Eric Leskowitz, MD is a board certified psychiatrist with the Pain Management Program at Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital in Boston. He has an appointment with the Department of Psychiatry of Harvard Medical School, directs the hospital's Integrative Medicine Task Force, and has organized several conferences on the topic of Complementary and Alternative Medicine in Rehabilitation. He edited a recent text of the same name (Churchill Livingstone, 2003), and has written and lectured widely on the field of energy medicine.
"Despite spending 6 months traveling overland in India before going to medical school, I did not begin to learn about Eastern philosophy until I returned stateside, and was initiated in Transcendental Meditation in 1975. That was the thin end of the wedge, leading to study of kundalini yoga, hypnosis, and eventually energy healing with Rosalyn Bruyere for many years. I have found the model of subtle energy and energy anatomy to be most helpful in understanding spiritual phenomena, as the final common denominator of many alternative therapies and energetic processes. I enjoy finding ways to talk about esoteric processes in down-to-earth language, and believe that science and spirit are parts of a unified multidimensional whole."
Dr. Leskowitz has worked for the past 15 years with chronic pain patients, and has found it a fertile ground for exploring the uses of holistic medicine. Conventional medicine - medications, nerve blocks, surgery - has, by definition failed these patients, and so there is a great openness to new approaches.
At Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital we have developed a multidimensional approach, addressing body, mind and spirit. In particular, we utilize so-called "energy medicine": acupuncture, Reiki and other forms of hands-on energy work, craniosacral therapy, energy meditations, and meridian-based psychotherapy. These approaches have been very effective not only in explaining the origins of some unusual pain syndromes like RSD and phantom limb pain, but also in leading to exciting new clinical advances.
Dr. Leskowitz has lectured extensively on both the clinical and the theoretical aspects of energy medicine and chronic pain. His particular interest is in the subtle energy structures that underly these approaches  the energy field ("aura"), the energy centers ("chakras") and the energy pathways ("meridians") that comprise man's subtle anatomy. He is also interested in the way in which the dynamics of energy flow can cause either health or illness  this is what he calls "energy physiology". The combination of subtle anatomy and energy physiology comprises Energy Medicine 101.


12 Must Things to know before planning Sri Lanka Holidays! I love tripping!
The tear shaped tiny island of Sri Lanka has everything one needs for a travel itinerary. From dazzling beaches to tropical rain forests, elephant sanctuaries to wildlife parks, Buddhist caves to world heritage sites and tea plantations to mountain trekking; Sri Lanka offers abundant options to travelers. Here are 12 Must Things to know before planning Sri Lanka Holidays!
Though Sri Lanka offers year round traveling opportunities, the tiny island has quite a seasonal variation with two prominent monsoon seasons a year. The South West Yala monsoon hits the island between April to August whereas the North East Maha monsoon falls between November to March. The month of April is the wettest month for the Southern beaches whereas November is the worst month across the island. So the best time to plan Sri Lanka Holidays is from December to March for the entire country except the the east coast where April to July are the best months to travel. Being close to the Equator, the climate is generally warm and humid. Plan your beach holidays after checking the weather forecast or check the weather and then select the beach!
Traveling to Sri Lanka is quite easy with Sri Lanka's relaxed visa rules and smooth e-visa process. It is even possible to make a vacation plan on a short notice. Visit ETA Sri Lanka site and apply for visa online. The ETA (Electronic Travel Authorization) is sent to your email address after completing the form. Our ETA was approved within 24 hours. Carry a copy of the ETA with all the other required documents to show at the time of the arrival in the country. For detailed information and application, refer to Sri Lankan Government's ETA website.
3 Big question – Which beach to go to!
Sri Lanka is home to some of the best beaches in the world. The 'year round sunshine' lures travelers from across the world to its pristine shores. The developed West Coast is lined with string of beaches and serves all kinds of travelers. Charming Southern coastline boasts some of the most gorgeous beaches. Besides the swim and surf, you can go spotting Stilt Fishermen in Koggala or go whale watching in Mirissa during Sri Lanka Holidays. After a long drawn civil war and tsunami devastation, East Coast now has opened up luring travelers to its untouched beauty. Whether it is surfing on your mind or a romantic vacation, explore the coastline depending on your mood! Mega beach resorts, boutique hotels or guest houses; there are beaches for every budget. You are bound to spoilt for choices as far as beach activities are concerned, be it sunbathing, swimming, surfing, whale watching, lazing or partying. Unawatuna, Mirissa, Nilaveli and Arugam Bay Beach are some of the most stunning beaches. Read more about Sri Lanka's 10 best beaches.
Sri Lanka has beaches all around its coastline and all of them are fantastic. Besides the beaches, Sigiriya, Kandy and Dambulla are absolute 'Must Visit' places whether you are on a short or a long vacation. Most travelers stay close to the airport upon arrival and leave for Sigiriya the next morning. That way you save time getting in and out of the capital and cover one additional destination. The ideal travel itinerary would be to start from Colombo and move to Sigiriya, Dambulla and Kandy before heading to a beach. Sri Lanka Holidays can be also a cultural triangle tour. You can end your travel at one of the beaches on the Southern coastline. Colombo can be skipped if short on time, but If you are taking a train to move around internally,you will get an opportunity to take a peek into the Dutch influences in the capital as the train station is located in the heart of the city.
Intercity transportation within the country is patchy and time consuming, especially in the countryside. The rail and road connections are tricky, it may require frequent change transportation to get to a destination like Kandy or Dambulla. Unless you are an absolute budget traveler, hiring a taxi with a driver for few days is the best way to ensure ease during Sri Lanka Holidays. Hiring taxi is fairly cheap and If you are short on time, it will help you save time on travel. Taxis can be hired at the airport after arrival in Colombo. They offer drivers who speak good English. Renting a car could be tricky as the narrow roads are congested and takes longer than what it would show on GPS. You will be better equipped to negotiate with an advance research and quotes from few taxi operators before landing. We paid 24K LKR (150 USD) for a taxi for 3 days. The taxi took us from Colombo to Sigiriya, Kandy, Dambulla, finally dropping us at Unawatuna in the South on the 4th day. Once in Unawatuna, we rented a motorbike to hop on to various beaches in the South and Galle in the West. Road tripping across narrow roads in tropical countryside is a great way to see the inland and the lifestyle of locals. It was a visual delight to watch local markets where fishermen were selling fresh catch of the day.
The ancient kingdom of Anuradhapura in the North, medieval town of Kandy in the South and Polonnaruwa to the east create a cultural triangle in Sri Lanka's central highlands. Known as Rajarata, or "The King's Land", the cultural triangle is where the golden age of Sinhalese civilization flourished. Visiting these towns and the hills dotted with monasteries, palaces, stupas and monumental dagobas is a great way to explore the ancient history of Sri Lanka. Sigiriya, Dambulla and Mihintale are part of the cultural triangle tour and can be accommodated for an extended Sri Lanka Holidays. The area has world's most extraordinary collections of Buddhist art and architecture. You need 3-4 days to cover the triangle, again hiring the taxi is the best way to hop from one place to the other.
Sigiriya- The kingdom on top of the rock is the top most attraction of Sri Lanka Holidays. Despite of exorbitant entrance fees of 30 USD, it should not to be missed. Located at a height of 200 meters on top of a massive rock, the rock citadel housed the kingdom of King Kasyapa 1600 years ago. We were debating between climbing Sigiriya or go for Adam's Peak hike and i am glad we chose to visit Sigiriya. If you have short time, consider skipping Adam's peak but not Sigiriya. Adam's peak offers a great hike and witnessing the sunrise from the top is breathtaking. But Sigiriya with its history, frescos, graffitis and spectacular views of the surrounding plains from the top makes it extraordinary. The highlands around Sigiriya offer short hikes whereas the quaint countryside trails are ideal for cycling around the area.
Rock Temple in Dambulla in Central Sri Lanka has been a place of worship for more than 2000 years. The Royal Rock Temple housing caves sits on top of a rock 160 meters above the ground, right on the noisy main road connecting the major cities of Colombo and Kandy. It is the largest and best preserved cave temple in Sri Lanka. The unassuming entrance to the caves reveals the treasure it has been housing for centuries. The statues of Buddhas in various mudras and positions and wall paintings are awe inspiring and spell binding. No matter how many pictures of Dambulla caves I had seen before, the first impression left me speechless! Dambulla Caves was the best part of our Sri Lanka Holidays. Read more about Dambulla Caves- Buddhist Treasures from 1st century AD.
Riding on a motorbike along the southern coast of Sri Lanka through the towns of Koggala, Weligama and Ahangama is delightful. There is hardly any traffic on the road and serene coastal drive at dusk is liberating with the sound of crashing of waves against a perfect back drop of the setting sun! On these quiet beaches you can spot iconic stilt fishermen. They represent the touristic image of Sri Lanka Holidays, with men sitting on stilts with sticks, gazing into the water below. They go fishing usually early in the morning before sunrise or just around the sunset. The unobtrusive method is useful to catch small fish which venture close to shores, for daily consumption. Now a days most of these fishermen are not fishing but actually posing for photo ops for enthusiastic travelers. Well the photos make it worth exploring the coastline!
The Pearl of the Indian Ocean is a melting pot of cultures when it comes to the food. The delectable cuisine which derives influences from the East and the West has a strong resemblance to South Indian dishes. Start your day with sumptuous breakfast of String Hoppers with chicken curry and you will not need another meal till dinner. The staple dishes of Fish Ambul Thiyal (rice and curry with the seafood) and Kottu (fried & shredded roti mixed with scrambled eggs, meat and spices) are simply delicious. Explore the abundance of seafood at beach front restaurants, it is generally cheap and prepared with spicy, tangy flavours. Succulent Lobsters and jumbo prawns with traditional accompaniments will leave you on cloud nine. Enjoy the irresistible flavors with overload of bananas, coconut and jackfruits. The finger licking food was the highlight of our Sri Lanka Holidays.
Despite its small size Sri Lanka boasts of one of the highest concentration of wildlife, be it birds, elephants, wild animals, marine life or butterflies. The thick rainforests in the middle of an island hosts Uda Walawe National Park which is home to exotic species of birds. The Yala West National Park in the South East is well known for harbouring leopards. The Sinharaja Rainforest Reserve in the South West is considered to have the densest vegetation in the world. The dirt trails inside the forest are perfect for long nature walks. The Pinnawela Elephant Orphanage is a great place to hang out with elephants. The natural reserve created to care and protect abandoned elephants. Get get up close to the elephants, interact with them, feed them or just enjoy watching them have fun in the river. The wildlife experience should be a MUST during an extended Sri Lanka Holidays.
LKR or Srilankan Rupee is the official currency of Sri Lanka. All the enterprises (hotels, tour operators, restaurants, ATM, banks) exchange at the official rate, so you do not need to carry wads of local cash. You can keep exchanging dollars or euros as and when needed. Most of the hotels accept payments in dollars with the official exchange rate. Overall Sri Lanka offers a reasonable travel where an average meal costs 10-15 USD. A sumptuous meal of seafood for two at the beach front will cost @40 USD. Beach front accommodations with white sandy beaches and blue waters are available at fraction of the cost. So take advantage of the foreign exchange rates and enjoy the sunshine during Sri Lanka Holidays.


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Q: Guidance on how to make a theming mechanism that effects all components in Angular? Question:
I need guidance on how to write a mechanism in Angular to set the "Look and Feel" of components globally in my application. Please note, I'm trying to learn @ngrx/platform and I thought this would be an interesting design constraint; however, I'm willing to let it go if it just doesn't make sense.
Breakdown:
I have an application in progress with many components.  Each component in my application has currently 3 possible "look and feels(L&F)":

*

*Morning (sepia)

*Afternoon (white)

*Evening (dark)

Please note there could be a spectrum of colors based on more granular time.
These L&Fs are set by the time of day of the current user e.g if user current time is 7 AM, the calculated L&F would be set to "Morning".  I'm tracking this state inside ngrx/store of an angular module called SundialModule and gnomon is the mechanism of reducers and actions for getting or setting state:
sundial/reducers/gnomon.ts:
import * as gnomon from '../actions';

export interface State {
  currentHour: number,
}

const initialState: State = {
  currentHour: new Date().getHours()
};

export function reducer(state = initialState,
                        action: gnomon.Actions) {
  console.log(action, 'action');
    switch(action.type) {
      case gnomon.MORNING:
        return  {
          ...state,
          currentHour: 6,
        };
      case gnomon.AFTERNOON:
        return  {
          ...state,
          currentHour: 12,
        };
      case gnomon.EVENING:
        return  {
          ...state,
          currentHour: 7,
        };
      default:
        return state;
    }
}

Now I have an Angular Attribute directive called [sundialTheme] that will set a HostBinding('class') theme = 'light' on the element it's placed upon.
sundial/directives/theme.ts
@Directive({
  selector: '[sundialTheme]'
})
export class SundialThemeDirective implements OnInit {
  @HostBinding('class') theme = 'light';

  private gnomon: Observable<any>;

  constructor(private store: Store<fromGnomon.State>) {
    this.gnomon = store.select<any>('gnomon');
  }

  ngOnInit() {
    this.gnomon.subscribe((theme) => {
      if(theme.currentHour >= 7 && theme.currentHour <= 11){
        this.theme = 'sepia';
      } else if( theme.currentHour >= 12 && theme.currentHour <= 18) {
        this.theme = 'light'
      } else {
        this.theme = 'dark'
      }
    });
  }
}

The problem: Every component in my application will need to have this attribute of sundialTheme; moreover, every component will have a subscription to the this.gnomon = store.select<any>('gnomon');, which feels expensive/heavyhanded. Lastly, and as an aside gripe, is that, every component will need to have my sundialModule injected at every feature module, and every component will need the set of themes for each Time of day:
An example of this, every template's component.
note: sundialTheme attribute directive:
<mh-pagination sundialTheme></mh-pagination>
<canvas glBootstrap class="full-bleed" sundialTheme></canvas>
<running-head [state]="(state$ | async)" sundialTheme></running-head>
<menu-navigation sundialTheme></menu-navigation>
<folio sundialTheme></folio>
<mh-footer sundialTheme></mh-footer>

Every Feature Module with a SundialModule dependency:
@NgModule({
  imports: [
    SundialModule
  ],
})
export class MenuModule {
}

Every component styleUrls with sundial-links:
note the ugly sundial-morning.scss
@Component({
  selector: 'running-head',
  templateUrl: 'running-head.component.html',
  styleUrls: [
    'running-head.component.scss',
    '../../../components/sundial/sundial-morning.scss', // This !
  ],
  changeDetection: ChangeDetectionStrategy.OnPush,
})
export class RunningHeadComponent {
}

Finally I've had other ways offered to me:
1) Since I'm using Angular CLI, I could add my styles globally and have a directive set a class on the body.  Which seems to break any kind of web component standards.
2) I could use a factory loader in each components styleUrls:[]; which I havent gotten clarity on how to implement.
3) I could follow material design components architecture which adds the themes directly into the components which doesn't feel very dry? (however, I havent researched too deeply into)
4) I could make a custom decorator for each component (could be viable but I'm nto sure how to implement)
Any other suggestions? Any best practices with reasoning?

A: @HostBinding('class') theme = 'light'

should better be
@HostBinding('class.light') isLight = theme === 'light';

to not overwriting all other classes on this element.
You can set the class only in AppComponent and use in component styles
:host-context(.light) {
  // my light component styles here
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Investment real estate is one of the best ways an individual can amass wealth. Anyone can get started, it doesn't require special schooling or an inherent talent. Great investors know the tools and tricks to save money when buying investment properties. Don't just buy any property. Utilize our tips to save money when buying an investment property in Charleston .
You don't want to spend too much for the purchase of your investment property in Charleston . One rule often abided by is the 70% rule. This rule states that you should never pay more than the properties after repair value. If you are paying more than that, you should consider moving on to the next opportunity. Another rule often used by investors is the 1% rule which states that you should be able to charge at least 1% of the home's value in rent each month. If you aren't able to get that amount, the property may not be as great of a value as you had hoped.


Mount Wilson is a Colorado 14er and the highest in the San Miguel Mountains, a subrange of the San Juan Mountains.
One of the most difficult 14ers to climb; the easiest route is a Class 3 scramble on loose rock. The final, airy moves to the summit give many pause.
Its neighbors are 14ers Wilson Peak and sentimental favorite El Diente.
The mile-long ridge traverse between Mount Wilson and El Diente is one of the 4 great Colorado 14er traverses.


China continued its recent courtship of Mozambique, including its offers of financial support, as part of an effort to build closer relationships with the country. During the sixth meeting of the China-Mozambique Joint Economic and Trade Commission on June 11, China's Ministry of Commerce signed anagreement to donate $100 million, which will be used to support progress at Chinese projects, such as the Xai-Xai airport in Gaza province, Gorongosa College of Engineering in Sofala province, the Zimpeto National Stadium in Maputo, and an agricultural training program. This comes after a number of other acts of financial support to embattled Mozambique, which, together with the three-day visit of Li Zhanshu, Chairman of the National People's Congress and a close aide to Xi Jinping, highlight the new importance given to Mozambique—and its newfound energy wealth—by Beijing officials.
"We're concerned that the consequences of entering into some of these financing arrangements will be detrimental to [small Pacific nations'] long-term sovereignty."
"We are a small country and whether we object to it or not, China will go ahead with the Belt and Road plan. But what we have to make sure is that it is not exclusive [to China] and that other people can use in the same manner. It is a big country and we have to deal with them whether we like it or not."
"It is important that this is a European project, but by stating that, we are not ruling out Chinese money."
"Foreign investment should constitute 20% of the economy but we see the Chinese controlling our economy. If we have not yet realised it, we are being colonised. We may only realise that when it may be too late."
"I am not concerned much about the burden of debt or the construction of the [Kunming-Vientiane] high-speed railway. I can see that provisions in the construction agreement are favorable."
June 13: Bank of China issued a $3.2 billion Belt and Road bond through itsSingapore, Luxembourg, Australian, and New Zealand branches. Proceeds will go towards financing Belt and Road projects. The first Belt and Road bond issuance, by Hongshi Holding Group, took place this past January. Hongshi stated that the proceeds would be used to purchase equipment for its cement plant in Laos. Observers have noted that the new Belt and Road bond category under the China Securities Regulatory Commission doesn't appear to bring issuers pricing benefits or other incentives.
June 8: The groundbreaking ceremony for the Philippines' Chico River Pump Irrigation Project took place in Kalinga province. This is the first project to befinanced by China under the Philippines's "Build, Build, Build" initiative, using $62.08 million in preferential buyer's credit loans. China CAMC Engineering was awarded the project contract in March, valued at $73.04 million. The project entails constructing new substations and supporting transmission lines, tunnels, channels, and other facilities to provide irrigation for farmland.June 19: The 2018 Laos' National Economic Development Planning and Strategy Training Workshop began in Vientiane, with support from the Laos-China Cooperation Commission and the Academy of International Business Officials under China's Ministry of Commerce. Representatives from economic planning departments across Laos will participate in a 21-day training program with Chinese instructors.
June 6: Sri Lanka's cabinet approved a proposal by urban planning consultancy Surbana Jurong, owned by Singapore-based Temasek Holdings, for the Chinese investment zone in Hambantota and the adjoining district of Monaragala. Surbana Jurong was appointed by Hambantota port developer China Harbour Engineering Company. The zone has been proposed as a simultaneous urban development, including social infrastructure such as schools and housing.June 10: China Merchants Port Holdings Company (CMPort) has withheld its third and final payment to the Sri Lanka Ports Authority (SLPA) for the Hambantota Port public-private partnership in the amount of $585 million over a dispute involving land use. CMPort seeks to develop an artificial entertainment zone, while SLPA has publicly stated that the reclaimed land will not be used for entertainment or tourism purposes—only for "marine and port-related activities."June 13: China International Contractors Association and the Chamber of Construction Industry of Sri Lanka signed an MoU to pursue projects under the the framework of the Belt and Road Initiative. The agreement was signed on the sidelines of the International Infrastructure Investment and Construction Forum in Macau. Member firms from both organizations willcooperate to establish partnerships, facilitate investments, and develop construction projects in China and Sri Lanka.
June 6: Beijing Tai Cloud Technology partnered with Dubai's Duwaya Investment Group to launch operations in the UAE. Tai Cloud established the Tai Cloud Dubai Branch and China Blockchain Application Research Centre (Dubai), along with blockchain technology programs, in support of Dubai's Smart City initiative.June 12: China's Weiyuan Minerals and military-owned Egyptian Black Sand Company signed an agreement to establish a joint Chinese-Egyptian company to extract minerals from Egypt's black sand deposits in the Nile Delta, primarily between Alexandria and Rosetta. Egyptian Black Sand Company is majority owned by the Egyptian Armed Forces. Minority shareholders include Kafr El Sheikh Governorate, Egypt's National Investment Bank, Nuclear Materials Authority, and the Egyptian Company for Mineral Resources.June 13: Cainiao Smart Logistics Network, the logistics arm of China's Alibaba Group, signed an MoU with SkyCargo, the air freight arm of UAE flagship carrier Emirate Airline, to jointly facilitate international parcel delivery. Cainiao and SkyCargo will work together to manage e-commerce shipments in the Middle East via Dubai and enhance customer experience as Cainiao develops new global hubs in six cities including Dubai.
June 5: During the sixth meeting of the China-Mozambique Joint Economic and Trade Commission, China's Ministry of Commerce signed an agreement to donate $100 million to Mozambique in support of four development projects: the Xai-Xai airport in Gaza province, Gorongosa College of Engineering in Sofala province, the Zimpeto National Stadium in Maputo, and an agricultural training program in China for Mozambican workers.June 6: China-Africa E-Commerce Co. launched ca-b2b.com, a new cross-border e-commerce platform which will provide online contracting, payment, customs declaration, and foreign exchange settlement services to businesses in 17 categories, including oil and gas, information communication technology, raw materials, and healthcare. The platform will also provide access to third-party legal, logistics, and insurance services.June 6: The second phase of the Fixed Biological Safety Laboratory Technical Cooperation Project launched in Sierra Leone's capital of Freetown, under the China-Africa Public Health Cooperation Plan. Experts from the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention's Global Public Health Center and Sierra Leone's Ministry of Health and Sanitation seek to work together, withsupport from the World Health Organization, to improve the country's disease prevention, control, and response capabilities.June 7: The Ethiopian Roads Authority (ERA) awarded nine road projects to four Chinese and four local companies. Beijing Urban Construction Group was awarded a 68.8-km road from Debarque to Zariema in Amhara regional state for $77.3 million. China Communications Construction Company (CCCC) was awarded a 135-km road and a 102-km road in Somali regional state for $111.5 million. CGC Overseas Construction (CGCOC) Group was awarded a 97.5-km road in Oromia regional state for $63.9 million, and China Railway 21st Bureau Group was awarded a 76-km road in the Southern regional state for $56.2 million. ERA stated that it had screened the Chinese companies with the help of the Chinese Embassy in Ethiopia.June 7: Two local Basotho-owned companies, Sigma Construction and LSP Construction, wrote a letter to the parliamentary Public Accounts Committee (PAC) to register concerns about the disproportionate award of major construction tenders to Chinese companies, alleging government non-transparency, corruption, and bias. The Consortium of Lesotho Contractors, an association of 32 Basotho-owned companies, wrote a similar letter to the PAC.June 11: The Eastern Industry Zone in Dukem, Ethiopia plans to commence a second phase of construction to expand due to high demand. The zone, which has run out of land for new investors, was developed in 2007 and is owned by China's Jiangsu Qiyuan Group, Jiangsu Yonggang Group, Zhangjiagang City Yangyang Pipe Company, and Zhangjiagang Free Trade Zone Jianglian International Trading Company.June 12: Chinese construction company Group Six International Limited (GSIL) will fund a team of Tanzanians to participate in a month-long Belt and Road Initiative training program in China. The team includes engineers and officers from the Tanzania Contractors Registration Board, Engineers Registration Board, Architects and Quantity Surveyors Registration Board, Occupational Safety and Health Authority, and Tanzania Rural and Urban Roads Agency.June 15: The Ugandan government and National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference commissioned the 51.4-km Kampala-Entebbe Expressway built by China Communications Construction Company (CCCC). Construction on the four-lane toll expressway began in November 2012 and was completed over a year behind schedule. Ugandafinanced $350 million of the $476 million project with a loan from the Export-Import Bank of China.June 16: Zambia-based Chinese gas manufacturer Chingases Company plans to invest $15 million to build factories in Zimbabwe's proposed Bulawayo Special Economic Zone. The factories would include three units to produce: oxygen, nitrogen, and compressed air for medical use; acetylene for welding and cutting; and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) for industrial and domestic use.June 19: Kenyan President Uhuru Kenyatta announced plans to open two new consulates in Guangzhou and Shanghai to facilitate Kenya's expanding trade and bilateral relationship with China. Kenyatta cited the influx of Chinese investments, grants, and scholarships over the past few years as the basis for this expansion.
June 6-8: China and Kazakhstan signed several agreements during President Nursultan Nazarbayev's visit to Beijing. Among the number of deals reached were a cooperation agreement on preventing the illegal movement of nuclear and radioactive materials; an MoU between China's NDRC and Kazakhstan's Ministry of Investments and Development on approving joint industrialization projects; and a memorandum between China's Ministry of Commerce and Kazakhstan's Ministry of National Economy on e-commerce cooperation.June 7: A delegation from China University of Petroleum - Beijing (CUPB) reached an agreement with Azerbaijan's Baku Higher Oil School (BHOS) toestablish an educational exchange program. It was also decided that CUPB and BHOS will sign a cooperation agreement in October 2018.June 8: China Railway Express and Russia's RZD Logistics signed a memorandum to jointly develop a market for high-speed freight services between China, Russia, and Europe. Target sectors include cross-border electronic commerce and express delivery services.June 9: The Silk Road Fund signed a strategic partnership memorandum withKazakhstan's Astana International Financial Center and a framework agreement with Astana International Exchange. Through this partnership, the two Kazakh entities will become shareholders in the Silk Road Fund's wholly-owned subsidiary, the China-Kazakhstan Production Capacity Cooperation Fund. China and Kazakhstan are reportedly seeking to better align the Belt and Road Initiative with the Nurly Zhol (Bright Path) economic policy through increased financial cooperation.
June 7: Chinese meat producer Qingdao Rongxing plans to establish a logistics complex in the industrial zone of Indjija, Serbia. Company representatives have visited Indjija to inspect local investment conditions. Qingdao Rongxing supplies chicken meat globally to restaurant chains, such as KFC.June 11: Finnish businessman Peter Vesterbacka plans to seek Chinese funding for the FinEst Bay Area project, his private iteration of a 100-km undersea train tunnel linking Helsinki with Tallinn, Estonia. Vesterbackaproposes that the tunnel becomes part of the Belt and Road Initiative. FinEst Bay Area is competing with the Finnish and Estonian governments' FinEst Link project, a public iteration of the same undersea tunnel. Both projects are estimated to cost $18-24 billion and have yet to secure public or private financing.June 11: The newly created China International Development Cooperation Agency signed several agreements with Belarus, which include a grant of $123.4 million in technical and economic aid for implementing a series of investment projects, such as the construction of the National Football Stadium and the China-Belarus Center for Cooperation in Transforming Technology Solutions in the China-Belarus Great Stone Industrial Park; a concessional loan agreement for building a high-tech full-cycle agricultural enterprise; and a memorandum of cooperation to develop human potential in mechanical engineering and healthcare. Most of the expenses associated with these projects are being assumed by the Chinese government.June 11: China's Ministry of Commerce and Belarus' Ministry of Economy signed what they describe as "a memorandum on cooperative development of strategic medium and long-term programs." The two countries will hold business forums, roundtable sessions, and company meetings to encourage Chinese investment in Belarusian companies, establish joint ventures, explore new market niches, increase cooperation in transport and logistics, promote sectoral research, develop new interregional contacts, and expand cooperationin manufacturing, finance, and information technology.June 12: China's UnionPay card payment system launched operations inSerbia, allowing Chinese companies and individuals to use their bank cards at state-run lender Banka Postanska Stedionica's ATMs. In the near future, Banka Postanska Stedionica will also allow UnionPay card payments at POS terminals across Serbia.June 12: The Zhongguancun Industrial Innovation Center - Paris Region wasunveiled in Beijing's Zhongguancun Science and Technology Zone. Zhongguancun Administrative Committee and France's Paris Region Economic Development Agency agreed to strengthen scientific and technological cooperation through innovation incubators, visits and exchanges, and consulting.June 15: Sino-China Investment Group expressed interest in establishing a $1.2 billion fund to invest in transport, energy, telecommunications, agriculture, and construction projects in Serbia. The group recently met with Serbia's National Council for Cooperation to discuss potential projects, in which Power Construction Corporation of China (PowerChina) and the Shanghai Stock Exchange may be interested in investing.June 15: Subsidiaries of China Energy Engineering Company (CEEC) entered into several MoUs and agreements with local energy companies during the Central and Eastern European Power Market Seminar in Vilnius, Lithuania. CEEC subsidiary North China Power Engineering signed an MoU with Lithuania's Achemos Grupe to jointly develop new energy projects, and an agreement with Ukraine's Metropoliya MC to develop a 200MW photovoltaic (PV) project valued at $253 million. CEEC subsidiary China Energy Engineering Group Investment signed an MoU with Lithuania's Orion Securities Group to jointly invest in conventional and renewable energy projects.June 18: The City of London, a district of the British capital that hosts the central business district, hosted the UK-China Belt and Road Insurance Cooperation Forum. Lloyd's of London expressed interest in supporting Belt and Road projects by providing insurance and reinsurance products, and the City of London introduced its Joint Code of Practice for Risk Management of Tunnel Works.June 19: A delegation from Belarusian Railways met with officials atGermany's Port of Duisburg to discuss developing freight container shipping along the China-Belarus-Germany route. The discussion was reportedly precipitated by the expanded use of the China-Belarus Great Stone Industrial Park.
June 18: The Zhejiang Provincial Committee of the China Council for the Promotion of International Trade signed an MoU with Cuba's Chamber of Commerce to cooperate in business development, bilateral exchange, investment, and other commercial activities. Cuba has signed several similaragreements with other Chinese provinces. Companies from Zhejiang and Cuba held a two-day business forum in commemoration of the signing.June 18: China and Bolivia signed a memorandum on integrating Bolivia into the Belt and Road framework during Bolivian President Evo Morales's Beijing visit, as well as other documents establishing a bilateral strategic partnership. The two countries discussed several agricultural agreements and infrastructure projects, including a 228-km double lane road from Bombeo to Villa Tunari that China will finance with a $31 million donation.


Howell County is a county located in South Central Missouri in the United States. As of the 2000 U.S. Census, the county's population was 37,238. A 2008 estimate, however, showed the population to be 39,000. The largest city and county seat is West Plains. The county was officially organized on March 2, 1851, and is named after Josiah Howell, a pioneer settler in the Howell Valley.
Howell County was organized on March 2, 1857, from Oregon County, and named for Josiah Howell, who made the first settlement in Howell Valley.
The first Circuit Court met in a log cabin one mile east of West Plains, according to an 1876 account. A small, wooden courthouse was built on the square in West Plains in 1859. It was damaged during the Civil War in 1862. The county was reorganized three years later, but all of the county records were destroyed in an 1866 fire. A second courthouse was built in West Plains in 1869. It was a small, three-room, frame building, about 24 by 30 feet.
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 928 square miles (2,404 km²), of which, 928 square miles (2,403 km²) of it is land and 1 square miles (2 km²) of it (0.06%) is water.
As of the census of 2000, there were 37,238 people, 14,762 households, and 10,613 families residing in the county. The population density was 40 people per square mile (16/km²). There were 16,340 housing units at an average density of 18 per square mile (7/km²). The racial makeup of the county was 96.41% White, 0.31% Black or African American, 0.97% Native American, 0.36% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 0.28% from other races, and 1.63% from two or more races. Approximately 1.21% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. Among the major first ancestries reported in Howell County were 28.3% American, 16.4% German, 12.2% Irish, and 12.1% English, according to Census 2000.
There were 14,762 households out of which 32.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58.8% were married couples living together, 9.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28.10% were non-families. 25.0% of all households were made up of individuals and 12.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.47 and the average family size was 2.94.
In the county the population was spread out with 26.0% under the age of 18, 7.8% from 18 to 24, 26.2% from 25 to 44, 23.30% from 45 to 64, and 16.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females there were 93.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.5 males.
The median income for a household in the county was $31,761, and the median income for a family was $38,047. Males had a median income of $22,960 versus $16,968 for females. The per capita income for the county was $17,184. About 14.00% of families and 18.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 26.3% of those under age 18 and 14.0% of those age 65 or over.
Of adults 25 years of age and older in Howell County, 73.4% possesses a high school diploma or higher while 10.9% holds a bachelor's degree or higher as their highest educational attainment.
Ozark Horizon State School - West Plains - (K-12) - A school for handicapped students and those with other special needs.
Politics at the local level in Howell County is completely controlled by the Republican Party. All of Howell County's elected officeholders are Republicans.
Howell County is divided into two legislative districts in the Missouri House of Representatives.
District 143 - Rep. Maynard Wallace (R-Thornfield). Consists of some of the northern portions of the county. In 2008, Maynard defeated Cathy Hilliard (D) 67.66-32.34 percent; Howell County backed Maynard with 63.70 percent of the vote while Hilliard received 36.60 percent.
District 151 – Rep. Ward Franz (R-West Plains). Consists of most of the entire rest of the county. In 2008, Franz defeated Kathy Hensley (I) 69.39-25.53 percent while Robert Lee Mills (C) received 5.07 percent in Howell County.
Howell County is also a part of Missouri's 33rd Senatorial District and is currently represented by State Senator Chuck Purgason (R-Caulfield). In 2008, Purgason defeated Eric Reeve (D) 67.31-32.69 percent. Howell County backed Purgason with 74.13 percent while Reeve received 25.87 percent. The 33rd Senatorial District consists of Camden, Howell, Laclede, Oregon, Shannon, Texas, and Wright counties.
In Missouri's gubernatorial election of 2008, Governor of Missouri Jay Nixon (D) defeated former U.S. Representative Kenny Hulshof (R) with 58.40 percent of the total statewide vote. Nixon performed extremely well and won many of the rural counties in the state, including Howell County. The former attorney general Nixon carried Howell County with 52.11 percent of the vote to Hulshof's 45.33 percent.
In the U.S. House of Representatives, Howell County is represented by Jo Ann Emerson (R-Cape Girardeau) who represents all of Southeast Missouri as part of Missouri's 8th Congressional District.
At the presidential level, Howell County is Republican-leaning. George W. Bush carried the county by margins of more than two to one in 2000 and 2004. Bill Clinton was the last Democratic presidential nominee to carry Howell County in 1992, and like many of the rural counties throughout Missouri, Howell County strongly favored John McCain over Barack Obama in 2008.
In the 2008 Missouri Presidential Primary, voters in Howell County from both political parties supported candidates who finished in second place in the state at large and nationally.
Former U.S. Senator and now Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton (D-New York) won Howell County by a two-to-one margin over now President Barack Obama (D-Illinois). Clinton carried Howell County with 64.07 percent of the vote while Obama received 32.44 percent of the vote. Although he withdrew from the race, former U.S. Senator John Edwards (D-North Carolina) still received 2.75 percent of the vote in Howell County while 1.06 percent voted uncommitted.
Clinton had a large initial lead in Missouri at the beginning of the evening as the rural precincts began to report, leading several news organizations to call the state for her; however, Obama rallied from behind as the heavily African American precincts from St. Louis began to report and eventually put him over the top. In the end, Obama received 49.32 percent of the vote to Clinton's 47.90 percent—a 1.42 percent difference. Both candidates split Missouri's 72 delegates as the Democratic Party utilizes proportional representation.
Former Governor Mike Huckabee (R-Arkansas) won Howell County with 52.97 percent of the vote. U.S. Senator John McCain (R-Arizona) finished in second place in Howell County with 24.76 percent. Former Governor Mitt Romney (R-Massachusetts) came in third place, receiving 14.57 percent of the vote while libertarian-leaning U.S. Representative Ron Paul (R-Texas) finished fourth with 6.54 percent in Howell County.
Huckabee slightly led Missouri throughout much of the evening until the precincts began reporting from St. Louis where McCain won and put him over the top of Huckabee. In the end, McCain received 32.95 percent of the vote to Huckabee's 31.53 percent—a 1.42 percent difference. McCain received all of Missouri's 58 delegates as the Republican Party utilizes the winner-take-all system.
Mike Huckabee received more votes, a total of 2,882, than any candidate from either party in Howell County during the 2008 Missouri Presidential Primaries.
Howell County is a county located in the U.S. state of Missouri. As of 2000, the population was 37,238. Its county seat is West Plains6.
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 2,404 km² (928 sq mi). 2,403 km² (928 sq mi) of it is land and 2 km² (1 sq mi) of it (0.06%) is water.
As of the census² of 2000, there were 37,238 people, 14,762 households, and 10,613 families residing in the county. The population density was 16/km² (40/sq mi). There were 16,340 housing units at an average density of 7/km² (18/sq mi). The racial makeup of the county was 96.41% White, 0.31% Black or African American, 0.97% Native American, 0.36% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 0.28% from other races, and 1.63% from two or more races. 1.21% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 28.3% were of American, 16.4% German, 12.2% Irish and 12.1% English ancestry according to Census 2000.
There were 14,762 households out of which 32.70% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58.80% were married couples living together, 9.90% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28.10% were non-families. 25.00% of all households were made up of individuals and 12.30% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.47 and the average family size was 2.94.
In the county the population was spread out with 26.00% under the age of 18, 7.80% from 18 to 24, 26.20% from 25 to 44, 23.30% from 45 to 64, and 16.80% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females there were 93.60 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.50 males.
The median income for a household in the county was $25,628, and the median income for a family was $30,534. Males had a median income of $22,960 versus $16,968 for females. The per capita income for the county was $13,959. About 14.00% of families and 18.70% of the population were below the poverty line, including 26.30% of those under age 18 and 14.00% of those age 65 or over.
This page uses content from the English language Wikipedia. The original content was at Howell County, Missouri. The list of authors can be seen in the page history. As with this Familypedia wiki, the content of Wikipedia is available under the Creative Commons License.
This article uses material from the "Howell County, Missouri" article on the Genealogy wiki at Wikia and is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike License.
Howell County is a county located in the U.S. state of Missouri. As of 2000, the population was 37,238. Its county seat is West Plains. Howell County was organized on March 2, 1857, from Oregon County. It was named for James Howell, who made the first settlement in Howell Valley.


"And All The World Is Football Shaped" : Photographs From Planet Chelsea.
A selection of occasionally abstract images that I have taken at Chelsea games, either from stadia where we have played, or at least cities where I have visited during Chelsea trips.
A Poppy At Stamford Bridge.
A Stairway To Heaven At The Bridge.
Red And Blue In Budapest.
Angles, Posts And Lines At Stamford Bridge.
Blue Is The Colour In Western Australia.
Fit For A King, Stamford Bridge.
Looking Up At Stamford Bridge.
No Ball Games At Goodison.
Inside A Viking Longboat, Minneapolis.
The Big House, Ann Arbor.
The Hexagon Of Love, Vienna.
The East Stand At Stamford Bridge.
The Minnesota Vikings Call It Home.
Full Moons And Gatling Guns At Chelsea.
Red Bull Roof, New Jersey.
The West Stand At Stamford Bridge.
Sir Bobby And The Arch.
Players And Fans At Upton Park.
Hanging From The Roof In Gelsenkirchen.
A Street Market In Bangkok.
The View From The Amex.
A Blue Badge In Moscow.
The Hills Above Camp Nou.
Any Colour But Red At Sporting Lisbon.
The Shed End Was Here.
Playing Diagonals At Norwich City.
The Golden Vision Immortalised At Goodison.
Shadows And Diamonds At Chelsea.
A Clear Night In Istanbul.
From Roker Park To The Stadium Of Light.
The Rocky Steps In Philadelphia.
Number Nines On The Shed Wall.
The Rooftops Outside Griffin Park.
Ultras On The Fulham Road.
A Throstle Sings At The Hawthorns.
FANTASTIC!!! Amazing how many different stadiums (stadia?) you've been to and how interestingly you've captured the uniqueness of each one!


text:
Our Mission, Vision, Values
NAACP DSM HISTORY
The GAME CHANGERS
LEGAL REDRESS
2018 FREEDOM FUND
TDC: Black Iowa Business Directory
DISCRIMINATION COMPLAINT ASSISTANCE
NAACP Des Moines
Black Women 4 Healthy Living named Non-Profit of the Year
Co-Founders Brandi L. Miller and Jamie Sinnah-Yovonie
On Saturday, December 3, Black Women 4 Healthy Living received the Non-Profit of Year Award during the Des Moines Branch of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) 46th Annual Freedom Fund Banquet.
BW4HL was recognized for their civic engagement through activism and advocacy surrounding the health and well being of black women. Since their inception co-founders Brandi L. Miller and Jamie Sinnah-Yovonie have led a board of 6 black women through incorporation, obtaining their 501c3 status, coalition building, and growing activities to see black women living well from the inside out.
BW4HL's signature project is their Black Women's Health Coalition. This monthly gathering meets at Corinthian Baptist Church, lower level, at 12pm on the third Saturday. During each session health, medical, and mental health assessments are provided to measure progress towards individual health goals and to use when meeting with health providers. Partners on this project include Des Moines University doctoral students, Grand View University nursing students, Drake University pharmacy students, Dr. Leslie Jackson, and a host of other individuals, organizations and presenters.
More information about Black Women 4 Healthy Living can be found here:
Website: https://bw4hl.org/
Social Media: https://www.facebook.com/BW4HL/
About NAACP Des Moines
Founded in 1915, The mission of the Des Moines Branch of the NAACP is to achieve equity and social inclusion by advancing policies and practices to expand human and civil rights, eliminate discrimination and accelerate the well-being, education, and economic security of all persons of color in central Iowa.
NAACP DSM is committed to ending racial health disparities. Our aim is not simply disease prevention, but to create an inclusive culture of healthy people and communities. We collaborate through coordinated action to improve the social determinants of health — racism, poverty, exclusion, inferior schools, unsafe housing, poor nutrition, and toxic environments. We disrupt the status quo by working at the intersection of policy and systems change to drive sustainable impact for the sake of our future.
Contact: Victoria Henderson Weber
Des Moines Branch, President
prez@naacpdesmoines.org
Congratulations Cheryl Johnson
Honored to Present the 10th Annual Iowa Summit on Justice & Disparities
Russell Lovell Elected to the Fellows of the American Bar Foundation
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


A multi-skilled fire sight act, bringing you the spectacular fire-skipping on the unicycle surrounded by flames. A true show stopper! A quirky fire show choreographed to the artists own eclectic choice of music with fire eating, fire juggling, fire balance, body burning, audience participation (walk of death), and of course oodles of flames. The finale fire-skipping on the unicycle will bring the house down. A highly flammable act guaranteed to warm up the coolest of mornings.


text:
\section*{}
\vspace{-1cm}

\footnotetext{\textit{$^{a}$~Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616. }}
\footnotetext{\textit{$^{\ddag}$~E-mail: ddonadio@ucdavis.edu}}

\footnotetext{\dag~Electronic Supplementary Information (ESI) available: [details of any supplementary information available should be included here]. See DOI: 10.1039/cXCP00000x/}

\section{Introduction}
Ice covers $10\%$ of the Earth and its surface is an important catalyst for atmospheric chemical reactions, such as the adsorption, photodegradation, and release of trace gases in snow-packs,\cite{tolbert_reaction_1987} the formation of ozone-depleting species in polar stratospheric clouds,\cite{chu_quantum_2003} and chemical reactions in the troposphere.\cite{ravishankara_heterogeneous_1997,mcfall_nitrate_2018,hullar_photodecay_2020}
From the melting point down to about -70$^o$ C, the surface of ice features a disordered pre-melted layer known as the quasi-liquid layer (QLL). Its thickness depends on the temperature and on the orientation of the ice facets.\cite{slater_surface_2019} The molecular structure of the QLL dictates the morphology of growing ice crystals, it controls the adsorption of molecules at the air-ice interface, and the thermodynamics and kinetics of the chemical reactions involving these molecules.

The thickness, structure and diffusivity of the QLL at pure ice surfaces have been extensively studied by both experiments and computer simulations.
There are still substantial discrepancies in the estimate of both the onset temperature of surface melting and the thickness of the QLL, which depend on both the experimental conditions and techniques.\cite{shultz_ice_2017,slater_surface_2019,nagata_surface_2019,sanchez_experimental_2017,bluhm_premelting_2002, dosch_glancing-angle_1995,sazaki_quasi-liquid_2012,murata_thermodynamic_2016}
Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations
provide a consistent picture of very few (two or three) molten (bi)layers, corresponding to a thickness of about 1 nm, up to 2 K below the melting point.\cite{conde_thickness_2008,benet_premelting-induced_2016,kling_structure_2018,qiu_why_2018,llombart_surface_2020}
Simulations suggest bilayer-by-bilayer ``{\it rounded}" melting transitions that correlate with the trends observed in sum-frequency generation (SFG) spectra.\cite{sanchez_experimental_2017,llombart_rounded_2020}
Furthermore, MD shows that the underlying crystalline layers induce an ordered template in the QLL structure that persists up to 2 K below the melting temperature. This dynamic ordering marks the major differences between the QLL and bulk water,\cite{kastelowitz_anomalously_2010, watkins_large_2011, wei_sum-frequency_2002,kling_structure_2018} and it affects the solvation properties of the premelting layer.\cite{niblett_ion_2021}

Whereas the studies of pure-water ice surfaces still leave unanswered questions, even more remain about how the molecular and mesoscale structure of the premelting layer changes in the presence of adsorbed species.
In natural environments, ice surfaces are exposed to extrinsic species of various kinds, including ions, inorganic, and organic compounds, which impact the structure of the air-ice interface.\cite{kahan_pinch_2014,zimmermann_adsorption_2016}
Sodium and chloride are the most abundant ions in seawater and can be found naturally in the atmosphere. Sea salt aerosols deposit on environmental snow and ice, and frozen seawater has a layer of brine at its surface containing a high concentration of Na$^+$ and Cl$^-$ ions.
Glancing-angle Raman spectroscopy suggested that the surface of seawater ice is markedly different from that of freshwater ice.\cite{kahan_pinch_2014}  According to these measurements, the liquid brine formed at the air-ice interface of seawater ice provides a chemical environment similar to that of bulk supercooled water, possibly leading to changes in the rates of photolysis reactions.\cite{kahan_benzene_2010}
However, the molecular mechanisms that lead to such a stark difference between pristine and briny ice surfaces and the details of the surface of seawater ice
are still mostly unexplored.

In this work, we investigate the effect of adsorbed sodium and chloride ions on the structure of the premelting layer at low-index surfaces of hexagonal ice I$_h$ by means of classical MD simulations.
We analyse the molecular structure of the QLL in the presence of Na$^+$ and Cl$^-$ as a function of temperature and surface orientation. We consider the two-bilayer low-index basal (0001) and primary prismatic (10$\bar{1}$0) surfaces, and we model two naturally occurring Na$^+/$Cl$^-$ concentrations of 5 ppt (parts per thousand in weight), and 47 ppt.
The former is similar to the concentration at the surface of snow atop of first-year sea ice, while the latter is similar to the concentration of brine atop of sea ice.\cite{krnavek_chemical_2012}
Our simulations highlight how the ions affect the premelting behaviour compared to pristine ice surfaces. Specifically, the presence of ion pairs at high concentration turns the discrete bilayer-by-bilayer melting, which was observed for pristine ice basal and primary prismatic surfaces, into gradual surface melting.
Furthermore, solvated Na$^+/$Cl$^-$ pairs alter the surface roughness and its fluctuations thus impacting ice crystal growth, the adsorption of other molecules and the chemical processes at the briny ice surface.

\section{Computational Methods}

Studying the premelting of ice surfaces by MD requires the simulation of systems of several thousands of water molecules for time scales that approach microseconds. The need for relatively large models was made clear in former works that address finite size effects in the characteristic behaviour of premelting transitions.\cite{benet_premelting-induced_2016,qiu_why_2018}
For these reasons, we perform classical MD simulations using the TIP4P/2005 empirical rigid-molecule point-charge model.\cite{abascal_general_2005} This model, parameterised on a set of experimental properties of water among which the temperature of maximum density, reproduces qualitatively the phase diagram of molecular ice and water,\cite{sanz_phase_2004,abascal_dipole-quadrupole_2007} and it is among the best in the class of  rigid non-polarisable forcefields at reproducing the thermodynamic properties of water and ice.\cite{vega_simulating_2011} However, it is important to note that TIP4P/2005 has a melting point of 249.5 \(\pm\) 0.1 K \cite{conde_high_2017}, compared to the experimental value of 273.15 K.
To describe the interactions between the water molecules and the Na$^+$ and Cl$^-$ ions, we employ the Madrid-2019 forcefield,\cite{garcia_fernandez_melting_2006,benavides_potential_2017} which is point-charge model
based on the method of scaled charges. Its parameters are calibrated using hydration numbers, radial distribution functions, and the density of both aqueous solutions and solid NaCl.
This forcefield has been used to study the ice/liquid interface doped with Na$^+/$Cl$^-$, as well as the physical properties of seawater.\cite{conde_molecular_2018, de_almeida_ribeiro_effect_2021}

MD simulations were carried out using the GROMACS 2020.3 program compiled in double-precision.\cite{berendsen_gromacs_1995, van_der_spoel_gromacs_2005} The MD equations of motion were integrated with a time step of 1 fs, which guarantees the conservation of total energy in a microcanonical test run.
Long-range electrostatics were computed using the particle-particle particle-mesh Ewald method.\cite{eastwood_p3m3dp-three-dimensional_1984}
An orthorhombic ice \(I_h\) slab model made of 6144 H\(_2\)O molecules in a supercell with 3D periodic boundary conditions was used for simulations. The slab models were construct from bulk ice I$_h$ models, in which proton disorder is generated by a Monte Carlo algorithm that minimises the total dipole of the simulation cell. \cite{grishina_structure_2004, matsumoto_genice_2018}
Bulk ice was equilibrated in the constant pressure canonical ensemble at a set of temperatures from 190 to 240 K with a stride of 10 K. These well-equilibrated models were then cleaved by introducing a vacuum layer of 100 \AA. This thickness of the vacuum layer is sufficient to prevent interactions between the two juxtaposed surfaces through periodic boundary conditions.
The slabs were equilibrated for 50 ns in the canonical ensemble, enforced by stochastic velocity rescaling \cite{bussi_canonical_2007} with a coupling constant of 0.1 ps. The same thermostat was used to perform production runs in the canonical ensemble.
For each one of the temperatures considered, we ran production run simulations for 200 ns.

\begin{figure}[thp]
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=8cm]{snapshot.jpg}
    \caption{Snapshots of the molecular systems with the three varying concentrations of NaCl at the basal surface at 220 K}
    \label{fig:snapshot}
\end{figure}

\section{Results and Discussion}

To provide a microscopic insight into the surface structure of ice as a function of temperature and concentration of ion pairs, we computed density profiles, layer-resolved radial distribution functions, crystalline order parameter and surface roughness.
Whereas we have conducted MD simulations with both low and high concentrations of ion pairs, hereafter we mostly focus on the comparison between pristine and briny ice surfaces with a surface density of 1 Na$^+/$Cl$^-$ pair per nm$^2$, i.e. a mass concentration of 47 ppt (see, for example, Figure~\ref{fig:snapshot}).
The surface structure of ice with a low concentration of ion pairs (0.1 Na$^+/$Cl$^-$ pair per nm$^2$ or 5 ppt) do not exhibit significant differences from pure ice and the results for this system are reported in the supporting information file (Figures S1, S2, S5, S7, S9).

Using the experimental cryoscopic constant of water, the freezing point depression of ice with a concentration 47 ppt of NaCl is 3 K. However, the TIP4P/2005 model slightly overestimates the value of the cryoscopic constant and the system melts at 245 K.\cite{conde_high_2017}
We verified this prediction simulating the direct melting of ice slabs with sodium chloride ion pairs deposited at their surfaces.\cite{vega_absence_2006}
Hence we consider temperatures up to 240 K, corresponding to -9 K below the melting temperature $T_m$ of pure ice and -5 K below $T_m$ with ions.

 \begin{figure}[t]
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=8.6 cm]{density_profiles.jpg}
    \caption{Oxygen atoms density profile as a function of temperature for the basal facet without (a) and with ions (b) and primary prismatic facet without (c) and with ions (d), averaged over 200 ns production runs.}
    \label{fig:density}
\end{figure}
\begin{figure}[bh]
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=8 cm]{ions_density_profile.jpg}
    \caption{Cl\(^-\) and Na\(^+\) density profiles for the three highest temperatures sampled for both the basal and primary prismatic facet at the NaCl concentration of 47 ppt. Respective oxygen atom density profiles are included to show where the density of the ions is in relation to the bilayers. Ion density is scaled by a factor of 15$\times$. Density profiles are averaged over 200 ns production runs. }
    \label{fig:iondensity}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Density profiles}

Figure~\ref{fig:density} shows the density profile in the direction perpendicular to the plane of the surface. The air-ice interface is on the left side of the plots.
Both the basal and the primary prismatic surfaces consist of hydrogen-bonded bilayers. The density profiles show a double peak for each bilayer: a structural fingerprint, the absence of which provides a signature of disordering. As the temperature increases, the  outermost bilayers smear and their density peaks decrease, while the valley separating them from the layers underneath increases.
As observed in previous works, the outermost layer of pristine ice is already disordered at the lowest temperature considered (190 K). For example, for pristine ice the basal plane surface layer never exhibits the bilayer fingerprint (Figure~\ref{fig:density}a). The double peak is preserved in the first prism surface up to 230 K, but the presence of a third low-intensity peak at air-ice interface suggests the partial formation of an adlayer (Figure~\ref{fig:density}c). In the presence of ions the outermost bilayer of both the basal and the first prismatic surfaces are further smeared, and in the latter case, the bilayer structure and the adlayer-related peak are reduced to shoulders and eventually completely removed at 240 K (Figure~\ref{fig:density}b,d).
The difference in the melting behaviour of the second and third bilayer is even starker. The sudden increase of the valley between the first and the second layer of the basal plane of pristine ice confirms the "rounded" bilayer-by-bilayer melting transition identified in previous works.\cite{llombart_rounded_2020} Conversely, in the presence of ions, the valley between the first and the second bilayer increases gradually, suggesting a continuous surface melting transition.
The density profiles of the basal and the primary prismatic surfaces with ions (Fig.~\ref{fig:density}b,d) behave very similarly as a function of the temperature, suggesting that the ion pairs attenuate the structural differences between between these two surfaces.

The Na$^+/$Cl$^-$ density profiles (Figure \ref{fig:iondensity}) shows how ions penetrate in the subsurface layers as the temperature is increased from 220 to 240 K.
At all temperatures Cl$^-$ is slightly in excess in the outermost part of the QLL, in accordance with the surface propensity of halides observed in previous experiments and simulations.\cite{piatkowski_extreme_2014, knipping_experiments_2000, ghosal_electron_2005}
The accumulation of negative charge at the surface causes a broad peak of Na$^+$ concentration in the first subsurface layer. Chloride is then prevalent in the layers underneath at the interface between QLL and crystalline ice.
The concentration of chloride ions in the third bilayer increases gradually as the temperature rises from 220 to 230 K, and at 240 K Cl$^-$ penetrates into the fourth bilayer. This trend is the same regardless of surface orientation.
\begin{figure}[btp]
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=8.6 cm]{layer_snapshots.jpg}
    \caption{Snapshots from a top down view of the second, third, and fourth bilayers of the basal facet with and without NaCl at 240 K. Bonds shown are for a bond length cutoff 1.9 \(\AA\) to display the crystalline structure (or lack there of) in each layer. Na$^+$ ions are represented by blue spheres and Cl$^-$ ions are represented by green spheres.}
    \label{fig:layer snapshots}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Structure of the quasi liquid layer}

\begin{figure*}[tb]
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=17.5cm]{order_basal.jpg}
    \caption{Local Steinhardt's order parameter $q_6$ density map of the first four bilayers at each sampled temperature, for the basal facet without and with ions. Averaged over 200 ns. The scatter plots are colored by the calculated Gaussian kernel density estimation for the q6 values, the scales values are arbitrary units but consistent for every density map. }
    \label{fig:order}
\end{figure*}

Looking further into the structural changes induced by ion pairs, Figure~\ref{fig:layer snapshots} shows top-down snapshots  of the second, third and fourth bilayers of the basal facet at 240 K. Although the QLL is dynamic and diffusive, these representative snapshots allow us to interpret the molecular mechanism of ice premelting.
At the highest temperature (240 K), we see that for pristine ice (Fig.~\ref{fig:layer snapshots} top panels) the third and fourth bilayers retain the crystalline structure of hexagonal ice, even though the third bilayer exhibits topological defects.\cite{donadio_topological_2005} The second bilayer is much more disordered but it still features areas with crystalline hexagonal structures.
For the systems with 47 ppt  Na$^+$/Cl$^-$ (Fig.~\ref{fig:layer snapshots} bottom panels), the second bilayer is completely disordered and contains a high concentration of ions -- mostly Na$^+$ -- as also shown by the ion density profiles.
The third bilayer is mostly disordered due to the presence of ions, mostly chloride, and, similarly to the second bilayer of pristine ice, it exhibits crystalline patches.
The fourth bilayer is mostly crystalline, with defects similar to those observed in the third bilayer of pristine ice. However, it embeds chloride ions that replace water in their crystallographic positions. As chloride is easily embedded into the ice lattice, when the temperature increases Cl$^-$ ions gradually penetrate into the deeper bilayers.\cite{smith_free_2005, vrbka_brine_2005}
The negative ions cause a reorientation of the hydrogen bonding network around the crystallographic sites where they replace a water molecule. Additionally the preferred embedding of anions at the ice/QLL interfaces engenders a net charge that favours the formation of defects and destabilises the interfacial bilayer.\cite{kim_effect_2008} Previous work \cite{watkins_large_2011} found that the first two bilayers of pristine ice are more weakly bound and more susceptible to premelting than those deeper in the ice slab. The snapshots in Figure~\ref{fig:layer snapshots} suggest that the anions embedded in as far as the third and fourth bilayers destabilise the crystalline layer leading to a smoother premelting transition.

Characteristic snapshots of both the basal and the primary prismatic surfaces at different temperatures are reported in Figure~S3 for the second bilayer of pristine ice and in Figure~S4 for third bilayer of ice with 47 ppt Na$^+$/Cl$^-$. The comparison between these two sets of figures suggests that there is a close correspondence in the behaviour of the second bilayer of pristine ice to the third bilayer of briny ice across the temperature range explored. In the latter system the inclusion of chloride marks the onset of the premelting transition, but extended disordering occurs only when sodium penetrates in the bilayer.
Merging the information from the density profiles and Figures~\ref{fig:layer snapshots}, S3, and S4 indicates that the presence of a high concentration of Na$^+/$Cl$^-$ ion pairs  not only shifts the melting temperature but it also systematically increases the thickness of the QLL by a full bilayer. The structural disordering of subsurface layers corresponds to the incorporation of Na$^+$ and Cl$^-$ ions, with the latter penetrating in the deeper layers earlier than the former.

The temperature evolution of the layer-resolved RDFs  of the surface and subsurface layers (Figure S5) contributes to support the hypothesis that the basal and primary prismatic surfaces, which have distinct premelting behaviour in freshwater ice, melt in a very similar way in the presence of ions and the premelting transition evolves more gradually as a function of temperature.

\subsection{Local order parameter distribution}

To shed light on the disordering of the premelted ice layer as a function of temperature we calculated the local {\it q$_6$} Steinhardt order parameter\cite{steinhardt_bond-orientational_1983,ten_wolde_numerical_1996,reinhardt_local_2012} as implemented in former nucleation studies.\cite{moroni_interplay_2005, sosso_crystal_2016}
Figure~\ref{fig:order} presents the density maps of the {\it q$_6$} order parameter of the first four bilayers of the basal facet at different temperatures. The density maps of the primary prismatic facet and of the basal facet at low concentration of ions are presented in Figure~S6 and S7 in the SI.
For reference, Figure~S8 reports the $q_6$ distribution for a water slab at 240 K. The latter is between 0.2 and 0.3 and does not depend on the vicinity to the surface.
Figure~\ref{fig:order} shows that for pristine ice at 190 K there is a sharp distinction in the q$_6$ values among the layers, which at this temperature remain well separated. The surface layer is disordered but its $q_6$ distribution remains on the right of the liquid range. The subsurface layer presents a broad but mostly crystalline $q_6$ distribution and the bottom two layers can serve as reference for crystalline ice.
With high concentration of Na$^+/$Cl$^-$ ion pairs the first and the second bilayer are not clearly distinct and the $q_6$ distribution spans the whole range from the liquid to the ice reference. In particular a substantial part of the second bilayer has $q_6$ values corresponding to the liquid phase.
The third bilayer already shows the onset of  disordering  with a tail in the $q_6$ distribution extending below 0.5.

As the temperature is increased to 210 K, the first two layers of pristine ice form a continuous distribution of $q_6$ with a marked dependence on the z-coordinate. The $q_6$ distribution does not change significantly up to 230 K, except for a the shift due to the thermal motion of the water molecules and the onset of dynamic exchange of molecules between the second and the third bilayer.
In the system with Na$^+/$Cl$^-$ ion pairs at 200 K and 210 K the first and second bilayers form a single  triangular $q_6$ distribution centred at $\sim 0.3$ extending to 0.6 for the subsurface layer.
At 220 K and above there is a single $q_6$ distribution that encompasses the top three bilayers and strongly depends on the z-coordinate. The $q_6$ distribution for the outermost part of the QLL is indistinguishable from liquid water, whereas ordering gradually increases with depth in the subsurface region.

At 240 K the $q_6$ of the third bilayer of pristine ice shifts to the left of the ice reference, indicating the onset of disordering.
In the system with Na$^+/$Cl$^-$ ion pairs the $q_6$ distribution encompasses also the fourth bilayer, which retains values of the order parameters close to the ice reference.
Similar trends can be observed by comparing the primary prismatic facet with and without 47 ppt of Na$^+/$Cl$^-$ ion pairs (Figure S6).

The $q_6$ maps confirm that the thickness of the QLL increases by about one layer when ion pairs are deposited at high concentration. Remarkably, ions modify the local structure of the QLL weakening the regular template induced by the crystalline subsurface layers, so that the surface has the same distribution of the local order parameter as liquid water.
This observation agrees with the conclusions of experiments showing that the premelting layer of seawater ice has the same vibrational properties as liquid brine.\cite{kahan_pinch_2014}
As the ice template is weaker, the differences in the structure and the premelting behaviour between the basal and the primary prismatic surfaces are also weakened for the deeper subsurface layers and vanish for the outermost layers.

\subsection{Surface roughness}

The roughness of ice surfaces affects the adsorption of reactive species and determines the crystal growth rates of facets with different orientations, thus controlling the shape of crystals formed by condensation from vapour.\cite{llombart_surface_2020}
The roughness of a surface is characterised by its structure factor $H(R)^2$ defined as:
\begin{equation}
     H(R)^2  =  \langle (h(0) - h(R))^2 \rangle,
     \label{eq:H}
\end{equation}
where $h(R)$ is the height of the surface at the planar distance $R=|(R_x,R_y)|$ with respect to the plane origin, and $\langle\ldots \rangle$ indicates an ensemble average that runs over the frames of the MD trajectory and the position of the origin.
$h(R)$ can be rewritten in terms of the normalised height-height correlation function $C(R) = \langle h(0)h(R) \rangle /\langle h(0)^2 \rangle $ and of the surface roughness $\sigma = \sqrt{\langle h(0)^2 \rangle} $ as:
\begin{equation} \label{eq:Correl}
  H(R)^2  =  2\sigma^2[1 - C(R)].
\end{equation}
For a disordered surface without long-range correlations, $C(R)$ decays exponentially with a characteristic length $\lambda$ and the surface roughness squared is the large-$R$ limit of $H(R)^2$.
We define the surface by identifying the oxygen atoms at the air/ice interface as those accessible to a spherical probe with 3.5~\AA~radius.\cite{sega_pytim_2018}
 \begin{figure}[htb]
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=8.5 cm]{hhc_main.jpg}
    \caption{The structure function of the oxygen atoms as a function of temperature at the surface of the basal facet without (a) and with ions (b) and primary prismatic facet without (c) and with ions (d). Averaged over 200 ns.}
    \label{fig:heightC}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure*}[ht]
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=17.5 cm]{crystal_growth.jpg}
    \caption{Schematic of ice crystal growth at low supersaturation in relation to the correlation length values obtained from Figure~\ref{fig:heightC}. Ice crystal shape temperature dependent transitions obtained from ref.\cite{slater_surface_2019}}
    \label{fig:crystalshape}
\end{figure*}

Figure~\ref{fig:heightC} shows $H(R)^2$ at each temperature for the basal and primary prismatic facets with and without  Na$^+$Cl$^-$ pairs. The curves show three distinct peaks for $R<7$~\AA\ which are characteristic of the short-range hydrogen bonding environment.
At larger $R$ the functions differ from one another with a marked dependence on ions concentration, orientation, and temperature.
These changes in the surface structure function reflect  roughening transitions in the QLL.\cite{llombart_surface_2020}
$\sigma$, $\lambda$, and $H(R)^2$  for the two different orientations of pristine ice are rather distinct.
For the basal plane surface (Figure~\ref{fig:heightC}a)
from 190 to 230~K, $H(R)^2$ reaches its asymptotic roughness very rapidly and the value of $\sigma^2$ remains below 2~\AA$^2$, indicating that the surface is flat.
At temperatures below 210~K the surface exhibits a very short correlation length $<$1.5~\AA. Its $H(R)^2$ retains periodic fluctuations, which are the signature of both the non-diffusive character of the system and the underlying hexagonal patterning. Hence, we classify this phase as {\sl static ordered flat} (SOF).
These periodic features begin to fade for $R \gtrsim 10$~\AA\  starting at 210~K and $\lambda$ increases to $\sim 3$~\AA. This indicates a surface phase transition from SOF to {\sl dynamic ordered flat} (DOF).
At 240~K $H(R)^2$ retains similar characteristics as the lower temperatures but the roughness jumps beyond 2~\AA\ and  \(\lambda\) reaches a value of approximately 4.3 \AA, indicating a second structural transition to a high temperature reconstructed flat phase (HTRF).

Conversely, the $H(R)^2$ of the primary prismatic surface (Figure~\ref{fig:heightC}c) displays large periodic fluctuations from 190 to 220 K. The convergence toward the asymptotic values is slower, and in two cases (210 and 220~K) the correlation length is comparable or larger than the maximum radius that could be probed applying the minimum image convention to our models. This surface is rougher than the basal surface at low temperature. The roughness parameter $\sigma^2$ is non-monotonic with the temperature. It reaches a maximum at 210~K, drops significantly at 230 K and increases again at 240~K. At 230~K the periodic features of $H(R)^2$ vanish indicating a sudden structural transition. We characterise the surface phase from 190~K to 230~K as an ordered rough phase, to which \(\lambda\) value cannot be fit. At 230~K, the transition to high temperature reconstructed flat occurs, corresponding to \(\lambda\) values of approximately 4.3 \AA.

The surface structure transitions observed for pristine ice correlate with the Nakaya diagram, which illustrates the shape of ice crystals growing from vapour deposition at different temperatures and humidity (Figure~\ref{fig:crystalshape}).\cite{libbrecht_physics_2005, libbrecht_physical_2017} The transition from SOF to DOF of the basal surface, at about $T_m -40$~K, corresponds to the change from columnar ice crystals to plates at low vapour pressure. The transition to HTRF for the primary prismatic surface at about $T_m -25$~K corresponds to the preference for plates at any vapour pressure. Finally, the transition to HTRF of the basal surface at $T_m -15$~K correlates with the occurrence of columnar crystals.

The surface structure functions for the systems with 47 ppt of sodium chloride ion pairs (Figure~\ref{fig:heightC}bd) indicate that these surfaces are much rougher than the corresponding pristine ice facets. Additionally, even at the lower temperatures, no features arising from a periodic pattern are present, thus suggesting that solvated Na$^+/$Cl$^-$ ion pairs disrupt long-range order at the air-ice interface.
Nevertheless, there are differences in the shape of the curves and the asymptotic $\sigma^2$ value between the two orientations at low temperature, as the basal plane facet remains slightly less rough than the primary prismatic plane up to 230 K. From 190~K to 210~K both surfaces have $\lambda < 3$~\AA corresponding to a {\sl dynamic disordered flat} (DDF) phase. At 220 K and above the surface structure has the same features as the HTRF observed for pristine ice surface at higher temperatures, with $\lambda\sim 4.3$~\AA and temperature dependent $\sigma$. At 240 K another transition occurs, and the $H(R)^2$ of both surfaces resemble that of a water slab at the same temperature with $\lambda\sim 7$~\AA\ (Figure~S10).

The surface structure phase transitions occur at the same temperatures for both facets, thus affecting the shape of growing ice crystals. We  expect the presence of ion pairs would level the growth rates of the two low-index surfaces and lead to the formation isotropic crystals.

\section{Conclusions}
We have characterised the structure and melting behaviour of both the basal and primary prismatic surfaces of ice \(I_h\) in the presence of sodium chloride at both high and low concentration.
We find that the addition of ions in low concentration does not change the structural properties of the QLL with respect to freshwater ice.
Conversely, high concentration of ion pairs corresponding to seawater ice conditions leads to a significant change in QLL thickness, structure and premelting behaviour.
Na$^+/$Cl$^-$ ion pairs disrupt the residual ordering of QLL and increase its thickness by at least one bilayer at all the temperatures considered. Surface premelting becomes more gradual in the presence of ions and the differences in ordering and premelting behaviour between the two surfaces are erased.
Close to the melting temperature ($T_m\sim -10$~K) the QLL with ions exhibits the same structural features as a water slab, thus providing the same solvation environment as a liquid surface.\cite{kahan_pinch_2014}

The changes induced by Na$^+/$Cl$^-$ ion pairs at the molecular level lead to major chances in the surface structural transitions as a function of temperature, erasing the differences between the two facets. This effect may impact the growth rate and the shape of ice crystals growing from the vapour phase in clouds containing significant amounts of sodium chloride aerosols.
The observed changes in surface roughness upon ion adsorption may also impact the light scattering properties of ice and snow. The observation that adsorbed ions increase surface roughness, knowing that rougher surfaces decrease albedo, would explain why sea ice has a lower albedo than freshwater snow.

In general terms, the key implication of our study is the crucial need to consider the concentration of Na$^+/$Cl$^-$ present when modelling ice surfaces, given its ability at high concentration to alter the surface structure, thus affecting mechanistic properties such as glacier sliding,\cite{cuffey_deformation_2000} and chemistry at the ice surface.\cite{shepherd_quasi-liquid_2012,bartels-rausch_review_2014,abbatt_interactions_2003}

\section*{Conflicts of interest}
There are no conflicts to declare.

\section*{Acknowledgements}
This work is supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. 1806210.

\balance

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
Susan Manning FRSE FRSA (24 December 1953 – 15 January 2013) was a Scottish academic specialising in Scottish studies and English literature. Before her death in 2013 at the age of 59, she was the Grierson Professor in English literature at the University of Edinburgh and the Director of the Institute for Advanced Studies in Humanities (IASH) at the University of Edinburgh. Prof. Manning's work on Scottish Enlightenment and transatlantic literature led to international acclaim. She was a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh and the Royal Society of Arts, Manufacturers and Commerce, Edinburgh.

Education
Manning was born in Glasgow to Honora, a graduate of philosophy, and James Valentine, a physicist. When her family moved to Abingdon, Oxford in 1962 she attended Dunmore Primary where she met Jill Hanna. They became good friends and intellectual rivals, as Jill described in her tribute to Manning in 2013, "[W]e were rivals from the start, although the rivalry was simply a spur so that we both produced our individual best. Susan did not need a rival as she was always competing with herself". She later attended John Mason High School in Abingdon.

She earned a BA degree from Newnham College, University of Cambridge, graduating in 1976. It was at Cambridge that she met her future husband, physicist Howard Manning and got married.

She undertook doctoral studies at the University of Virginia under the supervision of Professor David Levin, a literary scholar and the Commonwealth Professor of English at the University of Virginia. She was equally attracted towards studying Scottish and American literature and the overlap between the two. Her main mode of inquiry involved discovering similarities between Scottish and American literary style, subjects and preoccupations, distinguishing these from English literature. This quest took the shape of defining what provincialism meant and its relation to any 'Centre'.

Professional contribution

It took Manning 10 years to complete her PhD, during which time she was bringing up a young family. She  would often joke that it had taken three children Laura, Lindsay and Sophie to complete her PhD. She took up a research fellowship in the Newnham College in 1981 where she went on to become a lecturer in 1984.

Her interest in Scottish literature resulted in her first major publication, The Puritan-Provincial Vision: Scottish and American Literature in the Nineteenth Century, issued in 1990 by Cambridge University Press. In Cambridge, she created and taught the American literature course which became  popular among students.

References

1953 births
2013 deaths
Academics of the University of Edinburgh
Alumni of Newnham College, Cambridge
Academics from Glasgow
University of Virginia alumni
Scottish women academics
Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
Fellows of the Royal Society
Scottish academics of English literature
Scottish studies

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


InfinityQS International, Inc. announced that Process Automation Solutions (PA Solutions) has joined its partner program. "Not only will this agreement enable PA Solutions to provide a truly unique cloud-based, quality management system for its clients, but by leveraging its expertise in industrial engineering and IT, PA Solutions can also provide valuable support and advanced capabilities to other partner organizations within the InfinityQS partner network," said a company spokesperson.
PA Solutions is an independent provider of complete automation solutions for the process and manufacturing industry. The new partnership with InfinityQS will enable PA Solutions' customers to access Enact, a cloud-based manufacturing and quality intelligence solution.
"Manufacturers are facing the need to re-evaluate their operational processes, driven by pressures to reduce costs and drive greater value across their production environments," said the spokesperson. "Advancements in technology have been critical to this, and increasingly more manufacturers are unlocking their full potential by investing in and deploying cloud technology. InfinityQS is a key facilitator of this movement."
For organizations, the insight obtained through Enact enables managers and quality professionals to easily view quality information across all regions and plants, using any device. It also allows the user to visualize how processes are performing, where problems exist and where quality resources should be engaged to generate the greatest economic benefit. This data can then be leveraged to improve yield, compliance and resource utilization, through an aggregated end-to-end view of production sites across the entire enterprise.
"For PA Solutions, becoming an Enact reseller will enhance its already strong quality management proposition," added a PA spokesperson. Historically, PA Solutions delivered its Quality Management for Manufacturing (QMM) services from its Center for Excellence in Montréal, Canada, and through Enact, it now can scale out that service much faster and more intuitively.
Pierre Lavergne, Director of Business Development at PA Solutions, commented on the agreement, "Quality management is incredibly complementary to our core automation and manufacturing IT competencies; the new agreement with InfinityQS will strengthen this further. Increasingly, we are seeing more and more manufacturers acknowledging the benefits that can be gained from deploying cloud technology. If you consider this from a quality management perspective, being able to capture data streams from a variety of plants and sites means that manufacturers can achieve greater insight into how they can improve their production processes. Inherently, the data streams generated will enable them to improve the quality of the products they are taking to market and therefore provide huge savings."
Jason Chester, Director of Channel Programs for InfinityQS, said, "We have a longstanding relationship with PA Solutions and are thrilled that they have agreed to become a channel partner for our Enact solution. Critically, the depth and breadth of the PA Solutions competences mean not only do we see this agreement benefiting their customer base, but also the entire Enact partner community. Some partners may not have the experience or expertise in certain areas, such as in industrial engineering, PLC or OPC configuration or enterprise application integration, for example. PA Solutions is one of those unique partners that has strong capabilities across many categories-something which our partners can leverage to ensure the success of their own opportunities."


Thanks for sharing an informative lecture by Darra Goldstein. She dispelled a few myths. I enjoyed her practicality regarding food. Hope you're feeling well enough for that road trip soon.
Thanks, Donna. When I'm up for a travel adventure I'll be sure to ask you for tips.
As for Darra Goldstein, you're right, her matter-of-factness combined with her scholarly sensibility is appealing.
Fascinating stuff! Wow, thanks for this information. I plan to subscribe, as this is definitely great reading for the type of person who comes to our green B&B.
Alexandra, Gastronomica is just the sort of journal you'd want to curl up with at a B&B. And you should check out the upcoming Gastronomica Reader, a gorgeous, timeless, coffee-table type book.
Great sum up Sarah!! Darra's thoughts on food were quite refreshing, if not, daring in light of where she was. It's quite easy to be local from our California soap-box, no doubt-and lucky we are, for that reason alone. A quick wander through Berkeley Bowl this morning was a precious reminder of that fact.
Thanks, Nani. Yes we are spoiled for seasonal produce all year round out here.
Quite an interesting woman. And the magazine sounds wonderful (beautiful cover photos); not many people examine food from so many artful perspectives.
It is visually very engaging, that's for sure.
Thanks for sharing all of this. I hope you're feeling better!
I do not claim to know much about food writing at all, but I have to say that the covers of those magazines are absolutely stunning and visually so interesting.
Thanks for the info here – I enjoyed.
I know, Meredith, the visuals are so striking.
curious to know what your opinion might have been of her last night.
Thanks for your insights, Lentil Breakdown. The subject of blogging did not come up at the event I attended. Nor the issue of happy snapping at the table. I assume she means in public, right?
As for us "narcissistic" bloggers, I think of myself as an old-school journalist who's experimenting with a new mode of communication, given the current economic realities for those of us who make our livings as freelance writers.
But I had to laugh. I don't always prattle on about myself to introduce a post — as I did in this instance — so I've given Goldstein plenty of fuel for her fire. And I even emailed the post to her, an old-fashioned reporter courtesy, but perhaps it could be misinterpreted as further evidence of my self-serving ways.


text:
Germany broke world solar power generation record in July with 5.1 TWh, leaving U.S. in dust
CC BY 2.0 Flickr
If cloudy Germany can do it...
Germany's not a very sunny place, yet yet it leads the world in solar power, showing that you don't have to be in the middle of the Sahara desert to generate lots of clean power from the sun. In July 2013, it set a new world record, producing 5.1 terawatt-hours, a mindbogglingly big number that leaves the U.S. far behind with its 0.764 TWh record for May 2013 (we don't have data more recent than that). The only thing that comes close is other solar record by Germany, and Germany's world wind power record of 5 TWh in January earlier this year.
Germany's installed solar base is even more impressive when looked at per capita. Zachary Shahan writes:
In terms of total solar power capacity per capita, Germany crushes every other country. At the end of 2012, it had approximately 400 MW of solar power capacity per million people, considerably more than #2 Italy at 267 MW per million people, #3 Belgium at 254 MW per million people, #4 Czech Republic at 204 MW per million, and #5 Greece at 143 MW per million people. The US came it at #20 with about 25 MW per million people (quite pitiful when put into this perspective). The top solar state (per capita) in the US at the end of 2012 was Arizona, which had about 167 MW of solar power per capita (and would have ranked #5 if it were a country). (source)
The U.S. has no excuse for being 20th in the world in per capita solar capacity. Just imagine if the U.S. got to even half of Germany's installed based per capita; that would supercharge the solar industry and probably help drive down solar costs much lower than they are now (and they're already low), making further solar adoption around the world much faster than it otherwise would be. That's the kind of virtuous cycle that we need to clean up electricity generation worldwide.
pgegreenenergy/CC BY 3.0
Via Cleantechnica
See also: When will solar be cheap enough? (video)
Germany's not a very sunny place, yet yet it leads the world in solar power, showing that you don't have to be in the middle of the Sahara desert to generate lots of clean power from the sun.
The United States uses 39% of the energy it produces, wastes 61%...
When will solar be cheap enough? (video)
$77 billion from the sun: Solar industry facts (video)
300,000 mirrors: World's largest thermal solar plant (377MW) under ...
World's biggest solar boat reaches New York City
JA Solar makes record-breaking 18.3% efficient multi-crystalline si...
Germany agrees to end coal burning by 2038 (maybe)
In Germany, speed limits are 'an affront to masculinity'