The City of Norwalk Parking Authority's Maritime Garage Gallery is inviting submissions from artists 18 and over for its winter exhibit that will run from February 19 through May 10, 2019.
The Maritime Garage Gallery is part of the Parking Authority's "Art in Parking Places" placemaking initiative, an effort to support art in parking spaces. The gallery is located at 11 North Water Street in the SoNo district of Norwalk. It is free and open to the public from 9:00 a.m. -5:00 p.m., Monday through Friday. For more information, call 203- 831-9063, or visit www.norwalkpark.org/public-art.


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Q: Weighted zonal statistics in Python I'm asking something similar than Weighted zonal statistics in Python and/or R. I know very well the R-side of this question, but I can't figure out the answer for Python.
So far I can compute non-weighted zonal statistics:
import os
import rioxarray as rioxr
from rioxarray.merge import merge_arrays
from glob import glob
import geopandas

polys = geopandas.read_file(path_to_polygons)

files = glob(os.path.join('path/to/MOD13Q1/2002/033','*.hdf')) # example path
nbr_single = []
for file in files:
    with rioxr.open_rasterio(file) as src:
        NIR = getattr(src,'250m 16 days NIR reflectance')
        MIR = getattr(src,'250m 16 days MIR reflectance')
        nbr_single.append((NIR-MIR)/(NIR+MIR))

nbr_mosaic = merge_arrays(nbr_single)

nbr_zonal = zonal_stats(
    vectors=polys,
    raster=nbr_mosaic[0,:,:].values, # since it's a 3D array
    affine=nbr_mosaic.rio.transform(),
    stats=["sum"],
)

# for testing in R
nbr_mosaic.rio.to_raster(os.path.join(some_path,'mosaic.tif'), compress='LZW')

And I tried a weighted and non-weighted approach in R:
library(terra)
library(sf)
library(exactextractr)

r <- rast('some_path/to/mosaic.tif')
sf <- read_sf(path_to_polygons)
v_ <- vect(path_to_polygons)

r1_values <- exact_extract(r,sf, fun = 'count')
r2_values <- extract(r,v_,length)

Where r1_values is a weigthed approach and r2_values is a non-weighted (although terra::extract can compute weighted statistic as well)
R's weighted count vs Python's non-weighted count:

R's non-weighted count vs Python's non-weighted count (minimal difference):

How can I compute a weight raster or directly weigthed zonal statistics in python?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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HomePosts tagged 'tony adams'
tony adams
Where have all the centre backs gone? England at the 2014 World Cup
June 20, 2014 July 1, 2014 Richard Purnell Football	defending, england, football, John Terry, rio ferdinand, sol campbell, terry butcher, tony adams, uruguay, world cup
There has been a lot of talk of British values recently, and the wide-ranging debate shows that it is largely a matter of opinion what is a British value and what is not.
That said, there is one British value which is beyond question: that of big centre-halves heading footballs and generally acting with a courage which happily boils over into full-blown craziness. When faced with someone smaller and more skillful, the English way is to use our brains not to out-think our opponent, but as an all-purpose blocking device.
We have always been knee-deep in this kind of unsubtle, fairly terrifying type of footballer: in my memory, this long line of lunatics begins with Terry Butcher and carries on through Tony Adams, Martin Keown, Steve Bruce, Sol Campbell, Jamie Carragher and John Terry, with the addition of two centre halves who could also, astonishingly, play football – Rio Ferdinand and Ledley King.
Lunatic: Terry Butcher displaying British values
It's worth noting that Steve Bruce, despite being a mainstay of Manchester United's defence when they first started winning everything, never played for England. We simply had too many big, thuggish lads to get their heads on things, and so he was not required. Similarly, Jamie Carragher, who played 500+ times for Liverpool and won the Champions League, retired from the international game because he couldn't get in the team.
Centre halves have always been the foundation of English football. In 1990, when we got to the semi-finals, Bobby Robson, in his wisdom, picked three centre-backs – Des Walker, Terry Butcher and Mark Wright – and another centre-back, Paul Parker, at right-back.
Let's remember that at the group stage, England conceded one goal in three games, with clean sheets against the Dutch and Egypt. In total, we conceded four goals in six games – the same number of goals conceded in two matches at the 2014 World Cup.
Getting in the way – Sol Campbell
In 2002 and 2006, Sol Campbell was named in the World XI at the end of the tournament, the only Englishman to gain that honour. What did he do to gain the world's admiration? What England have always been better than anyone: getting in the way of shots, heading away crosses and, occasionally heading goals from set-pieces.
Which is why it is so sad to see Rio Ferdinand – one of the greatest English footballers – sitting in the BBC studio last night having to explain where it went wrong against Uruguay.
His analysis, to paraphrase, was this: Johnson, Jagielka, Cahill and Baines were not good enough. For the first goal, someone should have blocked the cross, and if it got into the box, someone should have headed it away. For the second goal, a defender should have headed the ball away, and if not, been in a position to block the shot.
That's what Englishmen have been doing for decades. That's what Jack Charlton did in '66, what Butcher did in '90, and what Adams did in '96 (three goals conceded in five matches). The fact that our only properly good defender, John Terry, is currently heading beach balls rather than playing for England is perhaps the main reason for our utter defensive ineptitude at this World Cup.
While it is all very well wanting our national team to play more expansively the focus must be having a squad packed with robust centre-halves who will do anything to block shots and crosses.
Those are the values we must remember, before we try to do anything so frivolous as trying to score goals. So, if Mr Gove wants to become a populist figure, perhaps he should, after children have had double-Dickens in the morning, insist they have heading practice in the afternoon, so we can ensure that no England team will be so sadly weak at the back again.
The last of a noble lineage: John Terry heading a football

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Community  ComVoices
UBI could increase human well-being and help save the planet
August 17, 2017ComVoices, Daily News, Diversity, Employment, Housing, Welfare
Article – Joseph Cederwall
Anthropologist Jason Hickel believes basic income could be part of the solution to this problem of the pervasiveness of the growth mentality. He presents UBI as forming part of a strategy of "planned de-growth," which he believes will "increase …Universal Basic Income could increase human well-being and help save the planet
Anthropologist Jason Hickel believes basic income could be part of the solution to this problem of the pervasiveness of the growth mentality. He presents UBI as forming part of a strategy of "planned de-growth," which he believes will "increase human well-being and happiness while reducing our economic footprint."
For too long, Western society has been enslaved to the concept of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) being the sole indicator of economic progress on a national and global scale. The big problem with this is that GDP does not accurately measure the wellbeing of our people or the wellbeing of our physical environment. This is because GDP fails to account for the negative consequences of this 'growth' focused economy such as environmental degradation or the social costs of a capitalist system such as unemployment or poverty. We need to escape from the confines of the GDP paradigm that essentially legitimises and favours a mentality of 'growth at all costs' as this approach simply does not increase the material or emotional wellbeing of all humans in this country.
"Curbing advertising, taxing carbon, a basic income, and a shorter work week" can be part of a strategy of "planned de-growth." (Photo: Generation Grundeinkommen/flickr/cc)
As some tech giants throw their weight behind the idea of a universal basic income, the anthropologist says it's a key component of a strategy to break the "addiction to economic growth [that] is killing us" and the planet.
Offering his views this week on BBC's "Viewsnight," Hickel, an anthropologist at the London School of Economics and author of books including The Divide: A Brief Guide to Global Inequality and its Solutions, says "we can't have infinite growth on a finite planet."
That argument—which others have made as well—should be clear by evidence of the "climate change, deforestation, and rapid rates of extinction" taking hold, he says.
The primary blame, according to Hickel, rests with "over-consumption in rich countries," and addressing that entails "planned de-growth," which will put the reins on "our plunder of the earth."
Hickel stresses that he's not referring to austerity, as the goal of "de-growth" is to "increase human well-being and happiness while reducing our economic footprint."
A blueprint to achieve that goal, he says, includes "curbing advertising, taxing carbon, a basic income, and a shorter work week."
"We need an economic model that promotes human flourishing in harmony with the planet on which we depend," he says.
The idea of a universal basic income is gaining attention worldwide as a potential solution to this 'growth paradigm'. Hickel explains how UBI could help with de-growth in an op-ed for the Guardian this year:
"We already know, from existing experiments, that a basic income can yield impressive results – reducing extreme poverty and inequality, stimulating local economies, and freeing people from having to accept slave-like working conditions simply in order to stay alive. If implemented more broadly, it might help eliminate "bullshit jobs" and slash unnecessary production, granting much-needed relief to the planet. We would still work, of course, but our work would be more likely to be useful and meaningful, while any miserable but necessary jobs, like cleaning the streets, would pay more to attract willing workers, making menial work more dignified."
Hickel goes on to say that perhaps the most important aspect of UBI is that it could help turn the tide on the spread of fascism so prevalent in our world right now.
"a basic income might defeat the scarcity mindset that has seeped so deep into our culture, freeing us from the imperatives of competition and allowing us to be more open and generous people. If extended universally, across borders, it might help instil a sense of solidarity—that we're all in this together, and all have an equal right to the planet. It might ease the anxieties that gave us Brexit and Trump, and take the wind out of the fascist tendencies rising elsewhere in nativism that is spreading across much of the world."
It seems that UBI has potential to assist in this ongoing struggle to rein in a rampant growth centric economy. It certainly will not be the full picture and there is an alternative viewpoint that UBI could even increase consumption due to people having more income. However, it seems likely that any measure that increases the overall wellbeing of Kiwis will have positive impacts on our ability to do what is right for humanity and the planet by making more conscious consumption choices.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 License
This article builds on: Universal Basic Income Needed to Break 'Addiction to Economic Growth Killing Us'Published on Friday, August 11, 2017 on Common Dreams by Andrea Germanos, staff writer.


The requirement for KiwiSaver fees to be shown in dollar figures has received plenty of positive feedback, the Financial Markets Authority (FMA) says.
It shows members rated their current balance as the most useful information in the statement.
However, the report suggests only 31% of respondents noticed the new fee information. Of these, 53% said they thoughts the fees were about right, 30% thought they were too high and 4% thought they were too low. Half of those surveyed said they didn't notice the changes while 18% were unsure if they'd seen the new fee information or not.
FMA noted that around a third of the members who thought the fees were too high said they are considering changing their scheme or provider.
Moreover, 78% of KiwiSavers polled had read their statements, and 20% of them had read the statement thoroughly.
However, Mason said the number of people who didn't see the fees information shows there is further work to do to encourage people to look at their statement thoroughly.
"I'd encourage everyone to check their statement to review their KiwiSaver," he said.


I serve as scientific review officer for the Special Emphasis Panels Review Section. My main duty is to organize peer review meetings to evaluate the scientific merit of funding applications. I am interested in how the NIH can use electronic systems in the administration of research review and funding. I work with others to identify electronic requirements and to advise on functional priorities that the NIH can develop to best fulfill its mission. My research interests include the central regulation of energy homeostasis, gut hormones and the control of feeding behavior, and obesity.


text:
Sep NOV Dec
297 captures
15 Mar 2004 - 15 Jul 2019
Collection: Wide Crawl Number 15: Started Oct 1st, 2016 - Ended May 8th, 2017
Web wide crawl.
Free City of Danzig
For the Napoleonic client-state of the same name, see Free City of Danzig (Napoleonic).
Freie Stadt Danzig (German)
Wolne Miasto Gdańsk (Polish)
Free City under League of Nations protection
"Nec Temere, Nec Timide"
Für Danzig / Gdańsku
Danzig, surrounded by Germany and Poland.
Location of the Free City of Danzig in 1930 Europe.
Capital Danzig
Religion 64.6% Lutheran
32.2% Catholic (1938)[citation needed]
• 1919–1920 Reginald Tower
• 1937–1939 Carl Burckhardt
Senate President
• 1920–1931 Heinrich Sahm
• 1934–1939 Arthur Greiser
Legislature Volkstag
Historical era Interwar period
• Established 15 November 1920
• Invasion of Poland 1 September 1939
• Annexed by Germany 2 September 1939
• 1923 1,966 km² (759 sq mi)
• 1923 est. 366,730
Density 186.5 /km² (483.1 /sq mi)
Currency Papiermark (before 1923)
Danzig gulden (from 1923)
West Prussia
Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia
Today part of Poland
The Free City of Danzig (German: Freie Stadt Danzig; Polish: Wolne Miasto Gdańsk) was a semi-autonomous city-state that existed between 1920 and 1939, consisting of the Baltic Sea port of Danzig (now Gdańsk, Poland) and nearly 200 towns in the surrounding areas. It was created on 15 November 1920[1][2] in accordance with the terms of Article 100 (Section XI of Part III) of the 1919 Treaty of Versailles after the end of World War I.
The Free City included the city of Danzig and other nearby towns, villages, and settlements that had been primarily inhabited by ethnic Germans. As the Treaty stated, the region was to remain separated from post-World War I Germany (the Weimar Republic) and from the newly independent nation of the Second Polish Republic ("interwar Poland"), but it was not an independent state.[3] The Free City was under League of Nations protection and put into a binding customs union with Poland.
Poland was given full rights to develop and maintain transportation, communication, and port facilities in the city.[4] The Free City was created in order to give Poland access to a well-sized seaport. While the city's population was majority-German, it had a significant Polish minority as well.[5][6][7] The German population deeply resented being separated from Germany, and subjected the Polish minority to discrimination and ethnically based harassment. This was especially true after the Nazi Party gained political control in 1935-36.[8]
Since Poland still was not in complete control of the seaport, especially regarding military equipment, a new seaport was built in nearby Gdynia, beginning 1921.
In 1933, the City's government was taken over by the local Nazi Party which suppressed the democratic opposition. Due to anti-Semitic persecution and oppression, many Jews fled. After the German invasion of Poland in 1939, the Nazis abolished the Free City and incorporated the area into the newly formed Reichsgau of Danzig-West Prussia. The Nazis classified the Poles and Jews living in the city as subhumans, subjecting them to discrimination, forced labor, and extermination. Many were sent to death at Nazi concentration camps, including nearby Stutthof (now Sztutowo, Poland).
During the city's conquest by the Soviet Army in the early months of 1945, many citizens fled or were killed. After the war, many surviving ethnic Germans were expelled and deported to the West when members of the pre-war Polish minority started returning. The city subsequently became part of Poland, as a consequence of the Potsdam Agreement. Polish settlers replaced the German population.
1 Establishment
1.1 Periods of independence and autonomy
1.2 Territory
1.3 Polish rights declared by Treaty of Versailles
1.4 League of Nations High Commissioners
1.5 State Constabulary
2.1 Famous people born in the Free City of Danzig
2.2 Religion
2.2.1 Regional Synodal Federation of the Free City of Danzig
2.2.2 Diocese of Danzig of the Roman Catholic Church
2.2.3 Jewish Danzigers
3.2 German-Polish tensions
3.3 The Danzig crisis
4 Second World War and aftermath
5 In fiction
Establishment[edit]
Periods of independence and autonomy[edit]
Danzig had an early history of independence. It was a leading player in the Prussian Confederation directed against the Teutonic Monastic State of Prussia. The Confederation stipulated with the Polish king, Casimir IV Jagiellon, that the Polish Crown would be invested with the role of head of state of western parts of Prussia (Royal Prussia). In contrast, Ducal Prussia remained a Polish fief. Danzig and other cities such as Elbing and Thorn financed most of the warfare and enjoyed a high level of city autonomy. Danzig used the title Royal Polish City of Danzig.
In 1569, when Royal Prussia's estates agreed to incorporate the region into the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, the city insisted on preserving its special status. It defended itself through the costly Siege of Danzig in 1577 in order to preserve special privileges, and subsequently insisted on negotiating by sending emissaries directly to the Polish king.[citation needed]
Although Danzig became part of the Kingdom of Prussia in the Second Partitition of Poland in 1793, Prussia was conquered by Napoleon Bonaparte in 1806, and in September 1807 Napoleon declared Danzig a semi-independent client state of the French Empire, known as the Free City of Danzig. It lasted seven years, until it was re-incorporated into the Kingdom of Prussia in 1814, after Napoleon's defeat at the Battle of Leipzig (Battle of Nations by a coalition that included Russia, Austria, and Prussia.
Territory[edit]
File:DAN-57-Bank von Danzig-1,000 Gulden (1924).jpg
1,000 Danzig gulden (1924) depicting City Hall
The interwar Free City of Danzig (1920–39) included the city of Danzig (Gdańsk), the towns of Zoppot (Sopot), Oliva (Oliwa), Tiegenhof (Nowy Dwór Gdański), Neuteich (Nowy Staw) and some 252 villages and 63 hamlets, covering a total area of 1,966 square kilometers (754 sq mi).
Polish rights declared by Treaty of Versailles[edit]
The Free City was to be represented abroad by Poland and was to be in a customs union with it. The German railway line that connected the Free City with newly created Poland was to be administered by Poland, as were all rail lines in the territory of the Free City. On November 9, 1920, a convention that provided for the Presence of a Polish diplomatic representative in Danzig was signed between the Polish government and the Danzig authorities. In article 6, the Polish government undertook not to conclude any international agreements regarding Danzig without previous consultation with the Free City's government.[9]
A separate Polish post office was established, besides the existing municipal one.
League of Nations High Commissioners[edit]
Passport of the Free City of Danzig
Unlike Mandatory territories, which were entrusted to member countries, the Free City of Danzig (like the Territory of the Saar Basin) remained directly under the authority of the League of Nations. Representatives of various countries took on the role of High Commissioner:[10]
1 Reginald Thomas Tower 1919–1920 United Kingdom
2 Edward Lisle Strutt 1920 United Kingdom
3 Bernardo Attolico 1920 Italy
4 Richard Cyril Byrne Haking 1921–1923 United Kingdom
5 Mervyn Sorley McDonnell 1923–1925 United Kingdom
6 Joost Adriaan van Hamel 1925–1929 Netherlands
7 Manfredi di Gravina 1929–1932 Italy
8 Helmer Rosting 1932–1934 Denmark
9 Seán Lester 1934–1936 Irish Free State
10 Carl Jakob Burckhardt 1937–1939 Switzerland
The League of Nations refused to let the city-state use the term of Hanseatic City as part of its official name; this referred to Danzig's long-lasting membership in the Hanseatic League.[11]
State Constabulary[edit]
Main article: Free City of Danzig Police
Danzig police arrest a protester in the aftermath of the 1933 Parliamentary Elections.
With the creation of the Free City in the aftermath of World War I a security police force was created on 19 August 1919. On 9 April 1920, a military style marching band, the Musikkorps, was formed. Led by composer Ernst Stieberitz, the police band became well known in the city and abroad. In 1921, Danzig's government reformed the entire institution and established the Schutzpolizei, or protection police.[12] Helmut Froböss became President of the Police (i. e. Chief) on 1 April 1921. He served in this capacity until the German annexation of the city.[12]
The police initially operated from 12 precincts and 7 registration points. In 1926 the number of precincts was reduced to 7.[12]
After the Nazi takeover of the Senate, the police were increasingly used to suppress free speech and political dissent.[13] In 1933, Froböss ordered the left-wing newspapers Danziger Volksstimme and Danziger Landeszeitung to suspend publications for 2 months and 8 days respectively.[14]
By 1939, Polish-German relations had worsened and war seemed a likely possibility. The police began making plans to seize Polish installations within the city, in the event of conflict.[15] Ultimately the Danzig police participated in the September Campaign, fighting alongside the local SS and the German Army at the city's Polish post office and at Westerplatte.[15][16]
Even though the Free City was formally annexed by Nazi Germany in October 1939, the police force more or less continued to operate as a law enforcement agency. The Stutthof concentration camp, 22 miles east of the city, was run by the President of the police as an internment camp from 1939 until November 1941.[17] Administration was finally dissolved when the city was occupied by the Soviets in 1945.
Population density of Poland and the Free City of Danzig (Gdansk), 1930.
The Free City's population rose from 357,000 (1919) to 408,000 in 1929; according to the official census, 95% were Germans,[18]:5, 11 with the rest mainly either Kashubians or Poles. According to E. Cieślak, the population registers of the Free City show that in 1929 the Polish population numbered 35,000, or 9.5% of the population.[19][need quotation to verify]
Henryk Stępniak estimates the 1929 Polish population as around 22,000, or around 6% of the population, increasing to around 13% in the 1930s.[6] Based on the estimated voting patterns (according to Stępniak many Poles voted for the Catholic Zentrumspartei instead of Polish parties), Stępniak estimates the number of Poles in the city to be 25–30% of Catholics living within it or about 30–36 thousand people.[20] Including around 4,000 Polish nationals who were registered in the city, Stępniak estimated the Polish population as 9.4–11% of population.[20] In contrast Stefan Samerski estimates about 10 percent of the 130,000 Catholics were Polish.[21] Andrzej Drzycimski estimates that Polish population at the end of 30s reached 20% (including Poles who arrived after the war)[22]
The Treaty of Versailles required that the newly formed state have its own citizenship, based on residency. German inhabitants lost their German citizenship with the creation of the Free City, but were given the right to re-obtain it within the first two years of the state's existence. Anyone desiring German citizenship had to leave their property and make their residence outside of the Free State of Danzig area in the remaining parts of Germany.[4]
Total population by language, November 1, 1923, according to the Free City of Danzig census[18]:11
German and
Polish, Kashub,
Russian,
Hebrew,
327,827 1,108 6,788 99 22 77 335,921
Non-Danzig
20,666 521 5,239 2,529 580 1,274 30,809
348,493 1,629 12,027 2,628 602 1,351 366,730
95.03% 0.44% 3.28% 0.72% 0.16% 0.37% 100.00%
Famous people born in the Free City of Danzig[edit]
Günter Grass, Nobel laureate in Literature (*1927)
Rupert Neudeck, refugee activist and journalist (*1939)
Klaus Kinski, actor (*1926)
Eddi Arent, actor and comedian (*1925)
Wolfgang Völz, actor and voice actor (*1930)
Ingrid van Bergen, actress (*1931)
Religion[edit]
In 1924, 54.7% of the populace was Protestant (220,731 persons, mostly Lutherans within the united old-Prussian church), 34.5% was Catholic (140,797 persons), and 2.4% Jewish (9,239 persons). Other Protestants included 5,604 Mennonites, 1,934 Calvinists (Reformed), 1,093 Baptists, 410 Free Religionists, as well as 2,129 dissenters, 1,394 faithful of other religions and denominations, and 664 irreligionists.[23][24] The Jewish community grew from 2,717 in 1910 to 7,282 in 1923, and 10,448 in 1929, many of them immigrants from Poland and Russia.[25]
Regional Synodal Federation of the Free City of Danzig[edit]
The then-Lutheran Supreme Parish Church of St. Mary's in Danzig's Rechtstadt quarter.
The mostly Lutheran and partially Reformed congregations situated in the territory of the Free City, which previously used to belong to the Ecclesiastical Province of West Prussia of the Evangelical Church of the old-Prussian Union (EKapU), were transformed into the Regional Synodal Federation of the Free City of Danzig after 1920. The executive body of that ecclesiastical province, the consistory (est. 1 November 1886), was seated in Danzig. After 1920 it was restricted in its responsibility to those congregations within the Free City's territory.[26] General Superintendent Paul Kalweit (1920–1933) and Bishop Johannes Beermann (1933–1945) presided over the consistory, one after another.
Unlike the Second Polish Republic, which opposed the cooperation of the United Evangelical Church in Poland with EKapU, Volkstag and Senate of Danzig approved cross-border religious bodies. Danzig's Regional Synodal Federation — just as the regional synodal federation of the autonomous Memelland — retained the status of an ecclesiastical province within EKapU.[27]
After the German annexation of the Free City in 1939, the EKapU merged the Danzig regional synodal federation in 1940 into the Ecclesiastical Region of Danzig-West Prussia. This included the Polish congregations of the United Evangelical Church in Poland in the homonymous Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia and the German congregations in the West Prussia governorate. Danzig's consistory functioned as an executive body for that region. With the flight and expulsion of most German Protestant parishioners from the area of the Free City of Danzig between 1945 and 1948, the congregations vanished.
In March 1945, the consistory had relocated to Lübeck and opened a refugee centre for Danzigers (Hilfsstelle beim evangelischen Konsistorium Danzig) led by Upper Consistorial Councillor Gerhard M. Gülzow. The Lutheran congregation of St. Mary's Church could relocate its valuable parament collection and the presbytery granted it on loan to St. Annen Museum in Lübeck after the war. Other Lutheran congregations of Danzig could reclaim their church bells, which the Wehrmacht had requisitioned as non-ferrous metal for war purposes since 1940, but which had survived, not yet melted down, in storage (e.g. Glockenfriedhof) in the British zone of occupation. The presbyteries granted them usually to Northwestern German Lutheran congregations which had lost bells due to the war.
Diocese of Danzig of the Roman Catholic Church[edit]
Main article: Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Gdańsk
The Archcathedral of the Holy Trinity, Blessed Virgin Mary and Saint Bernard in Oliva, Danzig.
The 36 Catholic parishes in the territory of the Free City in 1922 used to belong in equal shares to the Diocese of Culm, which was mostly Polish, and the Diocese of Ermland, which was mostly German. While the Second Polish Republic wanted all the parishes within the Free City to form part of Polish Culm, Volkstag and Senate wanted them all to become subject to German Ermland.[28] In 1922 the Holy See suspended the jurisdictions of both dioceses over their parishes in the Free State and established an exempt apostolic administration for the territory.[28]
The first apostolic administrator was Edward O'Rourke who became Bishop of Danzig on the occasion of the elevation of the administration to an exempt diocese. He was naturalised as Danziger on the same occasion. In 1938 he resigned after quarrels with the Nazi-dominated Senate of Danzig on appointments of parish priests of Polish ethnicity.[29] The senate also instigated the denaturalisation of O'Rourke, who subsequently became a Polish citizen. O'Rourke was succeeded by Bishop Carl Maria Splett, a native from the Free City area.
Splett remained bishop after the German annexation of the Free City. In early 1941, he applied for admitting the Danzig diocese as member in Archbishop Adolf Bertram's Eastern German Ecclesiastical Province and thus at the Fulda Conference of Bishops; however, Bertram, also speaker of the Fulda conference, rejected the request.[30] Any arguments that the Free City of Danzig had been annexed to Nazi Germany did not impress Bertram since Danzig's annexation lacked international recognition. Until the reorganization of the Catholic dioceses in Danzig and the formerly eastern territories of Germany the diocesan territory remained unaltered and the see exempt. However, with the replacement of Danzig's population between 1945 and 1948 by mostly-Catholic Poles, the number of Catholic parishes increased and most formerly-Protestant churches were taken over for Catholic services.
Jewish Danzigers[edit]
Great Synagogue on Reitbahn Street in Danzig's Rechtstadt quarter.
Main article: Jewish Community in the Free City of Danzig
Since 1883 most of the Jewish congregations in the later territory of Free State had merged into the Synagogal Community of Danzig. Only the Jews of Tiegenhof ran their own congregation until 1938.
Danzig became a centre of Polish and Russian Jewish emigration to North America. Between 1920 and 1925 60,000 Jews emigrated via Danzig to the US and Canada. At the same time, between 1923 and 1929, Danzig's own Jewish population increased from roughly 7,000 to 10,500.[31] Native Jews and newcomers established themselves in the city and contributed to its civic life, culture and economy. Danzig became a venue for international meetings of Jewish organisations, such as the convention of delegates from Jewish youth organisations of various nations, attended by David Ben-Gurion, which founded the World Union of Jewish Youth on 2 September 1924 in the Schützenhaus venue. On 21 March 1926 the Zionistische Organisation für Danzig convened delegates of Hechalutz from all over for the first conference in Danzig using Hebrew as common language, also attended by Ben Gurion.
With a Nazi majority in the Volkstag and Senate, anti-Semitic persecution and discrimination occurred unsanctioned by the authorities. In contrast to Germany, which exercised capital outflow control since 1931, emigration of Danzig's Jews was nonetheless somewhat easier, with capital transfers enabled by the Bank of Danzig. Moreover, the comparatively-few Danzig Jews were offered easier refuge in safe countries because of favorable Free City migration quotas.
After the anti-Jewish riots of Kristallnacht of 9/10 November 1938 in Germany, similar riots took place on 12/13 November in Danzig.[32][33] The Great Synagogue was taken over and demolished by the local authorities in 1939. Most Jews had already left the city and the Jewish Community of Danzig decided to organize its own emigration in early 1939.[34]
Flag of the Danzig Senate.
File:DAN-62-Bank von Danzig-100 Gulden (1931, specimen).jpg
Danzig coat of arms depicted on a 100 gulden note (1931)
Heads of State of the Free City of Danzig[10]
Presidents of the Danzig Senate
1 Heinrich Sahm 6 December 1920 10 January 1931 None
2 Ernst Ziehm 10 January 1931 20 June 1933 DNVP
3 Hermann Rauschning 20 June 1933 23 November 1934 NSDAP
4 Arthur Karl Greiser 23 November 1934 23 August 1939 NSDAP
State President
5 Albert Forster 23 August 1939 1 September 1939 NSDAP
The Free City was governed by the Senate of the Free City of Danzig, which was elected by the parliament (Volkstag) for a legislative period of four years. The official language was German,[35] although the usage of Polish was guaranteed by law.[36][37] The political parties in the Free City corresponded with the political parties in Weimar Germany; the most influential parties in the 1920s were the conservative German National People's Party, the Social Democratic Party of the Free City of Danzig and the Catholic Centre Party. A Communist Party was founded in 1921 with its origins in the Spartacus League and the Communist Party of East Prussia. Several liberal parties and Free Voter's Associations existed and ran in the elections with varying success. A Polish Party represented the Polish minority and received between 3% (1933) and 6% (1920) of the vote (in total, 4,358 votes in 1933 and 9,321 votes in 1920).[38]
Initially, the Nazi Party had only a small amount of success (0.8% of the vote in 1927) and was even briefly dissolved.[11] Its influence grew with the onset of difficult economic times and the increasing popularity of the Nazi Party in Germany proper. Albert Forster became the Gauleiter in October 1930. The Nazis won 50 percent of votes in the Volkstag elections of 28 May 1933, and took control of the Senate in June 1933, with Hermann Rauschning becoming President of the Senate of Danzig.
Rauschning was removed from his position by Forster and replaced by Arthur Greiser in November 1934.[32] He later appealed to the public not to vote for the Nazis in the 1935 elections.[11] Political opposition to the Nazis was repressed[39] with several politicians being imprisoned and murdered.[40][41] The economic policy of Danzig's Nazi-led government, which increased the public issues for employment-creation programs[42] and the retrenchment of financial aid from Germany led to a devaluation of more than 40% of the Danziger Gulden in 1935.[18][43][44][45][46][47] The Gold reserves of the Bank of Danzig declined from 30 million Gulden in 1933 to 13 million in 1935 and the foreign asset reserve from 10 million to 250,000 Gulden.[48] In 1935, Poland protested when Danzig's Senate reduced the value of the Gulden so that it would be the same as the Polish Zloty.[49]
As in Germany, the Nazis introduced an "Enabling Act" and the racist Nuremberg laws (November 1938);[50] existing parties and unions were gradually banned. The presence of the League of Nations however still guaranteed a minimum of legal certainty. In 1935, the opposition parties, except for the Polish Party, filed a lawsuit to the Danzig High Court in protest against the manipulation of the Volkstag elections.[11][32] The opposition also protested to the League of Nations, as did the Jewish Community of Danzig.[51][52] The number of members of the Nazi Party in Danzig increased from 21,861 in June 1934 to 48,345 in September 1938.[53]
German-Polish tensions[edit]
German Nazi propaganda poster: "Danzig is German".
The rights of the Second Polish Republic within the territory of the Free City were stipulated in the Treaty of Paris of 9 November 1920 and the Treaty of Warsaw of 24 October 1921.[54] The details of the Polish privileges soon became a permanent matter of disputes between the local populace and the Polish State. While the representatives of the Free City tried to uphold the City's autonomy and sovereignty, Poland sought to extend its privileges.[55]
Throughout the Polish–Soviet War, local dockworkers went on strike and refused to unload ammunition supplies for the Polish Army. While the ammunition was finally unloaded by British troops,[56] the incident led to the establishment of a permanent ammunition depot at the Westerplatte and the construction of a trade and naval port in Gdynia,[57] whose total exports and imports surpassed those of Danzig in May 1932.[58] In December 1925, the Council of the League of Nations agreed to the establishment of a Polish military guard of 88 men on the Westerplatte peninsula to protect the war material depot.[59][60]
During the interwar period Polish minority was heavily discriminated by the German population, which openly attacked its members using racist slurs and harassment, and attacks against Polish consulate by German students were praised by authorities[61]
Several disputes between Danzig and Poland occurred in the sequel. The Free City protested against the Westerplatte depot, the placement of Polish letter boxes within the City[62] and the presence of Polish war vessels at the harbour.[63] The attempt of the Free City to join the International Labour Organization was rejected by the Permanent Court of International Justice at the League of Nations after protests of the Polish ILO delegate.[64][65]
After Adolf Hitler came to power in Germany, the Polish military doubled the number of 88 troops at Westerplatte in order to test the reaction of the new chancellor. After protests the additional troops were withdrawn.[66] Nazi propaganda used these events in the Volkstag elections of May 1933, in which Nazis won absolute majority.[67]
Until June 1933, the High Commissioner decided in 66 cases of dispute between Danzig and Poland; in 54 cases one of the parties appealed to the Permanent Court of International Justice.[68] Subsequent disputes were resolved in direct negotiations between the Senate and Poland after both had agreed to abstain from further appeals to the International Court in the summer of 1933 and bilateral agreements were concluded.[69]
In the aftermath of the German-Polish Non-Aggression Pact of 1934, Danzig–Polish relations improved and Adolf Hitler instructed the local Nazi government to cease anti-Polish actions.[70] In return, Poland did not support the actions of the anti-Nazi opposition in Danzig. The Polish Ambassador to Germany, Józef Lipski, stated in a meeting with Hermann Göring[71]
"... that a National Socialist Senate in Danzig is also most desirable from our point of view, since it brought about a rapprochement between the Free City and Poland, I would like to remind him that we have always kept aloof from internal Danzig problems. In spite of approaches repeatedly made by the opposition parties, we rejected any attempt to draw us into action against the Senate. I mentioned quite confidentially that the Polish minority in Danzig was advised not to join forces with the opposition at the time of elections."
When Carl J. Burckhardt became High Commissioner in February 1937, both Poles and Germans openly welcomed his withdrawal, and Polish Minister of Foreign Affairs Józef Beck notified him not to "count on the support of the Polish State" in the case of difficulties with the Senate or the Nazi Party.[72]
While the Senate appeared to respect the agreements with Poland, the "Nazification of Danzig proceeded relentlessly"[73] and Danzig became a springboard for anti-Polish propaganda among the German and Ukrainian minority in Poland.[74] The Catholic Bishop of Danzig, Edward O'Rourke, was forced to withdraw after he had tried to implement four additional Polish nationals as parish priests in October 1937.[29]
The Danzig crisis[edit]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (July 2014)
See also: Polish Corridor
The German policy openly changed immediately after the Munich Conference in October 1938, when German Minister of Foreign Affairs Joachim von Ribbentrop demanded the incorporation of the Free City into the Reich.[75] In April 1939, High Commissioner Burckhardt was told by the Polish Commissioner-General that any attempt to alter its status would be answered with armed resistance on the part of Poland.[76] Tensions escalated into the Danzig crisis during the summer of 1939.
Second World War and aftermath[edit]
1 September 1939: German troops remove Polish insignia at the Polish–Danzig border near Zoppot.
World War II began with the shelling of the Westerplatte on 1 September 1939. Gauleiter Forster entered the High Commissioner's residence and ordered him to leave the City within two hours,[77] and the Free City was formally incorporated into the newly formed Reichsgau of Danzig-West Prussia. Local SS and the police cooperated with the Germans with expelling Polish authorities from in and around the city. Polish civilian Post Office employees had received military training and were in possession of a cache of weapons – mostly pistols, three light machine guns, and some hand grenades – and were thus able to defend the Polish Post Office for fifteen hours. Upon their surrender, they were tried and executed. (The sentence was officially revoked by a German court as illegal in 1998.)[78][79] The Polish military forces in the city held out until 7 September.[citation needed] Up to 4,500 members of Polish minority were arrested with many of them executed[80] In the city itself hundreds of Polish prisoners were subjected to cruel Nazi executions and experiments, which included castration of men and sterilization of women considered dangerous to the "purity of Nordic race" and beheading by guillotine.[81] The judicial system was one of the main tools of extermination policy towards Poles led by Nazi Germany in the city and verdicts were motivated by statements that Poles are subhuman[82] By the end of the Second World War, nearly all the city had been reduced to ruins. On 30 March 1945, the city was taken by the Red Army. A number of inhabitants of the city perished when the military training ship Wilhelm Gustloff used for evacuation was sunk. It had up to 10,000 refugees on board at the time, including about 1,000 seriously wounded soldiers and sailors.
At the Yalta Conference in February 1945, the Allies agreed that the city would become part of Poland.[83] In 1947, a Free City of Danzig Government in Exile was established.
By 1950, around 285,000 fled and expelled citizens of the former Free City were living in Germany,[citation needed] and 13,424 citizens of the former Free City had been "verified" and granted Polish citizenship.[84] By 1947, 126,472 Danzigers of German ethnicity were expelled to Germany from Gdańsk, and 101,873 Poles from Central Poland and 26,629 from Soviet-annexed Eastern Poland took their place.[84]
In fiction[edit]
Historical Danzig forms the setting for several major works of Nobel Prize-winning author Günter Grass, including his acclaimed Danzig Trilogy novels The Tin Drum and Dog Years, as well as in his memoirs. Grass grew up in the Danzig suburb of Langfuhr (now Wrzeszcz).[citation needed]
Areas annexed by Nazi Germany
Danzig Corridor
Alfons Flisykowski
Danzig Research Society
History of Gdańsk
Administrations of Danzig before April 1945
Stutthof concentration camp
^ Loew, Peter Oliver (February 2011). Danzig – Biographie einer Stadt (in German). C.H. Beck. p. 189. ISBN 978-3-406-60587-1.
^ Samerski, Stefan (2003). Das Bistum Danzig in Lebensbildern (in German). LIT Verlag. p. 8. ISBN 3-8258-6284-4.
^ Kaczorowska, Alina (2010-07-21). Public International Law. Routledge. p. 199. ISBN 0-203-84847-0.
^ a b Yale Law School. "The Versailles Treaty June 28, 1919: Part III". The Avalon Project. Retrieved May 3, 2007.
^ Chestermann, Simon (2004). You, the People; United Nations, Transitional Administration and State building. Oxford University Press. p. 20. ISBN 978-0-19-926348-6. Retrieved 2011-04-26.
^ a b Zapiski historyczne: Volume 60, page 256, Towarzystwo Naukowe w Toruniu. Wydział Nauk Historycznych – 1995
^ he Danzig Dilemma; a Study in Peacemaking by Compromise John Brown Mason page 4-5
^ Levine, Herbert S., Hitler's Free City: A History of the Nazi Party in Danzig, 1925-39 (University of Chicago Press, 1970), p. 102.
^ Text in League of Nations Treaty Series, vol. 6, pp. 190–207.
^ a b "Danzig subsection of Poland entry from World Statesmen.org".
^ a b c d Matull, Wilhelm (1973). "Ostdeutschlands Arbeiterbewegung: Abriß ihrer Geschichte, Leistung und Opfer" (PDF) (in German). Holzner. p. 419.
^ a b c Police of Freie Stadt Danzig
^ Policja. Kwartalnik kadry kierowniczej Policji (in Polish)
^ HeinOnline 15 League of Nations (1934) (translated from German)
^ a b Danzig: Der Kampf um die polnische Post (in German)
^ Williamson, D. G. Poland Betrayed: The Nazi-Soviet Invasions of 1939 p. 66
^ United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Holocaust Encyclopedia - Danzig
^ a b c Mason, John Brown (1946). The Danzig Dilemma, A Study in Peacemaking by Compromise. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-2444-9. Retrieved 2011-04-26.
^ Cieślak, E Biernat, C (1995) History of Gdánsk, Fundacji Biblioteki Gdanskiej, P455
^ a b Ludność polska w Wolnym Mieście Gdańsku, 1920–1939, page 37, Henryk Stępniak, Wydawnictwo "Stella Maris", 1991, "Przyjmując, że Polacy gdańscy stanowili 25 — 30% ogólnej liczby ludności katolickiej Wolnego Miasta Gdańska, liczącej w 1920 r. około 110 000 osób, można ustalić, że w liczbach bezwzględnych stanowiło można ustalić, że w liczbach bezwzględnych stanowiło to 30- – 36 tyś. osób. Jeśli do liczby tej dodamy ok. 4 tyś. ludności obywatelstwa polskiego, otrzymamy łącznie ok. 9,4–11% ogółu ludności."
^ Stuthoff Zeszyty 4 4 Stanislaw Mikos Recenzje i omówienia Andrzej Drzycimski, Polacy w Wolnym Mieście Gdańsku /1920 – 1933/. Polityka Seantu gdańskiego wobec ludności polskiej Wrocław – Warszawa – Kraków – Gdańsk 1978,
^ Die Freie Stadt Danzig(German)
^ Dr. Juergensen, Die freie Stadt Danzig, Danzig: Kafemann, 1925.
^ Bacon, Gershon C.; Vivian B. Mann; Joseph Gutmann (1980). Danzig Jewry: A Short History. Jewish Museum (New York). p. 31. ISBN 978-0-8143-1662-7.
^ Those congregations in Polish-annexed West Prussia (Pomeranian Voivodeship) merged into the new United Evangelical Church in Poland, which emerged from the old-Prussian Posen ecclesiastical province, with its consistory seated in Poznań.
^ In June 1922 the Senate of Danzig and the old-Prussian ecclesiastical executive, the Evangelical Supreme Ecclesiastical Council (Evangelischer Oberkirchenrat, EOK), concluded a contract to that end. Cf. Adalbert Erler, Die rechtliche Stellung der evangelischen Kirche in Danzig, Berlin: 1929, simultaneously Univ. of Greifswald, Department of Law and Politics, doctor thesis of 21 February 1929, pp. 36 seqq.
^ a b Georg May. Ludwig Kaas: der Priester, der Politiker und der Gelehrte aus der Schule von Ulrich Stutz. John Benjamins Publishing. p. 175. ISBN 978-90-6032-197-3.
^ a b Samerski, Stefan; Reimund Haas; Karl Josef Rivinius; Hermann-Josef Scheidgen (2000). Ein aussichtsloses Unternehmen – Die Reaktivierung Bischof Eduard Graf O'Rourkes 1939 (PDF) (in German). Böhlau Verlag Köln Weimar. p. 378. ISBN 3-412-04100-9.
^ Hans-Jürgen Karp; Joachim Köhler (2001). Katholische Kirche unter nationalsozialistischer und kommunistischer Diktatur: Deutschland und Polen 1939–1989. Böhlau Verlag Köln Weimar. p. 162. ISBN 978-3-412-11800-6.
^ Ruhnau, Rüdiger (1971). Danzig: Geschichte einer Deutschen Stadt (in German). Holzner Verlag. p. 94.
^ a b c Sodeikat, Ernst (1966). "Der Nationalsozialismus und die Danziger Opposition" (PDF) (in German). Institut für Zeitgeschichte. p. 139 ff.
^ Grass, Günther; Vivian B. Mann; Joseph Gutmann; Jewish Museum (New York, N.Y.) (1980). Danzig 1939, treasures of a destroyed community. The Jewish Museum, New York. p. 33. ISBN 978-0-8143-1662-7.
^ Gdansk at the Jewish Virtual Library.
^ Lemkin, Raphael (2008-06-30). Axis Rule in Occupied Europe. The Lawbook Exchange, Ltd. p. 155. ISBN 978-1-58477-901-8.
^ (German) Constitution of Danzig
^ Matull, "Ostdeutschlands Arbeiterbewegung", p. 419.
^ (German) Die Freie Stadt Danzig, Wahlen 1919–1935
^ Ratner, Steven R. (1995-02-15). The new UN peacekeeping. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 94. ISBN 0-312-12415-5.
^ Sodeikat, p.170, p. 173, Fn.92
^ Matull, "Ostdeutschlands Arbeiterbewegung", p. 440, 450.
^ Burckhardt, Carl Jakob. Meine Danziger Mission (in German). p. 39.
Lichtenstein, Erwin (1973). Die Juden der Freien Stadt Danzig unter der Herrschaft des Nationalsozialismus (in German). p. 44.
^ Loose, Ingo (2007). Kredite für NS-Verbrechen (in German). Institut für Zeitgeschichte. p. 33. ISBN 978-3-486-58331-1.
^ Andrzejewski, Marek (1994). Opposition und Widerstand in Danzig (in German). Dietz. p. 99. ISBN 9783801240547.
^ Cieslak, Edmund; Biernat, Czeslaw (1995). History of Gdańsk. Fundacji Biblioteki Gdánskiej. p. 454. ISBN 9788386557004.
^ Matull, "Ostdeutschlands Arbeiterbewegung", pp. 417, 418.
^ Intelligence Service Economic Intelligence Service; Service, Intellige Economic Intelligence (2007-03-01). Commercial Banks 1929–1934. League of Nations. p. LXXXIX. ISBN 978-1-4067-5963-1.
^ Ruhnau, Rüdiger (1971). Danzig: Geschichte einer Deutschen Stadt (in German). Holzner Verlag. p. 103.
^ Schwartze-Köhler, Hannelore (June 2009). "Die Blechtrommel" von Günter Grass:Bedeutung, Erzähltechnik und Zeitgeschichte (in German). Frank & Timme GmbH. p. 396. ISBN 978-3-86596-237-9.
^ Kreutzberger, Max (1970). Leo Baeck Institute New York Bibliothek und Archiv (in German). Mohr Siebeck. p. 67. ISBN 978-3-16-830772-3.
^ Bacon, Gershon C. "Danzig Jewry: A Short History". Jewish Virtual Library.
^ Grzegorz Berendt (August 2006). "Gdańsk – od niemieckości do polskości" (PDF). Biuletyn Instytutu Pamięci Narodowej IPN (in Polish). Nr. 8–9 (67–68): 53.
^ Hannum, Hurst (2011-10-12). Autonomy, Sovereignty and Self-Determination. University of Pennsylvania. p. 375. ISBN 978-0-8122-1572-4.
^ Stahn, Carsten (2008-05-22). The Law and Practice of International Territorial Administration. Cambridge University Press. p. 173 ff, 177. ISBN 978-0-521-87800-5.
^ Hutt, Alan (2006-05-30). The Post-War history of the British Working Class. READ BOOKS. p. 38. ISBN 978-1-4067-9826-5.
^ Buell, Raymond Leslie (2007-03-31). Poland – Key to Europe. READ BOOKS. p. 159. ISBN 978-1-4067-4564-1.
^ Eugene van Cleef, "Danzig and Gdynia," Geographical Review, Vol. 23, No. 1. (Jan., 1933): 106.
^ Cieślak, E Biernat, C (1995) History of Gdańsk, Fundacji Biblioteki Gdanskiej. p. 436
^ By a decision of the League Council in December 1925, the guard which the Poles were entitled to maintain on this spot [Westerplatte peninsula] was limited to 88 men, though the number might be increased with the consent of the High Commissioner. Geoffrey Malcolm Gathorne-Hardy. A Short History of International Affairs, 1920 to 1934. Royal institute of international affairs (1934). Oxford University Press. p. 384.
^ Mit Gdańska, mit Grassa Zdzisław Krasnodębski, Rzeczpospolita
^ worldcourts.com PCIJ, Advisory Opinion No. 11
^ Lauterpacht, H (1936). International Law Reports 1929–1930. Advisory Opinion No 18: Free City of Danzig and International Labour Organization on August 26, 1930, Collection of Advisory Opinions: Free City of Danzig and International Labour Organization, No. 18 Series B File F (1930). H. Lauterpacht. ISBN 978-0-521-46350-8. Retrieved 2009-08-30.
^ Hargreaves, R (2010) Blitzkrieg Unleashed: The German Invasion of Poland, 1939 P31-2
^ Epstein, C (2012) Model Nazi: Arthur Greiser and the Occupation of Western Poland, Oxford University Press P58
^ Hurst Hannum, p. 377.
^ Schlochauer, Hans J.; Krüger, Herbert; Mosler, Hermann (1960-05-01). Wörterbuch des Völkerrechts; Aachener Kongress – Hussar Fall (in German). de Gruyter Verlag. pp. 307, 309. ISBN 978-3-11-001030-5.
^ Hiden, John; Lane, Thomas; Prazmowska, Anita J. (1992). The Baltic and the Outbreak of the Second World War. Cambridge University Press. p. 74 ff, 80. ISBN 0-521-40467-3.
^ Prazmowska, p. 80.
^ Wasserstein, Bernard (2007). Barbarism and Civilization. Oxford University Press. p. 279. ISBN 978-0-19-873074-3.
^ Woodward, E.L., Butler, Rohan, Orde, Anne, editors, Documents on British Foreign Policy 1919–1939, 3rd series, vol.v, HMSO, London, 1952:25
^ Bleimeier, John Kuhn (1990-03-01). Hague Yearbook of International Law. Martinus Nijhoff Publ. p. 91. ISBN 0-7923-0655-4.
^ Dieter Schenk (1995). Die Post von Danzig: Geschichte eines deutschen Justizmords. p. 150. ISBN 3-498-06288-3.
^ Dieter Schenk, Die Post von Danzig
^ Służba Więzienna / Okręgowy Inspektorat Służby Więziennej Gdańsk / Areszt Śledczy Gdańsk
^ Eksterminacyjna i dyskryminacyjna działalność hitlerowskich sądów okręgu Gdańsk-Prusy Zachodnie w latach 1939-1945 "W wyrokach używano często określeń obraźliwych dla Polaków w rodzaju: "polscy podludzie" Edmund Zarzycki Wydawn. Uczelniane WSP, 1981
^ The History of Poland Since 1863 By Robert F. Leslie page 281
^ a b Bykowska, Sylwia (2005). "Gdańsk – Miasto (Szybko) Odzyskane". Biuletyn Instytutu Pamięci Narodowej (in Polish). 9–10 (56–57): 35–44. ISSN 1641-9561. Retrieved 2009-07-24.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Free City of Danzig.
Extensive Prussian/ Danzig Historical Materials (many in German)
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Celebration of Gdańsk's centenary in 1997
History & Hallucination, Wanderlust, Salon.com, January 5, 1998.
The power of Gdansk at the Wayback Machine (archived September 30, 2007)
1933 Danzig passport, from passportland.com.
First hand account of growing up in Danzig in the 1930s, a video interview.
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Apple stores are replacing screws on the iPhone 4 handsets they repair with tamper-proof screws, in a move to prevent anyone else from opening the device.
The Cupertino, Calif.-based company's stores are now replacing screws on iPhone 4 models brought in by customers with tamper-proof screws to prevent unauthorized repairs or hacks, according to one of its repair and parts suppliers. When customers bring in their iPhones for repairs into an Apple store in the U.S., technicians now swap out the commonly-used Phillips screws that the device shipped with, replacing them with so-called "Pentalobe" screws that are near-impossible for consumers to open.
Customers are not informed of the switch, which was begun in late fall last year, according to sources with firsthand knowledge of the matter.
The new screws were inserted to keep prevent customers from replacing the battery and opening up their own phones, according to Kyle Wiens, chief executive of iFixit, a prominent Apple repair and parts supplier. IFixit is also known to make "teardown" kits to help iPhone owners take apart their devices for self-repair, in an effort to cut down on waste and landfills.
The company is well-known, however, for discouraging individual modification and "hacks" to its devices and for maintaining strict control over its proprietary parts. Apple currently replaces iPhone batteries free if the device is under warranty, but otherwise charges $79 for a new battery replacement.
An enterprising customer previously may have been able to buy batteries from a third-party and swap them out on their own, but the new screws are designed to stop that. "Apple wants to be in the business of selling you the new battery," said Wiens.
The screws have been used previously by the company on MacBook Pros, since at least 2009, as well as the current MacBook Air and non-US iPhone 4.
Another douche move. That would be like taking your car in for repair and them replacing the bolts on your tires so you can't fix a flat. Don't you own you iPhone? Shouldn't you have the option of having it modified? I would think so but "choice" is not the Apple way.
Apple is teh evil. The sky is falling.
Give me a break. This might affect the tiniest percentage of Apple users who actually want to muck about with their equipment. The requisite screwdrivers will soon be widely available for those who want them. iFixit already has one for sale.
Actually, I sympathize with iFixit (which is a terrific resource), but this issue, like most anti-Apple screeds, is overblown.
Yes, well it's not the end of the world but they are modifying the product without your consent and it's a complete waste of time.
I agree that iFixit does seem pretty awesome. F the Apple store.
at the sacrifice of the connectors and housings most li-PO batteries have inbound devices..
on an iPod.. If you can get past removing the screen.. an are prepared to solder already.. a little $1 screwdriver is all that's needed..
most consumers don't have a proper 001 Philips head driver either..
The thing that all Apple users talk about is not having to "tinker" with their devices. They let the help do it for them.


FOXBusiness.com's Kate Rogers with author and entrepreneur Melinda Emerson on how to dominate on social media and grow your business in the process.
"Be sweet, retweet." A simple phrase Melinda Emerson has coined, and one that has helped her amass a loyal and engaged following online.
The entrepreneur and author, known as the "Small Biz Lady" to her followers, says sharing others' content on social media has allowed her to grow and develop her brand on the Web.
Emerson says entrepreneurs should first find engaged members of the social-media communities that fit your brand. The most important thing is to be clear about who you want to chat with online, and let them know who you are and how to reach you, says Emerson.
Another no-no for Emerson? Cross-promoting. Although it may be tempting for a small business owner strapped for time, she says its can turn off potential customers if you bombard them with too much information.
Step 1: Know where your target customer spends time. "You should be listening first—go out there and figure out where your best target customer spends time online, and then join the conversation," she says.
Step 3: Develop quality content. Many times this can be done by sharing others' content, says Emerson. "I started out my Twitter following by sharing other people's content online, before I ever launched by own blog," she says.


In 1327 BC, Tutankhamun was buried in a tomb in the Valley of the Kings. On 25 November 1922 AD his tomb was discovered by a team of archaeologists lead by Howard Carter. Modern archaeologists began excavating the valley seriously in 1898, but they never found a tomb with its treasures still intact due to … Read moreTutankhamun's Tomb – Discovered!


Police on Tuesday released surveillance images of two suspects connected to a shooting last month at a San Jose liquor store that killed a 43-year-old man.
The Dec. 14 shooting at El Rancho Liquors, located at the corner of West Alma and Almaden avenues killed Nathan Johnson-Harper of Fresno.
Police have released little details about the fatal shooting and said that a motive is under investigation.
The first suspect is described as a possibly Hispanic man in his 20s with a medium build, curly medium length hair, a mustache and goatee. He was last seen wearing a black jacket, a black T-shirt and light blue jeans.


Ciuni & Panichi, Inc, a Cleveland CPA Firm, was founded in 1973 by Chairman Charles Ciuni, CPA, and Senior Director Vincent Panichi, CPA. Today it is one of the largest accounting firms in Northeastern Ohio employing 60 people of which 25 are CPAs. The firm has one office in Beachwood.
In the early 70s the founding partners observed local accounting firms dissolving when the founding partners became retirement age. So Vince and Chuck set up a longevity plan to encourage accountants to grow with the firm and lead it to the next generation and beyond. The result is a team of highly qualified and experienced professionals serving clients.
Additionally the founding partners vowed to maintain cutting edge technology to increase efficiency to allow experienced CPAs to be proactive in helping our clients be successful.
These practices, combined with the firm's commitment to provide superior customer service, have sustained the firm for more than 40 years.


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text:
Volume 1, Chapter 05: Canine Audiology
Written by Kristine E. Sonstrom, Au.D., Ph.D. & Peter M. Scheifele, MDr, Ph.D
Studies of canine hearing using auditory measures have been ongoing since the 1980's. Congenital deafness has been identified in over 80 breeds of dog. Auditory evoked potentials, specifically, the auditory brainstem response, or brainstem auditory evoked response, is the gold standard for auditory assessment in dogs. Hearing loss in dogs can either be inherited or acquired. Inherited hearing loss results from genetic defects, commonly occurring in dogs with white pigmentation patterns, whereas acquired hearing loss can originate from intrauterine infection, middle ear dysfunction, ototoxicity, presbycusis, or noise exposure. To identify congenital hearing loss a hearing screen is warranted. To identify the type and degree of hearing loss, a diagnostic audiological assessment is warranted. Protocols for screening have been previously identified and adhered to over the past several years; however, standardized protocols specifically for diagnostic testing in dogs vary across the literature. Diagnostic testing should include a battery of audiological measures to ensure a comprehensive assessment of the outer, middle and inner ear, vestibulocochlear nerve and central auditory pathway. Research is ongoing regarding effective and practical assessment approaches in dogs for diagnostic purposes. A review of canine hearing, anatomy and physiology of the auditory system and common audiological assessments used for this population will be covered. The status of contemporary canine audiology practices will be discussed, including current advances about auditory cognition and noise induced hearing loss in dogs. Suggestions will be proposed regarding the future direction of the field. The management of hearing loss in dogs, including recommendations for training and rehabilitation will conclude this chapter.
No material has been deposited.
Kristine Sonstrom, Au.D., Ph.D
Dr. Sonstrom is an Assistant Professor of Audiology at the University of Akron (Northeast Ohio Audiology Consortium) and Director of the Facility for the Education and Testing of Canine Hearing and the Laboratory for Animal Bioacoustics (FETCHLAB)TM Akron. She holds a Bachelor's and Master's degree in Animal Science from the University of Connecticut and a dual Doctorate in Clinical Audiology and Hearing Science from the University of Cincinnati. Her research interests include auditory electrophysiology, animal audiology and bioacoustics, neuroaudiology, and vestibular assessment. Through education and research,Dr. Sonstrom has worked collaboratively with Dr. Scheifele, the founder and executive director of FETCHLABTM, over the past 13 years on projects pertaining to the assessment and management of hearing in animals. She can be reached at This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. .'; document.write(''); document.write(addy_text4806); document.write('<\/a>'); //-->\n This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.
Peter 'Skip' Scheifele, MDr, PhD, LCDR USN (Ret.)
Dr. Scheifele is an Associate Professor in the College of Allied Health Sciences and the College of Medicine at the University of Cincinnati. Dr. Scheifele's degrees are in physics, physical oceanography, electives in mechanical engineering, medicine, speech and hearing science and animal science. He is the Founder and Executive Director of FETCHLAB™ (Facility for Education and Testing of Canine Hearing and Laboratory for Animal Bioacoustics), a world-renowned animal audiology laboratory and clinic, including: FETCHLAB UNC (University of Northern Colorado) under the direction of Katie Bright, Ph.D. and FETCHLAB Akron (University of Akron) under the direction of Kristine E. Sonstrom Au.D., Ph.D. He is a Navy Vietnam Era Veteran; Submarine Officer/Diver and Oceanographer. Dr. Scheifele directed the Navy Marine Mammal Technology Program and was a head trainer at Mystic Aquarium. He was awarded the Order of the Decibel and a presidential citation for pioneering work in marine mammal bioacoustics. Dr. Scheifele trained and handled narcotics and bomb dogs for the U.S. Coast Guard. Currently serves as the U.S. Army Special Forces/Department of Defense subject matter expert on tactical military working dog audiology. He can be reached at: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.


text:
Juan M. Escobar
My family has been in South Texas since 1753. In 1972, after serving a tour of duty in Vietnam as a United States Marine, I was stationed in Washington, D.C. with the Presidential Honor Guard. My duties were mostly funerals. It was in late July of that year, that Senator Ellender from Lousiana passed on and I, along with eight other military personnel were assigned to escort his body back Houma, Lousiana for burial. After the funeral we were told and ordered to return back to Washington on board the Congressional delegation's airplane. I was the last person to board the plane and went all the way to the back were I set next to Senator Ted Kenedy. He told me "Sit down Sgt. and enjoy yourself, unbutton your coat. I see that you were wounded in Vietnam." I said "Yes Sir." He than said "where are you from" and I said that I was from Texas. He than asked "Where in Texas?" and I responded that I was from South Texas. He surprised me when he said: "do not tell me from Starr County." I said "Yes, Sir." He went on to tell me that he had been in Starr County in '68 during the Onion Fields Strike led by the United Farm Workers and Tony Orindien. I relaxed and enjoyed a 2 or 1 1/2 hour chat with him all the way back to D.C.
Over the years I tried to visit him, to see if he remembered the occassion, but I never was able too do so. I left the U.S. Marine Corps in 1973, went to college and became a teacher and a coach. Later I joined the U.S. Border Patrol, and I served in two different school boards. I retired in 2003 and became a member of the Texas House of Representatives. My condolences to the Kenedy Family for the loss of a great American and a true hero to us in South Texas.


The title diorganotin compound, [Sn(CH3)2(C28H32N2O4)], features a distorted SnC2NO2 coordination geometry almost inter-mediate between ideal trigonal-bipyramidal and square-pyramidal. The dianionic Schiff base ligand coordinates in a tridentate fashion via two alkoxide O and hydrazinyl N atoms; an intra-molecular hy-droxy-O - H...N(hydrazin-yl) hydrogen bond is noted. The alk-oxy chain has an all-trans conformation, and to the first approximation, the mol-ecule has local mirror symmetry relating the two Sn-bound methyl groups. Supra-molecular layers sustained by imine-C - H...O(hy-droxy), π-π [between dec-yloxy-substituted benzene rings with an inter-centroid separation of 3.7724 (13) Å], C - H...π(arene) and C - H...π(chelate ring) inter-actions are formed in the crystal; layers stack along the c axis with no directional inter-actions between them. The presence of C - H...π(chelate ring) inter-actions in the crystal is clearly evident from an analysis of the calculated Hirshfeld surface.


text:
Proposition 112: Dissecting the science behind the oil and gas setbacks initiative
The fight over 112 has lured big money, clashes over interpretation of health studies
By John Aguilar | The Denver Post
GREELEY, CO - OCTOBER 11: Workers watch the progress of the wire line (right) on one of the 12 wells being fracked at the SRC Energy fracking site, Greeley Rothe Pad October 11, 2018 in Greeley, Colorado. (Photo by Joe Amon/The Denver Post)
Joe Amon
"The OEHHA chronic benzene REL considers several studies published after USEPA's 2002 benzene assessment, which found increased efficiency of benzene metabolism at low doses, decreased peripheral blood cell counts at low doses (800−1860 μg/m3)…"
It takes another 20 words — with terms like "metabolic enzymes" and "benzene detoxification" — to close out this sentence from a recent University of Colorado study that looked at the potential health impacts of Front Range oil and gas operations. Thousands of equally abstruse passages fill hundreds of other studies from around the world examining the effects of drilling and hydraulic fracturing on human health.
Welcome to the science behind Proposition 112, the oil and gas setbacks measure that will likely be among the most complex ballot issues to ever go before Colorado voters.
The initiative aims to increase the required distance of any newly drilled wells from homes, schools and water sources to 2,500 feet. The current setback is 500 feet from homes and 1,000 feet from densely occupied buildings, like hospitals and schools.


text:
<!DOCTYPE html>

	<title> Girls Security </title>
	<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="girl.css">

 Security Of Girls By Them

 So, What You should Do?

 First of all, Don't think all of boys are the same. Yup we agree that most of the boys are into the things like harrsements and all that but trust me not everybody is like that. Now let's get back to Topic, What should you do. It is Listed below in the list.

 Remove The Fear :

 That you are not safe.

 You are safe everywhere.

 Don't think all the time that you are not safe. It will discomfort you and lead to unwanted stress.

 Go to parties and party hard. But leave home only with your parents permissions.

 You have all the rights to go outside and do fun activities.

 Let yourself be open in Society. Explore and gain EXPERIENCE. It will lead to a better Future.

 Tell The Truth :

 Always tell your parents where are you going.

 Tell your parents all about your life.

Try keeping safe distance from friends.

If you found yourself in any difficulties tell your parents about it, avoid friends.

If your parents say NO to something please don't do it. They are not your enemies. They know everything so obey them.

 Be Strong :

Learn Self-Defence.

Avoid martial arts if you just want to protect yourself from beasics. First complete the basics of Self-defence and if you have a long-term commitment then go for Martial-Arts.

As the basic Self-Defence keep PEPPER SPRAY with you.

Learn How to Escape from the scene if you get caught in any situation.

Get the basic knowledge of the Self-Defence Laws. And learn how can you attack the attckers and BE SAFE.

 Awerness :

Always Look for if you are valnurable of HOME-JACKING or HOTEL-JACKING.

HOME-JACKING is a process of breaking into the homes by workers by coming into home as a help or service man and take all the info of yourself. Then they attack whenever the time is good for them.

HOTEL-JACKING is same process as HOME-JACKING. In this Waiter is the MAN-IN-THE-MIDDLE. He takes all the Info and break down in night through windows and duplicate keys.

Most of the things happen in Most Famous Hotel or Very poor hotels. Try staying in Mid-Ranged hotel.

Always check out for any CAMERA in CHANGING-ROOM. They can BLACKMAIL you with that clip and If you got caught try contacting the police or concern person with solid proof.

Try Using your 6th-SENSE. And if you find something wrong contact to relatives imediately and get out of there.

If you are travelling alone in the night or any time, If you find something suspious capture the photo of Number-plate and send it to someone.

Whenever travelling, keep all the windows open and If the car is stopped then open the doors. It will Help you a lot.

If you are travelling alone, Give more money and Buy a full time ride. So you can be sure that you are SAFE. Because most of the crime is done when the girl is travelling alone.

 Cyber Security :

Although Internet is fun and Entertainment thing, It can also be Very Dangerous sometimes if you don't care.

When Commnucating use nick-name and try not using original address.

Avoid un-neccesary use of SOCIAL-MEDIA.

Try uploading less photos that doen't matter.

Only Accept the known guys.

Set your privacy to Friends Instead of Everyone.

Avoid to open Social-Media accounts in others PC or Phone.

Upload only clean photos of you.

Avoid sending photos online to someone.

 Relationship Matters but not at This Cost :

We know that at some age, Love is obivious thing.

Avoid sending photos to strangers.

If you have a BF try keeping all your chat clean and phtos cleaner.

Avoid sending Nudes to your Loving Ones. If they love you they dont ask for it forcefully. Sending it or not is personal choice.

When talking to strangers keep topics good and educational.

Inspired By Heta and Her MOM.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Beaches are soft frontline in the climate change war
Conference airs resilience, science, and value concerns
Tom Groening
By Tom Groening
The sunny, vacation-vibe we associate with beaches was doused like a pelting thunderstorm at the 12th Beaches Conference in Kittery on June14. Instead of swimming and sunbathing, the gathering addressed the dire realities of sea level rise, unprecedentedly big storms, and dying marshes.
"Why invest in Main Street if it's going to be underwater?" asked Andy Dorr, Vinalhaven's town manager, as he described at the conference's opening the steps the island community is taking to prepare for that grim prognosis.
In 2015, the town formed a sea-level rise committee, which held public meetings and developed a check list of issues to consider.
"The check list gets you to think about risk and vulnerability," he said. On the island, it's more than the harbor-front Main Street that rising waters will impact. Bridges and roads across the island also are vulnerable, Dorr said.
The town's work brought changes to ordinances, the comprehensive plan, and capital improvement budgets.
Another victim of rising seas, which may have escaped general notice, is our cultural history. Rodney Rowland of Portsmouth, N.H.'s Strawberry Banke Museum, talked about the impact flooding was having on some of that city's early 17th century buildings.
"Our history is going underwater. Water is everywhere now," he said, as he displayed slides showing the basement of one of the historic buildings flooded from an especially high tide. Standing water inside—salt and fresh—and outside at the sills of the old houses, along with lingering high humidity are taking their toll, Rowland said.
Though remediation has been achieved by pouring concrete floors in basements and sealing the outside of foundations, the question remains: "Do choices have to be made as to what cultural resources are preserved?"
The museum is raising $500,000 to address predicted impacts from rising seas.
Climate change also is affecting the animal world on the Maine and New Hampshire coasts.
Sarah Perez of the Seacoast Science Center in Rye, N.H., who helps rescue seals—harp and hooded seals, which visit in winter, and harbor and grey seals, which live there year-round—said the animals have been observed eating sand, trying to get hydrated, because of the lack of freshwater ice on the shore.
Gabriela Bradt of the University of New Hampshire described the impact invasive green crabs are having. The crabs can eat up to 40 softshell clams a day, and also consume eel grass, which results in the collapse of the muddy banks of estuaries.
SHIFTING SHORELINES
Those shifting shorelines were the subject of a break-out session at the conference, at which presenters discussed specific fixes and delineated "living" shorelines from "hard" fixes.
Kirsten Howard of New Hampshire's Coastal Program described a pilot program at Wagon Hill Farm in Durham. The city purchased the farm on the Oyster River in 1989, and has been addressing erosion issues.
Instead of a rip-rap, or rock wall on an upper bank, as has been done before, "Let's think about a living, flexible, flood-resistant shoreline," she said, which includes "putting back the marsh that might have been there before."
Marshes absorb storm and tide surge and limit erosion; New Hampshire is projected to lose as much as 95 percent of its salt marshes, she said.
Seawall construction will be banned, Howard said, unless it is the only option protecting public infrastructure.
Gregg Moore of the University of New Hampshire explained his work investigating the death of beach grass on his state's coast. The cause was believed to be microscopic nematodes feeding on the roots, leaving what looked like the remnants of a bonfire after a die-off. But subsequent study revealed the worms were present in both dead areas and where healthy grass grew.
Moore and his students experimented with soil amendments, using lime in some places, grass fertilizer in others, and both in still other areas. The results showed that combining lime and off-the-shelf fertilizer helped sustain the important beach grass, and he is encouraging those who live near dunes to apply this mix.
Alison Sirois of Maine's Department of Environmental Protection explained how in her state, "living shorelines," including one in Maquoit Bay, are being built with bags of oysters, secured with oak stakes. Logs laid perpendicular to the shore allow ice to slide up, so as to not destroy the structures.
REAL ESTATE IMPACTS
Erika Spanger-Siegfried of the Union of Concerned Scientists noted that 40 percent of the U.S. population lives on just 10 percent of the country's land—the counties that touch salt water. "We put all this stuff here because we thought we understood the risks," she said, yet sea levels have risen by 7 inches since 1900. In Norfolk, Virg., the seas have risen 8 inches since 1970.
The result is what she called "chronic inundation." By 2045, some 300,000 homes and commercial properties will see "flooding on a chronic basis." In Maine and New Hampshire, some 3,000 homes and buildings will be affected.
Mike Bellamente of Keller-Williams Coastal Realty of Portsmouth confirmed the obvious: homes under threat of flooding are appreciating in value less than those not under threat. In New Hampshire, that means a loss of $15 million in value; in New England, a total of $330 million in lost value.
Sue Baker of Maine's Floodplain Management Program noted that "There is no national mandate for flood hazard disclosure" within real estate law. There are 8,200 federal flood insurance policies in Maine.
"That's way, way, way under-insured," she said.
A beach in East Blue Hill at low tide.


Check that MIL lights up.
NO >> Proceed to EC-467, "Diagnosis Procedure".
NO >> Perform trouble diagnosis for DTC UXXXX. Refer to EC-94, "DTC Index".
Check DTC with combination meter. Refer to MWI-17, "CONSULT Function (METER/M&A)".
NO >> Perform trouble diagnosis for DTC indicated. Refer to MWI-26, "DTC Index".


text:
Jerusalem Post Diaspora
Analysis: Donald Trump, Israel and the Jews
The controversial Republican candidate will find it difficult to leverage his pro-Israel positions to gain Jewish votes.
By EYTAN GILBOA
Published: DECEMBER 28, 2015 09:18
Updated: DECEMBER 25, 2017 14:53
THE DONALD Trump phenomenon is challenging both Israel and American Jewry.
Trump, who continues to lead the Republican list of presidential hopefuls and can no longer be dismissed as a bizarre candidate, has consistently and strongly supported Israeli positions on many critical issues, including the Iran nuclear deal and Israeli- Palestinian relations. He has also criticized US President Barack Obama for his attitudes toward Israel and warmly praised Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu. On the other hand, he has proposed policies and made statements that no Jew can in good conscience accept or identify with.
Trump has often used pro-Israel rhetoric.
He called Israel America's best and most reliable friend, and argued that it should be viewed as the cornerstone of US policy in the Middle East. He has accused Obama and US Secretary of State John Kerry of "selling Israel out," and said that the US should do everything possible to protect and defend it. "They've always been there for us and we should be there for them," he declared.
"They are the only stable democracy in a region that is not run by dictators. They are pioneers in medicine and communication and a close fair trading partner." And, like his father, he said, he had always been loyal to Israel and "would do more for Israel than anybody else."
Trump highlights the facts that he served as grand marshal for the Israel parade in New York in 2004 and that he has received many awards from American Jewish organizations for his support of Israel. Last February, on receiving such an award from the Algemeiner, a Jewish news organization, he said, "We love Israel. We will fight for Israel 100 percent, 1,000 percent. It will be there forever." On June 16, when he declared his candidacy, Trump vehemently attacked the Iran nuclear deal calling it "a disaster" that could threaten Israel's survival.
In the background, there was also a close personal connection between Trump and Netanyahu. Before the 2013 Israeli election, Trump recorded a 30-second video message endorsing the Likud leader. "You truly have a great prime minister in Benjamin Netanyahu. He's a winner, he's highly respected, he's highly thought of by all. Vote for Benjamin – terrific guy, terrific leader, great for Israel," he enthused.
On the other hand, Trump's statements on prisoners of war, Jewish campaign contributions, immigration and entry to the US have touched on a very raw Jewish nerve.
On John McCain, who spent six years as a POW in Vietnam and refused early release when his captors discovered that his father was an admiral, Trump flippantly said he was "a war hero only because he got captured. I like people who weren't captured."
In Israel the nation as a whole cares about its POWs and the government invests huge resources in attempts to release them. The protracted and ultimately successful effort to free Gilad Schalit, a soldier who was captured and held hostage for five years by Hamas in Gaza, well illustrates this ethos.
On December 3, Trump told members of the Republican Jewish Coalition that he suspects many members won't back him because he is rich and doesn't want their contributions.
Trump may have thought he was making a joke, but the Israeli media saw his comments as reinforcing anti-Semitic stereotyping of Jews as rich people who "control the world" and can "buy" elections with their money.
Trump has also made highly provocative and controversial statements on immigration and entry to the US. On June 16, he said that Mexico is sending in people bringing drugs, crime and rape. Later he extended this observation to include immigration from other Latin American countries. And after the recent San Bernardino massacre, he called for a temporary ban on the entry of Muslims to the US, until the government figures out "what the hell is going on."
Jews, who have suffered from closed immigration gates and been saved by open ones, find these statements appalling. Mass Jewish immigration from Russia and Eastern Europe to the US, Palestine and other countries, especially from the beginning of the 20th century, saved Jews from pogroms, persecution and oppression. Mass Jewish immigration from the Arab countries to Israel after the 1948 War of Independence saved them from a similar fate. On the other hand, before, during and immediately after the Second World War, Jews trying to flee Nazi Germany or occupied Europe were refused entry to many countries, including the US.
Millions perished. Therefore, Jews cannot but protest a wholesale, religion-based ban on entry to the US. Indeed, many Jewish organizations in the US, as well as political and religious groups in Israel, overwhelmingly rejected Trump's call for a ban on the entry of Muslims to the US.
TRUMP HAD intended to visit Israel and meet Netanyahu on December 28. The parties had agreed on the itinerary two weeks before Trump's Muslim ban statement. Thirty- seven Knesset members, all but two from the opposition, strongly criticized Trump's proposed blanket ban on Muslim entry and urged Netanyahu to cancel their meeting in protest. Netanyahu rejected this demand but issued a critical statement of his own: "The State of Israel respects all religions and strictly guarantees the rights of all its citizens. At the same time, Israel is fighting against militant Islam that targets Muslims, Christians and Jews alike and threatens the entire world." His office went on to explain his policy on meeting presidential candidates.
"The Prime Minister decided earlier this year on a uniform policy to agree to meet with all presidential candidates from either party who visit Israel and ask for a meeting." It further clarified that "this policy does not reflect support for the candidates or their policies, but rather expresses the importance that the Prime Minister attributes to the strong alliance between Israel and the United States." However, in response to the critical furor in Israel, Trump postponed his visit until after the presidential elections, claiming that he did not want to place Netanyahu "under pressure."
Trump had hoped his visit to Israel on the eve of the Republican primaries would bolster his lead in the race. He wanted to project interest and knowledge in national security and foreign affairs, especially in the Middle East, the No. 1 source of violence, terrorism and instability in the world. He also wanted to garner legitimacy for his controversial positions on the region, and to contrast his support for Israel with what he called the Obama administration's abandonment of the Jewish state. The strategy made sense, but the injudicious Muslim ban statement undermined any chance of successfully implementing it. Had Trump stuck to his plan, the protests and demonstrations in its wake would almost certainly have rendered it counterproductive.
Trump has certainly been exploiting the weaknesses and confusion in Obama's handling of Israel, Islamic extremism and terrorism.
The president's blaming only Israel for the impasse in Israeli-Palestinian negotiations has only strengthened Palestinian recalcitrance. The delay in defining the San Bernardino massacre as terrorism, Obama's refusal to use the term "Islamic terrorism" and his pathetic attempts to characterize the Islamic State organization as non-Muslim reveal an acute denial of both American and Middle Eastern realities.
disappointed by Obama
Indeed, American Jews have been disappointed by Obama. In the 2008 elections, they voted for him by a ratio of 78 percent to 22 percent; in 2012, this had dropped to 69 percent to 30 percent. Gallup's surveys show that in 2008, 71 percent of American Jews identified themselves as Democrats or leaning to the Democratic Party, while 22 percent identified themselves as Republicans or leaning to the Republican party. In 2014, this ratio dropped to 61 percent to 29 percent.
Over the past decade, Republicans have generally been more supportive of Israel than Democrats. The trend began around 2000, almost 10 years before Netanyahu was reelected prime minister. Nevertheless, none of this is likely to help Trump. Most American Jews will still vote for the Democratic nominee. If Trump is selected as the Republican candidate, even more American Jews are likely to vote for his opponent.
After Obama, Netanyahu would have liked to see a Republican in the White House. Nevertheless, despite his strong pro-Israel stance, given his character and controversial positions, Donald Trump may not be the best choice to repair American- Israeli relations in the post-Obama era.
Prof. Eytan Gilboa is director of the Center for International Communication and a senior research associate at the BESA Center for Strategic Studies at Bar-Ilan University.