MARINUS THE TYRIAN; HIS OIKOUMENE OF 225 DEGREES LONGITUDE: GEOGRAPHIKE HYPHEGESIS; BOOK 1, CHAPTERS 11 & 12, PTOLEMY.
" We will now add, from the distances which Marinus gives, the other degrees on the same parallel".
It would therefore appear that Marinus did not quote actual geographical positions wholly by latitude and longitude, a point complained of by Ptolemy, but, generally by distance measure. Thus it is necessary to reconvert the coordinates given by Ptolemy to distances and thus establish the actual world of Marinus.
GEOGRAPHIKE HYPHEGESIS, BOOK 1, CHAPTER 11, CLAUDIUS PTOLEMY.
TITLE, The errors of Marinus in calculating the longitude of the habitable earth, (or in another translation) On the computations that Marinus improperly made for the longitudinal dimension of the oikoumene.
1) Marinus gives us the longitude, between two meridians enclosing a total space of fifteen hours.
2) The distance from the Fortunate Islands to the Euphrates at Hieropolis, which we place with Marinus on the parallel passing through Rhodes, must be reckoned according to the number of Stadia determined by Marinus.
3) Marinus also makes one degree of the three hundred and sixty which the largest circle contains, measure 500 stadia on the surface of the earth, a measurement which is proved by distances that are known and certain.
4) Likewise the circle which passes through Rhodes, Marinus shows to be 36 degrees distant from the Equator, and each degree to measure approximately 400 stadia, and the excess of the number (according to an exact reckoning of the location of the parallels), in some measure counter-balances the defect in the others, and is negligible in the whole computation.
5) The distance from the Euphrates at Hieropolis to the Stone Tower, Marinus gives as 876 Schena, or 26280 stadia. The distance from the Stone Tower to Sera, "the Capital of the Seres", which is a journey of 7 months, he computes at 36200 stadia.
6) The journey from the Stone Tower to Sera was exposed to winter tempests, for it lies, according to Marinus himself on the parallel that passes through Byzantium and the Hellespont.
NOTE; Here I must enter a cautionary note apropos the place name Sera and whether it is always intended to be the capital of the silk country, China, or the capital of Serica to the north. A complete explanation of that fact is given in the following text, Mt2. I have tabulated 20 instances of the name.
GEOGRAPHIKE HYPHEGESIS, BOOK 1, CHAPTER 12, CLAUDIUS PTOLEMY ENTITLED," The calculation of longitude corrected by land journeys".
The text is quoted verbatim for continuity and includes comments by Ptolemy. Some have been italicised in order that the words of Marinus are foremost, and information required easily distinguished.
"For these reasons therefore, and because the journey is not on one and the same parallel, for the Stone Tower is on the parallel that passes through Byzantium, and Sera is more to the south and on the parallel that passes through the Hellespont, it seems to us proper that the number of stadia, viz., 36200, which was computed from a journey of 7 months, should be cut down to not less than one-half; so that the distance in stadia may be computed as 18100, or 451/4 degrees.
It would be inept and absurd should anyone follow on both journeys, that is, on this journey and on the journey from the Garamantes, reasoning which led to this conclusion, for the reason was based upon the difference noted in the animals which inhabit the region of Agisymba, animals which cannot be transferred to localities outside the limits of those assigned to them by nature. The reason does not hold likewise in reckoning the distance of the Stone Tower from Sera, for throughout the whole distance, be the intervals great or small, there is the same temperate climate. It is much the same as though a man, who could be convicted never-the-less, according to the rightful precepts of philosophy.
Wherefore the former distance which Marinus gave from the Euphrates to the Stone Tower viz., 876 Schena; must be reduced because of deviations on the journey, to only 800 Schena or 24000 stadia; and this is verified by particular measurements taken on that journey, and by the frequent visits made to those places on that journey (note this is a 10% reduction only and hardly counts as an adjustment when they are normally in the region of 50%.).
That the journey had deviations is clear from statements made by Marinus himself, for in making the journey from the ford over the Euphrates at Hieropolis through Mesopotamia to the Tigris, and through the Garamantes of Assyria and the Media to Ecbatana and the Caspian Gates, and from there through Parthia to Hechatompilum, the right course is to follow the parallel of Rhodes, as this parallel passes through those regions. To proceed from Hechatompilum to the city of Hyrcania it is necessary to deviate north. The city Hyrcania lies about midway between the Smyrna and the Hellespont parallels, the parallel of Smyrna is also called the Parallel of Hyrcania, but the parallel of the Hellespont passes through the southern shores of the Hyrcanian sea, which are situated somewhat to the north of the city of Hyrcania which takes its name from that sea. The journey thence to Antiocha Margiana through Asia, first turns to the south (since Asia is on the same parallel as the Caspian gates), and then turns to the north, since Antioch is close to the Hellespont parallel.
From Antioch to Bactria the journey deviates to the east, and after ascending the Comedon Mountains it bends to the north. From the mountains, where it comes to the plain at their base, it inclines to the south, for the mountains extend north and east. The ascent is placed by Marinus on the Byzantium parallel, and the southern and eastern ranges are located on the Hellespont parallel. The mountains themselves he places to the east, but plainly extends them so as partially to decline to the south. Likewise he says that the journey for 50 Schena before coming to the Stone Tower deviates to the north. When you have traversed the plain, at the base of the mountains you arrive at the Stone Tower, and from there you come to the mountains which run in an easterly direction, ending in Imao which is north of Palimbothris.
Adding the degrees which have been noted, they amount to 60 or 24000 stadia. When we have added the 451/4 degrees from the Stone Tower to Sera, the total distance from the Euphrates to Sera on the parallel of Rhodes will amount to 1050 15'. We will now add, from the distances which Marinus gives, the other degrees on the same parallel, and first of all from the meridian passing through the Fortunate Islands, as far as the sacred Promontory of Spain 20 30', thence to the mouth of the river Baetis, and from the Baetis to the Strait and to Calpe is likewise 20 30', being one and the same distance; from the Strait to Caralis, a city in Sardinia, is 250; from Caralis to the promontory of Lilybaeum in Sicily 40 30'; from Lilybaeum to Pachynus is 30; from Pachynus to Taenarus in Laconia is 100; thence to Rhodes is 80 15'; from Rhodes to Issus is 110 15'; from Issus to the Euphrates is 20 30'; the sum of all these degrees is 720. Hence, the length of the known earth, that is, from the meridian drawn through or terminated by the Fortunate Islands in the extreme west, to Sera in the extreme east is 1770 15'." End Quote.
The foregoing text illustrates that Marinus the Tyrian certainly used parallels or latitudes on his maps, but is contradictory regarding the use of meridians. That they were drawn is evidenced by the text, but their actual positioning is perhaps not as regular as the single hour or 150 subdivisions which are discussed. Therefore it is possible that the latitudes and longitudes denoted by Claudius Ptolemy were probably drawn onto the maps of Marinus so that they can be read systematically. This would allow for a duly amended map of Marinus to be redrawn to Ptolemy's wishes. But, if Marinus quoted no longitudinal degrees and used only distance measures, then it is incumbent upon researchers to ignore those units and concentrate upon the actual distance measures to evaluate the maps of Marinus..
As Claudius Ptolemy has interpolated the degrees from the distance measures of Marinus we must start our analysis by reconverting the degrees to Stadia.
Each measure in Stadia is perhaps not the exact figure of Marinus. We do not know how sanitized the degrees of Ptolemy are particularly as he has a penchant for regularity and symmetry. However, with figures such as 80 15' and 110 15,' perhaps we can assume an accuracy.
As has been indicated in text Cp2 and diagrams Cp2D01, Cp2D02, Cp2D03 and Cp2D04, this route across the length of the Mediterranean Sea is not along the geographical 36th parallel, but is an itinerary measure made upon a route well known to the sailors of the age. That Marinus the Tyrian had these geographical positions on the 36th parallel is not in doubt.
This text, Mt1, is to establish the oikoumene of Marinus and only indicates the information required to establish that fact. A follow up text Mt2 will discuss the actual map(s) and establish a possibility.
I have already intimated that Marinus the Tyrian utilized the methodology of Eratosthenes of Cyrene, by using purely itinerary measures to determine the length of the oikoumene.
I am reproducing from Text Es1 diagrams which indicate how Eratosthenes measured his oikoumene. They are Es1D01, Es1D02, Es1D03 and Es1D04, which indicate the itinerary measures from the Capes of Iberia to the Capes of India. Es1D04 has the measurements from the River Nile via the Euphrates to the Caspian gates. After this point Eratosthenes chooses a southerly route for his measurements via India, whereas Marinus chooses the northern caravan route. This of course indicates that the caravan routes in the era of Eratosthenes were not fully explored and thus probably had no major part to play in the geographical knowledge of his time. Alexander the Greats journey and the Royal Roads of Persia being exceptions.
Further exploration of this point is made later when discussing the first substantial Chinese Kingdom that was formed and became a trading nation, exploiting the Roman desire for Silk. This however is some 100 years after Eratosthenes and is probably why his oikoumene is limited to the Capes of India.
Sailing in the Mediterranean Sea is hardly affected by the tidal amplitude which is on average 30 to 40 centimetres. The lowest rise is in fact around the Balearic Islands, the Malta strait and the Greek islands from the north of Crete to the Egyptian coast.
The winds however are a very different matter and can affect the sailing routes. In ancient times those routes tended to be coastal cruises, mostly anchoring at night. The same can be said of the natural currents that are generated from the flow through the Pillars of Hercules which obviously affected the sailing routes. Therefore we can glean from the data attributable to Marinus from within Ptolemy's text that, if they are sailing routes, then they would be reasonably close to the available mainland and islands.
Having converted the degrees given by Ptolemy back to stadia using the 400 stadia per degree at 360N we can draw the putative routes upon a geographical map of the Mediterranean Sea and ascertain the veracity of the measures.
Commencing at the Sacred Promontory of Iberia, the first distance of 1000 stadia immediately produces a conundrum. Did Marinus refer to Baetica and not the Baetis River as noted by Ptolemy? The distance measure is quite perfect for the mouth of the Odiel and Tinto Rivers at Onoba/Huelva. It is also well positioned for the next distance measure to Calpe, the same 1000 stadia. The fact that the Baetis River has always been thought of as the Guadalquivir River further along the coast towards Gades may have led to this confusion.
The next tranche of the measures is from Calpe to Caralis in Sardinia, some 10000 stadia. There are three possible routes, all nearly the same distance and capable of being used given the adverse wind direction which is prevalent for part of the year. However, it is a sailing distance that Marinus has used and it should also be noted that Marinus has placed Caralis on the 2nd hour line or 300 from the Sacred Promontory of Iberia.
From Caralis to Lilybaeum Promontory, the western tip of Sicily, the distance matches the 1800 stadia of Marinus.
From Lilybaeum to Pachynus Promontory along the south coast of Sicily it is in fact 1400 stadia. That is 200 stadia more than the distance given by Marinus of 1200 Stadia. This is hardly an error worth noting.
From Pachynus to Taenarus in Laconia Marinus states as 4000 stadia. The direct distance is 3600 stadia, but to sail that route requires a northwards deviation hugging the land to afford the minimal open sea crossing between Italy and Greece. Thus again it is a sailing distance and quite accurate.
From Taenarus to Rhodes it is 3300 stadia, with a route via the north coast of Crete, and then island hopping north to Rhodes. It is the sailing distance and quite accurate.
The last sailing distance, from Rhodes to Issus, is along the southern shoreline of Anatolia, basically following the 360N latitude and is as Marinus stated 4500 stadia.
The methodology of Marinus is akin to that of Eratosthenes, using known itinerary distances and then plotting them on the Latitude which just happens to be 360N. This has a simple stadia measure of 400 when compared to the equatorial measure of 500 stadia. Unfortunately the 360N latitude does not fairly represent the route measure chosen by Marinus and thus distortions in the map must have appeared.
I have deliberately ignored the 1000 stadia from the Fortunate Islands to the Sacred Promontory of Iberia as I believe it has no basis in fact and can only be likened to the extra 2000 stadia which Eratosthenes added to his oikoumene in order to have a balanced ratio of length to width as text Es1 indicates. This point is adequately confirmed later in the research.
The following two measures given by Marinus, to and from the Stone Tower can now be appraised in a similar manner.
There is controversy over the exact location of the Stone Tower. It is thought to be on the borders of China where Tajikistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan and China meet near the Khunjerab Pass to the west of the mountain now known as K2.
Research has indicated that it may be the town of Tashkurgan in Xinjiang province of China, just south of Kashgar. Tashkurgan translates as Stone Fortress or Stone Tower from the Uyghur language, but there are now several towns with a similar translation of the name.
I have chosen to use Kashgar as a plausible Stone Tower for the following calculations. The contenders are placed so close as to negate any considerable change in the calculations. This also avoids being embroiled in any controversy!
Hieropolis/ Mesopotamia to the Tigris/ Ecbatana/ Caspian Gates/ Hechatompilum/ Hyrcania City/ Antioch Margiana/ Comedon Mountains/ and then 50 Schena to the Stone Tower.
This route is none other than one of the ancient trade routes of Asia. It was partially used by Alexander the Great in his campaign to conquer the East, and has been known as 'The Silk Road' since 1877 when the German geographer Ferdinand von Richthofen so named it.
This section of the trade route is well known and documented and comprises a route to and from Kashgar on the border of China. It has been travelled for centuries and the distance quoted by Marinus is in fact quite reasonable. It can easily be measured on large scale maps, and the distance can be assessed in by two methods. From Heiropolis to Kashgar on the 36th parallel it is 380 longitude or 18600 stadia. By using one of the well known caravan routes, basically as described in the text it is c22000 stadia, which is c80% of the original measure, 26280 stadia. However the distance measure given by Marinus does determine that Kashgar, which I have decided to use as the most likely place evaluate as the Stone Tower, is situated upon the 9th hour line at 1350 from the Sacred Promontory of Iberia. It is also apparent from the diagram that there is a four degree shift to the north, just as Marinus predicts with his Byzantium parallel equivalent, and is as described by Ptolemy. Ptolemy reduces the route length to 800 Schena or 24000 stadia, and thus the possible actual distance becomes c90% of that total. This is a minor alteration and of no consequence.
These distances, derived from days spent on the march have been converted to measurements. As we do not know the actual route it is impractical to speculate further. Needless to say though, it is quite accurate in the circumstances.
The distance quoted by Marinus presents to us a further conundrum. He gives a journey time of 7 months, and computes it as 36200 stadia. Not least, it is some 6660 kilometres, and in fact 90.50 or 89.60 degrees of longitude calculated at 400 or 404 stadia per degree at 360N.
I find it hard to reconcile a measurement of 900, the quarter of the Earth, not being recognised Ptolemy and commented upon. It is a very significant measurement and one he was aware of.
Mathematically, we have the following figures; 36200÷ 90 = 402.22 stadia, which is the latitude measure for 36.440N. That equates to 92.5/115 or 37/46. Ptolemy uses 93/115 = 0.8086956 and is 36.030N. But 92/115 = 0.8 and is 36.870N. Was the minor discrepancy of the measure at 360N, 2.22 or 4.5 stadia?
The next conundrum to solve is 7 months travel equalling 36200 stadia. That is an average over the 210 days of 172 stadia per day or 14.365 stadia per hour over 12 hours. That is 2.64 Km per hour.
However, if a journey time of 7 months is given Camel Trains require halts not only for food and water, but also for rest periods after any arduous travels. Inclement weather would also mean an enforced halt.
But, a camel train is only as fast as the human drovers can walk, and that has been shown to be from 2 to 4 Km per hour. The original calculation was in all probability correct but it made no allowance for rest stops or enforced stops.
Before the research can continue it is necessary to establish what was happening in China prior to the era of Marinus and Ptolemy. And, before completing the analysis of the travel distances it is necessary to establish the capital of the Seres as may have been known by Marinus and Ptolemy.
The epoch of the warring states in China was from 403 to 221 BCE and in 221BCE Cheng the ruler of Ch'in annexed the remaining six states including Han. This first Ch'in dynasty reformed the measures by standardizing weights, measures, coins and script, and, The Great Wall was built consisting mainly of earthen mounds. From 206BCE to 9CE the Western Han Dynasty ruled and under the Emperor Wu Ti the transcontinental trade flourished on the yet to be named "Silk Roads".
In around 139BCE a Han diplomat travelled as far as the eastern conquest lands of Alexander the Great, and afterwards envoys were sent and lucrative trade caravans established. It was also noted that Chinese Silk was a large export. A Roman manufactured glass was found at Canton, dated to the 1st century BCE and probably came from the maritime route passing through the South China Sea. Chinese Silk was popular attire in Rome by the time of Julius Caesar (100-44BCE). From 25-250CE the Eastern Han Dynasty carried out international trade, initiated from Nan-Hai, or as we know it Canton. In the text Cp3, I indicate that Cattigara Sina is none other than Canton and its roadstead of Whampoa, just as Marinus/Ptolemy describes. By the end of the first century CE China had invented paper, Turkestan was conquered and the Persian Gulf reached. Thus we can speculate upon the transfer of knowledge via both the "Silk Roads" and the maritime trade routes across the South China Sea via India to the Near East.
Both Marinus and Ptolemy are writing in the periods which would have had adequate knowledge of this trade. The capital cities of China which could therefore have been known to them must have been ones which held sway over enough of China and allowed outside contact.
However I would caution all when reading the text of Ptolemy as the name of the capital varies until we finally read that it is Thine Metropolis in the listings. This name appears out of nowhere and as text Mt2 will illustrate it is perhaps to cover a large manipulation of the text by Marinus.
The caravan routes are many, well defined, well travelled and well documented. From Luoyang and or Xi'an, the trail is to Anxi where it bifurcates and proceeds via three distinct routes, two via Kashgar and the other via Kokend, before they all meet again prior to arriving at Merv/Mary/Antioch Margiana in Bactria.
The distance from Luoyang/Xi'an to Kashgar is c21000 stadia, as an average.
If we recalculate the time of travel for that distance at 150 stadia per day, it equates to 140 days travel. That is probably a plausible answer to the actual travel time as it equates to 2/3rds of the 7 months or 210 days that is stated by Marinus. The caravans cannot proceed without stopping for rest periods with 210 days total travel. The Camels must rest as must the drovers and there would have been waiting time for other caravans to arrive for the exchange of goods.
This is 10 months actual travelling without allowance for halts etc., and would probably mean an overall journey (if it was ever carried out by one person) of some 15 months.
By not calculating the travel times given as requiring stoppage days, Marinus has extended the distances by 25% and 33%.
THE OIKOUMENE OF MARINUS THE TYRIAN RECALCULATED.
We are informed by Ptolemy that Marinus gave the longitude, between two meridians enclosing a total space of 15 hours. However, we are not informed what those two meridians actually delineate. It is Ptolemy who determines the distance, 12 hours or 1800 degrees of longitude from the Fortunate Islands to Sina and Cattigara.
Ptolemy appears to indicate that Marinus gave a distance from the Fortunate Islands to the Sacred Promontory of Iberia on the 36th parallel, but is that in fact correct?
If we accept the 720 from the Fortunate Islands to the Euphrates, and add the two other distances that Marinus gives of 876 Schena and 36200 stadia, calculated at 360N, we have 72+65.7+90.5=228.2 degrees. Calculated at 404 stadia per degree it is 72+ 60.05+89.6=226.65 degrees at 360N.
The 15 hours is 225 degrees and an average of the above would give 227.5 degrees (i.e. 402 stadia) and hence it is possible to opine that the Oikoumene of Marinus the Tyrian, between the two meridians, was from the Sacred Promontory to the Capital of the Seres, and did not include the Fortunate Islands.
Geographically that is 90W to 1090E for Xi'an or 112.50E for Luoyang, and a rather neat 8 hours or 1200 degrees.
I therefore opine that the 1000 stadia (2.50) west of the Sacred Promontory is none other than an additional measure given by Marinus, precisely as does Eratosthenes with his 2000 stadia measure (Es1), and was never a maritime or travel distance as each of the other distances have been shown to represent. Thus the longitude of the Cape Verde Islands was never known and a general allowance was made by Marinus which Ptolemy crystallized into an actual longitude thus perpetuating the fore-shortened west coast of Africa as is fully discussed in text Cp4.
The latitude of the Cape Verde Islands given in Geographike Hyphegesis has been shown to be correct (as my previous texts illustrate) when the same scale maps are aligned at the Sacred Promontory. Thus it is possible to opine that an acceptance of the measure occurred from the information provided by Eratosthenes, his 2000 stadia extension, and Marinus reduced this to 1000 stadia. Therefore being a non evaluated distance it allows us to hypothesize on the actual positioning of the zero longitude.
"Marinus the Tyrian, the latest of the geographers of our time, seems to us to have thrown himself with the utmost zeal into this matter. He is known to have found out many things that were not known before. He has searched diligently the works of almost all the historians who preceded him".
Thus Claudius Ptolemy commences his sixth chapter of Book 1, Geographike Hyphegesis.
The most important geographical texts extant at that time would have been those of Eratosthenes of Cyrene and Strabo of Amaseia, who basically used the formers work to compose his Geography.
Marinus uses precisely the same technique as Eratosthenes, that of itinerary measure stretched along one parallel, the 36th, to develop the overall length of the oikoumene. Marinus also continues the philosophy of Eratosthenes with his parallels and meridians.
Unfortunately the text of Claudius Ptolemy is too vague in certain sections to allow a greater degree of accuracy concerning the Geography of Marinus the Tyrian. It does however allow us to indicate the knowledge that was continuously flowing across the world via the exploits of traders, and that the city of Alexandria was eager to gather in this knowledge via the Great Library.
Thus the length of the oikoumene at 225 degrees is countered by the width from Thule at 63 N to Prasum given as 27800 south of the Equator, which totals some 118 degrees and is thus close to maintaining the 2: 1 ratio of length to width. That Marinus chose 500 stadia per degree is stated by Ptolemy, but, the length of the Stade is not mentioned. We should also note that Ptolemy in his Almagest used a stade measure of 700 per degree of latitude which reflects the Eratosthian measure. In chapter 13, Ptolemy indicates that the Eratosthian measure for India is being utilised, but that has been shown to be a measure based upon 157.5 metres and not the normal stade of c184 metres. Thus it is possible to opine that Marinus probably used distance measures as given and had no reason to question the length of the stade quoted. This is perhaps the saddest information it is possible to state. Had Marinus and Ptolemy but recreated the Eratosthian experiment we are informed of by Cleomedes then the actual number of stadia in a degree , no doubt the Attic Stadion, would have been resolved.
The guestimate of the longitude from the Fortunate Isles to the Sacred Promontory, a rather convenient 1000 stadia, which just happens to be the next two measurements also given, has obviously led Ptolemy astray and kept researchers busy during the intervening period. But is this an early miscopy because of the same figures recurring.
However, without the text and map of Marinus the Tyrian it is probable that we would not have the text of Claudius Ptolemy. And we should not forget that Ptolemy clearly states he is using the work of Marinus for his own Books, and thus perhaps we should celebrate this great geographical feat as being that of Marinus the Tyrian.
The following text, Mt2, constructs the map of Marinus and discusses the culpability of Ptolemy.
M J Ferrar December 2010.
1) Oxford Classical Dictionary, 3rd Edition, 2003. Oxford University Press. Claudius Ptolemy page 1273.
2) The Geography of Claudius Ptolemy, (trans) Stevenson, E.L. (1932). The New York Public Library. The text is a complete translation, with errors, and includes his measurement of the world. It is given as 180 000 stadia, but the length of the stadia is not quoted, neither is there a cross reference to it.
A fourth edition digital copy is freely available on line from the National Library of Poland.
3)The STADION, GREEK or other.
5) Strabo, Geography. (trans. H L Jones.) Loeb Classical Library ,Harvard and London, 1917-1932. The text is also available on-line.
6) Ferrar, MJ, 2009, "Eratosthenes, Hipparchus and Strabo: Geographia. The length of the oikoumene measured on an aslant line. Texts Es1 and Es2.
7) Arnaud, Pascal. (1993), De la durée á la distance: l'évaluation des distances maritimes dans le monde gréco-romain. Histoire & Mesure Vol. 8 no 3, 225-247. Paris.
Herodotus, The Histories, (trans), A. de Selincourt and revised by A.R. Burns, Penguin Books Ltd. In Book 4.34, Herodotus commences the section with the words, 'I cannot help laughing at the absurdity of all map-makers- there are plenty of them-', and proceeds to describe the known world.
8) Malleret, Louis, (1962,) L'Archeologie du delta du Mekong, Tome troisieme, La culture du Fu-Nan, chapitre XXV, OC-EO et Kattigara, pp421-54. Paris.
(original now lost). It is recorded in two ancient texts, by Julius Honorius and Aethicus.
10)Pliny; "Natural History", (trans. H. Rackham), Loeb Classical Library, Harvard and London, 1938.
11) Diller, Aubrey. (1948), "The ancient measurement of the Earth", ISIS, volume XL pp 6-9.


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As part of the School of the Art Institute of Chicago's Spring 2017 Mitchell Lecture Series, the school's Architecture, Interior Architecture and Design Objects (AIADO) Visiting Artist will moderate discussions about the afterlife of architecture. Entitled "Trash Talks," the panel discussions will take place on Thursday, April 4th and Saturday, April 8th.
The first panel entitled, "Trash Talks: Re:Industrial City," will be moderated by FT Visiting Artist in architecture/interior architecture Eric Rothfeder. Participants will include Dora Apel, Clare Lyster, and Brian Rosa. "Re:Industrial City" will explore the post-industrial city through strategies of preservation and demolition. The discussion will address the effect of imagery of industrial ruins on our relationship to the post-industrial city, and the potentials of new modes of urbanism.
Trash Talks: Re:Industrial City will be held on Tuesday, April 4, 2017 from 4:15pm to 5:45pm in the SAIC Ballroom at 112 S Michigan Ave., Chicago, IL. Trash Talks: The Afterlives of Buildings will be held on Saturday, April 8, 2017 from 1:00pm to 5:00pm at the LeRoy Neiman Center at 37 S. Wabash Ave., Chicago, IL.


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'Sukkah City' the Movie
Fortunately for us, Jason Hutt decided not to let another Festival of Tabernacles go by without completing his "Sukkah City" documentary film about the 2010 architectural design competition and exhibition of the same name. Having had its world premiere in Jerusalem this past summer, the film is now ready for Jewish holiday prime time, with New York screenings next week, during the intermediate days of Sukkot. One screening will take place in Union Square, where the contest's 12 winning designs stood three years ago for just two days.
Although Hutt, 36, is not an architect or designer, he answered the request for proposals issued by Sukkah City co-creators journalist Joshua Foer and Reboot co-founder Roger Bennett in the summer of 2010. A filmmaker focused on how creative, innovative lenses can be applied to Jewish tradition, Hutt told the creators he wasn't interested in designing a radical sukkah, but instead in building a cinematic narrative chronicling this unprecedented venture from start to finish.
Impressed with Hutt's idea, and perhaps also seeing the filmmaker's last name as a sign, Foer and Bennett decided to give him full access as the project unfolded. The result is a 67-minute-long exploration of how cutting-edge architectural design and highly thoughtful craftsmanship can inform and interpret a 3,000 year-old Jewish ritual structure for the 21st century.
It is equally intriguing to learn how the architects (almost all of whom are non-Jews) were deeply affected by designing and building a sukkah. (For some of them, this was the first time they actually built a structure with their own hands). Challenged, rather than deterred, by the strict Jewish laws prescribing how a sukkah must be built, they embraced the metaphysical concepts behind the temporary structure. This motivated them to think far outside the box (or in this case, the booth), leading to sukkahs resembling bubbles, porcupines, funnels and cocoons. It seems the theological notion that adherence to the laws leads to greater freedom played itself out in terms of the the wildly imaginative designs that emerged.
Significantly, "Sukkah City" gives viewers a rare insider look at the jury process in architectural competitions. "They were really generous with the access they gave me," Hutt said about Jury day, when an illustrious panel judges, including architect Michael Arad, industrial designer Ron Arad, architect Thom Mayne, artist Maira Kalman and architectural critic Paul Goldberger, whittled 600 entries down to 12 winners.
"It was an intense day with a lot of passionate discussion," Hutt recalled. "But with my small, [unobtrusive] video camera, it seems they were open to letting me be part of that experience."
"Sukkah City" which has a chronological arc, ends with throngs of New York's everyday citizens coming to see the sukkahs. You'll smile as a girl exclaims how the sukkahs remind her of clubhouses and that she wants to build one. You'll chuckle as a couple of Orthodox school boys earnestly take a tape measure to one sukkah, make notes with pencil on notepaper, and question its kosher-ness, but admire its design. Ultimately, you will be moved by how for two days, an obscure Jewish ritual object is the center of attention in the country's largest city.
Some of us are still sorry we were unable to make it to New York to visit the extremely short-lived exhibition. However, we should be far less so after seeing this film. They say that good things come to those who wait, which in this case is an edifying behind-the-scenes tour of Sukkah City that wasn't available three years ago.
Upcoming NYC screenings are on September 22 at 7 pm in Union Square – North Plaza; and on September 23 & 24 at 7 pm at the JCC in Manhattan.


IEEE (News - Alert), the world's largest technical professional organization dedicated to advancing technology for humanity, and the IEEE Standards Association (IEEE-SA) today announced the formation of a study group and topic interest group focused on advancing the technology and deployment of the IEEE 802.11™ standard, commonly referred to as "Wi-Fi®." The groups are inviting stakeholder participation from around the world in their respective areas of focus: extremely high throughput and real-time applications.
The IEEE 802.11 Extremely High Throughput Study Group has been established to initiate discussion on new IEEE 802.11 features for bands between 1 and 7.125 GHz. The group is identifying requirements for a possible amendment to IEEE 802.11 that would increase peak throughput to support demanding applications such as video over wireless local area networks (WLANs), augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR).
"We are seeking stakeholders throughout the IEEE 802.11 ecosystem to share their experiences with the standard and needs for features such as more spatial streams, higher bandwidth, multi-AP (access point) techniques and multiband switching, aggregation and operation," said Michael Montemurro, chair of the IEEE 802.11 Extremely High Throughput Study Group. "We envision a rapidly paced effort over the next six to nine months, which we hope will bring into clear definition the most important requirements to be addressed in accelerated development of a possible future amendment to the IEEE 802.11 base standard."
The IEEE 802.11 Real Time Applications Topic Interest Group is quantifying performance lags and stability issues that have been observed with real-time applications such as mobile and multiplayer games, robotics and industrial automation, as well as the range of mechanisms in the industry to address those issues. The group is working to document usage models and requirements metrics for real-time applications.
"Immersive gaming, for example, is very latency sensitive and requires a quick turnaround on packets for users to enjoy a high-quality experience. Jitter, packet loss and what's going on throughout the network can have a large impact on these real-time applications, which may have only moderate bandwidth requirements but have very low tolerance for latency," aid Allan Jones, chair of the IEEE 802.11 Real Time Applications Topic Interest Group. "What we're trying to do in our group is define more specifically what these requirements are for this particular category of applications, toward the goal of informing ongoing IEEE 802.11 innovation."
For more information, visit the landing pages of the IEEE 802.11 Extremely High Throughput Study Group and the IEEE 802.11 Real Time Applications Topic Interest Group.
IEEE 802.11 defines the technology for the world's premier WLAN products. IEEE 802.11-based products are often branded as "Wi-Fi" in the market. IEEE 802.11 standards underpin wireless networking applications around the world, such as wireless access to the internet from offices, homes, airports, hotels, restaurants, trains and aircraft. IEEE 802.11's relevance continues to expand with the emergence of new applications, such as the smart grid, wireless docking and the Internet of Things. For more information about the IEEE 802.11 Wireless LAN Working Group, please visit the working group's landing page.
IEEE is the world's largest technical professional organization dedicated to advancing technology for the benefit of humanity. Through its highly cited publications, conferences, technology standards, and professional and educational activities, IEEE is the trusted voice in a wide variety of areas ranging from aerospace systems, computers, and telecommunications to biomedical engineering, electric power, and consumer electronics. Learn more at http://www.ieee.org.
Cloud Services: "Are You Looking For Savings In All The Wrong Places?"


Hardiness Zone: 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 What is my zone?
(Bearded Iris-Tall) Iris 'Immortality' has ruffled pure white flowers with pale lemon-yellow beards. This Iris is nearly everblooming once established and its strong sweet fragrance is an added bonus. 'Immortality' has the most consistent reblooming ability throughout the country! These majestic flowers are surprisingly easy to grow, and actually require less attention than almost any other garden flowers.
Learn more about growing tips and how to care for your Iris 'Immortality' and other Iris. See How to care for Iris.


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Interview: Hannan Carmeli & theDOCK: Fertile Grounds for Innovation
By sailor.news team On August 20, 2020 In Technology No Comments
There are many Venture Capital funds helping to drive innovation across industry. theDOCK, co-founded by Hannan Carmeli and Nir Gartzman, is unique in that it is working to connect the ports, shipping and logistics industries with primarily Israeli-based start-ups. We recently interviewed Carmeli for insights on the path and pace of the companies under theDOCK's guise.
Hannan Carmeli, Co-Founder and Managing Partner of theDOCK, freely admits that he always wanted to be a 'Chief Dreamer,' a dream fulfilled with the creation of theDOCK in early 2017. "My entire career was focusing on operational aspects of large companies," Carmeli said, citing his work for "a NASDAQ-traded software company" delivering solutions to Fortune 500 and Global 1000 enterprises. "I was engulfed in operations, with little time for (business) dreaming," he said. Carmeli and Nir Gartzman founded theDOCK in early 2017, allowing him to connect his profession (high tech) with his passion for boating, seamanship, navigation. "I got the license to dream… and execute on it," Carmeli said.
What is theDOCK
"If I were to describe in one sentence – theDOCK is a thematic (vertical) Venture Capital (VC) fund," said Carmeli, noting that the domain of focus includes ports, shipping and logistics. Dubbing Israel 'the startup nation,' theDOCK team started out with events and activities, including Hackathons, Challenge-driven campaigns, meetups, and networking events, all sponsored by global partners aiming to tap new sources of innovation.
To date theDOCK has invested in 10 portfolio companies over the course of the two+ years, and it maintains an 'extended portfolio' of about 50 startups which showed promise. "Overall, we maintain in our CRM details and research data of some 300 startups to-date," said Carmeli, with about 70% Israel-based and the remainder from around the world.
To facilitate meaningful tech innovation, theDOCK has relations with about 100 "major players," including global terminal operators, port authorities, shipping companies, class societies, equipment manufacturers and shipyards, among others. "Of these, some 40 companies have sent representatives to various events and panels organized by us in Israel throughout the last three years. With eight of them we signed formal strategic relations," said Carmeli. The growth to date has been palpable. "When we first mapped the number of Israeli startups which had any potential strategic play with ports, shipping and logistics back in 2017 – the number was 37. Today we count 105," said Carmeli. theDOCK is always on the prowl for innovators, and in this regard Carmeli said that "for a startup to be interesting for us it has to fulfill three main criteria:"
1. Address a recognized market pain point. We are driven by challenges which are intimated with us by our global partners (leaders in the space).
2. Own deep technology. i.e. – have significant Intellectual Property (IP). It could be in any of the interesting and "hot" disciplines such as AI and Learning, Augmented Reality, underwater communication, energy and charging, etc.
3. Present a strong, coherent and committed team with good coverage of technology and business knowledge/expertise.
Photo: theDOCK
Maritime Opportunities Abound
While the maritime sectors generally have been conservative on the uptake of new technologies, Carmeli sees this as a positive, as the maritime, port and logistics sectors will have to innovate to keep up with developments in related sector, making it ripe for innovation leaps. "Back in 2017 when we started looking into it, we observed early indicators for change," said Carmeli. First, "leaders in the space started nominating executives to new roles which did not exist up until then: CDO (Chief Digital Officer), VP Innovation etc. Maersk, Wartsila, PSA, Cargotec were a few such leaders, and indeed very quickly we connected and identified joint vision regarding innovation in the space. Also, we recall an interview by Soren Skou – Maersk's CEO, in which when asked about who does he foresee as his competition in the future he provided a surprising answer (back then). it was not any of Maersk traditional competitors, rather he cited Amazon. This was a clear sign that things were going to change in the space."
While theDOCK is still in its infancy, it has already experienced success.
• Orca / Liberty – Pilot benefitting both organizations around intelligent bridge assistance and fleet management.
• DockTech / Kirby – Pilot addressing depth mapping of segments of the Mississippi river in order to optimize barge load while maintaining safety measures.
• ArcusTeam – theDOCK led an investment round by syndicating additional funding (1+ USD million) on top of our own investment.
• AIDock – theDOCK's network of mentor yielded an opportunity for one of its mentors to assume the role of COO with a portfolio company, benefitting both sides.
Partnership with leaders in the maritime space – Lloyd's Register, ThyssenKrupp, Wartsila, and Maersk, to name a few, is a vital component of the success of start-ups under via theDOCK. "We usually sign one-year cooperation agreement which is framed as follows," said Carmeli. "We first conduct a few sessions to understand the needs and challenges our partner would like to address. We then draft together a high-level annual plan (how many campaigns, KPIs for the number of startups and pilots to be identified etc.). Next step is carrying out the plan and delivering on the results." The approach has the potential to benefit both sides, as theDOCK partners get an exciting deal flow of startups addressing the business/operational needs specified; while startups get access to data, knowledge and platform/equipment for running pilot programs.
While progress to date has been substantial, theDOCK team continues to eye the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, both in the near and long-term.
"The pandemic is a game changer," said Carmeli. "No man-made event could have ever inflicted such impact on our personal and business lives. The changes forced us to open our eyes to many new facts and observations. We can use zoom instead of travel. We may reduce office visits by using electronic bill of lading rather than get (in person) stamps on a piece of paper. These are just two examples of habits that changed (or accelerated) due to Covid19 and which might actually stick. That's the upside."
But there is a flipside, too. "On the other hand, business slowed down. With a few early stage startups struggling due to freeze of funding and pilots, for example. Young companies have all taken yet another look at their burn rate in order to increase the runway left before they get to the next round. The strong will survive as their market will look for efficiency, new offerings and optimized operations. These are fertile grounds for innovation."
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New York Attorney General Eric Schneiderman recently reached a $7.5 million settlement with two New York City bus operators for allegedly creating an illegal monopoly.
Coach USA, CitySights LLC and their joint venture Twin America were sued after allegedly creating a loss in competition in the city's hop-on, hop-off bus tour market. The settlement with the attorney general's office includes requiring the operators to surrender approximately 50 bus stops around Manhattan controlled by CitySights, including locations in Times Square and near the Empire State Building.
The operators will also pay $7.5 million in profits they obtained while operating the alleged monopoly between 2009 and 2015.
Schneiderman's office filed the lawsuit in 2012 alleging when Twin America was created it violated antitrust laws, which caused higher prices for the hop-on, hop-off bus tours in New York City.


The first ever Scottish Cup meeting between the clubs somehow ended in stalemate, because United had enough chances to win not only this game, but retain the trophy itself! Evidence that this perhaps wasn't going to be the Tangerines day presented in the third minute when Craig Brewster hit the bar from the edge of the box. Clyde quickly countered that by also striking the bar five minutes later with Martin O'Neill hammering in a shot after a clearance from a corner fell to him just outside the penalty box.
It was all action stuff and after a perky start by the second division side, United began to dominate, creating and missing chance after chance! The catalogue was almost endless. Most noteworthy in the first half was after 20 minutes when Billy McKinlay beautifully evaded the challenges of two defenders out on the left wing before driving the ball into the middle where Dailly whipped in a first time shot which Fridge acrobatically saved.
But the first half pattern resumed almost as soon as the referee's whistle signalled the start of the second half. A venomously struck volley from Maurice Malpas whistled inches over less than a minute into the second period. Jerren Nixon carved the way open for Brewster, but Fridge was to alert as he lip the ball past the advancing keeper. United's cup final hero of last year passed up another golden opportunity after Fridge had done great to paw away a shot from Hannah but Craig Brewster knocked it wide. Frustration crept into United's play towards the end and with twelve minutes left the unthinkable almost happened as Gordon Parks broke clear and dragged his shot wide of the target.
Golac commented, "We could have played for another week and not scored."
When I first arrived at Tannadice with the exception of Maurice Malpas, none of the players here had ever won a trophy, and that was one of my main reasons for trying to change the squad. But we went on to win the Scottish Cup and hopefully, that will only have whetted the appetite for the players to repeat that success again this season. Unfortunately, the Scottish Cup triumph of last season hasn't been the launch pad for better things in the league. However, I hope that last week's win -the biggest in the Premier League for over ten years -can be used as the platform to climb the table, because I am still convinced that we can finish second in the table and retain the Scottish Cup. That is certainly my aim and it would also prove my critics wrong! You have to be positive about these things, but whilst acknowledging that Motherwell are a hard team to beat, and doing it so convincingly, that victory meant nothing more than the three points and consequently, it will only be worth something if we can keep on winning. Last Saturday was undoubtedly our best ninety minutes since the Scottish Cup Final last May and I would say that those two games and the 3-0 win at Ibrox stand out as the three best performances since I came to the club. Our performance against Motherwell contained all the elements I like to see in my sides - hunger, determination and aggression. But if we are to achieve anything this season then we must carry on in the same vein for the rest of the season.
If we can maintain a winning run over the next month then I might acknowledge that the game with Motherwell was the tuming point. Until then it is just one result on its own. Of course, last Saturday saw the debut of Sergio, our latest signing from Portuguese football. I don't think it took very long for everyone to realise what a good player he is. I am very pleased with his start, though unfortunately, he is unavailable this afternoon because he wasn't signed within 14 days of this afternoon's cup tie. But with Jerren Nixon also proving how effective he can be when he came on, we at last have some competition for places up front, especially with Paddy Connolly, Robbie Winters and Scott Crabbe also available. It means that the men in possession will have to produce the goods, because others are waiting in the wings, if they don't. Our defence of the Scottish Cup begins this afternoon against Clyde. For this match, I'll expect the players attitude to be spot on with concentration and 100% commitment. THERE IS NO CHANCE THAT WE WILL UNDER-ESTIMATE THE BROADWOOD SIDE BECAUSE I SEE THIS AS THE FIRST STEP ON THE PATH TO REPEATING THE JOYOUS SCENES WHICH OUR CUP VICTORY BROUGHT TO TAYSIDE LAST MAY.


Italian and Irish navies and humanitarian groups trying to save migrant lives off coast of Africa.
Irish navy ship LÉ Samuel Beckett has recovered the bodies of five migrants from a rubber dinghy in the central Mediterranean Sea, some 40 nautical miles northeast of the Libyan capital Tripoli. The same boat also rescued 118 survivors who were given food, water and medical treatment aboard the boat. It had earlier saved 18 migrants aboard yet another vessel.
In separate operations, the Italian navy rescued 53 migrants from three separate vessels and the humanitarian organisation Lifeboat saved 130 from another boat. Altogether almost 300 migrants were rescued in under 24 hours, according to Reuters.
The Italian operations were near the islands of Pantelleri, Lampione and Lampedusa, scene of an infamous incident in 2013 in which an estimated 386 migrants drowned. Since then the migrant crisis has intensified, and with the narrow crossing between Turkey and Greece made more difficult, the longer, more dangerous crossing between north Africa and Italy has again become a common route for people smugglers.
At least 3,100 migrants are known to have perished attempting to make the crossing in 2016 alone, according to the International Organization for Migration (IOM). Many are packed in leaking boats, sometimes locked in holds, or in rubber dinghies which are deliberately punctured by the smugglers when they see a vessel nearby. Many of the migrants, particularly those from sub-Saharan Africa, cannot swim. The sea is also becoming choppier, colder and more dangerous as winter approaches.
The bulk of the difficult and dangerous work of rescuing migrants and retrieving their bodies has fallen on the Italian navy and coastguard and Irish navy boats under the direction of the Maritime Rescue Co-Ordination Centre. In early October (2016) more than 6,000 migrants were rescued in the Mediterranean in the space of 24 hours. Nine others died.
On 18 October Immigration minister Robert Goodwell admitted the UK government had not estimated how many migrants will try to cross the Mediterranean Sea in 2017. "Determining refugee status is at the discretion of EU Member States and we do not estimate the number of illegal migrants that will be granted refugee status," said Goodwell.


The more former Woolworths stores I blog about, the more predictable it gets that I'll be mentioning now-familiar discount names such as B&M Bargains, Home Bargains, Poundland or Sports Direct.
Previously in Staffordshire, I've reported on the new occupants of Tamworth's old Woolworths stores in the town centre (now Home Bargains) and at Ventura Park, and twice visited the old Woolies in Burton's Cooper's Square mall – still empty when I returned last month.
Back in September I was able to mop up a few more old Woolworths stores in Staffordshire, kicking off with the historic market town of Rugeley. Despite spending my childhood in Tamworth, barely 15 miles away, I'd never paid a proper visit to Rugeley before. Though the dreary bus station barely leaves a good initial impression, Rugeley's compact town centre is quite pleasant, with more interesting buildings – including the gorgeous old Market Hall – than you might expect.
Rugeley's old Woolworths in Lower Brook Street (store #586) – pictured here in its former guise – is right at the heart of the town centre, and has been occupied by the fashion retailer Peacocks since early last year.
Up the road, shopping in the county town of Stafford is centred around the attractive, pedestrianised Gaolgate Street, where I was pleased to see a Co-op department store still going strong.
Stafford's Co-op is owned by the Midlands Co-operative Society, which is now the second largest retail Co-op in the country (after the Co-operative Group), and has maintained a significant non-food operation at the same time as other co-ops have closed down all their department stores.
The Stafford store's viability is surely helped by its prominent location, a 'Stafford Department Store' brand that cannily emphasises its localness (seemingly a Midland's Co-op trait, as I noted previously that the Coalville store adopts a similar approach), and the absence of any department store competition in the town.
Though the nearby indoor mall – the Guildhall Shopping Centre – hosts more than 40 shops, I was struck by its curious lack of a major anchor store, the nearest thing being the large but oddly laid-out JJB store on the first floor. I know Debenhams is perhaps becoming too ubiquitous across the UK, but the Guildhall did feel to me like a shopping centre missing a Debenhams.
At the other end of the town, the open-air Gaolgate Place shopping precinct is very much based around a discount offer, and this is where Stafford's former Woolworths (store #320) can be found. Sports Direct is the new occupant, though only on a short lease judging from the seemingly temporary signs stuck over the original Woolworths ones.
The nearby town of Cannock was another place that I'd never visited before. Though the part-covered Cannock Shopping Centre lacks character, I liked the busy and appealing Market Place, which had the feel of being the town's real heart.
Facing the Market Place, Cannock's old Woolies (store #609) is yet another site that has been picked up by Poundland. As in Scarborough, it seems [edit: according to the now-defunct Chase Post] that not everyone was happy about Poundland taking over one of the town's largest units, though the one million sales reportedly registered in the shop's first three months would seem to tell a different story.
I previously mentioned Lichfield when the URL for Newcastle's Monument Mall shopping centre was erroneously pointing at the site for Lichfield's Three Spires. I've been to Lichfield many times before, and its very attractive city centre – packed with quaint streets and lovely buildings – always makes for an enjoyable visit.
Unfortunately, Lichfield's old Woolworths store (#376) is not one of the city centre's most attractive buildings, but the arrival of B&M Bargains in 2009 at least ensured that it wasn't empty for very long.
The more modern Three Spires shopping centre houses Lichfield's only department store, TJ Hughes, though the city is set to gain a Debenhams if the delayed Friarsgate development ever gets off the ground. The latest design changes to the £100m scheme – reflecting the "changing market conditions" – are set to go on show to the public later this month, which perhaps bodes well for work finally getting underway before the current expiration of the planning consent in December next year.
In the coming months, any movement on mothballed retailed schemes such as Friarsgate will certainly be an important indicator of whether – and how quickly – the economy and the commercial property market is recovering after its last couple of years in the doldrums.
Next story Can anyone remember Ashbourne's long-closed Woolworths?
On your Friarsgate reference you have "£100" where presumably it should say "£100k" – otherwise, that's a very cheap shopping development!
It's actually meant to be £100m – I've corrected it now!
Soult's Retail View » B&M Bargains heads to Burton – but where next?


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First published in 1739, The Scots Magazine is the world's most widely-read Scottish interest title, featuring something for everyone, with culture, history and the great outdoors all present. Including stunning photography of the wonderful Scottish landscape in every issue, whether you get to enjoy the scenery every day or lust to spend some time in Scotland, you'll be inspired to get outside and explore this country's natural beauty. The Scots magazine contains authoritative and thought-provoking articles to thousands of readers around the world.
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Pink tile was a global default for mid-century bathrooms and shows up on kitchen counters and backsplashes in early 20th-century kitchens. It might even make the odd appearance on hallway walls. Wherever you are faced with vintage pink tile and the need to decorate the surrounding space, use paint as your main tool for transforming the room. Work with, not against the tile, to lower its impact and tame it to your design style.
Pink is such a lighthearted and warm color that a polar opposite helps to balance it. Paint the walls above pink tile -- whether it's on the counter, lower wall or just on the floor -- a shade of gray to lower the temperature and keep that pink from looking too candyfloss. A dark or light cloud of smoky gray in matte finish tones the pink down. Add deepest charcoal trim with a tile baseboard or "chair rail" border and, in a pink tile bathroom, consider oil-rubbed bronze fixtures to reduce the glare. For sheer glamor, apply gleaming platinum paint to the walls and ceiling in a room with pink tile. An area rug or runner with an oriental or abstract pattern in grays, ivories, and pink and black accents underscores the ornate color treatment in the room.
Pink tile counters in the kitchen or on the walls and shower stall in the bathroom are a little bit retro. Go with it, and paint walls or cabinets deep or pastel teal -- the green in teal is the dynamic contrast to the red in pink. Add decorative accents in a tropical or exotic theme: jungle-flowered patterns; a border of sea creature tiles; intricate geometric mosaic patterns in rugs, shower or cafe curtains, or towels. Think of the room more as a stage set or a magazine backdrop while you're decorating, so you create a story to integrate the teal walls with the pink tile.
Transform a cliche -- a pink-tiled room -- into an elegant jewel-box with ivory walls and ceiling, and a creamy ivory, burgundy, red, pink, green and lilac oriental carpet on the floor. Whip the entire space into a pale froth of pretty colors in which pink is just one element in a visual bouquet. Ivory walls, ceiling and trim -- maybe even ivory tile on the floor -- softens the color palette rather than highlights the very intrusive pink. The pink tile is there, but it looks pretty, not mass-produced and predictable, when it blends into a thoroughly romantic color scheme.
Mint, the lightest of the true greens, could be saccharine when paired with pink tile, but it is a common choice for a reason. Green and red are opposites on the color wheel and create a balanced but energetic harmony when they are juxtaposed. Your job is to keep the mint paint and pink tile from looking dated and unimaginative. Do that with unexpected accents -- a bold black-and-white striped rug on the floor, green-and-white leaf-patterned curtains, a chartreuse pottery bowl of orange clementines, a verdigris and crystal chandelier. Choose accent colors sparingly and base them on the presence of the mint -- leaving the pink tile to fend for itself in the mix. Experiment with decorative touches if you're not sure how far to go to create some excitement in the room.
Crawford, Benna. "What Color Do You Paint to Tone Down Pink Tiles?" Home Guides | SF Gate, http://homeguides.sfgate.com/color-paint-tone-down-pink-tiles-104989.html. Accessed 24 April 2019.


Allow about ten (8 to 10) people per team. The entire group would get a number. All the "number 1's" would be in a team, and all the "number 2's" in another team, etc.
Teams have to solve riddles and then go on as many rides as possible, including the Anaconda, Dream Boat, Golden Loop, Jozi Express, Miners Revenge, OFO etc.
Teams scout the area and take "selfies" with various abstract background, i.e. Donald Trump, Traffic Officers, Angelina Jolie, Olympics etc.


Me and tracey saw this and thought of you and james bonds latest gadgets!
Where buy in Viet Nam?
It is great but they should have made it tri band.
This is revolutionary looking phone with will most probably have short to medium impact on the mobile phone market. This will of course depend on the price and ergonomics of the phone. Let's hope that the battery life lasts longer than most of the other samsungs. I look forward to seeing the launch of the phone in the UK and hope it is competively priced!!!
i wonder how we dial...???
I am interessted for the watch phone Samsung.
Please send me your price and delivery time.
WHEN ARE THEY GOING TO RELEASE THE BLOODY THING??? Ive been hearing of a samsung watch phone (and waiting to buy one)that was supposedly due to hit the market for almost two years now!!
10 points too them for being the first to get a watch phone to the market. (if they finally manage it.) Unfortunatly they lose points for woefull styling (the first concept - a CDMA version looked much more attractive). Hasnt it occured to them that the people who want a watch phone will want one because they dont want to lug a phone around - they want it to be as watch like as possible (small, tough and stylish). Apart from blue tooth (so you dont have to talk to you wrist all the time) they should have made it as light and small and feature compact as possible. They probably would have got it to the market by now if they werent trying to cram so much into their first model.
this phone is just genius, it it the coolest watch/phone i have ever seen, wiat, it's the only one i'v ever seen!!!
It is nice. When are you going to produce it for commercial purposes? Who is you representative in Nigeria?
like most i think the phone is amazing please someone let me know when this phone is availible and how much it will cost.


text:
Exile on Pain Street
Straddling the Hudson River. One foot in NYC, the other in suburban New Jersey.
The book I just published for Bruce Springsteen and Nick Hornby
Posted on May 31, 2011 by Exile on Pain Street
And by "I," I mean "WE," because there's no way I could have pulled off a stunt like this on my own.
Back in 2003, I took a class in book binding and letterpress printing at the Center for Book Arts in Manhattan. I had been collecting for quite some time and began to wonder, as most collectors eventually do, how books are constructed. Especially the fancy ones.
That same year, British author Nick Hornby published Songbook. It's a series of essays about songs that are meaningful to him. It's still in print and it's a pretty entertaining read. I'm a big fan of his work and have a healthy collection of signed first editions and rarities.
Songbook includes an essay on Bruce Springsteen's Thunder Road that I think is particularly effective. It's the standout piece of the book. I was in bookbinding class stabbing myself with a sewing needle trying to perfect a chapbook spine stitch when I had the spark of an idea. Wouldn't it be cool, I thought, to create a chapbook that married both Hornby's Thunder Road essay with Springsteen's lyrics? And do it legitimately, with permission from the artists? Yeah, right. Like that could ever happen.
I bought a rare Charles Bukowski first edition from Jim, who lived in Phoenix, Arizona. As it turned out, he's a letterpress printer. He creates beautiful, limited-run books at synaestheia press. He's a design and production genius. I was a patron of his press and we became pretty good friends. He visited New York City, I visited Phoenix and we also met in Las Vegas once. We spoke all the time.
I told him about my crazy idea for the Thunder Road chapbook. He encouraged me and said that if I could somehow secure permission from Hornby and Springsteen, he would print it. Shortly thereafter, Hornby was on a promotional tour for Songbook. At his Manhattan stop, while getting my copy signed, I casually asked if I could reprint his Thunder Road essay in a chapbook. Much to my surprise, he said yes, with the stipulation that every penny made from the sale go to charity. That was okay by me, since making money never entered my mind. Not once!
Now the tough part. Bruce Springsteen's business machine is fiercely protective of his material. I thought that going to him with an agreement from Hornby already in-hand would add legitimacy to the project. I wrote to his manager, Jon Landau, and not long thereafter, much to my complete shock, received permission to reprint the lyrics on a letterpress broadside. The stipulation was the same as the one Hornby set out for us; we were not permitted to profit from the venture. All proceeds had to be donated to charity.
We received nothing more than a verbal agreement and a "good luck" from Hornby, however, we received a multi-paged contract from the legal department of Shore Fire Media that we were required to sign and return. It was stipulated, in no uncertain terms, that all monies were to be donated to charity and that we were to use the lyrics provided with the contract (vs. getting them off the internet and possibly misquoting). Pretty serious stuff. The contracts were signed on May 28, 2004.
With my recently acquired knowledge of chapbook construction, I worked up about four different prototypes. The trick was to collapse both the essay and the broadside into one book. I sent them off to Phoenix and, if I'm being completely honest here, the layout ideas that Jim came up with were much better than mine. I wanted the book to be great so it required some humility on my part. The finished layout is probably 80% his talent and 20% my lucky guesses.
Do you know what can dramatically increase the value of a book? A signature. We had another brilliant, impossible, idea. We would fly to London, meet with Hornby, and he would sit and sign a stack of title pages for the essay portion of the book. In early 2006, I sent him, via his publisher at Penguin, a "Hey, remember me? We're going to be in the neighborhood. How'd you like to sign some title pages?" e-mail. How many authors of Hornby's stature do you suppose would entertain such a ludicrous request? Damn few, I'd guess. But he agreed to do it. On March 16, 2006, he had us over to his writing studio and for a few hours the three of us bullshitted about music and literature and the internet and he told us some fun stories about dealing with Hollywood, all while signing page after page after page after page.
We were planning a print run of 200 copies. Hornby signed 250 leaves. This is common practice as it allows for overage, contributor copies and damage during construction. Nick developed a terrible hand cramp. I felt kind of bad. Afterwards, he walked with us back to the tube station and took us past the vintage (1913), now demolished, Arsenal stadium, home to his beloved Gunners. It's one of my top five favorite afternoons ever.
I sent a request to Springsteen asking if he would be willing to sign a portion of the broadsides. I didn't dare hope that he'd sign all 250. He declined and I didn't have the nerve to pursue the issue. Frankly, I was surprised that he granted permission to use the lyrics and I didn't want to push my luck.
It took a little over a year to produce the printer's mock-up proof. A year is a bit longer than is customary for this type of work, but there were delays.
And then there were more delays. The months peeled away. I thought the project was becoming a burden, so I offered to find someone else to print it. But Jim is steadfast and a man of his word and always finishes what he starts. The printing commenced slowly.
I don't recall the specifics (and wouldn't share them here if I did) but eventually, tensions rose, words were exchanged and we stopped speaking. Our friendship died. And the Thunder Road chapbook project ceased.
In July of 2008 I wrote to Hornby and said that, with deepest regrets, the book would not be made. He wrote a short piece on his blog about how all artistic endeavors begin with good intentions but don't always come to fruition or a happy ending. He used our book as a case in point.
Years passed by.
I wrote to Jim last fall and after a few tentative e-mail exchanges, I asked if he wouldn't mind shipping the guts of the book. He had finished the essays and broadsides but the covers still needed to be printed and the book had to be assembled. He boxed them up carefully and they arrived in New Jersey sometime in December.
I had some contacts in the letterpress community that led me to Ray at Lead Graffiti, an extraordinary letterpress printer in Delaware. I approached him about the project with the caveat that although I could cover the cost of materials, all the heavy lifting would have to be done pro bono. Would he be interested?
He embraced the project so enthusiastically that in addition to making the 200 softcovers, he decided to create a special run of 26 hardcovers that would sell at a premium. Ray's partner, Jill, jumped in and created a beautiful linocut stamp of storm clouds to print on the cover.
Here's Ray slaving away at the printing press.
I was moved by their enthusiasm for the project and willingness to create hardcovers. I meditated on how they could be made even more special. I approached Springsteen again and asked if he would be willing to sign the broadsides for just those 26 copies. He politely declined five years ago, but this time he said yes. I dropped the broadsides off at his house and picked them up several weeks later.
The book has two spines. The essay is bound in on the left spine, and the broadside with the lyrics unfolds from the right. We borrowed the same font from the Born to Run album cover for the title. The covers are printed on black Somerset Velvet and the flysheet for the essay is printed on white mulberry paper.
The linocut is printed black-on-black ink for the cover and repeated in white-on-white for the flysheet.
A hand-rolled deckle edge that emulates yellow road paint was added along the bottom.
It's sewn with matching yellow thread. The hardcovers have yellow endpapers.
The 26 copies signed by both Springsteen and Hornby were priced at $225 and are sold out. But I still have the softcovers to sell. They are priced at $60 each; a steal considering the level of craftsmanship and the content. All copies are signed by Nick Hornby on his essay. Per Hornby and Springsteen's request, proceeds from the sale are being donated to TreeHouse, a school in London for autistic children.
We created six special sets that are not for sale. One hardcover and one softcover are laid into a custom clam shell case, handmade by Bill of Bottle of Smoke Press, who also assisted with the cover printing. These sets go to Springsteen, Hornby and the four project participants. Bruce was kind enough to inscribe the broadsides for those six copies to each of us. Here's my hardcover copy. Brothers and sisters, this is all the payment I'll ever need.
Getting this book made has been a long, arduous process but the finished product is a small masterpiece. Hardbound copies were purchased for the special collection libraries at Columbia University, The University of Delaware and The Newark Library. There's also a copy on hold for the Library of Congress.
Letterpress printing is a fading art form. There are no new Heidelberg Presses being manufactured. These books are created by craftsmen who are at the top of their game. They're the polar opposite of cold, impersonal eBooks. Aside from the obvious "do-good" aspect, they are a prestige item. But it was very, very expensive to produce. And I don't just mean the black Somerset Velvet, white mulberry paper and untold hours of uncompensated labor. This book annihilated a great friendship.
You can order a copy via PayPal. The account is ThunderRoadChapbook@gmail.com. [Please do not leave orders in the comments section.] I'll start shipping copies sometime next week. If you really want to help out, throw a link up to this too-long post.
Please note: We are sold out. There are no books available. Thanks to all who purchased a copy.
This entry was posted in Art and tagged bruce springsteen, chapbooks, letterpress printing, nick hornby, thunder road by Exile on Pain Street. Bookmark the permalink.
108 thoughts on "The book I just published for Bruce Springsteen and Nick Hornby"
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pinklightsabre on April 30, 2015 at 2:13 pm said:
Marvelous story, and (not ego-stroking here) it wouldn't have happened without you. That's the part of the story I like most, your insistence and commitment to seeing it through. Sigh…apply that to anything in life and yes, you can do anything. I started day-dreaming about getting a chapbook created myself this year, as a kind of goal while we're living in Germany. I think I have a lot to learn about that. Glad you reposted this Mark. Best, – Bill
Pat Mackay on May 4, 2015 at 10:32 am said:
Such fortitude is commendable. I'm so sorry it cost you a friend.
markbialczak on May 5, 2015 at 3:47 am said:
This is a labor of love, my friend, a brilliant idea taken to the end. Show a little faith, there's magic in the night, indeed, Mark.
Nick, Bruce and you, together in print, indelibly linked. For a charitable cause.
Be proud, still. I wish I would have known when there were 60-buck books available, I so truly do. What a gem.
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Estelle Cantillon, "Broadening the market design approach to school choice", Oxford Review of Economic Policy, vol. 33, n. 4, 2017, pp. 613–634.
Estelle Cantillon, Barbara Chizzolini, Marc Ivaldi, W. Leininger, Ramon Marimon, Laszlo Matyas, and Frode Steen, Economics without Borders – Economic Research for European Policy Challenges, Cambridge University Press, 2017.
Estelle Cantillon, and Pai-Ling Yin, "Competition between Exchanges - a Research Agenda", International Journal of Industrial Organization, vol. 29, n. 3, May 2011, pp. 329–336.


text:
all photographs courtesy of the author
Maybe shoot the interview off-campus, he said apologetically
"Go straight," I said, when the driver had pulled over, his face crinkled in uncertainty.
Published on May 30, 2019 2:00PM EDT
Colin Daileda	@ColinDaileda
Colin Daileda is a freelance journalist based in Bengaluru, India, who has written for Thomson Reuters, The Atlantic, Roads & Kingdoms, and others.
The cow's gaze was unmistakably suspicious, but she walked down the road toward me anyway, trailed by another cow and a little calf. I kept my lens straight as I could, level with their eyes, because I'd been told to get footage of "animals." The lead cow flicked her head back at her companions, as if alerting them to this unmoving human with the globular eye.
I'd woken that morning in my room at a hotel in the Andaman Islands run by a wife and husband. At about 7:40 a.m. the manager WhatsApp'd me a picture of himself unprompted, his right hand held up to his face, a moth or bee or some other winged bug crawling along his thumb. Twenty minutes later this man knocked on my door to ask if I wanted breakfast, which I did — egg curry, roti, chai with just enough ginger. No mention of the photo.
I was in Port Blair to work on a freelance article and video about the extremely sexy subject of soil moisture. I poured the last too-hot, too-sweet drops of chai down my throat and called a cab driver who had given me his phone number when I'd first got off the plane.
We drove under the arch of the research station I'd been visiting without incident for a couple of days; this time the guard out front told us to stop. I got out and fumbled with the car door. The guard motioned to a small room shaded with palm trees but still baking in the mid-morning heat.
In the office, the man in charge told me he was very sorry, but I had to get this permission, also another permission, this form and that, and then I could return to my work. I replied that I'd already been there two days, that I'd been speaking with one of their scientists, in fact had an appointment to shoot a video with him right now, and how had I been supposed to know about these permissions? Last year I could have come and gone as I pleased, he said, but a few months ago a Bangladeshi journalist had been there and written something bad. Now he had new rules to enforce. Maybe shoot the interview off-campus, he said apologetically. That would be fine. I walked outside, bewildered by the compromise but considering it, and then my driver said he'd just seen the scientist, leaving in a car of his own.
The scientist texted that he'd meet me later but he no longer wanted to appear on camera, what with the scare about permissions. So I found myself back outside the hotel, shooting b-roll of cows, suddenly free of the work I'd planned for the rest of the day, my bank account drained of a hotel night I no longer needed.
I guess freelancing is feigning certainty about a job in order to get it. I'd been so sanguine at first that I even insisted on my Google-provided route to the research center on the first day. "Go straight," I said, when the driver had pulled over, his face crinkled in uncertainty. "Trust me," I remember saying, like an ass. I led him uphill on a ribbon of a road and at the top he stopped. The other side was cracked and jagged and mostly dirt, and with a grimace he told me he wasn't risking his cab for this. I got out and walked through a village where dogs slept, chicks peeped after mother hens, and some men were digging a trench for a pipe.
"Research center?"
"No," they said.
When I got back to the top, my driving companion laughed. I called the scientist, handed over the phone, and we were outside his office in maybe 10 minutes.
I returned to the hotel after the cows, tugged off my sweat-drenched shirt, and tossed it over the back of a chair under the whirring fans. The dry one I pulled on would soak through in an hour, when I went back out to this "jogger's park" that overlooks the airport's runways, stretching themselves toward the sun as it sets.
I'd been there the first night for b-roll but my shots were fuzzy and distant. I was trying for something more Instagrammable: People sitting on benches staring into the faint glitter of the low-lying city.
A boy of about 10 walked up and I said hi. Vainath was waiting for his dad, who was doing three laps, but Vainath had already done four, he told me, because he's training to be in the military. He's got it all laid out. By fifth standard he'll write an exam, and his good results will send him to a military hostel in the city for three years, after which he'll go to an army school on the mainland and become a lieutenant. Unless his parents have their way. His mother wants him to be a doctor. His dad wants him to be an engineer, but Vainath said he doesn't even understand trigonometry. Or, it's not that he doesn't understand it, he just doesn't see when he'll ever use it.
I told him that's true, maybe. I thought the same thing when I was his age. I think the same thing now. You're right, I said. Unless you wind up an engineer. Vainath looked away and said he saw his dad. He turned to me, gave a quick wave, and dashed off.
Andaman Islands
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