10258, CEUM 10409, CEUM 10442, CEUM 10360: vier ruggenwervelcentra; CEUM 12163: een synsacrum van twee ruggenwervels, vier sacrale wervels en een staartwervel; CEUM 10258: een eerste staartwervel; CEUM 10258, CEUM 10387, CEUM 10366: drie voorste staartwervels; CEUM 10255, CEUM 10257, CEUM 10260, CEUM 10261, CEUM 10262, CEUM 10349, CEUM 10400, CEUM 10412: acht middelste staartwervels; CEUM 10404, CEUM 10407: achterste staartwervels; CEUM 10258: een rechteropperarmbeen; CEUM 10425: een linkerellepijp; CEUM 10266: een linkerzitbeen; CEUM 10537: een rechterzitbeen; CEUM10375: een rechterdarmbeen; CEUM 10248, CEUM 10445: twee nekribben; CEUM 10254, CEUM 10356, CEUM 10430, CEUM10449, CEUM 10984: vijf middenhandsbeenderen; CEUM 10247, CEUM 9970: kootjes; CEUM 9922, CEUM 10253: klauwen; CEUM 10526, CEUM 10359, CEUM 10394, CEUM 10431, CEUM 10459, CEUM 10248: zes osteodermen met kielen; CEUM 10359, CEUM 9960, CEUM 9962, CEUM 10548, CEUM 10414, CEUM 10441: zes osteodermen met afgeknotte kegels; en CEUM 10338: een platte osteoderm.

In 2008 werden door Carpenter nog wat botten toegewezen uit een tweede vindplaats vijfentwintig kilometer verderop gelegen in Emery County. Deze vullen de eerdere vondsten vooral aan in de achterpoten. Dit betreft de specimina CEUM 10396: een halswervel; CEUM 10412, CEUM 10404: staartwervels; CEUM 10371: een ravenbeksbeen; CEUM 10256, CEUM 11629: opperarmbeenderen; CEUM 10266: een zitbeen; CEUM 11334: een dijbeen; CEUM 11640: een scheenbeen. Bij elkaar zijn de meeste elementen van het skelet wel vertegenwoordigd maar veel beenderen zijn wel wat beschadigd.

Beschrijving

Grootte en onderscheidende kenmerken
Cedarpelta is een grote ankylosauriër. De schedel heeft een lengte van zo'n zestig centimeter. Carpenter schatte de lichaamslengte in 2001 op zevenenhalve à achtenhalve meter. Gregory S. Paul gaf in 2010 een lengte van zeven meter bij een gewicht van vijf ton. Cedarpelta behoort daarmee tot de grootste bekende ankylosauriërs.

De beschrijvers wisten enkele onderscheidende kenmerken vast te stellen. De praemaxilla vormt vóór de tak die naar het neusbeen loopt slechts een korte snuit. De buitenzijden van de twee praemaxillae lopen evenwijdig, niet naar achteren uiteen zoals bij latere vormen. De snijrand van de bovensnavel is beperkt tot het voorste gedeelte van de praemaxillae. Iedere praemaxilla heeft zes tanden. Het quadratum helt naar voren. De kop van het quadratum is niet vergroeid met de processus paroccipitalis zoals bij Shamosaurus wel het geval is. De hals van de achterhoofdsknobbel, de condylus occipitalis, is lang en steekt recht naar achteren uit zoals bij de Nodosauridae, niet schuin naar beneden zoals bij latere ankylosauriden. De tubercula basilaria van de achterste onderste hersenpan vormen een grote naar beneden uitstekende wig. Het pterygoïde heeft aan de zijrand een goed ontwikkeld uitsteeksel in de vorm van een zadelgewricht. De processus coronoides op de onderkaak heeft een ovaal uitsteeksel aan de binnenkant voor de pees van de sluitspier. Het zitbeen heeft een grote knopvormige bult aan de binnenzijde bij het aanhangsel voor het schaambeen.

Skelet
De schedel van Cedarpelta is veel basaler dan die van meer afgeleide ankylosauriden. Bij deze heeft een korte kop een rond bovenprofiel in zijaanzicht met een extreem afhangende snuit die een brede snavel draagt en een afhangend achterhoofd. In bovenaanzicht is hun schedel zeshoekig. Cedarpelta daarentegen heeft een meer langgerekte kop die van bezijden bezien tamelijk recht is. De snuit steekt vóór de oogkassen plots schuin naar voren uit. Wel loopt de snuit spits toe zodat de snavel behalve kort, ook smal is. Boven de snavel bevindt zich een kleine beenzwelling, wellicht een osteoderm. In de snuit staan in de praemaxilla tanden, opnieuw een basaal kenmerk: bij latere vormen zijn die verloren gegaan. Van de zes premaxillaire tanden moet de voorste het grootst geweest zijn, met een ronde doorsnede. Bij dit alles moet bedacht worden dat de schedels niet met de praemaxillae in verband gevonden zijn, wat de identiteit van deze toch wat onzeker maakt. Van de tanden in de schedel zijn alleen de tandkassen of wortels over. In het bovenkaaksbeen staan er achttien. De tanden zijn tamelijk groot met een licht gezwollen basis aan de buitenkant en een dikkere zwelling aan de binnenkant. Er is op de onderkant geen premaxillair foramen tussen de praemaxillae.

Bij de schedeldelen van het tweede individu zijn bijna alle osteodermen afgevallen terwijl ze ook los van elkaar geraakt zijn en dit biedt een zeldzaam inzicht in de grenzen van de schedelelementen. Die blijken te bestaan uit vrij simpele grote stukken. Rond de oogkas liggen er maar drie: een kleiner traanbeen aan de voorste onderhoek, een supraorbitale daarboven en een zeer groot postorbitale aan de achterkant. Prefrontale en jukbeen raken de rand van de oogkas niet. Het rechthoekige prefrontale heeft een dik raakvlak met het traanbeen; het vlak heeft een uitholling waar een verdikking van het traanbeen in past. Op het schedeldak vormen de voorhoofdsbeenderen een klein trapezium, zonder ingekeept te worden door de neusbeenderen, en de wandbeenderen erachter een wat groter. Alle slaapvensters zijn gesloten. Het quadratum is golvend in zijaanzicht, niet recht of met een bolle achterrand. De kop ervan is rond en goed ontwikkeld. Er is geen foramen paraquadraticum zichtbaar. De vleugel voor het contact met het intern voorliggende pterygoïde is hoog op de schacht geplaatst. Het squamosum is C-vormig met afhangende vleugels rond een diepe ovale groeve.

De onderkaak is althans achteraan vrij hoog. Bij het achterste vlak tussen het surangulare en het angulare, vormt het eerste een richel die in een verdieping in het laatste steekt. De buitenzijde van de achterste onderkaak is geornamenteerd met verruwingen en putjes die duiden op de aanwezigheid van osteodermen.

Een beschrijving van de postcrania werd in 2001 grotendeels achterwege gelaten en zou het onderwerp zijn van een latere publicatie die echter nog niet verschenen is. Alleen het zitbeen had een zo uitzonderlijk kenmerk dat men dat meteen wilde vermelden: de aanwezigheid van een grote gewelfde bult aan de bovenste binnenzijde. In feite is het hele bot daar naar binnen gebogen zodat de buitenzijde er een diepe uitholling heeft. Twee zitbeenderen toonden dit kenmerk zodat het niet pathologisch is. Verder is het zitbeen recht zoals bij de meeste ankylosauriden.

Osteodermen
De restanten van de huidverbeningen, de osteodermen, leveren geen duidelijk beeld van hun patroon. Bij de schedels zijn ze er grotendeels afgevallen, wellicht een teken dat de exemplaren, ondanks hun omvang, nog niet erg oud waren. Carpenter leidde uit hun losse verbinding een geheel nieuwe hypothese af over de oorsprong van deze pantserplaten. Tot 2001 waren twee verschillende verklaringen populair. Beide gingen uit van een belangrijke rol van de vermoedelijke hoornplaten of hoornschubben in de huid. Volgens de eerste was het bot van de osteoderm het gevolg van een verbening van, of direct onder, de schub. Er zouden zich daar osteocyten concentreren die een botweefsel vormden wat later met de schedel vergroeide. Volgens de tweede hypothese was het bot simpelweg dat van het schedelelement maar werd de botwand daarvan gestimuleerd door de aanwezigheid van een opliggende schub om te verruwen en verdikken.

De schedels van Cedarpelta nu, lijken aan te tonen dat die laatste hypothese niet klopt: de eigenlijke botwand is glad. Er is eigenlijk nauwelijks aan te zien dat er een osteoderm op gelegen heeft, hoewel de aanwezigheid daarvan wel aangenomen wordt. Carpenter meende dat dit ook de eerste hypothese onwaarschijnlijk maakte omdat hij aannam dat er dan toch een begin van ingroei waarneembaar had moeten zijn. Volgens hem leek dit erop te wijzen dat een nog niet onderkend mechanisme de botplaten in eerste instantie weliswaar van onderuit liet groeien, maar nog boven de normale botwand. Hij veronderstelde dat het periosteum of beenvlies de platen voortbracht. Pas bij oudere dieren zouden de platen dan vastgroeien. Hij dacht ook dat dit betekende dat de osteodermen voornamelijk de vorm van de schedelelementen zouden weerspiegelen.

De nieuwe hypothese van Carpenter vond eerst wel wat weerklank maar is tegenwoordig minder populair. Ze lijkt de zaak onnodig te compliceren. De meeste osteodermen bevinden zich op de romp en worden dus kennelijk gevormd als echte huidverbeningen. De eenvoudigste verklaring is dan dat ook de plaatjes van de kop, de caputegulae, zich in het begin zo ontwikkelen. Noodzakelijkerwijs zal bij een vergroeiing met de schedelwand ook het periosteum betrokken raken. Daarbij zijn bij veel soorten de plaatjes op de kop tamelijk klein en weerspiegelen dan met zekerheid niet de grenzen van de schedelbotten, die veel groter zijn.

Fylogenie
Volgens Carpenter was Cedarpelta een zeer basaal lid van de Ankylosauridae. Hij twijfelde erover of het de meest basale bekende ankylosauride was, wat de soort een speciaal belang zou geven en in overeenstemming was met de toen aangenomen extreme ouderdom uit het Barremien, of met Aziatische vormen als Shamosaurus en Gobisaurus een eigen klade Shamosaurinae vormde. Andere onderzoekers achtten het echter mogelijk dat de basale kenmerken het gevolg waren van een behoren tot de Nodosauridae. Daarop leek ook de afwezigheid van een zware staartknots te wijzen. Latere exacte kladistische analyses hadden als uitkomst dat Cedarpelta inderdaad een zeer basale ankylosauride was. Sommige hebben als resultaat dat het een shamosaurine is; volgens andere zijn deze soorten opeenvolgende afsplitsingen van de ankylosauride hoofdstam. De vroegste ankylosauriden hadden kennelijk nog geen zware knots.

Literatuur
 Carpenter K., Kirkland J.I., 1998, "Review of Lower and middle Cretaceous ankylosaurs from North America", New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin 14: 249-270
 K. Carpenter, J.I. Kirkland, D.L. Burge and J. Bird, 2001, "Disarticulated skull of a new primitive ankylosaurid from the Lower Cretaceous of eastern Utah", In: The Armored Dinosaurs. Indiana University Press, Bloomington pp 211-238

Ankylosauria

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Q: Basis Vector-Valued Homogeneous Polynomials $H_{k}(\mathbb{C}^{n})$ in $C^{n}$ I'm Working in in the space of vector-valued homogeneous polynomials $H_{k}(\mathbb{R}^{n})$ and find that the basis for this space is :

Let $\{s_{1},\cdots,s_{n}\}$ denote of basis of $\mathbb{R}^{n}$, and let $y=(y_{1},\cdots, y_{n})$ be the coordinates with respect to the basis
$$(y_{1}^{m_{1}}y_{2}^{m_{2}}\cdots y_{n}^{m_{n}})s_{i}, \hspace{3mm}\displaystyle\sum_{i=1}^{n}m_{j}=k$$
Where $m_{j}\geq 0$ are integers.

For instance for $H_{2}(\mathbb{R}^{2})$ the basis is
$$\left \{\left(\begin{matrix}x^{2}\\ 0\end{matrix}\right), \left(\begin{matrix}xy\\ 0\end{matrix}\right), \left(\begin{matrix}y^{2}\\ 0\end{matrix}\right), \left(\begin{matrix}0\\ x^{2}\end{matrix}\right), \left(\begin{matrix}0\\ xy\end{matrix}\right), \left(\begin{matrix}0\\ y^{2}\end{matrix}\right)\right\}$$
Now, I'm wondering abot how is the basis for $H_{k}(\mathbb{C}^{n})$. For instance I find the basis for $H_{2}(\mathbb{C})$ is
$$\left\{ z,z\overline{z}, \overline{z}^{2}\right\}$$
But I don't understand why appears the conjugate $\overline{z}$ in this basis.
Thanks in advance!

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
The original item was published from 5/8/2020 1:21:08 PM to 5/11/2020 8:38:15 AM.
[ARCHIVED] Secretary of State Ashcroft to Deliver PPE to St. Charles County Election Authority Monday, May 11
St. Charles County, Missouri – Secretary of State John R. (Jay) Ashcroft will visit the St. Charles County Election Authority at 1 p.m., Monday, May 11, to deliver important materials for the June 2 General Municipal Election. The Secretary of State's office is providing Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for election authorities across the state to protect workers and voters from the COVID-19 virus.
"We are grateful to have these supplies," says St. Charles County Director of Elections Kurt Bahr. "As everyone knows, PPE is in short supply, and we need to keep our Election Judges, volunteers, staff and voters as safe as possible. This ensures that we will be able to do so."
Bahr said the state will provide his office with enough masks and face shields for all workers and hand sanitizer for all polling locations, as well as social distancing posters and floor markers. The County is purchasing Plexiglas booth shields to protect judges, and each will have their own stylist for iPads used in registering voters.
"We are doing everything possible to keep our workers and voters safe from the COVID virus," says Bahr. "We encourage every voter to wear a mask to their polling place and ask that they observe the 6-foot social distancing regulation."
Bahr says residents can apply for an absentee ballot by mail until May 20. Curbside absentee voting is available at the Election Authority office every weekday from 8 a.m. to 5 p.m. until Monday, June 1. Due to COVID-19, individuals who vote via absentee ballot in the June 2, 2020, General Municipal Election may choose Option 2 on their Absentee Ballot Application. Option 2 covers "Incapacity or confinement due to illness or physical disability, including caring for a person who is incapacitated or confined due to illness or disability." Notary is not required for this option. For details on how to apply for an absentee ballot, visit sccmo.org/ElectionAuthority.
On March 18, the April 7 General Municipal Election was postponed until June 2 by Gov. Mike Parson in an effort to ensure the safety and welfare of the citizens of Missouri.


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New York-based media watchdog the Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ) marked International Women's Day Friday by highlighting nearly three dozen…


The Way Salt Should Be!
Maine Sea Salt is a natural-Unrefined salt, evaporated on the Coast of Maine, in solar Green Houses.
Maple Smoked Maine Sea Salt, 3.6 oz grinder.
Maple Smoked Maine Sea Salt, 6 oz Gift Jar.
Mesquite Smoked Maine Sea Salt, 3.6 oz Grinder.
Mesquite Smoked Maine Sea Salt, 6 oz Gift Jar.
Raw Maine Sea Salt on the floor of the pond, before harvesting.
Maine Sea Salt Is Natural-Unrefined, Hand Harvested, Dried by the Sun.


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Paul Ryan: "America Deserves a Better Path"
In my view, the GOP should nominate for President the single currently most consequential Republican leader, the one who's most doing the most, and proving the most effective right now, on the most urgent issues threatening our country — not someone who merely has served in a single state, or whose service was mostly or entirely back in the 1990s. With due respect to Speaker Boehner (who actually I'm pretty sure would agree with me on this), the currently most consequential Republican leader is not him. And again, with due (but sincerely calibrated) respect to them, it's certainly not any of the current candidates.
It's Paul Ryan.
As the tag-line suggests, this video is intended as a preview of what Chairman Ryan plans to do with his House committee, and with this year's revised version of the Path to Prosperity, between now and Election Day. Make no mistake, this is targeted at Barack Obama and his Democratic cohorts.
But I agree with the Weekly Standard's Mark Hemmingway when he titles this "the best political campaign ad of 2012." Hemmingway's wistful subtitle: "Unfortunately, he's not running."
The only thing entirely certain about the GOP convention is that it has to produce a nominee for President and Vice President. In some parallel universe in which candidates could put aside their personal ambition — even the kind of driving, compulsive, relentless personal ambition necessary to campaign for President of the United States — in favor of the good of the Nation (and, therefore, the good of the Grand Old Party), I would hope for a brokered convention at which, on the 10th round of deadlock, some combination of Mitt Romney, Rick Santorum, Newt Gingrinch, and Ron Paul would implore all of their original delegates to cast their next ballot for the chairman of the House Budget Committee. But in this universe, I've still not been persuaded to change my sidebar by anything any of those candidates have done since ... well, since ever.
Ryan, by the way, hasn't endorsed anyone, and has promised not to (he says it would be a conflict with his party fundraising position). Wisconsin is a purplish state that's in play. And his pre-Election Day work for the Budget Committee will necessarily be complete or nearly so by the time of the GOP National Convention in Tampa, after which he's going to be campaigning anyway, if (probably) only (sigh) for his current House seat.
Posted by Beldar at 11:06 PM in 2012 Election, Budget/economics, Congress, Obama, Politics (2012), Romney, Ryan | Permalink
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(1) Beldar made the following comment | Mar 16, 2012 1:10:46 AM | Permalink
Hat-tip to regular reader and good friend DRJ, who emailed me with the link to Hemmingway's post.
(2) Boyd made the following comment | Mar 16, 2012 2:11:05 AM | Permalink
You're such a dreamer, Bill! :-)
(3) DRJ made the following comment | Mar 16, 2012 10:14:35 AM | Permalink
A great statement by a great leader.
(4) Insufficiently Sensitive made the following comment | Mar 16, 2012 1:37:57 PM | Permalink
The current crop of Republican 'candidates' for the office of President are dreary nonentities by comparison with Ryan's articulate and well thought out position on our national squandering and some remedies for it.
If any of them put half the energy into national policy that they do into sleazy attacks on one another - well, they'd have to learn something about articulation of ideas first - there might emerge a preferred candidate.
But with the exception of Newt Gingrich's splendid rebuttals of the media tools who conduct the faux 'debates', there's little in the way of shining examples among this crop of duds.
(5) DRJ made the following comment | Mar 17, 2012 8:43:56 PM | Permalink
If a Republican is elected President, one of his first announcements should be to name Paul Ryan as Secretary of the Treasury.
Ryan's Budget Committee has released a new video here.


We often hear about thefts that are called "smash and grab" jobs. A thief (not a particularly skilled one) breaks into a jewelry store, smashes some glass cases, and grabs the jewelry.
Can the same style of low-skill theft happen online? Yes. We call these brute force attacks. They aren't particularly elegant, but unlike the offline world, they are happening every minute of every day and at massive scale.
As soon as any server comes online, it is bombarded with attacks. If your server isn't patched and locked down, that server will be compromised within a matter of minutes. Unfortunately, it happens all too often. We know this because there are so many bots run from compromised machines.
These "smash and grab" attacks are largely focused on checking for default passwords and open ports with vulnerable services. The bots will try a variety of username and password combinations to see if one of them lets them in. Often they will use root or common names/words. We generally call these dictionary attacks as well.
Once they find a username that can work, they will start trying a variety of password combinations. As bots check for open ports, they will look for specific services and if they find an outdated version, they can use a specific exploit and gain access to the machine. Either method is viable if the machine owners haven't done their homework in protecting the device.
Once a hacker is in and has your credentials, they have the keys to the kingdom. They will move from machine to machine and look for the core data that they want to steal. Most IT admins don't see this happening to them, but it just takes one lapse for a machine to be compromised.
If you are utilizing Infrastructure-as-a-Service providers such as AWS or Google Compute Engine, you can lean on their firewall capabilities. That will help shut down your inbound connections to a minimum.
Even better, turn off username and password login and move to key based access. If you need help with this, enlist JumpCloud's Directory-as-a-Service™ to help manage the implementation of key based access across your environment. Shut down all unnecessary ports and for the ports that need to be opened, ensure that your services are patched and on the latest version.
Through these methods, you can avoid the most basic smash and grab password theft. But of course, you'll need to do more to protect against sophisticated hackers.
User security is at the core of online security. If you would like to learn more, we'd be happy to talk about your strategies around protecting user identities. Just take a look at our Directory-as-a-Service solution for more information on how we are helpful in protecting users.


In our new book Lead Inside the Box – How Smart Leaders Guide Their Teams to Exceptional Results, my co-author Mike Figliuolo and I present the Leadership Matrix, or "the box" for short. The premise is you need to evaluate the amount of output you get from a team member and compare that to the amount of time and energy you have to invest in them to get that output. We call that second piece "leadership capital." The result of those comparisons is the Leadership Matrix.
Within that matrix, we define behavioral-performance patterns that team members demonstrate from Slackers to Rising Stars and everything in between. The real insight lies in practical advice on how to lead those folks to improve their performance. By understanding the behaviors your team members demonstrate and how you invest (or don't invest) your time and effort into them, you'll get a clearer picture of the 8 archetypical performance patterns that can show up in the box. With that understanding, you can begin leading your team members differently, which will improve your team performance.
Detractors (Low Output, High Input) are defined by the root cause of their performance issues. Some don't have the skills they need to do their job. These individuals are the "Square Pegs." We call Detractors who have the skills to do the job but they lack the will to do it the "Slackers."
Once you have identified the behavioral-performance patterns present on your team, you will see your team in a new light. (You can use our simple online quiz to assess your team using this framework.) Armed with these new insights, you can figure out the specific type of leadership each team member needs from you to improve their performance. By seeing your team as a portfolio, you can also figure out where you should invest less of your time in some parts so you can shift it to invest more in other parts. In short, you will learn to get better results out of your team by working smarter, not harder, as a leader.
To learn more about leading people in all eight performance patterns in the Leadership Matrix, visit www.LeadInsideTheBox.com or read our book, Lead Inside the Box: How Smart Leaders Guide their Teams to Exceptional Results.


While 2003 will go down in WBC history as the Year of the Voucher, clearly the 2003 Panzerblitz tournament could be called the Year of the Default, as six defaults, and one overrule, nullified one opponent after another. The tournament sustained its required number of 16 entrants, benefiting from an early bird mulligan round Tuesday evening Situation 1 competition, where two players, both rookies, met new friends and tested their skills, but their schedules precluded them from attending the official tournament on Wednesday. It began with a number of awards given to those whose continual service to Panzerbitz, help make it as enjoyable as it is: Alan Arvold, Devotion to Duty; Kurt Kurtz, Pleasure to Play; Steve Andriakos, Risen from the Ranks; Mark McBride, '02 Rookie of the Year; and Bill Scott, GM's Choice.
The Situation 1 Early Birder had eight players battling to either destroy or defend the German CP forces. With rookie John Clark, Matt Sptiznagel, '02 champion Marty Musella, and Johnny Hasay, knocking out the others, Hasay bowed out after defeating a very much improved Spitznagel, leaving Clark and Musella to play off against each other for the winnings. Marty again reigned supreme to take home the prize, Stalin's favorite vodka mug!
As 14 single elimination players opened on Wednesday, Spitznagel fought his way through two opponents to third place, losing to veteran Chuck Leonard in Situation 1A, the tourney's favorite, on points of 18 to 10. Bill Scott met Leonard in the final round in a more interesting way.
Having been beaten tactically by Johnny Hasay in Situation 4, he cried foul the next day, as it was determined a critical battle had been resolved improperly. Both players amicably agreed to a die re-roll, 2 actually, and upon a reversal of the battle's outcome, the game was a marginal draw. Bill, being the underdog, advanced to the next round, where he skated through two defaults. Then, as Leonard waited patiently for his foe, a refreshed Scott, having returned from a late hour dinner, sat down to play Situation 1A.
Chuck's German forces set up a hole which Bill's Ruskies saw the opening on Chuck's right flank, sending three rifle units onto the road on turn 2, and eventually scoring three points. As Chuck covered his exposed flank, Bill sent his T34s and recons into Chuck's center, knocking out a 20mm gun, and capturing a road hex. Chuck battled back as his halftrack raided a Russian mortar. But near the end Bill's cavalry pinned down Chuck's left flank tanks, and positioned his T34s on the road creating a critical battle. With a 50/50 chance of success, Bill won, thus scoring 11-10 overall. Any draws would have resulted in underdog Chuck taking the wood, so this contest was as close as they come. Scott seized victory, his third wood in the last four years.
All in all, seven rookies joined the old guard list of players, including veteran GM Chris Harris, noting that the old warhorse Panzerblitz is still attracting new faces, as other non-players stopped by to say howdy! With wedding anniversary congratulations to Dave Giordano, rumored to have retired from war gaming, all bid farewell to take on Scott in 2004!


Drawing Inspiration from the works of Charles Limbert, we sought to create a table that was both refined and purposeful. The resulting table mends a craftsman sense of scale with a modern silhouette. This table is available in virtually any size or finish.


Maisonette apartments have been renovated in winter 2018. They are 1-room apartments with split levels (ground and upper level) for up to 4 persons. Levels are not separated, they are connected through indoor staircase. This type represents the traditional old Greek style of houses, having in the upper level a wooden bedroom (called the "ontas") with a double bed (with wooden roof - penthouse style). There are two more sofa/beds in the ground level - lounge, plus a WC room with shower. The Maisonette is prefered by couples or friends as it does not offer the privacy of a separate bedroom.


New Video and New Price! Hunters Court Farm proudly offers for sale: Callatos, a 16h, 14yo Holsteiner gelding. "Cola" is SUPER SAFE. Will not stop, has an automatic lead change and goes from the 3′ hunters to Children's Eq to National Hunter Derbies where he can take the high options with ease. Cola is a barn favorite, and can take your rider from 2'6″ to 3′. Has shown successfully at the WEC, Kentucky, Brave Horse and more. USEF number: 5193129. Asking $55k. Please email Nicole at hunterscourt@gmail.com for more information or to come try this special boy!
SOLD- Congratulations to Diva's new owner!
LEASED! Congratulations to Bellagia HH's new rider!
Congratulations to Brianna in Arkansas on your purchase of Indy!


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The MGE competition is heating up; literally speaking!
Posted by Mr Gay Europe Team | 8 Aug, 2018 | News | 0
The Mr Gay Europe delegates of 2018 are making an already boiling warm Poznan a little bit "hotter".
Challenging weather conditions have had a strain on the Mr gay Europe delegates in Poznan, Poland. Tuesday this week at some places in the city the temperature was measured to 47 degrees Celsius.
You can really say we got a "warm" welcome to Poznan, Tore Aasheim, MGE president comments.
However, it is not only the weather that is warm, the local producers and the local gay scene has been more than welcoming, and I am indeed impressed by their efforts to make this 12th edition of Mr Gay Europe a memorable experience, Mr Aasheim says.
Poland may not be the most gay friendly country in Europe at this point, but the backing of the authorities, e.g. by providing security through local police has been a nice gesture. Even though we wished measures like this were not needed, it is still comforting that the Polish authorities step up to the challenge and show responsibility. For that we are most grateful, Aasheim says.
Upon arrival in Poznan the delegates were welcomed in a typical Polish manner with flags, bread and salt.
In Poznan the delegates feel that the competition is on; they had to present their project for the next year should they win, and it was a very impressed jury that had to deliberate after the session where all the pros and cons for each and every project and presentations were carefully discussed.
Later that afternoon the delegates were faced with the written test; 50 questions on European and international politics and culture, including gay and human rights.
In the evening it was time for some time off including watching a gay feature film and letting it all out at a local karaoke bar.
Wednesday the delegates will learn more about local cuisine by taking part in a cocking class and a guided tour of the old town of Poznan. It is a day where the delegates are able to relax a little after a couple of hectic days in Warsaw and the first MGE challenges in Poznan, before the most important challenge Thurday, the personal interview. Thursday will also be the day for the sports challenge and a short photo session.
Due to the extreme heat the MGE president lifted the dress code for the personal interview; the delegates do not need to put a suit and tie for the "toughest job interview in Europe".
This year the first part of the interview will be filmed and published straight after all the delegates have completed the challenge.
PreviousHappy birthday Matt!
NextMr Gay Germany wins Mr Gay Europe 2018
USA: Accused of homophobia over film rating
Aneta: I support your fight
Health: Are gay people more likely to kill themselves?
Mister Gay Belgium Jaimie Deblieck attacked


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Das Adjektiv parallaktisch steht für:
 die Effekte scheinbarer Änderung der Position eines Objektes, wenn der Beobachter seine eigene Position verschiebt, siehe Parallaxe
 einen der Winkel des astronomischen Dreiecks Himmelspol–Zenit–Objekt, siehe Parallaktischer Winkel
 die Fernrohr-Montierung, bei der eine Achse parallel zur Erdachse ausgerichtet ist, siehe Parallaktische Montierung.


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Module 2: Regression
Home Student Resources Teacher Resources
Algebra II Journal
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> Exploring Other Function Models
> Modeling With Trigonometric Functions
> A Deeper Look at Exponential Functions
> Which Model Models Best?
Home > Student Resources
In most career fields, it is necessary to collect and analyze data. Researchers collect data to look for trends and make predictions about the future. In order to accurately predict or estimate values, you need to have an appropriate function to model the data. In your previous studies of algebra, you have analyzed linear, quadratic and simple exponential models for data sets to determine which was the best fit. Now it is time to expand beyond these models to other function families.
In this module, you will apply your understanding of regression and residuals to other function families. You will engage in activities that allow you to collect and analyze data, determine a model of best fit, and evaluate the reasonableness of the model selected. You will justify your models using residuals and your knowledge of key behaviors of the function family.
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Move on over Herbie, there's a new guy in town and I've named him Elliot.
I got this littler cruiser all to myself for a whole week and thanks to DriveShop ATL and Mitsubishi, boy was it the most epic week of my life. I have been a big fan of spacious and big cars since I could remember. Something about being in a large car with tons of room just suits me and my lifestyle. Until I met this little guy. This 2015 Mitsubishi Mirage may have come in a small package but came with big surprises.
With its recognition of "Best All-Around Performance" & "Best Environmental Performance", this 4 door, 5 passenger hatchback is the perfect car for a person [or girl] on-the-go. If you know anything about me my days are long and my schedule is always jam packed with school, meetings, and side projects which requires me to drive all over the Atlanta area. The one thing I found most appealing about the Mirage was its capability to get me around everywhere I need to go not only in style but efficiently as well. The Mirage gets about 37 miles city and 44 miles highway!! How INSANE is that? I got around for a whole week on just one tank of gas [that sounds about normal to others but for me that's quite impressive; considering all the places I typically go in one day].
In addition to its power and efficiency, the Mirage offers stadium seating for my rear passengers allowing them to get in on the fun happening in the front. I must say i was very impressed on how much room there was for a hatchback. I've always related hatchback to be cramped with no space for anything but boy was I wrong. Ever see those older movies where there a million people getting out of what seems to be a clown car and you sit and wonder "how in the world did all those people fit inside?" I now understand how that was possible after having this hatchback.
This classic hatchback style comes with some pretty awesome highly advanced features. This 2015 offers a push to start option, remote operated doors and locks, power windows, mirror and window locks, key passive entry, USB connection for music and the list goes on and on.
See what I mean by big surprises in such a small package.
Looking for a new car but your new years resolution was to be better at saving money; the 2015 is definitely a great option for you. With SE trim levels starting at $12,995 you can drive this car with a vibrant personality all while not breaking the bank.
Join in on the fun and purchase cars.com's #1 "new car for penny pinchers" TODAY!


Experts following M&A trends predict that the volume of technology-centered deals will rise significantly in 2017. More than ever, businesses feel the pressure to innovate and expand in the digital age that we live in. As such, it is critical that, well prior to closing, a buyer properly completes its due diligence with regard to the target company's data protection policies. Particularly, buyers should pay attention to trending technologies such as smart machine technology, which process large amounts of complex granular data, as well as platform-based technology.
What should buyers emphasize when performing due diligence investigation of technology? Confirming and understanding a target company's data security capabilities should be among a buyer's top priorities. A buyer should identify what, if any, data security policies are in place, and whether those policies are regularly tested to check for weaknesses in the policy itself and/or its implementation procedures. Another top priority should be determining what regulatory compliance issues may arise if the target company operates in a highly regulated industry such as health care or banking. As part of its due diligence, a buyer should request notifications of data breaches or other reports made to regulatory agencies from the target company to review the target's exposure to breaches of those agencies' regulations. Such a breach may include unauthorized access to customer information or network hacking instances.
Other necessary considerations a buyer should pay particular attention to are whether any of the target company's customers are also the buyer's competitors. In this situation, a buyer must strike a careful balance between accessing the target's confidential data and making certain guarantees to these customer competitors to ensure that the customers do not fall away and affect the target company's valuation. A buyer should also contemplate how the target company's technology would integrate with its own. While it is impossible to imagine every condition that might arise upon integration, a quick comparison of the buyer's own policies and procedures with the target company's policies and procedures will allow a buyer to evaluate and select the best system for integration, or otherwise separation, of the technologies.
Finally, a prospective buyer should negotiate appropriate representations, warranties, and indemnification protections to address any risks associated with any data protection weaknesses identified during the due diligence phase of the transaction. These negotiations play an important role in holding the target company accountable for the accuracy of the information regarding the reliability of its data protection policies.
Roetzel attorneys can assist you in completing a strategic review and evaluation of a target company's technology. If you have questions about this topic, or about technology M&A in general, please contact one of the listed Roetzel attorneys.


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Q: How to see if an image is contained in another image image and get an output of 1 if there is or 0 if there isn't? I have a script that takes a screenshot of the screen and I want to see if a smaller image is within it. I'm currently using pyAutoGui to take the screenshot. I know that I can use open-cv but I don't know how to turn it into a boolean value, like when the smaller image is detected to give a 1 or like True and when it's not to give a 0 or False. Thank You!

A: You can use the cv2.matchTemplate method:
import cv2
import numpy as np

img1 = cv2.imread("image1.png")
img2 = cv2.imread("image2.png")

img1_gray = cv2.cvtColor(img1, cv2.COLOR_BGR2GRAY)
img2_gray = cv2.cvtColor(img2, cv2.COLOR_BGR2GRAY)

res = cv2.matchTemplate(img1_gray, img2_gray, cv2.TM_CCOEFF_NORMED)
if np.any(res > 0.9):
    print("Image2 is in Image1.")

were the 0.9 represents the amount of confidence required in order for the image to be classified as inside the other image. For more accuracy, you can do:
if np.any(res > 0.99):


Great post about internet security. While having an online business, can make you wealthy, many people will try to hack into your site to steal all the hard work you put into it. By taking premature actions to keep updated security, and making sure your employees follow your guidelines, you more likely run the risk of not being attacked. With that in mind though, there is always a chance. So, I would still back up all your important documents, just to be safe.
I agree about backups. As David notes in his article, companies should consider storing their backup data away from the office.
I think companies should also backup data online. These days they have a choice of a variety of services so as to do this easily. The data is the lifeblood of the business, after all, and redundancy in backups is very important.
And, as the article points out, it's important to secure the computer equipment in the office, to make it less vulnerable to theft. While we may be concerned understandably about hackers, we shouldn't forget about old-fashioned burglary, for which we also need to take precautions,.
This is an amazing indepth guide when it comes to data security. I've seen businesses get duped into giving away vital information before, especially Apple. But social engineering is really effective when it comes to businesses, and employees should be trained on how to spot a social engineering scam. The only hard part is actually teaching how to tell the difference between a legitimate claim and a scam, because scammers can be very convincing if they do try to play the part.


I've always liked programming in Java (despite all the Java detractors out there). Yes, it has its faults – but what language doesn't?
At any rate, I've been outspoken in my opinion that Eclipse is the best IDE for Java work. Well, Eclipse just got better :) It turns out that there's now a GUI editor plugin for eclipse. It allows you to generate a Swing GUI… Looks really neat too!
At any rate, the URL is Visual Editor Project.
Eclipse is supposed to be a pretty solid editor. As for me, I still program in text editors, and compile from the CLI.
I use vim at work. gvim sometimes if I feel like it. But honestly I would one day like to use a C++ ide on Linux w/ code completion, links to relevant documentation, argument lists and an integrated debugger that doesn't involve me having to type commands into gdb.
At any rate, that's the direction in which the CDT plugin for Eclipse 3.0 is moving. Apparently Red Hat added custom files for X, gtk+ and some other library that added the necessary support. I wonder why you can't just parse header files for the relevant info however. Or create a standard C/C++ API documentation format.


A speaker at various retreats, church groups and youth ministry workshops,I possess a God given passion for encouraging and empowering people toward finding purpose, healing and identity through the Holy Spirit as they pursue life in an imperfect world. Ordained in the Evangelical Covenant Church, she served in family/student ministry for nearly a decade.
As a result of experiences within our family, a new focus emerged. God opened up a ministry to families journeying with a child with mental health concerns (short or long-term)and is made manifest through creating workshops and other opportunities to encourage and sustain parents facing these situations. This topic can also be found woven into my writing.
My work can be found throughout the digital world including, The Mudroom Blog, The Mighty, The Redbud Post, Her View From Home, Today Parenting, and others.
A few of her favorite things: teaching classes at church, speaking, writing, networking, hanging out with friends and family, iced coffee, reading and exploring beach towns.
I am loving your website and look forward to getting to know you through your posts.


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NGC 417 is een lensvormig sterrenstelsel in het sterrenbeeld Walvis. Het hemelobject ligt ongeveer 568 miljoen lichtjaar van de Aarde verwijderd en werd in 1886 ontdekt door de Amerikaanse astronoom Francis Preserved Leavenworth.

Synoniemen
 PGC 4237
 ESO 541-24
 MCG -3-4-19
 NPM1G -18.0052

Zie ook
Lijst van NGC-objecten

Externe links
  NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database
  SIMBAD Astronomical Database
  SEDS

NGC-object in Walvis
Sterrenstelsel in Walvis


Even as I write this I'm uninstalling VS2014 (pre-release) from my (pre-release) version of Windows 10 so that I can install Visual studio 2015 (pre-release). I'm guessing that VS2014 has simply been renamed VS2015, it being November already.
The pace of change in our industry is relentless. As a freelance developer my biggest challenge has always been keeping up with it. But we seem right now to be crossing the threshold of a number of paradigm shifts (actually I'm pretty sure we've crossed it). Smartphones, tablets & ever increasing Internet connections speeds have pulled the rug from under our old World and pushed us into a new one. In this new World desktop development seems to be moving towards a niche activity and the gravitational pull of the web and of frameworks like AngularJS and Bootstrap are becoming irresistible and 'Big Data' is the meme of the moment.
Microsoft – an organisation itself going through much navel contemplation and concomitant change – are edging ever closer to unleashing their latest weapon in the war of attrition that keeping up with technology has always been. I'm a really big fan of Visual Studio – it's a huge, comprehensive & great product. However, tools like IntelliJ are pretty damn good too and have the great benefit of being much cheaper. So Microsoft whilst I have great expectations for Visual Studio 2015 the one thing that would really make it great is to make the ultimate version a less painful purchase for humble freelancers such as myself.
If you want VS2015 CTP you can get it here.


I gave a mini-preview of what move I think will win Best Picture in the MHN. Here is my complete list of Oscar predictions.
Who will/should win: Although each actress delivers but no one delivered more than Mo'Nique. Her performance in Precious is by far the best and most chilling nominated. Your jaw literally drops watching this character come to life onscreen.
Who Will/Should Win: Christoph Waltz. The only other actor I have some sort of attachment to is Christopher Plummer but I accepted that Waltz (and his likely boring speech) are winning this one.
Who Should Win: This is a tie between Carey Mulligan (who won the BAFTA) and Gabourey Sidibe. I can't think of two performances that deserve an Oscar more.Unfortunately Mulligan and Sidibe are nominated against Sandra Bullock and Meryl Streep, two big names who have dominated the MAJOR awards (Golden Globes, SAG, Critics Choice) so far.
Who Will Win: Remember when Marion Cotillard won in 2008? Julie Christie was heavily favored to win (although Cotillard had won the Golden Globe and countless Critics awards). This is going against the grain but I don't think Sandra Bullock is going to win and I don't think Meryl Streep is going to win. Sidibe and Mulligan have enough support that either one of these actresses will upset the heavily favored Bullock.
Who Will/Should Win: Crazy Heart was Jeff Bridges film from beginning to end. He completely awed every moment he was on screen. He also enthusiastically hugged Robert Duvall in one scene. That is what really made the movie for me. Enjoy your Oscar dude.
Who Should Win: Lee Daniels brought a difficult story to the screen; I hope Precious is a sign of great things to come from this director. Daniels is my personal preference but Kathryn Bigelow should win. Not because a woman has to finally win the Oscar but because she directed the best movie of the year.
Who Will Win: Kathryn Bigelow. Her win will go down in Oscar history as a landmark achievement for women in Hollywood. But I will always remember that Bigelow directed one of the best movies of the year.
The Best Picture category was expanded to ten nominees. We won't know if this move was a success until after the telecast. If the truly best picture of the year wins (in my mind that is anything other than The Blind Side or Avatar) and the telecast ratings improve, then it was indeed a success.
I loathe Avatar and everything it stands for as a movie. Yes, the technology was great and it will win those Oscars as it should. And it is lovely that Avatar is the BIGGEST MOVIE of all time. But has anyone stopped to think what Avatar 2 will be about? No. That's why, if Avatar wins, I've lost my faith in Hollywood. Am I being alarmist? Yes. But someone needs to be.
Should Win: Precious, Up in the Air, The Hurt Locker. See Academy. By giving me ten films to choose between, I am very indecisive.
Will Win: The Hurt Locker. But don't be surprised if Avatar wins.
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