text:
package com.algolia.search.saas;

import android.util.Log;

import org.json.JSONArray;
import org.json.JSONException;
import org.json.JSONObject;
import org.mockito.internal.util.reflection.Whitebox;
import org.robolectric.RuntimeEnvironment;
import org.robolectric.util.concurrent.RoboExecutorService;

import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Map;

/**
 * Base class for offline test cases.
 *
 * **WARNING:** Robolectric tests run *on the local platform* (whatever that is, e.g. Linux or macOS), not in a real
 * Android environment. Therefore, the various native libraries supplied with `algoliasearch-offline-core-android`
 * cannot be loaded, leaving this module with an unsatisfied runtime dependency that will make the tests crash.
 * The solution is to provide an ad hoc JNI library similar to those bundled with `algoliasearch-offline-core-android`,
 * but compiled for the local platform. Currently, such a library only exists on macOS.
 * Consequently, **the offline tests cannot run in Travis**.
 *
 * **Note:** The JNI library should be placed somewhere in the JVM's path (as indicated by the system property
 * `java.library.path`). On macOS, it normally contains the following directories;
 *
 * - `~/Library/Java/Extensions`
 * - `/Library/Java/Extensions`
 * - `/Network/Library/Java/Extensions`
 * - `/System/Library/Java/Extensions`
 * - `/usr/lib/java`
 *
 * I found the first one to be the most convenient to use.
 */
public abstract class OfflineTestBase extends RobolectricTestCase {
    /** Offline client. */
    protected OfflineClient client;

    /** Maximum time to wait for each test case. */
    protected static long waitTimeout = 5;

    /** Useful object constants. */
    protected static Map<String, JSONObject> objects = new HashMap<>();
    static {
        try {
            objects.put("snoopy", new JSONObject()
                    .put("objectID", "1")
                    .put("name", "Snoopy")
                    .put("kind", "dog")
                    .put("born", 1967)
                    .put("series", new JSONArray().put("Peanuts"))
            );
            objects.put("woodstock", new JSONObject()
                    .put("objectID", "2")
                    .put("name", "Woodstock")
                    .put("kind", "bird")
                    .put("born", 1970)
                    .put("series", new JSONArray().put("Peanuts"))
            );
        }
        catch (JSONException e) {
            throw new RuntimeException(e); // should never happen
        }
    }

    /** Index settings. */
    protected static JSONObject settings = new JSONObject();
    static {
        try {
            settings
                .put("searchableAttributes", new JSONArray()
                    .put("name").put("kind").put("series")
                )
                .put("attributesForFaceting", new JSONArray().put("searchable(series)")
            );
        }
        catch (JSONException e) {
            throw new RuntimeException(e); // should never happen
        }
    }

    @Override
    public void setUp() throws Exception {
        super.setUp();

        client = new OfflineClient(RuntimeEnvironment.application, Helpers.app_id, Helpers.api_key);
        // NOTE: We don't really control the package name with Robolectric's supplied application.
        // The license below is generated for package "com.algolia.search.saas.android".
        client.enableOfflineMode("AkcFAQH/pIS5Bf+zpLUFZBhBbGdvbGlhIERldmVsb3BtZW50IFRlYW0fY29tLmFsZ29saWEuc2VhcmNoLnNhYXMuYW5kcm9pZDAtAhR5PKPCETwiBwN+FnUsMtDHwnIlngIVAKY1bFra5zh0fMscmoJ71RA6L3aQ");

        // WARNING: Robolectric cannot work with custom executors in `AsyncTask`, so we substitute the client's
        // executor with a Robolectric-compliant one.
        Whitebox.setInternalState(client, "searchExecutorService", new RoboExecutorService());
        Whitebox.setInternalState(client, "localBuildExecutorService", new RoboExecutorService());
        Whitebox.setInternalState(client, "localSearchExecutorService", new RoboExecutorService());
        Whitebox.setInternalState(client, "transactionExecutorService", new RoboExecutorService());

        // Log the local directory used by Robolectric. Useful when debugging.
        Log.v(this.getClass().getName(), "Robolectric files dir: " + RuntimeEnvironment.application.getFilesDir().getAbsolutePath());
    }

    @Override
    public void tearDown() throws Exception {
        super.tearDown();
        AssertCompletionHandler.checkAllHandlers();
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Arnold Roth (* 7. April 1890 in Zürich; † 17. Juni 1970 in Aarau, reformiert, heimatberechtigt in Teufen) war ein Schweizer Elektroingenieur.

Leben
Arnold Roth war der Sohn des Bakteriologen Otto Roth und der Nelly geborene Bärlocher. 1908 nahm Arnold Roth ein Maschinenbaustudium am Eidgenössischen Polytechnikum Zürich auf, das er 1913 an der Technischen Hochschule Berlin-Charlottenburg fortsetzte und 1916 mit dem Erwerb des akademischen Grades eines Dr. Ing. abschloss.

In der Folge war Roth von 1916 bis 1925 bei der BBC in Baden, davon ab 1921 als Leiter der Versuchsabteilung, beschäftigt. Im Anschluss war Roth von 1925 bis 1933 als Technischer Direktor bei den Ateliers de Constructions Electriques de Delle in Villeurbanne bei Lyon tätig. Schliesslich wirkte er von 1934 bis 1967 als Direktor bei Sprecher & Schuh in Aarau, davon ab 1945 als Delegierter, ab 1956 als Präsident des Verwaltungsrats. Als Ingenieur entwickelte Arnold Roth Schalter für elektrische Hochspannungsnetze.

Daneben gehörte er von 1936 bis 1968 dem Schweizerischen Elektrotechnischen Komitee, davon 1950 bis 1958 als Präsident, an. Zudem fungierte Roth als Mitglied der Aargauischen Handelskammer sowie der Mustermesse Basel. Überdies diente er in der Schweizer Armee im Rang eines Majors.

Er heiratete 1918 Marguerite, die Tochter des Zahnarztes Adrian Zinsstag. Arnold Roth verstarb am 17. Juni 1970 zwei Monate nach Vollendung seines 80. Lebensjahres in Aarau.

Ehrungen
 1951 würdigte die ETH Zürich Arnold Roth mit der Verleihung des Ehrendoktorats.

Literatur
 Walter Labhart: Arnold Roth (1890–1970). In: Schweizer Pioniere der Wirtschaft und Technik 33. 1980, S. 71–108.

Weblinks

Elektroingenieur
Ehrendoktor der ETH Zürich
Schweizer
Geboren 1890
Gestorben 1970
Mann

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Storm Bowling makes great balls no doubt about that. Proof for that is their leadership position in the market. They also make great bowling bags even though they come second right after Brunswick so it's not a coincidence that Storm Bowling is known as The Bowler's Company.
One would think that they'd be a dominant player in shoes marker as well, right. As a matter of fact until 2011 the company didn't have shoes. Nevertheless in two short years they catapulted to number three.
Truth to be told I didn't expect it but am now happy that they proved me wrong. In this post I want to review their awesome line of women's bowling shoes.
The first one is Storm Windy. It selld for only $58.99 and as the price suggests it's a shoe for beginners. The Windy has a synthetic upper, U-throat upper pattern, rubber push-off sole as well as non-marking rubber outsole with defined heel. I personally think for the money this is a great shoe but if you can't afford to spend that kind of money I would suggest you look at Brunswick's line of bowling shoes.
If for some reason you don't like the Windy for the same money you can get Storm Cloud. It is available in one color – white/lite blue only. It has s8 slide soles and heels on both shoes, two piece rubber outsole, blown EVA midsole and synthetic upper.
The next one is Storm Electra that sells for $69.99. I love how the color of the shoe – white/grape starstone/yellow sounds. Is it mouthful of what? As with the previous three shoes the Electra has a synthetic upper, blown EVA midsole, two piece rubber outsole, fixed S8 slide soles and heels on both shoes.
For the same amount if you do not like the Electra you can buy Storm Mariah. The only difference between the two is the design. This one is available in white/hot pink color only.
The Bowlers Company has a shoe for the pros among you, the people who go to tournaments or bowl a couple times a week. For them it came up with SP2 602. The shoe is available in white/black/pink and goes for $139.99 online.
Unlike all the aforementioned shoes the SP2 602 has a full-grain leather upper as opposed to synthetic upper. That alone makes it look stylish. It also has interchangeable sole/heel system as well as s8 sole and h5 saw tooth heel.
The top shoe in the 2013 line is Storm SP2 601. Online it sells for $159.99.
As you can guess a shoe that sells for that amount has to be comfortable, durable and look good. The SP2 601 is all that and is really a great shoe. One that only Storm could make.
If I managed to pick your curiosity and if you want to find out more about the shoes in this article or want to buy one what you're about to read is going to save you a lot of money. If your urge is to check out Amazon, Ebay or any of the popular sites in the bowling niche – don't because 90% of the time you are paying more than you should.
A few months ago I found a new web site for bowling gear – balls, shoes and bowling bags. The prices were rock-bottom and if that isn't enough it offers free two way shipping (in case you want to return an item) and additional year of warranty free of charge.
With that being said go to LongLiveBowling.com and check out their line of Storm women's shoes. While on the site check out the latest blog entry on Storm women's shoes.


text:
American Boy, 11, Guilty Of Shooting Dead MaKayla Dyer, 8, In Row Over Puppies
Chris York— The Huffington Post UK
06/02/2016 04:40am GMT | Updated February 6, 2016
An 11-year-old American boy has been found guilty of shooting dead an eight-year-old girl in a row over puppies.
The juvenile who has been named by some media outlets, was found guilty of first-degree murder and will remain in custody in Tennessee until he turns 19.
His siblings - three brothers and two sisters - have been placed in the care of relatives and the State.
The victim MaKayla Dyer
Rob Johnson, a spokesman for Tennessee's department of children's services, said: "Like any other child who comes into custody, he would need a thorough assessment and evaluation to determine the best placement.
"At this time, it would likely be at an intensive treatment program at one of our private providers."
According to court documents, MaKayla Dyer was shot just above the heart with a shotgun on October 3, 2015, outside her trailer home while playing with her 11-year-old sister.
The boy asked them to fetch their puppies which they refused to do. After telling them he had guns MaKayla laughed and told him that she didn't believe the guns were real.
He then got a 12-gauge shotgun and a BB gun and "then made certain the gun was loaded, cocked the hammer on the gun and shot the victim just above the heart at a downward trajectory".
The girl fell backwards, "quickly lost consciousness, and was later confirmed dead", the judge wrote.
He added: "The mother of the child knelt on the ground and picked her up, placing her child in her arms as she passed away."
The boy had previously been taken hunting by his father and grandfather and was aware of gun safety mechanisms.
The boy's great-grandparents, told media at the time they did not believe he pulled the trigger.
americaGun CrimeMurderGunsTennessee

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Outsider claims victory in El Salvador presidential vote
Foreign minister
Nayib Bukele sworn in as president of El Salvador
The situation in Central America is becoming more and more complicated
El Salvador expels Venezuela diplomats in challenge to Maduro
Caravan of 1,700 migrants crosses into Guatemala, sets sight on Mexico
Trump to hit Mexico with 5 percent tariff over illegal immigration
El Salvador Supreme Electoral Court says that with nearly 80 percent of ballots counted, Nayib Bukele had 53 percent of the votes.
Presidential candidate Nayib Bukele of the Great National Alliance (GANA) waves before casting his vote in a presidential election in San Salvador, El Salvador, February 3, 2019. (Reuters)
A former mayor of El Salvador's capital took a strong lead in early returns from Sunday's presidential election, standing 21 points ahead of his nearest rival as he sought to end a quarter century of two-party dominance in the crime-plagued Central America nation.
The Supreme Electoral Court said that with nearly 80 percent of ballots counted, Nayib Bukele had 53 percent of the votes. Carlos Callejas of the Nationalist Republican Alliance was in second with 32 percent, while even farther back were former Foreign Minister Hugo Martinez of the Farabundo Marti National Liberation Front and a minor party candidate.
Bukele needed 50 percent of the votes to avoid a March runoff. He claimed victory before a jubilant crowd in the capital, noting that he was getting more votes than his closest two competitors combined.
All four candidates promised to end corruption, stamp out gang violence and create more jobs, with crushing crime at the top of the agenda.
Roughly 67,000 Salvadorans belong to gangs that terrorise their communities with extortion, murder and other forms of violence.
The candidates have proposed creating economic opportunities and restoring social values to dissuade Salvadorans from engaging in criminal behavior.
Turnout appeared to be heavy in early voting, with no reports of major problems.
Who is Neyib Bukele?
A former mayor of capital San Salvador, Bukele is of Palestinian descent. His father was a prominent businessman and a local imam.
He traces his origin back to a family that immigrated to the Central American country from Palestine at the beginning of the 20th century.
Bukele, 37, made his political debut in 2012 as a small-town mayor with the now-governing FMLN and won election in the capital three years later, automatically making him a potential presidential contender.
But his frequent criticism of the leftist party's leadership led to his expulsion, and he wound up as the unlikely standard-bearer of a small conservative party known as the Grand Alliance for National Unity, whose initials — GANA — mean "win" in Spanish.
Bukele's election campaign included promises to fight corruption and end gang violence.
Bukele took to social media Sunday to urge Salvadorans to vote. "Let's save our country a second run" at the polls, he said. Speaking to reporters after casting his own vote, he lashed out against his opponents' political parties, calling them "corrupt."
The FMLN and the conservative Alliance, known as ARENA, have dominated Salvadoran politics since a 1992 peace deal that ended a brutal civil war. But both parties have been stained by corruption scandals and neither has been able to stem gang violence.
"I came to vote because I want the country to change, because we are tired of so much corruption," said Estela Henriquez, 27, at a polling place in the capital.
More than 4,500 election observers, including representatives of the Organization of American States and the European Union, were on hand.
El Salvador is small both in size and population, with just 6.5 million people. Close to a third of its households live in poverty, while the World Bank says per capita income is $3,560.
Salvadorans searching for a better life have joined recent caravans of migrants trekking through Mexico toward the US.


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text:
Int'l Help Welcome in Restoring Iraq Cultural Heritage Once Daesh Fully Defeated
© REUTERS / Alaa Al-Marjani
https://sputniknews.com/middleeast/201706301055122654-iraq-cultural-heritage/
Iraq, engulfed in a ravaging war against the Daesh terrorist group (banned in Russia) has recently had the good causes to celebrate the liberation of the city of Mosul and its famous al-Nouri mosque, yet the embattled country is still facing a long road towards a peaceful life.
© REUTERS / Muhammad Hamed
US General Confirms Daesh Leveled 800-Year-Old Mosque in Iraq's Western Mosul
MOSCOW (Sputnik), Lidia Ashikhmina – Iraqi Prime Minister Haider Abadi said Thursday that the liberation of Mosul proved that the end of the Daesh was drawing near. According to the US-led coalition, heavy fighting continued on Thursday in the old city and would go on for some time, but likely no more than a few days.
The al-Nouri Mosque, freed from the terrorists, has a special significance to the campaign against Daesh as it was from this mosque that the terrorist group's leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi proclaimed in the summer of 2014 that a new caliphate had been established. The destruction of the ancient mosque last week was widely regarded as the sign of Daesh's decline and impending defeat.
However, its loss was a heavy blow to Mosul residents, the state and the international community, one of many a devastation suffered in the course of the last few years.
Irina Bokova, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization's (UNESCO) director-general, called the loss of the mosque a "cultural [and] human tragedy."
Famous for its leaning minaret, known as al-Hadba ("hunchback"), the mosque was built in the 12th century, and, most recently, survived the 2004 Battle of Mosul.
May Shaer, a Senior Project Officer with the UNESCO office for Iraq, told Sputnik that the organization was ready to "discuss and assist in future plans for al-Nuri Mosque."
UNESCO had been involved in the project for the preservation of the minaret with Governorate of Nineweh prior to the city's occupation by the Daesh. The work on the minaret had to be interrupted, but the materials for the conservation had been completed and ready for use once the mosque was freed.
RESTORATION CHALLENGES
The Daesh has notoriously destroyed a large number of shrines and mosques and has reportedly been selling looted ancient artifacts to finance its activities. The losses include numerous major monuments in the Syrian city of Palmyra that a number of Russian experts helped restore, among them, the ancient Assyrian cities of Nimrud, Hatra and Ashur.
According to Shaer, the Al-Ramadi and Mosul museums in Iraq had also been dealt a heavy blow. In 2015, the Daesh released a video of its fighters smashing priceless artifacts in the Mosul Museum.
Safeguarding and restoring Iraq's cultural heritage once the country is free from the Daesh, will not be an easy task and it will take efforts of a global scale.
"This [restoration work] includes comprehensive documentation, planning for conservation and management of heritage, and, carrying actual conservation works and protection measures. This would require significant financing as well as technical assistance and support," Shaer said.
Determining the right approach to the restoration of sites deliberately demolished by the Daesh will be one of the challenges, according to the UNESCO specialist.
"One challenge in terms of restoration of sites deliberately destroyed by Daesh, such as the sites blown up like Nimrud, would be the decisions that will be made on the approach to be undertaken for restoration (such as what will be restored, to what extent, and how…). All this requires accurate documentation, assessments and planning," Shaer said.
GLOBAL EFFORT
UNESCO called on the global community to join the work on the preservation of the cultural heritage in Iraq at an International Coordination Conference on the Safeguarding of Cultural Heritage in Liberated Areas of Iraq, held in February.
The US State Department and the Smithsonian announced a $400,000 project in April to help Iraq's State Board of Antiquities and Heritage (SBAH) preserve Nimrud. The Smithsonian has been working with Iraq since 2014, creating a special guide for the Iraqi and Kurdish security forces to help protect the ancient monuments in the war zones.
The experts from the The Centro Ricerche Archeologiche e Scavi di Torino (CRAST, Center of Archeological Research and Excavation for the Middle East and Asia based in Italy's Turin) told Sputnik that coordinated international effort was paramount to the success of the restoration of Iraqi monuments.
"The preservation of Iraqi heritage can be carried on only by means of a wide international cooperation that should involve all the archaeologists active in the country. Of course UNESCO might play a significant role too. The collaboration of international centers and institutions with the SBAH of Iraq and with Iraqi archaeologists is the only way to assure successful results," Stefano De Martino, a scientific director at CRAST, and a full professor of Hittitology at the University of Torino, said.
De Martino said the Iraqi-Italian Centre for the Restoration of Monuments in Baghdad was actively participating in training courses for Iraqi archeologists and restoration specialists.
"An international coordinating group is necessary for damage assessment, management and safeguard of important sites such as Nimrud, Nineveh and Hatra," Roberta Menegazzi, a member of the CRAST scientific board and a doctor of Archaeology of the Ancient Near East, said.
Menegazzi noted that CRAST was focused on the re-qualification of the Iraq Museum of Baghdad, which was heavily looted during the beginning of the Iraq war in 2003.
Iraq is overwhelmed by a host of problems, all of which require urgent solutions, and, first and foremost, helping the people who have suffered in the conflict. Removing the terrorist threat completely and rebuilding infrastructure are also very high on that list, whereas the restoring of ancient buildings may seem, in comparison, as a project to be set aside for more peaceful times. However, the iconic monuments, many of which have been reduced to heaps of rubble, have defined Iraqi cities for centuries, and in no small part are what made the cities unique homes for their residents, part of the intertwined culture and history of the people, and their return could be an important part of the general, greater recovery process.
Terrorist Whack-a-Mole: Daesh's Ouster From Iraq May See It Popping Up Elsewhere
US Sanctions Iraq-Based Daesh Financial Assistance Network - Treasury Department
US-Led Coalition Strikes Destroy Daesh-Held Buildings Near Iraq's Samarra
Iraq's Shiite Militias Reach Syrian Border in Anti-Daesh Offensive
cultural heritage, UNESCO, Daesh, Haider Abadi, Mosul, Iraq


text:
Unite Legal Services: Weekly coronavirus COVID-19 latest news round-up – 13 December 2021
Unite calls on Peers to oppose the Health and Care Bill
Unite wrote to all Peers urging them to oppose the Health and Care Bill, which has its second reading in the House of Lords on Tuesday, 7 December. The letter set out Unite's concerns about the Bill, dubbed the NHS "Privatisation Bill", and urged Peers to "protect our NHS".
The letter also set out a series of amendments that the Lords should make to address the worst aspects of the Bill, including ensuring that NHS suppliers/providers are the default providers of NHS services.
Read the letter in full here.
Fire and rehire: Building supplies company Marshalls branded Scrooge employer as workers face Christmas dismissal
The leading building supplies company Marshalls has been labelled the ultimate Scrooge employer for threatening to fire and rehire over 1,500 workers this Christmas.
Marshalls has issued the redundancy notices, which relate to changes to shift patterns, without even attempting to enter into negotiations with Unite.
In the past 18 months a large number of companies, including household names such as British Airways and Weetabix, have attempted to use the cover of the COVID pandemic to fire and rehire workers in order to reduce pay and cut conditions.
The surprise announcement by Marshalls to fire and rehire its workforce was made just two days before Unite was due to enter into negotiations with the company about bank holiday pay issues at the conciliation service Acas.
Government must act right away to prevent disruption in schools
Support staff, teachers, school leaders and families are uniting to urge the government to better protect pupils and staff from COVID in schools in the lead up to Christmas.
With increased uncertainty due to increasing cases of the omicron variant and classroom absences rising, four education unions - UNISON, GMB, Unite and NASUWT - are calling on the government to act without delay to minimise disruption by introducing additional safety measures.
The unions want ministers to provide schools with air filtration devices for use wherever airflow problems are detected and make face masks mandatory in all areas of secondary schools.
Urgent government action needed to properly protect workers following plan B announcement
Unite is calling on the government to introduce effective measures to ensure that workers who cannot work from home are protected following the announcement that it is implementing Plan B, as a result of the rise of the omicron variant.
Although the government has instructed workers who can do so to work from home, that does not apply to the majority of Unite's members who will still be expected to work normally, in sectors including: automotive, construction, food production, passenger transport, logistics and healthcare.
The government has provided little or no information to employers and workers in these sectors to ensure that the danger of at work transmission is minimised.
If you have suffered injury from developing COVID-19, or have tragically lost a family member to the condition, then please call Unite's COVID-19 PI team on 020 8799 4023.


Bishop Monkton School publish a colour newsletter at the end of each half term with the aim of informing the community at large of the school's many achievements and diverse programme of events.
We will send out short messages and reminders via our text messaging service and request that parents keep us informed of their current mobile numbers.
We send out letters, flyers, information about school trips and extra curricular activities via e-mail each week. If you do not have access to e-mail please contact the school office so that paper copies can be sent home with your child.
Additional information may also be sent out in the children's book bags.
School successes, achievements and involvement in the community are regularly featured on the Bishop Monkton website www.bishopmonktontoday.btck.co.uk.


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text:
Odznaka Honorowa "Podlaski Krzyż Floriański" – odznaczenie nadawane przez Prezydium Zarządu Oddziału Wojewódzkiego ZOSP RP Województwa Podlaskiego. Ustanowiona przez Zarząd Główny Związku Ochotniczych Straży Pożarnych RP na wniosek Zarządu Oddziału Wojewódzkiego Związku Ochotniczych Straży Pożarnych RP Województwa Podlaskiego jako "odznaka wojewódzka", będąca wyrazem uznania szczególnych zasług dla funkcjonowania i rozwoju ochrony przeciwpożarowej oraz ratownictwa na terenie województwa. Jest trzystopniowa: brązowa, srebrna i złota.

Zasady nadawania
Odznakę nadawana jest członkom Ochotniczych Straży Pożarnych, działaczom Związku Ochotniczych Straży Pożarnych RP, funkcjonariuszom Państwowej Straży Pożarnej oraz innym osobom fizycznym, które:
 wykazały męstwo, odwagę i dzielność w działaniach ratowniczych mających na celu ratowanie życia i zdrowia ludzkiego oraz mienia zagrożonego w czasie pożaru, klęski żywiołowej lub innego miejscowego zagrożenia,
 swoją działalnością, służbą lub pracą w sposób szczególny przyczyniły się do prawidłowego funkcjonowania, rozwoju i umocnienia ochrony przeciwpożarowej oraz ratownictwa na terenie województwa podlaskiego.

Odznaka może być nadana również:
 osobom prawnym oraz organizacjom i instytucjom, które położyły szczególne zasługi w zakresie funkcjonowania i rozwoju ochrony przeciwpożarowej oraz ratownictwa, a w szczególności przyczyniły się do rozwoju Ochotniczych Straży Pożarnych, oddziałów Związku Ochotniczych Straży Pożarnych RP lub jednostek Państwowej Straży Pożarnej na terenie województwa podlaskiego.
 przedstawicielom zagranicznych służb ratowniczych, którzy w ramach prowadzonej współpracy międzynarodowej swą działalnością przyczynili się do rozwoju ochrony przeciwpożarowej województwa podlaskiego.

Odznaka może być nadana również pośmiertnie.

Odznakę nadaje Prezydium Zarządu Oddziału Wojewódzkiego ZOSP RP Województwa Podlaskiego z własnej inicjatywy lub na wniosek Prezydium ZOSP RP niższego szczebla (gminnego, powiatowego); na wniosek Prezesa ZOW ZOSP RP woj. podlaskiego; na wniosek Komendanta Wojewódzkiego PSP woj. podlaskiego lub podległych mu komendantów (miejskich/powiatowych).

Opis odznaki
Odznaka Podlaski Krzyż Floriański ma kształt krzyża na bazie krzyża maltańskiego i wykonany jest z metalu w kolorze odpowiednim do stopnia odznaki: brązowym, srebrnym lub złotym. Ramiona krzyża pokryte są na awersie czerwoną emalią. Między ramionami wkomponowane są
stylizowane płomienie o czterech językach. W centralnej części awersu, na owalnej tarczy, znajduje się tłoczony wizerunek św. Floriana w stroju rzymskim. Rewers emblematu jest gładki i posiada wytłoczony centralnie w czterech rzędach napis: "MĘSTWO / ODWAGA / DZIELNOŚĆ / POMOC".
Odznaka ma wymiary 44 mm x 44 mm. Emblemat zawieszony jest na wstążce o szerokości 40 mm z czterema pionowymi paskami, każdy o szerokości 10 mm, w kolorach kolejno od lewej: białym, czerwonym, żółtym i niebieskim (barwy flagi województwa podlaskiego).

Zasady noszenia
Odznakę nosi się na lewej stronie piersi w kolejności po brązowym medalu "Za Zasługi dla Pożarnictwa". Zamiast odznaki można nosić jej miniaturkę lub baretkę.

Bibliografia
  (Załącznik do Uchwały Nr 24/VI/2009 Zarządu Głównego ZOSP RP z dnia 12 marca 2009 roku)

Odznaczenia Związku Ochotniczych Straży Pożarnych Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej


text:
Ad Reinhardt (eg. Adolph Dietrich Friedrich Reinhardt), född 24 december 1913, död 30 augusti 1967, amerikansk målare, konstkritiker, teoretiker och lärare, en av föregångarna inom den abstrakta expressionismen.

Reinhardt började måla omkring 1936 i New York, och höll sig redan från början till abstrakt konst. Han gick med i sammanslutningen American Abstract Artists och var aktiv i de konstnärskretsar där den abstrakta expressionismen växte fram under 1940-talet. Hans stil utvecklades med tiden från starka färger och djärva, skarpa former till betydligt mer nedtonade och från omkring 1950 nära på monokroma målningar.

Den nedtonade stilen utvecklades till hans serie "svarta målningar", Black Paintings, 1954–1967. Från 1960 använde han dessutom ett enhetligt kvadratiskt format,  (), med indelning i 9 rutor () i nästan svarta färgtoner. Reinhardt kallade dem sina "ultimate paintings" och "the last paintings one can make" ("de sista målningar man kan göra"). Det är målningar som kräver att man ger dem tid. Ett exempel är Abstract Painting (1963), som vid första anblicken verkar helsvart, men där det efter närmare betraktande framträder rödtonade rutor i hörnen, åtskilda av ett kors, där den horisontella delen är grön och övriga fälten är blå.

Reinhardt influerade, inte minst med sin serie svarta målningar, utvecklingen av minimalismen och konceptkonst.

Referenser

Amerikanska konstnärer under 1900-talet
Män
Födda 1913
Avlidna 1967
Abstrakt expressionism
Personer verksamma vid Brooklyn College


text:
Q: In Python, how can I print a dictionary containing large numbers without an 'L' being inserted after the large numbers? I have a dictionary as follows
d={'apples':1349532000000, 'pears':1349532000000}

Doing either str(d) or repr(d) results in the following output
{'apples': 1349532000000L, 'pears': 1349532000000L}

How can I get str, repr, or print to display the dictionary without it adding an L to the numbers?
I am using Python 2.7

A: You can't, because the L suffix denotes a 64-bit integer.  Without it, those numbers are 32-bit integers.  Those numbers don't fit into 32 bits because they are too large.  If the L suffix was omitted, the result would not be valid Python, and the whole point of repr() is to emit valid Python.

A: Well this is a little embarrasing, I just found a solution after quite a few attempts :-P
One way to do this (which suits my purpose) is to use json.dumps() to convert the dictionary to a string.
d={'apples':1349532000000, 'pears':1349532000000}

import json
json.dumps(d)

Outputs
'{"apples": 1349532000000, "pears": 1349532000000}'

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


DHAKA - Gunmen attacked a restaurant popular with foreigners in the diplomatic quarter of the Bangladeshi capital on Friday and the US State department said there was a hostage situation.
Three policemen were wounded by gunfire that erupted as police surrounded the Holey Artisan restaurant in the upscale Gulshan area of Dhaka, a police officer said.He said there were foreigners inside the restaurant and that police were preparing a plan to enter the premises.
The US State Department said on Twitter that there was a hostage situation in the diplomatic enclave of Dhaka.
Speaking from his house in the area, a witness said he could hear gunfire and that the situation "looked quite bad".


Completely Clear case with IMPACTIUM Clear that resists yellowing. Product Features 8-Foot Drop Tested. Made of IMPACTIUM Clear materials. Patented raised-bezel screen protection. Responsive button protection. Perimeter port and camera protection. Dual-layer design. Precision-engineered fit. Scratch-resistant. Resists UV Yellowing.


text:
#include "Tiano.h"
#include "EfiDriverLib.h"

EFI_STATUS
EfiLibLocateHandleProtocolByProtocols (
  IN OUT EFI_HANDLE        * Handle, OPTIONAL
  OUT    VOID              **Interface, OPTIONAL
  ...
  )
/*++
Routine Description:

  Function locates Protocol and/or Handle on which all Protocols specified
  as a variable list are installed.
  It supports continued search. The caller must assure that no handles are added
  or removed while performing continued search, by e.g., rising the TPL and not
  calling any handle routines. Otherwise the behavior is undefined.

Arguments:

  Handle        - The address of handle to receive the handle on which protocols
                  indicated by the variable list are installed.
                  If points to NULL, all handles are searched. If pointing to a
                  handle returned from previous call, searches starting from next handle.
                  If NULL, the parameter is ignored.

  Interface     - The address of a pointer to a protocol interface that will receive
                  the interface indicated by first variable argument.
                  If NULL, the parameter is ignored.

  ...           - A variable argument list containing protocol GUIDs. Must end with NULL.

Returns:

  EFI_SUCCESS  - All the protocols where found on same handle.
  EFI_NOT_FOUND - A Handle with all the protocols installed was not found.
  Other values as may be returned from LocateHandleBuffer() or HandleProtocol().

--*/
{
  VA_LIST     args;
  EFI_STATUS  Status;
  EFI_GUID    *Protocol;
  EFI_GUID    *ProtocolFirst;
  EFI_HANDLE  *HandleBuffer;
  UINTN       NumberOfHandles;
  UINTN       Idx;
  VOID        *AnInterface;

  AnInterface = NULL;
  VA_START (args, Interface);
  ProtocolFirst = VA_ARG (args, EFI_GUID *);
  VA_END (args);

  //
  // Get list of all handles that support the first protocol.
  //
  Status = gBS->LocateHandleBuffer (
                  ByProtocol,
                  ProtocolFirst,
                  NULL,
                  &NumberOfHandles,
                  &HandleBuffer
                  );
  if (EFI_ERROR (Status)) {
    return Status;
  }

  //
  // Check if this is a countinuation of handle searching.
  //
  Idx = 0;
  if ((Handle != NULL) && (*Handle != NULL)) {
    //
    // Leave the Idx just beyond the matching handle.
    //
    for (; Idx < NumberOfHandles;) {
      if (*Handle == HandleBuffer[Idx++]) {
        break;
      }
    }
  }

  //
  // Iterate handles testing for presence of remaining protocols.
  //
  for (; Idx < NumberOfHandles; Idx++) {

    //
    // Start with the second protocol, the first one is sure on this handle.
    //
    VA_START (args, Interface);
    Protocol = VA_ARG (args, EFI_GUID *);

    //
    // Iterate protocols from the variable list.
    //
    while (TRUE) {

      Protocol = VA_ARG (args, EFI_GUID *);

      if (Protocol == NULL) {

        //
        // If here, the list was iterated successfully
        // finding each protocol on a single handle.
        //

        Status = EFI_SUCCESS;

        //
        // OPTIONAL parameter returning the Handle.
        //
        if (Handle != NULL) {
          *Handle = HandleBuffer[Idx];
        }

        //
        // OPTIONAL parameter returning the first rotocol's Interface.
        //
        if (Interface != NULL) {
          Status = gBS->HandleProtocol (
                          HandleBuffer[Idx],
                          ProtocolFirst,
                          Interface
                          );
        }

        VA_END (args);

        goto lbl_out;
      }

      Status = gBS->HandleProtocol (
                      HandleBuffer[Idx],
                      Protocol,
                      &AnInterface
                      );
      if (EFI_ERROR (Status)) {

        //
        // This handle does not have the iterated protocol.
        //
        break;
      }
    }

    VA_END (args);
  }

  //
  // If here, no handle that bears all the protocols was found.
  //
  Status = EFI_NOT_FOUND;

lbl_out:
  gBS->FreePool (HandleBuffer);
  return Status;
}


We all know that Xbox One S have a high-dynamic range support and if you have a 4K TV this is even better. Everything looks so real, so it's easier to fall in love with the game! So, I have made a list of Xbox One games with HDR support.
Aaron Greenberg on Twitter has announced that this is just the begging, as more game will receive HDR support. But, I don't have any information about future game releases with HDR support.
Some of the games with HDR support are Forza Horizon, NBA 2K17, Deus Ex: Mankind Divided and Recore, but you can see the full list of XBox One HDR supported games below.
Cyber Monday is today and there are great online deals such as Xbox One S 2TB + Gears of War 4 Limited Edition Bundle for only $399 and for $33.99 you can get yourself a new Xbox Controller.
But those are not the only deals for Cyber Monday. Here you can find all deals for US and UK.
Stay with us, as I will update this article when more HDR game is announced.


text:
package dml.team5;

import java.sql.Connection;
import java.sql.SQLException;
import java.util.Locale;
import javax.sql.rowset.CachedRowSet;
import org.antlr.v4.runtime.RecognitionException;
import org.antlr.v4.runtime.tree.ParseTree;
import org.antlr.v4.runtime.tree.ParseTreeWalker;

/**
 *

 * This class converts the relational database output of both unmodified and modified Oracle PL/SQL selection statements into XML.
 *

 *

 * Command-line usage: java {@link dml.team5.PLSQL2XMLConverter} InputString1 InputString2 ... InputStringN
 *

 *

 * Remember to enclose strings containing whitespace with double-quotes!
 *

 *
 * @author Matthew Boyette (N00868808@ospreys.unf.edu)
 * @version 1.1
 */
public final class PLSQL2XMLConverter extends LanguageConverter
{
    /**
     *

     * Simple console-based command-line test driver. Each argument is an input {@link java.lang.String}.
     *

     *
     * @param args
     *            the array of command-line arguments.
     * @since 1.0
     */
    public static final void main(final String[] args)
    {
        final boolean isDebugMode = false;
        final boolean isDTD = true;
        final boolean isOracle = true;

        if ( args.length > 0 )
        {
            for ( int i = 0; i < args.length; i++ )
            {
                // Separate multiple pieces of output with blank lines.
                if ( i > 0 )
                {
                    System.out.println();
                }

                // Echo input.
                System.out.println("Input: " + args[i] + "\n");

                // Print output.
                System.out.println(new PLSQL2XMLConverter(args[i], isOracle, isDebugMode, isDTD));
            }
        }
        else
        {
            // If no input is given, show the user how to invoke the program.
            System.out.println("Usage: " + PLSQL2XMLConverter.class.getSimpleName() + " InputString1 InputString2 ... InputStringN");
            System.out.println("Remember to enclose strings containing whitespace with double-quotes!");
        }
    }

    /*
     * Declare private instance variables.
     */
    private boolean isDebugMode = false;
    private boolean isDTD       = true;
    private boolean isModified  = false;
    private boolean isOracle    = false;

    /**
     *

     * Constructs a new instance of {@link dml.team5.PLSQL2XMLConverter} based on an input {@link java.lang.String}.
     *

     *
     * @param inputString
     *            the input {@link java.lang.String}.
     * @param isOracle
     *            true to connect to an Oracle database, false to connect to a MySQL database.
     * @param isDebugMode
     *            true to print the SQL table in addition to the XML tags, false otherwise.
     * @param isDTD
     *            true to use the W3C Data Type Definition (DTD) format, false to use the W3C XML Schema Definition (XSD) format.
     * @since 1.0
     */
    public PLSQL2XMLConverter(final String inputString, final boolean isOracle, final boolean isDebugMode, final boolean isDTD)
    {
        // Set the original input.
        super(inputString.trim());

        // Set whether Oracle or MySQL.
        this.setOracle(isOracle);

        // Set whether debugging or not.
        this.setDebugMode(isDebugMode);

        // Set whether DTD or XSD.
        this.setDTD(isDTD);

        try
        {
            // Execute conversion process.
            this.convert();
        }
        catch ( final Exception e )
        {
            // If there is an error, then set the output to a meaningful error
            // message of some kind.
            this.setOutputString(e.toString() + "\n");
        }
    }

    /**
     *

     * Executes the conversion process: parses input, strips out SQL modifications, connects to database, executes input, and converts the output into XML.
     *

     *
     * @throws Exception
     *             if a database access error occurs, or if a parsing error occurs.
     * @since 1.0
     */
    @Override
    protected final void convert() throws Exception
    {
        // Get the input.
        String input = this.getOriginalInput();

        // Declare variables to keep track of the parse tree, the connection, and the query results.
        ParseTree parseTree = null;
        Connection connection = null;
        CachedRowSet results = null;

        // Is the input a SELECT query?
        boolean isInputSelect = input.toLowerCase(Locale.ROOT).startsWith("select");

        try
        {
            // Try to parse the input query silently as unmodified PL/SQL.
            parseTree = Utility.getParseTree(input, this.isModified(), true);

            if ( parseTree == null )
            {
                if ( isInputSelect )
                {
                    // If the silent parse fails, set the isModified flag to
                    // true.
                    this.setModified(true);

                    // Try to parse the input query as modified PL/SQL.
                    parseTree = Utility.getParseTree(input, this.isModified(), false);

                    // If the input query is modified PL/SQL and a SELECT query, then strip out the modifications and make it unmodified PL/SQL again.
                    input = this.getStrippedInput();
                }
            }

            // Try to parse the input query as unmodified PL/SQL.
            parseTree = Utility.getParseTree(input, false, false);

            // Walk the parse tree to identify and store the table ID's.
            ParseTreeWalker.DEFAULT.walk(new TableListener(), parseTree);

            // Walk the parse tree to identify and store the selected elements.
            ParseTreeWalker.DEFAULT.walk(new SelectedElementListener(), parseTree);

            try
            {
                // Connect to the Oracle database server.
                connection = Utility.getConnection(this.isOracle());

                // Execute the input query.
                results = Utility.executeSQLStatement(connection, input);

                // Make a mapping of the database's schema, matching column names to table names.
                Utility.buildSchemaMap(connection);

                // Try to close the connection.
                connection.close();

                if ( results != null )
                {
                    // Is the input query a select statement?
                    if ( isInputSelect )
                    {
                        // If debugging, print out the table too.
                        if ( this.isDebugMode() )
                        {
                            System.out.println(Utility.writeSQLResults(results));
                        }

                        // Construct the output XML.
                        this.setOutputString(Utility.writeXMLResults(results));
                    }

                    // Try to close the result set.
                    results.close();
                }
            }
            catch ( final SQLException sqle )
            {
                // Failed to connect and execute the input query.
                throw new Exception(sqle.getLocalizedMessage());
            }
            finally
            {
                connection = null;
                results = null;
            }
        }
        catch ( final RecognitionException re )
        {
            // Failed to parse the input query.
            throw new Exception(re.getLocalizedMessage());
        }
        finally
        {
            parseTree = null;
        }
    }

    /**
     *

     * Returns the stripped input {@link java.lang.String}.
     *

     *
     * @return the stripped input {@link java.lang.String}.
     * @since 1.1
     */
    public final String getStrippedInput()
    {
        return Stripper.strip(this.getOriginalInput());
    }

    /**
     *

     * Return the value of the isDebugMode flag.
     *

     *

     * True to print the SQL table in addition to the XML tags, false otherwise.
     *

     *
     * @return the value of the isDebugMode flag.
     * @since 1.1
     */
    public final boolean isDebugMode()
    {
        return this.isDebugMode;
    }

    /**
     *

     * Return the value of the isDTD flag.
     *

     *

     * True to use the W3C Data Type Definition (DTD) format, false to use the W3C XML Schema Definition (XSD) format.
     *

     *
     * @return the value of the isDTD flag.
     * @since 1.1
     */
    public final boolean isDTD()
    {
        return this.isDTD;
    }

    /**
     *

     * Return the value of the isModified flag.
     *

     *

     * True to use the {@link dml.team5.antlr.ModifiedPLSQLParser}, false to use the {@link dml.team5.antlr.PLSQLParser}.
     *

     *
     * @return the value of the isModified flag.
     * @since 1.1
     */
    public final boolean isModified()
    {
        return this.isModified;
    }

    /**
     *

     * Return the value of the isOracle flag.
     *

     *

     * True to connect to an Oracle database, false to connect to a MySQL database.
     *

     *
     * @return the value of the isOracle flag.
     * @since 1.1
     */
    public final boolean isOracle()
    {
        return this.isOracle;
    }

    /**
     *

     * Allows the isDebugMode flag to be altered.
     *

     *

     * True to print the SQL table in addition to the XML tags, false otherwise.
     *

     *
     * @param isDebugMode
     *            the new value for the isDebugMode flag.
     * @since 1.1
     */
    protected final void setDebugMode(final boolean isDebugMode)
    {
        this.isDebugMode = isDebugMode;
    }

    /**
     *

     * Allows the isDTD flag to be altered.
     *

     *

     * True to use the W3C Data Type Definition (DTD) format, false to use the W3C XML Schema Definition (XSD) format.
     *

     *
     * @param isDTD
     *            the new value for the isDTD flag.
     * @since 1.1
     */
    protected final void setDTD(final boolean isDTD)
    {
        this.isDTD = isDTD;
    }

    /**
     *

     * Allows the isModified flag to be altered.
     *

     *

     * True to use the {@link dml.team5.antlr.ModifiedPLSQLParser}, false to use the {@link dml.team5.antlr.PLSQLParser}.
     *

     *
     * @param isModified
     *            the new value for the isModified flag.
     * @since 1.1
     */
    protected final void setModified(final boolean isModified)
    {
        this.isModified = isModified;
    }

    /**
     *

     * Allows the isOracle flag to be altered.
     *

     *

     * True to connect to an Oracle database, false to connect to a MySQL database.
     *

     *
     * @param isOracle
     *            the new value for the isOracle flag.
     * @since 1.1
     */
    protected final void setOracle(final boolean isOracle)
    {
        this.isOracle = isOracle;
    }
}


text:
\section{Introduction}

The main source of information about the accelerated electrons produced during solar flares is observation of their hard X-ray (HXR) emission \cite{Kontar2011}. HXR bremsstrahlung emission is generated by nonthermal electrons with approximately power-law distribution interacting with protons of ambient solar plasma. Using some analytical models \cite{Brown1971,Syrovatskii1972}  one can extract information about the flux of the accelerated electrons and their power-law spectral index. Applying more sophisticated inversion technique of the X-ray spectrum \cite{Piana2007,Kontar2008} one can obtain spectra of the electron population numerically and without any ad-hoc assumptions about the spectral shape.

Another way to learn something about accelerated electrons is to study their radio emission \cite{Pick2008}. Basically, there are two types of radio emission associated with nonthermal electrons: coherent and incoherent. These two types correspond to different frequency ranges (slightly overlapping) and physical mechanisms. Coherent radio emission (e.g., type III bursts) up to $\sim 5$~GHz is produced by plasma waves (electron-cyclotron or Langmuir waves) excited by wave-particle interaction. Incoherent microwave emission ($\gtrsim 1$~GHz) is associated with gyrosynchrotron radiation of individual nonthermal electrons gyrating around magnetic field lines. In this paper we consider only the incoherent microwave emission of nonthermal electrons; this type of emission provides us with information about kinetics of nonthermal electrons in the coronal flaring loops as well as about the magnetic field strength and topology there. On the other hand, coherent emission is usually associated with electron beams passed through the corona and its study is more suitable for coronal plasma diagnostics.

Intensity of the HXR bremsstrahlung emission mostly depends on plasma density and nonthermal electron flux. Microwave radio emission brightness temperature and polarization degree also strongly depend on the nonthermal electrons pitch-angle distribution, magnetic field strength and its orientation relatively to the line-of-sight (LOS). Moreover, radio emission is not entirely optically thin. We should take into account radiative transfer to calculate the escaping flux of the microwave emission and its polarization. Direct computation of the gyrosynchrotron radio emissivity and absorbtion coefficient involves time-consuming numerical integration for all cyclotron harmonics \cite{Melrose1968,Ramaty1969}. However, there are some ways to simplify calculations. The simplest way to estimate parameters of nonthermal electrons with power-law distribution is to apply the formulae from the work of \opencite{Dulk1985} to observed gyrosynchrotron spectrum. This analytical approximation assumes uniform plasma density and magnetic field strength and isotropic pitch-angle distribution of nonthermal electrons and is valid only in the limited range of cyclotron harmonics and viewing angles relative to magnetic field. \opencite{Fleishman2010} introduced fast gyrosynchrotron codes, where the authors use some analytical approaches and numerical methods to evaluate the microwave radio spectra with high speed and good accuracy for different energy and pitch-angle distributions.

In reality, both the nonthermal electrons and thermal plasma fill the curved magnetic loops nonuniformly and, therefore, we need detailed three-dimensional modelling of microwave emission. The IDL-based widget tool {\it GX Simulator} \cite{Nita2015} allows us to do such 3D simulations. Using this interactive tool, one can import any magnetic field model and reconstruct magnetic flaring loop. Then we can define the spatial, pitch-angle and energetic distribution of the nonthermal electrons inside the magnetic loop. Numerical integration of the radiation transfer equation allows us to obtain the resulting radio brightness and polarization maps.

In the standard model of an eruptive two-ribbon flare \cite{Hirayama1974,Magara1996,Tsuneta1997} quasipotential magnetic loops are formed due to magnetic reconnection in the cusp under erupting plasmoid. These magnetic loops are filled with nonthermal electrons and we observe loop-like SXR sources connecting double HXR sources, which correspond to the loop footpoints. HXR observations made by RHESSI, Reuven Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager \cite{Lin2002}, reveal a lot of loop-like HXR emission sources \cite{Battaglia2005,Jiang2006,Guo2012}. Nobeyama radioheliograph, NoRH \cite{Nakajima1995} observations also show us loop structures in the microwave range \cite{Kupriyanova2010,Morgachev2014}. Loop geometry of X-ray and microwave emission sources seems to be the usual observational manifestation of the flare energy release. The best way to understand the basic peculiarities of the radio brightness and polarization distribution along magnetic loop filled with nonthermal electrons is to consider potential magnetic field, as it possesses the simplest topology, describing flare loops. The work of \opencite{Kuznetsov2011} presents analysis of microwave emission from magnetic loops filled with nonthermal electrons. The authors discuss the effects of anisotropy and nonuniform distribution of nonthermal electrons along the loop. It was found that the effect of the electron anisotropy is the most pronounced near the footpoints and it also depends strongly on the loop orientation. Concentration of the emitting particles at the looptop results in a corresponding spatial shift of the radio brightness peak, thus reducing effects of the anisotropy. At frequencies around $10-20$ GHz, the spectrum is strongly dependent on the electron anisotropy, spatial distribution, and magnetic field nonuniformity.

Classical two-dimensional model of magnetic reconnection assume interaction of the opposite-polarity magnetic flux tubes at a null-point. But magnetic reconnection can occur in a magnetic configuration without null points as well. For example, twisted magnetic field flux ropes can experience internal magnetic reconnection \cite{Demoulin1996,Gordovskyy2011,Pinto2015}. In such case accelerated particles will be directly accelerated and injected into the loop volume \cite{Gordovskyy2011,Gordovskyy2012,Gordovskyy2013,Gordovskyy2014}. We know that orientation of the magnetic field in the flare region affects the spatial distribution of brightness and polarization of the microwave radio emission. Thus, one could suppose that twisted magnetic loop filled with nonthermal electrons will produce microwave emission with a peculiar (compared with potential loops) spatial distribution of brightness and polarization. These peculiarities probably depend on the twist degree. The main scope of this paper is to model the gyrosynchrotron radio emission from the twisted magnetic loop and understand influence of the twist degree on the spatial structure of the radio emission sources. We will investigate radio emission of nonthermal electrons with different pitch-angle distributions (isotropic and anisotropic) and also consider central and limb locations of the twisted magnetic loop. Any found peculiarities could provide us with a new tool of diagnostics of magnetic field topology in the region where nonthermal electrons propagate.

{\bf In this paper, we focus on theoretical aspects and numerical simulations; observational examples of (possibly) twisted magnetic loops have been omitted for clarity. The model magnetic configuration is described in Section \ref{loopmodels}. The radio simulations using {\it GX Simulator} are presented in Section \ref{gxmodel}. The results are discussed and conclusions are formulated in Section \ref{conclusion}.}

\section{Model of a twisted magnetic loop}\label{loopmodels}
To simulate twisted magnetic loop, we chose the analytical model of \opencite{Titov1999} developed to describe basic topology of the sheared twisted magnetic field in the active regions. The magnetic field is modelled by superposition of two opposite magnetic charges $q$, line current $I_0$ (connecting two charges and directed from positive to negative one) submerged under the photosphere, and a circular current $I$ in the plane perpendicular to the line current, which is an axis of the circle. Besides, circular current $I$ is distributed over some circular area $\pi a^2$, where $a$ is radius of the cross section of the tube. Thus, we actually consider current-carrying torus, which has coronal part corresponding to the loop. Finally, the value of the current $I$ is determined from the force balance condition. In the case of the thin current tube the magnetic configuration is very close to the force-free conditions, and that is why this model is often used as a test for non-linear force-free extrapolation algorithms \cite{Valori2010,Jiang2015}.

For our calculation we use the following values (very close to those used in the original work): $q=100$ T Mm$^{-2}$, $I_0=-7\times 10^{12}$ A, distance between the magnetic charges $L=100$ Mm, radius of the circular current $R=70$ Mm, and the depth of the line current $d=50$ Mm. The value of $a$ is determined by the twist number $N_t$, which corresponds to the number of the turns of the magnetic field line around torus. This parameter is of order of several units. We use the following formula \cite{Titov1999} to calculate $a$:
\begin{equation}
a = R\sqrt{N_t\frac{I_0}{I}}.
\end{equation}
Number of turns of the magnetic field lines around coronal part of the flux tube $N_c$ is given by
\begin{equation}
N_c = \frac{N_t}{\pi}\arccos\left(\frac{d}{R}\right).
\end{equation}

\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=1.0\linewidth]{fig1.eps}
\caption{The left and right columns correspond to the moderate and high twist cases accordingly. The top panels show top views of the synthetic photospheric magnetograms and reconstructed magnetic field lines. The bottom panels show stereoscopic views of the topology of the magnetic field lines.}
\label{TD_lines}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.5\linewidth]{fig2.eps}
\caption{Two variants of magnetic loops with different twist degrees calculated in {\it GX Simulator} and used for simulations in this paper.}
\label{TD_loops}
\end{figure}

In most calculations, we consider the cases of a moderate twist ($N_c\approx 1.2$, $N_t=5$) and a high twist ($N_c\approx 3.7$, $N_t=15$). For these values of $N_t$ the electric current density in the twisted magnetic loop is $j=I/(\pi a^2)\approx 2.5$ mA m$^{-2}$ for the moderate-twist case ($a\approx$~30~Mm) and $\approx 10$ mA m$^{-2}$ in the high-twist case ($a\approx$~15~Mm). After all calculations we rescaled the simulation box (to 40\% of its initial size) with preserving proportions and twist degree in order to obtain reasonable length of the loop of $\sim 20$~Mm which should be in accordance with typical observations. Top view of the synthetic photospheric magnetogram and reconstructed magnetic field lines for the above-mentioned twist numbers is shown in the top panels of Figure \ref{TD_lines}. Stereoscopic view of the magnetic field configuration is also presented in bottom panel of Figure \ref{TD_lines}. One can see that twisted magnetic configuration is surrounded by quasipotential sheared shell. We are interested only in the twisted magnetic field lines, so we will construct the radio-emitting magnetic loops only in the core of that region. Using the {\it GX Simulator} magnetic tube selection tool we defined approximately symmetric twisted magnetic loops, which are shown in Figure \ref{TD_loops}. One should note that the magnetic field strength does not varies much  along the loop; we have $B\approx 630$ G in the loop with moderate twist and $B\approx 890$ G in the highly-twisted loop. Thus distribution of the polarization and brightness of radio emission along the loop will be only affected by the topological peculiarities of the twisted magnetic field.

\section{Modelling of the nonthermal microwave emission from the twisted magnetic loops}\label{gxmodel}
\subsection{Parameters of the energetic electrons}
Nonthermal electrons are distributed along the loop uniformly with the number density of $10^8$~cm$^{-3}$. Their energetic spectrum is a power-law with the index of $\delta=3$, the low-energy cutoff $E_{\mathrm{low}}=10$ keV and the high-energy cutoff of $E_{\mathrm{high}}=10$ MeV. The background thermal plasma in the loop has the density of $n=5\times 10^9$~cm$^{-3}$ and the temperature of $T=20$ MK. We consider both the isotropic and anisotropic pitch-angle distributions of the nonthermal electrons. The anisotropic distribution has the Gaussian form:
\begin{equation}
g(\mu) = A\exp\left[-\frac{(\mu-\mu_0)^2}{\Delta\mu^2}\right],
\end{equation}
where $\mu_0=\cos\alpha_0$ characterizes the beam direction relatively to the magnetic field, $\Delta\mu$ is the width of the angular distribution, and $A$ is the normalization factor. We consider two types of anisotropy:

1) a pancake-like (or a symmetric loss-cone) distribution with $\mu_0=0$, which means mostly transversal propagation of the nonthermal electrons;

2) a beam-like distribution with $\mu_0=1$, when the nonthermal electrons propagate mostly along the magnetic field (the upward direction on the synthetic magnetograms in bottom panels of Figure \ref{TD_lines}).

Unless otherwise specified, we adopt the value of $\Delta\mu=0.15$ for both types of anisotropic distributions, which corresponds to a rather strong anisotropy.

To calculate the radio brightness maps, we use the fast gyrosynchrotron codes with radiation transfer \cite{Fleishman2010,Kuznetsov2011,Nita2015} implemented in the {\it GX Simulator}. To take into account the loop orientation relatively to the line-of-sight, we consider loop positions at the solar disk center and on the limb.

\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.7\linewidth]{fig3.eps}
\caption{The total (spatially integrated) spectra of the microwave gyrosynchrotron emission from the nonthermal electrons in the twisted magnetic loop. Top and bottom rows correspond to the cases of high and moderate twist of the loop (see Section \protect\ref{loopmodels}), respectively. Left and right columns show the spectra for the central and limb positions of the twisted loop. Spectra are calculated for the isotropic nonthermal electron distribution (thick line), anisotropic pancake-like distribution (thin line) and anisotropic beam-like distribution (dashed line); the pitch-angle distribution width for anisotropic distributions is $\Delta\mu=0.15$.}
\label{GS_spec}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Magnetic twist and electron anisotropy: general effects}
In Figure \ref{GS_spec} we show simulated spectra of the total (spatially integrated) emission. For central position of the loop the difference between isotropic and pancake-like cases is small: we only have a slight shift of the spectral peak and a bit enhanced radio emission at high frequencies for the pancake-like distribution. When the loop is at the solar limb, the anisotropy effect is more pronounced: the shift of the spectral peak is larger and the high-frequency emission is a few times more intense for the pancake-like electron distribution. However, in real flares these effects are expected to be not very significant, since the time-varying nonuniform distribution of the plasma density, magnetic field and parameters of the nonthermal electrons inside the loop will wipe out the spectral peculiarities connected with the twist of the loop. The nonthermal electrons with beam-like distribution produce the weakest emission at high frequencies comparing with the pancake-like and isotropic distributions.

In Figure \ref{GS_spec} we also indicate three frequencies (marked by dotted vertical lines): 10, 17 and 34 GHz. These different frequencies were selected to calculate the Stokes $I$ and $V$ maps and to compare the optically thin (34~GHz) and thick (10~GHz) cases. Radio emission at  17~GHz corresponds to the intermediate case with the optical depth of $\tau\sim 1$. The frequencies of 17 and 34~GHz are also the working frequencies of the Nobeyama Radioheliograph.

\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=1.0\linewidth]{fig4.eps}
\caption{Simulated radio maps for the magnetic loop at the solar disk center, for different frequencies, and loop twist degrees. Top three panels correspond to the strong twist while the bottom ones show the case of moderate twist. The pitch angle distribution of the nonthermal electrons is isotropic. Blue-red images show Stokes V. Black thick contours correspond to Stokes $I$ (at 30 and 70\% levels).}
\label{center_isotrop}
\end{figure}

Simulated Stokes $I$ and $V$ maps at the disk center for the isotropic nonthermal electron distribution are shown in Figure \ref{center_isotrop} (moderate and high twist). The observed width of the loop is maximal for the optically thick case at the frequency of 10~GHz and decreases towards higher frequencies and lower optical depths. The main peculiarity of the simulated maps is that the inversion of the polarization sign occurs near the inclined line crossing the loop. The angle of the inclination does not much depend on the twist degree. This orientation of the polarization sign inversion line (PSIL) is natural for a twisted magnetic loop. In the case of potential loop without any twist the PSIL will be approximately (depending on a loop orientation) perpendicular to the line connecting loop footpoints \cite{Kuznetsov2011}. Change of the circular polarization sign is associated with the change of the electron gyromotion direction (from clockwise to counter clockwise and vice versa) in the picture plane. In the twisted loop the electrons attached to different magnetic lines experience change of the gyromotion direction relative to the observer in different places of the loop (at different distances from its apex); therefore we observe strong inclination of the PSIL relative to the axis of the twisted loop.

\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=1.0\linewidth]{fig5.eps}
\caption{Simulated radio maps for the magnetic loop at the solar disk center, for different frequencies, and loop twist degrees. Nonthermal electrons have the anisotropic pancake-like (top six images) and beam-like (bottom six images) pitch-angle distributions; $\Delta\mu=0.15$. Contours and color background have the same meanings as in Figure~\ref{center_isotrop}}
\label{center_anisotrop}
\end{figure}

Anisotopic nonthermal electrons with pancake-like pitch-angle distribution in the twisted loop produce microwave emission from a more compact source compared with the isotropic electrons (top six panels in Figure~\ref{center_anisotrop}). Like in the previous case, the PSIL is strongly inclined relative to the axis of the loop. Comparing with the isotropic case, the radio emission source itself is slightly inclined relative to the loop axis as well, but this effect can be negligible for different orientations of the loop relative to the observer. Another pronounced effect for the pancake-like distribution is a shrinkage of the radio emission source along the loop for lower twist: the radio emission source in the highly twisted loop is more elongated than in the case of the moderate twist. This effect is also connected with topology of the magnetic field. The gyrosynchrotron emission of the relativistic electron possesses strong directivity: it is collimated in the solid angle around the electron motion direction. The considered anisotropic nonthermal electron distribution in the loop with a moderate twist near the disk center produce emission mostly in the direction to the observer from the loop-top. In the highly twisted loop, gyrating electrons propagating along magnetic field lines have possibility to radiate radio emission effectively towards to the observer even from the footpoint region of the loop. However, a compact radio source can be formed also due to strong accumulation of the nonthermal electrons in the loop-top region (for example, due to the magnetic trapping), which is not considered in this work.

Polarization of the optically thin radio emission generated by nonthermal electrons with isotropic and pancake-like pitch-angle distributions corresponds to X-mode, while beam-like nonthermal electrons propagating along the magnetic field generate mostly O-mode radio waves \cite{Fleishman2003a,Kuznetsov2010}. In bottom six panels of Figure~\ref{center_anisotrop} we show Stokes $I$ and $V$ radio maps for the beam-like pitch-angle distribution. Direction of the beam coincides with the magnetic field direction, which is shown by an arrow in Figure \ref{center_anisotrop}. One can note that the PSIL intersects the footpoint region, where the radio emission is mostly localized. Radio emission source is more elongated in the case of the loop with higher twist degree, which is similar to the case of anisotropic pancake-like distribution. Thus a general property of the anisotropic nonthermal electrons distributions is shrinkage of the radio emission source in the magnetic loops with lower twist.

\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=1.0\linewidth]{fig6.eps}
\caption{Simulated radio maps for the magnetic loop on the solar limb with the moderate twist ($N_t=5$, top three images) and high twist ($N_t=15$, bottom three images). Nonthermal electrons have the anisotropic pancake-like pitch-angle distribution. The left, middle and right columns correspond to the frequencies of 10, 17 and 34 GHz, respectively. Blue-red images show the polarization (Stokes $V$) maps.}
\label{limb_pancake}
\end{figure}

Simulated radio maps for the limb position of the loop have similar qualitative peculiarities of emission source structure regardless of the twist degree and anisotropy of nonthermal electrons distribution. We show only one case for illustration in Figure \ref{limb_pancake} (circular polarization only), which corresponds to the anisotropic nonthermal electrons with pancake-like pitch-angle distribution. The PSIL divides the loop into two parts along its length and coincides with its axis. Distribution of the radio emission along the loop does not reveal any interesting features.

\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=1.0\linewidth]{fig7.eps}
\caption{The figure shows influence of nonthermal electrons anisotropy ($\Delta\mu$) on frequency ($f_{\max}$) of spectral maximum (panels A and B) and maximal intensity $I(f_{\max})$ (panels C and D). Cases of pancake-like (triangles) and beam-like (squares) anisotropy are considered. Panels A and C correspond to the central position of a loop on solar disk when other panels show the limb case. Red and blue colors mark high and moderate twist of a loop.}
\label{anisop_spec1}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Magnetic twist and electron anisotropy: parametric study}

We now consider quantitative dependencies of the radio emission on various parameters of its source. Influence of the nonthermal electrons anisotropy on the total (spatially integrated) microwave spectrum is demonstrated (for moderate and high twist) in Figure~\ref{anisop_spec1}; $\Delta\mu\ll 1$ corresponds to strong anisotropy (either beam-like or pancake-like), while $\Delta\mu\gg 1$ means a nearly isotropic distribution. One can note that the frequency ($f_{\max}$) of spectral maximum (panels A and B) decreases with increasing width ($\Delta\mu$) of the Gaussian pancake-like pitch-angle distribution. In the case of beam-like distribution we observe the opposite behaviour: increasing $f_{\max}$ corresponds to increasing $\Delta\mu$. Maximal spectral intensity (panels C and D) has tendency to decrease with increasing $\Delta\mu$ for pancake-like distribution and to increase for beam-like anisotropy of the nonthermal electrons. One can see that in the case of beam-like anisotropy radio intensity experiences significant changes due to variation of anisotropy degree for constant energetic spectrum and number density of nonthermal electrons. Such situation can arise in the case of isotropization of nonthermal electrons without significant dissipation: for example, magnetic field fluctuations can change direction of electrons motion without loss of their energy.

\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.5\linewidth]{fig8.eps}
\caption{The figure illustrates influence of nonthermal electrons anisotropy on microwave source size (area inside the 50\% contour) for the loop central position. Cases of pancake-like (triangles) and beam-like (squares) anisotropy are considered. Red and blue colors correspond to high and moderate twist of a loop.}
\label{anisop_spec2}
\end{figure}

Figure~\ref{anisop_spec2} shows how the nonthermal electrons anisotropy affects the microwave emission source size (which was determined as the area inside 50\% intensity contour); only the central position of the loop is considered. For smaller $\Delta\mu$ we have smaller sizes of radio sources for both types of anisotropy; this effect is more pronounced in the case of beam-like anisotropy. As expected, when $\Delta\mu$ increases, both the spectral peak frequency, maximum emission intensity and the emission source area for the beam-like and pancake-like distributions converge and approach the respective values for the isotropic electron distribution.

\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.8\linewidth]{fig9.eps}
\caption{Inclination angle of the PSIL relative to the loop axis is shown in the left panel as a function of twist degree($N_t$). Red color corresponds to the case of pancake-like anisotropy (with $\Delta\mu=0.15$), while black color marks isotropic nonthermal electrons. The right panel demonstrates influence of the twist degree on the length of the microwave source (at 50\% level) for the nonthermal electrons with pancake-like pitch-angle distribution ($\Delta\mu=0.15$).}
\label{Nt_trends}
\end{figure}

In the left panel of Figure~\ref{Nt_trends} we demonstrate how inclination angle between the PSIL and the loop axis (for the loop located at the disk center) depends on the twist degree $N_{t}$. The inclination angle is measured between the Y-axis and the line connecting two points corresponding to the intersections between the PSIL and the 50\% intensity contour. In the right panel of Fig.\,\ref{Nt_trends} we show the influence of the twist degree on length of the microwave source (measured at the 50\% level) for the case of nonthermal electrons with pancake-like pitch-angle distribution. One can note that larger twist corresponds to larger inclination of the PSIL to the loop axis; the resulting inclinations are almost the same both for isotropic and anisotropic nonthermal electrons. Larger twist also corresponds to longer microwave source for pancake-anisotropy of nonthermal electrons. We do not consider beam-like distribution in this parametric study as the PSIL is curvy (it is hard to determine the inclination to any direction) and the source shape is asymmetric. However, one can see that larger twist also corresponds to longer microwave source (Fig.\,\ref{center_anisotrop}). Length of the radio source in the isotropic case shows no significant dependence on the twist degree and, thus, we do not present it in the right panel of Fig.\,\ref{Nt_trends}.

\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=1.0\linewidth]{fig10.eps}
\caption{Simulated radio maps for the magnetic loop at the solar disk center (similar to those in Figure \protect\ref{center_isotrop}) convolved with instrumental response functions, for different frequencies, loop twist degrees and electron pitch-angle distributions. Blue-red images and contours show Stokes $V$ maps (at 10, 30, 50, 70, 90 and 95\% levels); the black thin line marks the PSIL. Black thick contours correspond to Stokes $I$ (at 30, 50, 70 and 90\% levels).}
\label{NORH_sims}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Smoothed radio maps with reduced spatial resolution}
To obtain images similar to those observed by the Nobeyama Radioheliograph and other existing radio instruments, the simulated Stokes $I$ and $V$ radio maps are convolved with symmetric Gaussians (simulating point spread function, PSF) with the widths of 3.5~Mm ($\sim 5''$) for 34 GHz, 7~Mm ($\sim 10''$) for 17 GHz and 10~Mm ($\sim 17''$) for 10 GHz, respectively; the widths at 17 and 34 GHz correspond to the NoRH resolutions at these frequencies, while the width at 10 GHz is an extrapolation for a NoRH-sized instrument. We do not attempt to reproduce the real instrumental response function which depends on the heliograph base projection and hence varies according to day time and season; we are only interested in a qualitative picture and want to understand whether it is possible to detect any peculiarities of the gyrosynchrotron emission distribution in a twisted loop using the currently available observational data. The convolved radio maps for the loop located at the solar disk center are shown in Figure \ref{NORH_sims}; we consider here the isotropic and pancake-like pitch-angle distributions of nonthermal electrons.

After the convolution the resulting intensity per pixel is naturally reduced and the emission source sizes are increased. The PSIL for the convolved maps has a bit reduced inclination to the tube axis comparing with non-convolved radio maps. For anisotropic (pancake-like) nonthermal electrons, the size of the convolved emission source also depends on the twist degree of the loop: a more compact emission source is observed in the loop with moderate twist. The widths of the radio emission sources with different polarization signs are small comparing with the loop length. We do not present a figure showing the result of convolution of the limb images with a Gaussian because width of a Gaussian is larger than loop width and convolution leads simply to a corresponding increase of the visible loop width and to mutual compensation of the opposite polarizations.

The size of radio emission sources in the case of the beam-like pitch-angle distribution of nonthermal electrons is the smallest comparing with the isotropic and pancake-like distributions. We do not discuss the convolved images for this case, since we expect that all peculiarities of polarization will become undetectable in real observations.

Summarizing the results of the simulations, one can say that the most pronounced impact of the twisted magnetic field topology on the resulted spatial structure of the radio emission polarization is the inclination of the PSIL relatively to the loop axis. This effect is also pronounced in the smoothed radio maps. To find the flares where the PSIL is oriented relatively to the loop axis in the same manner as in our simulations, one should analyze the events with large-scale flare region ($\gtrsim 30$ Mm).

\section{Discussion and conclusions}\label{conclusion}
Obtained simulation results show that investigation of the spatial distribution of the radio emission polarization in the flare region can be used as twist diagnostics of the magnetic field where magnetized nonthermal electrons produce gyrosynchrotron emission. Moreover, it seems to be the only direct way to investigate topology of the magnetic fields in the region with accelerated electrons. Of course, twisting structures can be recognised by using high-resolution EUV and optical observations \cite{Wang2015}; however, those data (even together with X-ray observations) can only reveal local heating, which is not necessarily associated with propagating nonthermal electrons and cannot be considered as direct diagnostics of their activity.

In our modelling we use the simplest approach to describe the nonthermal electron population with analytical representation of their energetic and pitch-angle distributions. The modelling of the magnetic field is also simplified by using analytical derivations. To improve simulations of the radio emission from more or less realistic twisted magnetic fields, it would be better to use data-driven numerical 3D MHD simulations coupled with physics of electron acceleration and propagation. This task is very difficult technically and is a scope of future works. The main conclusions of the work can be summarized in a following way:
\begin{itemize}
\item Nonthermal electrons with isotropic pitch-angle distribution in the twisted loops produce gyrosynchrotron radio emission whose distribution along the loop does not show crucial dependence on the twist degree.
\item Nonthermal electrons with anisotropic pitch-angle distribution in the twis\-ted loop produce gyrosynchrotron radio emission from more compact source in the case of lower twist.
\item Inversion of the polarization sign of the radio emission, generated by nonthermal electrons in the twisted loop located in the center of the solar disk, has form of the line inclined relatively to the loop axis. Polarization of radio emission from twisted loop on the solar limb experiences change of its sign along its axis.
\end{itemize}

Definitely, to fully utilize the diagnostic potential of radio observations coupled with 3D simulations, we need new polarimetric multifrequency data with high spatial resolution. Very perspective instruments for these purposes are the Upgraded Siberian Solar Radio Telescope (uSSRT), Expanded Owens Valley Solar Array (EOVSA) and Mingantu Ultrawide Spectral Radioheliograph (MUSER).

As said above, in this paper we focus on numerical simulations and theoretical predictions. Some of the expected signatures of a twisted magnetic field (e.g., the specific orientation of the polarization inversion line) have been actually detected in the imaging observations of the Nobeyama Radioheliograph; these observations will be analyzed in detail in a forthcoming work.

\acknowledgements
This work was supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (grant 15-32-51171). I.S. is grateful to the colleagues from the Institute of Solar-Terrestrial Physics for discussions and hospitality during staying at the ISTP.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
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