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The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
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General Education Curriculum and Degree Requirements
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Explore Programs (Graduate)
Graduate/
Schools and Departments/
Department of Religious Studies (GRAD)
Department of Religious Studies
Visit Program Website
Barbara Ambros, Chair
Lauren Leve, Director of Graduate Studies
leve@email.unc.edu
Myra Quick, Student Services Manager, Registrar
quick@unc.edu
The graduate program in religious studies at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill deals with religion both as a distinctive human experience and as a mode of culture and history. Both orientations define religion as a broad area of human existence, and students are encouraged to explore the tension between those two general approaches. The interests of the department's faculty express the variety of methodological orientations in such study. Faculty members in other departments of the University offer strong interdisciplinary support.
The Graduate School of the University offers two degrees in religious studies: the master of arts and the doctor of philosophy. The Department of Religious Studies also sponsors the joint Duke–UNC Graduate Certificate in Middle East Studies. The M.A. program introduces students to the general problems and methods in the study of religion. Specific requirements include
Thirty hours of course credit, including RELI 700 and one "gateway" graduate seminar
A written comprehensive examination in the student's specific field of study
A thesis of three to six credits and an oral defense of the thesis, and
Demonstrated competence in a modern foreign research language
The Ph.D. program is primarily intended to prepare students for a career in university and college teaching and research in religious studies. It currently offers specialization in ancient Mediterranean religions, Islamic studies, medieval and early modern studies, religion in the Americas, religion and culture, and religions of Asia.
Ph.D. students should expect to take at least 18 hours of course work beyond the M.A. level. Other requirements in the doctoral program include
Completion of requirements specific to one of the specialty fields of study noted above
A set of written and oral doctoral examinations specific to the student's field of study
Demonstrated reading competence in a second modern foreign research language, and
A doctoral dissertation and an oral defense of the dissertation
Additional information about the graduate program in religious studies is available at the department's Web site.
Details on the joint Duke–UNC Graduate Certificate in Middle East Studies are available at this Web site.
Following the faculty member's name is a section number that students should use when registering for independent studies, reading, research, and thesis and dissertation courses with that particular professor.
Barbara Ambros (57), Japanese Religions, East Asian Religions, Buddhism, Religion in Asian Diaspora Communities
Yaakov S. Ariel (48), Judaism and Evangelical Christianity in America, Messianic Movements and Missions, Christian-Jewish Relations
Bart D. Ehrman (19), New Testament Interpretation and Textual Criticism, Early Christianity
Carl W. Ernst (42), Islamic Studies, Sufism, Religions of West and South Asia
Jodi Magness (54), Archaeology of Palestine, Qumran and the Dead Sea Scrolls, Ancient Synagogues, Early Judaism
Zlatko Plese (49), Religion in Late Antiquity, Greco-Roman Philosophy and Religion, Gnosticism and Manichaeism
Jessica A. Boon (55), Medieval and Early Modern Christian Thought, Mystical Traditions, Spain and the New World
Juliane Hammer (53), Islamic Studies, Gender in American Muslim Communities, Modern Muslim Approaches to the Qur'an
David Lambert (15), Hebrew Bible, Ancient Mediterranean Religions
Lauren Leve (56), Buddhism in South and Southeast Asia, Ethnography of Religion, Globalism and Postcoloniality
Evyatar Marienberg (17), Rabbinic Judaism and Jewish Law, Medieval and Early Modern Studies, Contemporary Catholicism
Todd Ramón Ochoa (65), Religion in Latin America and the Caribbean, Ethnography of Religion, Critical Cultural Theory
Randall Styers (52), Cultural History of the Study of Religion, Modern Western Religious Thought, Critical Cultural Theory
Brandon Bayne (61), Religion in the Americas, Global Christianity
Andrea Cooper (59), Modern Jewish Thought and Culture
Joseph Lam (64), Hebrew Bible, Biblical Hebrew, Comparative Semitic Grammar
Hugo Mendez (45), Ancient Mediterranean Religions, Cultural History of New Testament Texts, Early and Late Antique Christianity, Greek
Brendan Thornton (40), Religion in Latin American and the Caribbean, Evangelical Christianity, Ethnography of Religion
Cemil Aydin, Modern Middle Eastern History, Modern Asian History
Jason Bivins, Religion in the United States, Critical Cultural Theory
Philip Gura, Religion and American Literature
Jonathan Hess, Modern Judaism
Charles Kurzman, Islamic Movements
David Morgan, Material Religion
Fred Naiden, Ancient Mediterranean Religions
Albert Rabil, Renaissance and Early Modern History, Women's Studies
James Rives, Ancient Mediterranean Religions
Omid Safi, Islamic Studies
Adjunct Associate Professors
Anna Barry Bigelow, Islamic Studies, Religions of South Asia, Religion and Conflict
Levi McLaughlin, Religious Traditions of Japan and China, Buddhism in Modern Society
Christian O. Lundberg, Critical Cultural Theory, Rhetoric, Cultural Studies
Barry Saunders, Ritual Studies and Biomedicine
Margaret Wiener, Indonesian Religions
Molly Worthen, North American Religious and Intellectual History
Maria Doerfler, Early Christianity
Professors Emeriti
David Halperin
Peter I. Kaufman
Laurie Maffly-Kipp
William J. Peck
Jack M. Sasson
John H. Schutz
Ruel W. Tyson
John Van Seters
Subjects in this department include Religious Studies (RELI) and Jewish Studies (JWST).
Advanced Undergraduate and Graduate-level Courses
RELI 401. Introductory Biblical Hebrew I. 3 Credits.
The first part of a two-semester introduction to the grammar of biblical Hebrew.
Gen Ed: FL.
Grading status: Letter grade.
RELI 402. Introductory Biblical Hebrew II. 3 Credits.
The second part of a two-semester introduction to the grammar of biblical Hebrew.
Requisites: Prerequisite, RELI 401; permission of the instructor for students lacking the prerequisite.
RELI 403. Intermediate Classical Hebrew I. 3 Credits.
A consolidation of the fundamentals of classical Hebrew grammar via readings of biblical texts of various genres (including both prose and poetry).
RELI 404. Intermediate Classical Hebrew II. 3 Credits.
Further readings of classical Hebrew texts, focusing on biblical poetry as well as early postbiblical material (e.g., nonbiblical texts from Qumran, Mishnah/Tosefta).
RELI 409. Greek New Testament. 3 Credits.
Prerequisite, GREK 222; Permission of the instructor for students lacking the prerequisite.
Grading status: Letter grade
Same as: GREK 409.
RELI 410. Aramaic/Rabbinic Hebrew. 3 Credits.
Reading texts in rabbinic Hebrew or in biblical and/or talmudic Aramaic, with appropriate grammatical instruction.
Requisites: Prerequisites, RELI 403 and 404; permission of the instructor for students lacking the prerequisites.
RELI 411. Advanced Akkadian. 3 Credits.
Readings in literary, epistolary, and juridical texts.
Requisites: Prerequisites, RELI 403 and 404.
RELI 412. Ugaritic. 3 Credits.
Readings in the alphabetic texts of Ras Shamra and a study of the elements of Ugaritic grammar.
RELI 413. Biblical Coptic and Early Egyptian Monasticism. 3 Credits.
Coptic, the last stage of Egyptian, a living language in the Roman and Byzantine period. Thorough grounding in the grammar of the Sahidic dialect as a basis for reading biblical monastic and Gnostic texts.
Gen Ed: BN, WB.
RELI 414. Syriac. 3 Credits.
An introduction to the grammar of Classical Syriac for the purpose of reading Syriac Christian texts from late antiquity. Knowledge of another Semitic language (e.g., Hebrew, Arabic) would be an asset but is not required.
RELI 420. Post-Holocaust Ethics and Theology. 3 Credits.
This course examines the challenges posed to ethics and theology by the Holocaust. We will address philosophical and moral issues such as the problem of evil, divine omniscience, omnipotence, suffering, theodicy, representation, testimony, and an ethics of memory. Honors version available
Gen Ed: PH, GL.
Same as: JWST 420.
RELI 421. Religion and Science. 3 Credits.
This course explores the complex relation between religion and science in the modern world. Public disputes over teaching evolution in American schools serve as a central case study of this.
Gen Ed: PH.
RELI 423. Ethnicity, Race, and Religion in America. 3 Credits.
A theoretical inquiry into ethnicity, race, and religion as constituents of personal and communal identity. Emphasis on global migrations, colonial and postcolonial relations, diasporic communities, and issues of religious pluralism.
Gen Ed: US.
RELI 424. Gender Theory and the Study of Religion. 3 Credits.
An examination of contemporary gender theory, with particular focus on its application to the study of religion.
Same as: WGST 424.
RELI 425. Psychology of Religion. 3 Credits.
A critical exploration of the concept of religious experience as defined by such authors as William James and Sigmund Freud. Honors version available
RELI 426. The Sacrifice of Abraham. 3 Credits.
This course examines philosophical interpretations of the attempted sacrifice by Abraham of his beloved son, offering a comparative approach. The incident in Genesis is remarkably succinct for its controversial subject matter. We will compare this event with representations in Greek drama, the New Testament, and the Qur'an. Honors version available
Gen Ed: PH, BN.
RELI 427. Spirit Possession. 3 Credits.
This course explores the phenomenon of spirit possession and introduces students to various theoretical and methodological approaches to its academic study. In addition to critically engaging with accounts of spirit possession from around the world, students will explore various related themes of gender, power, and religious and cultural change.
Gen Ed: SS, BN.
RELI 428. Religion and Anthropology. 3 Credits.
Religion studied anthropologically as a cultural, social, and psychological phenomenon in the works of classical and contemporary social thought. Honors version available
Gen Ed: SS.
Same as: ANTH 428, FOLK 428.
RELI 429. Religion and Society. 3 Credits.
Sociological analysis of group beliefs and practices, both traditionally religious and secular, through which fundamental life experiences are given coherence and meaning. This course is a special version of SOCI 129 for juniors and seniors that explores the meanings and experiences of religion, as well as religion's role in communities, institutions, and societies through hands-on intensive research experience. Students may not receive credit for both SOCI 129 and SOCI/RELI 429.
Same as: SOCI 429.
RELI 430. Dimensions of Evil. 3 Credits.
This course explores the meaning of evil. By investigating the moral dimensions of evil, its social uses, its figuration in cross-cultural religious texts, theology, folklore, and political imaginaries, this course develops a critical framework for understanding the diverse manifestations and varied cultural renderings of evil in the modern world. Previously offered as RELI 526.
RELI 438. Religion, Nature, and Environment. 3 Credits.
A seminar on concepts of nature within religions and a variety of world-wide spiritual traditions. Emphasis on sacred space, place, and pilgrimage as a vital intersection of religion and nature. Honors version available
RELI 441. Religion in Early America. 3 Credits.
This course examines religion in America from precontact to the Civil War. We will chart the development of religious life, thought, and practice in North America, concentrating on areas later incorporated into the United States, but maintaining broad interest in other Americas. Honors version available
Gen Ed: HS, NA.
RELI 442. History of Religion in America since 1865. 3 Credits.
An examination of primary sources in the history of American religion since the Civil War.
RELI 443. Evangelicalism in Contemporary America. 3 Credits.
Juniors or seniors only. Examination of evangelicalism and its role in American society, politics, and culture. Exploration of its various subdivisions and its relation to such movements as fundamentalism, pentecostalism, revivalism, and premillennialism. Honors version available
Gen Ed: SS, US.
RELI 444. Gender and Sexuality in Contemporary Judaism. 3 Credits.
The seminar examines the developments in gender roles and in sexuality in contemporary Judaism.
Gen Ed: CI, NA.
Same as: JWST 444, WGST 448.
RELI 445. Asian Religions in America. 3 Credits.
A study of intercultural interaction and interreligious encounter focusing on Asian religions in America, 1784 to the present.
Gen Ed: GL, US.
Same as: ASIA 445.
RELI 446. Christian-Jewish Relations throughout the Ages. 3 Credits.
An exploration of the varied and complex relationships which have developed between Christianity and Judaism, from the first century to the 21st century.
Gen Ed: HS.
RELI 448. Native and Christian: Indigenous Engagements with Christianity. 3 Credits.
This course examines diverse indigenous engagements with Christianity from earliest contacts to the present. Topics range from missionary contestations in colonial Mexico to the fight for religious freedom in 20th-century United States, from historical revitalization movements like the Ghost Dance to contemporary indigenous theologies in North and South America.
RELI 450. Sexuality in Jewish Tradition and History. 3 Credits.
This course deals with various topics related to sexuality and marriage in Jewish tradition and history: sex outside of marriage, wedding ceremonies, regulations of marital sex, menstruation, homosexuality, and more.
Gen Ed: PH, WB.
RELI 454. The Reformation. 3 Credits.
Examines a movement of religious reform that shattered Latin Christendom and contributed many of the conditions of early modern Europe. Emphases: religious, political, social.
Same as: HIST 454.
RELI 465. Monotheistic Mysticism. 3 Credits.
In medieval Jewish Kabbalah, Christian mysticism, and Islamic Sufism, devotees attempt to express direct experiences of an infinite God. This course examines theories of mystical language, particularly the negation of language, the turn to the visual and the body, and the tension between communal and individual expressions of the divine.
RELI 474. Buddhist Meditation, Mindfulness, and Modernity. 3 Credits.
This course introduces students to a variety of ancient and modern approaches to Buddhist meditation, to their philosophical underpinnings, and to the various claims and purposes associated with mindfulness practices in the past and today. Students will be expected to practice the different types of meditation discussed.
Gen Ed: PH, EE- Field Work.
RELI 480. Modern Muslim Literatures. 3 Credits.
Stresses the diversity of modern Islamic experience by examining the works of various Muslim authors. Genres may include travelogues, memoirs, novels, sermons, and treatises, among others.
Gen Ed: LA, BN, GL.
RELI 481. Religion, Fundamentalism, and Nationalism. 3 Credits.
An exploration of explosive combinations of religion and politics in the Iranian revolution, the Palestinian movement, Hindu nationalism in India, and Christian fundamentalism in America.
Gen Ed: SS, BN, GL.
Same as: PWAD 481.
RELI 482. Sex, Gender, and Religion in South Asia. 3 Credits.
This seminar draws on feminist and philosophical theory, including the works of Plato, Butler, and Foucualt, as well as postcolonial theory, to explore the categories of sex and gender in South Asian religions. We also analyze the moral cultivation of the self in relation to gender identity in South Asia.
Same as: ASIA 482, WGST 482.
RELI 485. Gender and Sexuality in Islam. 3 Credits.
This course approaches constructions of gender and sexuality in Muslim societies in diverse historical and geographical contexts. It focuses on changing interpretations of gender roles and sexual norms. Themes include gender in Islamic law, sexual ethics, masculinity, homosexuality, marriage, and dress.
Gen Ed: BN, CI.
RELI 487. Mountains, Pilgrimage, and Sacred Places in Japan. 3 Credits.
This course explores the role that mountains and pilgrimage have played in Japanese cosmology and how they relate to methodology of studying place and space.
RELI 488. Shinto in Japanese History. 3 Credits.
This course discusses the development of Shinto in Japanese history and covers themes such as myths, syncretism, sacred sites, iconography, nativism, religion and the state, and historiography.
Gen Ed: BN, CI, WB.
RELI 489. Animals in Japanese Religion. 3 Credits.
Permission of the instructor. This course examines the cultural construction of animals in Japanese myth, folklore, and religion.
Gen Ed: LA, BN.
RELI 501. The History of the Bible in Modern Study. 3 Credits.
This course will examine how the modern historical-critical enterprise of biblical scholarship arose, out of what historical circumstances, for what purposes, and to what effect. What are its major aspects? How does it relate to other forms of academic and theological inquiry? How has this enterprise fared in recent times?
RELI 502. Myths and Epics of the Ancient Near East. 3 Credits.
An examination of Babylonian, Canaanite, Egyptian, Hittite, and Sumerian texts from the prebiblical era, focusing on representative myths, epics, sagas, songs, proverbs, prophecies, and hymns. Honors version available
Gen Ed: LA, WB.
Same as: FOLK 502.
RELI 503. Exploring the Dead Sea Scrolls. 3 Credits.
A comprehensive introduction to the Dead Sea Scrolls and the different Jewish groups connected with them. Honors version available
RELI 504. Readings in Hebrew Bible. 3 Credits.
This course will examine a major corpus of the Hebrew Bible with attention to the full range of historical-critical issues. Attention will be paid as well to early forms of biblical interpretation and their use in the religious life of subsequent communities.
RELI 512. Ancient Synagogues. 3 Credits.
This is a course on ancient synagogues in Palestine and the Diaspora from the Second Temple period to the seventh century CE.
Gen Ed: VP, BN, WB.
Same as: CLAR 512, JWST 512.
RELI 514. Judaism and the Search for Christian Origins. 3 Credits.
Although the origins of Christianity clearly lie in Judaism--the religious framework inherited by Jesus and his disciples--scholars disagree over how and when the two traditions diverged. This course explores critical issues in the conceptualization of this parting, including the theoretical difficulty of distinguishing religion from ethnicity in a premodern context, competing ways of analyzing intermediate groups ("Jewish Christianities"), and the methodological and ethical problems of 19th-20th century scholarship in this area (e.g., Protestant bias, anti-Semitism).
Gen Ed: WB.
RELI 515. Cultural History of New Testament Texts. 3 Credits.
This course traces the "lives" of individual New Testament texts to illuminate the shifting interests of Christians through different periods. It takes its departure from the idea that texts and the meanings attached to them are "symptoms of culture," implicitly encoding the anxieties and self-representations of the communities that produce them. In the hands of their authors and readers, biblical texts have served as sites for synthesizing tradition, negotiating difference, and constructing identity. Rotating topics.
Repeat rules: May be repeated for credit. 9 total credits. 3 total completions.
RELI 522. 19th-Century Critiques of Religion. 3 Credits.
Permission of the instructor. An exploration of influential 19th-century critiques of religion, including texts by such thinkers as Feuerbach, Marx, Kierkegaard, Nietzsche, Stanton, Douglass, and Freud.
Gen Ed: PH, NA.
RELI 524. Ethnographic Approaches to Contemporary Religion. 3 Credits.
Critical exploration of exemplary contemporary ethnographies of religion focusing on the ways that ethnographic methods and writing styles shape knowledge of religious and cultural life in various traditions and parts of the world. Topics considered include field work, culture, ethics, and the challenges of interpreting and representing religious experience.
Gen Ed: SS, CI.
RELI 525. Seminar in Religion and Literature. 3 Credits.
Seminar topic varies.
RELI 527. Religious Metaphor and Symbol. 3 Credits.
This course explores the myriad and complex issues related to the function of metaphor and symbol in religious language.
Gen Ed: PH, CI.
RELI 528. Rituals and Rhetorics of Religion. 3 Credits.
An examination of ritual, allegory, and symbol as modes of religious expression in cultic and literary contexts.
RELI 530. Genealogies of Religion. 3 Credits.
This seminar explores the historical development of "religion" as a concept and object of academic scholarship through the critical study of key texts and foundational debates about religion in Western thought.
RELI 540. Mormonism and the American Experience. 3 Credits.
Exploration of the history, beliefs, and practices of Mormons. Will include visits to Latter-Day Saints services, guest speakers, and discussion of race and gender in the contemporary church.
RELI 541. Evangelicalism from a Global Perspective. 3 Credits.
The course will examine the evangelical tradition from a global perspective, exploring the tradition from its early rise in Europe to its impact on the Americas, Africa, and Asia. Honors version available
Gen Ed: GL.
RELI 542. Religion and the Counterculture. 3 Credits.
The course examines the interaction between the values and messages of the counterculture and religious groups, ideas, and practices during the Vietnam War era. It also investigates the impact of countercultural norms and styles on the current American religious scene. Honors version available
RELI 565. Medieval Jews and the Bible. 3 Credits.
This course explores the Jewish interpretation of the Bible, focusing on important commentaries from influential medieval Ashkenazi and Sephardic thinkers.
Gen Ed: HS, WB.
RELI 566. Islamic and Jewish Legal Literature. 3 Credits.
This course explores many aspects of the Halakhah, the Jewish traditional legal system, focusing on issues such as rituals, holidays, religious obligations and prohibitions, and laws regulating sexual activity.
RELI 569. Interfaith Marriages and Intimacy in World Religions. 3 Credits.
This seminar explores the topic of intimate relations between people who consider themselves, or are considered by others, to be part of different religious groups. We will explore cases in which such relations achieve the social sanction of marriage and cases in which the relations are of a more temporary nature.
RELI 574. Chinese World Views. 3 Credits.
Explores the indigenous Chinese sciences and the cosmological ideas that informed them. Topics include astronomy, divination, medicine, fengshui, and political and literary theory. Chinese sources in translation are emphasized.
Same as: ANTH 574, ASIA 574.
RELI 580. African American Islam. 3 Credits.
An historical examination of African American Islam in the United States. Explores the intellectual, cultural, social, and political roots of black Islam in addition to its diverse doctrinal, ritual, and institutional manifestations.
Gen Ed: HS, GL, NA.
RELI 581. Sufism. 3 Credits.
Permission of the instructor. A survey of Islamic mysticism, its sources in the Qur'an and the Prophet Muhammad, and its literary, cultural, and social deployment in Arab, Persian, Indic, and Turkish regions.
RELI 582. Islam and Islamic Art in South Asia. 3 Credits.
A survey of the formation of Islamic traditions in the subcontinent from the eighth century to the present, with emphasis on religion and politics, the role of Sufism, types of popular religion, and questions of Islamic identity.
Gen Ed: HS, BN, WB.
RELI 583. Religion and Culture in Iran, 1500-Present. 3 Credits.
Iran from the rise of the Safavid empire to the Islamic Republic. Topics include Shi'ism, politics, intellectual and sectarian movements, encounters with colonialism, art and architecture, music, literature.
RELI 584. The Qur'an as Literature. 3 Credits.
A nontheological approach to the Qur'an as a literary text, emphasizing its history, form, style, and interpretation.
RELI 585. Religion and Culture of Turkey. 3 Credits.
This course will cover the history of Turkey from the Byzantine period until contemporary times. Key aspects of Turkish culture (architecture, music, poetry to arts) will be covered.
Gen Ed: BN, GL.
RELI 586. Women and Gender in Japanese Religions. 3 Credits.
This seminar explores the roles of women in the religions of Japan (including Buddhism, Shinto, folk religions, pilgrimage, new religions movements, and new spirituality culture) from goddesses, shamans, nuns, and pilgrims to demons, temptresses, and lesser human beings. The course traces these themes across Japanese socioeconomic and religious history.
Gen Ed: SS, BN, CI.
RELI 590. Topics in the Study of Religion. 3 Credits.
Permission of the instructor. Subject matter will vary with instructor but will always be focused on a particular problem or issue.
Repeat rules: May be repeated for credit; may be repeated in the same term for different topics; 9 total credits. 3 total completions.
RELI 592. Religious Conflict and Literature in India. 3 Credits.
Historical causes of violence between Hindus and Muslims in modern India. Short stories, poetry, and novels in translation are used to explore how conflicts over religious sites, religious conversion, image worship, and language contributed to a sense of conflicting religious identity.
Same as: HNUR 592.
RELI 602. What Is Scripture? Formations of the Hebrew Bible/Old Testament Canon. 3 Credits.
The course traces the past and continued canonical processes that define what the Hebrew Bible/Old Testament has been and is today, with a focus on the history of biblical interpretation.
RELI 603. The Bible and Its Translation. 3 Credits.
This course explores the translation of the Hebrew Bible in the West, with a view toward identifying religious and ideological trends.
RELI 607. Problems in Early Christian Literature and History. 3 Credits.
Honors version available
Requisites: Prerequisite, RELI 104, 207, 208, 209, 217 or 413; permission of the instructor for students lacking the prerequisite.
Gen Ed: NA, WB.
RELI 608. The Messiah and the Apocalypse. 3 Credits.
Ideas concerning the Messiah and the end of the world held by Jews, Christians, and Muslims. Emphasis on the beginning of the Christian era.
RELI 609. Christianity and Greco-Roman Culture. 3 Credits.
The seminar surveys the development of Christianity in the Roman empire and examines a variety of attitudes adopted by early Christians toward Greco-Roman philosophy, religion, education, and literature.
Requisites: Prerequisite, RELI 104, 209, or 217; permission of the instructor for students lacking the prerequisite.
RELI 610. Readings in the Apostolic Fathers. 3 Credits.
Reading of the Apostolic Fathers. Students must have completed two courses in New Testament/Early Christianity and two years of Greek.
RELI 614. The Cult of Saints: Narratives, Materialities, Practices. 3 Credits.
By late antiquity, the cult of martyrs and other saints had become "so popular among all levels of Christians, rich and poor, cleric and layperson, rustic and urban dweller, monastic and spouse," that it represented a "rudimentary framework for Christianity" (Limberis 2011). This course traces the origins and development of the cult, conceptualizing it as a network of discourses, practices, and representations. It also explores the cult's impact on neighboring, non-Christian cultures.
RELI 617. Death and Afterlife in the Ancient World. 3 Credits.
Examinations of practices and discourses pertaining to death and the afterlife in the ancient civilizations of Near East, Greece, and Rome.
RELI 620. Feminism and Religion. 3 Credits.
This course introduces students to the rich and multi-faceted debates within and about feminism and religion. Through the cultivation of careful and critical reading practice of primary texts by religious feminists and their secular critics, the course enables students to recognize the patterns and arguments of historical and contemporary debates within and across religious traditions and communities, while continuously tracing the ethical commitments and underlying values of feminist scholars and activists.
RELI 662. Advanced Seminar in Contemporary Catholicism. 3 Credits.
This advanced seminar is for undergraduate and graduate students who have at least a basic knowledge about Catholicism. The range of topics to be discussed is open and will depend on students' interests and suggestions.
RELI 665. Body and Suffering in Christian Mysticism. 3 Credits.
Permission of the instructor for nonmajors. Medieval Christians consistently focused on the suffering body as a means of reflecting on Christ's sacrifice. This course considers how medical theories of cognition, gender, and pain influenced the potential role of the body in medieval mystical experience.
RELI 668. Religion and the Spanish Inquisition: Abrahamic Traditions, Indigenous Religions, and Empire. 3 Credits.
Permission of the instructor for nonmajors. This course on the "Atlantic World" studies Muslims, Christians, and Jews in the medieval Iberian kingdoms, then the religious "other" in the colonial expansion to Mexico, Peru, and the Philippines, by deploying theories concerning race, gender, sexuality, and postcoloniality.
Gen Ed: GL, WB.
RELI 681. Readings in Islamicate Literatures. 3 Credits.
Permission of the instructor. Study of selected religious, literary, and historical texts in Arabic, Persian, or Urdu.
Same as: ARAB 681, ASIA 681.
RELI 688. Observation and Interpretation of Religious Action. 3 Credits.
Permission of the instructor. Exercises (including field work) in learning to read the primary modes of public action in religious traditions, e.g., sermons, testimonies, rituals, and prayers.
Gen Ed: SS, EE- Mentored Research.
RELI 691H. Honors in Religious Studies. 3 Credits.
Permission of the director of undergraduate studies. Required of all students reading for honors in religious studies.
Gen Ed: EE- Mentored Research.
RELI 696. Independent Study. 3 Credits.
Advanced undergraduate or graduate standing and permission of the instructor. Subject matter should be arranged with a specific instructor.
RELI 697. Capstone: Undergraduate Seminar. 3 Credits.
Majors only. Concentrating on a different theme each year, this departmental seminar introduces the different areas and approaches in religious studies.
Gen Ed: CI.
Graduate-level Courses
RELI 700. Theory and Method in the Study of Religion. 3 Credits.
Graduate standing in religious studies or permission of the instructor. A basic problems and methods course required of all graduate students in religious studies.
RELI 702. Religion and Literature of Israel. 3 Credits.
A study of the religious traditions in ancient Israelite literature from the 12th through the second centuries BCE.
Repeat rules: May be repeated for credit.
RELI 703. Critical Approaches to the Study of the Hebrew Bible and its History of Interpretation. 3 Credits.
Exploration of current critical approaches to the study of the Hebrew Bible, including those oriented toward a study of its interpretive history.
RELI 704. Readings in Religions of the Ancient Near East. 3 Credits.
Focusing on the Mediterranean religions before Alexander, the course consists of readings of original documents in translation, illustrating theology and cult, as well as on the major history of religions interpretations.
RELI 707. Early Christian History and Literature. 3 Credits.
Permission of the instructor. A critical study of the history and literature of early Christianity from Paul to Irenaeus, with texts to be read in the original languages.
RELI 712. Early Jewish History and Literature. 3 Credits.
Permission of the instructor. An examination of the main varieties of pre-rabbinic Judaism: Hellenistic Judaism, apocalyptic Judaism, and the Judaism of the Dead Sea Scrolls.
RELI 718. Readings in Greco-Roman Religion. 3 Credits.
Permission of the instructor. Opportunity for reading of ancient documents representing the more important religious trends of the Greco-Roman world.
RELI 720. Critical and Comparative Lineages in Religion and Culture. 3 Credits.
Exploration of intellectual lineages shaping the contemporary study of religion and culture.
RELI 721. Theories of Religion and Culture. 3 Credits.
Permission of the instructor. Studies in early modern, Enlightenment and Romantic political, philosophical, and literary texts.
RELI 723. Critical Approaches to Religion and Culture. 3 Credits.
Graduate standing in religious studies or permission of the instructor. Exploration of various forms of contemporary critical thought (including gender theory, critical race theory, and postcolonial studies) in order to assess the value of these critical tools for the study of religion.
RELI 724. Ethnographic Research Methods: Ethnography of Religion and Religious Formations. 3 Credits.
This course engages the practices, politics, ethics, and epistemology of ethnography as a technique of data production, analysis, and representation. While we will privilege issues and themes related to the study of religion, the course offers a broad, multidisciplinary approach to the construction and execution of ethnographic research.
RELI 729. Religion and Modernity. 3 Credits.
Graduate standing in religious studies or permission of the instructor. This course examines the relationships between religion and modernity, both as conceptual categories and through ethnographic studies of religion and/in modern life.
RELI 734. Studies in the Rhetoric of Images. 3 Credits.
Permission of the instructor. Selected readings on image production, exhibition, and interpretation, with consideration of different ritual and cultic settings.
RELI 735. Critical Works in Religion and Literature. 3 Credits.
Permission of the instructor. Textual analysis of several theoretical and literary works dealing with selected problems in religion and literature.
RELI 740. Approaches to the Study of Religion in the Americas. 3 Credits.
Explores methods, theories, and genealogies that shape the study of religion in the Americas. The course introduces students to key historiographical contexts and theoretical debates that will help them situate the field within the discipline of Religious Studies.
RELI 741. Themes in African American Religious History. 3 Credits.
Graduate standing in religious studies or permission of the instructor. A historical and thematic survey of the religions of African Americans from the precolonial era to the present.
RELI 742. Religion and Literature in America. 3 Credits.
Graduate standing in religious studies or permission of the instructor. A study of the religious tradition in American literature from the Puritan period to the present.
RELI 743. Current Trends in American Judaism. 3 Credits.
The course aims at examining the current developments in American Judaism: cultural, spiritual, liturgical, as well as social and institutional.
RELI 744. Religion in Colonial Americas. 3 Credits.
A study of religion in the Americas from pre-contact indigenous communities to 19th century wars of independence. The course examines cases of migration, encounter, rebellion, and institutionalization across the continent and introduces theoretical debates about colonialism, hybridity, revival, and revolution.
RELI 745. Religion in Postcolonial Americas. 3 Credits.
A study of religion in the Americas through the lens of post-colonialism understood as a concept, a method, and an historical period. This course introduces students to theoretical debates about power, culture, history, and representation to better understand the present and future of the field.
RELI 746. The Christian-Jewish Encounter in America. 3 Credits.
Course examines the Christian-Jewish encounter in America from the 17th century to the present. Analyzes both theological and social interactions.
RELI 760. Approaches to Medieval and Early Modern Studies. 3 Credits.
Graduate standing in religious studies or permission of the instructor. An introduction to the problems and methods in the study of medieval and early modern religion in the West.
RELI 780. Approaches to Islamic Studies. 3 Credits.
An introduction to the academic study of Islam and Muslims, including the history of the field, theory and method in Islamic studies, pedagogy, and important subfields. Gateway course.
RELI 782. Islam and Reform. 3 Credits.
Exploration of reformist intellectual movements in modern Muslim societies, paying close attention to the case of post-revolutionary Iran and examining the compatibility of Islam and human rights, women's rights, democracy, and fresh hermeneutical approaches to scriptures.
RELI 785. Critical Genealogies of Middle East Studies. 3 Credits.
Permission of the instructor. This seminar is the core course for the graduate certificate in Middle East studies. It is an introduction to critical issues in the study of the Middle East, focusing on classic works of the humanities and social sciences.
RELI 801. Seminar in Biblical Studies. 3 Credits.
Topics vary; consult the department.
RELI 803. Advanced Hebrew Readings. 3 Credits.
Required preparation, proficiency in Hebrew. Primary readings in portions of the Hebrew Bible (e.g., Pentateuch, Deuteronomistic History, prophetic texts, Psalms) or in non-biblical texts (pre-exilic inscriptions, Dead Sea Scrolls) with attention to issues of interpretation.
RELI 804. Ancient Israelite Religion. 3 Credits.
Explores the field of ancient Israelite religion as it has been conceived in contemporary scholarship. We will review the relevant textual and archaeological data, acquaint ourselves with current debates, and examine the different approaches that scholars have adopted to the problem of ancient Israelite religion.
RELI 805. Historical Hebrew and Semitic Linguistics. 3 Credits.
An introduction to the historical development of ancient Hebrew within a comparative Semitic framework, with attention to the full range of relevant textual evidence (e.g., biblical Hebrew, pre-exilic inscriptions, Dead Sea Scrolls).
RELI 807. Hellenistic Religious Texts in Greek. 3 Credits.
Studies in Greek texts drawn from early Christianity, Judaism, and other religions of the Greco-Roman World.
RELI 808. The Apostolic Fathers. 3 Credits.
Required preparation, proficiency in Greek. Permission of the instructor. A study of selected works of the Apostolic Fathers, including Barnabas, Ignatius, and Polycarp.
RELI 809. Textual Criticism of the Greek Bible. 3 Credits.
Required preparation, proficiency in Greek. Permission of the instructor. Reconstruction; application of text-critical principles.
RELI 810. Readings in Early Jewish and Christian Apocalyptic. 3 Credits.
Permission of the instructor. Readings from apocalyptic texts in the original languages.
RELI 812. Diaspora Judaism. 3 Credits.
Permission of the instructor for undergraduates. Seminar examines the evidence for the ancient Jewish communities of Egypt, Rome, Asia Minor, and Mesopotamia.
Same as: CLAR 812.
RELI 813. Readings in Talmud. 3 Credits.
Permission of the instructor. An introduction to the study of the Babylonian Talmud in the original Hebrew and Aramaic, with the traditional commentaries. The emphasis is on understanding Talmudic logic.
RELI 814. Problems in Rabbinic Historiography. 3 Credits.
Examination of the methodological problems of using rabbinic materials as sources for the history of Judaism in the period after 70 CE.
RELI 817. Ancient Rhetoric and Early Christianity. 3 Credits.
Permission of the instructor. Survey of the development of rhetorical theory and practice through the Hellenistic and Roman Period. Explores the connection between rhetorical tradition and early Christian literature.
RELI 818. The Gnostic Scriptures. 3 Credits.
Close reading and interpretation of ancient Gnostic texts found near Nag Hammadi in Egypt.
RELI 819. Ancient Philosophy and Early Christianity. 3 Credits.
Required preparation, proficiency in Greek and/or Latin. Survey of the Hellenistic schools of philosophy and their impact on early Christian theories of the universe, ethics, cultural history, and salvation.
RELI 821. Seminar in Religion and Culture. 3 Credits.
Permission of the instructor. Topics vary; consult the department.
RELI 823. Postcolonial Approaches to the Study of Religion. 3 Credits.
Permission of the instructor. An examination of major themes in contemporary postcolonial thought, and the application of this work to the study of religion.
RELI 835. Space, Place, and Religion. 3 Credits.
This interdisciplinary graduate seminar focuses on religion, space, and place in the United States.
RELI 838. Topics in Religion and Law. 3 Credits.
This course examines selected themes in legal and social theory relating to the position of religion in contemporary American society.
RELI 840. Seminar in American Religion. 3 Credits.
Topics vary. May be repeated for credit.
RELI 841. Religion and Social Issues in America. 3 Credits.
Historical analysis of the relationship between religious developments and social issues in America. Topics may include economics, politics, and social reform.
RELI 842. Religion and Cultural Contact in America. 3 Credits.
Examination of religion in America through instances of intercultural contact. Topics vary.
RELI 843. Roman Catholicism in America. 3 Credits.
A seminar on Roman Catholicism in the United States that also considers developments elsewhere in the Western hemisphere. Focus is on ritual practice and visual culture.
RELI 866. Medieval Religious Texts. 3 Credits.
Permission of the instructor. Selected texts which illumine significant aspects of medieval religious culture are read in the original languages.
RELI 867. Texts of the Catholic and Protestant Reformations. 3 Credits.
Permission of the instructor. Selected texts which illumine significant aspects of the Catholic and Protestant Reformations are read in the original languages.
RELI 870. Methods and Topics in the Study of Western Religious Traditions. 3 Credits.
Permission of the instructor. Exploration of one enduring issue in the history of the Western Christian tradition. The instructor selects several case studies that illustrate both the topic and the developments within traditions.
RELI 881. Islamic Thought. 3 Credits.
Required preparation, proficiency in Arabic and/or Persian. Advanced study of major Islamic thinkers and topics, based on original language texts and modern scholarly interpretations.
RELI 885. The Study of Asian Religions and the Construction of the Field. 3 Credits.
Introduction to major approaches and methodological questions in the study of Asian religions. This course serves as a gateway course.
RELI 890. Topics in the Study of Religion. 3-9 Credits.
Graduate standing in religious studies or permission of the instructor. Topics vary.
Repeat rules: May be repeated for credit; may be repeated in the same term for different topics.
RELI 891. Topics in Islamic Studies. 3 Credits.
Graduate seminar on critical issues in Islamic studies. Topics vary.
RELI 900. Readings and Research. 3-9 Credits.
Permission of the instructor.
RELI 910. Religious Studies Professional Development Seminar. 1 Credit.
This course seeks to prepare students for professional academic careers in Religious Studies and cognate disciplines by focusing on the skills and practices associated with success in research, publishing, and the job market.
RELI 913. Practices of Professional Development. 3 Credits.
This course prepares doctoral students for careers in Religious Studies and cognate disciplines by focusing on the skills and practices associated with success in research, publishing and the job market. Focuses on skills development and strategies including conceptualizing and cultivating a professional persona, planning and presenting research, publishing, alt-ac career options, the academic job search, and professional ethics. Includes practical work as well as discussion.
RELI 990. Preliminary Preparation. 1-15 Credits.
RELI 993. Master's Research and Thesis. 3 Credits.
RELI 994. Doctoral Research and Dissertation. 3 Credits.
JWST
JWST 412. From Communism to Capitalism: 20th- and 21st-Century Polish Literature and Culture. 3 Credits.
An overview of the literary and cultural movements in 20th and 21st century Poland as they relate to major historical changes of the century (World War I and World War II, Communism, Post-communism, accession to the European Union). All readings and discussions in English; readings available in Polish for qualified students.
Same as: PLSH 412.
JWST 420. Post-Holocaust Ethics and Theology. 3 Credits.
Same as: RELI 420.
JWST 425. Beyond Hostilities: Israeli-Palestinian Exchanges and Partnerships in Film, Literature, and Music. 3 Credits.
Focuses on the various collaborations, exchanges, and mutual enrichment between Israelis and Palestinians in the realm of culture, particularly literature and cinema. These connections include language (Israeli Jewish authors writing in Arabic and Palestinian writers who choose Hebrew as their language of expression), collaborating in filmmaking, and joint educational initiatives.
Same as: ASIA 425, PWAD 425.
JWST 436. Language, Exile, and Homeland in Zionist Thought and Practice. 3 Credits.
Employing Zionist and post- and anti-Zionist documents, treatises, and mostly literary and cinematic texts, this class will focus on the relations between language, Jewish-Israeli identity, and the notion of homeland. Previously offered as HEBR 436.
JWST 444. Gender and Sexuality in Contemporary Judaism. 3 Credits.
Same as: RELI 444, WGST 448.
JWST 451. 1492: The Expulsion of the Jews from Spain. 3 Credits.
The largest and most prosperous Jewry of Europe lived in medieval Spain. The 1492 expulsion, driven by the Inquisition and Catholic monarchy, not only ended Spanish Jewish life but also forced a traumatic redefinition of Jewish identity. This course focuses on the causes and consequences of the expulsion of 1492.
JWST 464. Imagined Jews: Jewish Themes in Polish and Russian Literature. 3 Credits.
Explores the fictional representation of Jewish life in Russia and Poland by Russian, Polish, and Jewish authors from the 19th century to the present. Taught in English; some foreign language readings for qualified students.
Same as: SLAV 464.
JWST 465. Literature of Atrocity: The Gulag and the Holocaust in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe. 3 Credits.
Historical contexts and connections through artistic representation of the Holocaust and Soviet terror in Eastern Europe and the USSR. Taught in English; some foreign language readings for qualified students.
Same as: GSLL 465, PWAD 465.
JWST 469. Coming to America: The Slavic Immigrant Experience in Literature. 3 Credits.
Fictional and autobiographical expressions of the Slavic and East European immigrant experience in the 20th century. Readings include Russian, Polish, Jewish, and Czech authors from early 1900s to present. Taught in English; some foreign language readings for qualified students.
Gen Ed: LA, GL.
JWST 476. Borderlands: Religion and Ethnicity in Modern East Central Europe. 3 Credits.
The history of modern Eastern, East Central, and southeastern Europe has been shaped by the ethnic and religious diversity of the regions. This course examines experiences in the Russian, Habsburg, and Ottoman Empires and their successor states from the 19th century to the present day.
Gen Ed: HS, BN.
JWST 480. Russian-Soviet Jewish Culture: Lofty Dreams and Stark Realities. 3 Credits.
This course delves into the scintillating literary, visual, musical, and cinematic culture created by Jewish universalists seeking to build their new secular identity under the aegis of the Soviet Communist experiment in the aftermath of the 1917 Bolshevik coup. Surveys the works of Isaac Babel, Eduard Bagritsky, Marc Chagall, Sergey Eisenstein, Ilya Ehrenburg, Masha Gessen, Vasily Grossman, Osip Mandelshtam, and others. Taught in English; some readings in Russian for qualified students; films with English subtitles. Honors version available
Same as: RUSS 480.
JWST 481. Jewish Belongings: Material Culture of the Jewish Experience. 3 Credits.
What makes an object "Jewish"? This seminar examines how we think about, animate, repurpose, and display "Jewish" objects in the public realm, cultural institutions, religious spaces, and the home. We consider how makers and users negotiate objects' various meanings within the domains of prayer, performance, entertainment, and exhibition. The class curates a final group exhibition of Jewish material culture based on original fieldwork.
Gen Ed: VP, EE- Field Work, US.
JWST 485. From Fiddler on the Roof to the Holocaust: East European and Soviet Jewish History. 3 Credits.
Eastern Europe was one of the largest centers of Jewish civilization from premodern times to the Second World War, giving rise to important religious, cultural, and political developments in Jewish modernity. This course examines main developments of Jewish society from the late 18th century until the aftermath of the Holocaust.
JWST 486. Shalom Y'all: The Jewish Experience in the American South. 3 Credits.
This course explores ethnicity in the South and focuses on the history and culture of Jewish Southerners from their arrival in the Carolinas in the 17th century to the present day.
Gen Ed: HS, CI, US.
Same as: AMST 486.
JWST 503. Exploring the Dead Sea Scrolls. 3 Credits.
JWST 512. Ancient Synagogues. 3 Credits.
Same as: RELI 512, CLAR 512.
JWST 602. What Is Scripture? Formations of the Hebrew Bible/Old Testament Canon. 3 Credits.
JWST 697. Capstone Course: Themes and Methodologies in Jewish Studies. 3 Credits.
Required of majors in religious studies with a concentration in Jewish studies; graduate students may enroll. Concentrating on a different theme each year, the course offers intensive grounding in key areas of and approaches to Jewish studies. Combines exploration of broad topics with scholarly rigor and specificity.
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This handmade handbag is a great size! I would consider this a great every day bag with a little flair! The outer slip pockets give it a fun and iconic shape. Big enough to hold it all while still being a sleek size.
This item is handmade and made to order. It may take 3-4 weeks to ship and lining fabric will vary.


text:
Uneven growth: tactical urbanisms for expanding megacities
Gadanho, Pedro, Burdett, Richard, Cruz, Teddy, Harvey, David, Sassen, Saskia and Tehrani, Nader (2014) Uneven growth: tactical urbanisms for expanding megacities. The Museum of Modern Art, New York, USA. ISBN 9780870709142
In 2030, the world's population will be a staggering eight billion people. Of these, two-thirds will live in cities; most will be poor. With limited resources, this unbalanced growth will be one of the greatest challenges faced by societies across the globe. In the coming years, city authorities, urban planners, designers, economists and others will have to join forces to avoid a major social and economic catastrophe and to ensure that these expanding megacities will be habitable. Exploring how emergent forms of tactical urbanism could address rapid and uneven urban growth around the globe, The Museum of Modern Art presents Uneven Growth: Tactical Urbanisms for Expanding Megacities, its third iteration of the Issues in Contemporary Architecture series. Following the same model as the critically acclaimed projects Rising Currents and Foreclosed, Uneven Growth is a combination of workshop, exhibition and publication that brings together ideas from an international group of scholars, practitioners and other experts on architecture and urbanism. Featuring proposals for six cities on five continents--New York, Mumbai, Rio de Janeiro, Istanbul, Hong Kong and Lagos, each developed by a pair of teams (one local to the host city and one abroad)--Uneven Growth also documents the brainstorming processes and the workshops. Contributions from each of the teams and essays by leading scholars on the issue make the publication a rich resource for students and professionals alike. Participating teams include Cohabitation Strategies with Situ Studio, POP Lab with URBZ, MAS Urban Design ETH with Rua Arquitetos, Atelier d'Architecture Autogérée with Superpool, Network Architecture Lab with MAP Office and Inteligencias Colectivas with NLÉ Architects.
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LSE Cities
H Social Sciences > HD Industries. Land use. Labor > HD100 Land Use
Departments > Sociology
Research centres and groups > LSE Cities (Cities Programme)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Residents Successfully Challenge Tower– and Launch New Group
If not for concerned residents, the tower would have been a dominating 15 storeys
Peter McNamara
Ringsend community members have successfully prevented the expansion of a proposed tower development on York Road. The developer, Melville Properties, was given permission to build a seven-storey tower in March 2020, on the site currently occupied by Dynorod. They made a subsequent application last June to extend their permission to 15 storeys. This second application caught the attention of local residents, who organised a campaign to resist the 'out of character' development.
The 15-storey proposal has since been rejected by Dublin City Council and An Bord Pleanála.
Shay Connolly, a key activist in the area, says residents are energised. "It was a shock when the first application was granted. We organised to stop the further expansion, but people didn't really expect to get anything. Everyone is enthused with the news."
It's an important victory for those who have long been campaigning to protect Ringsend and the surrounding areas from gentrification. Gentrification is the commercial development of a previously disinvested area; it can strip an entire area of its culture, heritage and its people in a short period of time. Commercial development can be beneficial, if the characteristics of the area are maintained, and its people are included in its planning stage.
According to Connelly, no such structured engagement has taken place.
"Our objective is to change that. As a community we are supportive of a planned, balanced and equitable approach to new development to ensure the character, scale, density and mix of housing is in character with Ringsend and its environs. However, as a united community, we will continue to challenge any and all development which impacts the character of our Village and surrounding areas."
The group lodged over a hundred such objection observations to the plans development proposal with the Council and An Bord Pleanála. Because these observations carry a prohibitive cost of €20 and €50 respectively, activists organised street collections to raise money.
Two issues have arisen from this situation. Now that irrevocable permission has been granted for a seven storey development, this tower will stand as an imposing structure, out of character with the locality. Added to that, this development also marks the latest instance of a significant development in the area with no social housing provision. Because Melville Properties are building on a ground level site that is less than 0.1 Hectare (1000 m2), it doesn't have to make any provision for social or affordable housing. This exemption from the legislated 10% provision is allowed for under Part V, Section 97 (3) of the Planning and Development Act 2000.
According to Connolly, Melville Properties didn't actually have their exemption certificate at the time of making their planning application – such is clear on the Council website.
"It's a technicality," he says, "but we've lodged an observation with the Council. If an error is seen to be made, they will most likely just re-apply for permission. But all the same, we're staying vigilant."
Raytown – not 'Google Town'
The Part V, Section 97 (3) social housing exemption raises a serious concern that in future developers will creatively parcel up their building sites and proposals, and use the 1000 m2 rule to avoid including any social housing allocation at all.
Sinn Féin has introduced a bill to close this 'loophole.' If passed, their Planning and Development (Protect Social Housing) Bill 2020 will repeal section 97 subsection (3B).
The Bill is said to be making good progress towards becoming law.
Although it should have positive impacts for housing policy in general, according to Connolly such legal changes will make little difference to Ringsend.
"We're stuck in a double bind. The Council won't build social housing in this area because the land is too valuable. And they won't buy social housing from developers because the units are always too expensive."
For Connolly, the writing is on the wall.
"We need to be pro-active and not re-active about our future. Ringsend is a proud community, with a strong identity and a rich history. We're not Google Town. We're not the Silicon Docks. But the way things are going, you could turn around in 20 years and wonder – what happened to us? Where did our community go?"
When raising issues around planning and housing, and giving local people access to affordable housing in the area, activists are usually told that the Irish Glass Bottle site and the SDZ will resolve all problems.
"The IGB is the supposed to be panacea," says Connolly. "But that's been going for 15 years, and there's still no agreement signed with the developer. We're still not certain what kind of social and affordable allocation there will be."
Sale of Dry Docks to Private Developer
Along with the lack of provision in the York Road tower, it seems that another opportunity for affordable local housing has been missed with the sale of the Dry Docks – a site that formed part of the Glass Bottle SDZ – to a private developer.
Waterways Ireland is drawing up plans to sell the heritage, 'graving docks', part of the Grand Canal Docks in Dublin, on the open market.
These docks are an area into which ships can be sailed, allowing work on parts of a vessel that would have been inaccessible while afloat. Opened in 1796 on the completion of the Grand Canal from the Shannon to the Liffey, there were originally three graving docks built parallel to each other at the eastern end of the Grand Canal Dock. One has since been filled in and become home to the Viking Splash Tours; a second graving dock is home to the former passenger ship the Naomh Éanna, which belonged to CIE, a former owner of the waterway.
These docks are part of the Docklands Strategic Development Zone (SDZ) where they are known as 'City Block 19'. Under the SDZ masterplan the triangular-shaped parcel containing the graving docks is to be used for residential, commercial and community use.
At a recent meeting of the Docklands Oversight and Consultative Forum, a representative of Waterways Ireland said it was now planning to "dispose" of the property.
Michael Ingle, who represents the Grand Canal Dock Residents Association on the statutory Docklands Consultative and Oversight Forum, is "outraged" at the sale. He said the land needed to be in public ownership "to get the community gain from docklands redevelopment schemes that we have been promised for the last 25 years."
Reg McCabe of the Inland Waterways Association of Ireland, which was formed in the 1950s to campaign for the preservation of waterways infrastructure, said the waterways community was "greatly saddened and disappointed" that the State entity responsible for this unique industrial heritage asset "has reneged on previous assurances regarding its restoration as a community benefit." He is calling on the Government to give an undertaking that the site will be retained on public ownership.
The Ringsend Community Development Group
Coming as it did at the start of the pandemic last year, residents were caught unawares of the initial York Road tower application. In that regard, Connolly is somewhat critical of local councillors. "There's a mobile app they can download that alerts them of any new developments in their area. Someone should have seen this coming. That said," he adds, "it was great that they came on board and made 'observations' about the proposal."
Residents have now started their own 'Build Watch' group to try to keep this from happening again. In fact, on the back of their latest success, a new organisation has been established: the Ringsend Community Development Group. This group might be the last line of defence against the gentrification of Ringsend and the surrounding areas.
The Ringsend Community Development Group (RCDG) wants to work collaboratively with Dublin City Council on any future plans for their area. Their first objective is to launch a round of engagement with the community on a sustainable urban development plan. The RCDG will engage with architects, urban planners, and the Council to lay out a more balanced road map for future development. This new community group will draw on a unique skill set from the area. United by a common cause, knowledgeable long-time residents are working with those new professionals who have put down roots in the area – many of whom work in planning, engineering, and construction.
Shay Connolly is optimistic. "DCC are calling for sustainable development in their own publications. But their decisions up to this point are leading to the opposite of what they themselves propose. We are going to provide a plan driven by the community."
The Ringsend Community Development Group have recently submitted detailed proposals for the Village of Ringsend and environs as part of the Public Consultation process for the new Dublin City Development Plan 2022-2028.
Their submissions to DCC include recognition of Ringsend as a "Coastal Village", where its rich natural and built heritage can be protected and enhanced. Ringsend's unique maritime heritage and its location at the confluence of the Dodder and the Liffey offers DCC an opportunity to develop heritage themes and integrate open spaces and green corridors within and around the Village and environs as part of DCCs green infrastructure.
The second objective of the Ringsend Community Development Group will be to ensure their sustainable plan gets Local Area Plan (LAP) Status. Effectively, this means that decisions cannot be taken by the Council without engaging with informed residents first.
On their website, the Council states that "the function of a local area plan is to take a detailed look at a specific area, particularly areas which require urban renewal or where large scale development is expected" – which seems a fitting description of Ringsend. These LAPs identify and analyse the various issues of relevance, before establishing and setting out principles for the future development of the area. They also set out objectives for the proper planning and sustainable development of a specific area and are consistent with the provisions of the Dublin City Development Plan.
LAP status has already been granted to numerous areas of Dublin, including the Liberties, George's Quay, Clongriffin and Ashtown.
History, Health, Identity
and Education
The new Ringsend Community Development Group will draw upon the diverse knowledge and talent of the locality. At present, activists are doing an 'audit' of services, skills, and facilities, to see what they have and what they need.
Along with the sustainable development plan, and the Build Watch, members are in the process of establishing a local history group, a local mental health group, and a past pupils union for Ringsend College, which is seemingly long overdue. There's even a project to decorate Ringsend with colourful murals. Each one will be dedicated to a different aspect of the area's folklore and history, be it a famous sports star, a skiff rower, a political hero, or a bottle blower from the Irish Glass Bottle Company, where generations of Ringsenders plied their skills.
"The murals are to remind people of the uniqueness of their home," says Shay Connolly, one of the people involved in the new community group. "Not everyone lives in a place so steeped in culture and tradition. We can't take that sense of identity for granted – we need to protect it. When you lose your sense of identity, a host of social and personal problems follow."
Connolly believes that in the longer term, a new form of STEM education (i.e. science, technology, engineering, mathematics) is needed for the next generation in the area.
"Our local schools are teaching children on an older system. This template was sufficient for the old industries of Ringsend. But things have changed. The world has gone digital. Computer expertise, coding skills are what's needed. We need to give the next generation the skills that will get them the jobs that will enable them to earn the wages to compete for the more expensive houses. We need Ringsenders working in those big tech giants at our doorstep."
Buoyed by the York Road win, Connolly and the other activists are getting busy. With a professional grade Sustainable Urban Development Plan in the pipeline, and the real possibility of LAP status with Dublin City Council, all might not be lost for Ringsend in the fight against gentrification. Raytown may be set to shine for some time to come.
If you are concerned about the future of Ringsend, search "Ringsend Community Development Group" on Facebook to get involved. New members are always welcome.
On July 29, 2021 / Building, Community, Planning and Architecture / Comments


Here is a great program for working with digital photos. You will be able to quickly perform the following actions on the import, processing and display of your images, and you can carry conveniently manage to do so will not only for one particular shot, can be controlled directly from a series, download Adobe Photoshop Lightroom you can with our project by going to the full news. In this version have been significantly improved tools responsible for correcting images, and you can use the powerful features and you will be able to maintain flexibility in print settings. Using the program Adobe Photoshop Lightroom you can significantly reduce your time spent at the computer, while you will have more time to work with objects.
This program is able to easily combine all your photos in a large collection, so to speak virtual gathering, then you can do a quick search for them. On each of your photos will be stored information about keywords, metadata, and so on. If you believe the developers, they argue that the size of the program less than a competitor such as Bridge, it runs much faster and must eat less of RAM. Lightroom is primarily designed for photographers who are interested in processing and cataloging photos. There is another feature of the product, you get the separation process when working with images in a different number of stages. That is, for any given stage, you will be given the opportunity to use a separate module, and a good set of tools to it and palettes settings.
is able to not only work as a RAW converter, has the tools to create amazing slide shows and web pages. As in most modern program of this type, when working with RAW program uses the principle of non-destructive editing. Thus when working with graphic files, all the information about transactions conducted by you will be recording a special service file, while the original image is of the same form. In total you get five basic modules: the first is responsible for loading and cataloging, as well as search for photos on the hard drive; You can adjust the color and tonal options of your images; conduct create stunning slide shows; print your images with the ability to flexibly adjust parameters; module responsible for the creation of Web pages to ensure that you can immediately publish your image on the Internet.
On the whole, about Adobe Photoshop Lightroom can actually write very much, in this version appeared like local brush settings, more enhanced architecture, you can work with several monitors, improved integration with Adobe Photoshop CS5. In the archive you will find crack, instructions on how to use it is also present, the registration of the product takes place as quickly as possible and do not need to invent anything.


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Huntington's Disease News
Fresh Updates from First Huntingtin Lowering Study Publication
Huntington drug successfully lowers levels of disease-causing protein
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Amendment to the RG6042 Phase III GENERATION HD1 study design
Huntington's disease goes viral as UniQure inches ahead in gene therapy…
Home Articles Winning the Wolfson bid: how UCL secured its biggest research grant
Winning the Wolfson bid: how UCL secured its biggest research grant
Earlier this year UCL bagged £20m worth of funding to set up a new experimental neurology centre. Lori Manders explains how the bid was won
When people think of UCL, they may think of the neoclassical columns in the main quad, Jeremy Bentham's auto-icon, or perhaps our well-known art and architecture schools, The Slade and The Bartlett. What might not instantly spring to mind is the brain.
However, UCL is a world-leader in the field of neuroscience. Our scientists generate more than 30% of the country's contribution to the most highly cited publications in the field – more than twice as much as any other UK university.
A core aim of any university is to tackle world problems. The most pressing health issue of the 21st century is the ageing population and the ticking time bomb posed by neurodegenerative conditions and diseases such as Alzheimer's. But in an age of austerity, there is a chorus of calls to action and pleas for support that is ever-increasing in volume. With less income from "traditional" sources, science relies more and more on philanthropy to fund key research – putting philanthropy under increasing pressure.
In 2011, the Wolfson Foundation issued a call for proposals under the Leonard Wolfson Neurology Initiative, which aimed to support outstanding research that could make significant advances in the understanding and treatment of neurological diseases.
We had a clear vision for the area of work and focus for a possible new research centre before the initiative was even announced. The huge potential of such a gift caused real excitement among UCL's clinicians and academics. If we were to be successful, it would be transformative – enabling pioneering work in neurodegenerative disease. The core purpose of the new centre would be to find treatments to slow progression of these devastating illnesses and apply those treatments as early as possible.
The lead academics involved in our bid had expertise across a range of neurological conditions such as Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, prion diseases, Huntington's and motor neurone diseases.
They offered perspective on each of their areas, while collaborating to achieve the main aim – to communicate the potential impact of the new centre and the work that it would carry out. We were thrilled to learn at the end of last year that the foundation is to award UCL £20m to establish the Leonard Wolfson Experimental Neurology Centre. The grant is the single largest award ever made by the foundation and one of the largest donations in UCL's history.
So, looking back, what made our bid successful?
The obvious strength of the science and the communication of the vision were clearly the main factors. Our experience shows that if you have a really strong vision, coupled with the associated expertise, you are putting yourself in the best position possible.
The key challenge was to communicate clearly what was already being done, alongside the transformative impact of further support. Looking back, the focus of the academic staff and the way they came together to work on the bid – with one academic leader to pull it all together and outstanding support from the dean – was vital.
The development office played a key role in co-ordinating the busy timetables of all the lead clinical academics, with clinics, patients, research and international conferences to accommodate, so that they could collaborate to write the bid. We also made suggestions for the content, presentation of the proposal and ideas on how to acknowledge this wonderful legacy to Lord Wolfson.
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/* -*- Mode: C++; tab-width: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil; c-basic-offset: 2 -*- */
/* ***** BEGIN LICENSE BLOCK *****
 * Version: MPL 1.1/GPL 2.0/LGPL 2.1
 *
 * The contents of this file are subject to the Mozilla Public License Version
 * 1.1 (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
 * the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
 * http://www.mozilla.org/MPL/
 *
 * Software distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" basis,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the License
 * for the specific language governing rights and limitations under the
 * License.
 *
 * The Original Code is the Netscape Portable Runtime (NSPR).
 *
 * The Initial Developer of the Original Code is
 * Netscape Communications Corporation.
 * Portions created by the Initial Developer are Copyright (C) 1998-2000
 * the Initial Developer. All Rights Reserved.
 *
 * Contributor(s):
 *
 * Alternatively, the contents of this file may be used under the terms of
 * either the GNU General Public License Version 2 or later (the "GPL"), or
 * the GNU Lesser General Public License Version 2.1 or later (the "LGPL"),
 * in which case the provisions of the GPL or the LGPL are applicable instead
 * of those above. If you wish to allow use of your version of this file only
 * under the terms of either the GPL or the LGPL, and not to allow others to
 * use your version of this file under the terms of the MPL, indicate your
 * decision by deleting the provisions above and replace them with the notice
 * and other provisions required by the GPL or the LGPL. If you do not delete
 * the provisions above, a recipient may use your version of this file under
 * the terms of any one of the MPL, the GPL or the LGPL.
 *
 * ***** END LICENSE BLOCK ***** */

/***********************************************************************
**
** Name: dbmalloc1.c
**
** Description: Tests PR_SetMallocCountdown PR_ClearMallocCountdown functions.
**
** Modification History:
**
** 19-May-97 AGarcia - separate the four join tests into different unit test modules.
**		    AGarcia- Converted the test to accomodate the debug_mode flag.
**          The debug mode will print all of the printfs associated with this test.
**		    The regress mode will be the default mode. Since the regress tool limits
**          the output to a one line status:PASS or FAIL,all of the printf statements
**		    have been handled with an if (debug_mode) statement.
***********************************************************************/

/***********************************************************************
** Includes
***********************************************************************/
/* Used to get the command line option */
#include "plgetopt.h"
#include "prttools.h"

#include "nspr.h"

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>

#ifdef XP_MAC
#include "prlog.h"
#define printf PR_LogPrint
extern void SetupMacPrintfLog(char *logFile);
#endif
/***********************************************************************
** PRIVATE FUNCTION:    Test_Result
** DESCRIPTION: Used in conjunction with the regress tool, prints out the
**		        status of the test case.
** INPUTS:      PASS/FAIL
** OUTPUTS:     None
** RETURN:      None
** SIDE EFFECTS:
**
** RESTRICTIONS:
**      None
** MEMORY:      NA
** ALGORITHM:   Determine what the status is and print accordingly.
**
***********************************************************************/

static void Test_Result (int result)
{
    if (result == PASS)
        printf ("PASS\n");
    else
        printf ("FAIL\n");
    exit (1);
}

/*
    Program to test joining of threads.  Two threads are created.  One
    to be waited upon until it has started.  The other to join after it has
    completed.
*/

static void PR_CALLBACK lowPriority(void *arg)
{
}

static void PR_CALLBACK highPriority(void *arg)
{
}

static void PR_CALLBACK unjoinable(void *arg)
{
    PR_Sleep(PR_INTERVAL_NO_TIMEOUT);
}

void runTest(PRThreadScope scope1, PRThreadScope scope2)
{
    PRThread *low,*high;

    /* create the low and high priority threads */

    low = PR_CreateThread(PR_USER_THREAD,
                     lowPriority, 0,
                     PR_PRIORITY_LOW,
                     scope1,
                     PR_JOINABLE_THREAD,
                     0);
    if (!low) {
        if (debug_mode) printf("\tcannot create low priority thread\n");
        else Test_Result(FAIL);
        return;
    }

    high = PR_CreateThread(PR_USER_THREAD,
                     highPriority, 0,
                     PR_PRIORITY_HIGH,
                     scope2,
                     PR_JOINABLE_THREAD,
                     0);
    if (!high) {
        if (debug_mode) printf("\tcannot create high priority thread\n");
        else Test_Result(FAIL);
        return;
    }

    /* Do the joining for both threads */
    if (PR_JoinThread(low) == PR_FAILURE) {
        if (debug_mode) printf("\tcannot join low priority thread\n");
        else Test_Result (FAIL);
        return;
    } else {
        if (debug_mode) printf("\tjoined low priority thread\n");
    }
    if (PR_JoinThread(high) == PR_FAILURE) {
        if (debug_mode) printf("\tcannot join high priority thread\n");
        else Test_Result(FAIL);
        return;
    } else {
        if (debug_mode) printf("\tjoined high priority thread\n");
    }
}

void joinWithUnjoinable(void)
{
    PRThread *thread;

    /* create the unjoinable thread */

    thread = PR_CreateThread(PR_USER_THREAD,
                     unjoinable, 0,
                     PR_PRIORITY_NORMAL,
                     PR_GLOBAL_THREAD,
                     PR_UNJOINABLE_THREAD,
                     0);
    if (!thread) {
        if (debug_mode) printf("\tcannot create unjoinable thread\n");
        else Test_Result(FAIL);
        return;
    }

    if (PR_JoinThread(thread) == PR_SUCCESS) {
        if (debug_mode) printf("\tsuccessfully joined with unjoinable thread?!\n");
        else Test_Result(FAIL);
        return;
    } else {
        if (debug_mode) printf("\tcannot join with unjoinable thread, as expected\n");
        if (PR_GetError() != PR_INVALID_ARGUMENT_ERROR) {
            if (debug_mode) printf("\tWrong error code\n");
            else Test_Result(FAIL);
            return;
        }
    }
    if (PR_Interrupt(thread) == PR_FAILURE) {
        if (debug_mode) printf("\tcannot interrupt unjoinable thread\n");
        else Test_Result(FAIL);
        return;
    } else {
        if (debug_mode) printf("\tinterrupted unjoinable thread\n");
    }
}

static PRIntn PR_CALLBACK RealMain(int argc, char **argv)
{
    /* The command line argument: -d is used to determine if the test is being run
    in debug mode. The regress tool requires only one line output:PASS or FAIL.
    All of the printfs associated with this test has been handled with a if (debug_mode)
    test.
    Usage: test_name -d
    */

    PLOptStatus os;
    PLOptState *opt = PL_CreateOptState(argc, argv, "d:");
    while (PL_OPT_EOL != (os = PL_GetNextOpt(opt)))
    {
        if (PL_OPT_BAD == os) continue;
        switch (opt->option)
        {
        case 'd':  /* debug mode */
            debug_mode = 1;
            break;
         default:
            break;
        }
    }
    PL_DestroyOptState(opt);

#ifdef XP_MAC
    SetupMacPrintfLog("join.log");
    debug_mode = 1;
#endif

 /* main test */
    printf("User-User test\n");
    runTest(PR_LOCAL_THREAD, PR_LOCAL_THREAD);
    printf("User-Kernel test\n");
    runTest(PR_LOCAL_THREAD, PR_GLOBAL_THREAD);
    printf("Kernel-User test\n");
    runTest(PR_GLOBAL_THREAD, PR_LOCAL_THREAD);
    printf("Kernel-Kernel test\n");
    runTest(PR_GLOBAL_THREAD, PR_GLOBAL_THREAD);
    printf("Join with unjoinable thread\n");
    joinWithUnjoinable();

    printf("PASSED\n");

    return 0;
}

PRIntn main(PRIntn argc, char *argv[])
{
    PRIntn rv;

    PR_STDIO_INIT();
    rv = PR_Initialize(RealMain, argc, argv, 0);
    return rv;
}  /* main */

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


This article considers one aspect of Britain's "great Eastern crisis" of 1875–1878. It examines in detail the claims that for two months in early 1878, an "inner Cabinet" led by the prime minister, Benjamin Disraeli—Lord Beaconsfield—in effect replaced the foreign secretary, Lord Derby. With the full range of evidence relating to the "inner Cabinet" never previously explored, this analysis assesses the critical diplomatic phase and the way in which that phase was represented in the context of the 1879–1880 general election campaign. It suggests that electoral considerations drove senior Conservative politicians to construct a retrospective narrative of foreign policy, which has in turn affected the historiography. Exploring the story of the "inner Cabinet" addresses unanswered questions about 1878, accounts for the story's later emergence, and at the same time illuminates party-political debate about foreign policy.


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Aussie Pikmin 3 Game Wii U (selects) ratings and reviews.
Pikmin 3 Game Wii U (selects)
The Return of an Army Pikmin 3 is a fully reimagined, mass-action strategy title from the critically acclaimed Pikmin series. Players will discover a beautiful world filled with strange creatures and take command of a swarm of ant-like Pikmin trying to survive. The world is densely packed with treasures and enemies, which makes the game much more action focused and fills it with layers of potential strategies and paths, adding greater replayability to challenge modes. Players can play using Wii Remote Plus and Nunchuk-based controls or the Wii U GamePad controller. With new intuitive controls that make it possible to aim at objects directly, players can command their tiny, yet powerful, squads in different ways. The GamePad acts as an overhead map and radar to track Pikmin movements in real time. Players can slide a finger across the touch screen to quickly switch between areas, giving greater flexibility in commanding multiple groups of Pikmin. The greater processing and HD capabilities of the Wii U console are put to extensive use, resulting in a more intricately designed world, enhanced ant-like movement of the Pikmin and precisely detailed overhead views for enabling easier strategic use of the Pikmin. After completing a stage, the replay feature allows players the option to review their results using the GamePad and TV. Fast-forward, rewind or pause while assessing the previous mission to decide on other paths. In addition to the five original types of Pikmin encountered in previous games, the new Rock Pikmin bring powerful new abilities and are able to crack hard outer shells of enemies and break through solid barriers. Mission Mode challenges players to earn the most treasure in a given time.
OZ PC Game Shop Pikmin 3 Game Wii U (selects) $28.99 Visit Store
Hey! Pikmin 3DS Game
Captain Olimar has crashed on an unknown planet inhabited by Pikmin The Pikmin game finds Captain Olimar embarking on an adventure through lush worlds with his trusted Pikmin by his side. It's just you, your colourful friends, and a challenging...
Sports Game (selects) Wii
Warm up and throw yourself into the action with the hit sports game that will have you hooked faster than you can swing a tennis racquet! Wii Sports offers five distinct sports experiences, each using the Wii Remote to provide a natural, intuitive and...
Star Fox 64 3D Game 3DS (selects)
The Star Fox team triumphantly returns to one of its greatest missions with the remake of Star Fox 64 in full 3D. The entire Star Fox universe spreads out realistically into the depths of the Nintendo 3DS screen while the 3D visuals give the player a...


Travel from Olhão on a speedboat with 2 skippers through the Ria Formosa into the Atlantic Ocean to find and observe dolphins. Then continue the 2.5-hour safari in the water of the lagoon for snorkelling and swimming.
5-hour boat trip through the Ria Formosa nature reserve near Faro: with the glass bottom boat you can see the fascinating underwater world and observe fish and birds of the Algarve. Kayak to Culatra Island for lunch in a fish restaurant. Beautiful beaches and great impressions await you on this combined kayak and glass bottom boat tour!
Enjoy nature along the Algarve from Faro: with a 2-hour boat tour in a traditional fishing boat you will admire the flora and fauna of the Ria Formosa Nature Park. Through a local guide you will learn more about the natural wonders of Portugal and observe the bird life with binoculars.


If you've always wanted that English Country outdoor wedding, then look no further. Outdoor Weddings are becoming more and more popular, with wedding venues offering ceremonies within their stunning, landscaped grounds.
It's amazing what you can find on your doorstep. Tying the knot outdoors, surrounded by nature with flowers in bloom, will provide the most stunning wedding photos opportunities and views are to die for. Rumour has it… British weather cannot be guaranteed, so think about wedding gazebos, tents or Tipi. They will provide the perfect indoor-outdoor garden and country themed wedding, you've always dreamed of.
Always Remember, to check the law and regulations of where to get married legally, within the grounds at your chosen venue. As you know, you cannot get married anywhere without a venue licence. But you can certainly celebrate in style.
I have a had the privilege, in being the wedding photographer for each of my happy couples and it's been a delight to photograph, in the great outdoors, as their wedding ceremony takes place. The views are amazing. I have selected a few outdoor wedding images, for you to get a little inspiration and be creative with your wedding venue. Enjoy!


Lanthanum is used in camera lenses.
From the Greek word lanthanein, to escape notice. Mosander in 1839 extracted lanthana from impure cerium nitrate and recognized the new element.
Lanthanum was isolated in relatively pure form in 1923. Iron exchange and solvent extraction techniques have led to much easier isolation of the so-called "rare-earth" elements.
Lanthanum is found in rare-earth minerals such as cerite, monazite, allanite, and bastnasite. Monazite and bastnasite are principal ores in which lanthanum occurs in percentages up to 25 percent and 38 percent respectively. Misch metal, used in making lighter flints, contains about 25 percent lanthanum.
The availability of lanthanum and other rare earths has improved greatly in recent years. The metal can be produced by reducing the anhydrous fluoride with calcium.
At 310°C, lanthanum changes from a hexagonal to a face-centered cubic structure, and at 865°C it again transforms into a body-centered cubic structure.
Natural lanthanum is a mixture of two stable isotopes, 138La and 139La. Twenty three other radioactive isotopes are recognized.
Rare-earth compounds containing lanthanum are extensively used in carbon lighting applications, especially by the motion picture industry for studio lighting and projection. This application consumes about 25 percent of the rare-earth compounds produced. La2O3 improves the alkali resistance of glass, and is used in making special optical glasses. Small amounts of lanthanum, as an additive, can be used to produce nodular cast iron.
There is current interest in hydrogen sponge alloys containing lanthanum. These alloys take up to 400 times their own volume of hydrogen gas, and the process is reversible. Every time they take up the gas, heat energy is released; therefore these alloys have possibilities in an energy conservation system.
Lanthanum and its compounds have a low to moderate acute toxicity rating; therefore, care should be taken in handling them.