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EUROPE, POLAND
"The first star" (oil painting), circa 1913. By Tadeusz Popiel (1863 – 1913). Public domain. Image source: "Wigilia Bożego Narodzenia" (2020). In Wikipedia. The Free Encyclopedia.
Christmas is, apart from Easter (see: Traces of Slavic Pagan Rites in the Polish Easter Tradition), the most celebrating feast in Poland (Lemnis, Vitry 1979:178). This Christian holiday, which is intimate, family, and usually spent with the dearest people, however, goes back to the traditions of pagan-Slavic times (Ibid.:178). Particularly important is the Christmas Eve supper, probably the only festive meal in Polish cuisine, in which there are clearly preserved the traces of rituals from the times before the introduction of Christianity in Poland (966 AD) (Ibid.:178). In Polish Christmas, both these themes, pagan and Christian, have intertwined into a colourful and poetic whole (Ibid.:178).
When the first star appears in the sky
Polish people sit down to the Christmas Eve supper at dusk, when the first star appears (Lemnis, Vitry 1979:178). The latter is being impatiently watched for by children (Ibid.:178). The ceremony starts with a mutual pray or reading the relevant fragment of the Bible.
Tradition of oblatum
Then it continues with sharing the wafer combined with making wishes (Lemnis, Vitry 1979:178). Opłatek, wafer in English, from Latin oblatum – 'sacrificial gift', is a very thin, usually white bread flake, unleavened and unsalted, baked with white flour and water without the addition of yeast, which is shared by the gathered at the Christmas Eve table, while making wishes ("Opłatek" 2020). It is not an exclusively Polish custom but it is mostly found among descendants of the ancient Slavs, namely in Slovakia, Belarus, Ukraine, and the Czech Republic (Ibid.). It is similarly present in Lithuania (ancient Balts), as Poland and Lithuania had a joint country between the years 1569 and 1795, known as the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth or the Republic of Both Nations, and sometimes the Christmas wafer also appears in Italy (Ibid.).
Christmas Wafer in a basket. Photo by Julo (2006). Public domain. Photo source: "Opłatek" (2020). In Wikipedia. The Free Encyclopedia.
Sharing the wafer is a very touching moment like no other in the year, evoking many memories going back to childhood and youth, a moment obscured by sadness for those who have passed away, and at the same time illuminated by human hope of full happiness, forever burning in people's hearts (Lemnis, Vitry 1979:178). At this solemn moment, all resentments and offenses are forgiven, sealing mutual agreement with a kiss (Ibid.:179). If someone dearest is far away, or while sending Christmas postcards to friends, nowadays, we also put a piece of wafer into the envelope. Old Polish wafers were once colourful and very decorative (Ibid.:180). Today, mainly white wafers are baked, but they are also decoratively embossed (Ibid.:180).
Time for children
For children, it is probably the most beautiful evening of the year, in which the atmosphere of a fairy tale becomes real for a few hours (Lemnis, Vitry 1979:178). Charming moments happen in the light of candles and colourful Christmas tree lights, under which loving hands have just put various gifts – any of which one can afford (Ibid.:178). But even the most modest gift has an exceptional value on this evening, becoming a symbol of friendship and love that unite people (Ibid.:178).
Traces of mysterious Slavic past
It is believed that many Polish Christmas customs are derived from pagan Slavic rituals (Lemnis, Vitry 1979:178). On the other hand, such a tradition was exclusively oral and thus no written sources of myths have survived to answer the fundamental questions about Slavic religions (MaDar S.C. (Ławecki), Sypek, Turowska-Rawicz 2007:7). Therefore, researchers must use in their studies, apart from historiographic achievements and archaeological discoveries, linguistic and etymological research as well as comparative religious studies (Ibid.:7).
The origins of the Slavs have long been the greatest mystery of European prehistory, and there are still various contradictory theories regarding the time of their appearance in Europe (Ziółkowski 1999:306-308). The fact is, however, that peoples who settled down in Central and Eastern Europe belonged mostly to the Slavic groups (Ibid.:306-308). When did they appear there? Officially, they had started migrating westwards, following the hordes of Huns, since the fifth century AD (Rosłoniec 2020). The Slavs who headed off to the north, towards the Baltic Sea, were the ancestors of Poles, Belarusians and Russians, and they had come from the area of contemporary Ukraine (Ziółkowski 1999:306-308; Rosłoniec 2020). Some other Slavic groups migrated south, towards the Adriatic Sea, and established the foundations of such nations as Serbs, Croats, Slovenes, Bulgarians and Macedonians (Ziółkowski 1999:306-308; Rosłoniec 2020). It is also said the Slavs had come from the Middle East, and their culture was less advanced than those having occupied Central Europe at the time of the Roman Empire or even earlier (Rosłoniec 2020).
On the other side, there is an alternative theory, mostly disseminated in Poland by Janusz Bieszk (2015), saying that around the eighteenth century BC., in the area of present-day Poland, there had already been the Slavic state, called the Empire of Lechites, European Scythia or European Sarmatia (Ibid.). The so-called Lechites are said to have had a highly advanced culture and strong national organization (Ibid.). Such a theory, although strongly criticized, is supported by the results of the latest genetic tests of Aryans – Slavs, historical records and maps, and by recent discoveries of archaeologists in the area of present-day Central Europe (Ibid.).
Calendae becomes Polish Christmas carolling
Zbruch Idol, an example of a Slavic deity. The truth is, there is very little known about the Slavic religion. Author of the image unknown; from the "Political History of Poland" written by E.H. Lewinski-Corwin and published in New York in 1917. Photo source: "Zbruch idol" (2020). In: Wikipedia. The Free Encyclopedia.
Irrespective of the proposed versions, in the fifth century AD. the terrain occupied by the Slavs in Poland must have been flat, swampy, forested and crossed by wide rivers. Thus it is not surprising the ancient Poles were very close to nature, the best proof of which is that the most important Slavic holidays were related to the natural cycle: changes of seasons, equinoxes and solstices (as it occurred in the case of other ancient peoples) (Sławosław.pl 2019). At the time of the winter solstice and so the Christmas time, there was the Winter Sun Festival (Szczodre Gody aka Calendae) (Ibid.). It was a herald of the new year, because at that time the darkness is overcome by the light, since then the day starts to grow longer (Ibid.). Like among the Proto-Indo-European peoples, the most significant was then the solar cult; the departing Sun, represented by the Slavic god Swaróg, had to be replaced by the new one, his son Swarożyc (or the incarnation of or the young Swaróg himself) (Ibid.). The triumph of the sun is a reason for unlimited joy, just like Christmas is celebrated today (Ibid.).
Slavic ancient tradition has survived to this day in a disguise of the Christian Christmas feast, proving how deeply it was once rooted in the hearts of our ancestors (Lemnis, Vitry 1979:178). Today even the twenty-first century generation still refers to such Christianised pagan rites as the most familiar tradition (Ibid.:178). By its continuous celebration, Polish Christmas has preserved for us some relics of Slavic rites in the form of customs, commemorated not only in the countryside, but also in cities (Ibid.178-179).
Slavic Diduch (Didukh) and Christmas tree
In the countryside, sheaves of grain have usually been placed with the ears up in four corners or in the corner on the eastern side of the room, where the Christmas Eve supper takes place (Lemnis, Vitry 1979:179; Sławosław.pl 2019).
Slavic Diduch present in a modern house in Poland (Kujawy). Photo by Wiano.eu. Photo source: Wiano.eu (2012) "Wigilia na Kujawach". In: Folklor Portal. Wiano.eu.
By tradition it is the first sheaf from the harvest, which is commonly known as Diduch (Didukh) – the East Slavic equivalent of the Christmas tree (Sławosław.pl 2019). It was also placed by the Slavs in the corner of their house during the Winter Festival (Ibid.). The sheaf has been usually made of wheat and oats, and sometimes also of un-threshed rye (Ibid.). The Diduch's symbolism is wide; it has been believed to bring prosperity for the next year, and has also been a talisman against evil powers (Ibid.). Originally, however, it was primarily associated with the cult of ancestors and so it meant the same as grandfather 'ancestor' (Ibid.). Therefore, it was placed near the table so that the deceased ancestors could feast with the family (Ibid.). Diduch was kept at home until the end of the celebration of Calendae, which lasted twelve nights, which is today until the Epiphany (Ibid.).
Colours of Christmas
The Christmas tree dressed up today in Poland has not yet escaped from other Slavic influences (Sławosław.pl 2019). The Christmas tree has been only decorated since the years 1795-1806 (Ibid.). Poles have adopted this custom from Prussian Protestants (Ibid.). However, Christmas decorations of a tree in Poland possibly originated from the custom of hanging evergreen trees beneath the ceiling (Ibid.). Green turquoise was for the Slavs a symbol of abundance and fertility, heralding a new growing year (Ibid.). The red and gold colours of Christmas tree decorations have also their Slavic symbolism; red warded off diseases, while gold (most often expressed by nuts) symbolized wealth and abundance (Ibid.). Nuts were also a symbol of vitality (Ibid.). The custom of lighting the Christmas tree can be additionally associated with the old Slavic belief; burning candles protected the household members against evil spirits (Ibid.).
Speaking animals
The old custom of giving animals a piece of wafer to ensure their health and a beautiful offspring persisted here and there (Lemnis, Vitry 1979:179). My mum was raised up in the countryside and she has told me that her parents (and my grandparents) also used to offer colourful wafer to their livestock. Now, we have got just one but a large dog, with whom we also share the wafer.
The so-called Podłąźnica; the top of the Christmas tree, hanging from the ceiling and beautifully decorated. By Tadeusz Seweryn "Podłaźniczki", Kraków 1932. Public domain. Image source: Szczodre Gody" (2020). In: Wikipedia. The Free Encyclopedia.
Additionally, It is still believed that at midnight animals speak human voice, but overhearing such a conversation does not unfortunately bring good luck (Ibid.:179). Of course, such an idea must have originated in the ancient times. The Slavs believed that animals could be intermediaries in transmitting the word from the soul of family ancestors (Sławosław.pl 2019). Moreover, it must also be related to the Slavic view of the soul, which, according to our forefathers, was also possessed by animals (Ibid.).
In areas particularly haunted by wolves, the leftovers of Christmas Eve food have been brought out in front of the farm (Lemnis, Vitry 1979:179). Being served in such a way, the wild animals should not do any harm to the farmer's livestock (Ibid.:179).
Foretelling from hay
We traditionally put some hay under the cloth or on the table, by which we are having the Christmas Eve supper. Copyright©Archaeotravel.
It is quite common, also in Polish cities, to put some hay under the table cloth covering the Christmas Eve table (Lemnis, Vitry 1979:179). In Christian tradition, it refers to the fact the Child Jesus was lying on hay in a manger. The young people have used the hay during the Christmas Eve supper for foretelling their future, which is once again a pagan tradition (Ibid.:179). The green stalk pulled out from under the tablecloth meant success in love and an imminent wedding, whereas the blackened one – a failure, thwarting marriage plans, and even staying single forever (Ibid.:179). Of course, the fortune-telling is not taken too seriously, but it is quite entertaining (Ibid.:179).
Empty seat
During the Christmas Eve, those who have already passed away or those who are absent during the holidays are also remembered (Lemnis, Vitry 1979:179). For them, a separate place is reserved by the table (Ibid.:179). On an empty plate prepared for them, a little bit of each dish and a piece of wafer are placed (Ibid.:179). Likewise, in the Slavic pagan tradition, an empty seat at the table is intended for the souls of family ancestors (Sławosław.pl 2019). Today, such a covering is also meant for a stray traveller or an unexpected visitor. It is because the most beautiful custom has always been to invite lonely people at the time of Christmas Eve (Lemnis, Vitry 1979:180). No one should feel abandoned and sad this special evening (Ibid.:180).
Kolędy (Christmas carols)
Polish Christmas carols, often very old, are among the jewels of Polish folk and religious songs (Lemnis, Vitry 1979:180). Among them there are dancing melodies to the rhythm of the mazurek, oberek, krakowiak and polonaise, and their lyrics may be sometimes humorous, satirical and even with social accents (Ibid.:180). For many Poles living far away from the country, Polish carols have been a touching symbol of Polishness (Ibid.:180). Fryderyk Chopin (1810 – 1849), staying in Paris during the partitions, expressed his great longing for Poland by weaving into the tragic accents of the Scherzo in B minor – a sweet lullaby melody of the popular Polish Christmas carol, Lulajże, Jezuniu … (Hush Little Jesus … ) (Ibid.:180).
Carol singing in Ukraine (1864). By Trutovsky Kolyadki. Public domain. Image source: "Koledowanie" (2020). In: Wikipedia. The Free Encyclopedia.
The Slavic Winter Festival was also referred to as the Calendae (today Kolęda), which in English means a Christmas Carol (Sławosław.pl 2019). This concept may be closely related to the idea of circle and so to the circular solar disc and its transformation during the winter solstice (Ibid.). Today, Polish Kolęda often means carolling, the customary visiting nearby houses with wishes for the New Year (Ibid.).
Carolling with Turoń
Unfortunately, a beautiful tradition of visiting houses by carollers is slowly disappearing (Lemnis, Vitry 1979:180). The carollers have usually been dressed up as the significant characters of the Nativity, including the king Herod, the Death, angels, the devil, shepherds, the Magi, an Old Woman and Man, a Jew, a Gypsy and representatives of various professional groups, and the so-called scarecrows whose job was to frighten (Sławosław.pl 2019).
Among the latter group, the Turoń has appeared (Sławosław.pl 2019). It is In Polish folklore "a festive monstrosity in the form of a black, horned and shaggy animal with a flopping jaw. Its appearance can be noticed [not only during Christmas Eve but also] at folk events during the period after Christmas, yet most likely in times of Carnival and before Lent begins. The name is derived from the word tur, meaning aurochs" ("Turoń" 2020). The carollers usually come to people's houses carrying a large, multi-coloured and illuminated Star of Bethlehem on a stick (Lemnis, Vitry 1979:180). When they "enter a household, Turoń tackles anyone who stares for too long at the star or its bearers. […] Whenever the Turoń becomes unbearable for the householder and his family, they sing a song to banish it" ("Turoń" 2020):
"Idź, turoniu, do domu (Go now, Turoń, go home). Nie zawadzaj nikomu (Don't bother anyone). Nie tuś się wychował (Here's not the place you come from). Nie tu będziesz nocował (This not the place you shall sleep)."
("Turoń" 2020 with own translation).
Kolęda walkers with a Turoń. S.Barański (1937). Public domain. Photo source: "Turoń" (2020). In: Wikipedia. The Free Encyclopedia.
As part of the act of carolling, Turoń snaps to the rhythm of a melody related to the extinct turmoil, scares and rattles, and finally loses consciousness (Sławosław.pl 2019). At this point, the carollers start the process of its reviving (Ibid.). They do the massage to him, set fire to the straw under him, pour vodka straight into his mouth (Ibid.). All this to make the Turoń stand up and start running again (Ibid.). The resurrection of Turoń symbolizes the rebirth of the earth, which falls asleep for the winter and does not recover until spring (Ibid.).
Visited "[householders, by tradition, give to the carollers] a 'get off ransom' in the form of money and a gift from the pantry" ("Turoń" 2020). A donation given by the hosts to carol singers, is also called a Christmas carol (Sławosław.pl 2019). The visit of carollers was perceived as a good sign – a forecast of prosperity and fertility in the coming year. For this reason, the host felt obliged to buy favours through treats and other donations (Ibid.).
Belarusian carol singers, photo taken in 1903 in the Mogilev province. Author unknown (1903). Public domain. Photo source: "Szczodre Gody" (2020). In: Wikipedia. The Free Encyclopedia.
Bringing carols from home to home in a dress of the Nativity characters is an old custom, already well known in the seventeenth century (Lemnis, Vitry 1979:180). At that time these were the Krakow students who gained the fame of the best carollers (Ibid.). It was because they intertwined Christmas carols with very witty orations (Ibid.:180).
Szopka krakowska (Kraków's Nativity scene) by Bronisław Pięcik, MHK, 1998. Photo by Rafał Korzeniowski (2008). CC BY-SA 3.0. Photo source: "Szopki krakowskie" (2020). In: Wikipedia. The Free Encyclopedia.
Krakow's nativity scenes are often true masterpieces of Polish folk art (Lemnis, Vitry 1979:180). Every year, in the market square in Kraków, in the run-up to Christmas, a competition for the most beautiful crib is held (Ibid.:180). Afterwards, they become a part either of a private or state collections of folk art (Ibid.:180). The tradition was established in nineteenth century Krakow (Muzeum Krakowa.pl 2020). Since then, it has been far from everything that has ever been created in this field not only in Europe, but also in the whole world (Ibid.). The first nativity scenes were created by carpenters and bricklayers from the area of Krakow, mainly from Zwierzyniec (Ibid.). It was an extra job for them during the dead season (Ibid.). On Christmas, they went with their newly constructed nativity scenes around the houses (Ibid.). The nativity scenes arranged in churches also have old traditions (Lemnis, Vitry 1979:180). The mechanized nativity scene in the Capuchin Church is very popular especially among the inhabitants of Warsaw (Ibid.:180).
Street vendors displaying nativity scenes. Krakow, interwar period. Unknown author (2018). Public domain. Photo source: "Szopki krakowskie" (2020). In: Wikipedia. The Free Encyclopedia.
Indeed, it deserves a special attention; one could see there next to a donkey, ox and camels, on which the three kings came, also a tram, railway, bus and even a plane! (Lemnis, Vitry 1979:180).
Culmination of the Polish culinary year
Christmas, like Easter, is the time of the greatest culmination of the Polish culinary year (Lemnis, Vitry 1979:178). If someone looked into the old Polish kitchen in the period immediately preceding Christmas, there would be incredible traffic there (Ibid.:181). Even today, in modern kitchens, when the housewife uses only the often problematic help of her spouse or adolescent children, it is a period of extremely intensified culinary creativity; smells and aromas blend there to create a real symphony woven from many scents that stimulate the appetite and imagination (Ibid.:181). Although some traditional Christmas specialties can be bought ready-made today, they cannot compare with the dishes that are prepared in many families according to recipes passed down from generation to generation (Ibid.:181).
Christmas Eve supper of twelve courses in Old Poland
The Christmas Eve supper has been for centuries the main culinary accent of the Polish Christmas (Lemnis, Vitry 1979:181). Poles usually eat opulently and meaty on holidays, but Christmas dishes are no different from those served on other festive occasions (Ibid.:181). Yet the Christmas Eve supper is a fasting meal (Ibid.:181). And all the dishes were once prepared with oil, olive oil or butter (Ibid.:181). Our arch-Catholic ancestors, despite their strict observance of the fast, which was essentially limited to the exclusion of meat and bacon, were able to make this restriction a truly refined delight for a taste (Ibid.:181). No wonder that Polish posts were widely known beyond the borders of the Republic of Poland (Ibid.:181).
An exemplary Christmas Eve table – modern times. Photo by Przykuta (2006). CC BY-SA 3.0. Photo source: "Wigilia Bożego Narodzenia" (2020). In: Wikipedia. The Free Encyclopedia.
In wealthier noble and bourgeois houses, and wealthy monasteries, the Christmas Eve consisted of twelve courses, as many as there were apostles (Lemnis, Vitry 1979:181). For ancient Slavs, each of the twelve festive dishes symbolized thanksgiving for one month of the year (Sławosław.pl 2019). Fish dishes prepared in a variety of ways dominated, including the famous Carp or Pike in Gray Sauce (Lemnis, Vitry 1979:181). Sometimes there were so many fish dishes that the traditional number of twelve was not enough (Ibid.:181-182). But there was also a solution to this problem: all fish dishes were considered as the only one dish! (Ibid.:182).
Christmas Eve is a very special evening in Poland. Copyright©Archaeotravel.
This is how the Poles of the Old Poland fasted, setting the example to the ungodly and dissenters (Lemnis, Vitry 1979:182). Today, such Christmas Eve giant suppers belong to the irretrievable past (Ibid.:182). We do not have the appetites of our ancestors, the satisfaction of which sometimes consumed entire fortunes (Ibid.:182). Today instead of dishes, single products used in their preparation are usually counted as twelve (Wiano.eu 2012), as it also happens in my family. Who would eat all that if there are twelve opulent dishes at once?! Even though not so giant as in Old Poland, we still organize Christmas Eve supper, not only because of the poetry of tradition, but also of the atmosphere of family warmness (Lemnis, Vitry 1979:182). And the taste and ceremonial of traditional Christmas Eve dishes have the gift of evoking them, allowing us to come back to the past and dream about the future (Ibid.:182).
Fasting feast
The Christmas Eve has been opened by one of the traditional Christmas Eve soups: red borscht with dumplings, mushroom soup or, less often, almond soup (Lemnis, Vitry 1979:182).
The most popular has always been red borscht, a classic soup of Old Polish cuisine (Lemnis, Vitry 1979:182). In addition to fish dishes, there have been served famous Old Polish dish of cabbage peas, dishes made of dried mushrooms, compotes of dried fruit, mainly plums, and Christmas cakes (Ibid.:182). In the eastern parts of Poland, the famous kutia (dish consisting of boiled grain) was served (Ibid.:182). In ancient times kutia appeared regularly during all celebrations related to the worship of the dead (the leaving Sun and the old year) (Sławosław.pl 2019). Alcoholic beverages have never been excluded from the fasting menu, especially in the past, but alcohol has been drunk on Christmas Eve in less quantity than on Easter (Lemnis, Vitry 1979:182).
Christmas soups
Today we eat slightly spicy and sour red beetroot borscht, with small dumplings stuffed with mushrooms. Its oldest recipe is from the sixteenth century (Lemnis, Vitry 1979:183). In Poland, there are two classic versions: the fasting one for Christmas and an Easter variant, on the basis of meat stock (Ibid.:183).
Both versions are made with natural beetroot acid, which gives it unique flavour (Lemnis, Vitry 1979:183). You can also drink the soup in a mug with crispy dumplings from the oven, stuffed with mushrooms or with meat after Christmas Eve (Ibid.187). In other houses, mushroom or almond soups are also made (Ibid.188-189). These are also Old Polish fasting soups, which are not meant to satiate but warm up the stomach and stimulate the appetite (Ibid.:188). Almond soup is not very popular anymore, but it has many enthusiasts among children as it is rather sweet (Ibid.:189).
Platter of Christmas fish
After the soup, fish is served. While my parents usually choose the traditional fried carp, my sisters and I tend to choose salmon from the fish platter. In Poland, we still eat Polish Carp in Gray Sauce, cold Jewish pike, zander sauteed and herring prepared in various way (Lemnis, Vitry 1979:181,190-197).
Carp is a famous, Old Polish Christmas Eve delicacy (Lemnis, Vitry 1979:192). Although it is not the cheapest dish and its preparation requires a lot of work and time, it must traditionally be placed on the Christmas table during the Christmas season (Ibid.:192). The pike also proudly represents the tradition of Old Polish cuisine, which in this case is made according to the Jewish recipe (Ibid.194). Polish Jews were famous for their excellent preparation of this fish (Ibid.:194).
Among other twelve dishes
Fish dishes are often accompanied with mashed potatoes and fried cabbage with mushrooms. The cabbage from Christmas Eve is usually reheated during the following days and served with Christmas roasted meats (Lemnis, Vitry 1979:198). In the past, people used to eat cabbage with mushrooms and nut croquettes (Ibid.:198). This dish is an example of good, traditional Polish cuisine (Ibid.:198). Seemingly very ordinary, thanks to croquettes the dish becomes original and attractive (Ibid.:198). Very filling and rather heavy, today it rarely appears in such a version on Christmas Eve tables, when our appetites, unfortunately, are not what they used to be in the Old Poland (Ibid.:198).
But it's worth trying it, because this dish is both of the traditional Old Polish cuisine and very tasty (Lemnis, Vitry 1979:198). Some Poles additionally serve dumplings with cabbage and mushrooms or salty cheese during the supper (in contrast to the small dumplings in the borsch, these are much bigger in size and are a separate dish).
Mushrooms and mushrooms
Dumplings with mushrooms, cabbage with mushrooms, small dumplings with mushrooms – why are there so many dishes based on this one ingredient? (Sławosław.pl 2019). Probably eating mushrooms at the time of Slavs was related to an attempt to win the favour of forest demons, called Leszy, who, depending on their will, could help or hinder the travellers (Ibid.).
A traditional Polish dessert includes poppy seed twigs, of course made of properly seasoned poppy seeds, decorated with homemade oblong cookies (Lemnis, Vitry 1979:200). The platter bristling with cookies looks very effective and invariably delights the youngest participants of the Christmas Eve (Ibid.:200). We usually wash down all the fasting dishes with a compote of prunes and figs on Christmas Eve (Ibid.:203).
Typical cakes baked in our house for Christmas are cheese and poppy seed cakes. Copyright©Archaeotravel.
The sweet cakes baked for Christmas have been rather less varied than Easter cakes (Lemnis, Vitry 1979:181; see: Traces of Slavic Pagan Rites in the Polish Easter Tradition). The first place has been taken ex aequo by gingerbread and poppy seed cake (Ibid.:181). There is no shortage of old-Polish baba cakes and various, mostly spicy cookies for Christmas, but their role is less exposed (Ibid.:181).
Slavic honey cake and Old Polish gingerbread
Old Polish Christmas gingerbread is typical of Christmas cakes (Lemnis, Vitry 1979:204). The Polish gingerbread tradition is long (Ibid.:204).
Traditional Toruń's gingerbread cookies. Photo by Marcin Floryan (2006). CC BY 2.5. Photo source: "Toruńskie pierniki" (2020). In: Wikipedia. The Free Encyclopedia.
The dough prepared with the addition of honey was known to the cuisine of the ancient Slavs, who also used it for religious purposes (Lemnis, Vitry 1979:204). However, it was only the discovery of aromatic spices and fluffing agents that turned the hard honey dough into tasty gingerbread (Ibid.:204). The most famous gingerbread cookies were in Nuremberg and Toruń, baked in beautifully carved forms (Ibid.:204). The popular Katarzynkas of Toruń were already known in 1640 (Ibid.). The preparation of gingerbread dough was rightly an art (Ibid.:204). It matured slowly and could be stored raw for months (Ibid.:204).
Traditional gingerbread mold. Photo by Piotr Kuczyński (2011). (Cropped) CC BY-SA 3.0. Photo source: "Toruńskie pierniki" (2020). In: Wikipedia. The Free Encyclopedia.
A measure of the popularity of gingerbread in Poland is the fact that a firkin with gingerbread dough was often part of the dowry of Polish noble and bourgeois maidens (Lemnis, Vitry 1979:204-205). Very spicy and slightly sweet gingerbreads were nibbled with vodka, while those sweet and with dried fruits were served as dessert (Ibid.:205). An old Polish proverb assures that the best things in Poland used to be "booze from Gdańsk, gingerbread from Toruń, a maiden from Kraków, and a Warsaw shoe" (Ibid.:205).
Poppy seed cake good for all festivals
Another cake baked for Christmas is the Christmas poppy seed cake, which differs from the common one not only in that the layers of the dough are thin, but also in that the filling made of poppy seeds is made with Polish generosity (Lemnis, Vitry 1979:208).
No moderation in food at Christmas
Why has the Christmas Eve feast in Poland been so opulent and generous? (Sławosław.pl 2019). Well, because at the ancient celebration of the solstice, it was believed that the invincible Sun needed support in the fight against the darkness, hence the Slavic gods welcomed the customary overeating, which is practiced until today in Poland (Ibid.).
Opening and closure of the season
The closure of the Slavic Winter Festival was the so-called a bountiful or generous evening on the twelfth night after the solstice (around the Epiphany) (Sławosław.pl 2019). It is also worth mentioning that before this time, ancient Slavs temporarily suspended all their duties, believing that work during the Calendae season (Christmas time) could bring misfortune to people not obeying that tradition (Ibid.). The time of that evening had to be spent in a family, modestly and in the privacy of the home, and on this occasion supper was served, during which the children were gifted with apples, nuts and special cakes (Ibid.). It was possibly an ancient equivalent of the contemporarily celebrated Polish Christmas Eve. Yet we today commemorate the ancient bountiful evening as the opening of the festive season, not its closure, and now it obviously has a new religious dimension.
Nowadays, just after the Christmas Eve supper and unwrapping Christmas gifts having been brought by an angel (yes, we do it on that evening, not in the morning on the first day of Christmas), we usually go to the Midnight Mass.
Although most of the year I stay outside Poland, travelling or staying abroad, I always try my best to come back home for Christmas to spend it with my family. Only once in my lifetime I had to stay abroad during this special time. It was my first year in Ireland and a volume of work did not allow me to come back on time. Yet I could celebrate it with my Polish friends who also live in Dublin, and there were still twelve dishes on the table thanks to my friend's cooking skills … Nevertheless, staying away from my family during Christmas Eve evening has taught me how much I am attached to this beautiful, family tradition.
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Image: Adoration of the Shepherds by Gerard van Honthorsts (1622), still influenced by Saint Bridget. Google Art Project. Public domain. In: Wikipedia. The Free Encyclopedia (2020). Available at <http://bit.ly/3hcpbg1>. [Accessed on 23rd December, 2020].
Lemnis M., Vitry H. (1979). W staropolskie kuchni i przy polskim stole. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Interpress.
MaDar S.C. (Ławecki T.), Sypek R., Turowska-Rawicz M. (2007). "Mitologie świata: Słowianie". In: Rzeczpospolita. Kraków: Drukarnia Narodowa SA.
Muzeum Krakowa.pl (2020). "Szopki krakowskie." In: Muzeum Krakowa. Available at <http://bit.ly/3pmbGwX>. [Accessed on 23rd December, 2020].
Rosłoniec D. (2020). "Historia Słowian na ziemiach polskich". In: Światowa historia. Available at <https://bit.ly/3mJWM1S>. [Accessed on 22nd December, 2020].
Shots from the movie Stara Baśń: Kiedy słońce było bogiem [An Ancient Tale: When the Sun Was a God] (2003). Directed by Jerzy Hoffman. Images source: lamus dworski ©2014–2020. Available at <http://bit.ly/3nNc9YU>. [Accessed on 24th December, 2020].
Sławosław.pl (2019). "Cykl roczny: zima". In: Sławosław.pl. Sławny Słowian Świat. Creative Commons 4.0. Available at <https://bit.ly/3h9N0Fe>. [Accessed on 22nd December, 2020].
Wiano.eu (2012). "Wigilia na Kujawach". In: Folklor Portal. Wiano.eu. Available at <http://wiano.eu/article/1346>. [Accessed on 23rd December, 2020].
Ziółkowski A. (1999). Dzieje starożytne. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Szkolne i Pedagogiczne WSiP.
EthnographyLegends&MythsMediaevalTraditions&Customs
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text:
package kubernetes

import (
	"context"

	"github.com/pkg/errors"
	"github.com/tsuru/tsuru/builder"
	tsuruErrors "github.com/tsuru/tsuru/errors"
	"github.com/tsuru/tsuru/provision"
	appTypes "github.com/tsuru/tsuru/types/app"
)

var (
	_ builder.Builder         = &kubernetesBuilder{}
	_ builder.PlatformBuilder = &kubernetesBuilder{}
)

func (b *kubernetesBuilder) PlatformBuild(ctx context.Context, opts appTypes.PlatformOptions) ([]string, error) {
	return b.buildPlatform(ctx, opts)
}

func (b *kubernetesBuilder) PlatformRemove(ctx context.Context, name string) error {
	// Kubernetes already removes unused images on nodes.
	return nil
}

func (b *kubernetesBuilder) buildPlatform(ctx context.Context, opts appTypes.PlatformOptions) ([]string, error) {
	client, err := getKubeClient()
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	return client.BuildPlatformImages(ctx, opts)
}

func getKubeClient() (provision.BuilderKubeClient, error) {
	provisioners, err := provision.Registry()
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	var client provision.BuilderKubeClient
	multiErr := tsuruErrors.NewMultiError()
	for _, p := range provisioners {
		if provisioner, ok := p.(provision.BuilderDeployKubeClient); ok {
			client, err = provisioner.GetClient(nil)
			if err != nil {
				multiErr.Add(err)
			} else if client != nil {
				return client, nil
			}
		}
	}
	if multiErr.Len() > 0 {
		return nil, multiErr
	}
	return nil, errors.New("No Kubernetes nodes available")
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Sturdy, reliable and comfortable, SANIMARIN toilets from the professional range are just like conventional toilets. With generous dimensions and irreproachable stability, these toilets for boats with powerful electrical systems come with an integral control system on the bowl, making them easy to install and simple to use.
Sanimarin offers a full range of toilets for boats with powerful electrical systems. Whether your boat has a 110V or 220V system, these models meet the day to day needs of professionals.


I found this link on facebook. Contains some cracking information and pictures/ description of Bidston Hall.
If i could work out how to do it i would Upload a pic of my family on the steps of the hall from end of the 1800's.
Oh wow!! Would love to see it. Will try to find the link of how to post pictures.
Have found out but need to get file size under 2mb.
Last edited by Blueskier; 12th Jan 2014 11:05pm.
Tried to pm you to keep the link 'tidy'- try Light Image Resizer.
Have a list naming everybody on the photos.
Last edited by Blueskier; 12th Jan 2014 11:09pm.
Wow. Fantastic picture Blueskier. Thankyou for posting and I, for one would like you to name everybody on the photo.
This property has been removed by the agent, pictures are faded out.
R.B. if you PM me your email address i can send the pics over with the names. It is actually from Dec 1901.
Thanks for this link, very interesting info.
Not when you click on them.
Hello, I can't view the picture for some reason but I believe it could be the same one that is floating around in my family, based on the file name of your picture. My great grandfather was Joshua Yeowart and I believe he lived with his family at Bidston Hall in his childhood. Would love to be able to see your picture!


Update: Entries for this giveaway are now closed. The winner of the $50 Madison Reece Designs Giveaway will be announced Wednesday morning!
Welcome to the 30th edition of Frugalicious Friday!
You know what to do...this day's all about sharing your fabulous, thriftiest, most frugalicious home decor finds! And if you revamped your find in a fab Craft or Diy project, well tell us about that too...we can always use a little extra Diy inspiration! Are you new to Finding Fabulous? Well ya gotta follow the rules...here are the guidelines for this fun day that's all about $aving!
So excited cuz we've got a giveaway today from Madison Reece Designs...a fab sponsors here at Finding Fabulous!
Madison Reece Designs offers Rustic, Unique Fine Silver Custom Monogram Jewelry. Yup, I'm in LOVE...check out a few of their beautiful designs!
For our Giveaway today Madison Reece Designs is offering a $50 gift certificate towards any item in their shop, to one lucky Frugalicious Friday Participant...wahoo!
1. Show me the Linky Love...link up your fabulous finds, crafts and Diy projects!
2. Visit the Madison Reece Designs website, and leave a comment here telling me which design is your favorite!
3. Follow Finding Fabulous if you haven't already, and leave a comment!
Okay guys easy breezy giveaway, so link up and give us the scoop on your fabulous finds! As usual, I'll announce the winner next week in my Frugalicious Friday Favorites post...Good Luck!
I love the Family Jewels set. Thanks for hosting another great link up!!!
The family jewels is precious! Love the new look Jane - Simply fabulous! Hope you have a great weekend - Thanks for hosting!
I love them all, but I'll just take that first one since it's my initial. Thanks for hosting every week.
I love the Count Your Blessings! So cute. Thanks for hosting each week. Oh, and I love the new background!
Thank you for hosting! I love the Simply Initials and My Heart is Full!
I have nothing to post this week thanks to my gall bladder but I loved looking at all the entries. Thank you for hosting such a successful party.
I am featuring your twine wrapped bottle from a few months ago at somedaycrafts.blogspot.com!
Wow, it's so hard to pick just one favorite, but 'Count Your Blessings' is at the top of the list.
Thanks for hosting such a fun party! I love your site redesign!
Thanks for hosting a yet again fabulous party. I love all the projects and will be visiting them as time permits. I did take a gander of the leather dying and OMG!! What a fabulous idea!!
I'd love to get my first name initial.
Love the initially yours necklace! Too cute! Thanks for hosting!
Oh, I love the rustic monogram vintage silver necklace. Thanks for the giveaway I hope I win!!
Just linked up. Thanks for hosting this!
I love the square monogram! Its different and fun. And I'm loving the new colors on your blog!
I love the On the Vine necklace. Thanks so much for hosting!
I adore the Rustic Silver Cameo Monogram necklace. It's gorgeous!
I like the rustic silver-words to live by.
I just love Madison Reece Designs - in fact, I asked for Rustic Silver - Family Branches for Mother's Day and posted about it on Facebook. Sadly, I didn't get it; but I might buy this gorgeous piece for myself.
Great link party. Thanks so much for hosting.
My favorites would be the Rustic Silver - Desert Sands earrings.
Be sure to pop on over to the cottage for my awesome giveaway. Only eight more days to enter. Click on the button in my sidebar for details.
Thank you for the giveaway. I'm a follower!
Ny favorite item in the shop is the simply initials.
I'd love ANY of them!! Fabulous! I really like family jewels.
Thanks for hosting the Frugalicious Friday party. I'm a new follower. I like the family jewelery.
I like all her designs!! I think I would pick the rustic birdie, its so sweet. I also like all the initial charms!
I love the family jewels! They are so beautiful!
I need the family branches! Beautiful!!
The jewelry is cute. Thanks for hosting the party. I'm a follower.
There are soo many to choose from. I love them! I love the family tree one the best. Thanks!
I am a follower of your fabulous blog! and i linked up a tutorial :) thanks for hosting this fabulous giveaway and link party! I hope I win!!!
I'm a follower! Have read your blog for a while!
I totally LOVE family jewels but she no longer has it in her shop. So if I had to pick one from the shop it would be "I choose Happiness". That is how I try to live life...looking for the silver lining.
Hello those jewelry look so gorgeous I would like to buy some of those and the contest for best decorating looks so interesting.
So cute...are those for sale? I have a friend who is looking for a key chain that has his name on it. Do you have those?


Weddingku tidak bertanggung jawab atas apapun kesalahan yang dilakukan oleh vendor termasuk penipuan. – Quite a few of relationships typically fail due to miscomprehensions. Good and efficient communication abilities are essential if you'd like your relationship to outlive. Preserve cool. Third, do not play video games. Allow us to throw light on some beautiful methods to brighten one in every of these large wedding reception venues in London in your wedding.
True- is widespread for its scorching advertisements that may be seen on the internet. It exhibits sizzling and scorching women and men available for dates. It does prison background checks on all its members, giving assurance to its patrons and it screens married individuals from actual singles. But, there?s no security that the photographs featured on the profiles are as real as the site?s name.
Time and routine may be brutally harsh on a relationship. People fall in to ruts and routines that drive their every day lives. For some individuals, these routines are hard to break, but with the best guidance and help of a system that teaches girls the way to construct their relationships again, the fire of affection could be lit again.
Appreciation Texts Do Wonders. Did you ever think it would be that simple? I don't know what extra to say than advice you to try it yourself and see what occurs. You may be astonished by the outcomes and how your accomplice's behaviour will change. I do not assume the advantages you'll get from utilizing this technique will be put into phrases. In the end, I feel you will get some appreciation back as nicely out of your companion.??????
A pocket watch is a strapless timepiece carried in a pocket. A fob or chain secures it to a belt loop, lapel, or waistcoat. A hinged cover might or is probably not current. There are also fasteners that can be inserted into a buttonhole in a waistcoat or jacket. O. Henry immortalized the pocket watch in his poignant short story, The Reward of the Magi. But the modern day Colibri pocket watches give the basic timepiece a new twist with new features.
Planning Your Marriage ceremony…whereas Suffocating Your self?


text:
Build Your Career Get Ahead
10 Worthless Words to Delete from Your LinkedIn Profile
By Shannon Gausepohl, Expert January 26, 2017 04:30 pm EST
Credit: Gil C/Shutterstock
If you're using LinkedIn for your job search, you understand how important it is to have a fully fleshed-out profile. You want to make sure potential employers know up front that you're passionate about your work, have extensive experience in the field and are driven to achieve your goals.
While these terms may in fact accurately describe your career experience, they don't mean much when everyone else is using them, too. LinkedIn recently released its list of the 10 most globally overused profile buzzwords in the past year:
"Like most things in life, if you're willing to put a little time and effort into making simple changes to your profile, you're going to get a whole lot in return," said Blair Decembrele, a career expert for LinkedIn and the author of an accompanying LinkedIn blog post . "All you have to do is get started."
Christopher Stanford, another LinkedIn career expert, notes the language we use says a lot about us.
"It's important to choose your words carefully, especially in a professional context," he told LinkedIn. "Too often we hide behind buzzwords which don't mean anything, whether out of a desire to keep things simple or because we don't feel confident talking about our work accomplishments. [Use] language which truly conveys what makes you great."
Sandford provided advice for those unsure of where to begin when improving their profile:
Make an impression with your summary. "Your profile summary is one of the first things people look at, so it's important to get it right," said Sandford. "Start with something punchy. You can do this through specific phrases, storytelling or even clever use of punctuation. Don't be afraid to lead with a short sentence, such as, 'Music is my first love.'"
Be direct. Sandford cautioned against speaking in the third person when it comes to describing your work life.
"It's impersonal and won't draw the reader in," he said. "Take a professional tone and be assertive and direct when you're talking about your achievements, don't hide behind buzzwords or jargon."
Use plain (but engaging) language. "List out all your relevant previous roles and describe what you did in everyday language. This will help people understand the breadth of your 'work story,'" Sandford said.
Show, don't just tell. While language is important, so is showing real examples of your work. Sandford advised uploading presentations or projects that bring your words to life.
"These are individual to you and help paint the picture of your special skills and unique background, whether that's an image from a launch of a big campaign or the blog you write in your spare time," he added.
Shannon Gausepohl
Shannon Gausepohl graduated from Rowan University in 2012 with a degree in journalism. She has worked at a newspaper and in the public relations field. Shannon is a zealous bookworm, has her blue belt in Brazilian jiu jitsu, and loves her Blue Heeler mix, Tucker.
20 Resume Mistakes Keeping You From Getting a Job (and How to Fix Them)
Tips for Getting Hired on LinkedIn
How Do Functional Resumes Compare to Chronological Resumes?
Zoho Review: Best Overall CRM Software
Workable Review: Best Recruiting Software for Small Business
Job Hunting Tips for New Grads and Seasoned Professionals
25 Action Words to Include on Your Resume

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


We can't let the fear of liability stop us from doing great things and helping people.
> Just make them sign a release and run it by the city attorney, and check your insurance coverage, and that should help protect against any potential liability. It's a very helpful idea for a community.
>> One of my librarians has come up with a great idea.  She wants to take blood pressure monitors out with her to homebound stops and check them out to patrons.  She also wants to provide tracking forms for them so they could track their own blood pressure.
>> I think this could be a bigger project with avenues for collaboration.
>> Have any of you done anything like this-or do you have any ideas of how we could go about implementing this project.  I'm going to make contact with two local residency programs to see if any of the residents might be interested in working with us on a project.
>> I'd love any feedback you all have.


Uppercuts DJ Academy recently upgraded their facility with audio gear from Harman Professional Solutions.
Founded in 2014 by DJ Mos, the music school in Moscow, Russia offers aspiring DJs and producers a thorough education in turntable performance and electronic music production, preparing graduates for success in clubs, contests and festivals.
In order to ensure a comprehensive educational experience with professional sound monitoring for its students, the academy recently invested in a total Harman audio solution comprised of JBL EON speakers, AKG headphones and microphones and Soundcraft mixers.
Throughout the facility, students use individual turntable stations to practice their mixing and scratching skills, with JBL EON610 speakers now being used at each station. AKG K181 DJ headphones allow the students to practice privately and listen critically to the subtle details of their mixes. In the electronic music lab, JBL LSR308 studio monitors and Soundcraft Signature 22 MTK mixing consoles are helping students create their first compositions.
Uppercuts DJ Academy also selected two JBL EON ONE PA systems to use for events and competitions throughout the facility, including a variety of DJ battles and beat-making collaborations. AKG D5 microphones are used to deliver clear vocal intelligibility when the MC addresses the audience and participants at such events.
"The Harman system enables us to provide professional sound quality for spectators and performers alike," said DJ Sibir, senior lecturer at Uppercuts DJ Academy. "The JBL EON ONE system is incredibly intuitive and takes no time to set up. Thankfully, you don't have to be a sound engineer to achieve professional results with JBL EON ONE.


Combine a dusting of sugar and refreshing blue raspberry and you have a lip-smacking confectionary delight. These delicious bottles will put a smile on your face.
Sugar, Corn Syrup, Water, Gelatin, Citric Acid, Malic Acid, Lactic Acid, Sodium Lactate, Artificial Raspberry Flavour, Colour: FD&C Blue No. 1.


text:
International Peace Garden Airport  is a public use airport in Rolette County, North Dakota, United States on the Canada–US border. The airport is owned by the North Dakota Aeronautics Commission and located  north of the central business district of Dunseith, North Dakota. It is included in the National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2011–2015, which categorized it as a general aviation facility.

The airport is located just east of the International Peace Garden on the North Dakota/Manitoba border. It is an airport of entry to Canada and the United States for general aviation aircraft with no more than 15 passengers and is served by adjacent US and Canadian customs stations.

The airport is one of six airports that straddle the Canada–US border. The others are Avey Field State Airport, Whetstone International Airport, Coutts/Ross International Airport, Piney Pinecreek Border Airport, and Coronach/Scobey Border Station Airport.

Facilities and aircraft
International Peace Garden Airport covers an area of  at an elevation of  above mean sea level. It has one runway designated 11/29 with an asphalt surface measuring .

For the 12-month period ending September 4, 2011, the airport had 630 aircraft operations, an average of 52 per month: 71% general aviation, 16% air taxi, and 13% military.

See also
 List of airports in North Dakota

References

External links
 International Peace Garden Airport (S28) at North Dakota Aeronautics Commission airport directory
 Page about this airport on COPA's Places to Fly airport directory
 Aerial image as of June 1995 from USGS The National Map

Airports in North Dakota
Buildings and structures in Rolette County, North Dakota
Transportation in Rolette County, North Dakota
Binational airports

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Kaffivagninn is the oldest operating restaurant in Iceland.
Kaffivagninn was founded in 1935 by Bjarni Kristjánsson. At that time, it was located at the corner of Pósthússtræti and Tryggvagata but was later moved.
Originally Kaffivagninn was placed on the back of a truck parked at Ellingsenplanið. For that reason it was named Kaffivagninn, which translates to "The Coffee Wagon" in English.
Today's Kaffivagninn still holds history close to it's heart and is located on the harbor in downtown, Reykjavík. Kaffivagninn offers breakfast, lunch, dinner, coffee drinks, cakes, and pastries.
We found this restaurant by chance one lunch time, sat on the decking overlooking the harbour and found it to be one of the best restaurants in Reykjavik serving good wholesome food, all the fish dishes looked awesome, simple tasty food cooked to perfection and reasonably priced.


The article discusses the design of a new leadership development (LD) model focused on leadership skills, management skills, knowledge of the internal organization and relevant external knowledge. It also mentions that the Situational Leadership II was selected for the leadership component and the inclusion of value/belief and emotional intelligence components. the article also discusses how the LD model can be used to diagnose employee's performance in terms of competence, commitment and working environment.
The article contends that emotional intelligence is a way for managers to help understand what motivates their employees and mentions how emotions can reveal information, core aspects of motivation that can be read from the emotions people display and generating positive emotions in the workplace.


Comedienne Sheryl Underwood dropped a bomb on "The Talk" last week when she revealed a hurtful story from her past which included other female comediennes and there negative phone conversations about her concerning the proposed "Queens of Comedy" tour with Sommore, Adelle Givens and Laura Hayes.
Sommore has yet to respond but Hayes and Givens were quick to hit social media to show there anger over the allegations.
Sheryl Underwood addressed the Queens Of Comedy debacle at Women's Empowerment on Saturday.
Rickey Smiley has also expressed his displeasure with Sheryl Underwood also. Below is the story which started the firestorm.


The high standard of entries to this year's Employee Benefits Awards impressed our panel of judges, particularly in regards to entrants' creativity, innovation and careful tailoring of strategies and schemes to suit their workforce demographics.
We would like to thank our highly esteemed panel of judges, many of whom are former Employee Benefits Awards' winners, who adjudicated the Employee Benefits Awards 2013.
The independence and integrity of these coveted awards is well recognised, making winning a highly regarded achievement.
See video interview with judges below.
The American Convey AIR MILES credit card Red Bottom Shoes for organization has optional attributes which can allow you to handle your financial data. One could be the solution to get an Yearly Management Report prepared on all enterprise spending billed to your American Convey AIR MILES credit history card' which includes the standard and all supplementary cards. This report provides you a whole-year summary of transactions that really should be a great help in managing expenses. The summary may also be beneficial when getting ready your tax returns. This optional function is offered to you to get a little charge of $24 per 12 months.


text:
Q: Automapp an object to list I am using automapper to map the source and destination class like below
 var config = new MapperConfiguration(cfg =>
        {
            cfg.CreateMap<SourceClass, DestinationClass>()
            .ForMember(dest => dest.P1, act => act.MapFrom(src => src.S1))
            .ForMember(dest => dest.P2, act => act.MapFrom(src => src.S2))
            .ForMember(dest => dest.P3, act => act.MapFrom(src => src.S3));
        });

        IMapper mapper = config.CreateMapper();
        DestinationClass destObject= mapper.Map<DestinationClass>(sourceObj);

Here is it possible to map single object to a list? Like  cfg.CreateMap<SourceClass, List<DestinationClass>>().
After the mapping I'm expecting the Destination class list to have the value of source class. That means a list with one element. Is it possible to map a single object to list using .net core?

A: I think, this should do the trick:
public static class Program
{
    public static async Task Main()
    {
        var config = new MapperConfiguration(cfg => cfg.AddProfile<MappingProfile>());
        var mapper = config.CreateMapper();

        var src = new Source { S1 = "Hello", S2 = "World", S3 = "!" };

        // Create list from single item
        var destList = mapper.Map<List<Destination>>(src);
        // Output: [{"D1":"Hello","D2":"World","D3":"!"}]
        Console.WriteLine(JsonConvert.SerializeObject(destList));

        // Add item to existing list
        mapper.Map(src, destList);
        // Output: [{"D1":"Hello","D2":"World","D3":"!"},{"D1":"Hello","D2":"World","D3":"!"}]
        Console.WriteLine(JsonConvert.SerializeObject(destList));
    }
}

public class MappingProfile : Profile
{
    public MappingProfile()
    {
        CreateMap<Source, Destination>()
            .ForMember(d => d.D1, conf => conf.MapFrom(s => s.S1))
            .ForMember(d => d.D2, conf => conf.MapFrom(s => s.S2))
            .ForMember(d => d.D3, conf => conf.MapFrom(s => s.S3));

        CreateMap<Source, List<Destination>>()
            .ConvertUsing((src, destList, context) =>
            {
                if (destList == null)
                    destList = new List<Destination>();

                var dest = context.Mapper.Map<Destination>(src);
                destList.Add(dest);

                return destList;
            });
    }
}

public class Source
{
    public string S1 { get; set; }
    public string S2 { get; set; }
    public string S3 { get; set; }
}

public class Destination
{
    public string D1 { get; set; }
    public string D2 { get; set; }
    public string D3 { get; set; }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
2014 ITU World Triathlon Grand Final Edmonton
Results: 2014 ITU World Triathlon Grand Final Edmonton | 45-49 Female AG Sprint
Edmonton, Canada • 29 Aug, 2014
Elite Men Elite Women U23 Men U23 Women Junior Men Junior Women Mixed U23-Junior Relay Men's PT1 Men's PT2 Men's PT3 Men's PT4 Men's PT5 Women's PT1 Women's PT2 Women's PT3 Women's PT4 Women's PT5 Men's PT1 OPEN Men's PT2 OPEN Men's PT3 OPEN Men's PT4 OPEN Men's PT5 OPEN Women's PT3 OPEN Women's PT5 OPEN 16-19 Female AG Sprint 16-19 Male AG Sprint 20-24 Female AG Sprint 20-24 Male AG Sprint 25-29 Female AG Sprint 25-29 Male AG Sprint 30-34 Female AG Sprint 30-34 Male AG Sprint 35-39 Female AG Sprint 35-39 Male AG Sprint 40-44 Female AG Sprint 40-44 Male AG Sprint 45-49 Female AG Sprint 45-49 Male AG Sprint 50-54 Female AG Sprint 50-54 Male AG Sprint 55-59 Female AG Sprint 55-59 Male AG Sprint 60-64 Female AG Sprint 60-64 Male AG Sprint 65-69 Female AG Sprint 65-69 Male AG Sprint 70-74 Female AG Sprint 70-74 Male AG Sprint 75-79 Female AG Sprint 75-79 Male AG Sprint 80-84 Female AG Sprint 80-84 Male AG Sprint 18-19 Female AG 18-19 Male AG 20-24 Female AG 20-24 Male AG 25-29 Female AG 25-29 Male AG 30-34 Female AG 30-34 Male AG 35-39 Female AG 35-39 Male AG 40-44 Female AG 40-44 Male AG 45-49 Female AG 45-49 Male AG 50-54 Female AG 50-54 Male AG 55-59 Female AG 55-59 Male AG 60-64 Female AG 60-64 Male AG 65-69 Female AG 65-69 Male AG 70-74 Female AG 70-74 Male AG 75-79 Female AG 75-79 Male AG 80-84 Male AG 80-84 Female AG
1 Michellie Jones 1969 AUS 21052 01:08:09 00:09:41 00:03:00 00:33:11 00:02:26 00:19:49
2 Kristine Reid 1969 NZL 21034 01:11:44 00:11:30 00:03:07 00:35:12 00:02:26 00:19:26
3 Julie Curwin 1965 CAN 21002 01:12:41 00:10:56 00:03:04 00:34:40 00:02:38 00:21:21
4 Jacqui Phillips 1967 GBR 21022 01:13:39 00:12:15 00:02:57 00:34:07 00:02:36 00:21:42
5 Sara Cannon 1969 USA 21037 01:14:37 00:10:27 00:03:01 00:35:45 00:02:38 00:22:43
6 Anke Lakies 1967 GER 21027 01:15:14 00:12:50 00:02:29 00:36:03 00:02:41 00:21:08
7 Teresa Koebel 1967 USA 21036 01:15:50 00:10:52 00:03:01 00:35:35 00:02:47 00:23:34
8 Nathalie Leduc 1968 CAN 21010 01:15:51 00:00:00 00:00:00 00:35:56 00:02:34 00:21:49
9 Sabina Valentine 1968 CAN 21021 01:15:58 00:11:47 00:03:15 00:36:39 00:02:57 00:21:18
10 Stacia Mcinnes 1967 USA 21041 01:16:04 00:12:59 00:03:02 00:35:16 00:02:44 00:22:02
11 Elizabeth Sinclair 1969 AUS 21055 01:16:24 00:00:00 00:00:00 00:36:12 00:02:32 00:21:42
12 Heather Melzer 1969 USA 21049 01:17:07 00:12:21 00:03:29 00:37:37 00:02:48 00:20:51
13 Laura Swartz 1966 USA 21051 01:17:12 00:13:34 00:03:17 00:35:47 00:02:57 00:21:35
14 Denise Uhrynuk 1965 CAN 21018 01:17:25 00:13:16 00:03:13 00:37:12 00:02:35 00:21:07
15 Cherrie Fournier 1967 CAN 21004 01:17:28 00:12:22 00:02:44 00:38:27 00:02:27 00:21:26
16 Debbie Rawson 1968 CAN 21015 01:17:33 00:12:06 00:02:59 00:37:22 00:02:33 00:22:31
17 Catherine West 1969 AUS 21053 01:17:53 00:12:08 00:03:08 00:36:04 00:03:04 00:23:27
18 Jona Davis 1966 USA 21045 01:18:14 00:00:00 00:00:00 00:37:11 00:02:37 00:21:58
19 Reem Jishi 1969 USA 21048 01:18:40 00:13:24 00:03:16 00:36:18 00:03:09 00:22:31
20 Stephanie Liddle 1969 USA 21047 01:18:57 00:14:11 00:03:16 00:34:18 00:03:04 00:24:06
21 Jill Leonard 1969 CAN 21011 01:19:29 00:12:35 00:03:35 00:37:20 00:03:22 00:22:34
22 Ann Weber 1965 USA 21044 01:19:52 00:12:40 00:03:09 00:37:19 00:03:00 00:23:42
23 Carolyn Hubbard 1967 CAN 21007 01:20:00 00:12:15 00:03:10 00:36:38 00:03:15 00:24:41
24 Rosemarie Miller 1969 USA 21042 01:20:26 00:13:35 00:03:07 00:36:20 00:02:56 00:24:26
25 Lisa Polenske 1966 USA 21038 01:20:48 00:13:19 00:03:13 00:37:55 00:02:51 00:23:28
26 Samantha Dwyer 1969 AUS 21057 01:20:59 00:13:59 00:03:45 00:36:53 00:03:07 00:23:13
27 Tracy Tucker 1968 AUS 21059 01:21:12 00:14:17 00:03:07 00:36:48 00:02:51 00:24:07
28 Ruth Grint 1967 GBR 21024 01:21:18 00:14:09 00:03:05 00:38:11 00:02:58 00:22:53
29 Leslie Randall 1969 USA 21050 01:21:49 00:13:40 00:03:25 00:38:29 00:02:53 00:23:19
30 Tara Beattie 1969 CAN 21000 01:22:08 00:16:12 00:03:32 00:34:47 00:03:05 00:24:30
31 Leslee Guardino 1967 USA 21040 01:22:43 00:13:11 00:03:25 00:39:03 00:03:33 00:23:29
32 Laura Carleton 1969 NZL 21033 01:22:50 00:14:01 00:03:24 00:38:20 00:02:51 00:24:12
33 Mandy Bunn 1969 GBR 21023 01:23:02 00:14:09 00:03:20 00:38:26 00:03:05 00:23:59
34 Sloan D'Entremont 1965 CAN 21003 01:23:04 00:14:04 00:03:17 00:37:46 00:03:17 00:24:38
35 Leanne Helfrich 1969 CAN 21006 01:23:04 00:13:28 00:03:51 00:38:11 00:03:14 00:24:17
36 Courtney Baxter 1965 USA 21046 01:23:51 00:14:01 00:03:38 00:37:49 00:03:15 00:25:06
37 Sonia Davis 1968 GBR 21026 01:24:03 00:15:50 00:03:21 00:37:36 00:03:06 00:24:08
38 Debbie Booth 1965 USA 21039 01:24:13 00:12:58 00:03:16 00:39:58 00:03:06 00:24:52
39 Sarah Squiers 1967 USA 21043 01:24:18 00:13:56 00:03:20 00:38:34 00:03:15 00:25:11
40 Nina Reid 1969 CAN 21016 01:24:36 00:00:00 00:00:00 00:38:47 00:03:49 00:23:54
41 Sara Handford 1967 GBR 21025 01:24:42 00:14:58 00:03:23 00:40:00 00:02:50 00:23:30
42 Ingrid Hobson 1965 AUS 21056 01:24:56 00:13:52 00:03:32 00:39:03 00:03:13 00:25:14
43 Angela Campbell 1968 NZL 21031 01:25:06 00:13:19 00:03:26 00:37:42 00:03:17 00:27:20
44 Jane Loughnan 1967 NZL 21032 01:25:34 00:12:33 00:03:17 00:39:47 00:03:00 00:26:56
45 Julia Maccheyne 1968 CAN 21012 01:26:16 00:15:25 00:03:56 00:38:31 00:02:59 00:25:24
46 Danielle Syme 1967 AUS 21054 01:26:31 00:12:41 00:03:46 00:36:59 00:03:41 00:29:23
47 Sandra Paetsch 1966 CAN 21014 01:26:46 00:14:28 00:03:15 00:38:27 00:03:19 00:27:15
48 Ma. Elena Gonzalez Nieto 1966 MEX 21030 01:27:26 00:17:33 00:03:44 00:41:11 00:03:02 00:21:54
49 Julia Vaughan 1967 CAN 21019 01:27:53 00:00:00 00:00:00 00:41:12 00:03:25 00:25:37
50 Barbara Wilson 1966 CAN 21020 01:28:26 00:14:01 00:03:56 00:42:42 00:03:19 00:24:26
51 Lisa Clearwater 1965 CAN 21001 01:29:01 00:17:36 00:03:27 00:39:41 00:02:59 00:25:15
52 Maeve Muldowney 1968 CAN 21013 01:29:23 00:14:19 00:03:55 00:41:43 00:03:22 00:26:02
53 Eneida Porras Kattz 1966 MEX 21029 01:31:17 00:12:21 00:03:40 00:43:41 00:04:02 00:27:31
54 Brenda Latimer 1966 CAN 21009 01:31:19 00:14:59 00:03:51 00:42:22 00:03:37 00:26:29
55 Samantha Keogh 1966 AUS 21058 01:32:19 00:14:57 00:04:09 00:42:27 00:03:25 00:27:19
56 Consuelo Gaspar 1965 CAN 21005 01:32:36 00:19:31 00:03:58 00:39:40 00:03:37 00:25:49
57 Donna Duncan Mcdaniel 1969 MEX 21028 01:34:27 00:14:08 00:03:44 00:43:27 00:03:41 00:29:26
58 Nataliya Sila-Novitskaya 1966 RUS 21035 01:40:41 00:21:09 00:04:26 00:43:19 00:03:55 00:27:50
59 Jane Magriotis 1965 BRA 21060 01:48:22 00:16:29 00:05:18 00:46:47 00:04:34 00:35:12
Program notes:
Water temperature 18,9 C Air temperature 18.2C. Wetsuit Swim. Distances Swim 750 m (1 lap) Bike 19.74 Km (2 laps) Run 5 Km (1 lap)


History of Honolulu Lodge F. & A.M.
Honolulu Lodge meets every Tuesday night.
Dinner starts at 6:30PM followed by normal lodge meeting.
The History of Honolulu Lodge, F. & A.M.
On April 8, 1843, M. LeTellier, Captain of the Whaling bark Ajax, acting under a legal commission to do so, did so regularly congregate and constitute a group of eleven sojourning Master Masons as Lodge Le Progres de l'Oceanie under the Supreme Council of France A.A.S.R.
Captain LeTellier working through his one interpreter brother inspired his English and German speaking brothers to accept a French dispensation, and apply for a French charter which was finally issued on July 24, 1850.
In 1852, another group of Masons founded Hawaiian Lodge No. 21 under the Grand Lodge of California. On the ninth day of April 1895, a group of Masons gathered together at the home of Clinton B. Ripley to discuss the formation of a new lodge in Honolulu. Brother Henry E, Cooper, the Junior Past Master of Hawaiian Lodge, spearheaded, engineered, organized, and obtained the proper documentation needed to institute a new lodge and laid the cornerstone to erect the new lodge. Pacific Lodge No. 822 was chartered by the Grand Lodge of Scotland through the District Grand Lodge of Queensland.
In 1910, this Lodge transferred to the Grand Lodge of California and became known as Honolulu Lodge No. 409. On May 20, 1989 the Grand Lodge of Hawaii was founded.
Presently all lodges in the Hawaiian Islands are under the jurisdiction of the Grand Lodge of Hawaii.
The Lodges of the Hawaiian Islands are the only lodges in the American jurisdiction which has Hawaiian Freemasons of Royal Lineage of the Kingdom of Hawaii and Royal Past Masters.
Copyright 2008 Honolulu Lodge F. & A.M.


REAL PLAYERS. REAL TEAMS. REAL LEAGUES. Welcome to the most authentic football game for Android smartphones and tablets. Feel the excitement of every pass, shot, and tackle with new touch controls. Plus, live every moment of real-world football mastery with EA SPORTS™ Football Club Match Day. Get in there with FIFA 14.
This game has superior graphics and is packed with tons of real football leagues, teams, and players. Please make sure you have at least 1.35GB of free space on your device.
Featuring 33 leagues, over 600 licensed teams, and more than 16,000 players. From the English Premier League and La Liga to the German Bundesliga and beyond. March toward glory in 34 authentic stadiums. Plus, for the first time on mobile, listen to commentaries in English, French, German, Italian and Spanish!
To download commentaries enter the CUSTOMIZE menu, then click the AUDIO tile for options.
EA SPORTS™ Football Club Match Day lets you follow the heartbeat of your favorite club. Play along with real-world fixtures from top leagues. Every injury, suspension, and change in team form is reflected in-game – keeping you connected wherever you are!
Earn and trade, or buy and sell FIFA players to create your own fantasy team. Choose your play style, formation, kits, and more. Compete in tournaments to earn coins, then spend them on new players and items to improve your team. Play for free or purchase packs. The choices are endless!
Point to move players around the field, tap to pass, swipe to shoot – and more! FIFA 14's new Touch Flow Controls put the excitement of playing the world's most popular sport at your fingertips – literally.
Featuring a killer soundtrack with the hottest artists, from Empire of the Sun to Vampire Weekend. It's an epic playlist only FIFA can bring you!
Want more? Classic modes like Manager, Tournament, and Kick Off are available for purchase in-game.
The game you love. The game you live for. WE ARE FIFA 14!
FIFA 14 is playable in English, French, Italian, German, Spanish, Japanese, Chinese, Korean, Dutch, Russian, and Brazilian Portuguese. Hit the pitch around the world!
First download the Apk and then install it.
Open the zip file inside the software.
If there is no Obb folder, you can manually create it.
Now start Playing the game.


Big Ma Ma golden Mantis is my love of nature and she knows me!!
Big Ma Ma golden Mantis is my love for nature and she knows me!!
August is slow and not one praying mantis have come to visit me; every August I wait for Big Ma Ma golden Mantis to come visit me after laying her egg sack. (This is in case you don't already know this… dear reader).
"Goodbye until we meet again in Spring…sweet autumn is near." Is what she always seems to tell me.
Today the outside sewer drainage pipe ran over and the bowels of hell came forth. I rolled up my pants and got to work cleaning. The rubber pipe outside is under the Praying Mantis tree with purple flowers. I called Mr. Faucetman to drill the sewer line. I don't think Lance is going to fit under this tree. So after shoveling, digging and cleaning, I trimmed the tree back. I was very careful to look for any praying mantis. I also went to Home Depot to get some tree truck mulch to put around the pipe and two trees close by; covering anything left and to also cover some tree roots. I like how it gives my front yard a manicured, earthy and fresh look.
I then looked down and my heart skipped a beat because I saw her on a small ash tree weed. I showed her my hand and she slowly approached and walked up on it. Then I put her up on a solid branch from her tree….she was so close to her place that I had recently disturbed.
She posed and looked my way.
This entry was posted in Nature Politics, the Esoteric heart beat..., The Praying Mantis and tagged ash tree, beauty, drainage pipe, Hudley Flipside, nature, postaday, Praying Mantis, rubber pipe, sweet autumn, tree roots, tree truck mulch, tree with purple flowers, Underground, Women. Bookmark the permalink.


Carhartt WIP has released a new women's lookbook for its Spring/Summer 2019 collection. The work-inspired silhouettes are styled to give customers an idea of how to bring utilitarian thread into the modern age.
Standout pieces include the Car-Lux jacket and Chore coat which arrive in turquoise and red hue. The Detroit jacket is released in its original style providing a bit more room for comfort. Functionality is the main theme of the line executed via the 3M Carhartt WIP labels, D-rings and additional pockets added to select items. Competing the range are graphic tracksuits and dyed denim pieces.
Shoppers can find the full line at Carhartt WIP stores and online now. Scroll through the lookbook above for some style inspiration.


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What if jason de rulo music
Tygokinos 25.09.2020 DEFAULT 0
+ UPLOAD ARTIST ART Click the button on the left to suggest new artist art (file restrictions: min. x pixels JPEG or PNG of. American singer and songwriter Jason Derulo has released four studio albums, one re-issued album, two compilation albums, two extended plays, 40 singles (including 13 as a featured artist), and 28 music josephkmusic.com Derulo established himself as a solo artist, he wrote songs for many artists, including Lil Wayne, Pitbull, Pleasure P and Cassie. He also wrote "Bossy" for rapper Birdman, and Compilation albums: 2. With a knack for scoring dramatic commercial ballads and straightforward dance-pop numbers alike, Jason Derulo shot to stardom while still in his teens. He built his reputation as a prolific R&B and rap songwriter, composing tracks for artists ranging from Lil Wayne to Pitbull to Pleasure P. Signed. Available with an Apple Music subscription.
"What If" is the fourth single released by Jason Derulo on his self-titled debut album. The single was first released in the UK on July 26, , where it peaked at. What if / If you are the one / Then us meeting here is fate, uh / Future with a dog named Ben / Buy a to get lyrics to the songs you play. What If. Jason Derulo. What If by Jason Derulo song meaning, lyric interpretation, video and chart position. "What If" as written by Jason Joel Desrouleaux, Jonathan Rotem, Hee Sun Do, Sung Tae Kim, Dong Kyu Park and Dae Gi Song. Read More Edit Wiki. What if . ARTIST: Pentatonix ft Jason Derulo TITLE: If I Ever Fall in Love ALBUM: Pentatonix. Pentatonix วง Acapella สุดฮอตแห่งยุค เจ้าของรางวัล Grammy Awards และ Artist. Jason Derulo on the Future of Music . So if you're not diversifying, it's a shame, especially with music not selling as much as it used to. With a knack for scoring dramatic commercial ballads and straightforward dance-pop numbers alike, Jason Derulo shot to stardom while still in his teens. He built his reputation as a prolific R&B and rap songwriter, composing tracks for artists ranging from Lil Wayne to Pitbull to Pleasure P. Signed. Available with an Apple Music subscription. + UPLOAD ARTIST ART Click the button on the left to suggest new artist art (file restrictions: min. x pixels JPEG or PNG of. Derulo's debut album, Jason Derulo, stylised with an umlaut as Jason Derülo, was released on March 2, Jason Derulo first charted within the top ten of the UK and Irish Albums Charts in early March Jason Derulo x David Guetta feat. Nicki Minaj & Willy William "Goodbye" Official Music Video. Directed by: Jason Derulo, David Strbik and Jeremy josephkmusic.com: M. American singer and songwriter Jason Derulo has released four studio albums, one re-issued album, two compilation albums, two extended plays, 40 singles (including 13 as a featured artist), and 28 music josephkmusic.com Derulo established himself as a solo artist, he wrote songs for many artists, including Lil Wayne, Pitbull, Pleasure P and Cassie. He also wrote "Bossy" for rapper Birdman, and Compilation albums: 2. Jason Derulo's Official Website. Learn about new music, upcoming shows, and more!
Watch Now What If Jason De Rulo Music
Jason Derulo - Whatcha Say (Video), time: 3:47
Tags: Kilka slow from appFresh out joe moses, The floozies sunroof cadillac , , Video klipovi smesni games


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Lucky Finds
World Vision aims to sponsor 2,000 Children in 1,000 Hours
International humanitarian organization World Vision introduced its new child sponsorship campaign in a press launch last August 22, 2017. Entitled "2,000 Children in 1,000 Hours," the new campaign stresses the urgency of World Vision's cause by posing a challenge to everyone who supports child advocacy; that is, to help World Vision secure a better future for 2,000 children within 1,000 hours.
World Vision currently supports 2,000 unsponsored children who are living in dire situations due to lack of access to clean water, full meals, and education. The new campaign aims to draw support from potential sponsors as soon as possible to help provide basic needs to these children and their families and to bring lasting change to their communities.
World Vision National Ambassador Tippy Dos Santos has been supporting World Vision projects and doing volunteer work since 2010. "It's been said time and again that children are our future, and it still rings true. Children can grow up to make a huge difference in the world if they are brought up in ideal circumstances. We encourage everyone to sponsor a child if they can. You can help us bring hope to a child's future by donating just PHP 25 a day," said Tippy.
"What World Vision is offering now is the chance to change children's lives," shared Joyce Pring. Joyce joined World Vision this year as Ambassador for Child Sponsorship and recently celebrated her birthday with sponsored children from Navotas. "A lot of children feel like education is a luxury they cannot afford. Organizations like World Vision are a symbol of hope to these children because they show that social and economical disadvantages do not define a person. That given access to the right opportunities, they can rise up and help themselves and the communities they are a part of," said Joyce.
Jasmine Curtis-Smith has been National Ambassador for the organization since 2013 and is currently sponsoring three children through World Vision. "As a sponsor, I have been receiving emails and progress reports from World Vision about my sponsored kids and their communities. It's really great to see the changes in these children's lives and to know the programs they're engaged in. Through these reports, you get to see how World Vision does not only help these children by providing access to education and basic needs, but also by integrating values formation and community involvement in their activities," she shared.
World Vision National Ambassadors Tippy Dos Santos and Jasmine Curtis Smith, Acquisitions Manager Cherry Anne Valencia, Ambassador for Child Sponsorship Joyce Pring and Resource Development Director Jun Godornes turn the symbolic hourglass to signal the start of 1,000 hours
"We are all truly grateful to everyone who showed their support for this campaign; the musicians and ambassadors who gave their time and talent for the cause, and everyone who attended this launch," shared World Vision Resource Development Director Jun Godornes. "The most vulnerable communities do not have the luxury of time on their side. Our main goal for 2,000 Children in 1,000 Hours is to equip these communities with the right tools to build a better life for themselves and their children. By signing up to donate PHP 25 a day, you can help us achieve this goal" said Godornes.
To find out more about 2,000 Children in 1,000 Hours, please visit www.2000children.org or call the World Vision hotline number at 372-77-77.
advocacy children World Vision
Skin Philosophie is your One-Stop Shop for Immaculate Correction and Aesthetic Needs
Skin is the largest organ and it plays an important role in protecting the body. And so taking care of your skin and keeping it as healthy as you can becomes imperative. Our skin is what the world sees of us, and so all of us would want to have good-looking skin. Good physical appearance gives us a boost of confidence in dealing with people. A healthy-looking skin makes one feel good about himself. While not all have inherent flawless, fantastic skin, we can ask dermatologists to treat and improve our less than perfect complexion. Skin Philosophie Medical Aesthetic and Lifestyle Solutions offer a wide variety of products and services tailor-fitted to its customers' need and their budget. The UK-trained dermatologist behind the clinic, Dr. Kyla Talens, uses a holistic approach in providing clients with services they need, and not just want. She holds herself true to the highest standard of medical practice, by caring deeply about her patients. She belives in the value
As part of its commitment to help Filipinos live healthier lives, Sun Life Philippines has launched a premier on-demand holistic wellness platform dubbed as GoWell Studio . GoWell Studio offers top-notch content such as follow-along exercise programs, guided meditation sessions, various masterclasses, short courses, and healthcare awareness and education. These will be led by some of the country's leading fitness coaches, doctors, allied health professionals, and educators. The platform will also provide members with a directory of experts from whom they can seek personalized health and wellness advice. The line-up includes Ginastica Natural Philippines Founder Mark Cupino; Bukodon, Yin and Vinyasa Yoga Instructor Anna Manalastas; Myotherapist and Traditional Chinese Medicine Practitioner Filbert Tan; Pilates Coach and Animal Flow Instructor Trisha Buhat; Founder of Awake.ph and Modern-day Kriya Yogi Neil Salang; Sound Healer Coach Yeyette San Luis; World Kettlebell Club Stren
Ateneo SALT Institute partners with 12 private school systems to train 200 teachers
Last December 17, 2020 Ateneo de Manila University President Fr. Roberto Yap SJ signed an agreement with the Private Education Assistance Committee (PEAC) Executive Director Rhodora Angela Ferrer to train 200 teachers from 12 private school systems. "Now more than ever, schools need to be innovative, creative, and open to new ideas to ensure that no teacher or learner is left behind. Ateneo de Manila hopes that our partnership with PEAC would help schools address the needs of educators, formators, and students as we all try to create a "better normal" and plan for a post-pandemic world," Yap said. Through this partnership, the 200 participants from lesser-resourced private school systems will undergo the Adaptive Design for Learning (ADL) Professional Certificate Course. "The pandemic calls us not just to overcome the current challenges it poses for schools, but to reimagine the future of teaching and learning. Imagination and re-imagination shoul


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Jan Zákostelský (born 25 November 1991) is a Czech football forward who currently plays for FK Zbuzany 1953 on loan from Slavoj Vyšehrad.

His father Luboš Zákostelský was also a football player.

External links
 Guardian Stats Centre
 Profile at iDNES.cz

1991 births
People from Benešov
Living people
Czech footballers
Association football forwards
SK Slavia Prague players
FC Sellier & Bellot Vlašim players
SK Benešov players
Czech First League players
Czech National Football League players
Sportspeople from the Central Bohemian Region


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China's J-20 Stealth Fighter: Now Equal to F-22 Raptor?
January 10, 2021January 9, 2021
The Chinese People's Liberation Army Air Force plans to continually modify the engine of its J-20 5th Gen stealth fighter to the point wherein it can match, rival, or potentially out-perform the U.S. F-22.
Τhe Chinese People's Liberation Army Air Force plans to continually modify the engine of their J-20 5th Gen stealth fighter to the point wherein it can match, rival, or potentially out-perform the U.S. F-22.
Many U.S. engineers and military leaders maintain that the speed, maneuverability, technological sophistication and performance specs of the F-22 are simply unparalleled, yet many of course are acutely familiar with China's fast-growing technological sophistication.
A report in the South China Morning Post quotes an unspecified "military insider" (seems to indicate a Chinese military insider) explaining that the Chinese military will no longer use the Russian AL-31F engine in its J-20 but rather replace it with the WS-10C, a modified version of its domestically-built WS-10 engine.
"It's impossible for China to rely on the Russian engine, because Russia asked China to purchase more Su-35 fighter jets in exchange for the AL-31F engine deals," the insider, who requested anonymity, said in the paper. "The key problem is – except for its longer combat range advantage – the radar, navigation system and other electronic components on the Su-35s are inferior to Chinese aircraft like the J-16 strike fighter."
Interestingly, the modifications to the Chinese WS–10 do not, according to the insider, go far enough.
"The air force (presumably Chinese) is not happy with the final results, demanding that engine technicians modify it until it meets all standards, for example matching the F119 engine used by the Americans' F-22 Raptor," the South China Sea Morning Post writes.
What would it mean to truly rival or surpass the F-22? Does this indicate that the emerging, or soon to emerge, modified Chinese engine would achieve an F-22-like "supercruise" ability to sustain Mach speeds for long periods of time without afterburners? Does it mean it can vector and maneuver in a manner somewhat analogous to an F-22?
Well that may not be fully known, yet it seems there are a few things that can be observed; the J-20 fuselage, with its double-wing configuration, may be somewhat stealthy, yet it does appear larger and somewhat less maneuverable than a more streamlined F-22 fuselage. The F-22 has a 44-ft wingspan and is, at certain high altitudes, able to hit speeds as fast as Mach 2.25. Various media reports cite that, by comparison, a J-20 is several meters longer but built with a similar 44-ft wingspan; the reports, from Air Force Technology and The National Interest say the J-20 can reach speeds of Mach 2.55. Not sure if this can be or is confirmed per se, and speed metrics don't necessarily translate into maneuverability or sustained speed.
A key F-22 advantage is that it not only can reach those speeds but can sustain them as well. Also, a slightly shorter, sleeker, and more streamlined fuselage, coupled with potentially unmatched levels of propulsion, thrust, and high-speed maneuverability, could very well give the F-22 a decisive advantage.
Weapons integration, sensor range, EW, and targeting are perhaps the most defining attributes likely to help distinguish which aircraft, the J-20 or F-22, would prevail in an air-to-air engagement or out-perform the other in combat. An ability to see, attack, out-maneuver, and destroy an enemy aircraft at further ranges and with more targeting precision and sensor fidelity would likely prove to perhaps be the most decisive factor in any combat engagement. The F-22's ongoing 3.2b software upgrade has produced now-operational weapons upgrades to the AIM-120D and AIM-9X air-fired weapons. The enhancements greatly improve targeting precision, accuracy, guidance systems, and range for the weapons, potentially bringing as-of-yet unseen combat advantages. Some of the enhancements to the weapons, perhaps of greatest significance, include anti-jamming RF technologies built to adjust frequency to sustain weapon targeting and thwart attempted jamming.
The real question then, is despite China's known propensity for rapid technological advancements, does the J-20 have any kind of air-to-air thrust and maneuverability, supercruise sustained acceleration, or advanced sensors and weapons systems sufficient to rival an F-22?
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Home > Reference > History of India > History of South India > Satavahana Kings > Economic condition during Satavahanas
Economic condition during Satavahanas
The economic condition of the Deccan was very good during the reign of the Satavahanas.
The economic condition of the Deccan was very good during the reign of the Satavahanas. Beside agriculture many other trades and industries were also popular. The merchants had organized themselves into srenis. The organization of these srenis is one of the special features of the period of Satavahanas. There are different references about the guilds of oil pressure, hydraulic machine artisans, potters, weavers, corn dealers, and bamboo workers. These guilds were the normal feature and very popular in the north as well as in south India. There must have been many more guilds about which the information is not available. These srenis also performed the works. People deposited money in it and received interest. Often people deposited their properties for the whole life. The rate of interest varied and it was probably from 9% to 12% per annum.
Commerce: Trade and commerce flourished during the reign of the Satavahanas. Bhadoch, Sopara, Malyana etc. were the important harbours. Goods were exported to foreign countries from these harbours. Nasik, Junar, Praisthan, Ghaukat, Karhatak were the main commercial centres. These cities were linked with each other through the roads. During the period of Pulutnavi ii to the reign of Sriyana there existed not only the commercial relations with the far east, but also colonization of that area had been successfully made.
Currency: Coins were very much prevalent during the Satavahana period. Many types of coins were prevalent at that time. Most of the coins were made of gold which were called 'suvarna'. A gold coin was equal to 35 silver karshapanas. The weight of one karshapana was nearly 1454 grains and one ratti was equal to 183 grains. 'Kushan' was another type of silver coin. Small coin of silver and copper were used for day-to-day transactions. These were called 'karshapanas.'
Lending and borrowing: Lending and borrowing of money was also prevalent during the Satavahana period. The rate of interest on the deposition of money and the property, varied from 9% to 12% per annum. Compared to the modern rate of interest, it is obvious that rate of interest was higher during this period.
However, it is clear that people preferred to spend the money rather than to deposit it. The economic condition of the people was good. People used to live happily without any tension.


Desperate times call for desperate measures. Well, not actually. But there were a ton of home-grown lemons just waiting to be made into cake, and not one but two packets of Weet-Bix that were not going to be eaten anytime soon (young son has moved his allegiance to Rice Bubbles), so what was a mamma to do, on a very hot Sunday when baking was prohibited, but to mix up a batch of no-bake Weet-Bix truffles. Only, I wasn't in the mood to make Rum Balls.
Lovely as they are, I was hoping for something a little different this time, perhaps with a little more tang. So, in went lemon juice and rind with sticky condensed milk, crushed cereal and chopped dates, coconut and coconut milk powder. The result is super-yum. If you're a fan of the classic Lemon Coconut Slice like I am, then you'll love this. The zesty lemon flavour completely overpowers any Weet-Bix flavour so that even Weet-Bix haters like me will happily devour them!
The timing is perfect, too, as I had been pondering for days what to make for our mums' group annual cookie swap. Last year I made batches of Sarah's amazing Chewy Italian Almond Macadamia Cookies to give to friends and neighbours, and this year I'll be making truffles. Quick and easy with no need to turn the oven on; zesty and tangy, creamy and sweet; this riff on an Australian classic may just be your new favourite snack to make this summer!
Zesty and tangy, creamy and sweet, this riff on an Australian classic may just be your new favourite snack to make this summer!
Place the chopped dates in a medium heatproof bowl. Add the lemon juice, stir to coat, cover and cook in the microwave on HIGH for 2 minutes. Alternatively, cook lemon juice and dates over low heat until liquid is completely absorbed and dates are soft. Set aside to cool.
Meanwhile, crush the Weet-Bix into a large mixing bowl. Stir in the sweetened condensed milk, coconut milk powder, desiccated coconut, lemon rind, and finally the dates and lemon juice. Cover and place in the fridge for half an hour until firm enough to roll.
*Note. If you don't have/can't eat/don't like Weet-Bix, try making these with crushed sweet biscuits or cake crumbs instead!


Russian-born, and now Berlin-based, artist Julia Kissina photographs, creates actions and documents them as a form of performance art, and makes installations. Her photographic series Fairies gives new meaning to the term 'meathead'. These photographs feature young girls and women in the style of Renaissance portraits, with all the nobility and grace of the classic paintings but with a twist: replacing their elaborate hairstyles, or even simple ones, is raw meat. The result is a little disarming. A prevalent theme in Kissina's art deals with the perception of beauty and the changes in that perception as we get closer to freely modifying appearance through genetic experimentation; beauty or monstrosity?
You can see more of Julia Kissina's work on her site, including her other meat-based series Clouds and Gourmets & Predators.
Photos courtesy of the artist, mutual art, lost at e minor and Lumas.
This entry was posted in Art, Food, Fun. Bookmark the permalink.
Ha! I must have sensed it telepathically.


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Home Neighborhood News Metro/Central
LADWP Headquarters Receives the USGBC Pacific Region Leadership Award for Decarbonization
The Historic John Ferraro Building Honored for its Continued Green Building Practices
LOS ANGELES (September 24, 2019) – Los Angeles Department of Water and Power (LADWP) proudly accepted the first-ever U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC) Pacific Region Leadership Award for Decarbonization at the recent annual Greenbuilder conference in San Francisco. LADWP received this award for continuing its implementation of extensive energy-efficient upgrades that focus on low-carbon strategies at its headquarters, the John Ferraro Building (JFB) in downtown Los Angeles.
"LADWP is honored to receive the recognition from the U.S. Green Building Council for the work we are doing at our own flagship facility," said LADWP General Manager and Chief Engineer Martin L. Adams. "At LADWP, we are dedicated to changing the narrative for other utilities and organizations by actively working to establish a more sustainable culture, not only for our customers and our community, but also for our employees."
Built in the mid-1960's, JFB is an iconic, mid-century all-electric building with its then state-of-the-art technology to symbolize and harness its twin purpose of power and water. JFB serves as LADWP's headquarters for a third of its 11,000 employees and houses customer service and other major operations in support of providing reliable and affordable water and power to over 4 million residents in Los Angeles.
Through the years, various energy efficiency and water conservation measures were implemented as part of LADWP's commitment to lead by example. Beginning in 2013, LADWP identified and analyzed a suite of energy efficiency measures for the building, which led to an aggressive energy-efficiency program involving lighting retrofits, chiller upgrade, and fan system upgrades. As a result, the building achieved LEED Certification on its 50th anniversary, in 2015. A year later, JFB achieved LEED Gold and became the first building in the Los Angeles region to engage with the LEED Dynamic Plaque (ARC). It is now in the midst of pursuing LEED Zero Energy following USGBC guidelines, which recognizes buildings operating with net zero carbon emissions from energy consumption and occupant transportation to carbon emissions avoided. When completed, JFB will be the first building in California to achieve this.
LADWP is committed to its ongoing efforts to increase energy efficiency and water conservation at JFB by ramping up its in-house solar generating capacity and installing the building's own battery energy storage system, which are all stepping stones to achieving LEED Zero Energy. Additionally, JFB regularly participates in LADWP's demand response program, which is an incentive-based, voluntary, energy management program for businesses to help reduce their energy use and utility bills during times of peak power demand.
While the award represents green building practices at JFB, LADWP remains committed to its pursuit of a clean energy future at all of its facilities, with more efficient use of energy, greater reliance on renewable energy, zero coal and sustainable water management.


Essaouira is a very pretty fishing town located approx 160km north of Tamraght.
It was once a portuguese built town and is painted blue and white. The port is a major fishing port with many vessels working out of it, making it a significant economical important town to Morocco.
The trip to Essaouira takes about 3 hours, passing through stunning countryside, mountain passes and coastal roads but it's well worth the trip. You might even see the famous goats in trees on the way! Essaouira has a huge beach front and many sand dunes where horse riding and quad biking can be done, but a visit to the walled town is definitely the highlight of the visit.
The town is filled with tiny streets and shops, and no cars can enter the town due to this. The shopkeepers are friendly and not pushy so if you want to buy things, this would be the place to come. Jewellery, leather goods and clothes are everywhere as well as spices and pottery goods. The medina is such an interesting and fun place to walk around.
The sea wall has old cannons and battlements which shows the strategic importance of the town in days gone by, and the port there is full of ships and old blue fishing boats, giving the area vibrance and a sense of tradition.
Lunch is taken in the harbour in one of the many restaurants – you simply pick the fish you want and they cook it over coals for you – simple and very tasty!


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Home > List of families > Fabaceae subfamily Caesalpinioideae > Brachystegia > spiciformis > Record no. 43433
Details of record no: 43433
Brachystegia spiciformis Benth.
Determiner(s): MA Hyde
Habitat: Open miombo woodland
Location: Athol Evans hospital at back of complex
Location code(s): 1
Grid reference:
Latitude, Longitude: -17.849530, 31.083470
Hyde, M.A., Wursten, B.T., Ballings, P. & Coates Palgrave, M. (2023). Flora of Mozambique: Individual record no: 43433: Brachystegia spiciformis.
https://www.mozambiqueflora.com/speciesdata/species-record.php?record_id=43433, retrieved 30 January 2023