It's Net Neutrality time again….
On Tuesday 27th October, the European Parliament is once again looking at proposed telecoms regulation for the EU – specifically around roaming and Net Neutrality, the so-called "telecoms package".
This is a fairly long post, but covers a set of important issues for policymakers to consider, and for MEPs and their advisers to use as a basis for deciding how to treat the EU legislative package on the table. It also applies to politicians and regulators considering Net Neutrality in other geographies.
The post gives some background to the current legal/regulatory situation in Europe, before critiquing some recent commentary from both pro- and anti-neutrality advocates, notably Barbara Schewick & Martin Geddes respectively.
In recent years there has been a regulatory ping-pong match played between the European Parliament and European Council. The former voted for "harder" forms of Neutrality in early 2014; the latter has been more accepting of various exceptions more favourable to the traditional telecom providers. The third body involved, the European Commission (which advises the other two), has also become more permissive over the last 18 months, especially with its new Digital Economy commissioners appearing to backtrack on their predecessor's promises of strictly open-Internet rules. The proposals on mobile roaming have also changed, but that is not a particular focus here.
A rough compromise between Parliament and Council came out of discussions in mid-2015. It is this new set of proposals which is being voted on, with the hope of gaining a final consensus and law. However, as always, there is the possibility of amendments being suggested – and there is a fair amount of lobbying going on to persuade MEPs to do just that. (It is worth noting that amendments in 2014 brought in some surprising additional "hard NN" wording in the previous ruling).
The "pro-neutrality" proposed amendments are being loudly discussed, by bodies like Access Now, EFF and legal experts like Barbara van Schewick encouraging the public to demand "full neutrality" from their MEPs. Opposing views – and perhaps suggested amendments - are being pushed by the telcos and bodies such as ETNO, but with less emphasis on public engagement. This differs to the US process, which became a major public talking-point and political football. My colleague Martin Geddes has also given some strong views which I also critique below.
I think that both polarised sides of the debate have it wrong. The proposed rules are actually very good for the most part - but more clarity & tweaking is needed on a few issues, and one particular exemption, about classes of service, needs to go. (As a general rule, if a policy annoys both sides equally, it's probably got it about right).
While most of this concerns network neutrality (how the network treats packets, essentially), other aspects are also appearing on the table. There's a lot of debate about whether pricing is part of "neutrality", especially zero-rating. Some argue it is, others not.
There is also a not-very-subtle attempt by the telcos to conflate the network with "neutrality" for applications and OS platforms. This has some good points about Apple and Google's autocratic control over iOS and Android (eg vague criteria for accepting/rejecting apps), but mostly the telcos are being duplicitous: it is a cloaked attempt to reclaim power and relevance for telephony and SMS, by suggesting that proprietary Internet messaging and communications tools should be forced to interoperate. I address that briefly at the end – it's a specious and dangerous argument, that's utterly without merit. (Read this post about so-called platform neutrality).
The proposals also allow for "specialised services" with preferential network QoS, although not where they are direct substitutes for Internet services. This aligns with what I've written in the past: specialised services must be genuinely "special" to avoid competition risks. For example, I have no problem with remote monitoring of heart pacemakers having a "fast lane" – there are no likely competitive issues disenfranchising "pacemaker.com" as nobody is likely to run that service over the public Internet anyway.
My main personal concern is that the regulations protect open Internet access, foster innovation – but also don't hamstring the technology industry and developers when it comes to non-Internet applications and services, especially in the timeframe of 5G. Forget the "I" in IoT – it actually just means Network, or more probably Networks, plural. Only a portion of IoT data will transit the public Internet – there will be many use-cases that need very different networking and regulatory controls, and it is important that legislation is framed in a way that recognises that. Not all of these networks and applications will be "broadband" either – a huge number of devices will continue to be narrowband, using lightweight and battery-friendly connections.
My collaborator Martin Geddes has weighed in with an articulate post on the topic here – which makes some good points about the technology, but in my view misses badly on its conclusions and consideration of politics and economy.
He asserts that lawyers don't understand engineering, but then neatly illustrates that engineers don't understand politics, as he refers to "regulators", when they're not directly involved here – it's a legal and policy debate at the European Parliament. Regulators are the ones who then have to work out how to implement the laws, within the frame of both policy AND technology – and hopefully with awareness of the limits of the maths of network performance in mind. But that comes later.
First, the law (and democracy) sets up what we want the rules to achieve. Economics, business and social issues are the top-level concerns, not the performance of individual applications, or cost-structures of networks. The "outcomes" Governments are interested in are metrics like GDP, employment, digital inclusion, innovation and so forth. Those are the macro-level reasons why broadband investment is encouraged.
So laws on neutrality and networks should optimise for these lofty goals. If compromises need to be made later, to fit with the awkwardness of networking maths, then so be it. But they should be "de minimis", with an over-riding objective of maintaining the status quo as far as possible.
Martin argues that because there's no real, 100% objective "neutrality" when you consider the way IP networks actually work, that the whole concept is without merit. But it's not so much "neutrality" in a mathematically-objective sense regarding packet transport that politicians are considering, but "equality" for Internet application and content providers, and especially the minimisation of "friction" for innovation.
Friction arises from the potentially cumbersome processes and payments involved in a so-called "quality marketplace", where applications need to signal (and maybe pay for) desired levels of network performance. Not only is this extremely hard or impossible to do at scale (especially as apps evolve in shape and function, with many components and variations), but it would bring in huge obstacles to the software and content development process.
For example, how would an app-developer know the network quality/performance requirements for every module of open-source code, or 3rd-party API embedded in their software? How would they vary by device, network type, OS and location? What are the inter-dependencies? How would P2P or self-optimising software interact with a "quality marketplace"? How would people be able to know they got the "quality" they paid for, and be refunded if they didn't get it? I also suspect it also brings a new attack-surface for privacy invasion and hacking. This level of friction is utterly unworkable for a general case – it can only apply to complex, expensive, time-consuming individual deals. I believe it cannot be automated, and thus could not scale.
The key point of evidence is that a (roughly) open and best-efforts Internet has been a huge boon for economy and society over the last 20 years. Contrary to Martin's assertions, the right answer to his question "how does unpredictable and arbitrary performance help the development of the market?" is not "it doesn't". The correct response is "by providing 3 billion people with choice and opportunity to communicate, prosper and interact in ways that generate trillions of dollars, and huge social benefit". He is right that some applications don't work perfectly under this regime – but there is no evidence to suggest that these are remotely comparable in scope or scale to the ones that do. The overall value to humanity and nations of the status quo Internet is indisputable. This has arisen largely as a result of the historic friction-free, network-decoupled approach to Internet innovation.
It should also be noted that it has been the desire for accessing these open "equal" applications, over best-efforts connections, that has driven much of the investment for broadband in the first place.
For sure, other non-Internet communications has also been important (eg corporate networks and emergency infrastructure) and may be more so in future with a shift to IoT. But for now, the Internet model of "permissionless innovation" needs protection where there are strategic pinch-points, such as broadband access infrastructure. Any laws or technical policies which seek to change the current (non-)relationship between Internet application/content providers and networks, or diminish the viability of "best-efforts" access must be rejected.
By all means frame laws to encourage operators to develop additional platforms which are "non-neutral", or with "quality contracts" and allow them to try and disrupt the Internet model from adjacency, if they prove effective. There are already various private networks for IoT and other uses that are non-Internet connected. But unless and until there is clear evidence that such approaches don't "break" what's currently working, they are unacceptable from a policymaking standpoint, and governments should instruct their regulators accordingly.
The main complexity here is that one of the possible "loser" groups is the same as the one owning the pinch-points - telcos selling phone calls and other "old" products, as well as Internet access. While they benefit from additional demand for connectivity, they are also seeing greater substitution of historic revenue streams. This gives a large incentive to misbehave - and enough proof points of VoIP-blocking and other egregious behaviour to demonstrate the risk is real. The industry regularly tries to protect itself with spurious "level playing field" arguments, but that is mostly an attempt to excuse its lack of innovation in services over the last 20 years.
The telecoms industry should have focused on differentiating quality/capabilities between Internet and non-Internet services. Instead, it has tried to differentiate among or against Internet services, often with highly dubious motives. Behind the seemingly benign talk of "traffic management" or maybe "QoS monetisation" has often been a threat to extort money from application-layer competitors, or deliberately degrade the performance that could be reasonably expected.
The comparison of neutrality and equality is important here. Like every other form of equality in law (age, race, gender, sexuality etc), it's often hard to come up with unambiguous definitions, and even harder to measure in practice. We typically know discrimination when we see it – and also know that sometimes it's based on unconscious, even accidental, biases rather than external malice. It's still important to have equality laws, even if we can't measure or assure perfect equality. There is a close analogy with neutrality – in fact, if we'd called it "Network Equality" we'd probably have had less of the legal hoop-la in recent years.
It is right that the proposed EU rules allow non-Internet specialised services – and that they are kept distinct from Internet offers. This will make it difficult to create hybrid or mash-up services blending both worlds – but that seems a worthwhile price to pay. If we see genuine innovation around non-Internet prioritised services – and a maintained acceptable level of performance from Internet access at the same time – then perhaps the rules can be adapted later.
We need to be more careful with the term "broadband". Plenty of studies document the role that broadband plays in economic growth, and this often drives government policy. But it's much less normal to estimate what % of "broadband" benefits come from Internet vs. non-Internet use-cases. Without that understanding, we risk mis-framing regulation as being about the enabling networks, versus the most important service delivered over them.
While I am strongly sympathetic to the general concepts of Net Neutrality, I think that some of the more strident calls from the "fundamentalists" are naïve and harmful as well.
Most proponents seem to forget that we only have open Internet access because other integrated "walled garden" services failed to gain traction. The 3G and some 4G spectrum auctions were not conducted with an expectation that "plain vanilla" Internet access was going to be the predominant use-case and source of revenue. The original vision was for a world made up entirely of specialised services and managed connections – so it is hardly surprising or unreasonable that the telecom industry is going to keep trying to make them work.
There is also a view that "broadband = Internet" without an awareness of other non-Internet uses that already exist, and how they may expand in the future.
Indeed, it is worth noting that the nature of telecoms and the Internet itself has changed over time too – we are now actively talking about use-cases for 5G which extend well beyond traditional Internet-based services, while virtualisation of networks is also starting to raise the prospect of network "slices" which behave in different ways, with different traffic. (I wrote about the possible regulatory impacts of SDN and NFV recently, here). It is important that laws are not framed in a way that will make them conceptually obsolete in coming years.
Many of the neutrality "absolutists" also tend to go over-the-top (*cough*, sorry!) on fears that innovation might be stifled by large companies paying for prioritisation, putting start-ups at a disadvantage.
This is a straw-man. Everything I've seen or heard suggests that there is almost zero willingness-to-pay for priority from content/apps providers anyway – their business models can't accommodate the fees, they doubt the technology would work well enough, and they don't want clunky commercial relationships with hundreds of network operators. They also know that most mobile users are connected via 3rd-party WiFi a lot of the time anyway, and coupled with other variables like radio coverage the net benefits would be slim. In other words, the idea of paid prioritisation (in mobile) is a total dud anyway. Things might be different in the fixed-broadband world, but even there most developers would prefer to pay for better adaptivity in their software, rather than notional "quality contracts".
Schewick and many other lobby groups are also implacably opposed to the use of "zero-rating" of certain data against users' quotas. This is something I've written on before as well. Again, the "absolutist" lobby engages in strawman arguments about telcos and ISPs "picking winners" via zero-rating of data traffic. I'd say that they are much more influential in picking winners when it comes to bundling of content or apps – real competition occurs when Spotify gets the deal, rather than another service, not in having its use zero-rated when it is used.
It's also worth noting that zero-rating (where nobody pays for data) is very different to sponsored data, where the app provider picks up the bill. The latter exists almost nowhere, and will not gain any major traction in future either. Like paid-quality, there is almost zero willingness to pay, and almost no technical way to get it to work properly, except on painstakingly-crafted individual deals.
My view is that operators should be made to report zero-rated traffic volumes, and that as long as it was below a certain amount (1%, 5%, 10% of total data etc) it could just be considered a promotional tool and unlikely to affect user behaviour and competition. This would reduce risks of harm around bulky uses like streaming video and cloud storage.
Where Schewick is right is about the Trojan Horse of allowing management by "class of service". The risk that networks deliberately throttle encrypted communications is a particular and pertinent risk.
One other area is worth noting, in case amendments are tabled about it this week.
MEPs should also be very wary of any amendments tabled about "platform neutrality". There has been a recent upsurge in rhetoric from telcos trying to suggest that applications like Whatsapp and Facebook Messenger should be forced to interoperate with SMS. Not only is this ridiculous – the best communications are apps are too uniquely-designed and specifically-featured for "interoperability" to have any meaning – but it is clearly an anti-consumer and protectionist move.
There are also many side-effects to so-called platform neutrality, which would backfire spectacularly for the telecoms industry. See this post.
It should also be considered that if Skype or Viber are deemed sufficiently similar to "primary" telephony, that they should be forced to interconnect, then there is no obvious argument why they should not also benefit from number portability. Furthermore, there is also no reason then to force consumers to own phone numbers at all – it would be anti-competitive for businesses or public bodies to insist on having users' phone details, rather than giving them a free choice of communications method.
The current proposals are generally good, but have some possible pitfalls and need clarification. They align with the most important policy objective – protecting the "generative" nature of Internet innovation, by ensuring that strategic pinch-points in the access network are not abused. The proposals mandate no blocking or deliberate degradation of Internet services – the most important aspect, in my opinion. However, the distinction of Internet and non-Internet uses of networks needs to be made clearer, as the latter may be able to benefit from more flexibility.
The laws should ideally protect innovation and status-quo business models in the Internet domain, while simultaneously encouraging innovation in non-Internet "specialised" applications and networks. From an economic and societal point of view, that would give "the best of both worlds".
At a later date, if both domains evolve well, we can consider hybrids or more relaxed rules. But any such decision needs to be evidence-based – let's see proof that both requirements can be satisfied first.
Martin's post asks "Regulators face a simple choice: either there is a rational market pricing for quality (that developers must participate in), or there is rationing of quality. Which one do you want?". That is a false dichotomy. Law-makers and regulators can define two distinct worlds, with two different answers to that question. For Internet access it is the latter option, of "rationed qyality". Occasional failures and glitches are a minor inconvenience and annoyance, compared to the risks of killing the Golden Goose of Internet Innovation. Fully-predictable network quality is vastly exaggerated in importance for the Internet – although it may well have its uses for the emergent non-Internet world. Such a marketplace in "quality pricing" may prove itself over time, but it needs to do so without riding on the web's coat-tails.
The interesting question is how we can create "both worlds" – non-Internet and Internet without losing some of the benefits of converged networks. One option may be disaggregation – actually creating separate physical/logical networks for Internet and non-Internet use. This may imply extra costs (and some loss of multiplexing benefits) but it may be worth it to resolve this dilemma. While in the past such costs may have been prohibitive, new technologies may help.
In conclusion, my opinion is that the Net Neutrality part of the EU telecoms package is mostly reasonable, but needs to be clarified in some areas, and have amendments that ensure the optimal social and economic outcomes arise.
Internet access is treated differently to non-Internet access. Both are important. The status-quo model of frictionless Internet app development needs to continue, but we should also encourage non-Internet innovation where there is clear separation. Hybrids can come later if everything works out.
It should be explicitly made illegal to impede or slow encrypted traffic, relative to unencrypted traffic. The proposal that networks can differentially treat "classes" of traffic, but not individual applications, is a Trojan Horse – unless we have much more clarity about what types/styles of "class" might be permissible or not.
MEPs should remember they are voting for "Internet Equality", not "Broadband Network Neutrality". For the Internet, Equality is more important than Quality.
Is there a regulatory elephant lurking in the SDN / NFV room?
I've just spent three days at the Layer123 SDN Congress, a well-attended and well-organised event in Dusseldorf. I'm increasingly spending time looking at, and considering the technology and business implications of virtualisation - it fits tightly with my Future of the Network* work-stream (see end for details). It also plays into my ongoing analysis of 5G, enterprise-focused services and WebRTC/voice and video communications.
There's a huge number of interesting angles to comment on about SDN & NFV - timelines, business models, practialities of implementation, costs, vendors and ecosystems and organisational dynamics, to name a few.
But one area leapt out at me during a session on "network slicing": what are the possible regulatory implications of all this? It's an area that hardly gets considered - the assumption appears to be that "it's just a technology evolution", so it's very much business-as-usual when it comes to the rules.
But I don't think it's as clear-cut as that. Various angles seem to me to intersect with legal and regulatory considerations, because a lot of telecom-related rules never anticipated networks becoming software-based. In some cases it may just be that the exact wording needs to be clarified or amended, but in others there might need to be some major changes to how the law is framed.
A lot of proposed SDN models have Net Neutrality implications. For example, I heard many discussions about "app-aware service chains" and ways to "slice" the network so it behaves differently for particular services or DPI-detected flows. This might not be a problem for clearly non-Internet services (eg IPTV and various M2M concepts) but would certainly pose issues elsewhere.
Will virtualisation in the wireless network ever affect coverage? Are spectrum licences granted on the basis that all users/apps get access to the whole network?
Are there performance regulations in force, either based on speed or some other method of defining QoS? Do they apply to all users or just some of them? If the regulator tries to do testing of networks, does it get "administrator rights", or is it constrained to whatever commercially-available "slice" it obtains for measurement?
Will the overall measures of telco "investment" (ie CapEx) be changed by a move to NFV and SDN? This is an important metric used to determine competitive intensity, for example by regulators looking at the effects of consolidation. If a shift to software has some unintended impact on headline network capex, will this be interpreted by regulators or governments as a sign of failing competition instead?
How are regulators going to deal with truly "virtual" operators, including ones which are foreign-owned? If (say) AT&T installs a virtual IMS and vCPE in a French data-centre and delivers services to a client in Belgium, which country's rules apply? What licences and reporting are needed? What about lawful interception and emergency services?
How does network-slicing fit with existing rules on wholesale networks, network-sharing and MVNOs? What about universal service?
If there are any problems with security and data-integrity, can the network (and customer) backtrack to find which VNF was running in which data-centre at the time, and who was responsible for it?
Will various rules on interconnect, roaming or other services still be strictly relevant where it's a "software-software interface" via API, rather than a "network-network interface"?
Can external APIs (eg to content or apps providers) act as a source of unfair competitive leverage?
I'm sure that some of these can be discounted easily, and plenty other issues raised instead. Some will only apply in some countries, and some will just be related to semantics of old regulation - although out-of-date wording has never stopped the legal or lobbying professions from acting in the past.
There are some signs of awareness - the FCC's Tom Wheeler referenced virtualisation earlier this year (here). Ofcom commissioned a study by Fujitsu on it last year (here), and the EU has recently launched a tender for a study (here). This is a positive sign and should add clarity - but ideally might have been launched a couple of years ago. There may also be bigger issues elsewhere in the world, especially around international ownership of virtual operators or VNFs, or circumvention of rules on interconnection, data localisation or content-control.
The risk for vendors and telcos is that this work may unearth areas of enough uncertainty to delay deployments until laws are clarified. There is an argument to carry on "as is", pretend the regulatory issues are trivial, and see if there is any push-back later, with "facts on the ground" and momentum pushing virtualisation ahead. But to me, that seems perhaps unwise.
I asked one speaker at the conference about this, and the suggestion was that it didn't pose any issues. However, looking around the room it appeared that it was the first time that attendees had ever heard the term "regulation" in the same sentence as SDN or NFV. To me, that suggests that too-few questions have been asked, to be sure that we already have all the answers.
**I am collaborating with STL Partners on its Future of the Network research work-stream, for which I am acting as lead analyst. It covers SDN/NFV, 4G, 5G, FTTx, IoT networking, WiFi, operator benchmarking & business models, network investment case & ROI, regulatory issues & spectrum management and the link with digital services. Please contact information AT disruptive-analysis DOT com for more details.
Last week I attended the Illinois Institute of Technologyconference on Realtime Communications. I enjoyed it immensely – not a huge event (maybe 150-200 or so people, spread across various tracks), but a really good mix of attendees and topics. As well as WebRTC and cloud communications, it covered more general aspects of IP voice, IoT networks and applications, a touch of 5G, and quite a lot on public safety / NG911. Quite a bit of technology, but also a decent focus on use-cases and business. And well-curated to avoid obvious corporate pitches, even by sponsors.
There were many of the "usual suspects" for WebRTC, VoIP & APIs there – among them Chad Hart, Tim Panton, Emil Ivov, Alan Quayle, Dan Burnett, Ivelin Ivanov, Andy Abramson, Vladimir Beloborodov, Robin Raymond and James Body. But there was also a good representation of service providers (eg Comcast), and major IT/enterprise comms vendors with WebRTC leanings, including IBM, Microsoft, Oracle, Intel, Avaya & Unify, plus assorted smaller developers (for a mini TadHack hackathon), academics and students from IIT, and a few industry veterans like Henning Schulzrinne (former FCC CTO) and Richard Shockey (SIP Forum). Google participated remotely (especially on the topic of ORTC), and GenBand was also there in force, with its Kandy bus outside for a day.
I did a general presentation on the WebRTC market status (there's now more than 100m active users, various new use-cases, and 20+ service provider deployments – more details soon). I also moderated a panel on contextual communications (with Tim, Ivelin & Santhana from GenBand), and participated in one with Henning about the evolution of "identifiers" and especially the future role of the phone number. I picked up a lot of new insights into areas such as WebRTC+IoT (more soon), the state-of-the-art for mobile WebRTC implementation, and the technical/regulatory/financial challenges of future forms of public safety networks and emergency communications.
As we go towards 5G (& also SDN), we're seeing another attempt at defining "quality classes" in networks – but what is the right "level of abstraction" to encourage app-developers to be interested in network performance? And do developers actually want to ask for certain QoS levels (or even pay for it)? There seems to be a good argument that developers want to have something like a "network status API" that allows them to manage variable network conditions, rather than necessarily ask for specific quality or assurances.
I also did an interview with NoJitter during the event, about contextual comms - there's a great write-up by Beth Schultz here.
I go to a lot of good events, but I have to say that overall this was one of my favourites when it comes to understanding "what's next?" in communications, without an overdose of corporate spin. In some ways it reminded me of the old and much-missed eComm conferences.


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In the run-up to Tuesday's vote in the House of Commons on the British government's Brexit plan – which turned out to be even more catastrophic for the Prime Minister than had been predicted – Defence Ministers were arguing bullishly that Britain "will succeed," regardless of whether the nation leaves the EU with or without a deal.
Speaking at Defence Questions on 14 June, Defence Seceretary Gavin Williamson told MPs "This country always has and always will succeed, whether we're in the European Union, whether we're outside of the European Union, whether we have a deal or no deal, Britain will succeed and Britain will prosper." His remark was made in response to a question that highlighted the risks Britain's defence community face as the nation leaves the EU: withdrawal from the Common Security & Defence Policy (CDSP), exclusion from the European Defence Agency (EDA) and from widespread research innovation projects it is managing and the prospect of potentially crippling tariifs and border delays.
"Much of defence collaboration is done through third-party organisations, whether it is NATO, whether it be through the United Nations, whether it be joint expeditionary force and actually as I already touched upon most of our defence industrial collaboration is not done through the European Union," he told the House in response.
An additional question raised the potential consequences for secure navigation capabilities as a result of losing participation in the European GALILEO satellite system, querying the sense in funding a "delayed, diplomatically divisive and frankly sketchy system" – a reference to the decision announced last August to fund an 18-month study examining the UK's ability to develop and launch a homegrown global satellite positioning system.
"£92 million has been allocated from the Treasury EU exit fund to the engineering, development and design phase of a UK global navigation satellite system which is currently underway [….] The UK Space Agency is leading the work with the full support of the Ministry of Defence," responded Defence Minister Stuart Andrew.
Robust arguments? Perhaps. The problem, however, in the view of many – a view shared by MONCh – is that the glacial pace of progress and the extended gestation period of most defence-related programmes means it will be years before any meaningful capability can be generated solely by the increasingly beleaguered island of Albion. And what does it do in the interim? The Devil is in the details, they say. Surely, Old Nick must be laughing all the way to the tariff office at the way details are being utterly ignored in the Brexit process.


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The Mets blasted the Rockies 12-2 on Monday with their biggest outburst since they scored 12 runs on May 15 against Toronto. Nimmo Devan Dubnyk Jersey , who grew up in Cheyenne, Wyo., about 100 miles from Denver, led off the game with an inside-the-park home run and went 4-for-6 with two home runs and a career-high four RBI. The four hits tied his career-high and occurred after he hit a go-ahead two-run homer in the ninth inning Sunday at Arizona.
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Please note, there may be a small administrative fee if results need to be sent to institutions outside of the United States, and for results requested 45 days after your test date. How Long Until I See Results From Working Out? by: Yuri Elkaim, BPHE, CK, RHN www. At 6 weeks i tested my self with oraquick result was negative 6 1/2 weeks affter exposure i had a full blood work Std all negative and HIV bioplex 2200 HIV ag-ab result was non reactive. Treasury Securities (PDF). Early stages of HIV. 1 year, 2 months ago by akshayv. com/election/2016. Hi i tested hiv after 70 days of exposure…the test was a rapid finger prick at they said i must come back at 12 week mark to confirm…isnt possible that it may chance in two weeks to come. Withdrawal Policy. Here's 5 surprising things I learned during my month of Crossfit training…. The Yacht Week brand and concept is owned by Day8 AB - a private limited company registered in Stockholm, Sweden. 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He has told me that he uses a condom every time and has only been active with one other person beyond me in the past few months. I'm very happy with this outcome. 5-Aug-2019-AM : Best Car Battery Dead After Sitting For A Week. Sorry to whine, but I just need some encouragem. done between 11 weeks 2 days and 14 weeks 2 days of pregnancy. i cant get relieved i need to know as to weather. 5 mg twice a day and 6 mg twice a day should be attempted after a minimum of 2 weeks at the previous dose and if well tolerated. weeks and last time i have done it was my 9th week after exact intercourse only after 4-5 years old patientof the. Negative ORAQUICK TEST at months after sex. I just took an Oraquick home hiv test. For weekday open races (Monday to Friday) all clocks to be returned to stations for 7pm or within 2 hours if clocking later than 5 pm. For an oral HIV test, you should go to your doctor or to a clinic that provides the service. Select State/Province and City and click "Go" to find your club. Dyke is Not a Gender-Neutral Word. Please note that there are multiple systems for week numbering, this is the ISO week date standard (ISO-8601), other systems use weeks starting on Sunday (US) or Saturday (Islamic). My pants started to fall down, too. However, Im loosing my mind. Don't miss a minute of ALL the DRAMA inside the. 06 and antigen not detected and 196 results is antibody 0. But it's not only an incredible visual change. Second Trimester Risk Assessment A second trimester blood specimen is drawn at 15 weeks 0 days – 20 weeks 0 days of pregnancy. Download the Official Jets Mobile App Download Apps nav. Access to higher quality, uncompressed. 5-Aug-2019-AM : Best Car Battery Dead After Sitting For A Week. The Unigold assays are less able to detect very early HIV infection, detecting positives about two to three weeks after the Architect HIV Ag/Ab test first becomes positive, and about the same time or up to five days after the Multispot assay becomes positive (see schematic of HIV diagnostic time line below and graph showing test sensitivities. The OraQuick Rapid HIV-1/2 Antibody Test was originally approved for use in whole blood in November 2002 and received a CLIA waiver for expanded use in this setting in January 2003. in the results from this. The approval ratings reported here are based on Gallup Daily tracking averages for President Donald Trump in 2017 and 2018, and periodic multiday Gallup polls for Trump starting in 2019. I then took another Oraquick test 7 weeks after exposure and again the result was negative. Although they give results quickly, these tests require a follow-up test in a lab to confirm a positive result. If you want, check back at 8 weeks to 3 months, but you will find nothing. 1 Week Gold prices and Gold price charts on InvestmentMine. We call this the WBW-SDGs Campaign. On November 7, 2002, the FDA announced approval of the OraQuick Rapid HIV-1 Antibody Test, which can detect HIV antibodies in fingerstick whole-blood specimens in as few as 20 minutes. Given the atmosphere at most marathons, you will likely feel full of adrenaline after leaving the starting line. Stream Shark Week FREE with Your TV Subscription!. in the results from this. After 5 weeks of doing the operation and especially after passing through some really horrible times of pain and misery I promised myself that I owe it to everybody out there to share my experience so that you can derive benefit out of it. Brittany lost 25 pounds on Rapid Results in 16 weeks. I did a oraquick rapid test using a sampl. However, as the FDA reports, clinical studies on the OraQuick In-Home HIV Test kit have shown that the kit "has an expected performance of approximately 92% for test sensitivity", which means that one false negative result is expected out of every 12 test results in individuals with HIV. View case filings made over the last two weeks. Latest further education and skills news: breaking news, in-depth investigations and expert opinion on colleges, apprenticeships and FE in England. Home Testing May Play an Appropriate Role in Support of Responsible Sexual Health Habits. Photography by Jade Wilson. "It takes an empowered village to raise a child in the digital age": We are building community capacity to drive sustainable learning impact across Africa, instilling digital literacy and coding skills in the young generation. The presence of these antibodies is then detected by a second anti-human antibody, with a sensitivity of >99. Home-tests: There are two HIV tests currently approved by the FDA for use at home (OraQuick and Home Access). REGISTER OR. SAMHDA encourages users to return to the site often to explore the spectrum of available data. I tested negative. I am a female who had protected vaginal sex and unprotected oral giving and receiving. Access to higher quality, uncompressed. Several types of HIV testing technologies are used in Canada. SIRS results for semesters prior to Spring 2001 are available on CD-ROM at the Rutgers Libraries. #Average weight loss based on Jenny Craig study was 5. Find helpful customer reviews and review ratings for Oraquick HIV Test in Home at Amazon. com TV blogs. If it is still a faint line, you can try the next day. after performing each oral fluid test and after contact with oral fluid. Thank you! We'll be in touch with news, updates, and ways you can help the team. Average progesterone levels chart. (I did--if you are going to do it, do all if it, and do it right, might as well get the BEST results possible eh?!) 5. Kroger Corporate Investor Relations Financial Performance Quarterly Results. The NCLEX results in the Quick Results Service do not authorize you to practice as a licensed/registered nurse. You can even combine text-based and structural queries to achieve advanced search capabilities. However, it is now eight months later, and I think the test may have missed my HIV infection. I took the test 5 weeks and some. 1 week ago by Jenny Block. How accurate is an oraquick test. A good taco and a snuggle with her dogs is all she needs. In 6 weeks Lost 21. Hello Doctor, Hope you are doing well, you've handled my case from day one and i always want your advise, today i have done another ora quick swab test and the result was negative ! the problem is I'm short by 6 day from three months, would this make difference? guide me please? should i go to blood test or no need to think about it anymore and should forget about it. What this means is that your negative result at 5 weeks is a good indicator of your status, but you are correct that most international guidelines on HIV testing recommend testing at or after 12 weeks for conclusive results. Park Ridge Primary School is located in Rowville, in Melbourne's outer eastern suburbs. (Higher Education) Last day for Swinburne Online students to add units of study to TP2. My School has been updated with NAPLAN data as in previous years, with additional information indicating whether a school did NAPLAN on paper or online. First, a screening test for HIV-1and 2 antibodies is performed, using an enzyme immunoassay ("EIA") or immunochromatographic card assay. After you get infected, it can take days to a couple of weeks for the HIV virus to replicate itself and spread through the body, and 2-3 or more weeks for your body to produce antibodies to HIV. How long does it take to see fitness results? One of the most frustrating questions when you're trying to lose weight. I received 16 Slim Fast meal replacement creamy milk chocolate shakes and 16 chocolate cookie dough protein meal replacement bars. In a clinical study, trained professionals compared HIV test results of OraQuick In-Home HIV Test with results from laboratory testing. No precision pipeting, predilutions, or specialized instrumentation are required to perform the OraQuick ADVANCE ® Rapid HIV-1/2 Antibody Test. Ann McKee, a neuropathologist in neuro-degenerative disease at Boston University, shows the 47-year-old had Stage Read more. 2017 school financial information, including capital expenditure and sources of funding. There was the 5:2 method that involved eating as usual for five days per week and restricting your calories to 500 for two days per week, a popular method in the bodybuilding and fitness industry. 5 weeks ago, I had protected, receptive intercourse with a gay man who recently developed shingles. With Results. The launch of a new partnership between the Dana Foundation and the International Brain Research Organization (IBRO) is calling for applications through August 9, 2019 for new grants to increase opportunities for outreach in countries outside of Europe and North America. How accurate is the results of the OraQuick Rapid Advance Test at 5 weeks? heard antibodies are present by week 2 and with the last generation of test reliable results are available at 28 days. include archive number in results Date Range (optional): - ProMED-mail ProMED-ESP ProMED-RUS ProMED-MBDS ProMED-FRA ProMED-PORT ProMED-EAFR ProMED-SoAs ProMED-MENA. After recording the results, dispose of the used Developer Solution Vial and the Test Device in a biohazard waste container. Hopefully this will all be over with soon. REGISTER OR. Revised Academic Calendar 2018-19 (by Semester Week) Aug. In this section, we go through everything you need to know about HIV testing. After being on sleeping medication for years, I am finally off of them. An hCG of less than 5 mIU/cc is usually negative, over 25 mIU/cc usually positive, between 5 and 25 mIU/cc it's "equivocal" which simply means we don't know. Following this test, you must still return to your doctor for a more specific one because HIV antibodies may not appear until three to six months after infection. A date within the week. (4 replies). Return_type Optional. The purpose of this site is to provide quick and accurate access to event results and data for coaches, athletes, parents and fans!. wireless communications industry and companies throughout the mobile ecosystem. The new OraQuick test should. "We're thrilled to report the biggest quarter in Apple's history, with broad-based growth that included the highest revenue ever from a new iPhone lineup. Generally, heavy lifting is not recommended for about six weeks following surgery. I'm pleased with my results and am super excited to share everything about my intermittent fasting one-month experiment!. Michigan had a 7-5 advantage in the first 12 years of conference play. The Amgen Tour of California is a Tour de France-style cycling road race created and presented by AEG. Jacksonville Jaguars Schedule: The official source of the latest Jaguars regular season and preseason schedule. why are my eyes still swollen after 5 weeks of having lower eyelid surgery - I know what you mean. Problems can occur if dates are entered as text. Asthma Diagnosis and Treatment Guideline are more likely to have continued symptoms after 5 years of age and are more likely to respond (Over last 2–4 weeks. Notice: At this time, individuals that wish to file candidacy for Baltimore City Offices for the 2020 elections, may complete the process at the Maryland State Board of Elections located at 151 West Street, Suite 200, Annapolis, Maryland 21401-0486. The broad index rose 0. Fast: Results in 20 minutes. Negative ORAQUICK TEST at months after sex. With OraQuick, you have the comfort of getting your test results in the privacy of your own home. The best IVF hCG calculator around! Help to calculate your beta value. Earnings Calendar Data Provided by ZACKS Investment Research, Inc. The US is formally pulling out of a nuclear treaty with Russia that banned intermediate nuclear missiles after US allies accused Russia of violating the pact. Bailey, a professional research journalist and bariatric RNY (gastric bypass) patient since 1999, brings professional research methodology and personal experience to her publications focused on long-lasting successful weight management after surgery. Cosmetic surgery is not just for the rich and famous. Having read through various threads about oral sex safety and STD's, anxiety has set in and went to get an Oraquick HIV test which came back negative after 8-1/2 weeks. Here's what I feel are the 8 most common reasons your weight training results suck right now, have sucked in the past, or will suck at some point in the future. week high of $17. Explain that for standard testing, the client must return after a week or two to receive his/her test results. You see, after 5 or six weeks, the oraquick test is very accurate. Now it resembles an elongated figure, in which you can observe the shapes of spine, hands and even the head of the fetus. Thank so much. Brittany lost 25 pounds on Rapid Results in 16 weeks. Before lv~icailv reD0rted within 48 hours to 2 weeks. On November 7, 2002, the FDA announced approval of the OraQuick Rapid HIV-1 Antibody Test, which can detect HIV antibodies in fingerstick whole-blood specimens in as few as 20 minutes. Trusted: The same test healthcare professionals use. started by Michael. 1 year, 2 months ago by akshayv. After several days postpartum nonpregnant levels (<5) 3 weeks 0 to 5 4 weeks 5 to 426 5 weeks 18 to 7,340 6 weeks 1,080 to 56,500 7 to 8 weeks 7,650 to 229,000 9 to 12 weeks 25,700 to 288,000 13 to 16 weeks 3,300 to 253,000 17 to 24 weeks (second trimester) 4,060 to 165,400 25 weeks to term (third trimester) 3,640 to 117,000 My recommendation. Every individual's body is different and results differ depending on the goal. Kaye Bailey developed the 5 Day Pouch Test in 2007 and is the owner of LivingAfterWLS and the 5 Day Pouch Test websites. ClinicalTrials. Access to previews of my stories. Most people will develop antibodies to HIV within this period of time. Many of our contestants are independent Team Beachbody Coaches. has filed a premarket approval application for their OraQuick® In-Home HIV Test. I am confused little with Oraquick home test in US(mouth Swab), The false negative rate is very high. However, Im loosing my mind. Mane should be ok in 2 weeks - Klopp Kovac forced to apologise after Sane comments. Michigan held the edge at the beginning and end of the thirties, but Ohio State thoroughly dominated the middle years. For 30 days, I did the unthinkable: I ate a low-carb diet. Exercise and proper diet are necessary to achieve and maintain weight loss and muscle definition. Medical school confidential Match results reports and Match notification letters available MATCH DAY for fellowships in Female Pelvic Medicine and Reconstructive. This process is called seroconversion. After 5 weeks of doing the operation and especially after passing through some really horrible times of pain and misery I promised myself that I owe it to everybody out there to share my experience so that you can derive benefit out of it. I'm pleased with my results and am super excited to share everything about my intermittent fasting one-month experiment!. The Rapid test has a window period of 4-12 weeks with up to 95% of infections being detectable within 4-6 weeks. 'Hobbs & Shaw' Churns Out $5. I know its normal to feel anxious and expect final results immediately following plastic surgery. Now there are options for taking an HIV test in the privacy of one's own home. When comparing the overall average of seroconversion detection days after first bleed for EIA to the three lot average, the OraQuick ADVANCE ® Test detected seroconversion within 1. I had a possible exposure about 8 weeks ago. 7: Announcement of Summer Term overall assessment results. Today I'll be revealing my intermittent fasting one-month results, with before and after photos!The process was really interesting, and I learned a ton. The complaint, filed Tuesday evening, means every one of the so-called "heartbeat" bans passed in various. I also took the second generation blood finger prick test again and it was negative. Patients who know their current HIV status and are about to begin a sexual relationship with a new partner may be encouraged to obtain a home HIV test as 1 component of a comprehensive 3-way conversation (with partners and providers) covering such topics as shared risks, harm reduction, monogamy, birth. We did two embryos and none to freeze so we are hoping both took! I have my first u/s oct 30. With fasting, I wanted to see if I could gain leverage over food in the same way. Wyndham Championship - 2019 Leaderboard - PGA TOUR To watch in a smaller size, scroll down while your video is playing. Search No events in the next two weeks. Anti-HIV IgM antibodies can be detected earlier than IgG antibodies, reducing the window period to 3-4 weeks. The complaint, filed Tuesday evening, means every one of the so-called "heartbeat" bans passed in various. With Results. The Fast Diet Tracker – some great results! Results from our tracker show that the average weight lost over the first three months on The Fast Diet is 5-6 kgs (11 to 13 lbs). What this means is that your negative result at 5 weeks is a good indicator of your status, but you are correct that most international guidelines on HIV testing recommend testing at or after 12 weeks for conclusive results. The broad index rose 0. With Madcow you'll still do all exercises of StrongLifts 5×5 incl the 3x/week Squats. (fetal age 29 weeks) Baby weighs 3. Detroit Lions Schedule: The official source of the Lions regular season and preseason schedule. voters head to the polls in the 2018 Midterms with control of Congress at stake. LottoStrategies. It does have a better accuracy than most tests that are not 4th generation. An analysis of OraQuick results by San Francisco's health department completed last week -- which turned up 47 false-positive results -- led the California Department of Health Services to survey. The presence of these antibodies is then detected by a second anti-human antibody, with a sensitivity of >99. Oraquick Results After 5 Weeks. after performing each oral fluid test and after contact with oral fluid. 5 days ago by Mollie Merkel. Each week, realestate. Watch Full Episodes, Get Behind the Scenes, Meet the Cast, and much more. The lady said I took it to early and she will not let me take it again until 6 months from the time I had sex. 20mIU/ml Sensitivity. Joining a new gym and trying out different exercise classes. In other words, it would had picked it up by now (if you had HIV). Day 35 (5 weeks):5 Fingers can be discerned on the hand. Early stages of HIV. Started ohibing my doctor up after 6 weeks to see if they had the results yet , every week I was told give it till the end of next week and we will chase it up so todat I'm told the same things. Before lv~icailv reD0rted within 48 hours to 2 weeks. i felt better after 6 days of sleeping only! then again i felt my lymph in neck and others and sore throat with mild fever "recurrent" that is lasting for one month until now. All of them. We always advise that after exposure, one should wait to test until the most likely to detect or highest accuracy category is fulfilled, and then they should test. Follow the links below to get the latest information on: Tentative Auction Schedule of U. The OraQuick In-Home HIV Test can give you accurate results 3 months from exposure. The embryo looks like a tadpole, and it's the size of a sesame seed. OraQuick, manufactured by OraSure Technologies, Inc. 10 months, 1 week ago by Halfpint1. Sentinel and Enterprise: covering local news in the Fitchburg and Leominster, Massachusetts area; updated daily with breaking news stories, obituaries, sports articles, and more. I took an oraquick oral test at 6 weeks and it was negative. Herpes Simplex PCR test $190 Source: blisters and ulcers Results in 3–5 days. How accurate is the results of the OraQuick Rapid Advance Test at 5 weeks? heard antibodies are present by week 2 and with the last generation of test reliable results are available at 28 days. 20mIU/ml Sensitivity. After 20 minutes, one line appears on the strip if the HIV result is negative, and two appear if the result is positive. It adds plenty of muscle mass ; Let nobody lie to you about Anadrol by saying it doesn't work. Most HIV specialists consider the test you took to be conclusive at 6 weeks, however, official HIV guidelines still recommend re-testing at 12 weeks for completely conclusive results. 5 weeks the ultrasound in my Dr's office saw a sac but nothing in it. The drama in the Big Brother 21 house is on full tilt! If you haven't already, now is a great time to try the Big Brother Live Feeds with CBS All Access. Every connection. Differences in the performance of commonly used HIV tests lead to substantial differences in the number of infections which are diagnosed in everyday clinical practice, according to an analysis from San Francisco published last month in PLOS ONE. I took ANOTHER test just today (about 88 days/12. Some of the factors which could cause Facebook's results to differ materially from its expectations include, but are not limited to, those described in the "Risk Factors," "Limitations of Key Metrics and Other Data" and "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" sections in Facebook's most recent. Dear Jenny: If she's faking orgasm, it's not about you. Remember that 1 in 5 people who are HIV positive do not even know that they are infected because they have not been tested. The following is a list of ratings in the Monday Night Wars between WWF Raw and WCW Nitro between September 4, 1995 and March 26, 2001. Arizona Millionaire's Club is the newest $30 Scratchers from the Arizona Lottery with more million dollar prizes than ever before! Learn More. Interest Successfully Added We'll notify you here with news about AlertTag Turn on desktop notifications for breaking stories about interest? Off On. Talk to your doctor for more information about Thermage. Given the atmosphere at most marathons, you will likely feel full of adrenaline after leaving the starting line. The test results are interpreted after 20 minutes but not more than 40 minutes after the introduction of the test device into the developer solution containing the test specimen. Upcoming public holiday, and calendar of Singapore's public holidays for 2018, 2019 and 2020. Hopefully this will all be over with soon. You can use Clearing if: you're applying after 30 June; you didn't receive any offers (or none you wanted to accept) you didn't meet the conditions of your offers. Nearly a year after Hurricane Maria wreaked havoc in Puerto Rico, Ricardo Rosselló, the island's governor, raised the storm's official death toll from 64 to 2,975. Hiv negative test after 6 weeks how accurate Hiv test after 6 weeks 100 accurate All the information, content and live chat provided on the site is intended to be for informational purposes only, and not a substitute for professional or medical advice. • All featured posts •. Most, but not all people will develop detectable antibodies within 3 to 12 weeks of infection. doctor got fed up from my worries and told me no worries. Another home-based test, called "OraQuick," uses oral fluids instead of blood. Patients who know their current HIV status and are about to begin a sexual relationship with a new partner may be encouraged to obtain a home HIV test as 1 component of a comprehensive 3-way conversation (with partners and providers) covering such topics as shared risks, harm reduction, monogamy, birth. Analysis of the race for control of the Senate and the House of Representatives from Nate Silver and the FiveThirtyEight team. Weight: 186. (The rapid test we used was an OraQuick test, made by OraSure. Posture Power – Maintaining the T-Tapp Stance during movement can immediately increase heart rate and maximize muscle activation even more. Now there are options for taking an HIV test in the privacy of one's own home. I am confused little with Oraquick home test in US(mouth Swab), The false negative rate is very high. 2018 was the first year of transition to NAPLAN Online. Use the search tool below to find your local ACBL sanctioned club game results. This lectionary covers the next thirty days. How accurate is the results of the OraQuick Rapid Advance Test at 5 weeks? heard antibodies are present by week 2 and with the last generation of test reliable results are available at 28 days. But because you are now an intermediate lifter moving bigger weights, the program introduces 3 modifications to optimize recovery from the increasingly stressful workouts (recovery is vital for strength gains)…. Average progesterone levels chart. Watch Full Episodes, Get Behind the Scenes, Meet the Cast, and much more. Many consumers now believe Gillette is "the [worst] a man can get," after running its "toxic masculinity" commercial berating men as too manly and as sexist bullies and rapists, which cost. ONE MONTH RESULTS. Results for Units 1, 3, 4, 5 and 6 will be issued up to 12 weeks from the date you sat your examination Re-sit examinations Re-sits are open to students registered on a course with WSET School London who have either failed an examination, or who have paid to transfer their examination date. My School has been updated with NAPLAN data as in previous years, with additional information indicating whether a school did NAPLAN on paper or online. Average weight loss is 1-2 lbs per week. LottoStrategies. If the test used only detects HIV antibodies, most. That all Federation crates must carry a label stating club name, sex of birds in crate, and number of birds in crate. The European Nucleotide Archive (ENA) provides a comprehensive record of the world's nucleotide sequencing information, covering raw sequencing data, sequence assembly information and functional annotation. Updates on HIV testing Window Period. Do not use Kit Controls beyond the expiration date printed on the outer box. If you want, check back at 8 weeks to 3 months, but you will find nothing. Schedule 2019 Schedule 2019 CFL Broadcast Schedule CFL Game Pass CFL. Interest Successfully Added We'll notify you here with news about AlertTag Turn on desktop notifications for breaking stories about interest? Off On. Notice: At this time, individuals that wish to file candidacy for Baltimore City Offices for the 2020 elections, may complete the process at the Maryland State Board of Elections located at 151 West Street, Suite 200, Annapolis, Maryland 21401-0486. Historical Election Results | Elections Home Page. 7% accurate at identifying positive test results. Accuracy: 99. North Macon sees downed trees, power lines after strong storms Heat, humidity and storms here for the end of the week Peach County Schools partners with Macon Judicial Circuit to keep kids in. Ok, coincidence, it's cold and flu season. , Fall results are published in late March. The Stressful Non Stress Test (NST) -37 weeks. The UPA pill is effective up to 5 days after unprotected sex. Initiate treatment with the 1. Cosmetic Surgery: Before and After. No test can detect an HIV infection immediately after contraction. Therefore, it is important for patients and their families to ask questions about the potential meaning of genetic test results both before and after the test is performed. 5% (range, 63% to 100%). 17 Replies | Share this:Oraquick test Accuracy at 11 weeks Experts, what is the accuracy of oraquick's oral hiv testing at 11 weeks? I was tested negative after 11 I was tested negative after 11. If you test regularly for HIV, and after every time you put yourself at risk, you can help keep yourself and your sexual partners healthy. It's now made of three layers of cells folded over on each other. As the United States aims to increase early diagnosis and treatment of people with HIV, a greater focus has been placed on determining the accuracy of HIV tests in real-world settings—not only to minimize the number of false positive or negative test results but to better identify people during the early (acute) stages of infection when the risk of transmission is especially high. Patients who know their current HIV status and are about to begin a sexual relationship with a new partner may be encouraged to obtain a home HIV test as 1 component of a comprehensive 3-way conversation (with partners and providers) covering such topics as shared risks, harm reduction, monogamy, birth. ) So since 2005, if men have a negative rapid test, we actually screen them with our standard EIA [ELISA] before putting them into the pools. I stupidly had unprotected sex on Monday September 5th I took a HIV TEST that came back negative on Monday September 12th (only 1 week later) I know the test arent 100% accurate until 3 months which would be December 5th but I heard the test are pretty accurate at 8 weeks Monday coming up will mark 5 weeks for me How accurate are HIV test after 5 week - 6 weeks?. Interest Successfully Added We'll notify you here with news about AlertTag Turn on desktop notifications for breaking stories about interest? Off On. 6% accurate for positive (reactive results) and 100. With Results. Before I even begin. If you've had or want to start having sex — vaginal, anal, or oral — with a new partner, without a condom, it's a good idea to get tested. I had a HIV blood test 4 weeks after a possible exposure, and an oraquick test 6 weeks and 9 weeks. It's available to almost all who need or want it in the U. You can check back in two weeks, but I PROMISE you will be negative. Baby's weight is about 1. USTA, Member Services, Racing, News and Horsemen. The Secretary of State then has up to 7 days to compile the complete Statement of Vote (SOV), which contains official results from each county. Typical gastric sleeve results include 70% excess weight loss after 1 year, 55% excess weight loss after 5 years, and improvement or curing of at least 15 health conditions. The ELISA or EIA test is the standard screening test for HIV infection. You'll see that I tested negative, but this will still go down in history of one of the darkest days of my life. Edition aware sections will now prioritize Global content. Seattle Seahawks Schedule: The official source of the latest Seahawks regular season and preseason schedule. The complaint, filed Tuesday evening, means every one of the so-called "heartbeat" bans passed in various. Explain that for standard testing, the client must return after a week or two to receive his/her test results. White sugar is the tip of the iceberg… Michael Mosley posts a handy graphic to help avoid hidden sugars in food. It does have a better accuracy than most tests that are not 4th generation. If you'd like to see weight-loss results more quickly -- increase your walking time to 45 to 60 minutes per day and/or decrease the number of calories you consume at meals. They also collect blood samples for the longer test for which it takes 2 weeks to get results. In the weeks after exposure to HIV, the immune system recognises some components of the virus and begins to generate HIV antibodies in order to damage, neutralise or kill it (this period is known as 'seroconversion'). The oral swab portion of the OraQuick test is pending FDA approval. Some of the factors which could cause Facebook's results to differ materially from its expectations include, but are not limited to, those described in the "Risk Factors," "Limitations of Key Metrics and Other Data" and "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" sections in Facebook's most recent. How long does it take to see results from working out? Take our 5 -minute Fit Test to find out your current fitness level and then use our Flat Belly Firm Butt calculator to estimate your progress 4-8 weeks from today!. The results of an ultrasound after 5 - 6 weeks gestation are much more accurate than using hCG numbers. Official Home of the New York Jets Schedule. I also got blood work done today (which includes HIV testing) at the OBGYN and will get my results in about two weeks. Updates on HIV testing Window Period. This result needs to be confirmed by the twelve week gold standard test. Most, but not all people will develop detectable antibodies within 3 to 12 weeks of infection. if you didn't have a NUT, well, maybe you went too quickly into solids. Even after hanging up his steering wheel for good in 2002, Dickson has continued to bring the same passion and need to win to the track every week as the owner of his son Nick Dickson's Super Late Model. Latest further education and skills news: breaking news, in-depth investigations and expert opinion on colleges, apprenticeships and FE in England. 1 Exam 4 weeks and 6 days on a Wednesday. Hi i tested hiv after 70 days of exposure…the test was a rapid finger prick at they said i must come back at 12 week mark to confirm…isnt possible that it may chance in two weeks to come.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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When one thinks of South Africa one imagines the vast plains of the bushveld, the vines of the Cape Winelands, wave-washed towns and Table Mountain. Some visitors come for the country's deserts. Major lakes of South Africa rarely spring to mind.
But South Africa has lakes. One just has to know where to find them.
A lake is a large body of water localised in a basin or occupying a land depression that is surrounded by land.
The major lakes of South Africa are beautiful. Many of them are havens for birds – water birds and otherwise – and they are found across the country, though most are close to the coast.
Factoid: South Africa has its very own lake district – a series of around 270 lakes and pans concentrated within a 20 kilometre radius near the town of Chrissiesmeer.
Known locally as Chrissiesmeer (Chrissie's lake), Lake Chrissie forms the pinnacle of the lake district of Mpumalanga. The shallow lake is one of the largest freshwater lakes in the country. It's 9 km long and 3 km wide and renowned for its birdlife – around 80 different aquatic birds and 180 other species have been spotted in the area.
And there are no shortage of frogs. In fact, one of the area's former names – Matotoland – is Swazi for 'land of the frogs'. So, it naturally follows that the locals hosts an annual 'frog hunt', also known as 'frogging safaris', where you get to slosh in the mud in an attempt to retrieve one of the 13 local frog species to prove they still exist, before putting them back again.
Lake St Lucia is huge. Functioning as the fulcrum of the World Heritage Site of iSimangaliso (meaning 'miracle in Zulu) Wetland Park, it is not only South Africa's, but Africa's, largest estuarine system at 80 km long and 23 km wide at its widest point. 50% of all KZN's water birds nest and roost here, the waters are home to 155 species of fish, while on its shores you'll find hippo, waterbuck, kudu, reedbuck and other antelope.
The estuarine lake system has been under severe threat from drought (in 2016 the Narrows – narrowest part of the lake – dried up) but the park has begun an engineering project to remove dredge spoil which will save both the lake, and the livelihood of the people living on its shores).
Lake Sibhayi, (alternatively spelled Lake Sibaya), lies in between Lake St Lucia and Kosi Bay within the Greater iSimangaliso Wetland Park. It's considered Southern Africa's largest natural freshwater lake, but more interestingly for visitors is its exceptionally large population of hippo (and crocs – you don't seem to find the one without the other).
Like Lake St Lucia, and Kosi Bay, it's a Ramsar site with an incredible bird life. Best of all is the knowledge that the area is so well protected, you can't even stay on the lake. Nothing but pristine lake.
This rather large, for a city lake, 250 hectare body of water lies in the south-western corner of the Cape Flats – a highly densely populated part of Cape Town. Back when Zeekoeivlei was first spotted by Van Riebeek, in 1656 when it took him a good two hours to walk around it, it was full of hippos.
Now the hippos wallow over in neighbouring Rondevlei, with only the occasional 'escape' when the odd confused young hippo wanders into the Strandfontein birding area and then into Zeekoevlei, trying to get home.
The 'lake district' of the Garden Route is a five lake system extending between Wilderness and Sedgefield. The lakes formed over time as water naturally dammed in the valleys between two dune ridges.
They're a Ramsar site and an important wetland system for local water birds, particularly during winter – they head here when inland wetlands make it difficult for them to stay. Paradoxically the area is severely water-stressed and Sedgefield was the first town in the country to get a desalination plant.
One of the secrets of the Overberg, Flamingo Lake is a 1 000 hectare lake that forms the estuary of the Bot River. Between it and the sea is a narrow strip of sand dunes, and every now and again the mouth breaks open and the lake empties into the sea. So, it's not surprising to see the odd jellyfish in the lake. It lies surrounded by nature reserve and wetlands so the birdlife and the sea and lake experience, despite holiday homes on its banks, is incredible.
Stay in Bot River or Kleinmond.
The major lakes of South Africa are beautiful… how many have you explored?


#OTalk 6th November 2018 – Apps and Smart Technology in Research.
This week's #OTalk Research is on the topic of "Apps and smart technology in research" and will be hosted by Leisle Ezekiel (@lezeki).
Apps, smartphones, smartwatches and tablets are now part of everyday life for many people in the UK. Over 90% of people aged between 16 and 55 own a smartphone (Statista 2018) and whilst in the over 65s that percentage drops to 40%, it is increasing dramatically year on year (Ofcom 2018).
As a novice occupational therapy researcher and an early adopter of technology, I was convinced by the potential of apps both in research and in occupational therapy practice.
Apps and smartphones enable self tracking of a wide range of behaviours and experiences and are potentially less intrusive than more traditional methods. As well as capturing "in the moment experiences", apps could deliver "in the moment interventions" and be of benefit to therapists in their assessment and intervention planning. It is unsurprising then that there is an increasing interest in the use of apps within research, both as a method of collecting data and as a way of delivering interventions.
For occupational therapists and the wider health arena, the use of apps and associated technology is a new landscape where health research overlaps with the world of app development. My personal experience of using apps in research has highlighted benefits as well as developing understanding of the potential ethical and practical challenges which can present, above and beyond those of more traditional research methods.
What role do you think apps and smart technology can play in occupational therapy research?
What do you consider to be the benefits of using apps and smart technology in occupational therapy research?
What do you consider the barriers or risks of using apps and smart technology in research?
What ethical considerations do we need to be aware of and overcome to use this technology in research?
How can we improve and/or advance the use of apps and technology in occupational therapy research?
#OTalk 30th October 2018 – Bringing the OT community closer together, on and offline.
This weeks #OTalk is on the topic of "Bringing the OT community closer together" and will be hosted by The OT Hub and the OT Show (@theOThub and @theOTshow). This chat is the final in a series being hosted in collaboration with the OT Show.
The OT Hub is the worldwide community for occupational therapy. It aims to bring the OT community closer together online, through information-sharing and a free membership. Offline, The OT Show (UK) provides an annual meeting space, networking opportunities and CPD for the profession. Both serve to enhance practitioner and student support.
Communities of practice (CoPs), such as The OT Hub and OT4OT, are professional communication forums, providing opportunities free of geographical constraint. Wenger, McDermott and Snyder (2002 p.4; cited by Hoffmann, Desha and Verrall, 2011) illustrate these as 'groups of people who share a concern, a set of problems, or a passion about a topic, and who deepen their knowledge and expertise in this area…' In this case, the topic is occupational therapy. The OT Show is visited, in person, by the same passionate demographic.
But why connect both in person and online? Professional and geographic isolation are growing issues, as clinicians and students undertake roles in new, emerging and remote settings (Ezzamel, 2013; Ramsey, 2011). Communities of practice can assist in tackling isolation and in providing networking and mentoring opportunities (Bodell and Hook, 2014; Wiid et al., 2013; Hoffmann, Desha and Verrall, 2011). Similarly, profession-oriented events provide the chance to physically (re)connect with experienced and like-minded individuals, from across the globe.
Creating conditions for more collaborative innovation will be key to improved patient outcomes and future transformations (Innovation into Action, NHS England, 2015).
The more information available to the healthcare industry, the better able clinicians are to make the best decisions when supporting service users (Sood, 2017).
How can shows and online platforms better support collaborative innovation and improved patient outcomes?
What are your experiences of social isolation and how have you overcome them?
Can problems arise (in study or in practice) from information overload?
How can we work to become a profession that is better understood by the public and healthcare colleagues?
This weeks #OTalk is on the topic of "Writing an Abstract" and will be hosted by members of the RCOT Conference Development Team. Sarah Lawson (@SarahLawsonOT) will be our host with support from Sarah Bodell (@OTSalfordUni), Ken Levins (@LevinsKen) and Clare Taylor (@ClareTaylor).
Are you an occupational therapist working in new ways? Have you implemented a new approach? Do you wonder if you are the only occupational therapist working in this way? Would you like to find others to share your ideas with and inspire each other?
Is your research generating evidence for the profession which could help to raise the profile and position occupational therapy for the 21st Century?
Have you thought about submitting an abstract for the Royal College of Occupational Therapists (RCOT) Annual Conference 2019 but are not sure where to start?
Then this #OTalk is for you. To you your everyday work may be just that, but you could help to inspire others. You could provide useful information and ideas which encourage others to consider different perspectives and new approaches in their practice.
Hosted by members of the RCOT Conference Development Team. Sarah Lawson (@SarahLawsonOT) will be our host with support from Sarah Bodell (@OTSalfordUni), Ken Levins (@LevinsKen) and Clare Taylor (@ClareTaylor).
This weeks #OTalk is on the topic of "Social and Therapeutic Horticulture" and will be hosted by Esme Wood and Mike Morgan of Coventry University (@Esmewood1 and @CU_STH).
Social & therapeutic horticulture (STH) is an emerging area of practice, particularly within the UK. For the purposes of this blog, we define STH as, "a systematic, holistic and transdisciplinary approach to the use of gardens and gardening to optimise individual and community health, wellbeing, development and quality of life". Therefore, it can include, but is not limited to, practice areas such as horticultural therapy, therapeutic landscape design, stabilisation agriculture and community gardening.
The therapeutic use of horticultural activities has a long history within Occupational Therapy clinical practice and beyond. Within the United States and as a growing phenomenon in the UK we have also seen the rise of the Horticultural Therapist practitioner. In the UK today the use of social and therapeutic horticultural activities has never been more popular and with the current and growing 'social prescribing' agenda, the opportunities for practitioners to engage in activities are ever expanding.
This #OTalk focusses on understanding the realities of Social and Therapeutic Horticulture practice in the UK today and how these guiding principles influence practice, whilst also exploring the potential for transdisciplinary working across health and social care sectors and professions.
As practitioners who have experience of using social and therapeutic horticulture in either past or current practice, what do you feel was or is the key rationale for your use of these activities?
How do you feel the core principles of social and therapeutic horticulture practice, (as defined within the blog) influence your work?
What examples of transdisciplinary working in Social and Therapeutic Horticulture have you encountered and how successful were these?
Given the unique and individualistic nature of people-plant interactions and the movement towards greener living and care, how do you see the future of social and therapeutic horticulture practice?
This weeks #OTalk is on the topic of "#Iamchallengingbehaviour" and will be hosted by the RCOT Specialist Section for People with Learning Disabilities along with support from Sam Sly (@RCOT_PLD and @SamSly2).
What is the I AM challenging campaign?
The I AM challenging campaign started in early 2017 with Nic Crosby (from Gather Build Work) and Sam Sly. They wanted to help professionals working with adults with learning disabilities to reflect on and question their practice, especially the terminology used. They their words they want to "help the wonderful people we worked with who were being treated in horrendous ways and incarcerated in Hospitals because professionals had labelled them with 'challenging behaviour".
Nic and Sam felt that everyone has ways, sometimes anti-social and undesired ways, of expressing when we are angry, frustrated, sad or anxious but because we are valued citizens it is a) often not seen as problematic and b) when we do show are feelings it is called what it is: anger, sadness or anxiety and we don't get negatively labelled for the rest of our lives.
But Nic and Sam both felt that for the people we work with who have learning disabilities or mental health needs and are not often seen as valued citizens, when they express their anger, frustration or anxiety they are slapped with a label of 'challenging behaviour' and their life written off.
This is when the campaign started, and Sam brought 100 'I AM challenging behaviour' badges. 'I AM challenging behaviour' enabled the wearer to feel and show a commitment to challenging the real behaviour that needs to be changed; that of the people and professionals who think they know best, label others and whose behaviour stops people getting the great life they deserve.
Our OTalk on 9th October 2018 aims to start a discussion on the language we are using and start to reflect on our practice.
Why do we use language with the people we work with that we would not use to our loved ones?
What are the 'behaviours' that stop people with LD and MH getting good lives?
How can we rid ourselves of 'serviceland'?
What behaviour are you going to challenge after tonight?
Are you going to make any changes in your practice? Can you make a pledge?
Sam and her team are really keen to keep this campaign alive so if anyone wants to get involved in developing it, donating, or receiving a badge please message her on @SamSly2 or on Facebook page I AM challenging behaviour. All badges are still available.


text:
Q: Class cannot be found, but it's available in the file, I get: Fatal Error: Uncaught Error: Class 'Blocks\Base\Activation' not found Class cannot be found, but the declaration is correct. Here is my code:
Info-Wheel.php

if ( file_exists( dirname( __FILE__ ) . "/vendor/autoload.php" ) ) {
  require_once dirname( __FILE__ ) . "/vendor/autoload.php";
}

use Blocks\Base\Activation;
use Blocks\Base\Deactivation;
/**
 * The code that runs during plugin activation
 */
function iw_activate_plugin() {
>>  Activation::activate();
}
/**
 * The code that runs during plugin deactivation
 */
function iw_deactivate_plugin() {
  Deactivation::deactivate();
}
/**
 * Register Hooks for deactivation and activation
 */
register_activation_hook( __FILE__, "iw_activate_plugin" );
register_deactivation_hook( __FILE__, "iw_deactivate_plugin" );
/**
 * If class exists run it
 */
if ( class_exists( "Inc\\Init" ) ) {
  Blocks\Init::register_services();
}

Activation.php

 /**
  * Remove rewrite rules and then recreate rewrite rules.
  */
 class Activation {
  public static function activate() {
    flush_rewrite_rules(  );
   }
 }

I use composer, so I can use namespaces. Here is an image of my folder structure:

In my opinion, the class Activation should be found and executed, but somehow WordPress can't find it?
I have checked the names and copy-pasted them, just to be sure they're the same. I marked line 56 with a double arrow.
Here is the full error message:

Fatal error: Uncaught Error: Class 'Blocks\Base\Activation' not found in D:\Programme\MAMP\htdocs\wordpress\wp-content\plugins\Info-Wheel\Info-Wheel.php:56
Stack trace:
#0 D:\Programme\MAMP\htdocs\wordpress\wp-includes\class-wp-hook.php(287): iw_activate_plugin('')
#1 D:\Programme\MAMP\htdocs\wordpress\wp-includes\class-wp-hook.php(311): WP_Hook->apply_filters('', Array)
#2 D:\Programme\MAMP\htdocs\wordpress\wp-includes\plugin.php(478): WP_Hook->do_action(Array)
#3 D:\Programme\MAMP\htdocs\wordpress\wp-admin\plugins.php(193): do_action('activate_Info-W...')
#4 {main} thrown in D:\Programme\MAMP\htdocs\wordpress\wp-content\plugins\Info-Wheel\Info-Wheel.php on line 56

Edit: Here is a line from the autoloader:
"autoload": {
      "psr-4": {"Blocks\\": "./Blocks"}
  }

A: It was a caching problem with composer.
I retroactively changed my composer.json, so I had to open my terminal and run composer dumpautoload to correct the cache.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Dr. George Bocobo, MD is a nuclear radiology specialist in Philadelphia, PA and has been practicing for 36 years. He graduated from University Of The Philippines Manila, College Of Medicine in 1976 and specializes in nuclear radiology.
Summary: Dr. George G. Bocobo; License # MD042554E; NATURE OF COMPLAINT: The Court of Common Pleas of Montgomery County issued an Order dated 06-09-2014 under Section 4355 of the Domestic Relations Code. ACTION TAKEN: The Pennsylvania Board of Medicine suspended the physician's license pursuant to the 06-09-2014 Order of the Court of Common Pleas of Montgomery County.