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Eliciting ambiguity aversion in unknown and in compound lotteries: A KMM experimental approach
Attanasi, Giuseppe
Gollier, Christian
Montesano, Aldo
Pace, Noémie
Giuseppe Attanasi
Christian Gollier
Aldo Montesano
Noemi Pace
We define coherent-ambiguity aversion within the Klibanoff, Marinacci and Mukerji (2005) smooth ambiguity model (henceforth KMM) as the combination of choice-ambiguity aversion and value-ambiguity aversion. We analyze theoretically five ambiguous decision tasks, where a subject faces two-stage lotteries with binomial, uniform or unknown second-order probabilities. We check our theoretical predictions through a 10-task laboratory experiment. In (unambiguous) tasks 1-5, we elicit risk aversion both through a portfolio choice method and through a BDM mechanism. In (ambiguous) tasks 6-10, we elicit choice-ambiguity aversion through the portfolio choice method and value-ambiguity aversion through the BDM mechanism. We find that more than 75% of classified subjects behave according to the KMM model in all tasks 6-10, independent of their degree of risk aversion. Further, the percentage of coherently-ambiguity-averse subjects is lower in the binomial than in the uniform and in the unknown treatment, with only the latter difference being significant. Finally, highly-risk-averse subjects are more prone to coherent-ambiguity.
Attanasi, Giuseppe & Gollier, Christian & Montesano, Aldo & Pace, Noémie, 2012. "Eliciting ambiguity aversion in unknown and in compound lotteries: A KMM experimental approach," LERNA Working Papers 12.21.378, LERNA, University of Toulouse.
Handle: RePEc:ler:wpaper:26533
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Attanasi, Giuseppe Marco & Gollier, Christian & Montesano, Aldo & Pace, Noémie, 2012. "Eliciting ambiguity aversion in unknown and in compound lotteries: A KMM experimental approach," TSE Working Papers 12-338, Toulouse School of Economics (TSE).
Attanasi, Giuseppe Marco & Gollier, Christian & Montesano, Aldo & Pace, Noémie, 2012. "Eliciting ambiguity aversion in unknown and in compound lotteries: A KMM experimental approach," IDEI Working Papers 744, Institut d'Économie Industrielle (IDEI), Toulouse.
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D81 - Microeconomics - - Information, Knowledge, and Uncertainty - - - Criteria for Decision-Making under Risk and Uncertainty
D83 - Microeconomics - - Information, Knowledge, and Uncertainty - - - Search; Learning; Information and Knowledge; Communication; Belief; Unawareness
C91 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Design of Experiments - - - Laboratory, Individual Behavior
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Camponotus ferreri ferreri é uma espécie de inseto do gênero Camponotus, pertencente à família Formicidae.

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Camponotus

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Home › News › Beijing, China: The 'Maple Leaf' Outdoor Cinema First to Show Movies in 3-D
Beijing, China: The 'Maple Leaf' Outdoor Cinema First to Show Movies in 3-D
por Michael Maltsev 10 de marzo de 2010
Hidden among quiet woods of maple trees and poplars boldly illuminated with neon road signs is the Maple Leaf, an outdoor theater that somewhat belies its bucolic name and setting. For this is not the sort of place to find open-air performances of A Midsummer Night's Dream but rather eardrum-rattling screenings of the latest Hollywood blockbuster: yes, it's a drive-in cinema and is now the first of its kind to provide 3-D movies in China, according to general manager Gu Haiqiong. We found Gu in braggish form when we went to the Maple to find out more. The US exporters of the screens were surprised at his operation, according to Gu, as "we had a successful outdoor 3-D set-up in Beijing when there isn't even one back in the US our 3-D screen is bigger than regular drive-in screens with an aspect ratio of 16:9 and all four of our screens are arc-shaped anyway, meaning the audience gets the best view wherever they're parked." Come wind, rain and virus The Maple is Beijing's only all-night long cinema; in fact, the only reason they stop playing movies when the sun comes up is because you can't watch them properly in daylight. But if they could figure out a solution to remain open constantly, they probably would do because Gu says "though the weather [here] is brutal and changes all the time, the Maple remains opens even in the worst conditions; as long as people are driving in, nothing stops us staying open." Owner Wang Qishun is perhaps most proud of his cinema's stalwart approach to business hours during the 2003 SARS crisis. "99.99 percent of public business places were shut down at the time but the Maple was standing quietly here and greeting audience still. Having a safe open-air environment made us the 0.01 percent still open to entertain the people," he told Lifestyle, recalling how staff wore masks to sell tickets, such was their passion for cinema. This act of defiance apparently boosted the Maple's reputation with the authorities. "The necessity of the existence of places like us in Beijing was acknowledged by the government who gave us their support afterwards," Wang said. Shortly after the cinema became a member of the New Film Association, granting them access to the latest hot tickets. Their 3-D screen is currently showing Avatar (no surprise here) and kung fu flick True Legend with Alice in Wonderland debuting on April 26. Wei Na Read more....

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Despite its name, there is nothing stagey about the reception that awaits you in Drama. After you gaze up at Mount Falakro (Bald Mountain), allow the hospitable locals to introduce you to its attractions. In Agia Varvara park, bubbling springs flow into canals and ponds, watering ancient trees and reminding you of nature's pure beauty. The watermills and tobacco warehouses of the past will return you to the innocence of yesteryear. Unpretentious and genuine, Drama will help you rediscover the simple pleasures during your holidays in Macedonia.
Every winter night the weather report in Greece lists the coldest places in the country and Kato Nevrokopi is invariably at the top, earning it the nickname of the Siberia of Greece. The wind freezes everything, the wood-burning stoves are constantly on but the people are warm and friendly. After all, the area's other claim to fame, the local potato, loves the cold. Try some with the area's delectable soutzoukakia, skewered spicy meatballs.
The view before you has fairy tale written all over it; 70,000 hectares of vivid red fir forest on the Bulgarian border in Macedonia, some of the trees reaching as high as 60m. The locals call it Karantere, foresters call it an "authentic and unique" natural monument and for you, it will be nothing short of incredible.
Water flowing down the Kato Nevrokopi valley disappears into the ground for a dark and mysterious journey, only to re-emerge at this secret exit to resume its course down to the plain. You are at the mouth of Angitis cave. Partially unexplored, the rare underground river before you once watered a landscape inhabited by mammoths and rhinos.
Every September, drama comes to, well… Drama in the form of the International Short Film Festival. Established in 1978, the festival brings cinema lovers from all over Greece and abroad and the proposition becomes even more attractive with the addition of photography, painting and sculpture exhibitions, book presentations, concerts and cinema workshops.
If you want to celebrate the rites like a local, come to the area during the 12 days of Epiphany. That's when the local villages around Drama stage Dionysian rites involving all manner of costumes and masks, dancing, singing and giant bells.
How many places on the planet are still pristine? One of them is the primaeval forest of Fraktou in Drama. Listed as a natural monument since 1980, it is the most important of the three remaining primaeval forests in Europe and the second largest in area.
In this corner of Northern Greece, you'll take a majestic walk in the shade of two sheer rock faces. The gorge starts at the village of Pyrgos and unfurls to where the slopes of Mt Falakro become practically vertical. It meanders some 12km between high rocks and dense flora and is a refuge for a wealth of wildlife species. An amazing experience.


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Euro 2016 Futures: Host France Emerges as Favorite
October 19, 2015 Alexander P. (Editor)
The field of 24 is nearly set for Euro 2016 in France. The Group Stage is over, and we already know 20 of the teams that will be vying for arguably the toughest trophy in all of soccer. Four more squads will punch their tickets to the main draw in November after a series of home-and-away playoff matches.
The best teams in Europe have, for the most part, already clinched their berths (sorry, Sweden, this no longer includes you) and now it's time to look at the odds to win it all!
The hosts, France, sit atop the list. They've been playing well and will have the entire nation behind them as they look for their third European Championship.
Germany, the current world champs, are second, and look to have returned to form after a post-World Cup hangover that saw them lose at home to the US.
The defending title holders from Spain round out the top three. La Roja had a very disappointing World Cup, getting bounced in the Group Stage, but breezed through the Euro qualifiers, winning nine of ten while outscoring their opponents 27-3. It's safe to say they've cured what ailed them.
Below, you can find the current futures for all 28 teams still alive in the chase for Europe's most coveted cup.
Euro 2016 Title Futures (as of Nov. 2016):
France: 5/1
Germany: 11/2
Spain: 8/1
England: 12/1
Belgium: 25/2
Italy: 20/1
Portugal: 22/1
Croatia: 30/1
Poland: 50/1
Austria: 55/1
Wales: 60/1
Czech Republic: 65/1
Russia: 65/1
Iceland: 70/1
Turkey: 75/1
Switzerland: 80/1
Sweden: 90/1
Slovakia: 115/1
Ukraine: 120/1
Romania: 125/1
Ireland: 140/1
Bosnia & Herzegovina: 150/1
Denmark: 175/1
Northern Ireland: 175/1
Norway: 200/1
Albania: 400/1
Hungary: 500/1
Slovenia: 500/1
(Photo credit: Football.ua [CC BY-SA 3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0), CC BY-SA 3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0) or GFDL (http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html)], via Wikimedia Commons.)
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There has been speculation that the dollar may soon be displaced by the euro or renminbi as the primary international currency. This column examines the demise of silver-based monetary standards in the 19th century to explore price dynamics when a money ceases to function as a global unit of account. According to new data on the historical prices of agricultural commodities, silver ceased functioning as a global price anchor in the mid-1890s. Over the same period, the volatility of agricultural commodity prices also declined.
Except for the period 1992-2000, the dollar's role as an international currency has been slowly declining since 1976. Since 2010, there has been another pause in this decline – somewhat surprising, given that the financial crisis began in the US, and given Congress' recent flirtations with default. The dollar's resilience as the world's reserve currency is due to a lack of good alternatives – the euro has its own problems, and the yuan only accounts for 2.2% of forex transactions.
Conventional wisdom states that the dollar took over as the leading international currency after the Second World War. This column presents new evidence from the bond markets suggesting it was much earlier in the 1920s. This implies that inertia and lock-in effects in international currencies are not all they're cracked up to be and that the shift to a multipolar currency system might happen sooner than commonly believed.
The strong-dollar rhetoric of the US government contrasts with a weak-dollar reality. This column argues that talking a strong-dollar talk while walking a weak-dollar walk has damaged the reputational capital of the US monetary and fiscal authorities. That has reduced their ability to use statements of intent or announcements of future policy actions to influence markets.
The dollar question: Where are we?
The global crisis has led some to question the dollar's place as the dominant currency. This column discusses three camps in the literature: those advocating a new synthetic global currency, those arguing that a new reserve currency will emerge, and those suggesting a return to sharing the role. It concludes that talk of the dollar's death – or even its decline – are exaggerated.
Is the dollar still the dominant international currency? This column argues that the answer is "yes". The dollar is used as a major form of cash currency, and is the main currency for exchange rate pegs and for invoicing foreign transactions. Network externalities create inertia – everyone uses the dollar because everyone else is using the dollar.
Will the dollar lose its dominant role in international transactions? This column argues that this will happen quite slowly, if at all. It presents new evidence that in developing economies, demand for dollars hinges much more on historical factors than on recent experience. The highest inflation rate recorded within a country over the past 30 years explains flows of cash dollars more compellingly than recent inflation rates.
Many expect the dollar to continue to depreciate over the foreseeable future. This column suggests that it may strengthen in 2010 if the Federal Reserve exits quantitative easing sooner than its counterparts and the US economy enjoys a strong rebound.
Will the dollar lose its place as the premier international currency? This column argues that the previous episode of dethroning, in which the dollar overtook the pound, suggests that economic fundamentals, rather than network externalities, drive the choice of a great global currency. Occasionally, it takes an economic historian to remind his economist colleagues that history may not matter as much as one would want to believe.
One of the world's leading international economists explains how the euro could surpass the dollar as the premier international currency and examines the geopolitical implications of such a shift.
In a May 2007 essay, Martin Feldstein argued that a drop in US mortgage refinancing would raise US personal saving and this would necessitate a fall in the dollar. That's looking pretty good at the moment. Here his basic logic is explained.


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3D IEM mixing system adds multiple features.
Las Vegas, NV (June 4, 2018)—Immersive IEM mixing system manufacturer KLANG:technologies will unveil the latest update of its KOS operating system at InfoComm this week.
KOS 3.1 adds a new MIDI translator tool, providing MCU (Mackie Control Universal) protocol integration, which will let engineers connect one or more MIDI MCU-compatible fader controllers to the company's KLANG:app for tactile mix control.
Intended for monitor engineers that want to dial into musicians' mixes from a hardware-based controller, the new integration provides facilities for Mute and Solo buttons, Channel labels, Bank Select and Snapshot control, in addition to bi-directional fader control.
Previously, the only option KOS provided was a touchscreen-based workflow, but recognizing that some engineers prefer to rely on haptic faders in order to keep their eyes on their artists rather than a touchscreen, the MIDI MCU integration was implemented.
Other new features in KOS 3.1 include the ability to daisy-chain KLANG:fabrik and/or KLANG:vier devices, allowing engineers to move between various artists' mixes within the cascade via the top mix bar, as well as create, save and recall snapshots and presets on all units in the setup simultaneously.
Also of note, the available channel count when working with EQs activated has been increased, and all KLANG products are now compatible with Dante Domain Manager (DDM).
KOS 3.1 will be available from the KLANG:technologies website.


Life just got a lot easier for those of you who want to do some delicious summer baking.
Whether you want to make crowd-pleasing picnic cakes, or tasty treats and fairy cakes, the world is now your oyster.
Aldi is launching its new Summer Baking range, which will be available in stores and online on August 27 while stocks last.
Budding bakers can create the perfect cake with this Classic Stand Mixer (£64.99), including a six speed rotary control with a balloon whisk, beater and dough hook.
What's more, with four colours to choose from, it's sure to add a touch of style to any kitchen.
Aldi's Sweet Treat Maker (£19.99) will take the stress out of whipping up homemade goodies. Choose from teacake maker, mini pancake maker or waffle maker. Featuring automatic temperature control, an auto-lock clip and cord-wrap for compact, upright storage, this great-value gadget will leave bakers tucking in to tasty treats in no time.
Take inspiration from the baking queen herself with Aldi's selection of Mary Berry Cookbooks (£2.99), which cover several different dishes, including puddings and classic kitchen favourites.
The Summer Baking range also has an array of kitchen essentials for creating, displaying, and storing those delicious creations. A choice of Enamel Mixing Bowls (£9.99), in three sizes, and this Anti-Gravity Cake Stand (£5.99) are perfect for celebration cakes and centrepieces.
The Aldi Specialbuys Summer Baking range is available in stores nationwide and online at www.aldi.co.uk from 27th August - but be quick as when it's gone it's gone.


text:
HomePosts tagged 'VI'
Elder Scrolls in the new age of RPGs
January 5, 2018 January 11, 2018 Matthew Roys Foresight, Opinions, Uncategorized	Bethesda, Breath of the Wild, Dark Souls, Elder Scrolls, Fallout, RPG, Skyrim, The Legend of Zelda, The Witcher, VI
Bethesda is the king of RPG games. The Elder Scrolls series was seen by many as the peak of the genre, with Skyrim becoming massively popular and rising to become the 11th highest selling game of all time. Anybody who has been to this site before knows my opinions on the game. It is enjoyable enough but lacks the depth that many RPG players look for in their games. Despite this, the figures speak for themselves.
It has been over six years now since Skyrim's release without any word on the next entry in the series. We know that it will be made, just not when. Can Bethesda retain their crown though when Elder Scrolls VI is released?
Three Things That The Elder Scrolls VI Needs to Succeed.
February 8, 2016 February 8, 2016 Matthew Roys Opinions	Fallout 4, Morrowind, Oblivion, Skyrim, The Elder Scrolls, VI
Fallout 4 has just released to mixed reviews and people are already turning their sights toward the inevitable Elder Scrolls VI. Keep in mind that we are unlikely to hear anything about the next instalment in the award winning franchise until 2017 at the earliest as there is still the matter of Fallout 4 DLC to be released, not to mention other big Bethesda games like DOOM and Dishonoured 2.
That being said though, it is a safe assumption that The Elder Scrolls VI is being worked on as I type this. In this article I will be looking at ways in which a sequel to 2011's Skyrim could surpass its predecessors.
As I said at the start, Fallout 4 was released with conflicting opinions among gamers. Many were disappointed and underwhelmed by what the game had to offer. I felt that the game was solid enough but should have been so much more. I felt this even more strongly with Skyrim. At least Fallout 4 added mechanics like armour pieces and settlement creation. Skyrim only reduced mechanics from previous games. We were given less armour, less weapons and less skills. A game that was toted as the ultimate RPG offered little in the way of actual role-playing. Most playthroughs ended with you wearing the same armour, using the same weapon and being the leader of every group in the country. There is no diversity or variety that you would expect from an Elder Scrolls game. Continue reading →


I have been teaching for 20 years in the Tuscaloosa County School System.
I am very proud to be a member of the Hillcrest High School Faculty and Staff. My main goal is to ensure that my students have a positive and exciting learning environment. This year I will be teaching Forensic Science and am looking forward to a very productive year.
I graduated in 1982 in the first class of Hillcrest High School. I have been married for 30 years to Larry Guy, a 1982 graduate of Holt High School, and we have two girls, both Hillcrest High School Graduates.
For the past 23 years I have been teaching the Tuscaloosa County School System. Some of the subjects that I have taught are Chemistry, Forensics, Physical Science, Anatomy, Tech Bio/Chem I & II, and 8th grade science.


text:
San Giuseppe dei Falegnami
Just north of the Forum in Rome stands San Giuseppe dei Falegnami (St. Joseph's of the Carpenters), a Roman Catholic church dedicated to Jesus's foster father, Joseph of Nazareth. Beneath this structure are the remains of the traditional site of the imprisonments of the Apostle Paul and the Apostle Peter in Rome. This prison was simply known as "Carcer" ("prison") in Paul's day. The term "Mamertine" was attributed to the prison in the Medieval Period.
Upper Chamber
The Carcer was the only prison in ancient Rome. When someone was sentenced to death, they were brought here to await execution. Pictured here is the upper chamber of the ancient prison. Though it is now subterranean, this section of the Carcer was once at street level.
Tullianum
Below the upper chamber is a circular room called the Tullianum. This structure may have held religious importance even before the days of the apostles; votive offerings were found during excavations, indicating ceremonial activity from the period before it was linked to the Carcer.
Access to the Chamber
Before the stairs were added, those prisoners who entered the Tullianum from the Carcer were lowered through a hole in the Carcer's floor. The name "Tullianum" is probably derived from the Latin word for a spring of water, and incidentally, this section of the prison does, in fact, house a well. According to tradition, the apostle Peter caused the well-water to spring up so that he might baptize his jailors, St. Processus and St. Martinianus. It is debated, however, whether Peter was actually incarcerated here.
The state rarely incarcerated common criminals, but kept the Mamertine Prison for political prisoners doomed for execution by being thrown off the Tarpeian Rock. Enemies of the State, such as Jugurtha and Vercingetorix, were often strangled in the Tullianum. A door in the chamber offered access to the Cloaca Maxima (Rome's sewer system), and it is thought that the bodies of executed prisoners may have been carried out through there.
Continued Interest
Because of its association with Paul and Peter, the Mamertine Prison has been used as a place of worship since roughly the 7th century. This chapel, which sits above the Carcer's upper chamber, was established as a place to house the ornate crucifix which once adorned the structure's façade.
Download all of our Rome photos!
Because of the deep uncertainty surrounding many aspects of Mamertine, the available resources often contradict each other. As with all historical and archaeological interpretations, the following articles (and all linked resources on this site) should be treated with healthy alertness and caution.
Mamertine Prison (Tour of Rome). This page offers a short description of the site and its surrounding tradition, alongside a few interesting photos taken before the recent renovation.
Mamertine Prison, Rome (Sacred Destinations). A slightly longer overview written with more of an ear toward tradition.
Archaeologists Reveal Secrets of Roman Prison That Held Both Christian Saints and Jewish Rebels (Haaretz). This article focuses on the archaeological finds at Mamertine and the theories surrounding those finds.
A Dispatch from Rome: The Mamertine Prison (Foucault 13/13). Another take on the site, this time emphasizing aspects of Roman justice.


text:
using Shouldly.Tests.Strings;
using Xunit;

namespace Shouldly.Tests.ShouldNotBe
{
    public class BoolScenario
    {
        [Fact]
        public void BoolScenarioShouldFail()
        {
            const bool myFalseValue = false;
            Verify.ShouldFail(() =>
myFalseValue.ShouldNotBe(false, "Some additional context"),

errorWithSource:
@"myFalseValue
    should not be
False
    but was

Additional Info:
    Some additional context",

errorWithoutSource:
@"False
    should not be
False
    but was

Additional Info:
    Some additional context");
        }

        [Fact]
        public void ShouldPass()
        {
            false.ShouldNotBe(true);
        }
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


How are we doing at this moment in time?
How confident are we that we can accomplish this goal by our established deadline?
Simply plug in your goals and calendar 2-3 times throughout the year to check in on progress. The second part—scheduling time to check in—is key, because one of the biggest benefits of this tool is that it can serve as an early warning system that enables mid-course corrections and encourages discussions on how best to get (back) on track. It's also flexible enough to be used at all levels—organizational, team, or personal.


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Karnataka BJP Leader Says Tipu's Struggle Against British Can't be Sidelined
Tipu Sultan's portrait was garlanded, floral tributes were paid and verses of the holy Quran were read as the AIMIM leaders celebrated Tipu Jayanti in the premises of Idgah Maidan in Hubballi amid the opposition
BENGALURU — Amid threats from Hindu groups and the BJP government's disinterest, Tipu Sultan Jayanti was celebrated in various parts of Karnataka on Thursday.
Members of the All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen (AIMIM) celebrated Tipu Jayanti in the premises of Idgah Maidan in Hubballi amid the opposition. AIMIM Joint Secretary Vijaya Guntrala and other leaders participated in the programme.
Tipu Sultan's portrait was garlanded, floral tributes were paid and verses of the holy Quran were read. The AIMIM leaders also shouted slogans hailing Tipu Sultan. After the programme was over, the police immediately shifted the photos, and flexes of Tipu Sultan from the Idgah Maidan grounds.
Meanwhile, breaking from the party stand, BJP MLC H. Vishwanath, participating in Tipu Jayanti in Mysuru, said that no one should attempt to distort the history of Tipu Sultan's struggle against the British. "Tipu Sultan is a symbol of self-respect of the land. The administration, valour, bravery of Tiger of Mysore, Tipu Sultan can't be sidelined," he stated.
"The allegations on Tipu Sultan that he killed 80,000 people and converted 40,000 is fictional. When compared to the population of that age, the argument will not stand. Those who do not know about Tipu Sultan are indulged in propaganda against him," he said.
Vishwanath also said that Tipu Sultan is the only king who did not kneel down before enemies.
"It does not matter which party you belong to talk about Tipu Sultan. Despite being in BJP, I will say, Tipu is a proud Kannadiga, he is the tiger of Mysore. His personality is above all castes and religion. No one can change history. No matter what is being said, history will not change," he said.
Opposition leader Siddaramaiah stated that Tipu Sultan was a patriot, brave freedom fighter, efficient administrator, and a tolerant and a model popular leader. "I recall the sacrifice, valor of Tipu Sultan who battered the British empire with all the pride on the occasion of Tipu Jayanthi," he said. — IANS


text:
ghcjs-from-typescript
=====================

The goal of this project is to generate Haskell FFI bindings from
TypeScript definition files.  In particular, the initial goal has been
to get convert a
[TypeScript binding for the Ace editor](https://github.com/borisyankov/DefinitelyTyped/blob/master/ace/ace.d.ts).

The conversion to a raw binding already works.  However, `ace.d.ts`
had to be modified a bit due to deficiencies in
[language-typescript](http://hackage.haskell.org/package/language-typescripte):

* top level `var` declarations with object types commented out, as
  they cause parsing to fail.

* `export` keywords are removed by string substituion, as they cause
  parsing to fail.

Running it on `ace.d.ts`
------------------------

Here's what I'm currently using to run this:

> rm -r output; runhaskell src/GHCJSFromTypeScript.hs && cd ghcjs-ace && cabal --config-file=../../../cabal-ghcjs-config install --ghcjs && cd ..


"Robert and Lee are excellent teachers; always working together to support students and encourage them to reach their full potential. They do this by using differentiated approaches, in order to meet individual requirements. Coupled with their vast knowledge and skills, their enthusiastic approach encourages students to make outstanding progress, whilst still enjoying the lessons."
The founder and chief instructor of the Agar-Hutton Martial Arts Academy is Robert Agar-Hutton. Robert is a Tai Chi instructor acnowledged by the Tai Chi Union for Great Britain with the rank of a Senior Level instructor (the highest of their four instructor grades). He is an expert martial artist (with qualifications in Karate as well as Tai Chi) who started training in 1971 and began teaching around 1993.
To contact Robert call 07771 333 369.
Lee Agar-Hutton has been involved with Tai Chi for nearly thirty years and is an Advanced Level instructor with The Tai Chi Union for Great Britain.
She is also a keen gym member and almost every day will see her attending a class of Yoga or Pump or Bodycombat or LBT. She believes that a balanced approach to fitness is best, combining the aerobic and more 'sweaty' fitness regimes along with the slightly more sedate (but no easier) disciplines of Yoga and Tai Chi.
One difference between Robert and Lee is that whereas Robert likes to explain the whys and wherefores of the art so that students can understand the reasons behind what they are doing, Lee is more of a 'Just Do It' instructor so her sessions can be pretty intense (in a slow and relaxed way).
"Rob is quite good at teaching Tai Chi he knows all about it, past & present. He does take it seriously but also makes the lessons fun and enjoyable. It is hard work but the exercises keep us fit and healthy."
CALL 07771 333 369 if you want further info or come along and join in a session.
"The Tai Chi Union for Great Britain (TCUGB) was founded in 1991 with the aim of representing every recognised style of Tai Chi Chuan, to improve and promote the art in all its aspects, health, aesthetic meditation and self defence and to provide a source of information on classes etc. for the general public."


text:
SEMANA SANTA EN GUATEMALA
by | Apr 5, 2016 | Uncategorized | 0 comments
LAS RUINAS DE SAN GERONIMO- ANTIGUA, GUATEMALA
Located in the central highlands of Guatemala and situated near two dormant volcanoes and one active one, Antigua is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The city is known for its Spanish Baroque-influenced architecture, most of which are the grand ruins of colonial churches, monasteries and convents damaged or destroyed by decades of severe earthquakes.
For Semana Santa, beginning on Palm Sunday and ending on Easter Sunday, Antigua was cloaked in purple, a color used for death and mourning. Purple bunting was draped over doorways of churches, homes, hotels and shops, and thousands of purple-robed "penitents" representing a collective sorrow for sins, participated in dozens of processions during Holy Week. It takes approximately forty of them to carry life-size plasster figures on wooden "floats" that weigh more than a thousand pounds. Musicians dressed in black played somber dirges as they followed the processions of costumed participants, some swinging metal incense burners, filling the the air with smoke and the aromatic resin of copal.
The bright bliss of Semana Santa in Antigua is the making of many dozens of fanciful long "carpets" for the procession routes, some of which are more than twenty feet long.
Using elaborate stencils, brightly dyed sawdust is pressed into the various patterns and then the alfombra is adorned with pine needles, flowers, fruits, vegetables and bread baked into animal and plant forms. It is only the persons carrying the floats that are allowed to walk over the carpets, in effect trampling them.
Children run over immediately after the floats pass to gather up food into their t-shirts before the fast approaching trash compacting vehicles arrive.
"EL CERRO DE ORO," EL VOLCÁN MÁS PEQUEÑO – EL LAGO DE ATITLAN, GUATEMALA
After three days in Antigua, where the songs of birds in purple-blossomed jacaranda trees and pines mingled with the whistles of cotton candy and ice cream vendors, musicians, firecrackers and the hum of the crowds, we drove three hours west to the quiet shores of Lake Atitlán. Surrounded on all sides by high cliffs and three dormant volcanoes, the lake is astonishingly beautiful and usually calm in the mornings. In the afternoons, the xocomil wind makes for thrilling boat rides. Lake Atitlán is dotted with small pueblos where the descendants of Mayans speak two different dialects, depending on which part of the lake they live. Holding on to pre-Columbian traditions, women dress in embroidered huipiles (blouses) and handloomed cotton cortes (long rectangles wrapped to form skirts). Men dress in the simple traje, which usually consists of handloomed cotton striped pants and shirts, many of which are embroidered.
SAN JUAN, LAGO DE ATITLÁN, GUATEMALA
The small pueblo of San Juan has recently organized some good art and handicraft cooperatives with fixed prices, providing San Juan with opportunities for creativity and income.
HERMOSO COOPERATIVO EN SAN JUAN, LAGO DE ATITILÁN
CHICHICASTENANGO – EL MERCADO MÁS GRANDE EN GUATEMALA . HORA Y MEDIA DEL LAGO
VISTA DE NUESTRA HABITACIÓN – SANTIAGO, LAGO DE ATITLÁN (HOTEL BAMBÚ)
As we flew over Guatemala on our way home to Mexico, the tops of high volcanoes appeared above the clouds below us. Guatemala has more than thirty dorman and active volcanoes, the most volcanoes per square mile than any country in the world. The volcanoes of Pacaya, Agua and Fuego are very close to Antigua. We saw Fuego spewing ash daily while we were there, and at night, the volcano was crowned with bright red sparks.
UNO DE MÁS DE 30 VOLCANES EN GUATEMALA – FOTO SACADA DEL AVION SALIENDO DEL PAÍS
··························································································································
COAPINOLE:
Reached by driving northeast for about 25 minutes, the area in which the clinic in Coapinole took place was mostly dusty and poor. The clinic was held in a vacated tortilla factory, so it was spacious, airy and centrally located.
CLÍNICA EN COAPINOLE – DR. POLI Y DR. ANTHONY
When I arrived on Friday, 42 cats and dogs had been registered, 15 of which were Pit Bulls, and of those, the majority were female. Pit Bull fights are known to take place in the neighborhood (and in many other neighborhoods) on a regular basis.
RECOGIENDO GATOS DESPUÉS DE CIRUGÍA EN COAPINOLE
STERILIZATIONS IN COLONIA COAPINOLE March 30-April 2: Male dogs – 30;
Female dogs – 75; Male cats – 25; Female cats – 30
TOTAL: 160!!!!!
CLÍNICA EN COAPINOLE
PLUS pregnancy terminated for 1 dog with 8 fetuses
ANTES DE CIRUGÍA-COAPINOLE
LLEVANDO SUS GATITA DESPUÉS DE CIRUGÍA – COAPINOLE
THE COAPINOLE CLINIC WAS MADE POSSIBLE BY A GENEROUS GRANT FROM
THE HUMANE SOCIETY (ALICE MORGAN WRIGHT-EDITH J. GOODE TRUST).
DONATIONS AT COAPINOLE CLINIC: 1,480 pesos
Martha Stanek – 1,400 pesos (earmarked for Bucerias clinic in May)
Stephanie and Paul Madan – $500 USD
Elaine Ortiz – 26 new dog collars and 10 new dog collars
ANTIGUA, GUATEMALA – SEMANA SANTA
Maré Hansen: Maré and her husband, Dr. Conrad Zagory, became friends after Maré admired our dog Charlie walking on the malecón when we first moved to Vallarta, almost ten years ago. Intelligent, irrespressible and lovable Maré felt an intense love for dogs and made very generous donations several times a year to PEACEAnimals and to the SPCAPV. While we were still in Guatemala, Conrad emailed to say that Mare´s heart had failed and that she had died very suddenly. She will be missed by all who knew, admired and loved her.
Conrad sent me this quote on Friday:
"Mankind's true moral test, its fundamental test (which lies deeply buried from view), consists of its attitude towards those who are at its mercy: animals. And in this respect mankind has suffered a fundamental debacle, a debacle so fundamental that all others stem from it." -Milan Kundera, novelist, playwright, and poet
DONATIONS TO PEACEANIMALS EARMARKED FOR EL TUITO CLINIC ORGANIZED BY KAY DOYLE:
Suzanne Ragghianti – $100 USD
Kim Sieno – $300 USD (in 2015 and held for 2016 clinic by Kai Doyle)
Kim Sieno- $200 USD
PREPARANDO UNA ALFOMBRA PARA LAS PROCESIONES EN ANTIGUA – SEMANA SANTA
CLINIC SCHEDULE/HORARIO:
April 6-9 – La Peñita, Nayarit – (PETS FOR LIFE CLINIC)
April 13-16 – el Tuito- From Puerto Vallarta south on carretera 200 – one hour driving time. After passing through el Columpio, you will soon you will see a sign saying "La Hermosa."
Look for the next right, which is a wide road that veers off to the right. There is a large, blue sign that says "Cabo Corrientes" right before you veer off to the right. (There are a bunch of tow trucks parked on the right side.) Take that road.
Proceed on that road. Soon you will cross a little bridge. Continue straight for approx.1 block. Turn right at the stop sign. Go approx. 2-3 blocks, (you will pass the supermarket on the right). When you see the church, on your left, go to the end of that block. Turn right onto Calle Jalisco. (there is a vacant lot on the corner with a cyclone fence & a "Se Vende" sign). The clinic will be held in the first house on the left, recognizable by a cement bottle wall.
APRIL 20-23 – San Vicente, Nayarit – en el salon de ejido
APRIL 27-30 – Las Juntas – en la delegación – Puerto Vallarta
LESLIE Y DR. POLI EN COAPINOLE
CALENDAR FOR SPECIAL SUNDAY ONE-DAY CLINICS ON THE ISLA CUALE, WHERE SO MANY CATS AND KITTENS ARE ABANDONED. PURO GATO WILL HOLD ADOPTIONS ON THE ISLA FROM 11-2 ON THESE SAME DATES.
Mayo 8 – domingo – PV ANIMAL
Junio 5 -domingo – SHANNON BESTON
July 3 – domingo – PEACEAnimals
Agosto 7 – domingo – SPCA
Septiembre 4 – domingo – ANGELICAT
Octubre 2 – domingo – PURR PROJECT
Noviembre 6 – domingo – PV ANIMAL
Diciembre 4- domingo – PURO GATO
DR. ANTHONY – COAPINOLE
THE ABOVE GROUPS HAVE HIRED AND WILL PAY PETS FOR LIFE 4,500 PESOS FOR THE STERILIZATION OF 30 ANIMALS. IF NUMBERS ARE GREATER, THE SAME ORGANIZATIONS WILL REQUEST DONATIONS FROM THEIR SUPPORTERS TO MAKE UP THE DIFFERENCE.
Please "like" PEACEAnimals and Calle Cero (national spay/neuter campaign) on FaceBook.
LUNCH DONATIONS NEEDED FOR VET TEAM: PEACEAnimals has a budget of 70 pesos per vet team individual (three persons) per day for 4 days a week for lunches.
Please consider bringing lunches for our vet team to the clinics. If you can do this, please advise so we can create a lunch schedule. By having lunches donated, these savings can used for purchases of supplies and medicines.
LESLIE – PRE-OP EN LA CLÍNICA DE COAPINOLE
WE NEED VOLUNTEERS AT THE CLINICS. Please sign up: Leslie Caratachea via FB or [email protected]
DESPUÉS DE CIRUGÍA EN LA CLÍNICA DE COAPINOLE
DONATION change effective Oct 1, 2015:
PEACEAnimals is under the umbrella of Banderas Bay Charities, Inc., a US 501 (c)(3) charity located in Portland, Oregon. Please make payments payable to either BBC INC or Banderas Bay Charities, Inc. Donations are tax deductible and should be earmarked for PEACEAnimals.
Clinic schedule, including directions and other clinic information are always on website: www.peaceanimals.organd on this blog: www.gretchen-peace-and-pv.blogspot.com
Richard R. Reed Foundation
DIRECTORIO PARA ANIMALITOS RESCATADOS –
http://gooddog.pw/my-account/
FAVOR DE DONAR ALMUERZOS PARA EL EQUIPO. NOS CUESTA 210 PESOS 4 DÍAS LA SEMANA Y CON SUS DONACIÓNES DE COMIDA, PODEMOS USAR ESTE DINERO PARA SUMINISTROS. GRACIAS.
NECESITAMOS VOLUNTARIOS, PORFA.
Gretchen DeWitt – Presidente de le mesa directiva


text:
History of dynamical systems
Philip Holmes (2007), Scholarpedia, 2(5):1843. doi:10.4249/scholarpedia.1843 revision #91357 [link to/cite this article]
Post-publication activity
Curator: Philip Holmes
Benjamin Bronner
Eugene M. Izhikevich
Alessandra Celletti
Alain Chenciner
Dima Shepelyansky
Dr. Philip Holmes, Princeton University, NJ, USA
Dynamical systems theory (also known as nonlinear dynamics, chaos theory) comprises methods for analyzing differential equations and iterated mappings. It is a mathematical theory that draws on analysis, geometry, and topology – areas which in turn had their origins in Newtonian mechanics – and so should perhaps be viewed as a natural development within mathematics, rather than the scientific revolution or paradigm shift that some popular accounts have suggested. (The fact that a given deterministic dynamical system can be proven to possess chaotic (or stable) solutions does not necessarily imply that the phenomenon that it purports to describe behaves likewise. That will depend on the quality of the mathematical model.) However, see Aubin and Dahan Dalmedico (2002) for a 'sociohistorial' analysis which discusses extra-mathematical influences and describes the confluence of ideas and traditions that occurred in the turbulent decade around 1970.
This article provides a brief, and perhaps idiosyncratic, introductory review of the early history of the subject, from approximately 1885 through 1965. While I take a mathematical viewpoint, I do not intend to downplay the important motivations and contributions to the field from outside mathematics per se, and especially from the physical sciences. I include some references to this work, but to do it justice would require a separate article.
In compiling the bibliography I have emphasized original references and a few relatively early review articles. I discuss only deterministic systems; there is also a growing qualitative theory of stochastic dynamical systems, see, e.g. L. Arnold (1998). The important topic of ergodic theory (Katok and Hasselblatt, 1995) is mentioned only in passing.
1 Poincaré and Birkhoff
2 Andronov, Pontryagin and the Moscow School
3 Radar, Nonlinear Oscillators, and Chaos
4 Smale's Horseshoe
5 More Chaos
Poincaré and Birkhoff
The qualitative theory of dynamical systems originated in Poincaré's work on celestial mechanics (Poincaré 1899), and specifically in a 270-page, prize-winning, and initially flawed paper (Poincaré 1890). The methods developed therein laid the basis for the local and global analysis of nonlinear differential equations, including the use of first-return (Poincaré) maps, stability theory for fixed points and periodic orbits, stable and unstable manifolds, and the Poincaré recurrence theorem. More strikingly, using the example of a periodically-perturbed pendulum, Poincaré showed that mechanical systems with \(n \ge 2\) degrees of freedom may not be integrable, due to the presence of homoclinic orbits. The methods that he developed were subsequently described in detail in the three-volume treatise Poincaré (1892-1899).
Following this and Hadamard's studies of geodesic flows, G.D. Birkhoff showed that, near any homoclinic point of a two-dimensional map, there is an infinite sequence of periodic orbits whose periods approach infinity (Birkhoff 1927), and that annulus maps having orbits with different periods can possess complicated limit sets separating their domains of attraction (Birkhoff 1932), of which more below.
Andronov, Pontryagin and the Moscow School
Figure 1: Aleksander Aleksandrovich Andronov in 1950.
During the period that Birkhoff was working in the U.S., A.A. Andronov (1901-1952), a student of L. Mandelstam (1879-1944), established a strong group in dynamics in the U.S.S.R at Gorki (Nizhni-Novgorod). (For more on Andronov's work in control theory and the Mandelstam school in mathematical physics, see http://ict.open.ac.uk/reports/1.pdf.) Andronov and Pontryagin (1937) introduced structural stability (systèmes grossiers, or coarse systems) and began a study of local bifurcations that was continued beyond Andronov's premature death by his wife, Leontovich (Andronov et al 1971, 1973). Andronov had trained as a physicist, and unlike much of the work in Europe and the U.S., his group remained close to applications, especially in nonlinear oscillations and waves. Indeed, Andronov, Vitt, and Khaiken (1966), an expanded version of a book originally published in 1937, remains an excellent introduction to nonlinear systems for applied scientists. Subsequently M. Peixoto (originally trained as an engineer) generalised Andronov and Pontryagin's theory of planar systems to two-dimensional manifolds (Peixoto 1962).
Figure 2: Andrey Nikolaevich Kolmogorov in the 1940s.
A more abstract approach, developed in Moscow, gained attention outside the U.S.S.R. via the translation of (Nemytskii and Stepanov, 1960), introduced by S. Lefschetz, who had himself published a text on qualitative theory a few years earlier (Lefschetz 1957). Here the first clearly-defined strange attractor – the solenoid – was described. The works of Kolmogorov, Anosov, Arnold and Sinai grew out of this "Moscow school" in the 1950-60's, with important work on ergodic theory (Sinai, 1966), geodesic flows (Anosov, 1967) and billiards (Sinai, 1970), using Kolmogorov's idea of K-systems. Some of this was motivated by S. Smale's visit to Moscow in 1961, during which he met Anosov, Arnold and Sinai and told them of the conjecture that structurally stable systems with infinitely many periodic orbits could exist (see Smale's Horseshoe, below).
Perhaps the most influential Russian contribution to dynamical systems in this period was a "converse" to Poincaré's discovery of nonintegrability and chaos: the Kolmogorov-Arnold-Moser (KAM) Theorem. This result, which was announced at the 1954 International Congress of Mathematicians (ICM) in Amsterdam, proves the existence of a positive measure set of quasiperiodic motions lying on invariant tori for Hamiltonian flows that are sufficiently close to completely integrable systems (Kolmogorov 1957). During this period V.I. Arnold began his thesis studies with Kolmogorov. Arnold would go on to make important contributions to the quasiperiodic motion problem and in dynamical systems, bifurcation theory, and classical mechanics in general. Moser's interest in celestial mechanics had been sparked by C.L. Seigel in Göttingen and his contribution to KAM was in turn prompted by an invitation to write a summary of Kolmogorov (1957) for Mathematical Reviews. After working independently (Moser, 1962), he visited the Moscow group in 1962. This and Moser's subsequent work was instrumental in spreading the news of this important result.
While Russian mathematicians were somewhat isolated during the 1950-1980s (the height of the cold war), and were rarely able to travel outside the Soviet Bloc, they eagerly sought contacts with the West. Visits such as those of Smale and Moser, and the Moscow ICM in 1966, which Smale also attended, helped maintain communications with their European and American colleagues. Those mathematicians able to visit Moscow found a hospitable welcome.
Radar, Nonlinear Oscillators, and Chaos
Parallel to the mathematical work of Birkhoff and others in the U.S. and Europe, interest in nonlinear oscillations was growing, driven largely by developments in electronics (indeed, Lefschetz, mentioned above, edited a series of books on the topic). B. van der Pol, a radio engineer at the Phillips labs in Eindhoven, published a remarkable short paper (van der Pol and van der Mark 1927) which may contain the first experimental observation of deterministic chaos (they describe an "irregular noise" in a diode subject to periodic forcing). This paper also noted the coexistence of periodic orbits of different period (subharmonics of two distinct orders), which implied the existence of a complicated unstable invariant set, following (Birkhoff, 1932).
Van der Pol's work was one of the motivations for Cartwright and Littlewood's (1945) study of the van der Pol equation, which in turn led to that of Levinson (1949). Levinson simplified the problem by replacing the cubic nonlinearity with a piecewise linear function, and he provided a more explicit analysis. In these papers the existence of a chaotic invariant set was proved for a periodically-forced second order ODE. It is interesting that Cartwright and Littlewood worked on the problem as part of the British program to develop radar during World War II. Meanwhile, E. Hopf, in Germany, had extended the Poincaré-Andronov bifurcation that now generally bears his name to \(n > 2\) dimensions (Hopf 1942), prefiguring the general Center Manifold Theorem and normal form theory (Pliss 1964; Kelley 1967).
Smale's Horseshoe
Figure 3: Steve Smale, circa 19?? (Steve, put year here).
In the late 1950's S. Smale brought a topological approach to the study of dynamical systems. Extending Andronov and Peixoto's work on structural stability to \(n > 2\) dimensions, he defined Morse-Smale systems and conjectured that a system is structurally stable if and only if it is Morse-Smale. (A Morse-Smale system has a finite set of fixed points and periodic orbits, all of which are hyperbolic and all of whose stable and unstable manifolds intersect transversely, but no other nonwandering or recurrent points). However, after N. Levinson drew his attention to Cartwright and Littlewood's (1945) work and his own paper (Levinson, 1949), Smale abstracted a geometrical description of the chaotic set – now called the Smale horseshoe – and used it to disprove his own conjecture. He constructed an example of a structurally stable mapping on the sphere having a countable infinity of periodic orbits, and further used symbolic dynamics to describe the uncountable nonwandering Cantor set, thereby completing the story begun by Poincaré. This occurred during a visit to Peixoto's IMPA in Rio de Janeiro in 1960, close to, if not actually on the beach at Rio (Smale 1980). The paper describing it appeared five years later (Smale 1965).
Smale's work in dynamical systems became widely known only after his classic survey article (Smale 1967) (reprinted with additional notes in Smale (1980)). J. Moser (1973) subsequently gave a beautiful exposition that included explicit criteria for the presence of horseshoes in two-dimensional maps. Independently, V.K. Melnikov used regular perturbation methods to prove the existence of transverse homoclinic orbits to periodic motions in ODEs (Melnikov 1963) and V.I. Arnold generalized these ideas to produce the first example of what is now called Arnold Diffusion (Arnold 1964). In fact the (now widely-used) Melnikov function is, up to a constant, exactly the integral that Poincaré derived from Hamilton-Jacobi theory to obtain his obstruction to integrability in Poincaré (1890). Thus the circle nicely closes.
More Chaos
The 1960's was not only a chaotic decade in mathematical and social circles; physicists and engineers were also involved. In 1959 Boris Chirikov had introduced the first analytical estimate for the onset of chaotic motion in deterministic Hamiltonian systems. Now known as the Chirikov criterion, it successfully explained puzzling experiments on plasma confinement in open magnetic traps performed at the Kurchatov Institute and later found broad applications in various physical systems. E.N. Lorenz's numerical study of a three-dimensional ODE modeling Rayleigh-Benard convection introduced sensitive dependence on initial conditions in meteorology (Lorenz 1963; see also Butterfly Effect), and around 1962 Y. Ueda demonstrated chaos in a periodically-forced oscillator using an analog computer, although his work remained unpublished for several years (Hayashi et al., 1970; Ueda 1973). Two mathematicians, David Ruelle and Floris Takens, become interested in fluid turbulence in the late 1960's and published an influential paper (Ruelle and Takens, 1971, also see Ruelle, 1991). Around the same time, J.A. Yorke discovered and publicised Lorenz's work to mathematicians, H. Swinney, J.P. Gollub and others began their experimental studies of fluid instabilities and turbulence (see, e.g. Swinney and Gollub, 1981), and a continuing festival of interdisciplinary and international conferences was launched. A notable early example was the New York Academy of Sciences meeting in November 1977 (Gurel and Rössler, 1979). The rest is more history.
This account is primarily drawn from a review article (Holmes, 2005); the slides from an illustrated companion lecture are available on DSWeb (http://tutorials.siam.org/dsweb/enoc/). A more technical account appeared in (Holmes 1990), and Chenciner (1985) reviews the field extensively in greater breadth. Barrow-Green (1997) provides a fine historical study of Poincaré's contributions. Diacu and Holmes (1996) tell an extended story, with dramatized appearances by the major actors. Aubin and Dahan Dalmedico (2002) provide a deeper sociological and cultural context, discussing the influence of the computer on both theory and experiment, and addressing contributions from physicists such as Feigenbaum (1978).
There are many textbooks on dynamical systems, spanning the range from introductory (Hirsch et al., 2004) to advanced (Guckenheimer and Holmes 1983; Wiggins 2003; Kuznetsov 2004), and from applied (Strogatz 1994) to abstract (Arnold 1983; Katok and Hasselblatt 1995). The volumes on dynamical systems in the Encyclopaedia of Mathematical Sciences (Gamkrelidze 1988-90), written by many of the major Russian contributors to the theory, are particularly valuable. An early contribution from the viewpoint of physics and Hamiltonian mechanics is Lichtenberg and Lieberman (1983).
I am indebted to Alain Chenciner and Mark Levi for helpful suggestions, advice and references; to Ya G. Sinai for information on the Moscow School and Kolmogorov's seminar, and to an anonymous referee for the reference to Aubin and Dahan Dalmedico's paper.
A.A. Andronov and L. Pontryagin. Systèmes grossiers. Dokl. Akad. Nauk. SSSR, 14, 247–251, 1937.
A.A. Andronov, E.A. Leontovich, I.I. Gordon and A.G. Maier. Theory of Bifurcations of Dynamic Systems on a Plane. Jerusalem, Israel Program for Scientific Translations,1971. (Available from the U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA.)
A.A. Andronov, E.A. Leontovich, I.I. Gordon and A.G. Maier. Qualitative Theory of Second-Order Dynamic Systems. Jerusalem, Israel Program for Scientific Translations, John Wiley, New York, 1973.
A.A. Andronov, A. A. Vitt and S.E. Khaikin. Theory of Oscillators (tr. F. Immerzi from the Russian, first edition Moscow, 1937). Pergamon, London, UK, 1966.
D.V. Anosov. Geodesic Flows on Closed Riemannian Manifolds with Negative Curvature. Proc. Steklov Inst. Math. 90, 1967.
L. Arnold. Random Dynamical Systems. Springer, Heidelberg, 1998.
V.I. Arnold. Instability of dynamical systems with several degrees of freedom. Sov. Math. Doklady, 5, 342–355, 1964.
V.I. Arnold. Geometrical Methods in the Theory of Ordinary Differential Equations. Springer, New York, 1983.
D. Aubin and A. Dahan Dalmedico. Writing the History of Dynamical Systems and Chaos: Longue Durée and Revolution, Disciplines and Cultures. Historia Mathematica, 29, 273-339, 2002.
J. Barrow-Green. Poincaré and the Three Body Problem. American Mathematical Society, Providence, RI, 1997.
G.D. Birkhoff. Dynamical Systems (reprinted with an introduction by J. Moser and a preface by M. Morse, 1966). American Mathematical Society, Providence, RI, 1927.
G.D. Birkhoff. Sur quelques courbes fermees remarquables. Bull. Soc. Math. de France, 60, 1–26, 1932.
M.L. Cartwright and J.E. Littlewood. On nonlinear differential equations of the second order, I: the equation \(\ddot{y} + k(1 - y^2)\dot{y} + y = b \lambda k \cos(\lambda t + a )\ ,\) \(k\) large. J. London Math. Soc., 20, 180–189, 1945.
A. Chenciner. Systèmes Dynamiques différentiables. Encyclopaedia Universalis, 1985.
B.V.Chirikov, Resonance processes in magnetic traps, "At. Energ." 6, 630 (1959) (in Russian; Engl. Transl., "J. Nucl. Energy Part C: Plasma Phys." 1, 253 (1960))
B.V.Chirikov, A universal instability of many-dimensional oscillator systems, "Phys. Rep." 52, 263 (1979)
F. Diacu and P. Holmes. Celestial Encounters: The Origins of Chaos and Stability. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 1996.
M.J. Feigenbaum. Quantitative universality for a class of nonlinear transformations. J. Stat. Phys., 19, 25-52, 1978.
R.V. Gamkrelidze (Ed-in-Chief) Encyclopaedia of Mathematical Sciences: Dynamical Systems I - VII (tr. various hands from the Russian). Springer, New York, 1988-1990.
J. Guckenheimer and P. Holmes. Nonlinear Oscillations, Dynamical Systems and Bifurcations of Vector Fields. Springer, New York, 1983.
O. Gurel and O. Rössler (Eds). Bifurcation Theory and Applications in the Scientific Disciplines. Ann. New York Acad Sci. Vol 316, New York, 1979.
C. Hayashi, Y. Ueda, N. Akamatsu and H. Itakura. On the behavior of self-oscillatory systems with external force. Trans. IECE Japan, 53A (3), 150–158, 1970.
M.W. Hirsch, S. Smale and R.L. Devaney. Differential Equations, Dynamical Systems and an Introduction to Chaos (Second edition). Academic Press/Elsevier, San Diego, CA, 2004.
P. Holmes. Poincaré, celestial mechanics, dynamical systems theory and "chaos." Physics Reports, 193 (3), 137–163, 1990.
P. Holmes. Ninety plus thirty years of nonlinear dynamics: More is different and less is more. Int. J. Bifurcation and Chaos, 15 (9), 2703-2716, 2005.
E. Hopf. Abzweigung einer periodischen Lösung von einer stationären Lösung eines differential-systems. Berichte Math.-Phys. Kl. Sächs. Akad. Wiss. Leipzig Math.-Nat. Kl., 94, 1-22, 1942.
A. Katok and B. Hasselblatt. Introduction to the Modern Theory of Dynamical Systems. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 1995.
A. Kelley. The stable, center stable, center, center unstable, and unstable manifolds. J. Diffl. Eqns., 3, 546–570, 1967.
A.N. Kolmogorov Theorie generale des sytèmes dynamiques et mecanique classique. In Proc. International Congress of Mathematicians, Amsterdam, 1954, vol. I, pp 315–333. North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1957.
Yu.A. Kuznetsov. Elements of Applied Bifurcation Theory (third edition). Springer, New York, 2004.
S. Lefschetz. Differential Equations: Geometric Theory. Interscience Publishers, New York, 1957.
N. Levinson. A second-order differential equation with singular solutions. Annals of Mathematics, 50, 127–153, 1949.
A.J. Lichtenberg and M.A. Lieberman Regular and Chaotic dynamics. Springer, Berlin-New York, 1992
E.N. Lorenz. Deterministic non-periodic flow. J. Atmosperic Sci. 20, 130–141, 1963.
V.K. Melnikov. On the stability of the center for time-periodic perturbations. Trans. Moscow Math. Soc., 12, 1–57, 1963.
J.K. Moser. On invariant curves of area-preserving mappings of an annulus. Nachr. Akad. Wiss. Göttingen II. Math. Phys. Kl. 1-20, 1962.
J.K. Moser. Stable and Random Motions in Dynamical Systems. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 1973.
V.V. Nemytskii and V.V. Stepanov. Qualitative Theory of Differential Equations (tr. various hands from earlier Russian editions). Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 1960.
M.M. Peixoto. Structural stability on two-dimensional manifolds. Topology, 1, 101-120, 1962.
V.A. Pliss. A reduction principle in the theory of the stability of motion. Izv. Akad. Nauk. SSSR, Mat. Ser. 28, 1297–1324, 1964.
H.J. Poincaré. Sur le problème des trois corps et les équations de la dynamique. Acta Mathematica, 13, 1–270, 1890.
H.J. Poincaré. Les méthodes nouvelles de la mécanique céleste, Vols 1-3. Gauthiers-Villars, Paris, 1892, 1893, 1899. (English translation edited by D. Goroff, published by the American Institute of Physics, New York, 1993.)
D. Ruelle. Chance and Chaos Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 1991.
D. Ruelle and F. Takens. On the nature of turbulence. Commun. Math. Phys., 20, 167-192, 1971; 23, 343-344, 1971.
Ya. G. Sinai. Classical dynamical systems with countable multiplicity Lebesgue spectrum, I. Izvestia Acd. Sci. USSR, Mat. 30 (1), 15-68, 1966.
Ya. G. Sinai. Dynamical systems with elastic reflections. Ergodic properties of dispersing billiards. Russian Math. Surveys, 25 (2), 137-189, 1970.
S. Smale. Diffeomorphisms with many periodic points. In Differential and Combinatorial Topology: A Symposium in Honor of Marston Morse, pp. 63-70, S.S. Cairns (ed). Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 1965.
S. Smale. Differentiable Dynamical Systems. Bull. Amer. Math. Soc., 73, 747–817, 1967.
S. Smale. The Mathematics of Time. Springer, New York, 1980.
S.H. Strogatz. Nonlinear Dynamics and Chaos. Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, 1994.
H.L. Swinney and J.P. Gollub (Eds). Hydrodynamic Instabilities and the Transition to Turbulence. Springer, New York, 1981 (second Edition, 1985).
Y. Ueda, N. Akamatsu and C. Hayashi. Computer simulations and non-periodic oscillations. Trans. IEICE Japan, 56A (4), 218–225, 1973.
B. van der Pol and B. van der Mark. Frequency demultiplication. Nature, 120, 363–364, 1927.
S. Wiggins. Introduction to Applied Nonlinear Dynamical Systems and Chaos. (Second edition). Springer, New York, 2003.
Internal references
Paul M.B. Vitanyi (2007) Andrey Nikolaevich Kolmogorov. Scholarpedia, 2(2):2798.
Dima Shepelyansky (2008) Boris Valerianovich Chirikov. Scholarpedia, 3(10):6628.
John W. Milnor (2006) Attractor. Scholarpedia, 1(11):1815.
John Guckenheimer (2007) Bifurcation. Scholarpedia, 2(6):1517.
Jack Carr (2006) Center manifold. Scholarpedia, 1(12):1826.
James Meiss (2007) Dynamical systems. Scholarpedia, 2(2):1629.
James Meiss (2007) Hamiltonian systems. Scholarpedia, 2(8):1943.
Michael Shub (2007) Morse-Smale systems. Scholarpedia, 2(3):1785.
James Murdock (2006) Normal forms. Scholarpedia, 1(10):1902.
Jeff Moehlis, Kresimir Josic, Eric T. Shea-Brown (2006) Periodic orbit. Scholarpedia, 1(7):1358.
Anatoly M. Samoilenko (2007) Quasiperiodic oscillations. Scholarpedia, 2(5):1783.
Steve Smale and Michael Shub (2007) Smale horseshoe. Scholarpedia, 2(11):3012.
Philip Holmes and Eric T. Shea-Brown (2006) Stability. Scholarpedia, 1(10):1838.
Takashi Kanamaru (2007) Van der Pol oscillator. Scholarpedia, 2(1):2202.
Aleksander Aleksandrovich Andronov, Attractor, Bifurcation, Butterfly Effect, Chaos, Dynamical Systems, Kolmogorov, Ordinary Differential Equations, Henri Poincaré, Stability, Chirikov criterion
Reviewed by: Anonymous
Reviewed by: Dr. Alain Chenciner, Math Dept Paris 7 University and IMCCE (Paris Observatory), France
Accepted on: 2007-05-25 15:15:05 GMT
Retrieved from "http://www.scholarpedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_dynamical_systems&oldid=91357"
"History of dynamical systems" by Philip Holmes is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License. Permissions beyond the scope of this license are described in the Terms of Use


text:
Q: Opera Browser: highlight the URL bar In Opera Browser what is the key combination to highlight the url bar?
I tried the F6 key, but doesn't work.
I'm using Opera 23, latest build.

A: Ctrl + L
Works in pretty much all browsers on all operating systems. Even in Internet Explorer in Metro mode and Chrome Mobile with a keyboard attached.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Blanca García joins Nissan Latin America as Regional Communications Director. Garcia joined Nissan Mexico in 2014 as Senior Communications Manager. She will replace María Eugenia Santiago, who led Nissan Mexico's Communication team for 5 years and Nissan LatAm Communications' team later.
Juan Manuel Hoyos has been appointed Latin America Marketing Director. He will be based in Nissan Mexico City's offices. Hoyos will be responsible for leading regional strategies and will work together with local teams to implement them in order to strengthen the brand presence in all the markets of the region.
Wavemaker, GroupM's media, content & technology agency created from MEC and Maxus merger, has arrived in Peru where it will be led by recently appointed CEO Marcel Garreaud. Previously, Garreaud served as Managing Director of Havas Media Peru and Bolivia for 11 years. Wamaker has offices in 90 countries with more than 8,500 employees. Its main global clients are L'Oréal, Vodafone, Marriott, Colgate-Palmolive and Paramount, among others.
Coca-Cola has appointed Mexican Eduardo Pérez Eusebio as global director of research, innovation and trends, Marketers by Adlatina has reported. The executive joined the beverage multinational in 1999.Prior to Coca-Cola, the Pérez Eusebio worked for Colgate-Palmolive.
Unisys Corporation has announced the appointment of Luis Carlos Rego as Vice President and Financial Services Vertical Leader for Latin America. Rego is based in Sao Paulo and reports to Eduardo Almeida, VP of Enterprise Solutions and General Manager of Unisys for Latin America.
Hilton has appointed Kellyn Smith Kenny as marketing director. As of January 29, 2018, the executive will oversee the business marketing strategy for the hotel company and its portfolio of 14 leading brands in the industry.
Alberto Llera is Paramount Pictures Mexico new Marketing Director.


Scotlands recycling and composting rates haven continued to increase, as figures from the Scottish Environment Protection Agency (SEPA) show that the government's 2008 target has been met.
Recycling and composting rose to 35.9% in Scotland between October 2008 and September 2009, comfortably fulfilling the country's 30% target.
However, the next recycling and composting target for the Scottish Government is 40% by the end of 2010.
The amount of municipal waste sent to landfill in Scotland is also continuing to fall, with a total of 1.20 million tonnes of municipal waste sent to landfill in the year October 2008 to September 2009. This is below the 1.32 million tonnes limit set for Scotland for 2009/10 by the European Commission under the Landfill Allowance Scheme.
SEPA national waste policy unit manager Kenny Boag said: It is very encouraging to see Scotlands municipal waste recycling rate continue to rise and the signs are good in that it looks as though we will meet our immediate targets. However, even greater challenges lie ahead and we must all accept that this will require new and additional services, facilities and most importantly, changes to our lifestyles so we may further prevent, re-use and recycle our waste in Scotland. SEPA will be doing everything it can to support this change as part of the Scottish Governments forthcoming Zero Waste Plan.


First confession: my library bought Google Glass about six months ago. Second confession: I have, shall we say, a conflicted relationship with Glass. Third confession: although my intrepid colleague and collaborator Dani Brecher and I just published a piece on the program we've developed at Claremont, I have strenuously avoided writing about it in this more personal venue. Fourth confession (more like revelation): our user community is seriously into the technology. This post is my attempt to reconcile these confessions.
Google Glass has gotten a ton of press spanning from rhapsodic to horrified to hilarious, so I won't rehash beyond a few basics: it's a wearable smart device that sits on your face and projects a tiny screen slightly above the horizon-line of your right eye. It's controlled by voice, touch, and gesture, and desperately requires a data connection to function properly due to the extent that it relies upon the cloud. Its inherent memory capacity is limited (12 GB), and its core uses are documentation (photo/video/audio), navigation, communication, and modest augmentation of reality. This infographic sums it up well.
My subjective reaction to Glass when it was released was similar to what I experience with most proto-technologies: interest in implications and functionality mixed with skeptical vexation about various design and implementation factors. In this case, the latter was directed toward Glass' corrective vision incompatibility (since addressed with the release of prescription-ready frames), cost (circa $1600 retail and perhaps a tenth that much to make), the limited scope of its availability (not to the hoi polloi until just yesterday), and the disconcerting sociocultural, physiological, and privacy connotations of face-bound wearable technology (legion). Wrap this up with the inevitable mental projection to the time in which we will all look back on this particular model as though it was an Atari 64 (relatively soon), I did not feel the slightest bit of desire to own a pair of Glass. Despite these compunctions, I also recognized the practical affordances of a device that allows for hands-free and connected visual engagement with experience – from the perspective of an educator, applications in teaching, learning, coaching, tutoring, exploring, and reflective practice are most interesting.
Needless to say, I found myself pulled in several directions late in 2013 when I received an Explorer invite from a librarian who had created a Glass program at the University of Colorado at Boulder Libraries, which has provided much of the inspiration for our own. Because of my complicated feelings toward the device and memories of ill-fated technology programs past, I chewed on a strong sense of distaste at joining the hordes that either covet or flaunt Glass. While I certainly didn't want Glass for myself, I had to consider whether my organization could figure out a way to make it useful and used. Pressured by a two-week window in which to make the purchase (a brilliant hard sell technique), after some lightning processing and community polling Dani and I proposed a Glass lending and demo program. We were met with an organizational mixture of enthusiastic support and (mostly) reasonable resistance focused on cost and dubious local use cases, including the most thorough mansplanation I have ever received on the intricacies of the hype cycle-nee-curve, which, of course, I had never heard of.
not so much, but maybe a bit more.
Our Glass program is simple. We had about two months of hands-on demo/discussion workshops followed by short loans to IT departments around the Colleges and in-class uses by faculty, and have now opened Glass to 5-day lending to students, staff, and faculty via an online application form. There have been a couple of awesome stories in student (1 and 2 in particular!) and also campus venues, and so much demand has resulted that we justified buying a second unit on Google's recent limited Glass public release day. The C&RL News article has more details on program specifics, if you're interested.
1 The physical experience of this design is unpleasant for me, as in uncomfortable. Plus, I see a pronounced retinal afterimage of the screen and my eyes feel pulled a little crossways after I take it off.
2 I don't love the various control methods, as in talking to myself, whapping/stroking at my face, and whiplashing my head up and down – additional ocular and voice control would be more graceful and far less embarrassing. As opposed to gesture control, which, as demonstrated in this app developer's video (which is most definitely not a parody), could lead to forceful interventions.
3 I wish it did more. From the perspective of people developing apps for Glass and those making it useful in their own contexts I can see tantalizing potential radness, but it's still limited for the majority.
4 Glass doesn't let you log into dual-authentication wireless networks, as in the things most campuses have. Duly reported.
5 Battery life barely lasts through a hands-on workshop, and Glass gets very hot when heavily used.
6 When I started testing Glass, unbeknownst to me it began uploading all of the random pictures and videos I was (accidentally) taking to my Google+ account, which had very open (default) privacy settings enabled. I don't really use Google+, which meant that this unknown Glass activity led to hilarity and embarrassment (thanks for the heads-up, Jenny). You intensely sign in to all things Google when you wear Glass, and there's no avoiding it unless you closely manage settings and/or apply obvious workarounds (as in, creating a 'mothership' Google identity for an institution or another Google ID).
Of course, you should douse these opinions with plenty of salt: our campus users tend to be most enthusiastic, even when they pan Glass' lack of current utility and social awkwardness. Loan applications have been super interesting and varied – for example, Tracy Seipser of CGU went on an epic Glass testing adventure, complete with a documentary of her woodwind group and guided gallery tours – take a look at the Prezi she developed to chronicle her process.
I have a bit of a history with developing tech-based programs that end up crashing and burning, which is fine by me in the end: one learns a great deal from sifting through the wreckage. When you accumulate experience with emerging tools, a layer of scar tissue (otherwise known as 'character') cannot help but build, making one cautious about the equation wherein Library X immediately buys/develops/subscribes to Shiny Gadget Y and attempts to reactively justify the decision rather than apply it to the greater good. With this caveat in mind I truly believe that fortune can favor the brave, especially when the brave are mindful of their impact on others.
Despite initial concerns that we might have purchased an expensive nose-weight, user reception has totally allayed those fears. Interest in our community is clearly based on a powerful confluence of scarcity and curiosity. Our workshops have been packed and highly engaged, and have worked well with a respective good-cop/bad-cop dynamic between Dani and myself that has allowed for an honest critical exploration of Glass' (dys)functionality. Practical ideas for use in an academic context have flourished through user applications and discussions – everything from a reflective teaching tool (capture your teaching experience and review later, or ask a student to do the same) to reducing documentary discomfort that consenting subjects (particularly children) in educational, psychological, anthropological, and sociological research scenarios feel when they are aware of being filmed. And on and on.
The lending and discourse aspects are key here – instead of reserving the tool for our own explorations, we're attempting to make access to and discussions about Glass meaningful beyond a fad sense. What is clear is that in a limited access or high expense scenario, creating a program that engages both the critical and applied nature of a tool like Glass has the potential to be successful.
Glassholeism is a thing, and I personally don't want to go there. I have friends battling the creeping gentrification effects of Silicon Valley on communities losing the purchasing power to pay their rent, let alone walk around carrying on a public/private conversation with a tool of dubious current practicality. And I very much support them.
That said, providing access to a technology is not the same as advocating for it (an important lesson for alpha cynics like myself to remember, particularly in a library context). I don't personally support everything we offer on our physical and digital shelves, so why should I expect to feel the same way about the tools we provide to our community? Through our inherent ingenuity, humans translate the objects in their environments to nefarious and glorious ends. And the interpretation of those ends is entirely dependent on another human capacity: perspective.
To fulfill their missions, libraries inevitably give their money to questionable sources depending on your particular POV. Like many other expensive things in this world, Glass is limited to a very, very few. As I see it, when libraries purchase and distribute Glass we're helping make access more egalitarian, which is what libraries are all about. And most importantly, we're trying to making sure the libary is reflecting its core responsibility as a consumer and purveyor of technology: enabling others to access and understand what they might not otherwise, whether due to cost factors or the fine line of interest that, when uninformed by direct engagement, usually tips toward -dis.
When we ask classes and workshop participants, "is Glass worth it?", we get a resounding chorus of "not yet, not for that much" – a few have said they'd buy Glass it for about the same price as an iPad, about a third of what it now goes for. But when we ask, "are you glad we bought it?", there is an equally resounding chorus of "totally." Without exception, people have been appreciative of the opportunity to, for lack of a less puntastic phrase, see Glass for themselves.
I don't love Glass, but I get it. Many in the profession are doing amazing things with Glass, and I stand behind our and other libraries' plans for helping people explore emerging tools in the way we have for millennia with more conventional materials: by offering the fairest and most clear-eyed access possible and leaving the interpretation to the user. Interest in Glass will inevitably wane and our version of the technology will obsolesce, leading to a reevaluation of the utility of the program in its current form. But that's the nature of the curve.
 Unit? Device? Pair? Contraption? For the sake of avoiding repetition, I will use the first three interchangeably.
Endless gratitude to Dani Brecher and Lia Friedman, who helped kick this post into shape: I'm picking out a Thermos for each of you.


Hello. My name is Arnold. I am a professional writer living in the USA. I provide a wide range of writing services to various clients, businesses, publications, and websites, including resumes and cover letters, chapter summaries, articles, writing prompts, press releases, how-to articles, and presentations.


text:
Q: How to generate an HTML report from PartCover results .xml How to generate an HTML report from PartCover results .xml

A: There is a tool you can use to generate a HTML report:
https://github.com/danielpalme/ReportGenerator
Here you can find an article how to integrate the tool into MSBuild:
http://www.palmmedia.de/Blog/2009/10/30/msbuild-code-coverage-analysis-with-partcover-and-reportgenerator

A: To my knowledge, there is no convenient tool like NCoverExplorer that can transform a PartCover results .xml file into a .html report, but there are some .xsl files that can be used to transform PartCover's results to .html in CruiseControl.NET: Using CruiseControl.NET with PartCover.
You could take those .xsl files from CruiseControl.NET and convert your PartCover results.xml using something like Sandcastle's XslTransform.exe.
By the way, if this happens to be related to TeamCity, the upcoming 5.0 release will include support for .NET coverage using PartCover or NCover. See the documentation for more informations. Otherwise ignore this paragraph ;-)

A: Easiest solution is probably to use msxsl, a simple command line transformer. I use it for exactly this purpose, and it's easy to integrate into your build system.
http://www.microsoft.com/downloads/details.aspx?FamilyID=2FB55371-C94E-4373-B0E9-DB4816552E41&displaylang=en

A: Maybe a complicated way of doing it, but I did this with the Simian xml report. Created an XSL file for the formatting, then wrote a dumb little console application;
private const string MissingExtension = "Please enter a valid {0} file, this is missing the extension.";
    private const string InvalidExtension = "Please enter a valid {0} file, the file provided has an invalid extension.";

    public static void Main(string[] args)
    {
        if (args.Length < 2)
        {
            System.Console.WriteLine("Please enter a xsl file and xml file full path.");
            return;
        }

        var xslFile = args[0];
        var xmlFile = args[1];

        if (!CheckFileNameFormat(xslFile, false))
            return;
        if (!CheckFileNameFormat(xmlFile, true))
            return;

        var transform = new XslCompiledTransform();
        // Load the XSL stylesheet.
        transform.Load(xslFile);
        // Transform xml file into an html using the xsl file provided.
        transform.Transform(xmlFile, xmlFile.Replace("xml", "html"));
    }

    private static bool CheckFileNameFormat(string fileName, bool isXmlFile)
    {
        var extension = isXmlFile ? "xml" : "xsl";

        // valida that the argument has a period
        if (fileName.IndexOf(".") < 1)
        {
            System.Console.WriteLine(string.Format(MissingExtension, extension));
            return false;
        }

        var filePieces = fileName.Split('.');
        // split on the period and make sure the extension is valid
        if (filePieces[filePieces.GetUpperBound(0)] != extension)
        {
            System.Console.WriteLine(string.Format(InvalidExtension, extension));
            return false;
        }

        return true;
    }

Then I can call it from a MSBuild file like so;
 <Target Name="RunSimian" DependsOnTargets="RebuildSolution">

<Exec IgnoreExitCode="true" Command=""$(MSBuildProjectDirectory)\..\Build\Packages\Simian\simian-2.2.24.exe" -formatter=xml:$(MSBuildProjectDirectory)\..\Build\Artifacts\simian.xml -language=cs -excludes=$(MSBuildProjectDirectory)\..\Product\Production\**\*.Designer.cs $(MSBuildProjectDirectory)\Production\**\*.cs" >
</Exec>

<Exec IgnoreExitCode="true" Command=""$(MSBuildProjectDirectory)\..\Build\Packages\XmlToHtmlConverter.exe" $(MSBuildProjectDirectory)\..\Build\Packages\Simian\simian.xsl $(MSBuildProjectDirectory)\..\Build\Artifacts\simian.xml">
</Exec>


text:
La Birinşi Lïga 2002 è stata la 10ª edizione della seconda serie del campionato kazako di calcio.

Stagione

Novità
Delle partecipanti della passata stagione (vinta dal Tomırıs LFK), hanno preso parte a questa edizione del torneo solo Tasqala Oral e . A queste, si sono aggiunte le cinque retrocesse della Qazaqstan Top Division 2001: , , ,  .

Il Tasqala ha ripresa la vecchia denominazione a distanza di un anno, ridiventando . Il  è stato rinominato . Il  è diventato, invece, .

Formula
Le sette squadre si affrontano quattro volte, per un totale di ventiquattro giornate. Essendo un campionato a squadre dispari, ogni squadra osserverà quattro turni di riposo.

Le prima due classificate, potranno partecipare alla Qazaqstan Superliga 2003.

Classifica finale

Legenda:
      Promossa in Qazaqstan Superliga 2003

Note:
Tre punti a vittoria, uno a pareggio, zero a sconfitta.

Voci correlate
 Qazaqstan Superliga 2002
 Qazaqstan Kubogy 2002

Campionato kazako di calcio
Calcio nel 2002