wikiHow is a "wiki," similar to Wikipedia, which means that many of our articles are co-written by multiple authors. To create this article, 76 people, some anonymous, worked to edit and improve it over time.
Fluffy slime is a soft and - as the name suggests - fluffy slime that's fun to squeeze, poke, and play with, but many fluffy slime recipes require a borax solution, which can be difficult or even impossible to obtain. Don't panic - there's a way around this. You can still make fluffy slime with everyday household materials!
Combine the warm water with the glue. Don't add too much water or it'll be very runny.
Add in your food colouring and mix thoroughly. If the food colouring is a particularly potent one, start by adding two drops, so you don't stain your hands.
Add in the shaving cream and mix thoroughly. When it's fully combined in, the texture should resemble marshmallow cream.
Add in a few pumps of lotion for a stretchier slime.
Add in the liquid laundry detergent. Don't add it all at once - you risk your slime hardening.
How much shaving cream do I need for the slime?
You'll need a lot! The more shaving cream you put in, the more fluffy it will be.
What happens if it is liquidy?
If it is liquidy, then you can add in 1/4 cup of flour to make it less liquidy.
Will my slime ever dry up?
Yes. After a few days it depends on how you store it. A sealed plastic bag is recommended.
Is there any specific lotion I'm supposed to add in my slime? Or can I add any kind of lotion into my slime?
You don't have to use a specific kind, as long as you add it your slime will be fine.
Is the laundry detergent supposed to be liquid or powder?
It is supposed to be liquid so that it is soft and fluffy. If you're adding food coloring, make sure you add the color before you add the laundry detergent.
Could I add food coloring at the end of the process?
Yes, but it works better if you do it before you put in the laundry detergent.
What does the warm water make the slime do?
It stops the glue from just sticking to your hand and allows it to form a slime when combined with the shaving cream.
What does the laundry detergent do?
Detergent is an activator that binds the slime together. Without an activator, you will get more of a liquid than a slime.
Can you use shaving gel instead of shaving cream?
Yes, as long as you stir the shaving gel so it resembles foam first.
How does it look at the end?
Fluffy and stretchy, so it's also soft. If it is sticky, add flour. It helps make it so it won't be as sticky.
For fun, fluffy slime without borax, mix 4 oz of glue and 4 ounces of water in a bowl. Mix in 2 drops of food coloring, then add more if you want a brighter color. Add a good pump of shaving cream and stir it until the texture is like marshmallow cream. Mix in a few pumps of lotion and a bit of liquid laundry detergent, then rub and knead it with your hands to make it less sticky. Once you have your stretchy, colorful slime, store it in an airtight container so it doesn't dry out. For more tips, including why you should add lotion to your slime, read on!
Always keep your slime in a cooler place.
If the slime is too watery when you're done, add saline (or contact) solution.
Add glitter if you want to add some sparkles.
Add the glitter or beads in the glue before you put in the activator so it won't fall out and make a mess.
Keep your slime in an air-tight container.
If you don't have shaving cream or foam, you can use hair mousse instead.
If you use shaving cream or gel make sure you add the right amount.
Fluffy slime can get sticky if you don't add enough laundry detergent. Keep it off materials like clothes and carpet.
Thanks to all authors for creating a page that has been read 556,566 times.
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text:
Q: sublime text - eclipse App Explorer equivalent Hi I wondering if there is the equivalent to an App Explorer in Sublime Text 2.
When using eclipse, I use the App Explorer panel to search by file name.
I have a file naming convention that helps me find files by there functionality within the system.
So say I want to list all files relating to the registration process. I search for "regis" via the App Explorer and get a nice list of the relevant files. This filtered list is available all the time until I search again.
I can use Sublime Text's cmd+p but prefer the above as I can see the folder hierarchy etc.
In essence it is merely a file name filter on the folder list.
Are there any plugins that may give me something similar.
Any help much appreciated.

A: No, as far as I can tell nothing like this has been implemented in Sublime Text 2. I would suggest opening an issue at Sublime's UserEcho forum.
In the meantime:

*

*Typing "regis" into Sublime's 'GoTo Anything' panel will bring up the files you're looking for, and show you their paths (I realize this doesn't help you with visualizing the hierarchy, but that's as close as it gets).

*I use a package called SyncedSideBar - this will at least show you a visual representation of the folder hierarchy in the sidebar, for the open file, if it's added to the project.

*The GoTo Folder package by freewizard may do something similar to what you're looking for, but I had trouble getting it to work. Maybe you'll have more success.
Good luck!

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


The Climate and Societal Interactions (CSI): Coastal and Ocean Climate Applications (COCA) program, run by NOAA's Climate Program Office, addresses the needs of decision-makers dealing with pressing climate-related issues in coastal and marine environments. The program is designed to fund interdisciplinary teams of researchers in the development and transition of climate-related research and information to advance decision-making in coastal communities and coastal and marine ecosystems. Outcomes of COCA projects inform the response and coping capacity of decision-making and management communities to climate variability and change.
The United States and Canada adopted phosphorus load reduction targets to combat Lake Erie algal blooms.
The Regional Coastal Resilience Grants program supports regional approaches to activities that build resilience of coastal regions, communities, and economic sectors to the negative impacts from extreme weather events, climate hazards, and changing ocean conditions.


text:
Bicycle Quarterly Back Issues
Autumn 2013 Bicycle Quarterly
By Jan Heine Bicycle Quarterly Back Issues
Whew! The Autumn 2013 Bicycle Quarterly is at the printer. The team hears me complain about how much work it can take to publish a magazine, but they seem to cheer up when I have my moment of "This really is going to be the best issue ever!" Indeed, it really is an outstanding issue filled with the passion for the sport we love.
It will also be a surprise for many of our subscribers and readers, as you may have discerned from the cover image above. Our books (and this blog) will no longer be the only places you see our work in full color…
We tested two exciting, brand-new products. At this year's Interbike, Calfee will present a new 650B Adventure model, fully equipped for randonneuring with lights, a front rack and wide tires. And SRAM introduces their new Red 22 with the long-awaited hydraulic disc brakes for road bikes. Before these new products headed to Interbike, we got to test them.
Bicycle Quarterly tests are much more demanding (and we think more fun) than the average magazine review. We took the Calfee on the most challenging ride we can think of, the Volcano High Pass 600 km Super Randonnée: Almost 400 miles, more than 35,000 feet of elevation gain (below), and almost 1/4 of it is on gravel roads, ridden non-stop!
This "test ride" was a true adventure that pushed both rider and bike to their limits. It was an amazing experience in every way. We bring you the full report, plus an in-depth evaluation of the bike and the new SRAM disc brakes.
Challenging and fun at the same time also applies to the French cyclotourists, who have inspired us in many ways. The Poly de Chanteloup (above) started as a test of gear changers, to determine which system worked best on a very hilly course. In later years, it became one of the most important professional races and randonneur events in France, as well as a great festival of cycling. Read the full history of this fascinating event.
During my research on the Poly de Chanteloup, I talked to many of the riders who had competed there. Lyli Herse was fastest in the tandem category no fewer than 10 times. She told me that she wanted a ride around the course to celebrate her 85th birthday. So we took a René Herse Chanteloup tandem and did a lap of this challenging course. It was a moving experience for all involved, and it gave me a new appreciation of that event, as well as of Lyli as a rider. Even at 85 years of age, her contribution toward moving the tandem over this challenging course was far from negligible.
Even the greatest photos cannot match the clarity of a great hand-drawn illustration. We commissioned noted artist George Retseck to draw the Simplex Retrofriction and Suntour Power Shift levers. We use his detailed drawings to explain how these shift levers compensate for the pull of the derailleur's return spring, so that the shifting effort is the same during up- and downshifts. As so often, the real beauty of these components lies in parts you cannot see, but feel on every ride.
Bicycle Quarterly's product tests are renowned in the industry for their thoroughness. In the Autumn issue, we test TRP's HY/RD hydraulic disc brakes. Their hydraulics are in the brake calipers, so you can operate them with standard brake levers. Are these a good upgrade from the rather weak mechanical disc brakes that equip many recent road bikes?
Those are just some of the highlights. This issue also starts two new regular columns. In the "Skill" column, we explain how to look behind without wobbling. "Icon" brings a close look at the classic Cinelli fork crown. We also show you how to equip your bike with a more effective mudflap. All this and more is in the Autumn 2013 Bicycle Quarterly.
Click here for a complete table of contents or here to subscribe.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


To ensure that a community runs peacefully and smoothly, certain laws exist to place boundaries on what people are allowed to do and, when individuals partake in activities that have a high potential to create a disturbance or result in a non-peaceful event, their actions can be prosecuted. These charges are often common in situations where intoxicated individuals group up in large gatherings or engage in other rowdy public displays that breach the peace.
Objectivity: To prove that a person's conduct was disorderly, it is not always necessary for a prosecutor to show that another person was alarmed by that person's behavior. When determining disorderly conduct laws, the courts apply an objective standard, which essentially means that the prosecutor only needs to prove that a reasonable person would have been alarmed by the defendant's actions.
Circumstance: It is not uncommon for disorderly conduct cases to involve behavior that would not be considered disorderly if it occurred at a different time or place. For example, if someone shouted loudly on a suburban neighborhood street in the evening, this could be considered disorderly conduct. However, if this took place on a weekday in an industrial area, it would likely not be considered disorderly.
Setting: Disorderly conduct or conduct that is believed to disturb public order is prohibited in some public areas, such as public restrooms, hospital emergency rooms, or private buildings that are available for public rental or entertainment. This means that even when conduct occurs in private, it can still be considered disorderly if it disturbs others.
Fighting, brawling, and other physical scuffles that might also result in serious charges of battery or assault.
Disruptive protests, such as sit-in demonstrations that might block traffic on a pedestrian walkway.
Disturbing an assembly, such as a city council meeting or religious ceremony.
Engaging in conduct that is acceptable in private in a public area, such as public urination or public masturbation.
Police encounters, such as arguing with the police while engaging in threatening conduct.
If you are facing criminal charges, you need to hire a skilled criminal defense attorney to ensure your rights are protected and you are able to achieve the best possible outcome for your case. At the Law Office of Steven Fine in Chicago, our knowledgeable criminal defense attorney is dedicated to serving as a fierce legal advocate to those who are in need of aggressive legal representation. Backed by more than 20 years of experience, you can be confident in our legal team's ability to fight on your behalf.
Get started on your criminal defense case today and reach out to us at (312) 436-0638 for a free initial case review.


Dr. Sarmast is currently working as a Senior Resident in Neurosurgery at SKIMS, Soura. His ultimate goal is to open additional centers for neurosurgery in Kashmir, which can both train new surgeons and increase available surgical care for the population. As a GCF Scholar he hoped to observe and learn from highly skilled neurosurgeons, build his understanding of guidelines for treatment in neuro-oncology, and learn about the latest protocols for vascular disease management. In Buffalo he participated in the Global Endovascular Visitors Program at Gates Vascular Institute through the Jacobs Institute, where he was able to observe cases, pre and post procedure planning, and participate in hands-on simulation training.


Prehistoric man's survival as a hunter defined his relation to other animals, which were a source of food and danger. As man's cultural heritage developed, animals were variously incorporated into man's folklore and philosophical awareness as fellow living creatures. Domestication of animals forced man to take a systematic and measured view of animal life, especially after urbanization necessitated a constant and large supply of animal products.
Study of animal life by the ancient Greeks became more rational, if not yet scientific, in the modern sense, after the cause of disease—until then thought to be demons—was postulated by Hippocrates to result from a lack of harmonious functioning of body parts. The systematic study of animals was encouraged by Aristotle's extensive descriptions of living things, his work reflecting the Greek concept of order in nature and attributing to nature an idealized rigidity.
In Roman times Pliny brought together in 37 volumes a treatise, Historia naturalis, that was an encyclopaedic compilation of both myth and fact regarding celestial bodies, geography, animals and plants, metals, and stone. Volumes VII to XI concern zoology; volume VIII, which deals with the land animals, begins with the largest one, the elephant. Although Pliny's approach was naïve, his scholarly effort had a profound and lasting influence as an authoritative work.
Zoology continued in the Aristotelian tradition for many centuries in the Mediterranean region and by the Middle Ages, in Europe, it had accumulated considerable folklore, superstition, and moral symbolisms, which were added to otherwise objective information about animals. Gradually, much of this misinformation was sifted out: naturalists became more critical as they compared directly observed animal life in Europe with that described in ancient texts. The use of the printing press in the 15th century made possible an accurate transmission of information. Moreover, mechanistic views of life processes (i.e., that physical processes depending on cause and effect can apply to animate forms) provided a hopeful method for analyzing animal functions; for example, the mechanics of hydraulic systems were part of William Harvey's argument for the circulation of the blood—although Harvey remained thoroughly Aristotelian in outlook. In the 18th century, zoology passed through reforms provided by both the system of nomenclature of Carolus Linnaeus and the comprehensive works on natural history by Georges-Louis Leclerc de Buffon; to these were added the contributions to comparative anatomy by Georges Cuvier in the early 19th century.
Physiological functions, such as digestion, excretion, and respiration, were easily observed in many animals, though they were not as critically analyzed as was blood circulation.
Following the introduction of the word cell in the 17th century and microscopic observation of these structures throughout the 18th century, the cell was incisively defined as the common structural unit of living things in 1839 by two Germans: Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann. In the meanwhile, as the science of chemistry developed, it was inevitably extended to an analysis of animate systems. In the middle of the 18th century the French physicist René Antoine Ferchault de Réaumer demonstrated that the fermenting action of stomach juices is a chemical process. And in the mid-19th century the French physician and physiologist Claude Bernard drew upon both the cell theory and knowledge of chemistry to develop the concept of the stability of the internal bodily environment, now called homeostasis.
The cell concept influenced many biological disciplines, including that of embryology, in which cells are important in determining the way in which a fertilized egg develops into a new organism. The unfolding of these events—called epigenesis by Harvey—was described by various workers, notably the German-trained comparative embryologist Karl von Baer, who was the first to observe a mammalian egg within an ovary. Another German-trained embryologist, Christian Heinrich Pander, introduced in 1817 the concept of germ, or primordial, tissue layers into embryology.
In the latter part of the 19th century, improved microscopy and better staining techniques using aniline dyes, such as hematoxylin, provided further impetus to the study of internal cellular structure.
By this time Darwin had made necessary a complete revision of man's view of nature with his theory that biological changes in species occur through the process of natural selection. The theory of evolution—that organisms are continuously evolving into highly adapted forms—required the rejection of the static view that all species are especially created and upset the Linnaean concept of species types. Darwin recognized that the principles of heredity must be known to understand how evolution works; but, even though the concept of hereditary factors had by then been formulated by Mendel, Darwin never heard of his work, which was essentially lost until its rediscovery in 1900.
Genetics has developed in the 20th century and now is essential to many diverse biological disciplines. The discovery of the gene as a controlling hereditary factor for all forms of life has been a major accomplishment of modern biology. There has also emerged clearer understanding of the interaction of organisms with their environment. Such ecological studies help not only to show the interdependence of the three great groups of organisms—plants, as producers; animals, as consumers; and fungi and many bacteria, as decomposers—but they also provide information essential to man's control of the environment and, ultimately, to his survival on Earth. Closely related to this study of ecology are inquiries into animal behaviour, or ethology. Such studies are often cross disciplinary in that ecology, physiology, genetics, development, and evolution are combined as man attempts to understand why an organism behaves as it does. This approach now receives substantial attention because it seems to provide useful insight into man's biological heritage—that is, the historical origin of man from nonhuman forms.
The emergence of animal biology has had two particular effects on classical zoology. First, and somewhat paradoxically, there has been a reduced emphasis on zoology as a distinct subject of scientific study; for example, workers think of themselves as geneticists, ecologists, or physiologists who study animal rather than plant material. They often choose a problem congenial to their intellectual tastes, regarding the organism used as important only to the extent that it provides favourable experimental material. Current emphasis is, therefore, slanted toward the solution of general biological problems; contemporary zoology thus is to a great extent the sum total of that work done by biologists pursuing research on animal material.
Second, there is an increasing emphasis on a conceptual approach to the life sciences. This has resulted from the concepts that emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries: the cell theory; natural selection and evolution; the constancy of the internal environment; the basic similarity of genetic material in all living organisms; and the flow of matter and energy through ecosystems. The lives of microbes, plants, and animals now are approached using theoretical models as guides rather than by following the often restricted empiricism of earlier times. This is particularly true in molecular studies, in which the integration of biology with chemistry allows the techniques and quantitative emphases of the physical sciences to be used effectively to analyze living systems.
Although it is still useful to recognize many disciplines in animal biology—e.g., anatomy or morphology; biochemistry and molecular biology; cell biology; developmental studies (embryology); ecology; ethology; evolution; genetics; physiology; and systematics—the research frontiers occur as often at the interfaces of two or more of these areas as within any given one.
Descriptions of external form and internal organization are among the earliest records available regarding the systematic study of animals. Aristotle was an indefatigable collector and dissector of animals. He found differing degrees of structural complexity, which he described with regard to ways of living, habits, and body parts. Although Aristotle had no formal system of classification, it is apparent that he viewed animals as arranged from the simplest to the most complex in an ascending series. Since man was even more complex than animals and, moreover, possessed a rational faculty, he therefore occupied the highest position and a special category. This hierarchical perception of the animate world proved to be useful in every century to the present, except that in the modern view there is no such "scale of nature," and there is change in time by evolution from the simple to the complex.
After the time of Aristotle, Mediterranean science was centred at Alexandria, where the study of anatomy, particularly the central nervous system, flourished and, in fact, first became recognized as a discipline. Galen studied anatomy at Alexandria in the 2nd century and later dissected many animals. Much later, the contributions of the Renaissance anatomist Andreas Vesalius, though made in the context of medicine, as were those of Galen, stimulated to a great extent the rise of comparative anatomy. During the latter part of the 15th century and throughout the 16th century, there was a strong tradition in anatomy; important similarities were observed in the anatomy of different animals, and many illustrated books were published to record these observations.
But anatomy remained a purely descriptive science until the advent of functional considerations in which the correlation between structure and function was consciously investigated; as by French biologists Buffon and Cuvier. Cuvier cogently argued that a trained naturalist could deduce from one suitably chosen part of an animal's body the complete set of adaptations that characterized the organism. Because it was obvious that organisms with similar parts pursue similar habits, they were placed together in a system of classification. Cuvier pursued this viewpoint, which he called the theory of correlations, in a somewhat dogmatic manner and placed himself in opposition to the romantic natural philosophers, such as the German intellectual Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, who saw a tendency to ideal types in animal form. The tension between these schools of thought—adaptation as the consequence of necessary bodily functions and adaptation as an expression of a perfecting principle in nature—runs as a leitmotiv through much of biology, with overtones extending into the early 20th century.
The twin concepts of homology (similarity of origin) and analogy (similarity of appearance), in relation to structure, are the creation of the 19th-century British anatomist Richard Owen. Although they antedate the Darwinian view of evolution, the anatomical data on which they were based became, largely as a result of the work of the German comparative anatomist Carl Gegenbaur, important evidence in favour of evolutionary change, despite Owen's steady unwillingness to accept the view of diversification of life from a common origin.
In summary, anatomy moved from a purely descriptive phase as an adjunct to classificatory studies, into a partnership with studies of function and became, in the 19th century, a major contributor to the concept of evolution.
Not until the work of Carolus Linnaeus did the variety of life receive a widely accepted systematic treatment. Linnaeus strove for a "natural method of arrangement," one that is now recognizable as an intuitive grasp of homologous relationships, reflecting evolutionary descent from a common ancestor; however, the natural method of arrangement sought by Linnaeus was more akin to the tenets of idealized morphology because he wanted to define a "type" form as epitomizing a species.
It was in the nomenclatorial aspect of classification that Linnaeus created a revolutionary advance with the introduction of a Latin binomial system: each species received a Latin name, which was not influenced by local names and which invoked the authority of Latin as a language common to the learned people of that day. The Latin name has two parts. The first word in the Latin name for the common chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes, for example, indicates the larger category, or genus, to which chimpanzees belong; the second word is the name of the species within the genus. In addition to species and genera, Linnaeus also recognized other classificatory groups, or taxa (singular taxon), which are still used; namely, order, class, and kingdom, to which have been added family (between genus and order) and phylum (between class and kingdom). Each of these can be divided further by the appropriate prefix of sub- or super-, as in subfamily or superclass. Linnaeus' great work, the Systema naturae, went through 12 editions during his lifetime; the 13th, and final, edition appeared posthumously. Although his treatment of the diversity of living things has been expanded in detail, revised in terms of taxonomic categories, and corrected in the light of continuing work—for example, Linnaeus treated whales as fish—it still sets the style and method, even to the use of Latin names, for contemporary nomenclatorial work.
Linnaeus sought a natural method of arrangement, but he actually defined types of species on the basis of idealized morphology. The greatest change from Linnaeus' outlook is reflected in the phrase "the new systematics," which was introduced in the 20th century and through which an explicit effort is made to have taxonomic schemes reflect evolutionary history. The basic unit of classification, the species, is also the basic unit of evolution—i.e., a population of actually or potentially interbreeding individuals. Such a population shares, through interbreeding, its genetic resources. In so doing, it creates the gene pool—its total genetic material—that determines the biological resources of the species and on which natural selection continuously acts. This approach has guided work on classifying animals away from somewhat arbitrary categorization of new species to that of recreating evolutionary history (phylogeny) and incorporating it in the system of classification. Modern taxonomists or systematists, therefore, are among the foremost students of evolution.
The practical consequences of physiology have always been an unavoidable human concern, in both medicine and animal husbandry. Inevitably, from Hippocrates to the present, practical knowledge of human bodily function has accumulated along with that of domestic animals and plants. This knowledge has been expanded, especially since the early 1800s, by experimental work on animals in general, a study known as comparative physiology. The experimental dimension had wide applications following Harvey's demonstration of the circulation of blood. From then on, medical physiology developed rapidly; notable texts appeared, such as Albrecht von Haller's eight-volume work Elementa Physiologiae Corporis Humani (Elements of Human Physiology), which had a medical emphasis. Toward the end of the 18th century the influence of chemistry on physiology became pronounced through Antoine Lavoisier's brilliant analysis of respiration as a form of combustion. This French chemist not only determined that oxygen was consumed by living systems but also opened the way to further inquiry into the energetics of living systems. His studies further strengthened the mechanistic view, which holds that the same natural laws govern both the inanimate and the animate realms.
Physiological principles achieved new levels of sophistication and comprehensiveness with Bernard's concept of constancy of the internal environment, the point being that only under certain constantly maintained conditions is there optimal bodily function. His rational and incisive insights were augmented by concurrent developments in Germany, where Johannes Müller explored the comparative aspects of animal function and anatomy, and Justus von Liebig and Car1 Ludwig applied chemical and physical methods, respectively, to the solution of physiological problems. As a result, many useful techniques were advanced—e.g., means for precise measurement of muscular action and changes in blood pressure and means for defining the nature of body fluids.
By this time the organ systems—circulatory, digestive, endocrine, excretory, integumentary, muscular, nervous, reproductive, respiratory, and skeletal—had been defined, both anatomically and functionally, and research efforts were focussed on understanding these systems in cellular and chemical terms, an emphasis that continues to the present and has resulted in specialties in cell physiology and physiological chemistry. General categories of research now deal with the transportation of materials across membranes; the metabolism of cells, including synthesis and breakdown of molecules; and the regulation of these processes.
Interest has also increased in the most complex of physiological systems, the nervous system. Much comparative work has been done by utilizing animals with structures especially amenable to various experimental techniques; for example, the large nerves in squids have been extensively studied in terms of the transmission of nerve impulses, and insect and crustacean eyes have yielded significant information on patterns of sensory inputs. Most of this work is closely associated with studies on animal orientation and behaviour. Although the contemporary physiologist often studies functional problems at the molecular and cellular levels, he is also aware of the need to integrate cellular studies into the many-faceted functions of the total organism.
Embryonic growth and differentiation of parts have been major biological problems since ancient times. A 17th-century explanation of development assumed that the adult existed as a miniature—a homunculus—in the microscopic material that initiates the embryo. But in 1759 the German physician Caspar Friedrick Wolff firmly introduced into biology the interpretation that undifferentiated materials gradually become specialized, in an orderly way, into adult structures. Although this epigenetic process is now accepted as characterizing the general nature of development in both plants and animals, many questions remain to be solved. The French physician Marie François Xavier Bichat declared in 1801 that differentiating parts consist of various components called tissues; with the subsequent statement of the cell theory, tissues were resolved into their cellular constituents. The idea of epigenetic change and the identification of structural components made possible a new interpretation of differentiation. It was demonstrated that the egg gives rise to three essential germ layers out of which specialized organs, with their tissues, subsequently emerge. Then, following his own discovery of the mammalian ovum, von Baer in 1828 usefully applied this information when he surveyed the development of various members of the vertebrate groups. At this point, embryology, as it is now recognized, emerged as a distinct subject.
The concept of cellular organization had an effect on embryology that continues to the present day. In the 19th century, cellular mechanisms were considered essentially to be the basis for growth, differentiation, and morphogenesis, or molding of parts. The distribution of the newly formed cells of the rapidly dividing zygote (fertilized egg) was precisely followed to provide detailed accounts not only of the time and mode of germ layer formation but also of the contribution of these layers to the differentiation of tissues and organs. Such descriptive information provided the background for experimental work aimed at elucidating the role of chromosomes and other cellular constituents in differentiation. About 1895, before the formulation of the chromosomal theory of heredity, Theodor Boveri demonstrated that chromosomes show continuity from one cell generation to the next. In fact, biologists soon concluded that in all cells arising from a fertilized egg, half the chromosomes are of maternal and half of paternal origin. The discovery of the constant transmission of the original chromosomal endowment to all cells of the body served to deepen the mystery surrounding the factors that determine cellular differentiation.
The present view is that differential activity of genes is the basis for cellular and tissue differentiation; that is, although the cells of a multicellular body contain the same genetic information, different genes are active in different cells. The result is the formation of various gene products, which regulate the functional and structural differentiation of cells. The actual mechanism involved in the inactivation of certain genes and the activation of others, however, has not yet been established. That cells can move extensively throughout the embryo and selectively adhere to other cells, thus starting tissue aggregations, also contributes to development as does the fate of cells—i.e., certain ones continue to multiply, others stop, and some die.
Research methods in embryology now exploit many experimental situations: both unicellular and multicellular forms; regeneration (replacement of lost parts) and normal development; and growth of tissues outside and inside the host. Hence, the processes of development can be studied with material other than embryos; and the study of embryology has become incorporated into the more inclusive subdiscipline of developmental biology.
Darwin was not the first to speculate that organisms can change from generation to generation and so evolve, but he was the first to propose a mechanism by which the changes are accumulated. He proposed that heritable variations occur in conjunction with a never-ending competition for survival and that the variations favouring survival are automatically preserved. In time, therefore, the continued accumulation of variations results in the emergence of new forms. Because the variations that are preserved relate to survival, the survivors are highly adapted to their environment. To this process Darwin gave the apt name natural selection.
Many of Darwin's predecessors, notably Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, were willing to accept the idea of species variation, even though to do so meant denying the doctrine of special creation and the static-type species of Linnaeus. But they argued that some idealized perfecting principle, expressed through the habits of an organism, was the basis of variation. The contrast between the romanticism of Lamarck and the objective analysis of Darwin clearly reveals the type of revolution provoked by the concept of natural selection. Although mechanistic explanations had long been available to biologists—forming, for example, part of Harvey's explanation of blood circulation—they did not pervade the total structure of biological thinking until the advent of Darwinism.
There were two immediate consequences of Darwin's viewpoints. One has involved a reappraisal of all subject areas of biology; reinterpretations of morphology and embryology are good examples. The comparative anatomy of the British anatomist Owen became a cornerstone of the evidence for evolution, and German anatomists provided the basis for the comment that evolutionary thinking was born in England but gained its home in Germany. The reinterpretation of morphology carried over into the study of fossil forms, as paleontologists sought and found evidence of gradual change in their study of fossils. But some workers, although accepting evolution in principle, could not easily interpret the changes in terms of natural selection. The German paleontologist Otto Schindewolf, for example, found in shelled mollusks called ammonites evidence of progressive complexity and subsequent simplification of forms. The American paleontologist George Gaylord Simpson, however, has been a consistent interpreter of vertebrate fossils by Darwinian selection. Embryology was seen in an evolutionary light when the German zoologist Ernst Haeckel proposed that the epigenetic sequence of embryonic development (ontogeny) repeated its evolutionary history (phylogeny). Thus, the presence of gill clefts in the mammalian embryo and also in less highly evolved vertebrates can be understood as a remnant of a common ancestor.
The other consequence of Darwinism—to make more explicit the origin and nature of heritable variations and the action of natural selection on them—depended on the emergence of the following: genetics and the elucidation of the rules of Mendelian inheritance; the concept of the gene as the unit of inheritance; and the nature of gene mutation. The development of these ideas provided the basis for the genetics of natural populations.
The subject of population genetics began with the Mendelian laws of inheritance and now takes into account selection, mutation, migration (movement into and out of a given population), breeding patterns, and population size. These factors affect the genetic makeup of a group of organisms that either interbreed or have the potential to do so; i.e., a species. Accurate appraisal of these factors allows precise predictions regarding the content of a given gene pool over significant periods of evolutionary time. From work involving population genetics has come the realization, eloquently documented by two contemporary American evolutionists, Theodosius Dobzhansky and Ernst Mayer, that the species is the basic unit of evolution. The process of speciation occurs as a gene pool breaks up to form isolated gene pools. When selection pressures similar to those of the original gene pool persist in the new gene pools, similar functions and the similar structures on which they depend also persist. When selection pressures differ, however, differences arise. Thus, the process of speciation through natural selection preserves the evolutionary history of a species. The record may be discerned not only in the gross, or macroscopic, anatomy of organisms but also in their cellular structure and molecular organization. Significant work now is carried out, for example, on the homologies of the nucleic acids and proteins of different species.
The problem of heredity had been the subject of careful study before its definitive analysis by Mendel. As with Darwin's predecessors, those of Mendel tended to idealize and interpret all inherited traits as being transmitted through the blood or as determined by various "humors" or other vague entities in animal organisms. When studying plants, Mendel was able to free himself of anthropomorphic and holistic explanations. By studying seven carefully defined pairs of characteristics—e.g., tall and short plants; red and white flowers, etc.—as they were transmitted through as many as three successive generations, he was able to establish patterns of inheritance that apply to all sexually reproducing forms. Darwin, who was searching for an explanation of inheritance, apparently never saw Mendel's work, which was published in 1866 in the obscure journal of his local natural history society; it was simultaneously rediscovered in 1900 by three different European geneticists.
Further progress in genetics was made early in the 20th century, when it was realized that heredity factors are found on chromosomes. The term gene was coined for these factors. Studies by the American geneticist Thomas Hunt Morgan on the fruit fly (Drosophila), moved animal genetics to the forefront of genetic research. The work of Morgan and his students established such major concepts as the linear array of genes on chromosomes; the exchange of parts between chromosomes; and the interaction of genes in determining traits, including sexual differences. In 1927 one of Morgan's former students, Hermann Muller, used X rays to induce the mutations (changes in genes) in the fruit fly, thereby opening the door to major studies on the nature of variation.
Meanwhile, other organisms were being used for genetic studies, most notably fungi and bacteria. The results of this work provided insights into animal genetics just as principles initially obtained from animal genetics provided insight into botanical and microbial forms. Work continues not only on the genetics of humans, domestic animals, and plants but also on the control of development through the orderly regulation of gene action in different cells and tissues.
Although the cell was recognized as the basic unit of life early in the 19th century, its most exciting period of inquiry has probably occurred since the 1940s. The new techniques developed since that time, notably the perfection of the electron microscope and the tools of biochemistry, have changed the cytological studies of the 19th and early 20th centuries from a largely descriptive inquiry, dependent on the light microscope, into a dynamic, molecularly oriented inquiry into fundamental life processes.
By force of habit we still continue to speak of the cell 'theory' but it is a theory only in name. In substance it is a comprehensive general statement of fact and as such stands today beside the evolution theory among the foundationstones of modern biology.
More precisely, the cell doctrine was an inductive generalization based on the microscopial examination of certain plant and animal species.
Rudolf Virchow, a German medical officer specializing in cellular pathology, first expressed the fundamental dictum regarding cells in his phrase omnis cellula e cellula (all cells from cells). For cellular reproduction is the ultimate basis of the continuity of life; the cell is not only the basic structural unit of life but also the basic physiological and reproductive unit. All areas of biology were affected by the new perspective afforded by the principle of cellular organization. Especially in conjunction with embryology was the study of the cell most prominent in animal biology. The continuity of cellular generations by reproduction also had implications for genetics. It is little wonder, then, that the full title of Wilson's survey of cytology at the turn of the century was The Cell: Its Role in Development and Heredity.
The study of the cell nucleus, its chromosomes, and their behaviour served as the basis for understanding the regular distribution of genetic material during both sexual and asexual reproduction. This orderly behaviour of the nucleus made it appear to dominate the life of the cell, for by contrast the components of the rest of the cell appeared to be randomly distributed.
The biochemical study of life had helped in the characterization of the major molecules of living systems—proteins, nucleic acids, fats, and carbohydrates—and in the understanding of metabolic processes. That nucleic acids are a distinctive feature of the nucleus was recognized after their discovery by the Swiss biochemist Johann Friedrich Miescher in 1869. In 1944 a group of American bacteriologists, led by Oswald T. Avery, published work on the causative agent of pneumonia in mice (a bacterium) that culminated in the demonstration that deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is the chemical basis of heredity. Discrete segments of DNA correspond to genes, or Mendel's hereditary factors. Proteins were discovered to be especially important for their role in determining cell structure and in controlling chemical reactions.
The advent of techniques for isolating and characterizing proteins and nucleic acids now allows a molecular approach to essentially all biological problems—from the appearance of new gene products in normal development or under pathological conditions to a monitoring of changes in and between nerve cells during the transmission of nerve impulses.
The harmony that Linnaeus found in nature, which redounded to the glory and wisdom of a Judaeo-Christian god, was the 18th-century counterpart of the balanced interaction now studied by ecologists. Linnaeus recognized that plants are adapted to the regions in which they grow, that insects play a role in flower pollination, and that certain birds prey on insects and are in turn eaten by other birds. This realization implies, in contemporary terms, the flow of matter and energy in a definable direction through any natural assemblage of plants, animals, and microorganisms. Such an assemblage, termed an ecosystem, starts with the plants, which are designated as producers because they maintain and reproduce themselves at the expense of energy from sunlight and inorganic materials taken from the nonliving environment around them (earth, air, and water). Animals are called consumers because they ingest plant material or other animals that feed on plants, using the energy stored in this food to sustain themselves. Lastly, the organisms known as decomposers, mostly fungi and bacteria, break down plant and animal material and return it to the environment in a form that can be used again by plants in a constantly renewed cycle.
The term ecology, first formulated by Haeckel in the latter part of the 19th century as "oecology" (from the Greek word for house, oikos), referred to the dwelling place of organisms in nature. In the 1890s various European and U.S. scientists laid the foundations for modern work through studies of natural ecosystems and the populations of organisms contained within them.
Animal ecology, the study of consumers and their interactions with the environment, is very complex; attempts to study it usually focus on one particular aspect. Some studies, for example, involve the challenge of the environment to individuals with special adaptations (e.g., water conservation in desert animals); others may involve the role of one species in its ecosystem or the ecosystem itself. Food-chain sequences have been determined for various ecosystems, and the efficiency of the transfer of energy and matter within them has been calculated so that their capacity is known; that is, productivity in terms of numbers of organisms or weight of living matter at a specific level in the food chain can be accurately determined (see biosphere).
In spite of advances in understanding animal ecology, this subject area of zoology does not yet have the major unifying theoretical principles found in genetics (gene theory) or evolution (natural selection).
The study of animal behaviour (ethology) is largely a 20th-century phenomenon and is exclusively a zoological discipline. Only animals have nervous systems, with their implications for perception, coordination, orientation, learning, and memory. Not until the end of the 19th century did animal behaviour become free from anthropocentric interests and assume an importance in its own right. The British behaviorist C. Lloyd Morgan was probably most influential with his emphasis on parsimonious explanations—i.e., that the explanation "which stands lower in the psychological scale" must be invoked first. This principle is exemplified in the American Herbert Spencer Jennings' pioneering work in 1906 on The Behavior of Lower Organisms.
The study of animal behaviour now includes many diverse topics, ranging from swimming patterns of protozoans to socialization and communication among the great apes. Many disparate hypotheses have been proposed in an attempt to explain the variety of behavioral patterns found in animals. They focus on the mechanisms that stimulate courtship in reproductive behaviour of such diverse groups as spiders, crabs, and domestic fowl; and on whole life histories, starting from the special attachment of newly born ducks and goats to their actual mothers or to surrogate (substitute) mothers. The latter phenomenon, called imprinting, has been intensively studied by the Austrian ethologist Konrad Lorenz. Physiologically oriented behaviour now receives much attention; studies range from work on conditioned reflexes to the orientation of crustaceans and the location and communication of food among bees; such diversity of material is one measure of the somewhat diffuse but exciting current state of these studies.
Zoology has become animal biology—that is, the life sciences display a new unity, one that is founded on the common basis of all life, on the gene pool–species organization of organisms, and on the obligatory interacting of the components of ecosystems. Even as regards the specialized features of animals—involving physiology, development, or behaviour—the current emphasis is on elucidating the broad biological principles that identify animals as one aspect of nature. Zoology has thus given up its exclusive emphasis on animals—an emphasis maintained from Aristotle's time well into the 19th century—in favour of a broader view of life. The successes in applying physical and chemical ideas and techniques to life processes have not only unified the life sciences but have also created bridges to other sciences in a way only dimly foreseen by earlier workers. The practical and theoretical consequences of this trend have just begun to be realized.
Because the study of animals may be concentrated on widely different topics, such as ecosystems and their constituent populations, organisms, cells, and chemical reactions, specific techniques are needed for each kind of investigation. The emphasis on the molecular basis of genetics, development, physiology, behaviour, and ecology has placed increasing importance on those techniques involving cells and their many components. Microscopy, therefore, is a necessary technique in zoology, as are certain physicochemical methods for isolating and characterizing molecules. Computer technology also has a special role in the analysis of animal life. These newer techniques are used in addition to the many classical ones—measurement and experimentation at the tissue, organ, organ system, and organismic levels.
In addition to continuous improvements in the techniques of staining cells, so that their components can be seen clearly, the light used in microscopy can now be manipulated to make visible certain structures in living cells that are otherwise undetectable. The ability to observe living cells is an advantage of light microscopes over electron microscopes; the latter require the cells to be in an environment that kills them. The particular advantage of the electron microscope, however, is its great powers of magnification. Theoretically, it can resolve single atoms; in biology, however, magnifications of lesser magnitude are most useful in determining the nature of structures lying between whole cells and their constituent molecules.
The characterization of components of cellular systems is necessary for biochemical studies. The specific molecular composition of cellular organelles, for example, affects their shape and density (mass per unit volume); as a result, cellular components settle at different rates (and thus can be separated) when they are spun in a centrifuge.
Other methods of purification rely on other physical properties. Molecules vary in their affinity for the positive or negative pole of an electrical field. Migration to or away from these poles, therefore, occurs at different rates for different molecules and allows their separation; the process is called electrophoresis. The separation of molecules by liquid solvents exploits the fact that the molecules differ in their solubility, and hence they migrate to various degrees as a solvent flows past them. This process, known as chromatography because of the colour used to identify the position of the migrating materials, yields samples of extraordinarily high purity.
Radioactive compounds are especially useful in biochemical studies involving metabolic pathways of synthesis and degradation. Radioactive compounds are incorporated into cells in the same way as their nonradioactive counterparts. These compounds provide information on the sites of specific metabolic activities within cells and insights into the fates of these compounds in both organisms and the ecosystem.
Computers process information using their own general language, which is able to complete calculations as complex and diverse as statistical analyses and determinations of enzymatically controlled reaction rates. Computers with access to extensive data files can select information associated with a specific problem and display it to aid the researcher in formulating possible solutions. They help perform routine examinations such as scanning chromosome preparations in order to identify abnormalities in number or shape. Test organisms can be electronically monitored with computers, so that adjustments can be made during experiments; this procedure improves the quality of the data and allows experimental situations to be fully exploited. Computer simulation is important in analyzing complex problems; as many as 100 variables, for example, are involved in the management of salmon fisheries. Simulation makes possible the development of models that approach the complexities of conditions in nature, a procedure of great value in studying wildlife management and related ecological problems.
Animal-related industries produce food (meats and dairy products), hides, furs, wool, organic fertilizers, and miscellaneous chemical byproducts. There has been a dramatic increase in the productivity of animal husbandry since the 1870s, largely as a consequence of selective breeding and improved animal nutrition. The purpose of selective breeding is to develop livestock whose desirable traits have strong heritable components and can therefore be propagated. Heritable components are distinguished from environmental factors by determining the coefficient of heritability, which is defined as the ratio of variance in a gene-controlled character to total variance.
Another aspect of food production is the control of pests. The serious side effects of some chemical pesticides make extremely important the development of effective and safe control mechanisms. Animal food resources include commercial fishing. The development of shellfish resources and fisheries management (e.g., growth of fish in rice paddies in Asia) are important aspects of this industry.


Last week Adobe launched the 2015 release of Creative Cloud, which includes multiple new features and enhancements.
It also includes a new version of the runtime for HTML5-based extensions, CEP 6.
Since Creative Cloud 2014 launched on June 18, extension developers have been eager to migrate their extensions and panels to the new generation of Adobe apps. At this point in time, Extension Builder 2.1 does not support Creative Cloud 2014 when building Flash based extensions, and Extension Builder 3 preview 3 does not support Creative Cloud 2014 when building HTML5 extensions.
New developer tools will be released in the future. Meanwhile, it is easy to modify the current tools so that you can continue to use them to create extensions and panels for the new CC 2014 apps.
Let's start with Extension Builder 3. The following tweaks will make it support the latest and greatest Creative Cloud apps.
Node.js and NPM support: Use Node Packaged Modules in CEP HTML extensions. Just drop the NPM in your extension folder and you can use it immediately.
Invisible HTML extensions: A parameter in the manifest file will control if the extension is visible or not.
These are just the highlights. There is a long list of changes and bugfixes. In addition After Effects CC will support CEP 5 in the upcoming release which will open the door to using web development toolkits to build After Effects panels and plugins.


Große Freiheit can be translated with Great Liberty.
Everyone has the right to liberty!
But liberty of the individual involves the tolerance of others. Therefore we have to teach our dogs to behave adaptive to their environment. This includes not to chase after joggers or bikers and not to nick the ball from playing children.
Luckily a lot of dogs behave well and do not cause problems – and that without tremendous obedience training. But just as every human also every dog is unique. Some know perfectly well what they like to do and turn a deaf ear when summoned. They will come, but not until they have finally finished sniffing. Especially those dogs need clear rules and limitations.
The essential element for the dog owner is to learn to play the social part within the dog-owner-relationship, that makes decisions, has the right to give orders, to deny things but also to allow them. Dependent on the dogs personality this might result in a conflict, which should be accepted and used as possibility to learn and for further development.
It is illusory to assume, that conflicts can be solved just with praise and treats. A confident dog wouldn't wait until the a submissive dog drops the bone voluntarily and reward that. It would make it physically and unmistakably clear to keep away from the bone.
It has nothing to do with violence to block the dogs way, to bump into it or to pinch the dogs coat as an interruption of unwanted behavior. It is appropriate to the species and fair to communicate physically with your dog. It enables the dog to learn quickly what is not allowed.
When the dog knows and respects the limitation, you can restore your dog more liberty. This will also affect you as you don't have to keep an eye on the dog all the time.
The dog with no limitations however is condemned to a life time leash sentence. A 5 to 10 m leash might mean more freedom for the dog. But the dog owner does nothing for his own liberty, he only frees tree roots and twigs from the muddy leash.
Shall we tackle the dog training together?


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Our mission is to make sure our customers are well informed and confident and have peace of mind when selecting an HVAC contractor. Southern California Energy Services builds custom solutions to meet the needs of each of our customers. We will not compromise quality, craftsmanship or equipment performance in order to be the cheapest contractor. With countless HVAC contractors to choose from it can be overwhelming. We understand that all you want is someone you can trust.
Southern California Energy Services is Southern California's best heating and air conditioning company. Family owned and operated, we've been serving the Orange, Los Angeles, Western Riverside and Northern San Diego Counties for over 25 years. We make certain that all of our technicians are the best in their fields. This helps us in being one of the most prominent contractors in Southern California.
We service, repair, and install all major brands of heating and air conditioning systems. Our relationship with top manufacturers insure premium products with affordable pricing and timely delivery.
For more information or to schedule an appointment call us at 714-969-8212.
Southern California Energy Services, Inc. is a fully licensed, bonded and insured contractor.
"Thank you, Southern California Energy Services for providing Joy House with two electricians at no cost."
"Thank you to Southern California Energy Services for your time and efforts put forth on the Habitat for Humanity house in Huntington Beach, California. We could not have done it without you. I am still always amazed at the kindness and generosity of people. Your company is no exception."
"Thank you for the wonderful service you provided at our residents. You made our lives much more bearable. A special thank you to Bill for the portable a/c unit, prior to the central air installation."
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ESKINOL, the No. 1 deep cleanser brand in the country, partners with the country's teen online community, WATTPAD, to bring the first ever Eskinol-exclusive Wattpad online story! I myself is an Eskinol user (influenced by Anagon coz I saw how her skin improved when she started using Eskinol last year) and also a reader on Wattpad! Wattpad is where starting writers share their work and I have read countless of amazing books there! So of course, I'm really excited with this partnership. I'm sure you're familiar with "Diary ng Panget", "She's Dating a Gangster", "Talk Back and You're Dead" and other popular teen stories. These are popular stories which came from Wattpad! Eskinol now has a 3 part webisode written by the same writer of "Diary ng Panget", so expect lots of kilig moments perfect for the teenager in you. Here are photos from the launch!
Old Eskinol commercial. Classic Ate Vi!
Eskinol's newest endorser, Julia Montes!
Will use Eskinol before my beach trip! My beauty blogger friends attest to it's effectiveness. They use it for their knees and elbows daw. Nice!


text:
package com.jzlg.excellentwifi.fragment;

import com.jzlg.excellentwifi.R;
import com.jzlg.excellentwifi.activity.RadarView;

import android.os.Bundle;
import android.support.v4.app.Fragment;
import android.view.LayoutInflater;
import android.view.View;
import android.view.ViewGroup;

/**
 * À×´ï
 *
 * @author ËδºÅô
 *
 */
public class RadarFragment extends Fragment {
	private View view;
	private RadarView radarView;

	@Override
	public View onCreateView(LayoutInflater inflater, ViewGroup container,
			Bundle savedInstanceState) {
		view = inflater.inflate(R.layout.layout_radar, container, false);
		initView();
		return view;
	}

	private void initView() {
		radarView = (RadarView) view.findViewById(R.id.radar_view);
		radarView.setWillNotDraw(false);
	}
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub