The magic number in Northern California this weekend was three. Three spectacular days, three incredible drum corps shows and three past DCI World Champions. It was, in a nutshell, a drum corps fan's dream weekend.
The Blue Devils perform their encore in Stockton this past weekend.
The Weekend of Champions kicked off on Friday night at Alonso Stagg Stadium on the University of the Pacific Campus in Stockton. While the weather was hot early in the day, the evening breeze made it quite comfortable for the 4,000 or so fans that made the trek to Stockton from throughout Northern California. The 12-corps lineup provided an excellent cross section of West Coast drum corps and included performances by the Blue Devils, Santa Clara Vanguard, Seattle Cascades Blue Knights, Mandarins, Pacific Crest, Troopers, Vanguard Cadets, Blue Devils "B" corps, Fever and River City Regiment, Sr. The evening also included an exhibition by the always-entertaining, Blue Devils "C" corps. "We were a little concerned with attendance since we didn't run a show last year," said Sponsors of Musical Enrichment's (S.O.M.E.) Mike Canote, one of the sponsors . "But the combination of a great lineup of drum corps and the partnership with DCI, the Vanguard and Blue Devils to market the weekend of Champions was really beneficial in helping us to have a great crowd." S.O.M.E. produces the Moonlight Classic to raise funds for the purpose of supporting local youth organizations and the performing arts on a continuing basis. It also provides support to DCI by underwriting the Individual & Ensemble competition at the World Championships. The evening saw the Blue Devils take the Gold medal in Division I competition with a season-high 80.80. Capturing the Silver and Bronze medals were cross-Bay rivals the Santa Clara Vanguard (76.75) and Denver's Blue Knights (69.40). The Seattle Cascades placed fourth with a 68.40 with the Mandarins (66.10) and Pacific Crest (65.55) within striking distance. The Troopers completed the Division I lineup with a score of 57.15. Division II saw the Vanguard Cadets capture the Gold medal with a 66.30, with Blue Devils "B" winning the Silver with a 63.10. California's newest Division II corps, Fever, took home the Bronze medal with a 52.60. In the Senior Division, Sacramento's River City Regiment took home a gold medal with a 53.10.


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6/18/2019 | 28 MINUTE READ
An Improvement in the Zincate Method for Plating on Aluminum
Investigations were conducted into the sodium zincate solution used for treating aluminum prior to its being plated. Measurements of the adhesion of the nickel plate to aluminum and its alloys were done to check the effect of modifications made to this solution.
A.E. Wyszynski
Research Chemist , W. Canning and Company
T.E. Such
Head of the Research Laboratory , W. Canning and Company
The Face of Second Chances
PFAS and the Surface Finishing Industry
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Editor's Note: This paper was originally published as T.E. Such & A.E. Wyszynski, Plating, 52 (10), 1027-1034 (1965). A printable pdf of this paper can be accessed and printed HERE.
ABSTRACT: Investigations were conducted into the sodium zincate solution used for treating aluminum prior to its being plated. Measurements of the adhesion of the nickel plate to aluminum and its alloys were done to check the effect of modifications made to this solution. The presence of nickel in the zincate solution was found to be the most important factor in producing the results desired and enabled adherent nickel coatings to be electrodeposited from normal bright plating baths, without an intervening layer of copper or copper alloy electroplate being necessary. The properties of the immersion layer produced from this sodium zincate solution are discussed. Process sequences suitable for various types of alloy are described. Corrosion tests were conducted on aluminum plated with various nickel and chromium coatings and the results obtained are summarized.
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While countless applications of aluminum and its alloys do not require their surfaces to be treated in any way, there are many instances where their serviceability can be improved by some finishing process. Although the most popular finishes are those produced by anodizing or chromate passivating, electrodeposited coatings are important for certain applications, particularly in providing a lustrous appearance for decoration and when aluminum has to be soldered either to itself or to another metal. However, the electrodeposition of adherent metal coatings onto aluminum does present some difficulty due to the ease with which this metal forms an oxide layer on its surface. Therefore, although electrodeposited finishes on aluminum were first recorded some fifty years ago1 and have been often investigated since that time, more complex pretreatment processes are still necessary when plating onto aluminum than, for example, onto steel or brass.
The well-known zincate process is the most widely used technique for preparing aluminum for plating. The simplest form of this solution consists only of zinc oxide dissolved in sodium hydroxide. The sodium hydroxide dissolves the surface layer of oxide off the aluminum and zinc is then deposited onto this fresh surface by galvanic action. This thin layer of zinc prevents the oxide from reforming and acts as an adherent base onto which other metals - most frequently copper or brass - can be deposited. Over the course of years, the basic zincate solution has been adjusted from time to time in efforts to make it give a more adherent immersion deposit or render it more versatile in coping with a wider range of alloys, or to confer other benefits to a process which was often found to be more of an art than a science. Several metals have been mentioned in the literature as being beneficial when added to the zincate solution and of these copper3-5 and iron6 appear to be the most widely used in industrial practice. Complexing agents are needed to retain these other metals in solution - cyanide4,5,7 and tartrate6,8 being typical examples of these. Other anions such as chloride6 or nitrate9 have also been found to give improvements.
Since nickel, usually with a top-coat of chromium, is the most important metal to be electroplated on aluminum, it was considered that this metal might be advantageous if it were incorporated into the zincate dip.
The object of this work was, therefore, to formulate a zincate solution containing nickel which would be capable of producing a modified immersion deposit on aluminum, to determine the physical and chemical characteristics of this deposit, to assess the adhesion of nickel and some other commonly electroplated metals onto this immersion film both on aluminum and a wide range of its alloys, to evaluate the corrosion resistance of the plated parts and, finally, if the previous work indicated the value of doing so, to produce suitable process sequences so as to enable this modified zincate bath to be used for commercial plating.
Experimental procedure
1. Formulation of zincate solution
The approach made to solution formulation was to start with the basic zincate solution containing sodium hydroxide and zinc oxide and, after checking which compositions of this type gave the optimum results, then to modify this solution by adding nickel and other cations together with the complexing agents which would keep them in solution in a highly alkaline medium. Different heavy metals, anions and complexing agents were added in succession to the basic formulation, singly and in combination at different concentrations, and the effectiveness of the formulation was tested, using the adhesion of nickel plate to commercial purity aluminum as the criterion of suitability.
The results, which will be discussed more fully later, did show that the addition of nickel together with cyanide and other complexants to the basic sodium zincate solution enables the production of an immersion deposit onto which the majority of metals commonly used could be electroplated satisfactorily with good adhesion.
The effects of variables such as temperature, time, cleaning cycle and aluminum alloy composition and heat treatment to which the alloy was subjected were then evaluated using the standard solution composition.
2. Determination of the nature and composition of the immersion film
The physical and chemical composition of the film was studied by chemical, metallographic and electron microscopy techniques.
3. Adhesion testing
The adhesion of the immersion deposit and the electrodeposited coating on aluminum and its alloys was evaluated qualitatively and quantitatively. The qualitative tests consisted of depositing 1 mil of the metal in question on a flat aluminum plate and then flexing this plate through 180°, until the plate fractured. In the cases of low adhesion, there was usually some exfoliation of the deposit on the side of the plate which was concave on the first bending. An exfoliated deposit could usually be manually stripped by direct pull and the force required to strip it could be qualitatively judged so that the adhesion could be graded on an arbitrary scale. If the nickel deposit did not lift spontaneously, efforts were made to lift it away from the fracture by means of a pen knife or coarse file. With well-adherent deposits this lifting never extended more than 3 mm (⅛ in.) from the fracture. More massive samples were cut through by sawing and the same methods applied at the saw-cut in attempts to lift the plate. Further qualitative tests consisted in baking a plated specimen at 315°C (600°F) for 10 minutes followed by rapid quenching in cold water and examining it for blisters.
Figure 1 - Method of adhesion testing.
The quantitative determinations, which followed the pattern mapped out by the qualitative tests, were made using the method developed by Wittrock and Swanson10. The apparatus and the test method are illustrated in Fig. 1. A vise grip on a flexible coupling is attached to the spring of a spring balance 45 kg (100 lb.) capacity, calibrated in units of 0.45 kg (1 lb.). The test piece consisted of an aluminum strip or a rod rigid enough to withstand a bending force of the order of 100 lb. The strip was cleaned in a normal manner and then immersed in the pretreatment solution to a depth sufficient to leave about 2.5 cm (1 in.) at the top of the strip exposed above the solution level. The whole was then electroplated with ductile nickel, copper etc., to a thickness of about 10 mil. The deposit adhered to the surface which was treated in the solution and was non-adherent to the untreated surface from which it was detached to serve as the starting point for the test. The edges of the strip were chamfered, and the strip placed vertically in a vise. The electroformed tongue of nickel was clamped in the vise grip of the spring balance and pulled steadily at right angles to the plane of the strip. The load at which the deposit becomes detached from the basis metal is recorded as the adhesion or peel-strength expressed in lb./linear inch.
4. Trials of pretreatment baths to be used prior to zincate Immersion
Many cleaning solutions have already been found satisfactory for use with zincate immersion processes, but it was necessary to vary these in order to obtain the best adhesion of electroplate onto the very wide range of alloys it was desired to treat with this new zincate solution.
Also since we wished to plate bright nickel directly onto aluminum, the surface treatment of that metal prior to zinc immersion coating had to be adjusted so as to prevent undesirable etching of the polished surface, which would impair its ultimate appearance.
5. Evaluation of corrosion resistance
The procedures adopted to test plated EC aluminum panels were as follows:
a) Accelerated corrosion tests
Acetic acid salt spray test according to ASTM B287-62
Corrodkote test according to ASTM B380-61T
CASS test according to ASTM B368-62T.
b) Outdoor exposure tests
Static exposure on a roof near the center of Birmingham, England.
Mobile service tests on the front of cars operating mainly in the Birmingham district.
1. Effect of varying the composition and operating conditions of the zincate solution
a) Composition of the zincate solution
The presence of nickel in the zincate solution was found to be of great benefit in promoting good adhesion of nickel, plated directly onto the zinc alloy layer given by the new solution. The nickel was found in many cases to make such a difference that whereas previously the adhesion of the nickel plate to a deposit from a simple zincate bath was so low that the coating was more like an envelope, the addition of nickel to this zincate solution enabled a very adherent nickel plate to be deposited onto the same aluminum alloy. It was also found that bright nickel could be directly deposited onto this modified zinc film from conventional baths at normal acidities, thus avoiding the necessity of using dull nickel baths having a high pH.
Figure 2 - Effect of zinc oxide concentration on the rate of film formation at room temperature on 99.5 per cent aluminum. (NaOH:ZnO Ratio = 5:1).
Although this beneficial effect of nickel was evident in a wide range of simple zincate solutions of various concentrations (see Fig. 2), it was considered that a dilute bath would be best, since having a low viscosity it would be more readily rinsed off than more concentrated solutions and would also penetrate more quickly into small blind holes, etc. (Note from Fig. 2 the slight decrease in coating weight given in the more concentrated and viscous solutions, which results from localized solution depletion). Therefore, a basic zincate solution containing sodium hydroxide and zinc oxide was chosen. To this basic solution nickel was added and the concentration range of this metal over which it exhibits its marked beneficial effect on adhesion was determined. The additional presence of copper was found to be of benefit when dealing with certain alloys and this metal was therefore also included in the standard formulation. These metals must not only be present in a fixed range of individual concentrations, but the ratio between zinc, nickel and copper kept within certain limits. To keep these metals in solution, the addition of complexing agents was imperative. One of these was cyanide and not only is this anion important as a complexant, but its concentration is rather critical in affecting the adhesion of the electroplate. Bengston has reported11 that, the presence of sulfates in the zincate dip or the use of zinc sulfate instead of the oxide was helpful. This was found to be the case with our solution and so sulfate was used in the formulation, although good adhesion was still obtained if the sulfate ion was partially or totally substituted by chloride or nitrate.
The final formulation of this modified zincate bath has been in commercial use as the "Bondal" bath for the last three years. This bath is tolerant to changes in composition and will produce 2m2/L (80 ft2/gal) of satisfactorily treated surface-area before the adhesion begins to deteriorate, but its life can be prolonged by maintaining the bath at the correct composition. Addition powders have been formulated containing the required ingredients in the correct ratio with respect to the quantities of zinc and caustic soda found by analysis to be necessary to replenish the bath. Therefore from the results of two simple analyses, this zincate bath can be maintained in the correct balance.
b) Effect of operating conditions
The temperature of the zincate bath and the time of immersion are chiefly responsible for the film thickness and structure. The film thickness and structure have been quite thoroughly explored before by a number of investigators,8,12,13 mainly in an attempt to find a correlation between the film weight and adhesion.
Figure 3 - Effect of temperature on the rate of film formation.
In our studies we have found that the temperature has a profound effect on the film weight of the immersion deposit on aluminum. Generally speaking, the film weight increases with temperature although its behavior is rather complex and depends on the alloy type. Figure 3 illustrates the relationship between temperature and the film weight for a range of commercial alloys. It will be noted that commercial purity aluminum takes a position intermediate between two series of alloys, i.e., alloys with high magnesium content and the alloys with high content of silicon, copper or both. It has been reported by various authors8,13-15 that the film thickness depends on the alloy composition, which in turn determines its electropotential with respect to zinc. The alloys containing magnesium are reported to be most base with respect to zinc, the commercial purity aluminum intermediate, and alloys containing copper most noble with respect to zinc. It will be seen from Fig. 3 that this relationship is most pronounced at higher temperature. It can also be seen that the behavior of commercial purity aluminum is somewhat different from the behavior of its alloys inasmuch as the temperature coefficient decreases with temperature for commercial purity aluminum, whereas for aluminum alloys it increases with temperature. The minimum on a curve for alloys containing 3-6 per cent Mg might be of electrochemical importance, but its significance cannot be visualized in the context of this work.
The rate of film formation can be controlled by the temperature of the zincate solution. It can be seen from Fig. 3 that the rate of film formation is between four and six times faster at 32°C (90°F) than it is at room temperature. Although the same film thickness can be obtained by increasing the time of treatment, the actual rate of film formation cannot be increased. We found that the rate of film formation is at least as important as the actual film thickness and that by varying the rate of film formation, good adhesion can be obtained even on alloys on which the adhesion was poor before. At a given temperature and pre-cleaning cycle, the film thickness obtained on aluminum and its alloys is proportional to the time of immersion. The rate of film formation, fast at first, progressively decreases and virtually reaches saturation. This is to be expected from a displacement reaction which is not catalyzed, for it relies on the galvanic effect which should cease after a continuous unbroken layer of the more noble metal was deposited on the more base one. Therefore, the significance of time after the first two minutes has probably been over-emphasized.
At a constant temperature and immersion time, the pre-treatment cycle affects the rate of film formation. It was found, for instance, that the rate of film formation on aluminum which was soak cleaned in a warm alkaline cleaner is slower than on aluminum which was cathodically cleaned in a cold cleaner. The frequently used technique of double zincating, that is dissolution of the zinc film first formed by immersion of the aluminum in nitric acid and then reformation of the zinc layer by dipping the aluminum in either the same or a different zincate solution, was tried with our modified zincate solution. It was found to give a definite improvement in adhesion. Previous workers' results, which showed that the rate of film formation on aluminum which has been previously treated in a zincate solution is slower than it otherwise would be on a fresh aluminum surface, have been con-firmed with this modified zincate solution.
2. Properties of the immersion film
Chemical analysis of a typical film showed that it contained 86 percent zinc, 8 percent copper and 6 percent nickel. The film is most probably an alloy rather than a chemical compound, but no data can be quoted to substantiate this assumption. The thickness of the film, which is only about 0.01 mil (0.25 microns), is not great enough to permit the analysis or definite identification of the phase present.
A preliminary study with an electron microscope showed that the film was too amorphous and contained too much included alumina to get conclusive results by this method. The diffraction patterns also did not reveal anything conclusive.
Figure 4 - The rate of replacement of zinc by nickel at room temperature in the film obtained on 99.5 percent aluminum from modified zincate solution.
One particular property of this modified zincate film is the readiness with which it reduces nickel from a sulfate solution and incorporates it in the film. It was established that the film is quite inert in a solution containing 300 g/L sodium sulfate, 30 g/L sodium chloride and 40 g/L boric acid at pH value of 4.2. When, however, the sodium sulfate is replaced quantitatively by crystalline nickel sulfate there is a rapid reaction and nickel is incorporated in the film. The rate of incorporation is illustrated in Fig. 4. It is a significant fact that the adhesion of the subsequent nickel deposit decreases with the amount of nickel incorporated after reaching a maximum at approximately 30 sec immersion. Although this has yet to be confirmed, it is possible that the adhesion mechanism is connected with the incorporation of nickel into the immersion deposit and that during the first few seconds of deposition, a reduction of nickel occurs inside the immersion zincate film, and the subsequent electrodeposition of nickel occurs on the nickel film deposited by reduction - not necessarily only on the surface of the modified zinc coating but also inside it.
A control experiment showed that an immersion zinc deposit obtained from a conventional zincate solution did not show any incorporation of nickel after 60 sec immersion in a nickel solution of the composition given above.
Figure 5 - Surface of LM8M alloy after polishing.
Figure 6 - Surface of LM8W alloy after polishing and etching in 0.5 percent HF solution.
Figure 7 - Surface of LM8WP alloy after polishing.
Metallurgical investigation of the deposition mechanism showed that the surface condition is not the only factor which will affect the adhesion. The precipitation and aging treatment to which aluminum alloy is subjected will also have a decisive effect. For example, although it was impossible to detect any significant difference in the microstructures of LM8 alloy* after solution treatment at 520°C (970°F) and after solution and precipitation treatment, the adhesion to solution-treated LM8 alloy was excellent (100 lb./in.), whereas the adhesion to the same alloy when it was both solution and precipitation treated was poor (26 lb./in.). On the other hand, although there was a considerable difference in the microstructure between LM8 alloy in the as-cast condition and after solution heat treatment, the adhesion in both cases was comparable (80 and 100 lb./in. respectively). Figures 5, 6 and 7 show the microstructure of the alloy. It will be seen that, in spite of the similarity of structure in Figs. 6 and 7, the adhesion is different, and despite the difference of structure in Figs. 5 and 6, the adhesion is similar. This is most probably due to the coherent precipitate, which would be formed during the aging process and yet would be invisible under an optical microscope, affecting the surface condition of the alloy and so giving galvanic differences over the surface. Presumably after solution heat treatment, the intermetallics are so uniformly dispersed as to produce a consistent potential difference over the surface of the alloy when this is immersed in the zincate solution. The significant difference between the appearance of the metal surface after stripping the nickel deposit from LM8M, LM8W and LM8WP was that, in the case of the first two alloys, the separation occurred in the basis metal all along the line of peel, whereas in the latter case there were only relatively few deep tears in the basis metal, although the photomicrographs revealed that the aluminum adhered to the nickel, after the nickel deposit was separated mechanically from the aluminum base. This is illustrated in Figs. 8(a) and (b), which shows the aluminum basis metal and the nickel strip detached. It will be seen from the photographs that the structures are virtually mirror images of each other and that although the adhesion is low (26 lb./in.) the separation occurs in the basis metal. It is possible that the treatment of the LM8 alloy in the modified zincate solution results in the partial disintegration of the surface, producing a layer whose tensile strength is lower than the adhesion of the nickel deposit to this layer.
Figure 8 - (a) Surface of LM8WP alloy after removal of electrodeposited nickel by peeling; (b) nickel foil removed from LM8WP alloy by peeling.
Figure 9 - Surface of LM4 alloy after polishing and dipping in modified zincate solution.
Figure 10 - Surface of LM12WP alloy after polishing and dipping in modified zincate solution.
In order to ascertain if there is any relationship between the adhesion of nickel to different alloys and the appearance of the alloy surface after it was treated in the modified zincate solution, photomicrographs were prepared of alloy surfaces after treatment. Figures 9 and 10 show the typical pattern obtained on LM4 and LM12WP.** Although the appearance could not be correlated to the adhesion obtained, Figs. 9 and 10 show the film pattern caused most probably by the thickness of the zincate film varying on different phases of the alloy.
The evidence for this is based on an investigation conducted on an electron beam microanalyzer, but so far confined to one alloy - LM8M. The microstructure of this alloy is shown in Fig. 5. Both the acicular and spherical particles have been found to be α-(Fe, Mn, Si, Al) and these are contained in a fine structure of Al-Si eutectic, with some dendrites of aluminum also present.
The surface of a specimen of this alloy was polished to a metallographic standard and treated with the modified zincate solution using the "double dip" technique. Examination with the micro-analyzer was then made of the coated surface.
Figure 11 - Electron beam microanalysis of aluminum alloy LM8M after dipping in modified zincate solution: (a. electron image; (b. zinc x-ray image; (c. iron x-ray image; (d. silicon x-ray image.
Figure 12 - Disposition of elements in modified zincate film on LM8M alloy: (a) zinc x-ray trace; (b) copper x-ray trace; (c) nickel x-ray trace.
Figure 11(a) shows the general electron image found by backscatter of electrons from the region chosen. Figure 11(b) shows the surface scanned with respect to zinc x-ray emission. Little variation in thickness of film is apparent over the matrix, i.e., interior of dendrites, but dark patches at the boundaries show that little or no zinc is present in these regions. Figures 11(c) and (d) show the field of 11(b) scanned to detect iron and silicon emissions, respectively, and indicate that thinning of the modified zincate film correlates with the disposition of both silicon and α-(Fe, Mn, Si, Al) particles. Figure 12 shows pen recorder traces, obtained by slow scanning along the line indicated in Figure 11(a), by a technique in which the electron beam penetrates through the modified zincate film. In this way a semi-quantitative estimate of elements present in the volume penetrated by the beam can be obtained. The first trace, Fig. 12(a), was made with the detector sensitive to zinc emission only, while Figs. 12(b) and (c) give traces corresponding to the concentration of the minor elements copper and nickel. Concentration of each element varies in a similar way indicating that composition of the film remains constant over the surface. Variations in intensity of emission over the traverse indicate differences in modified zincate film thickness. Further traces with the detector arranged to be sensitive to iron and silicon, Figs. 13(a) and (b), respectively, confirm that the regions rich in iron and silicon coincide with a decrease in film thickness. The thickness remains fairly constant at about 0.02 mil (0.5 microns) over the dendrites but is thinner than 0.004 mil (0.1 microns) - possibly disappearing entirely - in regions where iron- and silicon-bearing constituents are present.
Figure 13 - Disposition of alloying elements in LM8M alloy: (a) iron x-ray trace; (b) silicon x-ray trace.
3. Adhesion of plated coatings
The use of the process sequences described below enables adherent coatings of both dull and bright nickel to be plated from conventional Watts baths at normal acidities (pH range 3 to 5) onto commercial purity aluminum and its alloys selected from the types most frequently employed in the industrial field. The fracture or sawing and the heating plus quenching tests were used on all alloys to check the adhesion obtained. The quantitative peel test was used on some samples to obtain more detailed information to correlate with these qualitative results (See Table 1). It was found that alloys of the following series could be satisfactorily plated using the modified zincate dip - 1000, 2000, 3000, 5000 and 6000. Typical wrought alloys to which nickel had good adhesion were 1100 and purer aluminum up to 99.99 percent, 2014, 2017, 3003, 5050, 5052, 5056, 5154, 6053, 6061, 6063 and 6151. Of the casting alloys, those similar to 13, 122, 132, 142, 214, 220, 319, 356 and 380 have all been successfully nickel plated. Summing up, it seems that nickel - whether dull or bright - can be plated adherently onto any aluminum alloy containing not more than 5 percent copper, 9 percent magnesium, 1.5 percent manganese or 13 percent silicon, once these have been treated in the "Bondal" dip. It must be emphasized that this result can be obtained without any baking treatment, such as is vital for some processes used for plating aluminum.
4. Pretreatment before modified zincate dip
As stated above, the modified zincate dip is most versatile and so can be used with satisfactory results on many types of aluminum alloy. For commercial purity aluminum and alloys containing a total of less than 1.5 percent of alloying elements, the simple process sequence given below will give excellent adhesion of nickel and many other electroplated coatings:
Trichoroethylene degrease or soak clean in a hot non-silicated, non-etch cleaner.
Water rinse.
Cathodically clean in a non-silicated caustic-based cleaner.
Nitric acid dip (50 percent by volume).
Immerse in "Bondal" modified zincate dip for 1 to 2 minutes at 16-30°C (60-85°F).
Electroplate with desired metal using conventional dull or bright plating baths.
For casting alloys containing large amounts of silicon or copper, such as 13, 380 or 122, it is best to use a double immersion in the modified zincate dip. Alloys containing more than 3 percent magnesium, for example 220 or 5056, should be etched in hot, dilute sulfuric acid instead of the nitric acid dip in stage 5 of the above sequence.
Many metals other than nickel can be deposited even on the more complex aluminum alloys using a suitable sequence. For example, hard chromium can be deposited directly onto 13 or 380 alloys from baths not containing silicofluoride, provided a mixture of nitric and hydrofluoric acids is used in stage 5 of the standard process sequence. Copper and brass can also be deposited directly onto aluminum using cyanide baths as can zinc, cadmium, and silver. Tin is best plated from a stannous sulfate solution rather than a sodium stannate bath. If a certain bath cannot be used for direct plating as in the case of acid copper or high efficiency chromium, or where an under-coat is desirable, such as with gold, then the desired metal can be deposited over an under-coat of nickel.
5. Corrosion tests on plated aluminum
The accelerated tests showed that the corrosion resistance of aluminum plated with 1.2 mils of nickel depended, just as with other metals, on the nature of the nickel and the topcoat of chromium. If bright nickel plus 0.01 mil of chromium were used, the samples failed badly in the tests, while the use of duplex nickel or micro-cracked chromium top-coats resulted in a much better performance and plated aluminum then behaved similarly to steel parts plated with the same type of coating, both the steel and aluminum panels failing after almost exactly the same period of exposure to the accelerated tests. For example, aluminum and steel specimens plated with 0.03 mil of micro-cracked chromium over 1.2 mil of bright nickel still had ASTM ratings of 9 after either two cycles of the Corrodkote test or 240 hours in Acetic Acid Salt Spray. Samples plated with 1.2 mil of duplex nickel plus 0.01 mil of regular chromium had ratings of 9 after two Corrodkote tests or one CASS test. Crack-free chromium gave a variable performance; sometimes it was very good, but if a few pores were present in this coating, then these would quickly result in penetration of the underlying nickel and attack on the aluminum. During the course of these tests, it was observed that aluminum parts plated after treatment with the modified zincate solution exhibited much less lateral corrosion at the aluminum/electroplate interface than did those plated with copper, nickel and chromium after immersion in a simple zincate solution.
The outdoor exposure tests confirmed the accelerated tests, with duplex nickel and micro-cracked chromium again showing their benefits, but heavy deposits of crack-free chromium proving to be worse than the usual chromium layer of 0.01 mil.
Although extensive tests were carried out, they can be summarized by stating that in all cases, except crack-free chromium, the benefits of improved nickel and chromium coatings previously found most suitable for steel and zinc alloy were found applicable to aluminum. It has become increasingly obvious as more corrosion tests have been performed and the behavior of various commercially plated articles observed in service, that it is the type of plated nickel/chromium coating that is the most important factor. The life of this is obviously the same on aluminum as, for example, on zinc alloy.
The presence of nickel ions in the sodium zincate solution used for immersion treating aluminum has been found beneficial. It has enabled nickel, including bright nickel, and other metals to be directly and adherently plated onto aluminum and a wide range of its alloys, without any plated undercoat of copper or copper alloy being necessary. Nor is baking required. The corrosion resistance of aluminum, nickel and chromium plated by this process depends on the nature of the coating, and duplex nickel or micro-cracked chromium is therefore recommended for articles which are to be used in severely corrosive conditions. Bright nickel plus regular chromium is, however, quite satisfactory for normal indoor service. That this is so is confirmed by the variety of articles which have been successfully commercially plated by this proprietary process, which include domestic hollow-ware, cosmetic containers, buttons and badges, and components of electric fires and cookers, cameras, dispensing machines and general engineering equipment, while its use on parts for outdoor service is typified by automobile and motor-cycle trim.
The authors are indebted to the directors of W. Canning & Co. Ltd., for permission to publish this paper. They wish to thank their colleagues, particularly Miss J.E. Parker and Mr. G.R. Davies, for their assistance in the experimental work. In addition, they are most appreciative of the work done by Dr. J.K. Dennis, also of the Canning Research Laboratories, who produced the optical photomicrographs, and for the assistance rendered by the Imperial Aluminum Co. Ltd. who performed the electron beam analysis.
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2. S. Wernick & R. Pinner, The Surface Treatment and Finishing of Aluminum, Teddington, Robert Draper, 1964; Chapters 13-16.
3. J. Korpiun, U.S. Patent 2,142,564 (1939).
4. F. Passal, U.S. Patent 2,662,054 (1953).
5. J. Patrie, U.S. Patent 2,745,799 (1956).
6. W. Zelley, U.S. Patent 2,676,916 (1954).
8. W. Bullough & G.E. Gardam, J. Electrodep. Tech. Soc., 22, 169 (1947).
9. W. Zelley, J. Electrochem. Soc., 100, 328 (1953).
10. H.J. Wittrock & L. Swanson, Plating, 49, 880 (1962).
11. H. Bengston, Trans. Electrochem. Soc., 88, 307 (1945).
12. G.L.J. Bailey, J. Electrodep. Tech. Soc., 27, 233 (1951).
13. F. Keller & W.G. Zelley, J. Electrochem. Soc., 97, 143 (1950).
14. H. Richaud, Revue De Aluminum, 881, July 1961.
15. V.I. Lainer & Yu A. Velichko, Vestnik Mashinostroenya, 37, 48 (1957).
About the authors (written in 1965)
T.E. Such studied chemistry at the University of Birmingham, England, from which he obtained his B.Sc. in 1945. He then spent six years at Needle Industries Limited, first as a chemist and from 1948 as chief chemist. In 1951, he joined the automobile accessory firm of Wilmot-Breeden Limited, as senior electrochemist. He then became deputy technical manager and later technical manager, at Ionic Plating Company Limited. Since 1958, Mr. Such has been head of the research laboratory of W. Canning and Company, Limited. Mr. Such was elected a Fellow of the Royal Institute of Chemistry in 1963. In addition to the American Electroplaters' Society, he is a member of the Institute of Metal Finishing, the Society of Chemical Industry, and the British Joint Corrosion Group.
A.E. Wyszynski obtained his technical education at Leicester and at Birmingham College of Advanced Technology, England, after his war-time service with the Polish Army in the Middle East. He was employed at Metalastik Limited, Leicester, as a research chemist, investigating rubber to metal bonding and the effect of electrodeposited brass structure and composition on the properties of the bond. Mr. Wyszynski is how a research chemist at W. Canning and Company, Limited, Birmingham, where he is investigating the properties and solutions used for bright plating, as well as the properties of the deposits obtained from them.
* LM8 is a casting alloy and is specified by B.S. 1490 to contain between 0.3 and 0.8 percent of magnesium, 3.5 to 6.0 percent of silicon and not more than 0.6 percent of iron and 0.5 percent of manganese. It is approximately equivalent to alloy 356.
** For composition of these alloys, see Table 1.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The Viking project consisted of two space probes, Viking 1 and Viking 2, each composed of an orbiter designed to place itself in orbit around Mars and a lander able to descend gently to the surface of the planet.
Viking 1 landed on Mars to the west of Chryse Planitia on 20 July 1976 and Viking 2 on 3 September on Utopia Planitia. These probes sent back images of deserted, stony land. Two discoveries: the sky is not dark blue but pink because of the particles of dust in suspension in the atmosphere; and Viking 2 recorded a Marsquake.
The results sent back by the Viking probes are colossal. It is sufficient to realise that 30 years after this extraordinary mission, the data is still being analysed! The Vikings gave the most complete and detailed view of Mars ever obtained. All the information on this website come largely from the work of the Vikings. The sections on geology, volcanoes, impact craters, the atmosphere, meteorology, water and ice, together with the search for forms of life, are only a tiny summary of the data accumulated by this exemplary mission. The vision of Mars given by Viking was not as revolutionary as that provided by Mariner 9 in its day, but the mission surpassed all the previous missions in the variety, the quality and the quantity of results sent back for four reasons: the number of probes involved, the number of experiments carried out, the length of the mission and the data transmission rate.


text:
Home > Technologies > Thermal Management > Intended for High-Performance Computer Chips - Maybe Also Useful for LEDs
The inner workings of high-power electronic devices must remain cool to operate reliably. High internal temperatures can make programs run slower, freeze or shut down. Researchers at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and The University of Texas, Dallas have collaborated to optimize the crystal-growing process of boron arsenide – a material that has excellent thermal properties and can effectively dissipate the heat generated in electronic devices.
Materials science and eng. prof. and dept. head David Cahill co-led research to optimize the synthesis of boron arsenide – a highly thermally conductive material – to dissipate heat inside high-powered electronics (Credits: L. Brian Stauffer)
The results of the study, published in the journal Science, mark the first realization of previously predicted class of ultrahigh thermal conductivity materials. Boron arsenide is not a naturally occurring material, so scientists must synthesize it in the lab, the researchers said. It also needs to have a very specific structure and low defect density for it to have peak thermal conductivity, so that its growth happens in a very controlled way.
"We studied the structural defects and measured the thermal conductivity of the boron arsenide crystals produced at UT Dallas," said co-author David Cahill, a professor and head of the department of materials science and engineering at Illinois. "Our experiments also show that the original theory is incomplete and will need to be refined to fully understand the high thermal conductivity."
Most of today's high-performance computer chips and high-power electronic devices are made of silicon, a crystalline semiconducting material that does an adequate job of dissipating heat. But in combination with other cooling technology incorporated into devices, silicon can handle only so much, the team said.
Diamond has the highest known thermal conductivity – about 15 times that of silicon – but there are problems when it comes to using it for thermal management of electronics.
"Although diamond has been incorporated occasionally in demanding heat-dissipation applications, the cost of natural diamonds and structural defects in manmade diamond films make the material impractical for widespread use in electronics," said co-author Bing Lv, a physics professor at UT Dallas.
"The boron arsenide crystals were synthesized using a technique called chemical vapor transport," said Illinois postdoctoral researcher Qiye Zheng. "Elemental boron and arsenic are combined while in the vapor phase and then cool and condense into small crystals. We combined extensive materials characterization and trial-and-error synthesis to find the conditions that produce crystals of high enough quality."
The Illinois team used electron microscopy and a technique called time-domain thermoreflectance to determine if the lab-grown crystals were free of the types of defects that cause a reduction in thermal conductivity.
"We measured dozens of the boron arsenide crystals produced in this study and found that the thermal conductivity of the material can be three times higher than that of best materials being used as heat spreaders today," Zheng said.
The next step in the work will be to try other processes to improve the growth and properties of this material for large-scale applications, the researchers said.
Acknowledgements and References:
The Office of Naval Research and the Air Force Office of Scientific Research supported this study.
To reach David Cahill, call 217-333-6753; email d-cahill@illinois.
To reach Bing Lv, email blv@utdallas.edu.
The paper "High thermal conductivity in cubic boron arsenide crystals" is available online and from the U. of I. News Bureau. DOI: 10.1126/science.aat8982
A Confusing Situation that demands Solutions: Performance Specification
Can You Show Me the Next S-Curve, Please?


text:
#ifndef MSGPACK_UNPACK_H
#define MSGPACK_UNPACK_H

#include "ext/standard/php_var.h"

#define MSGPACK_EMBED_STACK_SIZE 1024

#include "msgpack/unpack_define.h"

typedef enum
{
    MSGPACK_UNPACK_SUCCESS     =  2,
    MSGPACK_UNPACK_EXTRA_BYTES =  1,
    MSGPACK_UNPACK_CONTINUE    =  0,
    MSGPACK_UNPACK_PARSE_ERROR = -1,
    MSGPACK_UNPACK_NOMEM_ERROR = -2
} msgpack_unpack_return;

typedef struct msgpack_var_hash {
       void *first;
       void *last;
       void *first_dtor;
       void *last_dtor;
       HashTable *allowed_classes;
} msgpack_var_hash;

typedef struct msgpack_unpack_data {
    zval *retval;
    const char *eof;
    int type;
    unsigned int count;
    long deps;
    long stack[MSGPACK_EMBED_STACK_SIZE];
    msgpack_var_hash var_hash;
} msgpack_unpack_data;

void msgpack_unserialize_var_init(msgpack_var_hash *var_hashx);
void msgpack_unserialize_var_destroy(msgpack_var_hash *var_hashx, zend_bool err);

int msgpack_unserialize_uint8(
    msgpack_unpack_data *unpack, uint8_t data, zval **obj);
int msgpack_unserialize_uint16(
    msgpack_unpack_data *unpack, uint16_t data, zval **obj);
int msgpack_unserialize_uint32(
    msgpack_unpack_data *unpack, uint32_t data, zval **obj);
int msgpack_unserialize_uint64(
    msgpack_unpack_data *unpack, uint64_t data, zval **obj);
int msgpack_unserialize_int8(
    msgpack_unpack_data *unpack, int8_t data, zval **obj);
int msgpack_unserialize_int16(
    msgpack_unpack_data *unpack, int16_t data, zval **obj);
int msgpack_unserialize_int32(
    msgpack_unpack_data *unpack, int32_t data, zval **obj);
int msgpack_unserialize_int64(
    msgpack_unpack_data *unpack, int64_t data, zval **obj);
int msgpack_unserialize_float(
    msgpack_unpack_data *unpack, float data, zval **obj);
int msgpack_unserialize_double(
    msgpack_unpack_data *unpack, double data, zval **obj);
int msgpack_unserialize_nil(msgpack_unpack_data *unpack, zval **obj);
int msgpack_unserialize_true(msgpack_unpack_data *unpack, zval **obj);
int msgpack_unserialize_false(msgpack_unpack_data *unpack, zval **obj);
int msgpack_unserialize_str(
    msgpack_unpack_data *unpack, const char* base, const char* data,
    unsigned int len, zval **obj);
int msgpack_unserialize_ext(
    msgpack_unpack_data *unpack, const char* base, const char* data,
    unsigned int len, zval **obj);
int msgpack_unserialize_array(
    msgpack_unpack_data *unpack, unsigned int count, zval **obj);
int msgpack_unserialize_array_item(
    msgpack_unpack_data *unpack, zval **container, zval *obj);
int msgpack_unserialize_map(
    msgpack_unpack_data *unpack, unsigned int count, zval **obj);
int msgpack_unserialize_map_item(
    msgpack_unpack_data *unpack, zval **container, zval *key, zval *val);

/* template functions */
#define msgpack_unpack_struct(name)    struct msgpack_unpack ## name
#define msgpack_unpack_func(ret, name) static ret msgpack_unserialize ## name
#define msgpack_unpack_callback(name)  msgpack_unserialize ## name
#define msgpack_unpack_object          zval*
#define msgpack_unpack_user            msgpack_unpack_data

static inline msgpack_unpack_object msgpack_unserialize_root(msgpack_unpack_user* unpack)
{
    unpack->deps = 0;
    unpack->type = MSGPACK_SERIALIZE_TYPE_NONE;
    msgpack_unserialize_var_init(&unpack->var_hash);
    return NULL;
}

#define msgpack_unserialize_raw msgpack_unserialize_str
#define msgpack_unserialize_bin msgpack_unserialize_str

#include "msgpack/unpack_template.h"

typedef struct msgpack_unpack_context msgpack_unpack_t;

#endif

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Spam I am…I am Spam
Understanding the history & connection
of Email Spam & Voice Spam
By Chuck French on 11/13/20
The story of how digital junk mail came to be called "spam" is a quick tale of human foibles and pop culture colliding with technology-fueled opportunism. This article examines the roots of spam intrusion onto the "Information Superhighway," starting with early, clumsy attempts at automated mass-marketing that laid the groundwork for today's highly sophisticated bot operations. It also examines the process of, and reasons for, the apparent shift of digital spam and related scam activity from email to voice, due largely to the relative lack of adequate defense structures protecting voice networks but also fueled by the increased vulnerabilities of a decentralized, at-home workforce.
Company risk managers should take heed, note what organizations with specific expertise in enterprise voice networks are advising, and learn what measures they can take now to protect their networks and employees from the increasingly disruptive and dangerous intrusion of robocalls, vishers, and scammers.
The First Digital Spam…those damn Marketing folks!
Driving the Information Highway
From Spammers to Spitters
Why Voice Spam? It's Cheap, Easy and Effective
Tip to Voice Spam Driven by Effectiveness
Voice Spam Video
Targeting At-Home-Workforce Employees
Putting a Filter Between Spammers and Enterprise Networks
DOWNLOAD SPECIAL REPORT
"Spam, spam, spam, spam, spam, Spam, spam, spam, spam. Lovely spam! Wonderful spam!"
— 1970 "Spam" sketch from Monty Python's Flying Circus
First hitting the market in the late 30's, Hormel's iconic canned lunchmeat has been both beloved and maligned by generations of consumers. The name alone is enigmatic – possibly a contraction for Shoulder Pork and hAM or SPiced hAM, but also the acronym used by British troops when this Special Processed American Meat was served as rations during World War II.
How "spam" became a metaphor for junk mail is also a matter of debate but could very well have arisen from a single incident that later inspired, through the combination of mischief, computer geek humor and pop culture, the incarnation of "spam" as a favored term for digital abuse.
In 1978, Gary Thuerk, an enterprising marketer for one of the nation's leading manufacturers of computer equipment, Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC), recognized the potential for reaching a large, targeted audience using the Advanced Research Project Agency Network (ARPANET). As a precursor to today's Internet, the APRANET was created by the Department of Defense and used primarily by military/government officials, academics, and scientific researchers to share information between computers connected through phone lines. The platform included rudimentary email capabilities. As a new and fairly closed system, use of the ARPANET and its email component was loosely regulated through an unwritten code of "netiquette," trusted enough that users' online addresses were freely published in a directory for other subscribers to access.
With the help of an assistant, Thuerk constructed and sent a digital message promoting a series of new product open houses for his company, manually addressing it to all 400 West Coast APRANET subscribers. While the effort was well-intended, the execution, as well as the response, was not as hoped. Not only did the long list of addresses spill chaotically into the body of the email and obscure the message, but the effort was greeted by an immediate angry backlash from recipients and a rebuke from APRANET administrators for breaking appropriate use rules.
While this may go down as the first recorded incident of digital "spam," the term was not widely adopted until the early 90's following the capitalization of the Internet and its widespread use among consumers.
Online user groups were commonplace by then and often populated by self-described "computer geeks" who enjoyed interacting electronically but also testing the limits of the technology. When file upload capabilities were added to some chat platforms, users intent on mischief began flooding the system with long strings of repetitive data, one of the favorites being the words to the "spam" song from an iconic 1970 Monty Python sketch. The term stuck and was soon a permanent part of the IT lexicon.
While such early "spam" was mostly benign, the first large-scale commercial spam attack was launched in 1994 by two lawyer partners, Lawrence Canter and Martha Siegel, shortly after the National Science Foundation lifted the unofficial ban on commercial speech on the Internet. Their ad targeted the susceptible immigrant community, promising legal assistance for enrollment in the nation's green card lottery. Utilizing the services of a mercenary coder, they churned out a digital add promoting their services and delivered it overnight to nearly 6,000 discussion groups on the Usenet. The effort incited an immediate firestorm of outrage. It also reportedly netted the couple a windfall of new business, prompted the launch of their own "spam for hire" business, and led to their authorship of a popular self-help book, How to Make a Fortune on the Information Superhighway: Everyone's Guerrilla Guide to Marketing on the Internet and Other On-line Services.
By most accounts, the notorious "Green Card Spam" incident is credited as the watershed event ushering in an explosion of spam traffic onto that Information Superhighway. According to the Internet Society's published "History of Spam," by 2003, the amount of spam email had surpassed legitimate emails, and by 2010, an estimated 88% of all email traffic was defined as spam. Clearly the lure to "Make a Fortune on the Information Highway" was a strong one.
While concern was growing over the integrity of email in the wake of the new spam barrage, another form of digital spam – unsolicited voice calling – was stealthily taking root. Like junk email, voice spam is an unwanted byproduct of Internet technology. Its rise was mostly facilitated by the digitalization of voice data combined with the development of Voice Over Internet Protocol (VoIP) and multi-media Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) connectivity. While enabling high quality, low cost, global phone calling and the integration of voice into unified messaging applications, SIP also opened the gates to opportunists, mass marketers and scammers looking to exploit the more personalized medium of voice to reach their targets.
These intrusions, dubbed SPIT (Spam over Internet Telephony) in 2004, share much in common with their email counterpart per perpetrators and intent, but with several significant distinctions, beginning with the disturbance factor.
Email spam does not ring. It arrives at the email server where it can be evaluated and possibly identified as unwanted spam before the user ever accesses it. Even then, it will rest in the user's inbox until the recipient chooses to open it (or dismisses it outright based on the sender or subject line). Voice spam, on the other hand, creates an immediate disruption. Once the call session is initiated, it is too late for a system to analyze the content of the call, and so it simply rings through. Minus any form of external filtering other than generic caller ID, a voice spam call is virtually indistinguishable from any other call. And while consumers may choose to ignore calls from unknown sources, business users should not, which means voice spam has a significantly greater impact in terms of work disruption for the business user compared with email spam.
Additionally, email spammers must rely on well-defined purchased lists of addresses, in contrast to the finite, sequential nature of phone numbers which gives phone spammers a greater chance of hitting a live target through random dialing.
That, combined with auto-dial technology, pre-recorded messages, virtually unlimited, low-cost VoIP bandwidth, a spoofed caller ID and the ability to use large, low-cost overseas call centers to field any call that gets a response, created the "robocall" phenomenon and a growing threat to voice network integrity.
The relative ease of accessibility to robocall technology has also produced a reverse trajectory for spam activity vs. email. The percentage of email identified as spam peaked in 2008 at 92.6%, but since then, that percentage has dropped precipitously and, as of 2019, had fallen to under 29%. Conversely, voice spam is on a sharp rise. In a Federal Communications Commission report from First Orion, more than half the calls placed in 2019 were spam, more than doubling that number from the previous year. While the pandemic of 2020 put a temporary hold on robocall activity, it is showing signs of a strong revival as businesses reopen.
Many other factors are at play with the apparent rise of phone spam/scam activity over email, but all are driven by the likelihood of success for the perpetrator.
For one thing, consumers have become more discerning about email and tell-tale signs of an email scam. Additionally, email servers have become more sophisticated in their spam-spotting capabilities based on analysis of sender history, ip domain reputation, and message content, so messages are flagged at the server level and simply routed out of sight into the recipient's junk folder.
Voice spammers/scammers, on the other hand, have been especially adroit at exploiting not only the innate advantages of the medium, but also the psychological vulnerabilities of their targets.
For example, voice calls are more direct. Unless sent to voicemail, they establish an immediate, unfiltered connect between the caller and the called party and so demand immediate attention. While Caller ID is normally displayed, it can be easily "spoofed" to look like a familiar number or organization, so detecting the actual source of the call is impossible for the called party. And, unlike email, there is no "content" that can be examined prior to call delivery, so the nature and intent of the caller is not exposed until the connection is already made.
In other words, for all the benefits of Internet telephony come significant shortcomings that have provided an easy pathway for spammers, scammers and spoofers to, at best, disrupt phone network and recipients and, at worst, execute their criminal activity. Note that the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) is attempting to provide some protections against nuisance robocalls through enforcement of the TRACED Act, but the system so far has many hurdles to cross to be at all effective.
The psychological advantage of phone call vs. email has also attracted highly skilled scammers to the medium, using the persuasive power of voice and social engineering techniques to defraud their victims. These particularly malicious, but too-often successful Vishing (Voice Phishing) attacks are directed at specific vulnerable individuals, and usually employ spoofed caller IDs and personal information gained through other hacking attacks to manipulate the call recipient into a false sense of trust in order to extract from them sensitive or protected information.
While there have been a number of high-profile vishing cases over the past few years, the rise of a decentralized remote workforce due to the COVID-19 pandemic has created a whole new playing field for phone scammers.
In a most recent and alarming example, The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA) released a joint statement this past August warning about a criminal network of "vishing for hire" mercenaries selling their services to extract Virtual Private Network (VPN) credentials, and thus, access to corporate networks, from at-home-workforce employees. They do this by targeting the more vulnerable workers, often newly-hired, and impersonating an IT department administrator who tricks the employee into providing their VPN credentials for "verification." Sadly, reports from security experts show this latest attack has been highly successful, and just one of the many emerging examples highlighting the sophistication and adaptability of voice scam perpetrators to take advantage of changing business environments, as well as the difficulty they pose for individuals and agencies attempting to thwart them.
While some level of spam filtering/suspect call identification is becoming a common feature for cellular phone carriers, business-centric enterprise phone networks are still left relatively unprotected from the potential damage of voice spam, robocalls and vishing attacks. Employee cyber-security training, including an emphasis on how to recognize scam and vishing calls, should be an essential element for any enterprise risk management program. Equally important, businesses IT should strongly consider an investment in a robust, enterprise-grade spam filtering solution for their voice networks, like that offered through Mutare, Inc.
Mutare's Voice Spam Filter solution is designed specifically to protect enterprise voice networks. It employs a nationwide database of known spammer IDs along with a spectrum of integrated analytic tools to identify and block suspected spam, scam, vishing, spoof, and robocalls before they enter the enterprise voice network, so call recipients are protected from both the call disruption and potential fraud. The solution gives administrators full control over how their system responds to suspected incoming spam, including a built-in "spoof detection" system and unique Voice CAPTCHA feature that can be turned on as a further failsafe measure. There is no other enterprise application that matches the capabilities of the Mutare Voice Spam Filter.
It's clear, as long as spammers and scammers have easy access to tools that connect us to each other, they will continue to find new ways to pursue new victims, and businesses are increasingly at risk. Arming your voice network with tools that outsmart even the most savvy spammer is key, and it's well-worth the time to investigate how tools like Mutare Voice Spam Filter creates the foundation for a truly impenetrable defense strategy.
Fill out the Form Below to Download the Special Report


Essential insights for Engineers & Body builders. See first-hand the body mounting options and methods for handling unique applications directly from the engineers who design them.
o State of the art vehicle technology and comfort for urban distribution applications.
o 4×2 LF 280HP, Extended Day cab with 6.25m wheelbase.
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o Axle Load monitoring and Tyre pressure monitoring on LED display with Driver assistance interface for fuel efficient driving.
o Electronic lighting control with Day Time running lights, EBS (Electronic Braking System) braking with disc brakes, CAN (Controlled Area Network) network and FMS (Fleet Management System) interface.
• Electronic CAN interface and dedicated bodybuilder connections for remote PTO and engine control.
• Programmable customer parameters for specific applications and body set-ups.
• EBS Braking and ECAS (Electronically Controlled Air Suspension) suspension with Axle Load Monitoring and vehicle software options.
o Chassis layout, turn circle calculation and tare weight calculator.
o Dedicated site for access to Bodybuilder related information.
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Danny Solana, Regional Service Manager, PACCAR Australia.
Raymond Rong, Sales Administration Supervisor, DAF Trucks Australia.
DAF Trucks Australia, a division of PACCAR Australia, distributes a complete range of medium and heavy-duty trucks throughout Australia. PACCAR Inc., a Six Sigma company, is a global technology leader in the design, manufacture and customer support of high-quality light, medium and heavy-duty trucks under the Kenworth, Peterbilt and DAF nameplates. PACCAR also designs and manufactures advanced diesel engines, provides financial services and information technology, and distributes truck parts related to its principal business.


text:
Belgiens Grand Prix 1987 var det tredje av 16 lopp ingående i formel 1-VM 1987.

Resultat
 Alain Prost, McLaren-TAG, 9 poäng
 Stefan Johansson, McLaren-TAG, 6
 Andrea de Cesaris, Brabham-BMW, 4
 Eddie Cheever, Arrows-Megatron, 3
 Satoru Nakajima, Lotus-Honda, 2
 Rene Arnoux, Ligier-Megatron, 1
 Piercarlo Ghinzani, Ligier-Megatron
 Philippe Alliot, Larrousse (Lola-Ford)
 Philippe Streiff, Tyrrell-Ford
 Pascal Fabre, AGS-Ford

Förare som bröt loppet
 Teo Fabi, Benetton-Ford (varv 34, motor)
 Martin Brundle, Zakspeed (19, överhettning)
 Thierry Boutsen, Benetton-Ford (18, hjullager)
 Nigel Mansell, Williams-Honda (17, olycka)
 Ivan Capelli, March-Ford (14, motor)
 Nelson Piquet, Williams-Honda (11, avgassystem)
 Alex Caffi, Osella-Alfa Romeo (11, bränsleläcka)
 Michele Alboreto, Ferrari (9, transmission)
 Christian Danner, Zakspeed (9, bromsar)
 Derek Warwick, Arrows-Megatron (8, kylare)
 Riccardo Patrese, Brabham-BMW (5, koppling)
 Gerhard Berger, Ferrari (2, motor)
 Alessandro Nannini, Minardi-Motori Moderni (1, turbo)
 Ayrton Senna, Lotus-Honda (0, olycka)
 Adrián Campos, Minardi-Motori Moderni (0, växellåda)
 Jonathan Palmer, Tyrrell-Ford (0, olycka)

Noteringar
 Loppet stoppades efter en olycka på andra varvet men startades om och kördes den planerade sträckan.

VM-ställning

Källor

1987 i Belgien
Belgiens Grand Prix

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
SWAT agreement finalized
Personnel from Mayville, Beaver Dam and Watertown to join Dodge County Sheriff's SWAT team
SWAT agreement finalized Personnel from Mayville, Beaver Dam and Watertown to join Dodge County Sheriff's SWAT team Check out this story on fdlreporter.com: http://fondul.ac/1GrTAwS
Wisconsin Published 10:54 a.m. CT March 11, 2015 | Updated 10:54 a.m. CT March 11, 2015
The Dodge County Sheriff's Department finalized agreements with three other law enforcement agencies, adding more members to its multi-jurisdictional SWAT team.(Photo: Gannett Wisconsin Media photo)Buy Photo
The Dodge County Sheriff's Office has finalized agreements to add area law enforcements agencies to its multi-jurisdictional SWAT team — increasing the safety of the team and the public.
Dodge County Sheriff Dale Schmidt said in a press release the sheriff's office has been interested in increasing cooperation among local law enforcement agencies for the past 10 years. The SWAT team in the past included members from the sheriff's office and Mayville Police Department.
As the result of recent discussions, a joint agreement was forged between the sheriff's office and the Beaver Dam Police Department for two officers to become members of the SWAT team.
"The sheriff's office had been interested for several years in increasing the well-being and survivability of personnel and the citizens they serve during tactical situations by adding Tactical Emergency Medical Support (TEMS) personnel to the team," said Schmidt in a press release.
TEMS personnel are professional medical personnel or law enforcement officers who receive tactical and medical training to provide immediate medical care to officers and citizens within dangerous areas where normal medical care is not normally present.
"Often if someone is injured in these areas they have to be accessed, and then carefully evacuated to a safe area before medical treatment can take place," Schmidt said.
The placement of TEMS members within the team allows a very high level of care to begin immediately after a potential injury occurs, Schmidt said in the release.
The sheriff's office was successful in recruiting two firefighter/paramedics each from the Watertown and Beaver Dam Fire Departments. Schmidt said all additional personnel will remain employees of their respective agencies and will be attached to the SWAT team during activations and training.
"The addition of these team members increases the safety of personnel and the general public, while sharing costs, adding much needed staffing, increasing cooperation among agencies, and providing better training," Schmidt said.
Read or Share this story: http://fondul.ac/1GrTAwS
Fond du Lac residents asked to adopt a storm drain to help prevent water pollution
Fond du Lac man arrested on suspicion of shooting Oshkosh man in torso
Downtown FDL Partnership starts mural program to beautify buildings


"6 Social Media Suggestions for Your Online Course," a recent post that Melissa Venable wrote for the College Online blog, offers some excellent suggestions for teachers who want to use social media sites to create better online courses.
She offers some great ideas. For example, she writes that course instructors can create virtual online course libraries on Diigo.com, and also post lectures on YouTube. Those are excellent suggestions. But for the purposes of today's post on the StraighterLine Blog, let's ask a different question . . .
If you're an online student, how can you use social media to improve your learning experience?
Here are some ideas to consider . . .
Use a Facebook page as a resource for all students who are in the class. You and your classmates can post videos, articles, and links to resources that can help everyone learn and enjoy the course more.
Create a Pinterest board for the class. Whenever you and other students come across a website that could be helpful to the class, "pin" it and save it to your page. In only a few days, your class will have created a useful and growing resource for everyone.
Use the Twitter search function as a research tool. You've used to using Google to search for course information. But have you tried the Twitter search window too? If you search for a topic that you are researching, you will quickly find other tweets that pertain to it. Try it. It's one of the more powerful research tools we've seen lately.
Those are only a few suggestions for ways to use social media to supercharge your online learning experiences. Have you discovered some too? Great! Why not take a moment and let us know what they are?
How Do StraighterLine Online Courses Work?


After teasing the world with its Quattro Concept way back in 2010 then canning it, Audi have seen sense and released the Audi Sport Quattro Concept.
Apparently it is intended as a preview to a production model. However it will be position ABOVE the R8 so expect it to be a lot of dosh!
It is shorter, wider and taller than an RS5 Coupé, and will be able to run for 31 miles on electric power alone. This latest Quattro concept is heavier than the older 1300 KG 2010 version, now weighing in around 1850 KG, even though the use of aluminium and carbon fibre reinforced polymers are widespread in its bodywork.


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Aria Care Partners
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DIGARC
Employer Direct Healthcare
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People 2.0
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Professional Health Care Network
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University College Dublin
David is Serent's co-Founder and one of its Partners. He leads Serent's investments in healthcare, tech-enabled business process outsourcing (BPO) and education.
Prior to co-founding Serent, David was co-CEO of ServiceSource (NASDAQ: SREV), a BPO and SaaS company that served many of the world's leading technology companies. Under David's leadership, ServiceSource grew revenues, profits, and employees organically by 10x and returned over 20x to its shareholders. Previously David was a consultant at McKinsey & Company in London, Dublin and San Francisco, and an Operations Manager at HJ Heinz in Central & Eastern Europe.
David has undergraduate and graduate degrees in Business from University College Dublin in Ireland, both received with first class honors, and received the IAM Gold Medal as the leading undergraduate of his year. He has also received an MBA and MA from Stanford University, where he was an Arjay Miller scholar. He was awarded and subsequently declined a Fulbright Scholarship for his studies at Stanford.
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Our presales team are happy to test customer cards prior to your purchase of any hardware devices– simply post sample cards (or fobs) to us and we will check the compatibility for you. It's all part of the service.
If you have an existing door entry system, cashless catering or biometrics system we can offer solutions to integrate with print and copy control. We also provide custom development for web payment gateways.
In addition to time-critical support for tenders, RFPs and trials, our expert team provide consultation, training, translation and localisation services to ensure the success of every stage of any project.
With engineers based in the UK, the Netherlands, Germany, France and Spain, we provide installation services across the whole of Europe, extending to non-continental Francophone territories and Greenland.
Full technical training from installation to implementation is provided at our UK headquarters, our offices in France, Germany, Spain and the Netherlands, or at your location of choice. Our training ensures that you are fully equipped to service your customers with confidence.
As an official PaperCut ASC we provide professional training to any member of your organisation. This can be conducted online, on-site or a combination of both. Once fully trained we will present you with official PaperCut training certificates.
We provide free on-site or remote sales training to ensure your sales team are fully conversant with the key benefits of PaperCut and associated hardware. They will be equipped to provide confident demonstrations and knowledgeable sales consultation.
From conception to completion, our expert sales, presales and installation teams offer all the support you need to ensure success at every stage.
Together with training, marketing and sales support we provide demonstration licences so that you can show your customers the benefits of PaperCut at your own premises.


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Film · January, 2011
Stories about Film from January, 2011
Egypt: Citizen Videos Manage to Bypass Blockage
Middle East & North Africa 28 January 2011
Although the internet and mobile phone shutdown during the protests of the past few days have made it harder for people in Egypt to show the rest of the world what is happening at ground level during the protests, some citizen videos have made it through.
Video: Life in a Day
North America 27 January 2011
Collaborative documentary recounting what the 24th of July of 2010 was like all around the world through people's uploads on YouTube will premiere later on today, live from the Sundance Film Festival on the YouTube Life In a Day Channel.
Iran:High school celebration before the Islamic Revolution
Here is a video film about a celebration in a high school in Iran before the revolution. You can see girls without veil with their male classmates.
Tanzania: Tanzania's First Gay Movie
Sub-Saharan Africa 25 January 2011
Last week Kenyan Gay came across a gay movie produced and shot in Tanzania, which will premier on 4th February 2011.
China: Robot animation for the holidays
East Asia 25 January 2011
Robot planet Haven sees its worst energy crisis in a millennium. Only "chosen one" superboy Molin holds the keys to restore balance, but will he succeed? "Legend of Molin" is a new 3D animation which will run in the prime time slot on CCTV-1 throughout Spring Festival; part one aired...
China: P2P service down for copyright compliance
When leading Chinese P2P website VeryCD was shut down in 2009, it was back online the next day. This time, it appears the network won't be back up until all copyrighted materials are removed: 'The days of "free" movie downloads for Chinese users,' writes [zh] tech blogger William Long, 'are...
China: Domestic national image film
If you found China Red irresistible, check out the kind of Chinese national image film that gets played to a domestic audience, via Joel Martinsen at Danwei.
India: Women Empowerment and Videoblogging
South Asia 18 January 2011
Women Aloud Videoblogging for Empowerment (WAVE) is a platform and program aiming to get women from semi-urban areas of India to voice their opinions on topics that matter to them through online video tools.
Uganda: Introducing Maisha Film Labs
Tambay introduces Uganda's Maisha Film Labs: "The goal of the Maisha Film Labs is to give aspiring filmmakers in the East African country the tools & knowledge they currently lack, to tell their own stories through film, which would then help foster a self-sustaining film industry in Uganda and vicinity,...
Cuba: Forbidden Programs
Latin America 14 January 2011
Generation Y blogs about the upsurge in sales of pirated DVDs and music, commenting: "Absent from the public catalogs are the documentaries — so often watched in Cuban homes — that approach our national history through a different lens from the official."
Jamaica, Barbados: Caribbean Tales in Bim
Caribbean 11 January 2011
Geoffrey Philp reports that Barbados will host this year's CaribbeanTales Film Festival.
Ghana: An African Election: A Documentary
Sub-Saharan Africa 9 January 2011
An African Election is a documentary based on the 2008 presidential elections in Ghana that looks behind-the-scenes at the complex, political machinery of a third world democracy struggling to legitimize itself to its first world contemporaries.


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Trading News
News Markets News
Take-Two Stock Seen Rising 20% on E-Sports Demand
By Michael J. Kramer
(Note: The author of this fundamental analysis is a financial writer and portfolio manager.)
Take-Two Interactive Software, Inc. (TTWO) shares could rebound by at least 20 percent as sales of e-sport video games soar. The popularity of these video games, which are played competitively for fans to watch, could push the stock back to record highs. If this happens, Take-Two would recoup its entire decline this year, which was fueled both by the market downdraft and earnings that missed estimates in February.
The optimism comes, first, from options traders. The options market is betting that shares could rise by over 20 percent to $122, by June. Meanwhile, analysts are looking for the stock to increase even more over the next year, by 27 percent to $128.70 a share, according to data from Ycharts. Despite the most recent earnings miss, the positive outlook comes as investors focus on Take-Two's strong earnings growth outlook. Earnings per share are expected to climb by nearly 52 percent in 2019 to $4.98 per share, while revenue grows by 42.5 percent to $2.859 billion.
A Rise to $122
The options set to expire on June 15 are looking for the stock to rise to roughly $122. The $120 call options have the most significant open interest for the month, with nearly 4,000 contracts. They trade at price of about $1.80 per contract, and that means the stock would need to rise above $122 for the options to break even.
Analysts Are More Bullish
Analysts have been boosting their price target over the past six months. Of the 22 analysts that cover the stock, nearly 77 percent rate the stock a "buy" or "outperform."
TTWO Price Target data by YCharts
The optimism comes as investors see big growth in e-sports. Statista estimates that e-sports industry revenue will more than double to $1.65 billion in 2021 from $655 million in 2017. Those forecasts are contributing to revenue estimates for Take-Two that are seen rising by more than 42 percent in 2019 to $2.85 billion, while earnings are expected to climb by 52 percent to $4.98 per share. With the stock presently around $101, it is trading at only at 20 times 2019 earnings estimates, a reasonably cheap multiple given the growth outlook.
TTWO EPS Estimates for Next Fiscal Year data by YCharts
Bottom In Place?
The technical setup doesn't presently show that shares are poised to rise, but it does show that stock has a stable support level around $100. Meanwhile, the relative strength index is near oversold levels, suggesting the stocks recent downturn may soon be behind it.
So whether Take-Two sees big stock gains may hinge the company meeting analysts' bullish earnings and revenue forecasts. If it does, then Take-Two's investors - along with options traders - may be the true winners of the growing popularity of e-sports.
Michael Kramer is the Founder of Mott Capital Management LLC, a registered investment adviser, and the manager of the company's actively managed, long-only Thematic Growth Portfolio. Kramer typically buys and holds stocks for a duration of three to five years. Click here for Kramer's bio and his portfolio's holdings. Information presented is for educational purposes only and does not intend to make an offer or solicitation for the sale or purchase of any specific securities, investments, or investment strategies. Investments involve risk and unless otherwise stated, are not guaranteed. Be sure to first consult with a qualified financial adviser and/or tax professional before implementing any strategy discussed herein. Upon request, the advisor will provide a list of all recommendations made during the past twelve months. Past performance is not indicative of future performance.
Tesla Traders Bet Stock Will Keep Soaring Higher
Intel's Breakout Seen Boosting Stock 9%
Facebook Seen Rebounding As Much As 10%
Microsoft May Fall 11% Despite Bullish Profit Forecasts
Twitter Traders Bet Stock Will Rise 11% As Estimates Jump
Starbucks' Stock May Fall 10% on Weaker Growth
Inside the Forward Price-To-Earnings – Forward P/E Metric
Forward price-to-earnings (forward P/E) is a measure of the P/E ratio using forecasted earnings for the P/E calculation. While the earnings used in this formula are an estimate and are not as reliable as current or historical earnings data, there is still benefit in estimated P/E analysis.
What Does the Price-to-Sales (P/S) Ratio Reveal?
The price-to-sales (P/S) ratio is a valuation ratio that compares a company's stock price to its revenues. It is an indicator of the value placed on each dollar of a company's sales or revenues.
Dividend Discount Model – DDM
The dividend discount model (DDM) is a system for evaluating a stock by using predicted dividends and discounting them back to present value.
What Are FAANG Stocks?
FAANG is an acronym for the five most popular and best-performing tech stocks in the market: Facebook, Apple, Amazon, Netflix and Alphabet's Google.
What the Price-to-Earnings Ratio – P/E Ratio Tells Us
The price-to-earnings ratio (P/E ratio) is defined as a ratio for valuing a company that measures its current share price relative to its per-share earnings.
Buybacks Explained
A buyback is a repurchase of outstanding shares by a company in order to reduce the number of shares on the market.


Filing personal bankruptcy is a somewhat complex process. There are different types of bankruptcy, and the type that you choose depends upon your personal finances and the nature of your debts. The most important step you can take, of course, is to learn what you can about the process before ultimately deciding one way or the other. The following tips will help you understand bankruptcy.
Before you file for bankruptcy, find out which of your assets will be exempt from seizure. The Bankruptcy Code provides a list of all the different kinds of assets that you can exclude. Make sure that you review this list before you decide to file, to see if you can hang on to your most important possessions. If you aren't aware of this, you could lose some assets that you value.
Do not give up hope. If you file for bankruptcy, you might be able to reclaim certain property that has been repossessed, such as your car, electronics or jewelry. If your property has been repossessed less than 90 days prior to your bankruptcy filing, there is a good chance you can get it back. Talk to your lawyer to find out how to go about properly filing a petition.
Avoid paying for a consultation with the bankruptcy attorney, but do ask many questions. Most attorneys offer free initial consultations, and you should take advantage of the chance to interview multiple practitioners. Only choose a lawyer if you feel like your questions were answered. Take your time choosing the right attorney to assist in your bankruptcy. Take your time, and schedule consultations with more than one lawyer.
Before you file, make sure you understand current bankruptcy laws. Bankruptcy laws are always changing, and you need to be aware of any changes so your bankruptcy can be properly filed. To stay up-to-date on these laws, check out your state's government website.
Learn about teh differences between Chapter 13 and Chapter 7 bankruptcy. Take the time to find out about each one online, and look at the advantages and disadvantages of each. If something doesn't make sense to you, go over it with your lawyer prior to choosing which one to file.
Avoid filing for bankruptcy if you make more money than your monthly bills. Understand that while declaring bankruptcy will eliminate many of your debts, you will have difficulty obtaining credit and will pay more in interest for the credit you do receive for at least seven years.
You should weigh every option before thinking about bankruptcy. Before filing, talk with an attorney who can help you weigh all of your options. If foreclosure looms, think about getting your loan plan modified. The lender is able to help you in a number of ways, such as reducing interest rates, eliminating late charges, and even lengthening the loan, giving you more time to pay. When all is said and done, creditors want their money and find repayment plans preferable to not getting paid at all.


Downtown Automotive is your top choice for Toyota repairs and service in Nelson and the surrounding Central Kootenay area. Since 1998, our honest and friendly staff members have served our customers with the highest level of care, while our Toyota repair experts get you back on the road affordably.
For more than 18 years at Downtown Automotive, we've taken great pride in making your visit comfortable. We treat you like we would want to be treated, keeping you informed about your Toyota repairs every step of the way. Our technicians are ASE Certified, ranking them among the best in the business. Whether it's a Check Engine light diagnosis on your Corolla, your Tacoma needs fluid maintenance, or your Sienna requires suspension work, we will handle the job accurately.
We use professional-grade equipment to diagnose every Toyota repair need, then complete that repair with top-quality OEM or aftermarket parts for long-lasting results. We back all our Toyota repairs with a / warranty, allowing you to drive worry free for years to come.
For quality Toyota repairs in the Nelson, BC area, visit Downtown Automotive. Call us at (250) 505-2110 today or use our convenient online form to book your visit.


The image above with the title Stylish Japanese House Plans Popular Design Office Garden Apartment How To Make A House Plan Pic, is part of How To Make A House Plan picture gallery. Size for this image is 519 × 329, a part of House Plans category and tagged with published January 7th, 2017 05:19:35 AM by Yvone. Find or search for images related to "Stylish Japanese House Plans Popular Design Office Garden Apartment How To Make A House Plan Pic" in another post. Back to the post: How To Make A House Plan.


Stefanie Mach has become the first Flinn-Brown Civic Leadership Academy Fellow to successfully run for a state-level office.
Mach was elected to the Arizona House of Representatives from District 10 (Tucson) in the November 2012 General Election in her first-ever run for public office.
Mach, a member of the Fall 2011 Flinn-Brown Academy, said the Academy trained her well for the issues she will be facing in the state legislature.
Mach said being able to meet such a diverse group of people from different fields has helped her feel more comfortable in approaching the complex issues. She added the relationships and networking offered through the Academy will be beneficial in solving the state's programs as she prepares to work across the aisle at the legislature.
Mach believes there will be more Flinn-Brown Fellows elected to state office —many already hold local offices— and recommends the program to others.
Thea Wilshire, clinical director of the San Carlos Apache Wellness Center and a member of the same Fall 2011 cohort as Mach, praised the network that developed during the sessions.
The Fall 2012 seminar series wrapped up in November, and the selection process has started for the Spring 2013 session that begins in March.
The Flinn-Brown Civic Leadership Academy, sponsored by the Flinn Foundation in Phoenix and the Thomas R. Brown Foundations in Tucson, is a component of the Arizona Center for Civic Leadership.
Read more about Stefanie Mach here.