Services at Brand Intellect | Building new capability in strategy and marketing.
We have three Enterprise Capability building services focused on building Enterprise Capability around strategic processes. These processes include: insight, innovation, brand building, strategic planning, customer value management, resource management, activation in market, learning and renewal and knowledge management.
Creative, communications and stories are at the heart of great marketing. Great brands need great operations to ensure promises are delivered. It's not just about what you say you do, but how you do it. We can help align operations and your brand, focus scarce resource, build deeper insight and measure performance of key strategic processes. We help you to build the kind of enterprise capability backs up your brand. Capability to measure performance of key strategic processes and systematically build more customer value, brand, intellectual and social capital.
Customers expect exceptional service, more value, more choice and better access to products, services and organisations. They want organisations to be innovative, informed enough, accessible and transparent. This means leadership, strategies, culture, structure, process, information and technology have to be aligned. This means agile, leaner, more cost effective systems and streamlined execution. It also means people need to be connected and able to collaborate, experiment, deliver and learn at scale. We help you build customer value and consistant operations across all channels.
Collaborative working practices that are 'part of the day job' can deliver capacity increases of 20% in marketing operations and cost reductions in excess of 15%. Deeper insight into customer value and the operating models that deliver it allow you to maximise opportunity, commercial returns. These benefits accrue to organisations focused on effective strategic processes. We help you to develop working practices that seriously impact your bottom line and change the way you deliver value to customers.
Our diagnostics and benchmarking programmes to measure Enterprise Capability around key strategic processes: insight, innovation, brand building, strategic planning, customer value management, resource management, activation in market, learning and renewal and knowledge management. On-line, 'stand-alone' or as part of a capability development programme our diagnostics zero in on performance improvements and capability 'hot spots'. They can be used to quickly quantify performance improvement and focus change programmes.
Our benchmarking compares relative organisational performance and are used to develop performance insight and focus resources on capability developments that will have the greatest impact. They also compare different processes, different organisations and different groups of people at different levels in your organisation. Being able to compare performance from different perspectives like this allows you to pinpoint performance improvement and prioritise change initiatives.
We ensure capability is consistently applied throughout your business. We maintain alignment to deliver promises, products and services consistently well. We do this using compliance tools, a combination cloud technologies and proprietary content that can intelligently question those responsible for key strategic processes and escalate any exceptions to specific people. Your organisation benefits through more efficient use of resource and clear alignment of activity.
Our 'customer communities' use social technologies that allow you to collaborate, share ideas, knowledge, plans and documents to make it easier for you and us to collectively build new capability. We pre-populate these workspaces with strategic processes, original content and capability building tools to provide a 'base-line' that can be developed to meet your specific needs, a 'fast start' to building capability in any enterprise.
On-line learning methods and tools are another way to drive efficiency and to consistently build new capability. Digital Classrooms offer courses and lessons where people can engage in learning anywhere, at any time. These 'self- learning' tools, compliment other content and services that help amplify capability and increase the personal value of community membership.
We build virtual Customer and Capability Labs that transform the way capability and customer engagement works. These labs are enabled by social tools and technologies that create new opportunities to develop strategy, effective marketing and customer value by engaging people throughout the organisation in ideation, co-creation and performance management.
Our consultants and coaches provide insight and guidance on how to build Enterprise Capability. Their work focuses on key people and key strategic processes. All our people are skilled and very experienced with proven ability to deliver complex change and effective executive guidance. They work together with you and your team, face to face and through collaboration platforms to make change happen.
We run high consultant, coach to customer ratio workshops and 'Super-Schools' to resolve your business issues. These are intensive 'hot house' events and change accelerators for leaders and skilled practitioners to resolve 'real world' challenges quickly. They help leaders and practitioners overcome personal and business challenges associated with building Enterprise Capability.
We advocate socially enabled knowledge sharing and capability development. Our Customer and Capability Labs are virtual knowledge networks that aren't constrained by traditional company or organisational boundaries. We help you to democratise learning and decision making and create new sources of competitive advantage in broader networked communities.


Beautiful beach and huge when the tide is out, loads of rock pools to explore and surfing, just superb.
The beach itself is fantastic, huge beach with lots of rock pools for the kids to explore as well as being lovely and clean with great surf!
Croyde is such a lovely village with a laid back feel, from here you can walk to the stunning beaches or relax in the great pubs.
Lovely village with a few shops and some lovely pubs. We had an evening meal at The Thatch which was nice.
We returned for the afternoon, after many years, to find that it was still as beautiful as we remembered but a lot busier - even in December!
What a great place Croyde is, plenty of places to eat, but the highlight has to be the fantastic beach! Would imagine it's packed in the Summer, not so in November lol.
We really enjoyed the cute village of Croyde. It has a selection of pubs, cafes, Post Office, gift shops, etc. You won't need long to see it all but it's a lovely place to wander around.
Get quick answers from Croyde Bay staff and past visitors.
Free in off season....scaled charges during seasons. Simple ticket machine.
It's bad enough out of season, I would first ask who you're renting from. Then I would try the local tourist information as I know they do weekly passes, then you can park at any car park your permit allows when you out and about.


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Jan 31 Deadline For Old Naira Notes Remains, CBN Insists …Raises Interest Rate To 17.5%
The Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) has said that its January 31, 2023 deadline for the validity of the old N200, N500 and N1,000 notes remains.
The CBN Governor, Godwin Emefiele, announced this after the apex bank's Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) meeting in Abuja, yesterday.
The CBN also raised the Monetary Policy Rate (MPR), which measures interest rate, to 17.5percent.
According to him, kidnapping and ransom-taking have reduced since the three banknotes were redesigned.
He also said the time given for the swap of the old naira notes with new ones were enough for Nigerians to go to commercial banks and get new notes.
The CBN on October 26, 2022 had announced its plan to redesign the three banknotes. President Muhammadu Buhari subsequently unveiled the redesigned N200, N500 and N1,000 notes on November 23, 2022, while the apex bank fixed January 31 deadline for the validity of the old notes.
There have been concerns from many Nigerians over the slow spread of the three new naira notes as the January 31, 2023 deadline approaches but the apex bank has insisted that the date stands.
The CBN also recently directed commercial banks to halt over-the-counter payment of the new notes and load their Automated Teller Machines (ATMs) with the redesigned naira notes to boost circulation.
The apex bank also launched a cash swap programme nationwide to enable those in the unbanked areas to exchange their old notes for new notes before the deadline.
On the wide clamour for the extension of the deadline for old currency usage, the CBN Governor said: "Unfortunately, I don't have good news for them. My apologies. We can't shift the deadline. Just like Mr President has said on some occasions, 90 days is enough for people to get their money into the bank. We ensured the banks extended banking hours and opened on Saturdays to accept the old notes. But they did not see the rush. Only the same normal deposits. So, no need for a shift".
On the scarcity of the new naira, Emefiele said the CBN holds three meetings with the banks every week to address the challenge.
"We saw that the banks were paying the new notes to their close customers and we stopped it and said, feed it to the ATMs. It has worked. In the initial stages, they were seeing old notes and after a week, we said that only needed notes should be in ATMs and we increased the volume of new notes.
"We told the banks that we want to have zero old notes in your vaults by the 1st of February. There are adequate new notes available. Our mint is producing and we are supplying.
"I held a meeting with state governors and some said no banks in riverine areas and upland areas. But we have 1.4million super agents for cash exchanges.
"We've put this in place. A week ago, we told our directors and deputies to go around the country for mass sensitisation in markets, churches and mosques for weeks running. We remain focused on the weak and vulnerable even after the 31, we shall ensure new naira permeates every nook and cranny of Nigeria.
"In 2015, there was N1.42trillion currency in circulation and $3.2trillion in 2022. More than double! N2.7trillion of that is outside the banks. People are keeping vaults in their homes. They can't be banks in their homes. We can't allow that. They should release it back to the CBN. Ransom and kidnapping are reducing. I could be wrong.
"We have N1.5trillion back in banks and perhaps this week, we hope to get N2trillion in.
"Just bring it, no one will harass you. We've begged EFCC and ICPC to let us do our job. And nothing will happen to you. I promise you that on my honour," he stated.
On the MPC decisions, Emefiele said the committee agreed to raise the interest rate from 16.5percent to 17.5percent, in a move towards taming the raging inflation in Nigeria, currently pegged at 21percent.
The MPC kept the asymmetric corridor at +100/-700 basis points around the MPR.
It also retained the Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR) by 32.5percent while the liquidity ratio was kept at 30percent.
"Tightening was the way to go. Our inflation target is 7-10percent and so we can't rejoice at 21percent.
"We can hold or loosen when the inflation rate goes down. But right now, we remain aggressive on rates", Emefiele explained.
However, the House of Representatives, the Senate and the Nigeria Governors' Forum have asked the CBN to extend the date to enable more Nigerians get the new notes.
The Senate, yesterday, urged the Central Bank of Nigeria, to extend the mop-up of old Naira notes to July 31, 2023.
The upper legislative chamber, through an adopted resolution, arrived at the new deadline after a thorough debate.
This was against the backdrop of the earlier resolution in December, 2022, which the lawmakers said, was jettisoned by the apex bank.
The denominations of N200, N500 and N1000 notes have been redesigned and are already in circulation.
The redesign has been trailed by heavy criticisms, citing the timing as insensitive as a result of the general election coming up next month.
Meanwhile, the call for fresh extension was fallout of a motion sponsored by Senator Sadiq Suleiman Umar representing Kwara North Senatorial District, in which he said: "the new notes were not enough in circulation", warning that if the deadline was not extended, there would be chaos in many parts of the country.
The House of Representatives hasalso asked the Central Bank of Nigeria to extend the deadline for acceptance of the old naira notes by six months.
The House also resolved to invite some managing directors of some banks and the CBN to brief the leadership of the House on the availability of the notes.
The decision was sequel to a motion of urgent public importance moved by Sada Soli, a lawmaker from Katsina State.
He stated that the January 31 deadline set by the CBN was not feasible as traders have started rejecting the old notes in his constituency.
He stated that banks and other financial institutions do not have the capacity to deal with the rush.
Speaking in support of the motion, Ahmed Jaha from Borno State informed the House that CBN officials were in his constituency to help, however, the measure was not enough.
"The CBN are in my constituency helping people to swap the old notes. The amount taken to my constituency, the amount is not enough. For 10 years, my constituents have not had access to banks.
"We have a lot to lose if the deadline is allowed to stand," Jaha said.
The Speaker of the House, Hon Femi Gbajabiamila, in his reaction to the motion, said there was a need for an investigation into what was stalling the disbursement of the new notes.
"CBN is making spirited efforts. They were at the central mosques in Lagos. I am not sure if it is enough. As they say, the road to hell is paved with good intentions. The timing is what we have problems with.
"There is a need to review the policy. I think there is a need to add another prayer. The bank is saying they don't have the money but the CBN is saying they have the money. We should invite the bank MDs to brief either the leadership or a small committee," he said.
The House consequently resolved that an ad-hoc committee headed by the Majority Leader, Hassan Doguwa, should meet with the invited MDs.
'Stamp Duty Collection Stands At N370bn Not N89trn'
Constitution Review: NASS Bows To Govs On LG Autonomy …Directs Clerk To Transmit 35 Bills To Buhari For Assent …27 State Assemblies Okay Amendment Bills

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Socio-Technical Viability Framework for Micro Hydropower in Group Water-Energy Schemes
Adeyeye, K.; Gallagher, J.; McNabola, A.; Ramos, H.M.(2021). Coughlan, P. Socio-Technical Viability Framework for Micro Hydropower in Group Water-Energy Schemes. Energies, 14, 4222.
Most renewable energy (RE) studies focus on technology readiness, environmental benefits and/or cost savings. The market permeation, viability and adoption of RE technologies such as micro hydropower (MHP), however, require the alignment of other interrelated factors, such as the socio-technical, institutional and political dimensions. This is particularly the case where the energy recovery potential in decentralised water networks is being explored as part of a wholesome sustainability strategy by and for individual and communal prosumers. This study employs a socio-technical approach to understand factors that influence the perceived viability and adoption of MHP in group water-energy schemes. Methods included a progressive literature review to formulate a conceptual framework for the implementation of MHP systems. The framework was validated using survey data from representative stakeholders from groups schemes in Ireland and Spain. These stakeholders were sampled and surveyed at the stage of considering the adoption of MHP in their water networks. The findings highlight the push–pull factors and discusses the opportunities and barriers to the adoption of MHP systems. It confirms that the market, institutional and policy context, cost and financial benefits, social support and collaborative services combine to influence the adoption of MHP technology. Thus, a framework for evaluating the socio-technical viability of MHP systems based on these more realistic integrated, multi-dimensional criteria is proposed.
Download the full text (pdf)
https://doi.org/10.3390/en14144222
Sustainable Water-Energy Nexus towards Developing Countries' Water Sector Efficiency
Ramos, H.M.; Morillo, J.G.; Diaz, J.A.R.; Carravetta, A.; McNabola, (2021). A. Sustainable Water-Energy Nexus towards Developing Countries' Water Sector Efficiency. Energies, 14, 3525.
Water management and energy recovery can improve a system's sustainability and efficiency in a cost-effective solution. This research assesses the renewable energy sources used in the water sector, as well as the related water sector performance indicators within Portuguese water management systems. A deep analysis of 432 water entities in Portugal, based on ERSAR data base, was conducted in order to identify factors to be improved regarding the system efficiency. On the other hand, the potential energy recovery developed in the REDAWN project was also used as a reference for the application of micro hydropower (MHP) solutions in the water sector. A water and energy nexus model was then developed to improve the systems efficiency and sustainability. A real case study in Africa, the Nampula water supply system, located in Mozambique, was selected as a promising potential for energy recovery. The application of a pump-as-turbine (PAT) allows the reduction in system costs and environmental impacts while increasing its efficiency. The proposed MHP has a capacity to generate ~23 MWh/year, providing significant savings. The developed economic analysis indicates the project is profitable, with an IRR ~40% depending on the energy selling price. This project can avoid the emission of more than 12 tCO2 to the atmosphere, and it can help to reduce the system's real losses by more than 10,000 m3/year. Consequently, it creates a total economic benefit of 7604 EUR/year.
The environmental and economic benefits of a hybrid hydropower energy recovery and solar energy system (PAT-PV), under varying energy demands in the agricultural sector
Mérida García A, Gallagher J, Crespo Chacon A, McNabola A. (2021). The environmental and economic benefits of a hybrid hydropower energy recovery and solar energy system (PAT-PV), under varying energy demands in the agricultural sector. Journal of Cleaner Production. Vol 303, (2021) 127078.
A comparative environmental and economic impact analysis between a hybrid pump-as-turbine/solarpilot system (PAT-PV) and a traditional diesel generator, with the innovation of the seasonal energysupply preconditions in an off-grid farm in Southern Spain was conducted. The results show lowerclimate change, fossil fuels, and dissipated water burdens over a 20-year lifespan, for the hybrid PAT-PVsystem, especially for fossil fuels (40-times lower). However, there was an increased demand for mineralsand metals compared with the diesel generator, mostly due to the batteries and electronic componentscontribution, representing between 66% and 87% of the burdens. The hybrid PAT-PV system presented alower total cost, but a higher investment, with an 8-year payback period. The low energy demand of thefarm represented only 2.2% of the energy potential generation of the hybrid PAT-PV system, with a higherimpact per kWh of energy than expected. The total use of the energy generated was proven to beessential, decreasing the environmental impacts up to 45 times, which provide a way to further reducefossil energy consumption at farm level, as surplus energy could be used to power electric vehicles ortools, contributing to the reduction of GHG emissions, for a more sustainable agriculture.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.127078
Multi-Country Scale Assessment of Available Energy Recovery Potential Using Micro-Hydropower in Drinking, Pressurised Irrigation and Wastewater Networks, Covering Part of the EU
Mitrovic D., Crespo Chacón M., Mérida García A., García Morillo J., Rodríguez Diaz JA., Ramos HM., Adeyeye K, Carravetta A., McNabola A. (2021). Multi‐Country Scale Assessment of Available Energy Recovery Potential Using Micro‐Hydropower in Drinking, Pressurised Irrigation and Wastewater Networks, Covering Part of the EU. In Water (Vol 13. No 7, 899).
Studies have shown micro-hydropower (MHP) opportunities for energy recovery and CO2 reductions in the water sector. This paper conducts a large-scale assessment of this potential using a dataset amassed across six EU countries (Ireland, Northern Ireland, Scotland, Wales, Spain, and Portugal) for the drinking water, irrigation, and wastewater sectors. Extrapolating the collected data, the total annual MHP potential was estimated between 482.3 and 821.6 GWh, depending on the assumptions, divided among Ireland (15.5–32.2 GWh), Scotland (17.8–139.7 GWh), Northern Ireland (5.9–8.2 GWh), Wales (10.2–8.1 GWh), Spain (375.3–539.9 GWh), and Portugal (57.6–93.5 GWh) and distributed across the drinking water (43–67%), irrigation (51–30%), and wastewater (6–3%) sectors. The findings demonstrated reductions in energy consumption in water networks between 1.7 and 13.0%. Forty-five percent of the energy estimated from the analysed sites was associated with just 3% of their number, having a power output capacity >15 kW. This demonstrated that a significant proportion of energy could be exploited at a small number of sites, with a valuable contribution to net energy efficiency gains and CO2 emission reductions. This also demonstrates cost-effective, value-added, multi-country benefits to policy makers, establishing the case to incentivise MHP in water networks to help achieve the desired CO2 emissions reductions targets.
https://doi.org/10.3390/w13070899
Optimization-Based Methodology for Selection of Pump-as-Turbine in Water Distribution Networks: Effects of Different Objectives and Machine Operation Limits on Best Efficiency Point
Mitrovic D, Garcia Morillo J, Rodriguez Diaz JA, McNabola A., Optimization-Based Methodology for Selection of Pump-as-Turbine in Water Distribution Networks: Effects of Different Objectives and Machine Operation Limits on Best Efficiency Point. (2021) Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management, (Vol. 147 Issue 5).
In recent years, many researchers have recognized pressure reducing valves (PRVs) as potential microhydropower (MHP) sites, aiming to improve the efficiency of water networks. Pump-as-turbines (PATs) have been pointed out as the most suitable technology because of their favorable cost. Most of the methodologies available in the literature for selection of a PAT to replace a PRV follow a traditional approach that is based on scaling aprototype data using affinity curves, thus restricting the solution space only to these curves. The optimization-based methodology presented in this paper uses the classical hydraulic regulation scheme with the Nedler–Mead simplex direct search algorithm to search for the optimal solution within space that is constrained only by the boundaries of available centrifugal PATs on the market. The methodology also defines the PAT's operation limits based on the PAT's relative mechanical power. Improvements gained by using the novel methodology have been demonstrated on real-world case studies from Ireland and Italy that were previously used in the literature. The results of the considered sites also suggest that the maximal global plant's efficiency is around 80% of the maximal efficiency of the theoretically optimal PAT. The paper also examines effects of different objective functions and different PATs' operation limits on the selection of the optimal PAT.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)WR.1943-5452.0001356
Energy Recovery Potential in Industrial and Municipal Wastewater Networks Using Micro-Hydropower in Spain
Mérida García A, Rodríguez Díaz JA, García Morillo J, McNabola A. (2021) Energy Recovery Potential in Industrial and Municipal Wastewater Networks Using Micro-Hydropower in Spain. Water. 13(5),691.
The use of micro-hydropower (MHP) for energy recovery in water distribution networks is becoming increasingly widespread. The incorporation of this technology, which offers low-cost solutions, allows for the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions linked to energy consumption. In this work, the MHP energy recovery potential in Spain from all available wastewater discharges, both municipal and private industrial, was assessed, based on discharge licenses. From a total of 16,778 licenses, less than 1% of the sites presented an MHP potential higher than 2 kW, with a total power potential between 3.31 and 3.54 MW. This total was distributed between industry, fish farms and municipal wastewater treatment plants following the proportion 51–54%, 14–13% and 35–33%, respectively. The total energy production estimated reached 29 GWh∙year−1, from which 80% corresponded to sites with power potential over 15 kW. Energy-related industries, not included in previous investigations, amounted to 45% of the total energy potential for Spain, a finding which could greatly influence MHP potential estimates across the world. The estimated energy production represented a potential CO2 emission savings of around 11 thousand tonnes, with a corresponding reduction between M€ 2.11 and M€ 4.24 in the total energy consumption in the country.
Evaluation of the design and performance of a micro hydropower plant in a pressurised irrigation network: Real world application at farm-level in Southern Spain
Crespo Chacon M., Rodríguez Díaz J A., García Morillo J., McNabola A. (2021). Evaluation of the design and performance of a micro hydropower plant in a pressurised irrigation network: Real world application at farm-level in Southern Spain. In Renewable Energy, (Vol 169, P 1106-1120).
Agriculture is one of the most energy intensive activities within the European Union. The common absence of electric infrastructure in these rural settings has led to the need for in situ generation in many cases. The existing excess pressures in large pressurised irrigation networks makes the generation of micro hydropower here a possible alternative renewable energy source. Pump-as-turbines have been proposed as a cost-effective technology for such purposes, taking advantage of the excess pressure in pipe networks to produce energy. This paper presents a methodology for the design of a plant for micro hydropower generation in an agricultural farm and outlines the predicted benefits of the installation. These predicted benefits were also compared with the measured performance of the plant for the 2019 irrigation season. The main aim of the plant was to replace a diesel generator that supplied energy to the farm. The excess pressure found in the pipe network varied between 0m and almost 60m. The nominal power of the pump-as-turbine was selected to supply the maximum energy requirements of the farm. The predicted operation time of the plant was estimated at up to 3199 h concentrated between April and September. An annual savings of approximately €2950 and 11 t eCO2 were also estimated. The measured results showed an actual operation time of 2443 h between May and September, as in April the monitoring system was not operational. For this operation time, the savings were €2258 and 8.4 t eCO2. Considering the April theoretical irrigation time obtained, the savings raised up to approximately €2434 and 9.1 teCO2. The return on investment of the installation was computed to be recovered in less than ten years.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0960148121000914?via%3Dihub
A New Preliminary Model to Optimize PATs Location in a Water Distribution Network
Morani, M. C., Carravetta, A., D'Ambrosio, C., & Fecarotta, O. (2020). A New Preliminary Model to Optimize PATs Location in a Water Distribution Network. In Environmental Sciences Proceedings (Vol. 2, No. 1, p. 57)
Water distribution networks are low-energy efficiency systems, due to the high energy consumption, as well as the large amount of water leakage, which are caused by high pressures in the networks. In this study, the optimal location of pumps as turbines (PATs) within a water distribution network is investigated in order to maximize the production of energy and water savings, as well as minimize installation costs. A literature mathematical model has been employed as reference model and the weaknesses of this previous study have been overcome by new constraints. The main preliminary results of the new optimization procedure will be presented and compared with the literature results. According to the results, the new optimization ensures a good solution, in term of water and energy savings, with low investment cost and a fast return in investment.
https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2020002057
Optimal Regulation of Variable Speed Pumps in Sewer Systems
Cimorelli, L., & Fecarotta, O. (2020). Optimal Regulation of Variable Speed Pumps in Sewer Systems. In Environmental Sciences Proceedings (Vol. 2, No. 1, p. 58).
In this work, the optimal regulation of variable speed pump (VSP) was solved by means of two optimization algorithms: a mixed-integer optimizer based on the BONMIN (Basic Open-Source Nonlinear Mixed Integer Programming) package, and an original hybrid genetic algorithm (GA) called GA–Powell's direction set method (PDSM), which employs a derivative free inner optimizer, that is, the Powell's direction set method (PDSM). The obtained results show how the use of a strategy based on the optimal regulation of VSP allows to obtain huge energy cost savings. The analysis of the results shows that the regulation of the plant does not apparently follow a general rule.
A Performance Prediction Model for Pumps as Turbines (PATs)
Fontanella, S., Fecarotta, O., Molino, B., Cozzolino, L., & Della Morte, R. (2020). A Performance Prediction Model for Pumps as Turbines (PATs). Water, 12(4), 1175.
In recent years, the interest towards the use of pumps operating as turbines (PATs) for the generation of electrical energy has increased, due to the low cost of implementation and maintenance. The main issue that inhibits a wider use of PATs is the lack of corresponding characteristic curves, because manufacturers usually provide only the pump-mode performance characteristics. In the PAT selection phase, the lack of turbine-mode characteristic curves forces users to expend expensive and time-consuming efforts in laboratory testing. In the technical literature, numerous methods are available for the prediction of PAT turbine-mode performance based on the pump-mode characteristics, but these models are usually calibrated making use of few devices. To overcome this limit, a performance database called Redawn is presented and the data collected are used to calibrate novel PAT performance models.
Zero-net energy management for the monitoring and control of dynamically-partitioned smart water systems.
Giudicianni, C., Herrera, M., di Nardo, A., Carravetta, A., Ramos, H. M., & Adeyeye, K. (2020). Zero-net energy management for the monitoring and control of dynamically-partitioned smart water systems. Journal of Cleaner Production, 119745.
The optimal and sustainable management of water distribution systems still represent an arduous task. In many instances, especially in aging water net-works, pressure management is imperative for reducing breakages and leakages. Therefore, optimal District Metered Areas represent an effective solution to decreasing the overall energy input without performance compromise.
Within this context, this paper proposes a novel adaptive management framework for water distribution systems by reconfiguring the original network layout into (dynamic) district metered areas. It utilises a multiscale clustering algorithm to schedule district aggregation/desegregation, whilst delivering energy and supply management goals. The resulting framework was tested in a water utility network for the simultaneously production of energy during the day (by means of the installation of micro-hydropower systems) and for the reduction of water leakage during the night.
From computational viewpoint, this was found to significantly reduce the time and complexity during the clustering and the dividing phase. In addition, in this case, a recovered energy potential of 19 MWh per year and leakage reduction of up to 16% was found. The addition of pump-as-turbines was also found to reduce investment and maintenance costs, giving improved reliability to the monitoring stations. The financial analyses to define the optimal period in which to invest also showed the economic feasibility of the proposed solution, which assures, in the analysed case study, a positive annual net income in just five years.
This study demonstrates that the combined optimisation, energy recovery and creation of optimized multiple-task district stations lead to an efficient, resilient, sustainable, and low-cost management strategy for water distribution networks.
Estimating regional potential for micro-hydropower energy recovery in irrigation networks on a large geographical scale
Miguel Crespo Chacón, Juan Antonio Rodríguez Díaz, Jorge García Morillo, Aonghus McNabola, (2020); Estimating regional potential for micro-hydropower energy recovery in irrigation networks on a large geographical scale, Renewable Energy, Volume 155, 2020, pp 396-406.
Micro-hydropower has been highlighted as a potential technology suitable for installation in irrigation networks to reduce system overpressures and to reduce the net energy consumption of the irrigation process. However, the full impact of this technology on a large regional scale is unknown.
Artificial Neural Networks and regression models were used in this research to predict the energy recovery potential for micro-hydropower in on-demand pressurised irrigation networks across a large spatial scale. Predictors of energy recovery potential across spatial unit areas included: Irrigated land surface area, irrigation crop water requirements, rainfall, evapotranspiration, and mean topographical slope. The model was used to predict the energy recovery potential across the 164,000 ha of the Spanish provinces of Seville and Cordoba in the absence of hydraulic models.
A total of 21.05 GWh was identified as the energy potential which could have been recovered using micro-hydropower during the 2018 irrigation season. This amount of energy would have potentially reduced the energy consumption of the irrigation process in this region by approximately 12.8%. A reduction in energy consumption in the agriculture sector of this magnitude could have significant impacts on food production and climate change.
The main novelty of this paper lies in the assessment of micro hydropower resources in operating irrigation networks on a large geographical scale, in areas where no information is available. It provides an approximation of the existing potential using computational methods.
Download the full text here (pdf)
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2020.03.143
Pulsating spiral Poiseuille flow
Manna, M. & Vacca, A. & Verzicco, R.. (2020). Pulsating spiral Poiseuille flow. Journal of Fluid Mechanics. 890. 10.1017/jfm.2020.125.
Direct numerical simulation of the Navier–Stokes equations has been used to investigate the Taylor–Couette flow with an imposed pulsatile axial pressure gradient resulting in a spiral Poiseuille flow modulated by an oscillating forcing. Keeping the Reynolds and Taylor numbers constant, both the amplitude and frequency of the oscillating component are varied to span a small region of the phase space.
In the narrow-gap geometry considered in this study, the base flow (spiral Poiseuille flow) is in the turbulent regime whereas the oscillating component is laminar. It has been found that the effect of the oscillation is to induce a global flow laminarization provided the frequency is sufficiently small (at constant amplitude) or the amplitude is sufficiently large (at constant frequency).
The coupling between steady and oscillating components has been analysed with the help of long-time and phase-averaged statistics. The reverse transition mechanism has been associated to an anisotropic modification of the Reynolds stress tensor components, which has been shown to be caused by an alteration of the pressure–strain interaction.
Read article online
https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2020.125
Transient-Flow Induced Compressed Air Energy Storage (TI-CAES) System towards New Energy Concept.
Besharat, M.; Dadfar, A.; Viseu, M.T.; Brunone, B.; Ramos, H.M. Transient-Flow Induced Compressed Air Energy Storage (TI-CAES) System towards New Energy Concept. Water 2020, 12, 601.
In recent years, interest has increased in new renewable energy solutions for climate change mitigation and increasing the efficiency and sustainability of water systems. Hydropower still has the biggest share due to its compatibility, reliability and flexibility.
This study presents one such technology recently examined at Instituto Superior Técnico based on a transient-flow induced compressed air energy storage (TI-CAES) system, which takes advantage of a compressed air vessel (CAV). The CAV can produce extra required pressure head, by compressing air, to be use for either hydropower generation using a water turbine in a gravity system or to be exploited in a pumping system. The results show a controlled behaviour of the system in storing the pressure surge as compressed air inside a vessel.
Considerable power values are achieved as well, while the input work is practically neglected. Higher power values are attained for bigger air volumes. The TI-CAES offers an efficient and flexible solution that can be exploited in exiting water systems without putting the system at risk. The induced transients in the compressed air allow a constant outflow discharge characteristic, making the energy storage available in the CAV to be used as a pump storage hydropower solution.
Improved Planning of Energy Recovery in Water Systems Using a New Analytic Approach to PAT Performance Curves.
Pérez-Sánchez, M.; Sánchez-Romero, F.J.; Ramos, H.M.; López-Jiménez, P.A. Improved Planning of Energy Recovery in Water Systems Using a New Analytic Approach to PAT Performance Curves. Water 2020, 12, 468.
The use of pumps working as turbines (PATs) to improve the energy efficiency of water networks has been studied in the last years. This recovery system is justified due to a low investment contrasting with the capacity to take advantage in certain points with low and medium recoverable heads.
Analyses of water systems using simulation software and/or optimization algorithms need the characteristic curves (head and efficiency) of the machines, which should be known with minor error by the water managers. The knowledge of the best efficiency point (BEP) as a turbine is one of the major limitations when the user wants to choose PATs. In this sense, the present research defines new approach equations to estimate the BEP of the PAT, as well as to predict the characteristic curves, comparing the results with the rest of the published methods.
The comparison demonstrated that the new proposal reduced the error indexes, improved the R2 and increased the accuracy of the error ellipse using an experimental database of 181 different PATs.
Smart Water Management towards Future Water Sustainable Networks
Ramos, H.M.; McNabola, A.; López-Jiménez, P.A.; Pérez-Sánchez, M. Smart Water Management towards Future Water Sustainable Networks. Water 2020, 12, 58.
Water management towards smart cities is an issue increasingly appreciated under financial and environmental sustainability focus in any water sector. The main objective of this research is to disclose the technological breakthroughs associated with water and energy use.
A methodology is proposed and applied in a case study to analyze the benefits to develop smart water grids, showing the advantages offered by the development of control measures. The case study showed the positive results, particularly savings of 57 GWh and 100 Mm3 in a period of twelve years when different measures from the common ones were developed for the monitoring and control of water losses in smart water management. These savings contributed to reducing the CO2 emissions to 47,385t CO2-eq.
Finally, in order to evaluate the financial effort and savings obtained in this reference systems (RS) network, the investment required in the monitoring and water losses control in a correlation model case (CMC) was estimated, and, as a consequence, the losses level presented a significant reduction towards sustainable values in the next nine years. Since the pressure control is one of the main issues for the reduction of leakage, an estimation of energy production for Portugal is also presented.
Energy Transfer from the Freshwater to the Wastewater Network Using a PAT-Equipped Turbopump
Morani, M.C.; Carravetta, A.; Fecarotta, O.; McNabola, A. Energy Transfer from the Freshwater to the Wastewater Network Using a PAT-Equipped Turbopump. Water 2020, 12, 38.
A new strategy to increase the energy efficiency in a water network exists using turbo pumps, which are systems consisting of a pump and a turbine directly coupled on a same shaft. In a turbo pump, the pump is fed by a turbine that exploits a surplus head in a freshwater network in order to produce energy for one system (wastewater) and reduce the excess pressure in another (drinking water). A pump as turbine (PAT) may be preferred over a classic turbine here due to its lower cost. The result of such a coupling is a PAT–pump turbocharger (P&P).
In this research, the theoretical performance of a P&P plant is employed using data from a real water distribution network to exploit the excess pressure of a freshwater stream and to feed a pump conveying wastewater toward a treatment plant. Therefore, the P&P plant is a mixed PAT–pump turbocharger, operating with both fresh and wastewater. A new method to perform a preliminary geometric selection of the machines constituting the P&P plant has been developed. Furthermore, the plant operation has been described by means of a new mathematical model under different boundary conditions.
Moreover, the economic viability of the plant has been assessed by comparison with a conventional wastewater pumping system working in ON/OFF mode. Therefore, the net present value (NPV) of the investment has been evaluated in both situations for different time periods. According to the economical comparison, the PAT–pump turbocharger represents the most economically advantageous configuration, at least until the useful life of the plant. Such convenience amounts to 175% up to a time period equal to 20 years.
The optimal and sustainable management of water distribution systems still represent an arduous task. In many instances, especially in aging water net-works, pressure management is imperative for reducing breakages and leakages. Therefore, optimal District Metered Areas represent an effective solution to decreasing the overall energy input without performance compromise. Within this context, this paper proposes a novel adaptive management framework for water distribution systems by reconfiguring the original network layout into (dynamic) district metered areas. It utilises a multiscale clustering algorithm to schedule district aggregation/desegregation, whilst delivering energy and supply management goals. The resulting framework was tested in a water utility network for the simultaneously production of energy during the day (by means of the installation of micro-hydropower systems) and for the reduction of water leakage during the night. From computational viewpoint, this was found to significantly reduce the time and complexity during the clustering and the dividing phase. In addition, in this case, a recovered energy potential of 19 MWh per year and leakage reduction of up to 16% was found. The addition of pump-as-turbines was also found to reduce investment and maintenance costs, giving improved reliability to the monitoring stations. The financial analyses to define the optimal period in which to invest also showed the economic feasibility of the proposed solution, which assures, in the analysed case study, a positive annual net income in just five years. This study demonstrates that the combined optimisation, energy recovery and creation of optimized multiple-task district stations lead to an efficient, resilient, sustainable, and low-cost management strategy for water distribution networks.
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Micro hydropower and the water-energy-food nexus
Stocks, C (2020); Micro hydropower and the water-energy-food nexus, NS Energy, January 2020.
Researchers Miguel Crespo Chacón and Kemi Adeyeye explain how the European-funded REDAWN project has been developed to explore the water-energy-food nexus, and to investigate how micro hydropower could help improve energy efficiency in the water sector.
https://www.nsenergybusiness.com/features/micro-hydropower-water-energy-food-nexus/
A life cycle assessment of the construction phase of eleven micro-hydropower installations in the UK
T. Ueda, E.S. Roberts, A. Norton, D. Styles, A.P. Williams, H.M. Ramos, J. Gallagher, (2019), A life cycle assessment of the construction phase of eleven micro-hydropower installations in the UK, Journal of Cleaner Production, Volume 218, 2019, Pages 1-9, ISSN 0959-6526
The rapid deployment of renewable energy technologies continues, yet the environmental impacts associated with their construction is accepted without sustainable design considerations. This life cycle assessment study quantifies the embodied burdens in the construction phase of eleven microhydropower installations, ranging from 70-100 kW in size. The consumption of concrete and aggregates, metals and plastics influence each of the five impact categories assessment differently. In relation to global warming potential, upstream production of concrete and aggregates contributed 25-44%, whilst production of plastics contributed 27-49%. For acidification potential, production of metals and plastics contributed 29-67% and 19-45%, respectively. Production of metals used in MHP projects contributed 86-98% of human toxicity potential and 79-98% of abiotic resource depletion, whilst production of plastics contributed 56-77% of fossil resource depletion potential. One low-head scheme had the highest global warming, acidification and fossil resource depletion burdens due to large quantities of materials used in construction, while another scheme demonstrated high human toxicity and abiotic resource depletion burdens due to a 3-km grid connection upgrade for exporting electricity. The results were more sensitive to the quantity of materials used in the micro-hydropower projects than to changes in transport and construction contributions. The use of alternative materials could reduce global warming potential, e.g. a wood-frame powerhouse instead of concrete construction would reduce it by 6-12%. The results also indicated a general trend of reduced burdens per kWh electricity generated as capacity increased. However, no clear correlations were found between site-specific characteristics and environmental impacts in constructing these micro-hydropower projects. Therefore, independent life cycle assessment case studies are still required to inform better construction practices for specific renewable energy projects, with significant potential to improve environmental performance, especially in relation to resource efficiency as per circular economy principles.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.01.267
Monday 7 October 2019
Sustainable water-energy nexus in the optimization of the BBC golf-course using renewable energies
Helena M. Ramos, M. Zilhao, P. Amparo López-Jiménez & Modesto Pérez Sánchez (2019) Sustainable water-energy nexus in the optimization of the BBC golf-course using renewable energies, Urban Water Journal, 16:3, 215-224
Water distribution networks and irrigation systems consume high energy quantities that need to be recovered if the water managers want to meet sustainable systems. A sustainability optimization is proposed in this research in order to replace the energy consumption in a golf-course system by renewable solutions joining energy recovery, sustainable urban drainage systems and hybrid solutions (solar panels and wind turbine). Different sustainable approaches were considered in which energy (using PATs), economic and environmental factors were analysed. Both scenarios and analyses showed interesting values related to economic indicators and environmental reductions of CO2 emissions. The possibility to supply the daily electric consumption in the pumping stations was checked using only renewable systems. Net present value was calculated in different solutions, obtaining positive values as well as the payback period was lower than 6 years. The CO2 emissions were reduced from 257,000 to 11,500 kgCO2/year in the most unfavourable scenario.
http://doi.org/10.1080/1573062X.2019.1648529
Hydropower energy recovery in irrigation networks: Validation of a methodology for flow prediction and pump as turbine selection
Miguel Crespo Chacón, Juan Antonio Rodríguez Díaz, Jorge García Morillo, Aonghus McNabola, Hydropower energy recovery in irrigation networks: Validation of a methodology for flow prediction and pump as turbine selection, Renewable Energy, Volume 147, Part 1, 2020, Pages 1728-1738, ISSN 0960-1481
In recent years, pump-as-turbines (PATs) have been highlighted for their potential benefits as an application of micro-hydropower (MHP) in water distribution networks. However, PATs come with disadvantages of relatively low peak efficiencies, which can be reduced further with large flow fluctuations. MHP and PATs in particular applied in irrigation networks is a relatively new area of research focus for these devices, and one that poses significant opportunities for energy saving as well as significant challenges due to variations in flow rate.
This paper discusses the validation of a statistical methodology to estimate the flow and head variability in a network, and to select PATs whose best efficiency point (BEP) returns the lowest payback period. A comparison between the predicted and actual occurrence probabilities for different flow rates was carried out at nine potential points for MHP installation identified within a real network in Southwestern Spain.
For the flow occurrence probability, the coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.804. A total of 281.0 MWh were obtained from the flow prediction and PAT selection methodology, in contrast to 230.5 MWh using the actual measured data. An overall difference of 0.2% was obtained when both PATs were simulated under actual conditions.
Wednesday 2 October 2019
Wastewater Pump Control under Mechanical Wear
Fecarotta, O., Martino, R., & Morani, M. C. (2019). Wastewater Pump Control under Mechanical Wear. Water, 11(6), 1210.
With reference to a classical wet tank equipped with a wastewater submersible pump, in this research, an advanced numerical model has been used in order to obtain the optimal pump scheduling of on/off operation and variable pump speed. Then, in order to evaluate the time decay of pump performances, the mechanical wear has been artificially simulated and the performance curves have been experimentally obtained for different rotational speeds. Finally, the benefits, as well as the feasibility, of pump scheduling have been evaluated for differing operating conditions. According to the results, the optimal pump scheduling achieves large energy savings up to 43%, for soft mechanical wear. If the mechanical wear is considered, the energy savings are large as well, between 35.60% and 26.70%, for medium and hard mechanical wear, respectively. On the other hand, the limitation of such a strategy has been highlighted: the feasibility of pump scheduling is limited by the elevation of the downstream tank. According to the results, energy savings can be achieved until the elevation of the downstream tank is 67% of the pressure head at the best efficiency point, whereas such percentage decreases to 50% for hard mechanical wear. Finally, the results show that plant efficiency is strongly affected by the mechanical wear: an accurate maintenance of the pumping system is therefore recommended in order to attenuate the time decay of pump performances.
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Optimal energy efficiency of isolated PAT systems by SEIG excitation tuning
João F.P. Fernandes, Modesto Pérez-Sánchez, F. Ferreira da Silva, P. Amparo López-Jiménez, Helena M. Ramos, P.J. Costa Branco, Optimal energy efficiency of isolated PAT systems by SEIG excitation tuning, Energy Conversion and Management, Volume 183, 2019,Pages 391-405
The use of pump working as turbine (PAT) was identified by many researchers as a way to improve the energy efficiency in the water systems. However, the majority of the researches consider the hydraulic machine connected to the electrical grid, which may not fit best when these recovery systems are located in rural or remote areas. To improve the efficiency in these recovery systems for rural areas, this research contributes for a further study and optimization of the off-grid PAT systems with induction generators. The current manuscript proposes a methodology to obtain the best efficiency of the PAT-SEIG (Self-Excited Induction Generator) system when operating under different speeds and loads. For these systems, the selection of capacitors for the SEIG is critical to maximizing the energy efficiency. A methodology is proposed to estimate and select the correct SEIG model parameters and, thus, compute the best capacitor values to improve the PAT-SEIG energy efficiency. Special attention is given to the impact the SEIG parameters have in the efficiency of the recovery system. The accuracy of the analytical model improved, reducing the error between analytical and experimental results from 50.8% (for a model with constant parameters) to 13.2% (with parameters changing according to the operating point of the system). These results showed an increase of the overall PAT system efficiency from 26% to 40% for the analyzed case study.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2019.01.016.
Thursday 13 June 2019
Flow Conditions for PATs Operating in Parallel: Experimental and Numerical Analyses
Simão, M.; Pérez-Sánchez, M.; Carravetta, A.; Ramos, H.M. Flow Conditions for PATs Operating in Parallel: Experimental and Numerical Analyses. Energies 2019, 12, 901.
Micro-hydro systems can be used as a promising new source of renewable energy generation, requiring a low investment cost of hydraulic, mechanical, and electrical equipment.
The improvement of the water management associated with the use of pumps working as turbines (PATs) is a real advantage when the availability of these machines is considered for a wide range of flow rates and heads. Parallel turbomachines can be used to optimize the flow management of the system. In the present study, experimental tests were performed in two equal PATs working in parallel and in single mode. These results were used to calibrate and validate the numerical simulations.
The analysis of pressure variation and head losses was evaluated during steady state conditions using different numerical models (1D and 3D). From the 1D model, the installation curve of the system was able to be defined and used to calculate the operating point of the two PATs running in parallel.
As for the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model, intensive analysis was carried out to predict
the PATs behavior under different flow conditions and to evaluate the different head losses detected within the impellers. The results show system performance differences between two units running in parallel against a single unit, providing a greater operational flow range.
The performance in parallel design conditions show a peak efficiency with less shock losses within the impeller. Furthermore, by combining multiple PATs in parallel arrangement, a site's efficiency increases, covering a wide range of applications from the minimum to the maximum flow rate. The simulated flow rates were in good agreement with the measured data, presenting an average error of 10%.
Cost Model for Pumps as Turbines in Run-of-River and In-Pipe Microhydropower Applications
D. Novara; A. Carravetta; A. McNabola; and H. M. Ramos, Cost Model for Pumps as Turbines in Run-of-River and In-Pipe Microhydropower Applications, Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management, Vol. 145, Issue 5 (May 2019), ISSN (print): 0733-9496 | ISSN (online): 1943-5452
Pumps as Turbines (PATs) are standard water pumps utilized as hydraulic turbines by reversing the flow direction across them. The off-the-shelf availability of water pumps and their reduced purchase price with respect to conventional hydro turbines makes them an ideal technology for exploiting large portions of uncapped hydro potential that is technically viable but not financially convenient.
Such low-cost technology could help to expand hydropower exploitation in water resources worldwide, helping to reduce climate change greenhouse gas emissions. However, in the literature, the few available cost figures relative to PAT purchase price are discordant and often outdated, and such a lack of information is likely a severe barrier to a more widespread PAT implementation.
In order to overcome this limitation, data from 343 pumps and 286 generators were compiled to show graphically and analytically how the purchase price of PATs varies over different nominal powers and hydraulic conditions. Besides, a set of equations was developed to allow designers to predict the PAT and generator cost from the nominal flow rate and available hydraulic head.
https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)WR.1943-5452.0001063
Pump-as-Turbine Selection Methodology for Energy Recovery in Irrigation Networks: Minimising the Payback Period
Miguel Crespo Chacón, Juan Antonio Rodríguez Díaz, Jorge García Morillo and Aonghus McNabola,
Pump-as-Turbine Selection Methodology for Energy Recovery in Irrigation Networks: Minimising the Payback Period (2019),
Water 2019, 11(1), 149
In pressurized irrigation networks, energy reaches around 40% of the total water costs. Pump-as-Turbines (PATs) are a cost-effective technology for energy recovery, although they can present low efficiencies when operating outside of the best efficiency point (BEP). Flow fluctuations are very important in on-demand irrigation networks. This makes flow prediction and the selection of the optimal PAT more complex. In this research, an advanced statistical methodology was developed, which predicts the monthly flow fluctuations and the duration of each flow value. This was used to estimate the monthly time for which a PAT would work under BEP conditions and the time for which it would work with lower efficiencies. In addition, the optimal PAT power for each Excess Pressure Point (EPP) studied was determined following the strategy of minimising the PAT investment payback period (PP). The methodology was tested in Sector VII of the right bank of the Bembézar River (BMD), in Southern Spain. Five potential sites for PAT installation were found. The results showed a potential energy recovery of 93.9 MWh and an annual energy index per irrigated surface area of 0.10 MWh year−1 ha−1. Renewable energy will become increasingly important in the agriculture sector, to reduce both water costs and the contribution to climate change. PATs represent an attractive technology that can help achieve such goals.
Flow Velocity Distribution Towards Flowmeter Accuracy: CFD, UDV, and Field Tests
Mariana Simão, Mohsen Besharat, Armando Carravetta and Helena M. Ramos, (2018) Flow Velocity Distribution Towards Flowmeter Accuracy: CFD, UDV, and Field Tests, Water 2018, 10, 1807; doi:10.3390/w10121807
Inconsistences regarding flow measurements in real hydraulic circuits have been detected. Intensive studies stated that these errors are mostly associated to flowmeters, and the low accuracy is connected to the perturbations induced by the system layout. In order to verify the source of this problem, and assess the hypotheses drawn by operator experts, a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model, COMSOL Multiphysics 4.3.b, was used. To validate the results provided by the numerical model, intensive experimental campaigns were developed using ultrasonic Doppler velocimetry (UDV) as calibration, and a pumping station was simulated using as boundary conditions the values measured in situ. After calibrated and validated, a new layout/geometry was proposed in order to mitigate the observed perturbations.
https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/10/12/1807
A Comparison of Energy Recovery by PATs against Direct Variable Speed Pumping in Water Distribution Networks
Maria Cristina Morani, Armando Carravetta, Giuseppe Del Giudice, Aonghus McNabola and Oreste Fecarotta; A Comparison of Energy Recovery by PATs against Direct Variable Speed Pumping in Water Distribution Networks; Fluids 2018, 3(2), 41; doi:10.3390/fluids3020041
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fluids3020041
Hydro-power energy recovery in pressurized irrigation networks
Garcia Morillo, J., McNabola, A., Camacho, E., Montesisnos, P., Rodriguez-Diaz, J.A., Hydro-power energy recovery in pressurized irrigation networks: A case study of an Irrigation District in the South of Spain., Agricultural Water Management, 204, 2018, p17 - 27
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2018.03.035
Electrical behaviour of the pump working as turbine in off grid operation
Capelo, B; Pérez-Sánchez, M; Fernandes, JFP; Ramos, H.M; López-Jiménez, P.A; Costa Branco, P.J. Electrical behaviour of the pump working as turbine in off grid operation, Applied Energy 2017, 208, 302-311
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.10.039.
CFD Analyses and Experiments in a PAT Modeling
Pérez-Sánchez, M.; Simão, M.; López-Jiménez, P.A.; Ramos, H.M. CFD Analyses and Experiments in a PAT Modeling: Pressure Variation and System Efficiency. Fluids 2017, 2, 51.
https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids2040051
Urban Floods Adaptation and Sustainable Drainage Measures
Ramos, H.M.; Pérez-Sánchez, M.; Franco, A.B.; López-Jiménez, P.A. Urban Floods Adaptation and Sustainable Drainage Measures. Fluids 2017, 2, 61.
Velocities in a Centrifugal PAT Operation: Experiments and CFD Analyses
Simão M, Pérez-Sánchez M, Carravetta A, López-Jiménez P, Ramos HM. Velocities in a Centrifugal PAT Operation: Experiments and CFD Analyses. Fluids. 2018; 3(1):3.


Don't miss this free annual event tomorrow night. Hosted by Banyule Council and led by HumaNature Connect – an organisation who focus on the benefits of nature on our health and well being. This networking event brings together local residents focusing on environmental action and sustainability. The event will include facilitated workshops as well as thoughtful and action-based discussion on some identified key themes of sustainability.
Over the coming months, The Power for Change network will continue to expose the secrets of the Big Polluters and empower thousands of customers and neighborhood groups to demand that clean energy outshines dirty politics.
The second round of Mapping the Groundswell workshops are coming up in the next couple of weeks. This is an innovate workshop where you can help locate, assess and strengthen Banyule's sustainability initiates. Come along and tell us about your sustainability project, build relationships and add your project to the map.
Thursday 27th April 11.00am – 2pm with a light lunch provided.
Tuesday 9th May 6.00pm – 9.00pm with a light dinner provided.
Free Event, gold coin donation appreciated towards cost of catering.
Learn about the recent national Climate Justice convergence near Canberra, #StopAdani campaign and an exciting range of climate actions we can join.
Hosted by Monty Community Group, Transition Banyule, Sustainable Macleod, Transition Warringal, Transition 3081 and Community Coalition for Caring for Our Common Home.
Transition Banyule invites you to attend a Mapping the Groundswell workshop in February 2017.At this innovative workshop (choose one of the two on offer, daytime or evening) you will help to locate, (self)assess & strengthen Banyule's sustainability initiatives.
A GROUNDSWELL of sustainable living is underway in Banyule; momentum for change is growing. These workshops will deepen & expand your understanding of sustainability & how to raise the bar; acknowledge work done, build relationships, make connections, enable resilience, catalyse new initiatives, nourish & feed you. Help us find the most glowing examples to be mapped into a gorgeous work of art making this phenomenon more visible, audible, tangible & irresistible.
Monday 6 Feb 11.00am – 2pm with a light lunch provided.
Wed 22 Feb 6.00pm – 9.00pm with a light dinner provided.
Maybe you know of a school, a workplace, a local business or a community group that is taking some initiative towards sustainability. If so, please let us know of the project and we can send a personalised invitation.
Transition Banyule was asked to give a talk to the 2016 Power to the People Conference, convened by the Municipal Association of Victoria (MAV) and the Bank of Ideas, on Thursday 15th September, about Transition Banyule and the Transition Streets program.
Barbara, Megan and Mary put their hands up to give the talk. They focused on how Transition is going proud and strong in Banyule through our 5 groups, and the success of the Transition Streets program in particular, which is now into its second year and growing fast.
It was an uplifting and engaging event, attended by people from all over Australia, all keen to take new ideas and learnings back to their Councils and communities.
that when they organise events we would love them to include concrete ways for people to get connected. This can be through facilitated discussion groups, sharing with those sitting around us in the audience, e-lists or sign-up sheets with local organisations.
And that to facilitate the growth and spread of Transition throughout Victoria and Australia, we ask that Transition and Councils co-create a National Transition Hub.
There was a really positive response to our talk, and the Hub idea was slated to be discussed further, so we will see what happens.
We put up a link to download the electronic version of the Transition Streets workbook, so here it is again on the Transition Newcastle website. Please select the national version of the workbook.
We were very honoured to have this opportunity to talk about Transition Banyule, Transition Streets, and our passion for making sustainable change to our world. We thank MAV for giving us this opportunity to share our knowledge and enthusiasm with so many people, from all around the country. We look forward to connecting with everyone over the coming months and years.
To start or join a group, or for more information, please fill out the form below, and we will get back to you shortly.


Our Hanover Kids Martial Arts program is blowing parents away. Many parents enroll their kids thinking martial arts is simply self-defense... and they're happily shocked to find that their kids are learning incredible life-skills, too.
Our Hanover program helps children develop confidence, respect, courage and discipline. Parents - and teachers - notice a big difference from the first week.
Our Hanover Adult Karate program is for men and women looking to add fun, fitness, excitement & inner-growth to their lives. Discover amazing techniques for self-defense. Get great workouts that work you form head to toe. Make friends. And have a ton of fun.
Hanover Kids Karate and Martial Arts Birthday Parties are a super-fun, structured, supervised event that your child - and all his friends - will remember. Kids get action-packed activities... learn real martial arts techniques... goof off with exciting games... and of course - eat great birthday party food!
Introducing our Hanover Summer Camp: The perfect blend of super-fun games, important life lessons, fitness, self-defense skills and more. Your child will not only have a blast... they'll also gain powerful skills and traits to help them get ahead in life. Call now to learn more. But hurry! We sell out fast! (Spots are limited).
Hanover is a borough in York County, Pennsylvania, 19 miles (31 km) southwest of York and 54 miles (87 km) north-northwest of Baltimore, Maryland. The town is situated in a productive agricultural region. The population was 15,289 at the 2010 census. Hanover is named after the German city of Hannover. Hanover was settled in about 1730 and incorporated in 1815.
Hanover, PA, with surrounding areas in McSherrystown, Littlestown, East Berlin, Gettsyburg, and New Oxford, is home to Championship Martial Arts, a Martial Arts facility that focuses on Kids Martial Arts and Adult Martial Arts programs.


text:
Schmittinger ist der Familienname folgender Personen:

 Gert Schmittinger (* 1933), deutscher Fußballspieler
 Klaus Schmittinger (* 1950), deutscher Tischtennisspieler und -trainer

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


G O O O A A L - Mirko Ivanic scores in the penalty shoot-out.
G O O O A A L - Milan Pavkov scores in the penalty shoot-out.
G O O O A A L - Nemanja Milunovic scores in the penalty shoot-out.
G O O O A A L - Stefan Dimic scores in the penalty shoot-out.
G O O O A A L - Dejan Joveljic scores in the penalty shoot-out.


37-4-341. Licensure of out-of-state volunteer dentists and dental hygienists without examination.
(c) is in good standing and does not have a disciplinary action pending in the other state.
(b) may serve only those persons served by the clinics listed in 37-4-103(6).
(3) An application for a restricted temporary license must be submitted on a form approved by the board.
(4) The board shall issue a restricted temporary license within 60 days of receipt of a completed application that demonstrates that the applicant meets the requirements of this section. A temporary restricted license may be renewed annually.
(5) A restricted temporary license is not intended as a means to allow an applicant to practice in this state before a permanent license is granted or as a means to obtain a permanent license when the applicant does not otherwise meet the requirements for permanent licensure.
(c) set fees for issuance of the license that must be commensurate with costs.
History: En. Sec. 1, Ch. 315, L. 2009.


text:
Nosema ceranae Fries, 1996 je po hmyzomorce včelí dalším objeveným druhem původce střevního onemocnění včel – nosemózy. Oba uvedené druhy parazitických hub jsou si velmi podobné jak stavbou těla tak i celkovou biologií.

Výskyt
Nový druh skupiny mikrosporidie objevil v r. 1996 švédský prof. Ingmar Fries v Číně. Druhové jméno bylo vytvořeno podle hostitele – včely východní (Apis cerana). Mělo se za to, že cizopasník postihuje pouze druh Apis cerana. V r. 2005 byl na Tchaj-wanu parazit objeven také v těle včely medonosné. Ve stejném roce ohlásil ve Španělsku nález na včele medonosné Dr. Mariano Higes. V roce 2006 byl výskyt Nosemy ceranae potvrzen ve Francii, Německu a Švýcarsku.

Biologie patogena
Studium druhu Nosema ceranae nebylo dosud ukončeno. Lze však již konstatovat, že biologie parazita se příliš neliší od životních projevů hmyzomorky včelí (Nosema apis). Nápadný rozdíl lze pozorovat v klinice choroby včel. U Nosema ceranae je průběh onemocnění mnohem rychlejší. Včely hynou po 8 dnech od nakažení. Choroba však není provázená průjmem, ani malátnými pohyby včel, jak je tomu u Nosema apis. Nakažené včely hynou většinou mimo úl. Včelstvo postupně slábne, až zůstané prázdný úl. Případná souvislost mezi nákazou Nosema ceranae a jevem CCD (Colony collaps disorder – symptom zhroucení včelstva) je předmětem výzkumu.

Odkazy

Literatura

Související články
 Včela medonosná
 Včela východní
 Mikrosporidie
 Nosemóza

Externí odkazy
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Bleach Watch Order: The Complete Guide Including Movies
Tite Kubo's Bleach is one of the "Big Three" anime and manga series, and one of the major works that contributed to the popularization of anime and manga around the world.
The story of high-schooler Ichigo Kurosaki who becomes a Substitute Shinigami (Soul Reaper) and then helps save both his world and the Soul Society with his allies and friends became enormously popular and spanned a 16-season (soon to be 17) anime series, four feature-length anime films, several video games, and other derivative material and merchandise.
In this article, we are going to give you a thorough insight into the Bleach anime series. You're going to get all the necessary information, as well as a complete guide to watching the whole series, including the four anime movies that have been aired.
Bleach Watch Order
Bleach Episodes 1-117
Bleach the Movie: Memories of Nobody (2016)
Bleach Episodes 118-125
Bleach the Movie 2: The DiamondDust Rebellion (2007)
Bleach the Movie 3: Fade to Black (2008)
Bleach the Movie 4: Hell Verse (2010)
Do You Need to Watch Bleach in Order?
Will There Be More Bleach Anime?
In this part, we will focus on the chronological Bleach watch order, providing you with some details on each of the works listed here.
Bleach starts of with the first 117 episodes of the anime series, which include the first five seasons of the anime and roughly half of season six. Most of the content here is canon, save for the whole fourth season ("The Bount"), which features an original story focused on Ishida and a group of entities called Bounts (they're similar to vampires).
This batch includes the whole Soul Society arc, where Ichigo becomes a Shinigami and then has to enter Soul Society to save Rukia, but also the beginning of the Arrancar saga, marked by Aizen's rebellion and the appearance of the Arrancar.
After returning from Soul Society and being in the human world, specifically, Karakura Town, Ichigo Kurosaki, and Rukia Kuchiki are attacked by a large number of unknown souls. While Ichigo and Rukia were surrounded by these spirits, a shinigami named Senna appears, a girl with purple hair and orange eyes, who easily destroys the spirits with her shikai.
As Senna denies answering any questions from Ichigo, the latter is forced to follow her. Meanwhile, in Soul Society a mysterious incident occurs: the stage of the human world will be projected in the sky of Soul Society. An official first-class readiness alert is sent to Gotei 13. Tōshirō Hitsugaya, captain of the 10th Division, and Rangiku Matsumoto, Lieutenant of the 10th Division, arrive in the human world to investigate the matter and meet Ichigo.
In the Urahara Shop, Kisuke Urahara explains to them that the dimension that unites Soul Society and the human world, known as the Valley of Screams, has expanded in such a way that it has connected the two worlds. Kisuke also explains that the souls that Ichigo had previously seen are called "Blanks", which are souls that have been lost between the path between the worlds and also their memory.
The Valley of Screams is the place where the Blanks live, but they alone cannot expand the dimension where they live. With the lost memory of the Blanks, a "Memory Rosary" can be created, an artifact still unknown. Nonetheless, Senna reveals to Ichigo that she herself is the rosary of memory. Right at that moment, a group called "Dark Ones" appears, who take Senna away after a futile effort by Ichigo and the Shinigami of the Soul Society to stop them.
RELATED: 15 Strongest Bankai In Bleach (Ranked)
Once inside the Valley of Screams, the Dark Ones tell that they were once shinigami but were exiled and had to live in the Valley of Screams. As Senna is composed of lost memories, which haunt the Blanks, the Dark Ones intend to cause a reaction that collapses Soul Society along with the Human World in order to take revenge for what they did to them.
Ichigo and Rukia enter the Valley of Nightmares through a portal that is inside a river. Once the portal to the human world is opened, the process that will destroy the two worlds will be completed in one hour. Rukia requests reinforcements from the Soul Society.
This small batch continues where we left off in season six of the anime, before it is, once again, interrupted by two movies. The movies don't really fit the chronology of the events, but they do fit the chronology of the development of Ichigo's powers, which is why we advise you to watch them after episode 125 (Fade to Black can be watched anytime after episode 125, but it's best to get it over with right away).
This batch continues the Shinigami's fight against the emerging Arrancar in Karakura Town and also introduced the Vizards.
After the theft of an object of immense power, the "king's seal" by mysterious individuals, Tōshirō Hitsugaya, who had been entrusted with the protection of the object together with his Division, who disappeared mysteriously, is considered an accomplice of the thief and traitor by Shigekuni Genryūsai Yamamoto.
After losing consciousness, Captain Hitsugaya awakens in the room of Ichigo Kurosaki, who in the meantime has learned of his alleged "betrayal" from Soifon. At the same time, in the Soul Society, the lieutenant of the Tenth Division, Rangiku Matsumoto, is under house arrest, while the entire Division is in danger of being dissolved. Rukia Kuchiki, Renji Abarai, and Shunsui Kyoraku come to his aid and decide to investigate what happened.
In the earthly world, Hitsugaya disappears again after colliding with two of the three mysterious thieves and involving Ichigo Kurosaki in the fight. In the Soul Society, it turns out, thanks to the research of Captain Kyoraku and his lieutenant Nanao Ise, that the leader of the thieves is actually Sojiro Kusaka, an old friend of Hitsugaya, who never left the Shinigami academy.
RELATED: 15 Strongest Bleach Characters Ranked
Kusaka steps forward, first ambushing Captain Kyoraku, then sending his two subordinates to fight on earth against Ichigo and Rukia, who turns out to be Arrancar. Tōshirō Hitsugaya attacked and wounded by lieutenants Izuru Kira and Shuhei Hisagi, manages to find his old friend Kusaka, who offers him to ally with him and destroy the Soul Society.
Ichigo and Rukia, supported in the clash with the two Arrancars by Uryū Ishida, Yasutora Sado, and Orihime Inoue, manage to defeat them easily and reach the Soul Society.
Kusaka and Hitsugaya, in the place where the Sokyoku used to stand, are joined and surrounded by countless Shinigami, including captains and lieutenants. The imminent battle is stopped in time by the arrival of Ichigo, who reveals Hitsugaya's plan, which is to solve an ancient account with a companion of his, not in the role of captain of Gotei 13.
In the laboratory of the 12th Division, Mayuri Kurotsuchi is attacked by a mysterious individual armed with a scythe, and a mysterious object is stolen.
After being hit, the captain loses his memory and the whole Soul Society is attacked by a strange liquid substance. Rukia Kuchiki watches helplessly at the scene and soon after she is joined by a girl, who tells her that everyone will forget about her existence.
That said, the Shinigami is also mowed. All the Shinigami thus forget about her existence. Ichigo Kurosaki, in the mundane world, feels that Rukia is in trouble.
After visiting Kisuke Urahara, who doesn't seem to remember Rukia, he heads to the Soul Society with Kon. Here Ichigo realizes that not only Rukia has been forgotten, but he too does not seem to be remembered by anyone Shinigami anymore.
Ichigo, after quick clashes with Shuhei Hisagi, Renji Abarai, and Sajin Komamura, goes to the home of Byakuya Kuchiki. Here he sees the Captain in front of a photo of Hisana, her deceased wife, and her little lion mistakenly mistakes her for Rukia.
Byakuya is surprised that Ichigo knows his wife's name and asks him how he knows. He no longer remembers either Rukia or Ichigo anymore, but he gives the boy an important clue: he claims that Hisana grew up in Rukongai district 78, "Inuzuri".
In this place Rukia awakens, no longer remembering anything about her past from Shinigami. Her two kidnappers treat her lovingly and it turns out that in the past Rukia had found her two, still children, and raised them as her own children. The two, who are brothers, are now waiting to receive the names that Rukia promised to give them.
After a thousand searches, Ichigo manages to find Rukia on the mountain where the graves of his old friends are located. Rukia, however, seems to have completely forgotten about her old best friend.
This is the largest chunk of episodes you'll watch without any interruptions (save for the filler seasons that aired in this period). This batch actually continues the Arrancar saga, with two filler seasons, the shorter "The New Captain Shūsuke Amagai" arc, and the longer "Zanpakutō: The Alternate Tale" arc, which interrupted the Soul Society's fight against Aizen and the Arrancars.
RELATED: Bleach: Filler List – The Complete
The canon content in this batch is the best from the whole series, including the remaining episodes from the Arrancar saga you'll watch in the next batch. There are some individual filler episodes scattered throughout the seasons, but there are not many of them.
As far as the filler seasons are concerned, "The New Captain Shūsuke Amagai" references events from the canon storyline, while the "Zanpakutō: The Alternate Tale" arc is completely unrelated (we're not even sure when it's supposed to take place, even roughly).
The film opens with the confrontation between Ichigo Kurosaki, transformed into Hollow, and Ulquiorra Schiffer who is observed in a flame by a soul residing in Hell. Ichigo, after fixing some thugs for dropping flowers aimed at a dead child, is joined by Rukia and Renji to warn him that they are investigating something in Karakura, but they do not want to involve him by order of Byakuya Kuchiki.
Arriving at the school together with Orihime Inoue and Chad, right in front of them some scaffolding seems to give way and are about to fall on a student, but Chad stands in the way and thanks to her strength he manages to save her. Convinced that it was not a simple accident, Ichigo returns with Orihime, Chad, and Uryū Ishida to examine the place.
At that moment another incident occurs inside the school in which Tastuki, Keigo, and Mizuiro are involved, and they discover the architects: they are three beings wrapped in black cloaks, with white limbs and with a mask, who claim to be needing Ichigo's help for a particular reason.
Meanwhile, Renji arrives, who reveals to Ichigo that Rukia has headed to her house because he has perceived a reiatsu similar to that of strangers and takes her place, allowing him to go and help her friend and the two little sisters.
In the fight, one of Ishida's arrows manages to destroy the mask of one of the attackers and just at that moment, the Gates of Hell appears from which a large blade comes out and pierces the man.
Due to the situation, his comrades withdraw. Meanwhile, at the Kurosaki Clinic, Ichigo arrives just in time to help Rukia in her fight and, horrified, sees that one of the two individuals is holding Karin and Yuzu captive.
RELATED: Bleach Characters: 10 Main Characters (Ranked)
Just as he is about to return to Hell via a portal, the individual is shot in the back by a man who manages to save Karin, but sadly fails to do the same with Yuzu, who is kidnapped and taken to Hell, while Chad, who arrived along with Renji and Ishida, is wounded to protect Rukia. The leader of the individuals, Shuren, reveals to Ichigo that they need his power over him and that they will only return his sister if she helps them.
Inside the clinic, the man who helped them reveals himself as Kokuto, an Infernal Sinner, or a soul who has been sent to Hell, the place where those who, during their life, have committed atrocious acts are sent to be sent to the Soul Society, and who are continually tortured for their sins. Kokuto offers to help them recover Yuzu, despite her being a sinner, even though he warns them that she is not acting out of good intentions; however Rukia and Renji remain suspicious of him.
The last batch is also the last (so far). It brings us to the conclusion of the Arrancar saga, which was a very emotional moment, a filler season ("Gotei 13 Invading Army"), and the Fullbringer arc, which deepens the mythology and sees Ichigo regain his Shinigami powers after he had lost them during his fight with Aizen.
The filler season is a direct continuation of the canon series, so even though it's filler, it continues the events of the anime and leads into the Fullbringer arc. There is also a small number of individual filler episodes here.
As far as the core anime series is concerned, you definitely need to watch it in order, as the series is set out chronologically.
As far as the filler seasons and the non-canon movies are concerned, you need not watch them in order as they're not really connected to the main plot in any way (save for the "Gotei 13 Invading Army" anime arc, which is directly connected to the end of the Arrancar Saga, and the "The New Captain Shūsuke Amagai" arc, which references events from the main plot, but are nonetheless filler).
But, if you want to completely enjoy it, you should follow our guide as it is the best way to watch the whole series.
When Bleach ended in 2014, there was still a whole manga arc left to adapt; incidentally, it was the manga's largest arc in total. Fans were shocked to hear that Bleach had been canceled and that the Quincy Blood War arc would not be adapted, especially since it was a truly great and shocking story.
But, as we found out during 2020 and 2021, Bleach is going to return in 2022 with the Thousand-Year Blood War arc which is going to adapt the manga's final arc. So, we definitely are going to see more of the Bleach anime in the future.
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NYU Langone doctors are experts at diagnosing salivary gland cancer, a form of head and neck cancer. The salivary glands produce saliva, which helps break down food in the mouth for swallowing and digestion. Tumors can develop in these glands, and some may be cancerous.
There are three main pairs of salivary glands. The largest are the parotid glands, which are located on the sides of the face in front of the ears. Parotid gland cancer is the most common type of salivary gland cancer. Cancer can also develop in the two submandibular salivary glands, which are located in the upper neck below the jaw, and in the pair of sublingual glands, found under the floor of the mouth, beneath the tongue.
In addition to these main pairs of glands, hundreds of microscopic salivary glands are located throughout the mouth and throat. These are called minor salivary glands.
Some salivary gland cancers can spread into the nerves in the head and neck. They can also spread to area lymph nodes, small, bean-shaped organs that make and store lymphocytes, white blood cells that help fight infection. Lymphocytes travel throughout the body via a network of organs and vessels, called the lymphatic system. Salivary gland cancer can spread to the lymph nodes through this system.
Other salivary gland cancers are indolent, meaning they grow slowly and are not life-threatening.
Symptoms of salivary gland cancer can include a lump near the jaw, in the mouth, or in the neck. People with salivary gland cancer may also experience weakness or numbness on one side of the face, swelling or pain in the salivary glands, and difficulty swallowing.
Although the causes of salivary gland cancer are unknown, older age and radiation exposure to the head and neck may increase a person's risk of developing this type of cancer. It is also more likely to develop in men than in women.
To help diagnose salivary gland cancer, doctors ask about your symptoms and perform a physical exam of the head and neck. During the exam, they feel for abnormal masses in front of the ears, in the mouth, and in the upper neck.
If a doctor detects a mass, he or she uses sophisticated diagnostic tests to determine if salivary gland cancer is present and whether it is aggressive or indolent.
Fine Needle Aspiration
Doctors may perform a fine needle aspiration in the office if they identify a suspicious salivary gland mass. A lymph node that has become swollen because the cancer has spread may also result in a neck mass.
Using a thin needle, doctors remove a small sample of cells from the mass. They may apply a topical anesthetic before the procedure to minimize any discomfort.
A pathologist examines these cells under a microscope. He or she determines whether the cells are cancerous and the type of tumor.
Incisional Biopsy
An incisional biopsy may be used to remove salivary gland masses that may grow in the small glands of the lips and in the soft palate, which is the fleshy part of the roof of the mouth. These masses are rare. In this procedure, the doctor uses small surgical tools to remove a tissue sample, which is then examined under a microscope.
You are given local anesthesia prior to the procedure.
After salivary gland cancer is diagnosed, doctors may perform an MRI scan to help determine whether the cancer has spread to the nerves in the head and neck or to the soft tissue of the throat.
Your doctor may inject a special dye into a vein in your arm to enhance the MRI images.
CT Scans
A CT scan uses X-rays and a computer to create two- or three-dimensional, cross-sectional images of the head and neck. It can help doctors determine whether the cancer has spread to nearby bones, such as the jawbone.
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In 1856, Andrew Waugh, surveyor general of India, released the most important finding of the 'Great Arc' of mountains from the south of India to the Himalayas: Peak XV was the highest mountain in the world and would henceforth be known as 'Mount Everest', in honour of Waugh's predecessor, Sir George Everest. Waugh's proposal met with much initial opposition, including from Everest himself who thought a local name should be used. In response Waugh claimed that there was no 'local name that we can discover'. But this was always certainly untrue, even if Waugh himself didn't know it. Very likely there were many scholars who knew the Tibitan name for the mountain: Qomolangma, which can be interpreted as 'Goddess Mother of the Universe' or (more literally, if less poetically) 'Princess Cow'.
As early as 1733, the French produced a map on which Everest is indicated as Tschoumou Lancma. In addition, on the very day Waugh's paper on Everest was presented to the Royal Geographic Society, another was read that revealed the local Nepali name to be Deodhunga. Still, the Everest contingent gained the upper hand (even the writer of the Nepali paper wanted the great man's name used) and in 1865 the Royal Geographic Society declared 'Mt Everest' would henceforth designate the world's highest mountain. Of course, this has had little effect on what Tibetans and Chinese call the mountain.
:: Klik hier om onze route te bekijken.
:: Onze reis door China, Tibet en Nepal bestond uit vele hoogtepunten. Lees meer over het Jiuzhaigou National Park, het Yamdrok Tso meer, de Qingzang Railway en de Mount Everest.
:: Klik hier voor diverse feitjes voor China, Tibet en Nepal.


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Federer to retire after Laver Cup in September
Roger Federer, the famous and talented 41-year-old Swiss player hasn't competed in a match since last year's Wimbledon despite having 20 Grand Slam titles and being widely considered as the greatest racket player history.
Roger Federer Retirement:
Federer wrote in an Instagram post, as many of you know, the previous three years have provided me tremendous hurdles in the shape of injuries and operations.
I've put a lot of effort into getting back to my best for competition. The message my body has been sending me lately is clear, but I am also aware of its potential and limitations. I'm a 41-year-old man.
Following his victory at Wimbledon in 2003, when he won his first Grand Slam championship, Federer went on to dominate men's tennis. However, in recent years, Federer has struggled with ailments.
He lost in the quarterfinals of the 2021 Wimbledon to Hubert Hurkacz of Poland after having three leg surgeries in the previous two years.
Rafa Nadal and Roger Federer will play matches at the Laver Cup in London, and Federer had previously stated that he intended to rejoin the tour at that time. Additionally, he had intended to participate in the indoor Swiss event in Basel.
Tennis enthusiasts fear that the sport is beginning to see the end of its golden period as a result of Serena Williams' impending retirement following her heartbreaking U.S. Open exit earlier this month and Federer's declaration.
After winning his first Grand Slam championship at Wimbledon in 2003 and developing exciting confrontations with Rafa Nadal and Novak Djokovic, Federer dominated men's tennis for several years. However, in recent years,
Federer has struggled with injuries. His last tournament game was a quarterfinal loss to Hubert Hurkacz of Poland at the 2021 Wimbledon.
Grassroots champion Nadal, who has won 22 titles, posted on Twitter. It has been a pleasure, as well as an honor and a privilege, to spend these seasons with you, experiencing so many incredible moments both on and off the court.
We will have a lot more times to spend each other in the future because there are still a number of activities to do. I sincerely hope you enjoy the time you have left with your wife, Mirka, your children, and your family. Let's meet up in London.
When Roger Federer revealed on Thursday that he will stop playing competitive tennis after next week's Laver Cup in London, he confirmed what tennis fans all over the world had long feared.
The 41-year-old Swiss, who owns 20 Grand Slam titles and is widely regarded as the greatest player to ever pick up a racket, hasn't competed since Wimbledon of last year.
Federer wrote in an Instagram post in which he told everyone regarding his retirement. However, people were extremely sad and also shocked. But what to say?
The show must go on! One has to retire someday right? So he encouraged them to be excited for the next coming years and enjoy the last game!
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