Rice blast, caused by the ascomycete Magnaporthe oryzae (Mo), imposes a major constraint on rice productivity. Managing the disease through the deployment of host resistance requires a close understanding of race structure of the pathogen population.
The host/pathogen interaction between isolates sampled from four Mo populations collected across the rice-producing regions of China was tested using two established panels of differential cultivars. The clearest picture was obtained from the Chinese cultivar panel, for which the frequency of the various races, the race diversity index, the specific race isolate frequency, and the frequency of the three predominant races gave a consistent result, from which it was concluded that the pathogen population present in the southern production region was more diverse than that in the northeastern region. The four blast resistance genes Pi1, Pik, Pik-m, and Piz all still remain effective in the southern China rice production area, as does Pi1 in the northeastern region. The effectiveness of Pita, Pik-p, Piz, and Pib is restricted to single provinces. The distinctive resistance profile shown by the Chinese differential cultivar set implied the presence of at least five as yet unidentified blast resistance genes.
The Chinese differential cultivar set proved to be more informative than the Japanese one for characterizing the race structure of the rice blast pathogen in China. A number of well characterized host resistance genes, in addition to some as yet uncharacterized ones, remain effective across the major rice production regions in China.
Rice blast, caused by the heterothallic ascomycete Magnaporthe oryzae (Mo) represents one of the most serious biotic constraints over the yield of rice (Couch and Kohn 2002; Singh et al. 2015; Liang et al. 2016; Deng et al. 2017). Its management relies heavily on the deployment of host resistance genes (He et al. 2012; Zhai et al. 2014; Deng et al. 2017). Host resistance largely follows the classical gene-for-gene relationship in which a host gene specifies resistance and a matching pathogen gene specifies avirulence (Flor 1971; Burdon and Thrall 2009). Major resistance genes are prone to rapid breakdown as a result of the high genetic instability and diversity of the pathogen or the ambiguous characteristics about race (also called as physiological race, or pathotype) structures in the targeted regions (Zeigler et al. 1995; Mekwatanakarn et al. 2000; Wu et al. 2014; Zhang et al. 2015; Wang et al. 2017). Characterizing both the pathogen population race structure and the host resistance gene content are key to formulating a viable deployment strategy of host resistance in any given production region (Xia et al. 2000; Wu et al. 2014; Zhang et al. 2015; Kawasaki-Tanaka et al. 2016; Wang et al. 2017).
An isolate's race is conventionally defined by its profile of pathogenicity to a panel of cultivars chosen to harbor a spectrum of known resistance genes (Atkins et al. 1967; Kiyosawa 1984; Levy et al. 1991; Wang et al. 2017). In the rice/Mo system, at least ten such differential cultivar sets have been established, although only three, an international set, a Japanese set (JDCs) and a Chinese set (CDCs), have been widely used (Ling et al. 2004; Wu et al. 2004; Shi et al. 2015; Wang et al. 2017). As is the case for the majority of plant fungal pathogens, the race structure of Mo varies both temporally and spatially (Goto 1963; Bonman et al. 1986; Mekwatanakarn et al. 2000; Chen et al. 2001; Park et al. 2003; Wu et al. 2004; Consolo et al. 2008; Shi et al. 2015; Mutiga et al. 2017; Wang et al. 2017). The race structure of Mo populations from Cambodia (Fukuta et al. 2014), Bangladesh (Khan et al. 2016), and Japan (Kawasaki-Tanaka et al. 2016) has been identified, based on a set of differentials each harboring a single major blast resistance gene (Tsunematsu et al. 2000). However, there is no consensus to date as to the universality of this set.
Rice production in China is carried out in six distinct ecological zones, defined by topological, climatic, and edaphic parameters (Qi et al. 2006). The southern province of Guangdong (GD) belongs to Zone І, characterized by high ambient temperatures, adequate rainfall and two cropping seasons per year, and is based on the cultivation of indica rice cultivars. The more central province of Hunan (HN) province (Zone ІI) experiences high summer and low fall temperatures; here, rice is cropped in either one or two seasons per year, and both indica and japonica cultivars are used. In the cooler, drier northeastern provinces of Liaoning (LN) and Heilongjiang (HLJ) (Zone V), japonica rice cultivars are grown in just one cropping season per year. The objective of the present study was to characterize the race structure of Mo populations collected in these four regions of the country, and at the same time to compare the utility of the CDC and JDC sets.
Panicles exhibiting symptoms of blast disease were collected over a 3 year period, 2006–2008, from fields in each of GD, HN, LN, and HLJ provinces. The methods used to isolate single spores and to store the resulting isolates have been described elsewhere (Feng et al. 2007; Zeng et al. 2009). Each of the four Mo populations generated was represented by 60 monoconidial isolates; the GD population originated from 53 cultivars in 43 counties, the HN population from 51 cultivars in 15 counties, the LN population from 43 cultivars in 16 counties, and the HLJ population from 29 cultivars in 21 counties (Additional file 1: Table S1).
Both the CDC and JDC sets were tested for their ability to characterize the 240 Mo isolates. Each differential cultivar was represented by five seedlings, grown in a plastic tray (58 × 38 × 8 cm), as described by Pan et al. (2003). Mo inoculum was also prepared following Pan et al. (2003). Six days after inoculation, the host reaction was recorded using the Pan et al. (1996) scale, where a score of 0–2 was considered to be a resistant reaction and a score of 3–5 as susceptible. Each isolate was tested at least twice in independent inoculations, and the highest score recorded was adopted whenever there was any inconsistency.
Under the CDC system, the identity of each race was defined by an alphanumeric code, which was modified from the international system (Atkins et al. 1967; All China Corporation of Research on Physiological Races of Pyricularia oryzae 1980; Xing et al. 2017). The letters from A to G were sequentially assigned to the seven CDCs, Tetep, Zhenlong 13, Sifeng 43, Dongnong 363, Kando 51, Hejiang 18 and Linjiangxintuanheigu (LTH), with the letter H applied to isolates which were incompatible on all seven CDCs. The races represented within a given alphabetical group were separated from one another by assigning a numerical value derived by summing the codes corresponding to the remaining differentials on which incompatible reactions produced, following by adding 1 to the numerical value (Additional file 2: Table S2). Finally the letter "Z" was inserted at the front of the designator to represent China (Zhongguo). For example, an isolate producing the reaction profile RRSRRRS (R: resistant, S: susceptible) was classified into the ZC group. From C, there were three CDCs, D, E, and F, showing resistance reactions, the race number was as 8 + 4 + 2 = 14 + 1 = 15. Thus this isolate's race designator was given as ZC15. Under the JDC system, race designators are based on a purely numerical code (Kiyosawa 1984; Additional file 2: Table S2), where, for example, an isolate evoking the reaction pattern SSRSSRRRSSSS is given the designator 433.7 (1 + 2 + 10 + 20 + 400 + 0.1 + 0.2 + 0.4).
Six parameters were used to characterize the race structure of the four populations, namely the total race frequency f tr given by (tr/N)*100%, the race diversity index h rdi given by (N/N-1)(1-σx i 2 ), the population-specific race frequency f psr given by (psr/tr)*100%, the population-specific race isolate frequency f psri given by (psri/N)*100%, the dominant race isolate frequency f dri given by (dri/N)*100%, and the top-three-dominant race isolate frequency f tdri given by (tdri/N)*100%; in these expressions, N represents the number of the sum isolates of each population, tr the number of races identified in a given population, x i the frequency of race #i, psr the number of population-specific races, psri the number of population-specific race isolates, dri the number of respective dominant race isolates, and tdri the number of the three predominant race isolates. A cultivar resistance gene frequency f CR was calculated for each differential cultivar from the expression (cr/N)*100%, where cr represents the number of isolates which proved to be avirulent. Each cultivar was given an overall resistance rating (high: > 85%, intermediate: 60–84%, or low < 60%) based on information provided by local breeders.
According to the analysis based on the CDC set, the GD Mo population proved to be more diverse than any of the other three populations; its 18 races were represented in each of the alphabetical groups, producing an f tr of 30.0% (Table 1 and Additional file 1: Table S1). Seven of the eight groups were detected in both the HN (17 races) and LN (12 races) populations, equivalent to f tr values of, respectively, 28.3% and 20.0%. The least diverse population was from HLJ, which comprised just seven races, falling into four of the groups for an f tr of 11.7%. The h rdi values were quite consistent with the f tr values, ranging from 0.86 (GD) to 0.50 (HLJ). The same analysis based on the JDC set was less informative; here, the four populations were concluded to comprise 30 (GD), 27 (HN), 28 (LN), and 29 (HLJ) races, but the f tr values ranged from only 45.0% to 50.0%, and h rdi values from 0.93 to 0.95 (Table 1).
The CDC set identified four population-specific races in GD, four in HN, three in LN, and just one in HLJ, generating estimates for f psr of, respectively, 22.2%, 23.5%, 25.0%, and 14.3% (Tables 1 and 2). The GD-specific races were represented by five isolates, the HN-specific ones by six, the LN-specific ones by three and the HLJ-specific ones by one, giving rise to f psri values of, respectively, 8.3%, 10.0%, 5.0%, and 1.7%. The JDC-based analysis predicted a greater number of population-specific races and thus generated higher estimates for both f psr and f psri . Estimates for the former parameter were 73.3% (GD), 66.7% (HN), 67.9% (LN), and 72.4% (HLJ), and for the latter 43.3%, 65.0%, 73.3%, and 63.3%. Note that both the highest f psr and the lowest f psri estimates were associated with the GD population. As also concluded with respect to the race structure, the analysis based on the CDC set predicted the presence of greater diversity in the more southerly-based Mo populations.
According to the CDC-based data, the f dri values ranged widely (from 6.7% to 70.0%, see Table 3). The f tdri values were 60.0% (GD), 63.3% (HN), 80.0% (LN), and 85.0% (HLJ). Races ZG1 and ZC15 were the most frequent dominant races in the two southern populations, while ZE1, ZF1, and ZA57 were the most frequent in the two northeastern ones. The JDC-based conclusions were less clear-cut. Here, f dri values ranged from 8.3% to 23.3%, while the f tdri values were 40.0% (GD), 43.3% (HN), 51.7% (LN), and 38.3% (HLJ) (Table 3); only one dominant race (006.4) was represented in both the GD and HN populations, and none in the LN and HLJ populations. Once again, the CDC set appeared better able to discriminate the populations' race structure.
As to both southern populations (GD vs HN), six cultivars, Tetep (98.3% vs 95.0%), Zhenlong 13 (85.0% vs 88.3%), and Kanto 51 (95.0% vs 96.7%) in the CDC set and Kusabue (90.0% vs 96.7%), Tsuyuake (93.3% vs 96.7%), and Fukunishiki (all 100%) in the JDC set, were recognized as the higher resistance cultivars (Table 4). The most deferent performances in both southern populations were specified by the three cultivars, K1 as higher resistance in GD, and intermediate resistance in HN, whereas both Dongnong 363 and K60 as intermediate resistance in GD and higher resistance in HN populations. The conclusion was that the genes Pi1, Pik, Pik-m, and Piz, along with an unknown gene(s) in Zhenlong 13, currently give adequate protection against blast disease in both provinces.
Similar results were also identified in both northeastern populations (LN vs HLJ), four cultivars, Tetep (88.3% vs 90.0%), Sifeng 43 (98.3% vs 90.0%), Zhenlong 13 (88.3% vs 100.0%), and Dongnong 363 (98.3% vs 100.0%) in the CDC set, were considered as the higher resistance cultivars in both populations (Table 4). Note that the key R genes other than Pi1 carried by such higher cultivars were denied recommending to the local breeding programs, because both Pib and Pik in LN, and Pik in HLJ populations were conveyed the lower resistance in the respective JDCs. Only one JDC, Fukunishiki, expressed the higher resistance in the LN population, referring the key R gene Piz as the promising one in the local breeding program. Together, the key R genes, Pi1 and unknown ones in cv. Zhenlong 13 could be applied in rice breeding programs in both northeastern regions, and Piz and probably Pib (73.3% in HLJ) were as the specific ones for LN and HLJ, respectively.
Both the CDC and JDC differential sets were used to explore the race structure of four Chinese Mo populations, allowing conclusions to be drawn regarding race diversity (Table 1), specific race structure (Table 2), and dominant race structure (Table 3). The clearest patterns were obtained from the observation of the host reaction of the members of the CDC set, where race frequency, the race diversity index, the specific race isolate frequency, and the frequency of the three predominant races were fully concordant with one another. On this basis, it was apparent that the southern and northeastern Chinese production regions support two quite distinct populations of the pathogen, with the southern populations being more diverse than the northeastern ones. The biological basis for this difference may well be that a wider range of cultivars is grown in southern as opposed to in northeastern China, which would tend to promote the diversity of the pathogen population (Wu et al. 2014; Zhang et al. 2015). The race structure predicted by the host reaction of members of the JDC set was less informative, even though this set was able to identify a greater number of races (Tables 1, 2 and 3). Following the introduction to China of the JDC set in the early 1980s, numerous attempts have been made to compare the efficacy of the two sets and to test whether their use leads to similar conclusions (Shen et al. 1986; Ling et al. 1989; Lei et al. 2000; Wu et al. 2004; Yang et al. 2004; Shi et al. 2015). The consensus has been that the JDC set is superior, largely because it is more effective in discriminating between Mo races (Shen et al. 1986; Ling et al. 1989; Lei et al. 2000). There might be two missing points: one is that the JDC set consists of 12 cultivars that carry different resistance genes, and the CDC set just seven cultivars that involve unknown R genes, which resulted in a certain difference between the sums of races identified by the two sets in a given population; and secondly, such attempts did not dissect race structures with various aspects and parameters for detailed comparison as shown in the present study. Taking consideration into the disease management and resistance cultivar breeding, the race structures established by a series of consistent, logical, and accessible parameters should be more important to rice pathologists and breeders. The coming question is whether the ideal differential set should take an ingenious balance between capacity and conformity (fitness). That would be addressed by a comprehensive comparison of several differential sets, probably including international and monogenic line sets, in more Mo populations.
A striking outcome of the present investigation was the identification of regionally dominant races (Table 3), which highlights the risk of potential crisis for blast outbreak in the target region (Zhu et al. 2000). This is especially the case for the northeastern region, where the combined frequency of the top three dominant isolates was > 80%.
The management of disease should be bound to the utilization of genetic resistance of the host plants (He et al. 2012; Zhai et al. 2014; Deng et al. 2017; Wang et al. 2017). It is, therefore, required to have a certain and exact information on what resistance gene(s) can be used to preserve and control the regionally specific race structures (Chen et al. 2001; Wang et al. 2017; Xing et al. 2017). The differential cultivars were, in the first place, being evaluated as the useful resistance gene donors for the local breeding programs. Of the cultivars included in the CDC set, only Tetep and Zhenlong 13 showed a broad spectrum of resistance to rice blast in all four production areas (Table 4). Two further cultivars expressed a high level of resistance in three of the four populations (Dongnong 363 in HN, LN, and HLJ; Fukunishiki in GD, HN, and LN). The cultivars Kanto 51, Kusabue, and Tsuyuake, which each carry Pik alleles, proved to be more resistant in the southern regions than those in the northeast, while Sifeng 43 behaved in the opposite manner. Two cultivars were typed as highly resistant in just one province (K1 in GD and K60 in HN). By comparing resistance frequencies of the two differential sets that carry the same key resistance genes, the four genes, Pi1, Pik, Pik-m, and Piz, along with the as yet non-characterized genes harbored by Zhenlong 13, appear to be appropriate for rice breeding programs in either GD or HN, while Pi1 and unknown ones in Zhenlong 13 in both northeastern rice breeding programs. The Pita, Pik-p, Piz, and Pib genes might be the specific ones for GD, HN, LN, and HLJ programs, respectively (Table 4).
As per gene-for-gene principal, resistance gene(s) identified in a given cultivar is depended on not only the resistance gene composition of the host, but also the avirulence genes involved in the isolates being tested. As to the JDCs, the first additional gene, Pik-s, which was carried by the Japanese susceptible cultivar Shin 2, is recognized by its interaction with the Mo isolate Ken Ph-03 from the Philippines (Kiyosawa 1969). The second one, Pish, present in seven of the JDCs, is recognized by a race isolated from the former resistance cultivar. The cultivar Reiho carries Pita-2 (Imbe and Matsumoto 1985). The third one, Pi19, present in 11 of the 12 JDC entries, and is recognized by the Chinese Mo isolate CHNOS58–3-1 (Hayashi et al. 1998). Similarly, three additional genes, namely Pi1, Pi54 (formerly Pik-h) borne by Tetep, and Pik-l by LTH, have been identified using races isolated from either China or India (Rai et al. 2011; Hua et al. 2012; Singh et al. 2015). It was noteworthy that the cultivar Tetep has been recognized as being one of the most important donors of multiple blast resistance genes (Mackill and Bonman 1992; Hua et al. 2012), while LTH is classed as a highly susceptible cultivar for the development of monogenic lines which harbors just a single blast resistance gene (Tsunematsu et al. 2000; Kawasaki-Tanaka et al. 2016). Another striking outcome of the present study is that the CDC set harbors at least five additional blast resistance genes (here assigned the temporary designations α through ε). A comparison of the resistance profiles of Sifeng 43 and BL1, which are both known to carry Pib, showed that the former is resistant to a greater number of the isolates from the LN and HLJ populations. This is presumed to reflect the presence of α. Similarly, the existence of the genes β, γ, and δ was inferred from the resistance profiles of, respectively, Dongnong 363 in LN, Kanto 51 in GD, and Hejiang 18 in both GD and HN (Table 4). The unidentified blast resistance genes harbored by Zhenlong 13 produced a rather similar resistance profile to that of Dongnong 363, except for isolates sampled from GD; the implication was that the blast resistance gene content of Zhenlong 13 is the same as that of Dongnong 363, with the addition of the gene ε, which conditions resistance to some GD isolates. Owning more specific and effective resistance genes in the CDC set that might be another key reason why it was more suitable for Chinese Mo populations, compared with the JDC set (Table 4). Similarly, the abundant resistance genes involving in the international differential cultivars, especially Raminad Str. 3, Zenith, NP125, Dular, and Sha-tiao-tsao, which was also a key determinant for its long-term use at least in America (Wang et al. 2017).
The next step forward will be to confirm such additional resistance genes through genetic approaches. This would make a certain contribution to clarify the gene compositions of the CDCs, and then provide more appropriate gene resources for the local rice breeding programs.
This research has shown that the CDC set is superior to the JDC set for characterizing the race structure of Chinese Mo populations. Of particular concern is the potential for a serious outbreak of blast disease in the northeastern region of China, because the three most frequent races there heavily dominate the local Mo population. Nevertheless, the leading major blast resistance genes represented in both the CDC and JDC sets remain largely effective against Mo in China. The evidence from resistance profiling has suggested the presence of at least five additional blast resistance genes harbored by members of the CDC set.
We acknowledge funding from the National Key R&D Project (2016YDF0100601), the National Transgenic Research Project (2015ZX08001-002), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (U1131003), and the Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province (QC2011C046). We thank Prof. Z. Liu at Shenyang Agricultural University for providing isolates collected in Liaoning province, China.
Project conception (QP). Isolate preparation (YZ, LW), Inoculation (YZ, QZ, YY), Phenotyping (QP, LW). Data analysis (YZ, QZ, YY, LW, QP). Manuscript preparation (QP, JC). All authors read and approved the final manuscript.


It's all about the passion, storytelling and branding behind the craft.
Pressure sensitive labels allow for intricate shapes and designs.
More than 13,000 people gathered at the Craft Brewers Conference. Photo ©Brewers Association.
Cohesive branding and design translates into an increase in sales for Deschutes Brewery.
Oskar Blues started canning its beer well before it was popular.
I couldn't write a story about craft beer without talking about the people behind the segment. For the first time ever, I had the privilege of attending the Craft Brewers Conference last month in Washington, D.C. and got a behind-the-scenes look at craft brewing, the people behind the segment, and the businesses that are involved in the processing and packaging of this popular drink. Wow, it blew me away; the size of the industry is vast but the community of people felt small.
Collaborations, congratulations and comradery were evident throughout the halls as like-passioned people came together to celebrate this global movement. And it really is a global movement, with over 13,000 people at the conference and attendees from more than 50 countries. According to Barbara Fusco, sales & marketing director, Brewers Association, eight out of the last 10 years saw double digit growth in the segment.
According to the Brewers Association (brewersassociation.org), craft brewers sold $23.5 billion in 2016. That amounts to 21.9% of the $107 billion U.S. beer market. That's up from 19% last year – and continued growth from the 10% that craft brewers held in 2012. But first, what is a craft brewer? The association's definition is a brewer that is small, produces fewer than 6 million barrels of beer per year, is independent (less than 25% of the craft brewery is owned or controlled by an alcohol industry member that is not itself a craft brewer) and makes traditional beer (not malt beverages or cider).
It is a larger industry than even I thought, but it isn't the size that shocked me most but the passion and love of the craft. Collaboration and passion unites all of the brewers to really grow the segment and deliver exceptional beer.
"Behind the success of a brand is the small, local brewery that offers a space for people to connect. People get into it not just to make money, but because it's their passion," says Fusco.
One topic that I repeatedly heard from brewers, labeling folks, designers and general managers is how important branding is and how important it is that your brand and package tell a story to the consumer. As Fusco mentioned, there is so much spirit and passion behind each brand and so much individuality … the package is the perfect outlet for all of the spirit to come pouring out and grab the buyer. Why? Because the stories behind the craft breweries really resonate with people and it's these stories that should be portrayed through the packaging and branding.
designer for TDA Boulder (tdaboulder.com), the package should tell consumers as much as possible about the beer, from the occasion to taste profile and overall brand ethos.
"Consumers are looking to the breweries and the packaging to articulate how it tastes, why you brew beer and best reflect the brewery. This will turn everyone into an evangelist for the product," says Brynestad.
Brynestad knows firsthand how strong branding can directly increase sales. He worked with Deschutes Brewery to redesign the brewery's lineup of beer and the result was wildly successful, 40% increase in sales for two of its popular beers – Black Butte Porter and Obsidian Stout.
The brewery was in need of a new brand identity from constantly tweaking and updating its packaging over 30 years and with the problem that consumers knew two of its popular beers by name, but yet were not familiar with the brewery itself. The first priority was to flip that. It was almost a reintroduction of the brand – a brand that consumers may have had but didn't necessarily know.
"We peeled back 30 years' worth of layers to find out who the brewery is, who the people are, and to then align the brewery with who it was and ultimately convey that to the consumer," says Brynestad.
Cities and stores are at this point over-saturated with beer choices and some brands are relying on gimmicks and noise to attract consumers, but Deschutes had a different approach. Its goal was always just to brew tasty beer, and the redesign was meant to reflect that thinking.
For the package itself the brand agency wanted to unify all of the SKUs in the lineup with keeping one-third of the package the same. Each has a large logo on the bottle's neck, as well as the brewery name along the shoulder of the bottle; the beer flavor or variety is displayed below the brand logo and name.
The second priority was to create a profile and personality for each beer.
"We wanted each design to evoke a different feeling and occasion. Different colors are unique to each SKU and hint at the beer's taste. All designs are unified but individual, and help each one stand out in the Deschutes family," continues Brynestad.
How important is branding in the popular craft beer space?
"Of the upmost importance, especially if you are a smaller beer brand, you need to seriously invest in packaging. It's the one area that goes the furthest to connect with consumers and build brand recognition, says Brynestad.
So what about the debate of cans versus bottles? I heard so much more about cans at the conference than bottles but bottles remain the dominant way that craft beer gets to the beer drinker, with 58% in market, and cans representing 12% (and 30% draft pours). That 12% though is a big increase from 2011 where cans only made up 2% of the market, according to the Brewers Association. A few of the breweries I spoke with – including Tin Roof Brewing out of Baton Rouge, LA – only can their beer, and always have. Brewers prefer the can's light and oxygen-blocking abilities, as well as 360-degree canvas. While canning is certainly a strong growth area in craft beer, it isn't exactly a new idea. Oskar Blues claims to be the original craft beer in a can when they started canning their Dale's Pale Ale in 2002.
Cans or bottles, a great label goes a long way. I attended a session led by Avery Dennison (label.averydennison.com) at the conference, where labels and design were the topics. The panel, which comprised of staff from a brewery, a designer, a printer and Avery Dennison, discussed the importance of a cohesive branding strategy, how labels and printing can help and the various label types popular in the segment.
In the discussion, the topic of cans was brought up and the ability to lower cost with their use. Brewers can purchase fewer components than bottling to get the beer packaged. In addition, cans offer superior light-blocking properties, a 360-degree area versus a bottle's traditional front and back canvas. But bottles offer benefits too, like a perceived premium quality and die cut label options with lots of tactile and aesthetic appeal (to read a case study about a brewer using pressure sensitive labels, go to page 19). Pressure sensitive labels (PSL) allow for die cut and shorter runs than cut and stack.
The session takeaway was that you want your package to be a premium look and feel to match the premium content of the beer inside. Consumer perception: A high value package means a high value beer.
According to Constantia Flexibles (cflex.com), the first time PSL was used in line on a beer product was 14 years ago. PSL had 0% market share in 2003 to nearly 50% today. Why the growth? Pressure sensitive technology is one of the lowest cost options. The operational benefits of pressure sensitive labels are also driving the expanded usage and further investments. They eliminate glue, set up time and change parts compared to paper labels, increasing throughput gains. They have better durability in the ice chest and the distribution system allows for brand recognition from beginning to end. In addition, shapes do not add cost and it is seamless to change from one size or shape to another.
PSL also allows for much more design flexibility because they eliminate proprietary bottles for each SKU and can be applied in line with filling, thus reducing inventory levels.
Packaging is what the consumer interacts with most and offers various touchpoints from the bottle or can itself to the secondary packaging and even multiple points on the bottle from the base to the neck. The quality of the beer can best be expressed through the branding and design of the package.
What's makes the craft beer segment wildly successful is really the people – the brewers, the visionaries, and the consumers and beer enthusiasts that buy it. Craft beer is a global movement with strong and passionate people, creative storytelling and quality-driven beer. As one brewery staffer I spoke with from Canada explained, there is a will for the entire industry to succeed so everyone loves to share ideas, collaborate on beers and offer advice. They all could be considered competitors, but it isn't that way. Everyone supports each other. After all, a rising tide lifts all boats.
Elisabeth Cuneo is former Editor in Chief of Packaging Strategies.


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Facebook says no plans for Taiwan data center
Published: Nov. 8, 2011 at 3:05 p.m. ET
SAN FRANCISCO (MarketWatch) — Facebook disputed a published report on Tuesday that it's considering building Asia's biggest cloud-computing data center in central Taiwan.
The report appeared in Taiwan's Economic Daily News, which didn't name a source.
Such a center, which would occupy 66,000 square meters in the Central Taiwan Science Park, would likely generate several billion New Taiwan dollars worth of business for the island's server manufacturers, the report said, without providing further details.
Facebook spokesman Michael Kirkland said the report was "not accurate," adding, "We have no plans to build a data center in Taiwan."
'Call of Duty' will stay on Sony's PlayStation console after Activision deal, Xbox boss promises
Microsoft Corp.'s head of Xbox addressed fears late Thursday that the company will shut out competing consoles from Activision Blizzard Inc.'s flagship "Call of Duty" franchise.
Intel confirms plan to spend more than $20 billion to build chip 'mega-site' in Ohio

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the Nigerian singer has been in the United States where he is currently promoting his 2017 hit single, "Fall," which has been doing massively. And while on the publicity run, he has revealed he is working on his sophomore album which will be released in the summer.


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Arrested on January 06, 2007 was Mary Ann Samons. The Samons was arrested by Lake County Law Enforcement. She is 501 tall, weighs 135lbs and has brown eyes. Bond was set at unknown amount for the charge because Samons is presumed innocent until proven guilty. Police agencies listed here may assist with more information including court dates: Lake County Law Enforcement.
DISCLAIMER: Arrest records of Mary Ann Samons are public documents and are provided here for informational purposes only. Publication here does not mean that Mary Ann Samons has committed a criminal offense, it is only a record of arrest. This information may not be used to determine Mary Ann Samons's eligibility for credit, employment, housing or other business transactions. Contact the law enforcement officials in Lake, Florida for further information on Mary Ann Samons's legal status. All individuals on this website are considered innocent until proven guilty.
Who is Mary Ann Samons?
Mary Samons is a -year-old Female.
When was Mary Samons arrested?
According to Lake County Law Enforcement, Mary was arrested on January 06, 2007.
Is this a mug shot of Mary Samons?
Unfortunately, a mug shot of Mary is unavailable at this time. You may contact Lake County Law Enforcement to request one.
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Additional mug shots of Samons Mary may be available from Lake County Law Enforcement.
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Mary Samons weighs 135lbs lbs.
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CHRIS WALLACE: Well, Bob, what do you think – and this is something we discussed with both of our guests – of the way that the intelligence community handled the so-called Russian dossier? And, overall, how do you think of the way they've handle Donald Trump?
BOB WOODWARD, THE WASHINGTON POST: I think what's underreported here is Trump's point of view on it. And you laid it out when those former CIA people said these things about Trump, that he was a recruited, you know, agent of the Russians.
WOODWARD: Yes, and a useful fool. I mean they started this. And in Trump's mind, he knows the old adage, once a CIA man, always a CIA man. And no one came out and said those people shouldn't be saying things. So then act two is the briefing when this dossier is put out. I – I've lived in this world for 45 years where you get things and people make allegations. That is a garbage document. It never should have been presented in – as part of an intelligence briefing. As you suggested, other channels have the White House Counsel give it to Trump's incoming White House counsel.
So Trump's right to be upset about that. And I think if you look at the real chronology and the nature of the battle here, those intelligence chiefs who were the best we've had, who were terrific and have done great work made a mistake here. And when people make mistakes, they should apologize.
So why did the CIA go after Trump?
I think the answer lies in the agency's fear that Trump will clean house at the CIA and expose its gun-running pro-terrorist activities in the Middle East. The CIA became an arm of the Obama Administration in facilitating the activities of the Muslim Brotherhood.
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By Taofik Salako On May 25, 2015
•Pays shareholders N4.8b dividend
Dangote Sugar Refinery (DSR) Plc plans to grow its capacity to be able to produce about 1.5 million tonnes of locally refined from locally-grown sugarcane within the next 10 years.
Chairman, Dangote Sugar Refinery (DSR) Plc, Alhaji Aliko Dangote, told shareholders at the annual general meeting of the company in Lagos that the company's backward integration project would create immense opportunities for all stakeholders, including the Nigerian economy and the shareholders.
According to him, the target of the company over the next 10 years is to produce 1.5 million tonnes of refined sugar from locally grown sugarcane that is processed at its own onsite facilities in locations close to key Nigerian markets.
He said the company will maximise opportunities from the extended value chain in sugar production, including fuel ethanol and the generation of electricity from the factories.
"We believe that our expansion project will generate more than 100,000 job opportunities in the coming decades," Dangote said.
He explained that the reduction in dividend payout for the 2014 business year was due to the significant investments required for the company's backward integration projects.
According to him, the company needs additional funding and the board took the prudent decision to reduce dividend payment for the year from 60 kobo per share to 40 kobo.
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"This is a transitional situation, requiring our short-term sacrifices in order to build for the future, and is necessary for us to maintain prudent capital and liquidity levels to sustain our operations, in tandem with our backward integration projects," Dangote said.
He pointed out that the company remains committed to its dividend policy of making returns to shareholders at the end of each business year but the actual dividend will depend on the company's financial performance, investment decisions, liquidity levels and banks balances.
The shareholders approved the distribution of N4.8 billion as dividends for the year ended December 31, 2014. This represented dividend per share of 40 kobo.
Key extracts of the audited report for the year ended December 31, 2014 showed a turnover of N95 billion. Profit before tax and profit after tax stood at N15.3 billion and N11.6 billion in 2014 compared with N16.3 billion and N10.8 billion respectively in 2013.
Dangote blamed the decline in performance partly on the heightened insecurity in the north eastern Nigeria as access to key markets was hampered while the company, like others, also had to grapple with reduced consumer purchasing power and periodic menace of low-priced unlicensed imported sugar.
Group managing director, Dangote Sugar Refinery Plc, Mr. Graham Clark, said the company has continued to implement efficiency and increased output as part of its operational focus.
He said the company is in the process of upgrading its quality systems towards achieving the Food Safety System Certificate(FSSC 2200), a Global Food Initiative (GFSI) recognised scheme, before the end of 2015.
"This certification will further boost our food safety standards and position our product as the preferred brand to companies in the pharmaceutical and food and beverage industries in Nigeria," Clark said.
Dangote
My dad made me a defender – Iorfa
Season of trekking


India's golden triangle is a tourist circuit which connects the national capital Delhi, Agra and Jaipur. The Golden Triangle is so called because of the triangular shape formed by the locations of New Delhi, Agra, and Rajasthan on a map. This package includes the trip in Ranthambore Tiger Safari.
You will be pick up at Delhi Railway Station/Bus Stand/Airport by our representative. This is is where your Golden Triangle and Ranthambore tour package begins.
Enjoy jeep safaris in the Ranthambore National Park. Safaris in Ranthambore are organized in open top SUV style vehicles, and local English Speaking Naturalists are available. Sighting a Royal Bengal Tiger in the wild, is sure to be the highlight of your Ranthambore tour. Overnight in Ranthambore.
After breakfast, trip continues by transfer to Jaipur by road (195 kms /3 ½ hrs). On your arrival in Jaipur check into the hotel of your choice.Spend the day in leisure. Overnight stay in Jaipur.
Breakfast at the hotel. Morning at leisure in Jaipur until departure for Delhi by road (260 kms/05 hrs). Your Golden Triangle and Ranthambore tour ends with a drop to New Delhi .
We appreciate you contacting us about Golden Triangle With Ranthambore. Our team will contact you shortly.


UAE's most trusted, Number 1 Travel & Tourism Company.
Welcome to Fair Way Tours founded in 2008 has withing a short span of time built a repute of excellence as the Dubai's leading tourism management company. Fair Way Tours is an approved company by Government of Dubai & Dubai's Department of Tourism. With years of managing experience in this industry, we have got excellence in garnering customer requirements and satisfying them with our services. Our clients are our backbone and biggest advertisers.
With insider access like no other, we offer a highly personalized service to some of the most sought-after and glamorous locations in the world. Our passion and knowledge of travel expands with every journey we make and with every adventure you experience with us. Our promise? To consistently deliver unique travel experiences that resonate with what you value most, in a seamless and sophisticated manner.
We make our business personal, exactly the way that travel and hospitality were intended to be before they became detached industries. We develop long term relationships in place of cordial financial transactions, refining and redefining the art of hospitality along the way.
We believe that complete privacy is essential in creating exceptionally tailored travel options. And so we have done away with the standard and impersonal counters, replacing them with intimate lounges.
Our staff is carefully selected and continuously trained in all the aspects that we touch upon - from intra-personal communication and client care to research and product development.
We have zeal to accomplish all your travel needs. We have a track record of handling innumerable holiday packages and turn them into your beautiful memories.


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ICPAS may refer to:

 Institute of Certified Public Accountants in Israel
 Institute of Certified Public Accountants of Singapore
 Illinois CPA Society, a US professional society of Certified Public Accountants
 Indiana CPA Society

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Mimi Johnson was born in Bronx, NY; now residing in Atlanta, GA. she has caused great impact worldwide with her R&B, JAZZ, SOUL style.
Mimi Johnson is "THE TRIPLE THREAT!" & will inspire all true lovers of real music! Filling the void of the vocals of the grown women in the music industry such as Phyllis Hyman, Anita Baker, Cheryl Lynn and Alison Williams; Mimi will instill the greatness of true music back into your Life, Heart, and Soul.
Vocals That You've Been Missing!
Mimi is the daughter of World Renowned Jazz and Blues Vocalist and Composer, Joan Cartwright http://www.facebook.com/pages/Joan-Cartwright-and-Jazz-Hotline/141346815879937 and has two adult sons, one adult daughter and one grandson to whom she is extremely proud of.


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Dr. Karon F. Cook is research professor in the Department of Medical Social Sciences at Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago. She is a psychometrician and health outcomes researcher with particular interest in applied psychometric research and in developing effective ways to communicate the science of measurement in cogent and accessible ways. Her research expertise includes item response theory, computer adaptive scaling, evaluation of differential item function, and pain assessment.
The bulk of Dr. Cook's applied work has been in the development and evaluation of self-report measures. She has developed measures for a diverse range of patient outcomes including shoulder function, pain intensity and pain behaviors. Dr. Cook has been principle investigator for research funded by National Institutes of Health, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), Veteran's Affairs Health Services Research, Veteran's Affairs Rehabilitation Research, and the Department of Defense.
Daniel Deutscher is a Physical Therapist, working in 'Maccabi Healthcare Services', the second largest public medical health plan in Israel, serving as a clinic manager and the national director of research & development in the physical therapy service.
Dr. Deutscher has earned his Bachelor's degree in Physical Therapy (BPT) in 1994, his Master of Science in Physical Therapy (MSc.PT) in 2002, both at Tel-Aviv University, and his PhD at the University of Haifa, Israel in 2010, studying relationships between patient characteristics, treatment procedures, costs and outcomes, in outpatient Physical Therapy clinics. Dr Deutscher has published articles in peer reviewed journals including Physical Therapy, Archives of Physical Therapy & Rehabilitation, Physiotherapy Theory & Practice, Quality of Life Research, Journal of applied measurement, The Journal of orthopedic and sports physical therapy, Disability & Rehabilitation, BMC health services research and the International Urogynecology Journal.
Julie Fritz is a Professor in the Department of Physical Therapy at the University of Utah and a Clinical Outcomes Research Scientist with Intermountain Health Care in Salt Lake City, Utah. She received her Master of Science in Physical Therapy from the University of Indianapolis and her PhD in Rehabilitation Science at the University of Pittsburgh. She served on the faculty in the Physical Therapy Department at the University of Pittsburgh for six years prior to moving to Salt Lake City. She is currently an Editor of the Journal of Orthopedic and Sports Physical Therapy, and an Editorial Board Member of the European Spine Journal as well as a member of the Cochrane Back Review Group. Her research interests have focused on examining treatments for individuals with low back pain, matching the most effective treatments to various sub-groups of patients, and examining the outcomes of translation of decision-making strategies into physical therapy practice. Her work has been funded by the National Institutes of Health, the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, and the Physical Therapy Foundation.
Mark earned his Master of Science degree in Physical therapy at Boston University in 1979. He achieved credentialing in McKenzie methods as a Diplomat in 1995. Mark's career has centered on being a clinical scientist and researcher. He is interested in patient self-report outcomes collected during every day clinical practice to guide effective and efficient clinical treatment decisions to enhance the value of care to our patients. Specific research areas of interest are the McKenzie methods, spine care, and the biopsychosocial model. Mark is an active referee for several medical and physical therapy journals. He has authored or co-authored over 40 peer-reviewed articles in a variety of medical journals. Mark is a life-time member of the APTA. Mark serves on the Board of Directors for the International Mechanical Diagnosis and Therapy Research Foundation, McKenzie Advisory Research Committee, and FOTO's Research Advisory Board.
Linda Woodhouse is an Associate Professor at the University of Alberta and also holds research positions at the McCaig Institute and the Glenrose Rehabilitation Hospital. Her work focuses on the evaluation of the effects of exercise and various muscular tissues on the physical functioning of patients with musculoskeletal diseases, cancer or various endocrinal problems. Linda has also made a major contribution to the advanced practice of physiotherapy and models for inter-professional care for patients with chronic illnesses. She obtained her degree in physiotherapy and her PhD from the University of Toronto. Linda also has a bachelor's and a master's degree in the physiology of exercise from the University of Western Ontario. She serves as Chair of the CEO Evaluation Committee and is ex-officio on all Board committees. Linda also holds the David Magee Endowed Chair's position at University of Alberta and was the Scientific Director of the Bone and Joint Health Strategic Clinical Network for Alberta Health Services from 2012-2015. She also serves as the President of the Canadian Physiotherapy Association Board of Directors and on the Scientific Advisory Panel for the Physical Therapy Outcomes Registry(PTOR) being developed by APTA.


Washington, D.C., Aug. 17, 2018 – Amanda Flores fulfilled a promise to herself when she walked down the aisle at her wedding to Frank Bordoy on Aug. 11, using two microprocessor-controlled knees. Amanda and Frank had already weathered the unthinkable when an infection caused the loss of Amanda's legs above-the-knee and arms below-the-elbow in 2015. Frank proposed shortly thereafter, and Amanda's one condition was that they not marry until she was able to walk independently. Thanks to hard work, dedication, custom-designed prosthetic technology, and a team of supporters, Amanda achieved her dream—while wearing a floor-length dress.
The New York Times covered Amanda and Frank's beautiful wedding for the "Vows" column, which was attended by a team of Hanger Clinic supporters instrumental in helping Amanda learn to walk again: Amanda's prosthetist Mike Muratore, area clinic manager for Hanger Clinic in Bethesda, Md.; Hanger Clinic Vice President of Prosthetics Kevin Carroll; and AMPOWER peer mentor Yvonne Llanes, among others.
Read the New York Times story here, and pick up a print copy on Sunday, Aug. 19th: https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/13/fashion/weddings/vows-quadruple-amputee-wedding.html.


Information, standards and guidance on work in the historic environment of Somerset. Revised 2017 edition (23/11/2017).
Minor amendments. (2) Digital archiving and deposition and storage charges. (3) Revised planning charges (17/1/2018). (4) Revised implentation date for planning charges. (5) Clarification of building record archiving (5/3/2018). (6) Clarification of deposition charges (6/4/2018).
Information on the methodology used to prepare the HLC layer in the HER.
Detailed archaeological assessments of the towns of Somerset.
Aerial photographic survey of the Quantock Hills AONB (1989).
Aerial photographic survey of the Mendip Hills AONB (1992).
Survey and condition (2001) report on the Second World War airfield.
Papers to mark 150 years of the Somerset Archaeological and Natural History Society.
The South West Heritage Trust provides heritage services for Somerset County Council.


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4 bedroom, 1.75 bath townhouse. Bedroom 1: Queen; Bedroom 2: Queen; Bedroom 3: Queen, TV & A/C; Bedroom 4: 1 Set of Bunk Beds. Living with TV/DVD. Dining seats 6. Washer/Dryer. Wireless Internet.
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4 bedroom, 3 bath townhouse, master w/queen & TV, 2nd with queen, 3rd with 2 twins and TV, 4th with 2 twins, sitting loft, 2 living areas w/flat screen TVs, WiFi, dog friendly.
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4 bedroom, 1 3/4 bath townhouse. Master with King, A/C and TV. 2nd with a set of bunks. 3rd with a set of pyramid bunks . 4th with a queen, 2 twins, A/C and TV. Washer/Dryer. WiFi. Dog Friendly.
4 bedroom, 1.75 bath townhouse. 1st bedroom w/queen. 2nd w/full. 3rd w/full. 4th w/4 twins and air conditioning. Large flat screen television in living area. Washer/Dryer. WiFi.
Four bedroom, 3.5 bath townhouse in Forest Ridge resort featuring three living/sitting areas (two have televisions), a washer/dryer, wood burning fireplace and wireless internet access.
4 bedroom townhouse, 3.5 baths.2 bedrooms upstairs each with a queen bed and its own bath.Downstairs has 2 bedrooms-one has a set of bunks and a twin, the other has 2 sets of bunks. Sleeps 8. WiFi.


I love a good youth ministry video! This is a good one!
1. Find someone who can't sing.
2. Play loud music in his/her ear so they can't hear themselves sing.
3. Have him/her sing for the camera.
4. Discover components of a good humor video.
Question: What's a video that you think is funny? Share the URL here.


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Hundreds of GMC swimmers raise more than $10,000 to help children in need with Minnows for Marisa
Minnows for Marisa involved more than 500 student-athletes from 34 high school girls and boys teams and one club program, who generated more than $10,000 for The Marisa Tufaro Foundation
Hundreds of GMC swimmers raise more than $10,000 to help children in need with Minnows for Marisa Minnows for Marisa involved more than 500 student-athletes from 34 high school girls and boys teams and one club program, who generated more than $10,000 for The Marisa Tufaro Foundation Check out this story on mycentraljersey.com: https://www.mycentraljersey.com/story/sports/high-school/2018/12/24/gmc-swimmers-marisa-tufaro-foundation-minnows/2330079002/
The Marisa Tufaro Foundation, Contributor Published 9:00 a.m. ET Dec. 24, 2018
GMC swimmers pool resources in fundraiser for The Marisa Tufaro Foundation Bridgewater Courier News
Hundreds of GMC swimmers participated in a swim event with all proceeds from the event benefiting The Marisa Tufaro Foundation.(Photo: ~Ed Pagliarini)
A slogan the Greater Middlesex Conference swimming community selected for its fundraiser to benefit The Marisa Tufaro Foundation was more than just a literary device.
Minnows for Marisa, which involved more than 500 student-athletes from 34 high school girls and boys teams and one club program, generated more than $10,000 for the tax-exempt nonprofit, whose mission is to help pediatric patients and other children in need throughout the greater Middlesex County area.
The clever use of alliteration for the event's title proved apropos as the carefully chosen words reflected what transpired for nearly six hours on Dec. 1 inside the Raritan Bay Area YMCA, where competitors from rival programs swam together, as minnows will in large shoals, for a common cause.
"As much as we are trying to create awareness and raise money for the foundation, it (was) also a way to bring all the teams and all the swimmers and all the coaches together for a fun purpose," said Kate Dauphinee, the head coach at Mother Seton Regional High School who worked with Metuchen High School Athletics Director John Cathcart and Raritan Bay Area YMCA President and CEO Steve Jobin to organize the event.
RELATED:The work of The Marisa Tufaro Foundation
READ:Central Jersey high school sports
Hundreds of GMC swimmers participated in a swim event with all proceeds from the event benefiting The Marisa Tufaro Foundation. (Photo: ~Ed Pagliarini)
How the event worked
The Raritan Bay Area YMCA provided its state-of-the art facility, including a 10-lane competition pool, for the fundraiser, and the Raritan Valley YMCA Riptide, which practices at the venue, joined the scholastic swimmers as minnows.
Teams were assigned lanes and pool times, with each using its opportunity in the water to either conduct a formal practice, to work on different strokes, to increase stamina or to simply have fun in the season-opening event. All of the participants collectively swam inordinate miles of laps.
Piscataway High School swimmers stretch before participating in the GMC swim event. (Photo: ~Ed Pagliarini)
The high school and club teams worked independently to raise money for The Marisa Tufaro Foundation, eventually pooling their resources. Some creatively used crowdfunding platforms to involve people outside their own school-communities, and others held events such as dress-down days to generate donations.
"The organization rivaled that of any type of high-profile tournament in that the teams were well arranged and there was a lot of spirit," said Frank Noppenberger, executive director of the Greater Middlesex Conference and a member of The Marisa Tufaro Foundation's board of trustees.
"What was most impressive to me was all the kids and coaches who came out to pay it forward," he added. "I'm almost certain participation wasn't mandatory, but the kids understood that it was for a good cause. Along with that, you saw teams bonding in a non-competitive atmosphere, which I think is the first step in developing great sportsmanship."
A GMC event benefited The Marisa Tufaro Foundation (Photo: ~Ed Pagliarini)
Noppenberger, who has been involved with scholastic sports as a coach and athletics administrator for more than four decades, said the event was among the most impressive he has ever attended.
All participants received a commemorative T-shirt in their respective school colors, which Lauren Piovoso, a Metuchen High School swimmer, designed for the event, as well as a complimentary silicone wristband, courtesy of The Marisa Tufaro Foundation.
T-shirt Metuchen High School swimmer Lauren Piovoso designed for the GMC swim-a-thon to benefit The Marisa Tufaro Foundation. (Photo: ~file photo)
Piovoso said she elected to use a butterfly swimmer in her T-shirt design because one of The Marisa Tufaro Foundation's mantras is that those who support the nonprofit "fly with an angel."
"I incorporated the hearts as angel's wings and added them to the swimmer doing the butterfly stroke to show the love that the community gives to the foundation," said Piovoso, noting she added a halo because she felt it was "a nice way to honor Marisa, who is an angel."
About the Marisa Tufaro Foundation
Established less than 17 months ago, The Marisa Tufaro Foundation has already made a profound impact, donating more than $50,000 and spearheading multiple community initiatives, as well as awarding college scholarship dollars to exceptional high school students who advance the nonprofit's mission.
The foundation was established in loving memory of its namesake, who died last year at the age of 13 following complications from a heart transplant. Born with a complex cardiac defect, Marisa Tufaro survived six open-heart surgeries. Despite being hospitalized for more than two years and maintaining hundreds of doctor's appointments, Marisa lived a vibrant life that inspired. An honor roll student who participated in multiple extracurricular activities, Marisa would have been a sophomore this year at Edison High School. Several of her elementary and middle school classmates participated in the swim-a-thon.
Who helped, and why
Minnows for Marisa was made possible through the efforts of many individuals including all of the GMC coaches, Wardlaw-Hartridge School Athletics Director Karl Miran, Raritan Bay Area YMCA staff members Samantha Hague, Darian Russell and Mary Ann Lawrence, and all who volunteered to work the day of the event.
Volunteers included Dr. Joseph Gaffney, Associate Professor of Pediatrics and Division Chief, Pediatric Cardiology at Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School and Robert Wood Johnson University Hospital, who cared for Marisa throughout her entire life, and Candice Smith, a professor at the Chamberlain University College of Nursing in North Brunswick, who cared for Marisa when she was a patient in the pediatric cardiac intensive care unit at Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital of New York Presbyterian Columbia University Medical Center.
Cathcart said he first broached the idea of conducting a fundraiser for The Marisa Tufaro Foundation during the conference's year-end meeting at the conclusion of last season.
Metuchen High School coach Jim Thomas instructs his competitors before the GMC swim event (Photo: ~Ed Pagliarini)
"Their faces lit up," Cathcart said of the coaches in attendance at the meeting. "I thought the swim group would want to get involved."
Cathcart said the event could never have come to fruition without the leadership and expertise of Dauphinee, who has conducted similar fundraisers for Autism New Jersey through her role as site director for the Educational Services Commission of New Jersey's Aquatics and Fitness Center, and without the Raritan Bay Area YMCA's staff and facility.
"The Y is about teaching kids how to care for their neighbors and how to really learn from that," said Jobin, whose Raritan Bay Area YMCA, which hosts the Greater Middlesex Conference Championships, has seating for 300 in a viewing gallery and for 400 more on the pool deck.
"We want kids to understand there is a greater purpose and why we should care about others. That's why we wanted to do a (fundraiser) and invite all the teams from the county. That's all part of it. It gives everybody an opportunity to learn more about the foundation so they can really further the cause."
The Marisa Tufaro Foundation Wochit
Marisa Tufaro's father, Greg, a sports writer with the Home News Tribune, addressed all of the Greater Middlesex Conference's coaches during a meeting prior to the event, and spoke with the Edison High School swimmers, some of who were Marisa's classmates, before the event.
New Jersey State Senator Patrick J. Diegnan Jr., who is a member of The Marisa Tufaro Foundation's board of trustees, said, "By its nature, sports are competitive, and this event proves that young people, in particular, will always join together for a common cause and do what is right.
"We should celebrate their participation in this outstanding event."
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