text:
Law & Society Trust
ESCR
Apart from the destruction of fauna and flora, human displacement could happen in two ways in land grabbing of ISSUE 8, DECEMBER, 2013 such forest areas; the new settlers even though they own the land will have to struggle hard to eke out a living due to the existence of wild elephants and a dearth of water; at the same LAND GRABS OF NORTHERN time, the clearing of forests in the catchment area will lower the 1 water levels in the tank, compelling people who are engaged FOREST AREAS : in farming in the area to be displaced. This is even before they MANIFOLD THREAT IN THE experience the adversary effects of the natural mass migration of new settlers into the area vying for the extant, meager resources. MAKING Consequently, settlers will not be able to engage in farming during the two dry seasons. On the other hand with the Nature Forum, an organization committed to protect the practices clearing of a vast tract of land, the elephants living in the area environment has completed a study on the extent of land grabs will start entering human settlements aggravating the humanof forest areas in the north of Sri Lanka. It covers nearly six elephant conflict which will lead to further displacements. districts in the Northern Province. During the study the group identified land grabs of forest area at large, middle and small Karuvalankalipuram in the Vavuniya district is a declared scale. The article involves two instances of large scale land forest reserve which includes valuable trees belonging to the grab. ebeinaceae family (kaluwara in Sinhala) which are specific to dry zone forests in Sri Lanka. According to the data of the In the North there are habitats gazetted under the Department Department of Forestry the forest area is 5000 acres in extent. of Wild Life Conservation as protected areas and forest areas At present this area is being cleared and Sinhala people are gazetted under Forest Department Sri Lanka as conservation resettled3 in what could be viewed as creating a Sinhala voter and reservation areas. The extent of land covered by both base and changing the demography in the Northern Province these Departments is nearly 30% of the total land area in the by the government4. The extensive data collected by the Nature Northern Province. After the war ended there was an extensive Forum has revealed ample evidence for the displacement of collaborative plan by the government and UN institutions2 to settlers in this newly resettled area consisting of five villages. link these fragmented conservation areas and potential areas Many settlers including children have succumbed to snake for conservation in order to solve or minimise issues such as bites from varieties such as the russell's viper and common the elephant–human conflict, water conservation i.e. water krait. There is also an acute shortage of accessible water in the for agriculture, protecting the fisheries industry, protection area and water is provided through mobile water tankers or of hydro catchment areas and mangroves; problems which bowsers. It has also been found that some settlers who arrived originate due to these areas being highly populated with human have left within a week due to lack of infrastructure, resources settlements. Unfortunately though, none of these plans are and livelihood opportunities. Approximately 2,500 out of a total being implemented at the moment and consequently many registration5 of 7,000 settlers are from the Hambantota district conservation/ reservation forest areas are being severely and a few are from the Gampaha district. destroyed over time as a result. The clearing and resettlement in the area is handled by the Padaviya Forest Reserve located around the Padaviya water Sri Lanka Army, the Civil Security Forces and the Mahaveli tank and is a catchment area is the worst hit by land grabbing. Authority and the Nature Forum bears evidence that these At present 32,000 acres of this area which has already been activities are carried out in an extremely ad-hoc manner without taken off the gazette, is being cleared to facilitate human any preparatory planning whatsoever. Through the involvement settlements and created agricultural land under the 'L' block of of the Civil Security Forces and Mahaveli Authority this illegal the Mahavelli Development Project. In the future, the Nature process has been a 'formal procedure'. These forest areas have Forum sees many complexities faced by new settlers in this area never been exposed to human habitation before. The land which has been recognised as a catchment area and an elephant grabbing activities in Karuvalankalipuram are against Article corridor. Due to the advocacy work done by the Nature Forum 7 of the Forest Ordinance 16 of 1907 amended last in 2009. the de-forestation of the 32,000 acres has stopped for now. No Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) has been carried The Department of Forestry has informed the Nature Forum out as required and specified by the National Environmental in writing that a land survey will be carried out in the area and (Procedure for approval of projects) Regulations No. 1 of that cleared areas will be restored back as forest areas except 1993, Gazette Notification Number 772/22 dated 24th June for certain areas with less forest cover which the Mahaveli Development Authority has requested to be released to them. 3 According to Nature Group, this forest reserve which falls into the 1 2
This article draws from the presentation made by Mr. Sajeewa Chamikara of Sri Lanka Nature Forum to the network members of the People's Alliance on Right to Land (PARL) on 27th September 2013 Department of Forest, Ministry of Disaster Management, Central Environment Authority and UNDP
Mahaveli 'L' area has still not been de-gazzetted and thus the resettlement taking place is illegal according to Sri Lankan Law. There is evidence to indicate that food rations to the settlers are provided from World Food Programme indicating involvement of the UN Agencies. Nature Forum found that there is prerequisite that potential settlers have to remove their names from the voting register in the previous location and re-register in this area.
1993. This Gazette Notifications is stipulated by the National Environmental Act No.47 of 1980 amended last in 2000. Consequently, if these unsanctioned land grabbing activities continue to be carried out ignoring the existing, extensive plans formulated by the government itself, their extreme adverse effects will gradually spread to other areas in the island adversely affecting both human and natural resources.
died by police attack2 during a mass protest against fuel increases3. Even though the Mahinda Chinthana stipulates numerous policy directions and strategies to be taken to develop the fisheries industry and bring it on par with countries such as Japan and Thailand, 'development' policies which aim to attract local and foreign direct investment (FDI) in the tourism sector through leasing of coastal belt areas to investors threaten the right to land and livelihoods of the fisher folk and the future of the fisheries industry. At present the fisher folk want to have a dialogue with the government authorities about the future preservation of their livelihood. But they are striving to eke out a living and are completely distracted and weary of fighting to overcome the issues they face daily.
ESCR Team
GOVERNMENT'S DRIVE TO PROMOTE TOURISM THREATENS FISHERFOLK'S LIVELIHOOD AND THEIR RIGHT TO LAND
Further explaining the present situation, Aruna said that the present modus of operation of the government's newly founded Fisheries Cooperative has been to purchase fish from foreign ships and sell to the consumers in order to gain profits; thereby ignoring trade with the local fishermen. This practice has compelled fishermen to dispose tons of fish back into the lagoon as they are unable to sell their fish. He also mentioned about the government's ambiguous signals regarding illegal fishing. Prior to the provincial council elections which was held in the North and North Eastern provinces, the government unofficially allowed fishermen to engage in seine fishing, which is considered illegal up to a distance of 7km from the shores of Sri Lanka; a move considered to be a populist, electoral campaign initiative.
"This fisher folk's pension scheme is good. There is nothing wrong with it as the money will be useful in our old age when one cannot engage in fishing any longer. However, at present there are many more issues which take priority in our lives than the pension scheme. For example as fishermen we now pay the government large amounts of taxes through purchasing fishing equipment which is much more than what we pay as premium for the pension scheme", said Mr. Aruna Roshantha, the President of the United Fisheries Society of Pitipane Parish. Although it was my intention to speak with him specifically of the fisher folk's pension scheme, his preliminary comment made me curious to better understand the current state of the fisheries industry in the country.
Aruna Roshantha has done much to promote conditions of life of the fisher folk in his area and enhancement of the profitability of their livelihood with new strategies - both in his official capacity as the President of the Fisheries Society and in his personal capacity. He strongly believes that in order to develop the fisheries industry and to improve social attitudes towards fishing as a dignified livelihood in Sri Lanka, there should be a continuous and transparent consultative process among all the relevant stakeholders – fisher folk, the government, civil society, the private sector, investors and as appropriate, the Church.
According to Aruna, he had started contributing to the pension scheme for himself as well as for his father in the 90s. However, gradually enthusiasm for paying the premium had died out with the gradual realization of the 'utter unattractive bargain' a fisherman would finally obtain in their retirement age1. Speaking of the hardships faced by the fisher folk, Aruna said it is very difficult to engage in fishing as a livelihood at present due to non receipt of fuel subsidy for over four months and fishermen being compelled to take loans to purchase kerosene for an exorbitant price. In addition, the prices of all essential goods and services such as electricity and water have increased as well. Due to the debts they have incurred, fishermen are compelled to go out to sea every day and if they fail to catch a considerable haul of fish they sink further into debt.
Densil Pradeep National Fisheries Solidarity Movement (NAFSO)
When questioned about the reaction of the fishing community to the harsh reality of surviving against all odds at present, Aruna stated that in February last year a fisherman
A fisherman or spouse will receive Rs. 1000 per month as the pension, which most of them spend on medication.
Miyuru Gunasinghe (2012). National Human Rights Commission of Sri Lanka: Marionette of the State, Law & Society Trust, page 3. http:// www.lawandsocietytrust.org/PDF/resource/marionette_state.pdf In February, 2012 price of a liter of kerosene was abruptly increased by Rs. 35 to Rs. 106.
STORY IN PICTURES
IN WHOSE INTEREST?: MEGA DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS IN HAMBANTOTA In the morning of 23rd November 2013 the residents of Handilla, Hambantota on Airport road witnessed a tragic death of four wild elephants due to electrocution1. These deaths were located at the 'elephant corridor' within the Managed Elephant Range (MER). Two adult females and two young elephants –one about six year old and the other about two years old, lay dead as a result of coming into contact with an electric fence, the electricity for which had been illegally tapped from a power line of a house. The villagers said that they had been part of a herd of about fifteen. The aggravating state of conflict between elephant and man in Hambantota due to the mega construction sites of the Suriya weva Mahinda Rajapaksa Play Ground, Mattala Air Port and the Magampura International Harbour has been pointed out by the government authorities as well as the residents in Hambantota2. The stark brutality of the incident which even shocked the residents of the area who frequently suffer from the roaming wild elephants clearly indicate the insufficient measures taken to resolve the issue in comparison to the rapid development process taking place in the area. ESCR Team 1
Four elephants killed within Managed Elephant Range, Sunday Times, 24th November, 2013, http://www.sundaytimes.lk/131124/news/four-elephantskilled-within-managed-elephant-range-74512.html and Development forces jumbos to rebel, the Nation, 1st December 2013, http://www.nation.lk/edition/ news-features/item/23282-development-forces-jumbos-to-rebel.html. Also see Kumudini Hettiarachchi, Development out of step with conservation in Hambantota, Sunday Times, 16th June 2013, http://www.sundaytimes.lk/130616/news/development-out-of-step-with-conservation-in-hambantota-48848. html In whose Interest?: Mega Development Projects in Hambantota (video) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sk5hRKts0so
© Law & Society Trust
Movement in 2013, in the process of expanding the social security programme which has around 250 free trade zone workers as beneficiaries, works for the protection of workers' rights and provides monetary assistance to workers5 in emergencies. The Stand-Up Movement, a collective of workers who have come together to work on protection and promotion of workers' rights, has the ability to mobilize workers on common issues as it has collectivity in demanding. They are a partner organization of the umbrella trade-union collective 'Alarm Network', and is considered an organization representing the workers (mostly women) of the FTZ.
WOMEN UNIONISING: CHALLENGING TRADITIONAL UNIONISM During the last three years Sri Lanka has seen a revivalism of trade-union activities with the stands of the Free Trade Zone's Workers Union and The Women's Centre (FTZWU & WC), the Federation of the University Teachers Association (FUTA), and the Ceylon Teachers Congress (CTC). This has given a new life span to unionism and revitalized the whole notion of trade-unionism.
What is important about these unions are not just the fact that they are challenging the traditional unionism structure, but also that they are at the same time creating a space to address the issues of women workers such as gender based discrimination and facilitates worker mobilisation against such issues.
In general the culture of unionism in Sri Lanka is predominantly masculine and it appropriately endorses women's unpaid reproductive work in households1. This had kept women workers subordinated within a primarily masculine union culture, limiting them to be passive union members without agency. The transformation of this nature of women's subordination is dependent on the "redefining of work, economy and nationhood (community) as well as empowering women within union practices and processes"2. It is in this context that I thought it was appropriate to look at an emerging trend in unionism in Sri Lanka which was initiated at the beginning of the 21st century, contrary to the mainstream unionism in the country and is giving more authority to women workers where they are active participants and influencers.
The special nature of the two unions mentioned above is that they place themselves within the larger rights based discourse and democratization, identifying themselves as civil society actors: where their trade unionism can be identified as Social Movement Unionisms. This concept has made it possible for women's unionism to take place beyond the four-corners of the workplace by bringing their grievances within the larger rights based dialogue, enabling the possible articulation of gender issues; and thus to generate a social space for the sustenance of women's trade unionism and agency.
This trend involves the formation of trade-unions by women to look into the interests of women workers. Two good examples for such unions are the Red-Flag Movement formed in 2005 by Menaha Knadasamy, and the recently established Free Trade Union of the Stand-Up Movement which is a civil society organisation formed in 2008 by Ashila Niroshi Mapalagama. These unions have been formed partly as the existing unions have not been able to adequately address the needs of women workers. They epitomise freedom from women's subordination within traditional unionism.
Buddhima Padmasiri 5
Ashila Mapalagama, personal communication - 26 October 2013
PANAMA REVISITED…. "Our houses in the village were set on fire and we were chased away on 17 July 20101. Many villagers – at least over fifty persons - went to the police and lodged complaints against this arson attack. But to date the police has not carried out an inquiry into it despite our many requests. In fact, we cannot proceed with any legal redress as we have been unable to acquire the necessary B report from the police about the incident," said Mr. G. Somasiri, a villager from Ragamwela as well as the local leader of the Organisation for the Protection of Panam Paththuwa (OPPP).
The Red-flag movement mobilizing domestic workers from the plantation sector was formed due to the non-existence of women in trade unions' decision-making strata which had led to omitting of women's issues from the main agenda or the suppression of such issues3. The Red Flag Movement aims to support women workers in taking on leadership roles and to mainstream women's issues as workers' issues within the trade union movement4.
The crux of the matter is that the government of Sri Lanka, in its bid to transform Sri Lanka as the ultimate tourist destination has encompassed the land of Panama area (Ampara district, Eastern Province) belonging to the villagers, for the purpose of developing the Arugam Bay Tourism Economic
The Free-Trade Union was formed by the Stand-Up 1
Biyanwila, The Labour Movement in the Global South: Trade Unions in Sri Lanka (2011), pp12 2 ibid 3 Global Fund for Women. Red Flag Movement. https://grants. globalfundforwomen.org/GFWSearch/index.php?id=27734 (accessed September 17, 2013). 4 Hivos. Red Flag Women's Movement. http://www.hivos.nl/dut/ community/partner/10009952 (accessed September 17, 2013)
Mr. Somasiri mentions that the arson attack coincided with the signing up of the 'Sustainable Tourism Development Protest Project' of $18million between the World Bank and the Government of Sri Lanka in 2010, Peasant Groups Hit World Bank for Grabbing Ancestral Land in Panama' by April Porteria, ESCR Newsletter, Issue 7, September 2012.
Zone2. Consequently, the Navy has encroached on a portion of land including the lagoon and the Samudragiri Naga Vihara Buddhist Temple3 and located their South-Eastern head quarters and started building permanent structures in the lagoon. Thus the Navy has prevented villagers from engaging in their livelihood of fishing and related activities like prawn farming in the lagoon. This is in addition to denying them access to their houses and land in the village to carry on with their lives and livelihood of farming. The Buddhist priest of the temple is denied access to the temple as well. This resistance against the villagers is taking place despite a Magistrate's Court decision stipulating that the villagers are the rightful owners of the land in Panama.
CRISES, VULNERABILITY & POVERTY IN SOUTH ASIA: PEOPLES' STRUGGLES FOR JUSTICE AND DIGNITY BY SOUTH ASIA ALLIANCE FOR POVERTY ERADICATION (SAAPE) Crises, Vulnerability & Poverty in South Asia: Peoples' Struggles for Justice and Dignity1 is the fourth report published by South Asia Alliance for Poverty Eradication (SAAPE). The report features the voices of people against the injustice and indignity caused by crisis-led vulnerability and poverty across the sub-continent – Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka - and proposes sustainable alternatives. Thus, this report provides a critical review of the broad economic policy regime adopted by the South Asian states, the actors and factors influencing or dictating them. The current report is the fourth in the series of SAAPE's publication on poverty analysis and alternative development paradigms.
Due to the fact that only one villager and his family has been allowed access to the village land because of his influential contacts, the villagers of Panama held a protest against the injustices they were being subject to. They were able to meet the Ampara District Secretary Mr. Neel De Alwis as a result of this protest action. Upon his request, the villagers had submitted legal documents as evidence of their ownership to the land. However, to date no solution has come forth from the local administrative body. The villagers had also met the Senior Superintendent of Police (SSP) Ajith Rohana prior to his transfer as the Police Spokesman, requesting him to precipitate the inquiry into the arson attack the response has been negative so far from the said SSP and his successor.
The first report published in 2003 was an introduction to the status and nature of poverty in South Asian countries. The second, published in 2006, focused on five thematic areas; food sovereignty, gender justice, labour rights, peace, justice and demilitarization, as well as democratic and just governance in the region. The third report of 2010 analysed the poverty and vulnerability cycles, capturing the narratives of the survival and struggles of people in the region.
This ongoing situation can be cited as a deliberate deprivation by the state of the right to work and livelihood, right to land, right to traditions and culture, way of life of the villagers of Ragamwela, Shastrawela, Ulla, Ulpassa, Egodayaya and Horewkanda, in the name of 'development'. This is wholly against provisions and spirit of the UN Convention on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights which Sri Lanka has ratified. The Secretariat of the Asian Peasant Coalition (APC) in a media communiqué disclosed that they submitted the report of the International Fact Finding Mission on Panama to the office of Mr. Olivier de Schutter, UN Special Rapporteur on Right to Food, on 11th October 2013 in Geneva4. It also revealed that Ms. Sylvia Mallari, APC senior researcher, met with Mr. Ulrik Halsteen, the Human Rights Officer of the Special Procedures Branch, the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights.
Enclosed is the status of Sri Lanka as included in the Report: Sri Lanka is a multi-ethnic, multi-lingual and multireligious state. The main ethnic communities are the Sinhalese who speak Sinhala, comprising around 74.9 per cent of the population. The Tamils who historically settled in the Northern and Eastern provinces speak Tamil and comprise around 15.4 per cent of the population. Other ethno-religious communities are the Moors (that is, Muslims excluding Malays), originally Tamil-speaking but large numbers of whom are also now Sinhala speaking. They comprise around 9.2 per cent of the population. None of these ethnic, linguistic or religious communities are homogenous. Thus, there is caste differentiation within the Sinhalese and Tamil communities; regional cleavages within the Sinhalese, Muslim and Tamil communities, and there is differentiation based on sect and habitation within the Muslim community. Needless to say, class stratification exists in all these communities.
Anushaya Collure
The report of the International Fact Finding Mission (IFMM) The Rightful Owners: Peasants Defending Ancestral Lands against Tourism Zone in Panama, Southeast Sri Lanka (http://www.asianpeasant.org/ sites/default/files/Final%20Rightful%20Owners%20IFFM%20Sri%20 Lanka%20report%20for%20UNCHR.pdf) This temple is of an archeological value as there are two stone inscriptions in its premises. Letter IFMM to the Special Rapporteur on right to food http://www. asianpeasant.org/sites/default/files/Letter%20to%20UN%20Special%20 Rapporteurs%20Sri%20Lanka%20IFFM.pdf
Download the full report at www.saape.org
Sri Lanka's ethnic conflict arises out of the failure and inability of dominant political actors to reform the state; to accommodate the sharing of state power with national minorities, especially the Tamils of North-Eastern origin and the equality of ethnic and religious minorities with regard to access to higher education and public employment, as well as the protection of their linguistic and cultural rights.
SRI LANKA'S WOMEN MIGRANT DOMESTIC WORKERS: DISCRIMINATED HERE AND ABROAD
Extra-judicial killings, enforced disappearances, custodial torture, detention without trial, impunity for abuses by state security forces and public officials, violence and intimidation against the media and human rights defenders have continued outside of the former conflict zone. The victimisation of Sinhalese as well as Tamils remains unabated even in the absence of war.
Circular 13/2013, Paragraph 2, of the Sri Lanka Bureau of
Foreign Employment which came into effect on 15 July 2013 lays down a 'mandatory requirement of obtaining clearing certificates for domestic sector female workers preventing unqualified domestic housekeepers going abroad'. The stated purpose is to discourage women from migrating abroad for low skilled work. In 2011 the total number of women migrating was 127,090 or 48% of the total 262,960, of which 41% were domestic workers. They have been the highest contributors to foreign exchange earnings in the country with total migrant worker remittances amounting to US$ 6 billion in 2012.
On the economic front, the growth of a neo-liberal economic system, particularly the export manufacturing sector provided relatively limited direct employment while economic liberalization drove many import-substituting industries to closure with the loss of employment among older male workers and thus, promoted growth at the expense of inequality2. The most important source of foreign earnings for decades has been migrant workers' remittances, largely sent by women employed as domestic labour in the Middle East. The receipts from the export of tea are the second largest contributor of foreign exchange followed by industrial goods - largely, ready-made garments sold in the European Union and the USA. Thus, women's wage labour is the mainstay of
This policy decision is however absolutely discriminatory towards all women who wish to migrate abroad as domestic workers. It violates their fundamental constitutional rights to freedom of movement, to engage in an occupation of their choice and to equality, to not be discriminated against on grounds of gender. Male migrant workers irrespective of their family background have no such restrictions imposed upon them and place the burden of proof for familial responsibility and child care on the woman's shoulders creating further gender based social stigma and exclusion. It disallows due recognition of women as a valued component of the labour force and independent beings entitled to the all political and socio-economic rights. This is despite the unquestionable fact that in Sri Lanka, the three industries earning the highest amount of foreign exchange rely on a predominantly female labour force; international labour migration, the apparel industry and tea export industry.
Sri Lankan economy3. The urban and rural poor may be of Sinhalese, Tamil or Muslim ethnicities. The estate-poor are Tamils of recent Indian origin. Members of marginalised and depressed social groups are over-represented amongst the poor in proportion to their percentage in the population. The incidence of poverty in male-headed vis-à-vis female-headed households averages the same in national aggregate; but, if differentiated by sector, there are more poor female-headed households as against male-headed in the urban sector, in comparison to the rural and estate sectors.
The circular title itself is ambiguous and speaks of 'preventing unqualified domestic housekeepers going abroad'. This raises the question whether the Sri Lankan government is compulsorily and derogatorily labeling women as unqualified merely because they choose to migrate as domestic workers. The provisions of paragraph two lack clear definition of the 'actual state of affairs at home' which potential women migrants need to inform authorities of. The information gathered by recruitment agencies for this purpose includes: marital status, name of guardian of migrant worker, details of any children, guardian for the children and their relationship to the migrant worker, health of children's guardian and requires the signature of the children's guardian undertaking responsibility for them. The information requested of a guardian for the potential migrant worker highlights further discrepancies, as surely an adult woman of sound mind would hardly require a guardian. This information is certified by the relevant Grama Niladhari and later by a Development Officer
Gunatilaka, Ramani; Wan, Guanghua; and Shiladitya Chatterjee (2009), Poverty and Human Development in Sri Lanka, Asian Development Bank: Manila. Institute of Policy Studies (2008), Development Strategies, Welfare Regime and Poverty Reduction in Sri Lanka, Country Paper for UNRISD Project on Poverty Reduction and Policy Regimes, United Nations Research Institute for Social Development: Geneva.
assigned by the Ministry of Foreign Employment Promotion and Welfare and attached to Divisional Secretariats.
LAWS IMPOSED FOR GOOD GOVERNANCE CREATE CRITICAL HEALTH ISSUES IN THE COUNTRY
The information requested which supposedly provides evidence of the actual state of affairs at home is wholly deficient in exposing issues of domestic violence and other forms of abuse, alcoholism of spouses, extreme poverty, lack of local livelihood opportunities, social stigmatization including caste and gender based discrimination and other issues or personal preferences which drive women to migrate abroad for work. The information is also not reflective of alternate but equally strong safety networks and social systems which may exist to support women workers with families. Analysis of such implications and backgrounds would depend on individual Development Officers and ergo subject to personal prejudices. This process also implies that if the husband/partner is unwilling to undertake signed legal responsibility for the children, the woman may not be allowed to migrate – negating the natural accountability of a husband or father for the family. Also, what solutions or relief is available to single mothers?
Very recently the leading Human Rights activist Mrs. Nimalka Fernando was subjected to a harsh public smear campaign for her response that the government should legalise sex work in Sri Lanka, in which her life was also threatened through radio programme of the Commercial Channel of the Sri Lanka Broadcasting Corporation1. This incident clearly indicates the crippling social stigma attached to the issue of sex work and sex workers. It is tragic in every way that the government authorities and the policy makers do not perceive the danger Mrs. Fernando alerts them on one of the critical health issues in the country – spreading of HIV/AIDS – and instead allows state media to vilify the 'messenger'. There are an estimated 41,000 female sex workers in Sri Lanka and an estimated 100,000 and 150,000 people use the services of female and male sex workers per day2. The categories are divided according to the location in which they base their work: brothels; street walking; shanty and house based; lodges, inns and hotels; massage parlours; restaurants, night clubs and karaoke bars; and mobile or vehicle based. The sex workers are one of the key groups which belong to the most at risk category in terms of contracting HIV/AIDS, posing a grave threat to the population of the country.
The entire certification policy places the onus upon the woman in a highly discriminatory and unfair manner. If she is unable to prove child/ family care arrangements, she may be disallowed from migrating. Further, the burden is directly upon the most marginalized and poverty stricken women as it is usually they who migrate as domestic workers. More skilled or professional women with similar home conditions have no such restrictions placed upon them; neither do men of any skills level even though they too are subjected to issues of trafficking, abusive working conditions and other irregularities within migration. The effectiveness of this scheme is also in doubt with nearly 100,000 women migrating each year for domestic work, the ability of the GN or Development Officers processing all such applicants' details seems practically improbable if not utterly impossible.
In Sri Lanka, the two archaic laws that make sex work illegal in the country are; an Ordinance to amend and consolidate the law relating to vagrancy enacted in 18413 and Brothels Ordinance enacted in 1889. Owing to the fact that the former law is not specifically on illegality of sex work but on vagrancy, its implementation has created many discriminatory issues towards female sex workers - especially the ones belonging to the non-affluent social class. Despite the illegality and social stigma regarding the profession, there is a considerable demand for sex work in the country and it seems to be a lucrative industry. On the other hand, due to the same reasons, sex workers are highly exploited and deprived of many rights entitled to them as human beings.
The responsibility to ensure safe outbound labour migration especially of women, is primarily upon the labour sending government in the protection its citizens and cannot and should not be transferred onto women migrant workers. The welfare of children left behind should be the natural responsibility of the spouses, partners and families of migrant workers, monitored by relevant local government authorities. The National Labour Migration Policy 2008 which provides for the welfare of the families of migrant workers should be implemented genuinely and effectively. If the government wishes to discourage women from migrating for low skilled work, the onus should be upon the government to provide them with alternative local livelihoods. Circular No. 13/2013 can only ever be considered discriminatory towards women and marginalize and penalize the low skilled and poverty stricken even further.
Miyuru Gunasinghe
Maheesha Mudungamuwa, Call for legalizing prostitution, The Island, October 27 http://www.island.lk/index.php?page_cat=articledetails&page=article-details&code_title=91017 and Niranjala Ariyawansha, Protecting the Sex Workers, Ceylon Today, November 27, http://www.ceylontoday.lk/59-46646-news-detail-protecting-the-sexworkers.html Feizal Samath, Archaic Laws Stymie HIV/AIDS Work in Sri Lanka, Inter Press News Agency, July 16, 2012 http://www.ipsnews. net/2012/07/archaic-laws-stymie-hivaids-work-in-sri-lanka/ The Police arrests are made based on the sections 3, 4, 7, 9 and 11. Although Section 3 (b) indicates that 'every common prostitute' wandering in the public street or highway is considered as a person who are deemed idle and disorderly persons. But the ordinance does not define 'every common prostitute' http://sangram.org/Download/Laws_ in_south_asia.pdf
According to the statistics of the National Sexually Transmittable Diseases (STD)/AIDS Control Programme (NSACP) at present there are 4200 people who have contracted HIV and at the end of 2012, 1649 cases HIV cases had been reported. These people come from many walks of life. The Global HIV/AIDS Response: Progress Report 2011 by the UNAIDS mentions that in the Asian region 'the links between use of/ injecting drugs and sex work (both people who inject/use drugs and who also buy sex, and sex workers who also inject drugs) eventually generate a more extensive epidemic among sex workers and their clients. The male clients then transmit HIV/AIDS to their wives and girlfriends4. Therefore, the time is appropriate for the government to engage effectively with the issue of sex workers and sex work as it is illogical to imagine that with punitive laws sex work as a profession will be eliminated from society. Instead, in reality the risk of HIV/AIDS turning to latent levels is possible with the social stigma which basically deprives the sex workers from accessing regular health checkups among other basic rights as a human being living in dignity. 4
In this context it is crucial that the government execute the relevant policy decisions to remedy the status with regard to sex workers in a manner that brings a concrete solution in controlling the prevalence of STDs and HIV/AIDS in society. The meager efforts taken with regard to prevention of STDs and HIV/AIDS by the Ministry of Health with the assistance of a few non-governmental organizations in selected areas at present could be only described as inadequate in terms of searching for effective solutions for the protection of the human rights of sex workers.
Global HIV/ AIDS Response : Progress Report 2011, pp 29, http:// www.unaids.org/en/media/unaids/contentassets/documents/ unaidspublication/2011/20111130_ua_report_en.pdf
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Sep 30, 2013 - necessity of a dialogue on energy trade in the WTO. 1 ... Schedules of Concessions (Article II(a) GATT 1947) from the start and ever since.
Sep 30, 2013 - concessions on crude petroleum are often 'free' or 'unbound', meaning that the WTO. Member in ... For instance, the list of 'energy services' is ... In EU law, electricity is considered a 'good' and not a 'service', but there is still.
The Law Society of Scotland. The Solicitors (Scotland) Act 1980. The case for change. The Law Society of Scotland. Regulation Paper. Page 1 of 1. The-Solicitors-Scotland-Act-1980-The-case-for-change-Regulation-Pa.pdf. The-Solicitors-Scotland-Act-1980
... the above matter to the Crown Office for investigation. Page 1 of 1. Minute-of-Meeting-of-the-Law-Society-Guarantee-Fund-Sub-Committee-of-2-July-2015.pdf.
Examination Board/. University. Year of. passing. Class and. percentage. obtained. No. of attempts. Photograph. (3.5 cm x 3.5. cm). www.govnokri.in. Page 3 of 4. Mumbai Port Trust Recruitment 2017 Chief Law [email protected] Mumbai Port Trust
Try one of the apps below to open or edit this item. pdf-1325\the-history-of-nebraska-law-law-society-politics-in-the-midwest-from-ohio-university-press.pdf.
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text:
Columns Satire
Local freshman breaks sound barrier while running late to class
Dec 8, 2014 freshman, jeff gebert, menomnie, satire, sound barrier, stout, uw, wisconsin
By Jeff Gebert —
Students at the University of Wisconsin–Stout were baffled last Monday when a sonic boom suddenly rang throughout the campus at 9:01 a.m. The disturbance was caused by Timmy Jemmers, who broke the sound barrier in an attempt to get to his 9:05 English 101 class on time.
"I don't think I've ever been so scared in my life," said Jemmers. "I can't afford to be tardy to any of my classes."
The freshman slept in after accidentally pressing "dismiss" instead of hitting "snooze" for the 14th time on his alarm clock app. His heart skipped a beat when he realized he may be late for class. Kevin Armeberg, a sophomore living in McCalmont was present for the event.
"Man, I was straight up startled," said Armeberg. "I was watching "Fantasia" on Blu-ray, when suddenly I hear a FFFFFSSSSHHHHHHWWWWOOOOOO, and I'm all 'woah.'"
Jemmers has reportedly only gone supersonic twice before. Once when he had to go to the bathroom during a movie at the theater and once while piloting an F-35 STOVL aircraft.
When asked how he was able to accomplish such a feat, Jemmers responded with the following.
"I don't know, I just kind of run. Really fast. Can't…. can't everyone else do that?"
Jemmers thankfully made it to class on time, avoiding a possible sarcastic comment from his professor.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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The LKS Foundation is a non profit organization established in 2018 by Larry K. Sharpf. We offer graduating high school seniors, living in the State of Oregon, scholarships to continue their education at a state or private school, community college or trade school within the State of Oregon. Scholarship amount of $20,000.00 for a 4 year institution is applicable to tuition, room and board only. Several will be awarded per year. Amount awarded will vary if school chosen is not a 4 year institution. We aim to help students pursue their dream of getting an education.
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text:
Thames Barrier Park, London
Trip Planner: Europe / UK / England / London / Thames Barrier Park
Park Nature / Park
The Thames Barrier Park is a 14ha park in London's docklands, named after its location on the north side of the River Thames next to the Thames Barrier. It is intended to aid the regeneration of the area by creating an attractive public space alongside residential and commercial developments. It is adjacent to Pontoon Dock DLR station in the Silvertown area of the London Borough of Newham.
Alain Provost and Alain Cousseran of Groupe Signes with Patel Taylor won the international competition to design the park in 1995. As the first largely post-modern design in London, the park has a fresh modern look with adventurous planting and dancing water fountains.
The site was built on what was one of the country's most polluted sites, the former PRChemicals factory. Decontaminating the site took many years and was done with painstaking precision.
Arrange your visit to Thames Barrier Park and discover more family-friendly attractions in London using our London trip itinerary tool .
http://www.london.gov.uk/priorities/housing-land/land-assets/thames-barrier-park
Sunday 7am - 7:15pm
Monday 7am - 7:15pm
Tuesday 7am - 7:15pm
Wednesday 7am - 7:15pm
Thursday 7am - 7:15pm
Saturday 7am - 7:15pm
North Woolwich Road,
London E16 2HP,
Create an itinerary including Thames Barrier Park
Thames Barrier Park Reviews
By CoolCoolCoolCool
We used to visit this park all the time, as it was fairly local and was always lovely and clean. We were recently in the area with some time to kill and decided we'd take the kids to the park. Firstly... more »
By macedonboy
Thames Barrier Park is a lovely park with views of the Thames River Barrier. It's a well tended park surrounding by residential blocks on three sides and one side facing the river. The grass were all ... more »
By Polly Hunt
This is London's first park which is along the Thames river. It was quite cold when we visited but walk was beautiful. Architects have taken so much of efforts to design this thoughtful park where green trench runs along the park indicated waves of water. It is eye soothing. It has nice recreational area mainly for children to play. It has decent cafe from where you can get view of entire park. View of thames barriers is spectacular and perfect place for photographers.
By kwryry
Lovely park by the Thames and great to see the mechanism that keeps us all safe from flooding. There's lots of green spaces for picnics and games, and play areas for children. There's a cafe but it was closed when we were there so perhaps has seasonal opening hours. There's a Starbucks super nearby though serving coffees and snacks and a Sainsbury's for sandwiches, drinks etc for a makeshift picnic.
Plans to Thames Barrier Park by other users
60 days in London BY A USER FROM UNITED STATES June, popular sights PREFERENCES: June ATTRACTION STYLE: Popular sights PACE: Medium 29 days in United Kingdom BY A USER FROM AUSTRALIA July, popular sights PREFERENCES: July ATTRACTION STYLE: Popular sights PACE: Medium 50 days in London BY A USER FROM EGYPT April, popular sights PREFERENCES: April ATTRACTION STYLE: Popular sights PACE: Medium 60 days in London BY A USER FROM UNITED KINGDOM May, popular sights PREFERENCES: May ATTRACTION STYLE: Popular sights PACE: Medium 60 days in London BY A USER FROM SOUTH KOREA April, popular sights PREFERENCES: April ATTRACTION STYLE: Popular sights PACE: Medium 60 days in London BY A USER FROM AUSTRALIA October, popular sights PREFERENCES: October ATTRACTION STYLE: Popular sights PACE: Medium


text:
Executive Board Takeaway.
UFT Secretary Howard Schoor appears to be an avid reader of this blog. He seemed anxious to influence my notes on two occasions Monday night. I'd previously criticized his apparent ridicule of the question period, so he wanted to make sure I noticed it was more popular. I certainly noticed Monday, for the first time, that Unity members asked questions. Evidently, after a mere seven months of looking absolutely ridiculous, Unity Caucus has concluded it doesn't reflect particularly well on them when we question many things and they question nothing.
Therefore, Unity Caucus planted some questions, just like they do at the DA. I'll never forget going to the DA when the 2014 Contract came up. The very first question was something like, "Gee Mike, what happens if this contract doesn't pass?" That allowed Mulgrew to launch into his carefully prepared appeals to fear, that we would go to the back of the line of 151 unions and that retro wasn't a God-given right.
This notwithstanding, UFT Unity came up with some remarkably silly questions. The first was about when we would get a raise. A Unity member claimed people were asking him about it. Let's assume, for one moment, that this question was not a plant. That would mean that this hand-picked member of the UFT Executive Board was so uniquely inept and unresourceful that he was unable to go to the UFT website and look up the chart that's right here, or even call the borough office. More likely UFT leadership thought it would be a good idea to have him ask the stupid question and have me report on the raise. Naturally I'm delighted to report that UFT members will soon get a fraction of the raise that NYPD and FDNY managed to get almost ten years ago. Kudos to the Unity geniuses who cleverly negotiated that with no interest, and are making us wait years more for back pay.
Another question went to UFT HS VP Janella Hinds. What progress had she made on the resolution regarding Regents scoring that we passed at the DA twelve days ago? That's enough time to wind up a major negotiation with the DOE, isn't it? Janella said that it was not, in fact, and reported on her survey about SAT administration. It's ironic that this question came up, because I'd repeatedly pushed for that resolution. Schoor characterized me as "begging" for it. I can only speculate that, being in a group that has an army of patronage-crazy loyalty oath signers at its beck and call, Schoor has become less familiar with the concept of advocating for members. That, in fact, is what I was doing. It's kind of my job. I pushed this resolution because I actually teach every day and see firsthand what Regents scoring at remote schools does to people, not to mention various ways principals can make things worse for those who remain. This resolution has the potential to help tens of thousands of high school teachers.
Then, because there are no news reporting organizations and the world's sole source of information is UFT leadership, there was a question about whether ICE had done any raids on public schools.
It was an interesting night for other reasons. We had scores of teachers and parents from Central Park East 1 standing in the back. There were a few members from MORE steering. There was amazing energy in the room, and it was nice to have a sizable group of vocal supporters for once.
I motivated this resolution to support CPE (that whole advocating thing again), and LeRoy Barr was instantly up to table it. Before he gave a hint as to why he wanted to do that, several nearby Unity loyalists seconded his proposal. Each and every one of them was a loyalty oath signer, bound to support any damn thing they're asked to. They don't need no stinking reasons.
Barr's rationale was that leadership was already doing a lot for CPE 1, and that supporting the resolution would somehow interfere with that. You won't be surprised to learn that I disagree. I motivated the resolution with a direct quote from UFT President Michael Mulgrew. I'm going to reproduce my remarks from this report below:
Tonight we have a school and a school community in crisis, a school suffering under the wholly gratuitous tyranny of an out of control principal. Ironically, this school is one founded on principles of functional democracy, a school that ought to be a model for us all. It's deplorable to see the ostensible leader of this school trod all over its basic premise, a premise developed by renowned educational activist Deborah Meier. As President Mulgrew told this body just two weeks ago:
"Our biggest issue hands down is (the DOE's) lack of responsibility with reigning in their principals. We will go after them at the school level. By law the superintendent is in charge. They are responsible for the actions of the principal. It is always best to have documentation when bringing any issues forward."
Here is our chance to put those words in action. We have abundant documentation. We have firsthand testimony at our fingertips and in this very room. This is a golden opportunity for the United Federation of Teachers to walk the walk. Not only will we be giving much-needed support our brother and sister unionists and community members, but we'll also be making a stand for the kind of innovative instruction and independent thinking we need to foster and enable for the students we serve.
I urge you to support this resolution and bring it to the Delegate Assembly this month.
We had a great chance to walk the walk and stand against just who Mulgrew said we would. We failed utterly to do this, even though this abusive principal had placed another teacher up for 3020a that very day. When LeRoy Barr asked us to stand for CPE 1, it struck me as odd. Hadn't we just declined to do precisely that? I was not inclined to honor that request. Howard Schoor asked me to report that I failed to stand, literally, for one moment. In fact I was typing furiously at the time, but I'm happy to oblige.
Who failed to stand for CPE 1? Was it us, New Action and MORE, the folks who brought the resolution to support CPE 1? Was it me, the guy who rose to motivate it?
Or was it the caucus that killed it without even bothering to ask why?
You decide.
Labels: MORE/ New Action, UFT Executive Board, UFT Unity loyalty oath
Playing the Stereotype Game with Teachers
Class Size Regulations v. Reality
UFT Executive Board Takeaway
UFT Executive Board April 24th, 2017 CPE 1 in the...
Unsafe at Any Speed at CPE 1
500 Students a Week
UFT Delegate Assembly--We Still Love CPE 1, But We...
On Class Size and Contract
Think of What It Would Lead To If Teachers Spoke Up
You May Not Be a Nazi. You May Still Be a Bigot.
No Irony in Mr. Pallotta's Neighborhood
Happiness and Teaching
Ignoring Rank and File Not Paying Off for NYSUT. O...
Notes from NYSUT RA
The Sad Tale of UFT-Unity's Robo-Voters
My MOSL Rating Is Based on Test My Students Don't ...
UFT Executive Board March 27th--We Love CPE1 But W...
Chalkbeat NY--From Reforminess to White Supremacy
BREAKING--President Trump Definitively Refutes Acc...


text:
Afternoon (jap. , Gekkan Afutanūn) ist ein japanisches Manga-Magazin, das sich an junge Männer (Seinen) richtet. Es ist ein Schwestermagazin der Morning.

Das Magazin erscheint am 25. im Vorvormonat der abgedruckten Nummer beim Kōdansha-Verlag zu einem Preis von 700 Yen bei 800 bis 900 Seiten. Den Hauptteil des Magazins machen verschiedene Kapitel von knapp 30 Manga-Serien und Manga-Kurzgeschichten aus. Diese sind meist Comedy- oder Romantikgeschichten wie Oh! My Goddess oder ernsthafte Historienepen wie Blade of the Immortal. Allerdings erscheinen auch mehrere experimentelle und teils alternative Manga wie Naru Taru im Afternoon, da es seinen Künstlern viele Freiheiten in Bezug auf die Handlung lässt. Viele der Serien werden auch als Anime verfilmt.

Afternoon erschien erstmals am 25. Januar 1986 als Zusatzmagazin zur Morning. Seine höchste Auflage hatte das Magazin zwischen 1994 und 1995. Zu dieser Zeit beinhaltete eine Ausgabe ungefähr 1000 Seiten. 2005 hatte es eine durchschnittliche Auflage von 134.000 Stück pro Ausgabe und einen Rückgang um 7,4 % gegenüber dem Vorjahr. Seit dem 7. November 2008 erscheint das Schwestermagazin Good! Afternoon.

Seit 1987 vergibt das Magazin den Shiki-shō () an neue, talentierte Mangaka. Diese Auszeichnung erhielten unter anderem Tsutomu Nihei, Risu Akizuki und Hiroki Endo.

Veröffentlichte Serien (Auswahl)

Fortlaufend
 Genshiken von Kio Shimoku
 Historie von Hitoshi Iwaaki
 Lucu Lucu von Yoshitō Asari
 Mushishi von Yuki Urushibara
 Nami yo Kiitekure von Hiroaki Samura
 Ore to Akuma no Blues von Akira Hiramoto
 Soft-Metal Vampire von Hiroki Endo
 Vinland Saga von Makoto Yukimura
 Wandance von coffee

Abgeschlossen / nicht mehr im Magazin

Weblinks
 Offizielle Homepage (japanisch)

Manga-Magazin (Japan)
Männermagazin
Ersterscheinung 1986
Japanischsprachige Monatszeitschrift

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Q: Publishing a Self-contained Console app fails I installed the .NET SDK 2.1.301-win-x64.exe and afterwards updated all the nuget packages to 2.1.1.
In my WebApp I have the Nuget Package Microsoft.AspNetCore.All 2.1.1 and Microsft.NETCore.App 2.1.0. In the Nuget Window I see that there's also the Version 2.1.1, but I can't select it (Blocked by Project)
Same story in my Console App: Microsft.NETCore.App 2.1.0
My first question: Is here already something wrong? Or is this expected behavior?
If I build the WebApp as self contained App, that works well.
If I biuld the Console App as self contained App (Self-contained / win-x64). I get the follwoing Error:

The project was restored using Microsoft.NETCore.App version 2.1.1,
  but with current settings, version 2.1.0 would be used instead.  To
  resolve this issue, make sure the same settings are used for restore
  and for subsequent operations such as build or publish.  Typically
  this issue can occur if the RuntimeIdentifier property is set during
  build or publish but not during restore."

The source of this error is a referenced project.
What do I do wrong? Let me know if you need additional information, then I will  add it.

A: This is a known issue for the moment. In your referenced project's csproj file, set the TargetLatestRuntimePatch property:
<PropertyGroup>
  <TargetLatestRuntimePatch>true</TargetLatestRuntimePatch>
</PropertyGroup>

This only happens when a .NET Core application references another .NET Core application and self-contained roll-forward only partially kicks in during publish.
For portable applications, it is enough to target 2.1.0 version of Microsoft.NETCore.App and when run on a target machine, the latest patch available on the machine will be used automatically. In recent tooling, a change was made so that the tooling would use the latest known patch version for self-contained applications so you automatically bundle the latest patch release with your application. However, this doesn't flow over project-to-project references.
See Self-contained deployment runtime roll forward for more information.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Palestinian Prime Minister's Convoy Attacked In Gaza
Palestinian Authority Prime Minister Rami Hamdallah was reportedly not injured.
The convoy of the Palestinian Authority's prime minister was attacked Tuesday while he was in Gaza.
Rami Hamdallah reportedly passed through a checkpoint in northern Gaza when an explosion struck the convoy.
The Palestinian Authority intelligence chief was with Hamdallah when the explosion occurred. Neither were hurt, but several bystanders were reportedly injured.
Hamdallah was in the Gaza Strip to open a wastewater treatment plant. He still attended that event after the explosion.
The Palestinian Authority blamed Hamas for the attack. Hamas has controlled Gaza since 2007. It said it's launched an investigation into the incident.
Trump Confirms He Called Off A Military Strike On Iranian Targets


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One of the greatest scientists living on the planet today, Stephen Hawking needs no introduction. With science geeks and the non-scientific population of the world, he is equally popular, widely known and often compared to scientists like Einstein and Galileo. A theoretical cosmologist and physicist, Stephen Hawking is the director of research at the Centre For Theoretical Cosmology in the University of Cambridge today.
Hawking is most popular for his theories in the field of cosmology, in which he uses Einstein's relativity theory and quantum mechanics. His book, A brief history of Time in which he explains his cosmology theories in a very simple manner understandable by the layman had been the bestseller for a really long time of 237 weeks. This book was what made him more reachable to the non-scientific masses along with the fact that he makes constant guest appearances on popular TV shows such as The Simpsons and Star Trek.
Stephen Hawking was born to the also-highly-educated Frank and Isobel Hawking both of who went to Oxford. His father Frank specialized in Medicine and Isobel, in Philosophy and Economics. Stephen, who was one among four of kids of the Hawking couple was surprisingly not very good at academics as he was at learning things in general. Although teachers often dismissed him off for his poor performance in academics, they knew that there was a hidden genius in him, which is probably why he was nicknamed 'Einstein' while in school.
He was expected to take on the same path as his father in medicinal research but did not find biology interesting as he thought it was 'too inexact'. Instead, he studied physics at University of Oxford and later, Astronomy and Cosmology at the Trinity Hall, Cambridge. During his days in Cambridge, Hawking was diagnosed with ALS (Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis) which would progress as he grew older. Today, he still communicates effectively despite the disease using a system known as the equalizer. Although he can only communicate with about 15 words per a minute because of his disease, he's authored books, given lectures and written a lot of scientific papers.
Stephen Hawking is also known for bearing the position of Lucasian Professor of Mathematics, a title previously held by Sir Isaac Newton. He had also won numerous awards and honours for his work. He had received nearly twelve honorary degrees and is a fellow of The Royal Society and a member of The US National Academy of Sciences. In 2009, President Obama awarded him with the highest honorary award, the Presidential Medal of Freedom award.
Hawking in one of his speeches, famously said that the future of human race is in the outer space and not on the earth. He also thinks that space tourism should be supported. And if the day comes for something like that to happen, there will be one man who will be remembered even in the outer space. That would be Stephen Hawking.


text:
Linda Evangelista (; born May 10, 1965) is a Canadian fashion model. She is regarded as one of the most accomplished and influential models of all time, and has been featured on over 700 magazine covers. Evangelista is primarily known for being the longtime "muse" of photographer Steven Meisel, as well as for the phrase: "We don't wake up for less than $10,000 a day."

Evangelista's modelling career began in 1984 when she signed with Elite Model Management after having moved from her native Canada to New York City. Upon the suggestion of photographer Peter Lindbergh, Evangelista had her hair cut short in 1988. The haircut, nicknamed "The Linda", not only sparked many copies worldwide, but it also benefited Evangelista's career and helped usher in the era of the supermodel.

Described as the "chameleon" of the fashion industry, and as a key figure among the five supermodels, Evangelista was one of the most famous women in the world during the late 1980s and throughout the 1990s.

Unlike her colleagues, Evangelista chose not to diversify into other ventures outside of modelling. She retired from her career in 1998 and made a comeback three years later, this time working only sporadically. Her achievements as a model led to her being voted as "The Greatest Supermodel of All Time" by the viewers of the television show Fashion File in 2008.

Early life
Evangelista was born on May 10, 1965, in St. Catharines, to a working-class Catholic family. She is the second of three children of Marisa and Tomaso "Tom" Evangelista (1940–2014), who were Italian emigrants from Pignataro Interamna. Her father, who immigrated to Canada in 1957, worked for General Motors, and her mother was a bookkeeper. Evangelista has an older brother, Jim, and a younger brother, Danny. She attended a self-improvement course in a modelling school at the age of 12, where she was taught things such as poise and etiquette, and she was advised to attend a modelling course. She attended Denis Morris Catholic High School.

As a teenager, Evangelista started modelling locally in her hometown. In 1981, she took part in the Miss Teen Niagara beauty pageant. While she did not win the pageant, she caught the eye of a representative from Elite Model Management.

At the age of 16, she flew to Japan to model there, but an unpleasant experience involving nudity during an assignment made her want to stop modelling altogether. She returned to Canada, and two years went by before she decided to try her hand at modelling again.

Career

1984–1987: Early career
Evangelista moved to New York City in 1984 upon signing with Elite, where she met the prominent modelling agent John Casablancas, who compared her likeness to the model Joan Severance. Elite then moved Evangelista to Paris, where she launched her international high-fashion career at the age of 19. Her first major fashion magazine cover was for the November 1984 issue of L'Officiel. Subsequently she appeared on the covers and in the pages of a variety of international publications, including Vogue, Harper's Bazaar, Cosmopolitan, Glamour, Mademoiselle, Elle, W, Marie Claire, Allure, Time, Interview, Newsweek, Rolling Stone, Cigar Aficionado, and i-D. She appeared on a total of more than 700 covers worldwide.

In 1985, she began working with Karl Lagerfeld, the head designer of the fashion house Chanel, to whom she would become a muse. On the subject of Evangelista, Lagerfeld once uttered, "There is not another model in the world as professional as she is." Evangelista became one of the first editorial models to successfully cross over into the realm of runway modelling, with her agent Piero Piazzi successfully booking her to walk for fashion designer Gianni Versace, for whom she became a muse. She first appeared in a Versace ad campaign in 1987. In addition to her work for Versace and Lagerfeld, Evangelista also modeled for various other fashion brands such as Valentino, Dolce & Gabbana, Gianfranco Ferré, Ralph Lauren, Yves Saint Laurent, Azzedine Alaïa, Oscar de la Renta, Giorgio Armani, Thierry Mugler, Claude Montana, Donna Karan, Jil Sander, Jean Paul Gaultier, Alberta Ferretti, Isaac Mizrahi, Escada, Calvin Klein, Salvatore Ferragamo, Max Mara, Perry Ellis, Chloé, Comme des Garçons, Bill Blass, and Herve Leger. She has represented a diverse array of other companies and non-fashion brands like Visa, American Express, Pizza Hut, De Beers, and Elizabeth Arden.

In 1986, Evangelista met the photographer Steven Meisel, with whom she forged a friendship. From that point on, they began working together on many professional collaborations, and Evangelista became Meisel's muse in the process. Starting in 1987, Evangelista began to appear in advertisements and commercials for Revlon's "The Most Unforgettable Women in the World" campaign, which was photographed by Richard Avedon. She has also been photographed by Peter Lindbergh, Irving Penn, Francesco Scavullo, Herb Ritts, Bruce Weber, Gian Paolo Barbieri, Patrick Demarchelier, Paolo Roversi, Norman Parkinson, Arthur Elgort, Gilles Bensimon, Ellen von Unwerth, Sante D'Orazio, and Nick Knight among others.

1988–1992: Supermodel career
It was Lindbergh who, in the fall of 1988, suggested to Evangelista that she cut her hair short after seeing her try on a short wig for a photoshoot. Consequently, she got a short gamine haircut from the French hairstylist Julien d'Ys. The following day, she was photographed by Lindbergh, which resulted in a now-famous photograph known as "the white shirt picture". Initially, the haircut was not well received by the fashion industry, and Evangelista was cancelled from 16 fashion shows. However, by the spring of 1989, Evangelista's haircut was the look of the season. The haircut was referred to as "The Linda", and it inspired the creation of a wig called "The Evangelista".

Evangelista became known as one of the five supermodels, a group of star models who reached the pinnacle of success during the late 1980s and early 1990s. The supermodels were considered more famous than most actresses and singers of that time. In addition, Evangelista, along with Christy Turlington and Naomi Campbell comprised a triumvirate that was dubbed "The Trinity". They were joined by Cindy Crawford and Tatjana Patitz for the cover of the January 1990 issue of British Vogue, which was photographed by Lindbergh. The cover itself was said to have "defined the supermodel era". Upon seeing the cover, singer George Michael chose to cast them  in the music video for his song "Freedom! '90". In May of that year, Evangelista was chosen as one of the "50 Most Beautiful People in the World" by People. She also appeared on the Oprah Winfrey Show where she served as a judge for an Elite model search competition, and chose Leslie Bibb as the winner, who later became an actress.

{{Reduced pull quote|right|We have this expression, Christy and I. We don't wake up for less than $10,000 a day.|Evangelista's famous quote fromVogue'''s October 1990 issue}}

In an interview printed in the October 1990 issue of Vogue, Evangelista said, "We don't wake up for less than $10,000 a day." That statement is now thought of as the most famous quote in modelling history, and it has been described as "the 'Let them eat cake' of the 20th century". Also in October 1990, Evangelista stunned the fashion world by having the hairstylist Oribe dye her naturally-brown hair platinum blonde. Months later, she had her hair dyed a shocking shade of red known as "technicolor red". Throughout most of her modelling career, Evangelista was referred to as the fashion industry's "chameleon" for the way that she constantly reinvented herself with various hairstyles and ever-changing hair colours that inspired hair trends. In terms of her looks, she was likened to Sophia Loren, Elizabeth Taylor, Ava Gardner, and Gina Lollobrigida.

In 1991, it was rumored that the fashion house Lanvin paid Evangelista $20,000 to walk in their haute couture show for the spring/summer season, an amount that was considered excessive. Model Tyson Beckford recounted in an interview that Evangelista was instrumental in getting higher rates for models. That April, Evangelista waived her runway fee as an act of support for fashion designer Anna Sui's debut collection, and instead accepted clothing as payment. Two months later, she attended Valentino's 30th Anniversary Gala in Rome, Italy with Meisel. In September 1991, Time featured a cover story on the supermodels. The following month, in an article for Vogue, fashion journalist Suzy Menkes described Evangelista as "the world's star model". Evangelista then starred in the 1991 documentary Models: The Film, directed by Lindbergh. And, an episode of the MTV show House of Style devoted a segment to Evangelista, which was filmed in Paris.

During the latter part of 1991 and throughout 1992, Evangelista was seen on several different billboards for the fashion brand Kenar, in the center of Times Square. The billboards were done in conjunction with Ads Against AIDS, which was a campaign created by the advertising industry to raise awareness about tackling the disease. The most talked about and most controversial of those billboards was one that showed Evangelista seated among seven older Sicilian women. It was said that the image, which got dubbed "Beauty and the Seven Beasts" by Richard Johnson in the New York Post, promoted a negative depiction of Italian women. Nonetheless, limited edition prints of the image were sold for $1,000 a piece, to benefit Ads Against AIDS. Also, the image was chosen as one of the "20 most important fashion photographs ever" by the International Center of Photography. Kenneth Zimmerman, president of Kenar, said of Evangelista, "She has increased our sales dramatically." He further added, "Linda was our Michael Jordan. We chose her because we wanted a star, and of the four or five star models, she is number one."

In April 1992, Evangelista and several other supermodels appeared on the cover of the 100th anniversary issue of Vogue, which remains to this day as the magazine's highest-selling issue. She then appeared in the music video for George Michael's "Too Funky" song, in which she parodied her modelling persona. In July 1992, she was on the cover of Canadian fashion magazine Flare, which was an issue honouring Canada's 125 years as a nation. She was also said to have started the trend for thin eyebrows, which later coincided with the arrival of the Neo-Hippie fashion trend in the fall of 1992. Her cover for the September 1992 issue of Harper's Bazaar is now seen as "iconic", and it was ranked #9 on the American Society of Magazine Editors' list of the "Top 40 Magazine Covers of the Last 40 Years" in 2005. Toward the end of 1992, her name was immortalized in RuPaul's song, "Supermodel (You Better Work)".

 1993–1998: Later career and retirement
Evangelista made headlines in 1993 when she traveled to Australia with Claudia Schiffer for a 5-day tour, which included a news conference and a televised fashion show, as part of the grand opening of a department store.
In October 1994, Evangelista was one of several models on the cover of Vogue Italia′s 30th anniversary issue. She then appeared in the feature film Prêt-à-Porter. In 1995, the hairstylist Garren of New York changed Evangelista's look by giving her an asymmetrical bob similar to mod hairstyles of the 1960s. That same year, she took part in Thierry Mugler's 20th anniversary fashion show. Evangelista later landed an endorsement deal with Clairol worth over $5 million. She also starred in the fashion documentary Unzipped. Additionally, she was a presenter at the Miss World 1995 competition.

In 1996, Evangelista was one of the ten subjects of Lindbergh's book 10 Women, on whose cover she appeared. She was also seen in the fashion documentary Catwalk. She was also the cover model for the inaugural issues of Vogue Taiwan and Vogue Korea. And, she landed a $7.75 million contract with Yardley of London. Eventually, she made the choice to retire from modelling in 1998, and settled on the French Riviera, where she spent the next two years.

 2001–2016: Return to modelling
In 2001, Evangelista made a noteworthy return to the modelling world, and appeared on the cover of the September issue of Vogue. Also in 2001, she helped to revive the "What Becomes a Legend Most?" ad campaign for Blackglama furs, which hadn't been seen in six years. Rocco Laspata, the photographer of the campaign, described Evangelista as "the Maria Callas of modeling". Then, in 2002, she was in the ad campaign for Versace's fall/winter collection. The next year, she was back on the high-fashion runways, walking for Versace and Dolce & Gabbana. Furthermore, she closed Chanel's fall/winter 2003 haute couture show wearing a white wedding gown. In 2004, she appeared in the spring/summer ad campaigns for both NARS Cosmetics and Fendi. She also walked the runway for Jean Paul Gaultier's debut collection at Hermès. That summer, she was featured in Ann Taylor's 50th anniversary ad campaign, photographed by Annie Leibovitz.

In 2006, Evangelista appeared on the cover of the book In Vogue: The Illustrated History of the World's Most Famous Fashion Magazine along with model Kristen McMenamy, photographed by Meisel. In August of that year, Evangelista made the cover of Vogue, becoming the first model to appear on that magazine's cover in more than a year. Her final runway appearance was in 2007, when she participated in the 60th anniversary fashion show for the Christian Dior brand. That year, she signed a multiple-year exclusive contract as the brand ambassador for the cosmetics giant L'Oreal Paris.

In May 2008, she made an appearance at the Cannes film festival where she posed for photographers on the red carpet along with fellow beauty Aishwarya Rai. Evangelista was then photographed by Meisel for the Prada fall/winter 2008 campaign. She also appeared in the September 2008 issue of Vanity Fair for a feature story on the supermodels titled "A League of Their Own". In 2009, the Metropolitan Museum of Art held an exhibition called The Model as Muse: Embodying Fashion which paid tribute to several fashion models including Evangelista, and she was on the cover of the exhibition's accompanying book. In 2010, she was chosen to star in the ad campaign for the revamped Talbots brand.

Evangelista was photographed by Lagerfeld for Chanel's spring 2012 eyewear ad campaign.
In May 2012, Evangelista was on the cover of Vogue Italia after a three-year hiatus from the magazine. She was then featured in the book Vogue: The Editor's Eye as one fashion's model-muses. That November, she was on the cover of the 35th anniversary issue of Fashion magazine. A few months later, the Spanish fashion brand Loewe chose her to represent its newest fragrance Aura.

In June 2013, she attended the Council of Fashion Designers of America awards show, where she presented fashion journalist Tim Blanks with the Media Award. She was photographed by Lagerfeld for the July 2013 cover of Vogue Germany, where she was styled to look like vintage actress Anna Magnani, and posed with Lagerfeld's pet cat Choupette. Also that month, she was on the cover of Vogue Italia for an issue that celebrated the 25th anniversary of Franca Sozzani's tenure as the magazine's editor-in-chief.

In 2014, Evangelista was present at the White House Correspondents' Dinner. She appeared in the fall/winter 2014 ad campaign for the fashion brand Moschino, photographed by Meisel. She was also one of several models on the cover of Vogue Japans September 2014 issue, which marked the magazine's 15th anniversary. And, she was on the cover of the September 2014 issue of Harper's Bazaar, which has been described as "Harper's biggest ever". Moreover, she was one of 50 models on the September 2014 cover of Vogue Italia, the magazine's 50th anniversary issue. Evangelista has remained the recordholder for the most Vogue Italia covers. She was also chosen to represent Dolce & Gabbana's new line of makeup. In October 2014, it was announced that Evangelista had signed on to be a guest judge on the ninth season of the reality television series Australia's Next Top Model.

Evangelista was chosen by Canadian department store Hudson's Bay as the face of the spring 2015 campaign for its luxury clothing section called The Room. The campaign was photographed by Pamela Hanson. In June 2015, Evangelista was a chairwoman for the FiFi Awards, where she presented the awards for both men's and women's prestige fragrance of the year. In October 2015, Evangelista appeared on the cover of a book showcasing the work of hat designer Philip Treacy titled Philip Treacy: Hat Designer. The cover photograph of Evangelista was mentioned by Treacy as being "the most precious thing I own". Also in October, Evangelista starred in the campaign for Moschino's newest fragrance Fresh, photographed by Meisel.

In celebration of the 100th anniversary of British Vogue, a photograph of Evangelista originally taken in 1991 was chosen as the cover image for the book Vogue 100: A Century of Style, released in February 2016. In April 2016, Evangelista appeared on the cover of Zoo Magazine'''s 50th issue, photographed by singer and friend Bryan Adams. Also that month, Evangelista appeared on the cover of the book Age of the Supermodel, which features photographs taken by photographer Donna DeMari during the haute couture collections in Paris in 1991. Evangelista worked as fashion stylist for a photo spread titled "A Model Journey" in the September 2016 issue of Harper's Bazaar, which was based on her early years as a model. In September 2016, Evangelista reunited with Turlington and Campbell to appear in a campaign for the Elephant Crisis Fund. In November 2016, Evangelista was named Creative Director and Vice President of the Erasa Skin Care brand.

 Cultural impact
Decades after uttering the comment about working for no less than $10,000 a day, the quote continued to be referenced in the media, being mentioned as late as July 2017. Evangelista herself has said, "I saw a movie, Mr. & Mrs. Smith, and there's a line in it where Brad Pitt says he won't get out of bed for less than half a million dollars. That's my line! Only now it's a half million and it's a man saying it." Over the years, various different T-shirts emblazoned with the $10,000 a day quote have been sold, and there is even an embroidered pillow containing the quote. The G Hotel in Galway, Ireland, includes a presidential suite that was named in honour of Evangelista, with its interiors designed by Treacy. The September 1991 issue of Vogue had a photo spread  titled "Wild At Heart" that featured Evangelista, photographed by Lindbergh. One of the images from that spread is known as "The Wild Ones", and a platinum-palladium print of the image was sold at a Sotheby's auction for over $30,000. In October 2012, a picture of Evangelista and McMenamy that was photographed by Meisel for Vogues October 1992 issue was sold at a Phillips auction for $86,500. In May 2016, a 1988 picture of Evangelista and five other models that was photographed by Lindbergh sold at a Sotheby's auction for $118,462. A 1996 photograph of Evangelista, titled "Linda Kissing Linda", which was originally featured in a Kenar advertisement, was selected by the Guggenheim Museum as "an example of the epitome of androgyny".

Evangelista influenced a number of female celebrities as either an inspiration or as a beauty icon. Among them are Victoria Beckham, Martha Stewart, models Candice Swanepoel, Kylie Bax, Kendall Jenner and Elsa Benítez, model-turned-actress Angie Harmon, and singer Rihanna.

Evangelista has drawn praise and accolades from many of the fashion industry's elite. Philip Treacy said, "Linda is the ultimate model of the past 50 years". Karl Lagerfeld once described Evangelista as "the most famous of all", and "the best model in the world", explaining, "Because she's a true model, pure and simple. She doesn't pretend or aspire to do anything else. She's just brilliant at what she does." Designer Stefano Gabbana said of Evangelista, "Linda is the model. If you talk about models of the sixties and seventies, the first name is Veruschka. In the eighties and nineties, it's Linda." David Bonnouvrier, one of the founders of DNA Model Management said, "Linda is the model of all time, to its strictest definition. She could be out of a Cecil Beaton picture, she could be out of a Guy Bourdin picture." Sozzani, the editor-in-chief of Vogue Italia, recounted that she would receive letters from readers concerned about "what would happen to the magazine if Linda got sick. Because it was all about Linda Evangelista. Her face had the most possibilities." Sozzani additionally stated, "For me, she is the model, not only for her beauty, but her attitude, her intelligence."

Meisel, to whom Evangelista is his "muse", considers her "extraordinarily photogenic". Fashion designer John Galliano has said that "inspiration hasn't been the same without her. She is an enormous influence on all the photographers and stylists." In his book Face Forward, the late makeup artist Kevyn Aucoin said of Evangelista, "I first worked with Linda in the early eighties and have yet to meet another model who was more involved in every aspect of her work. Her specialties were knowing what was best for her hair, makeup, styling, and lighting -- and Linda was always right. It was mind-boggling. Many of the unforgettable images of this haunting beauty were, in great degree, due to her involvement." This sentiment was echoed by fashion stylist Paul Cavaco, who described Evangelista as "the greatest collaborator of all time."

Evangelista was referred to as "the supermodel's supermodel" by Marcus Chang of T: The New York Times Style Magazine. According to Shane Watson of The Evening Standard, "Of all the supermodels, Linda was most responsible for elevating the job into an art form, pushing up the fees, piling on the expectations and generally ensuring that by the end of the Eighties the world of the top model had become as lucrative, glamorous and shrouded in enigma as that of the Hollywood star".

Activism and awards

Evangelista is an activist for HIV/AIDS research and awareness, as well as for breast cancer research and awareness. She was one of the icons in the Viva Glam campaign for the Mac AIDS Fund. In October 2013, she was the host of amfAR's Inaugural Inspiration Gala in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Evangelista also supports the Elton John AIDS Foundation and is an advocate for LGBT concerns.

In 1996, she was the recipient of VH1's Fashion Awards Lifetime Achievement Award, which was presented to her by Anna Wintour, editor-in-chief of Vogue. In June 2003, she received a star on Canada's Walk of Fame in Toronto. In 2005, she was named as a World Fashion Icon by the Women's World Awards in Leipzig, Germany. In March 2008, she was chosen as "The Greatest Supermodel of All Time" by a viewer poll for the CBC Television show Fashion File.

Personal life

Relationships
In 1987, Evangelista married Gérald Marie, who was the head of Elite Model Management's Paris office. They were divorced in 1993. She also dated actor Kyle MacLachlan, whom she first met on a photoshoot for Barneys New York in 1992. The couple became engaged in 1995 but broke up in 1998. Afterwards, she dated French football player Fabien Barthez. She became pregnant but miscarried, six months into the pregnancy. The couple broke up in 2000, reunited in 2001, and then officially ended their relationship in 2002.

Child support case
In October 2006, Evangelista gave birth to a son, Augustin James, refusing to name his father, sparking rumours. While pregnant, she appeared on the August 2006 cover of Vogue. In late June 2011, Evangelista filed court papers that revealed her son was fathered by billionaire Frenchman François-Henri Pinault, whom Evangelista had dated for four months in late 2005 and early 2006. Pinault later married actress Salma Hayek. After several court appearances aimed at establishing a child-support agreement, on August 1, 2011, Evangelista formally filed for a child support order in Manhattan Family Court, seeking $46,000 in monthly child support from Pinault. It was reported that if granted, this amount "would probably be the largest support order in the history of the family court". A heavily publicized child support trial began on May 3, 2012, and included testimony from both Pinault and Evangelista, with Evangelista's attorney claiming that Pinault had never supported the child. Several days into the trial, on May 7, 2012, Evangelista and Pinault reached an out-of-court settlement.

Religion
In a 1997 interview, Evangelista said that she was a practicing Roman Catholic and that her favorite book was the Bible.

Failed cosmetic procedure and lawsuit
In September 2021 Evangelista explained why she had not been working, withdrawing from public life. She stated that five years previously she had had undergone cryolipolysis, a cosmetic fat removal procedure, under the brand name CoolSculpting to reduce fat under her skin, but that this had done the opposite, with the complication paradoxical adipose hyperplasia (PAH). Evangelista said that she had initiated legal action against CoolSculpting's owner, Zeltiq Aesthetics, which itself is a subsidiary of Allergan. She sought $50million in damages for emotional distress and lost income.

Filmography

References

External links

1965 births
Living people
Canadian beauty pageant contestants
Canadian expatriates in France
Canadian expatriates in the United States
Canadian people of Italian descent
Canadian women activists
Female models from Ontario
HIV/AIDS activists
Canadian LGBT rights activists
Participants in Australian reality television series
People from St. Catharines
Women civil rights activists


text:
A .NET library for LIFX

Tested with LIFX 2.0 Firmware.

Based on the official [LIFX protocol docs](https://github.com/LIFX/lifx-protocol-docs)

####Usage

```csharp
	client = await LifxNet.LifxClient.CreateAsync();
	client.DeviceDiscovered += Client_DeviceDiscovered;
	client.DeviceLost += Client_DeviceLost;
	client.StartDeviceDiscovery();

...

	private void Client_DeviceDiscovered(object sender, LifxNet.LifxClient.DeviceDiscoveryEventArgs e)
	{
		var bulb = e.Device as LifxNet.LightBulb;
		await client.SetDevicePowerStateAsync(bulb, true); //Turn bulb on
		await client.SetColorAsync(bulb, Colors.Red, 2700); //Set color to Red
  }

```
See the sample apps for more examples.

Note: Be careful with sending too many messages to your bulbs - LIFX recommends a max of 20 messages pr second pr bulb.
This is especially important when using sliders to change properties of the bulb - make sure you use a throttling
mechanism to avoid issues with your bulbs. See the sample app for one way to handle this.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Kids will love noting down their birthdays on this bright and colourful panda chart. The write-on, wipe-off surface has a plastic coating for extra durability. There are also reproducible pages on the back of the chart. For use with Grades PreK-5.


text:
Tag / scott alexander
Man on the Moon – Review
1999, biography, comedy, courtney love, danny devito, drama, jim carrey, larry karaszweski, milos forman, paul giamatti, scott alexander
"Man on the Moon" has always been one of my favourite songs from R.E.M.'s Automatic for the People, because it was as beautiful a tribute to Andy Kaufman as one can create. It was only fitting that when Milos Forman were to direct a film based on Kaufman's life, he wouldn't only take the title from the R.E.M. song but he'd also have them score the film. And to play Andy Kaufman himself, he'd cast a comedic actor who's already odd in his own ways, Jim Carrey. But as I've never known so much about Andy Kaufman prior to watching Man on the Moon for my first time as a younger kid who would look up to Jim Carrey's comic persona, only to find myself appreciating the man all the more after looking into his performances and my appreciation for Man on the Moon had only grown stronger. And it still remains a side to Jim Carrey that I wish was more common.


U.S. Bellows, Inc. fabricated this 28″ dia., 109″ long universal expansion joint with 1″ thick AA-22 abrasion resistant refractory lining and pantographic linkage for a FCC unit in an oil refinery. The entire assembly is fabricated from 304H stainless steel with carbon steel pantographs. This expansion joint has two-ply testable bellows with wire mesh strip between the plies. It is designed for an axial movement of 5″, a lateral movement of 5-1/2″ at 1425°F and 45 psig. This unit was 100% dye penetrant tested, all pressure retaining welds were 100% radiographed and the unit was pneumatic tested prior to shipping to Oklahoma.
U.S. Bellows designed and fabricated several single and universal expansion joints for a 12″ pipe size. The single joint has an axial movement of 1 3/8″ and the universal joint has a 2 1/2″ lateral movement. The design pressure is 276 PSIG and the design temperature is 626°F.
Both single and universal expansion joints have 316L SS bellows, flanges and tie rods. These expansion joints have 300 pound raised face stainless steel flanges and are designed to accommodate the customers' low spring rate requirements. Each expansion joint was 100% dye-penetrant tested and hydro-tested at 414 PSIG. U.S. Bellows completed this expansion joint project ahead of schedule.
U.S. Bellows, Inc. specially designed and manufactured two 55″ O.D. refractory lined universal gimbal expansion joints for a refinery in Joliet. These expansion joints are equipped with slotted hinges with an overall length of 163″ and 286″ respectively. The 163″ O.A.L. expansion joint, designed for 60 PSIG and 1020°F, will be used at the reactor stand pipe of the refinery. The 286″ O.A.L. expansion joint will be used for the regenerator stand pipe of the refinery and it is designed for 57 PSIG and 1300°F. Both expansion joints consist of a A516 Gr70 pipe, two SB-443 two-ply bellows and a slotted hinge.
To ensure quality, 100% dye-penetration, 100% x-ray and pressure tests were performed on the bellows. Pneumatic and vacuum tests were also conducted on the expansion joints and between bellows dry plies prior to shipping.
U.S. Bellows, Inc. custom designed and manufactured a 55 O.D. universal gimbal expansion joint with floating rings for the FCC overhead vapor line at the refinery. This expansion joint has an overall length of 310 and is fabricated from A387 Gr 11 CI2 spool and Inconel® 625 LCF bellows. It is designed for 50 PSIG and 1075°F with 13 of lateral movement.
To ensure quality, 100% dye-penetration, 100% x-ray and pressure tests were performed on the bellows. Pneumatic tests were also conducted on the expansion joint and between bellows dry plies at 55 and 15 PSIG, respectively, prior to shipping.
The photograph above shows a 72-inch universal pressure balanced expansion joint designed for a chemical plant in Pasadena, Texas. The expansion joint is designed for 30 psig at 200°F and full vacuum. All materials in the "wetted surface" are TP-316/316L stainless steel. Design movements are 3-inch axial compression and 5 ¾ -inch lateral offset. The assembly is approximately 24-feet long and 14,150 lbs.
This picture shows a 47.25″ I.D. Universal Expansion Joint with SB-443 (Inco. 625) round corners bellows, and SA516-70 flanges for ethylene plant in Saudi Arabia. This expansion joint was custom designed and fabricated by U.S Bellows, Inc for an ethylene plant in Saudi Arabia.