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Preventive zinc supplementation in developing countries: impact on mortality and morbidity due to diarrhea, pneumonia and malaria
Mohammad Yawar Yakoob1,
Afshan Jabeen1,
Aamer Imdad1,
Thomas P Eisele3,
Joy Ferguson2,
Arnoupe Jhass2,
Igor Rudan2,
Harry Campbell2,
Robert E Black4 &
Zinc deficiency is commonly prevalent in children in developing countries and plays a role in decreased immunity and increased risk of infection. Preventive zinc supplementation in healthy children can reduce mortality due to common causes like diarrhea, pneumonia and malaria. The main objective was to determine all-cause mortality and cause-specific mortality and morbidity in children under five in developing countries for preventive zinc supplementation.
Data sources/ review methods
A literature search was carried out on PubMed, the Cochrane Library and the WHO regional databases to identify RCTs on zinc supplementation for greater than 3 months in children less than 5 years of age in developing countries and its effect on mortality was analyzed.
The effect of preventive zinc supplementation on mortality was given in eight trials, while cause specific mortality data was given in five of these eight trials. Zinc supplementation alone was associated with a statistically insignificant 9% (RR = 0.91; 95% CI: 0.82, 1.01) reduction in all cause mortality in the intervention group as compared to controls using a random effect model. The impact on diarrhea-specific mortality of zinc alone was a non-significant 18% reduction (RR = 0.82; 95% CI: 0.64, 1.05) and 15% for pneumonia-specific mortality (RR = 0.85; 95% CI: 0.65, 1.11). The incidence of diarrhea showed a 13% reduction with preventive zinc supplementation (RR = 0.87; 95% CI: 0.81, 0.94) and a 19% reduction in pneumonia morbidity (RR = 0.81; 95% CI: 0.73, 0.90). Keeping in mind the direction of effect of zinc supplementation in reducing diarrhea and pneumonia related morbidity and mortality; we considered all the outcomes for selection of effectiveness estimate for inclusion in the LiST model. After application of the CHERG rules with consideration to quality of evidence and rule # 6, we used the most conservative estimates as a surrogate for mortality. We, therefore, conclude that zinc supplementation in children is associated with a reduction in diarrhea mortality of 13% and pneumonia mortality of 15% for inclusion in the LiST tool. Preventive zinc supplementation had no effect on malaria specific mortality (RR = 0.90; 95% CI: 0.77, 1.06) or incidence of malaria (RR=0.92; 95 % CI 0.82-1.04)
Zinc supplementation results in reductions in diarrhea and pneumonia mortality.
About 30% of the world's population is zinc deficient [1], most prevalent in children under 5 years of age in developing countries [2]. Zinc deficiency is associated with impaired immune function which results in an increase in morbidity due to infections, growth retardation, hypogonadism and cognitive dysfunction [3, 4]. Zinc deficiency is primarily related to the consumed diet; zinc is most abundant and easily absorbable from animal proteins, whereas consumption of vegetable and cereals decreases its absorption due to binding of zinc to phytates [5, 6].
Over the past two decades, strong evidence has come forward from multiple randomized controlled trials, in both developed and developing countries, showing an effect of zinc in decreasing morbidity and mortality in children due to gastrointestinal and respiratory infections [7, 8]. More recent trials from sub-Saharan countries have also shown an effect on malarial morbidity [9]. This effect of zinc against infectious diseases is therapeutic as well as preventive. Previous reviews by the Zinc Investigators' Collaborative Group in 1999 [10] and by Aggarwal et al. [11] have studied the effect of preventive zinc supplementation on diarrheal and respiratory morbidity. The current systematic review presents the effect of zinc supplementation on mortality in children less than 5 years of age in developing countries. The evidence for the effect of zinc supplementation on cause-specific mortality and morbidity is assessed for diarrhea, pneumonia and malaria according to guidelines set by the Child Health Epidemiology reference Group (CHERG) for input into the Lives Saved Tool (LiST) model [12].
A comprehensive literature search was conducted using the following search strategy: zinc AND (infection OR diarrhea OR pneumonia OR ARI OR malaria OR morbidity OR mortality OR death) in electronic bibliographic databases i.e. PubMed, the Cochrane Library and WHO regional search engines, including articles cited up to September 25th 2010 . The limits used were "Humans" and "Randomized controlled trials". Additional studies were obtained through hand search of references from identified studies. One author reviewed the titles and abstracts to identify controlled studies conducted in developing countries in which supplemental zinc was administered and outcomes on mortality or morbidity were reported. Two authors independently assessed eligibility using the pre-defined inclusion and exclusion criteria and performed the data extraction. Any discrepancies between the reviewers in either the decision of inclusion or exclusion of studies or in data extraction were resolved by discussion aimed at reaching consensus among all.
Selection (inclusion/exclusion criteria)
Individual- or cluster-randomized controlled trials of routine (i.e. daily or weekly) zinc supplementation administered to children less than 5 years of age in developing countries.
• Studies with zinc supplementation carried out for 3 months of intervention in both intervention and comparison groups.
• Trials in which other nutrient co-interventions [e.g., vitamin A, riboflavin, iron-folic acid (IFA)] were administered to both control and zinc arms were included. Results were analyzed with and without studies in which zinc was given with IFA.
• Studies on small-for-gestational age or low birth weight infants were excluded from the review.
Validity assessment
The quality assessment of each study was carried out on key variables with regard to study design, study limitations, intervention specifics, and outcome specific and graded according to the adapted GRADE technique [12, 13]. Any study with a final grade of very low was excluded from the review. This review is shaped in large part by the needs of the LiST model. In this model, increases in coverage of an intervention results in a reduction of one or more cause-specific deaths or in reduction of a risk factor. Therefore the reviews and the grade process used were designed to develop estimates of the effect of an intervention in reducing either a risk factor or a death due to specific cause. For more details of the review methods, the adapted grade approach or the LiST model, see the method's paper[12].
Data abstraction
Data from all studies that met final inclusion and exclusion criteria were abstracted into a standardised form for each outcome of interest [12]. Data extracted from each eligible study included the following primary outcome variables: total number of deaths in both arms, deaths due to specific infection (diarrhea, pneumonia or malaria), the total number of episodes of illness (diarrhea, pneumonia and malaria) in each arm, the total amount of person-time accumulated in each arm (reported as person-days) and incidence rate ratio (IRR).
Meta-analyses were generated for all-cause mortality and cause specific mortality of diarrhea, pneumonia and malaria in children under 5 years of age. Pooled estimates for incidence of diarrhea, respiratory disease and malaria were also generated. Data from cluster randomised trials were pooled with that of individual randomised trial. In this case, cluster adjusted values were used irrespective of method used by the primary authors. Generic inverse variance method of meta-analyses was used for pooling the data. The assessment of statistical heterogeneity among trials was done by visual inspection i.e. the overlap of the confidence intervals among the studies, and by the Chi square (P-value) of heterogeneity in the meta-analyses. A low P value (less than 0.10) or a large chi-squared statistic relative to its degree of freedom was considered as providing evidence of heterogeneity. The I2 values were also looked into, and an I2 greater than 50% was taken to represent substantial heterogeneity. In situations of substantial heterogeneity being present, causes were explored, sub-group analyses performed and random effects model was used. Results of pooled estimates are described as relative risk (RR) with 95% CI. All meta-analyses were conducted using the software RevMan version 5 [14]. Data, where available, were taken for zinc versus placebo/no treatment (control) groups and for zinc plus other micronutrient versus other micronutrient, making zinc supplementation the only difference between the intervention and control groups.
We followed standardized guidelines of Child Health Epidemiology Reference Group (CHERG) to get estimates of effectiveness of preventive zinc supplementation in reducing diarrhea and pneumonia specific mortality [12]. Application of CHERG rules is based on three components 1) the volume and consistency of the evidence; 2) the size of the effect, or risk ratio and 3) the strength of the statistical evidence for an association between the intervention and outcome. The detailed description and application of these rules to collective morbidity and mortality outcomes is provided in the results and discussion section.
The search on the electronic database and papers from hand searches yielded 336 titles out of which 18 studies were included in the present review [15–32] (Figure 1).
Flow diagram showing identification of studies.
In the included papers, there were two cluster randomized controlled trials [30, 31] and the remaining were individual randomized controlled trials [7, 15–29, 32, 33]. All the trials assessing the effect of zinc supplementation were conducted in developing countries. There were 11 studies from Asia [16, 18, 20–23, 25, 26, 30, 31, 33], 5 from Africa [17, 19, 24, 27, 28] and 3 from Latin America [15, 29, 32]. Participants in most of the studies were apparently healthy children. One trial included participants that had diarrhea in the past 24 hours [7, 25], one included participants with persistent diarrhea [32], one trial enrolled stunted children [23] and in one study half of the children were stunted and half were non-stunted [24]. One study included participants older than 5 years of age [15]; however, disaggregated data on children < 5 years of age were available. One study on morbidity compared weekly supplementation versus daily supplementation with a placebo group, both the regimens were included in the analysis as two data sets (Gupta a , Gupta b) [16]. One study exclusively included HIV-positive children [28], while Luabeya et al. included HIV-positive, HIV-negative children born to HIV-positive mothers and HIV-negative children born to HIV-negative mothers [19].Additional File 1 gives the characteristics of included studies.
The dose of zinc supplementation ranged from 10 to 20 mg with a median of 10 mg. The duration of supplementation ranged from 4.6 to 18 months with a median of 6 months. Participants in all the studies were supplemented with zinc daily except in two studies where there was a weekly supplementation [16, 21]. In three studies zinc was supplemented with multiple micronutrients [22, 27, 28]. Additional File 2 is the risk of bias table for all included trials according to the latest recommendations for the Cochrane Handbook.
All cause mortality
Mortality data was reported in ten papers comprising eight trials [17, 19, 21, 26–28, 30, 31, 34, 35]. Of these, one was cluster RCT [30, 34] and seven were individual RCTs [17, 19, 21, 26, 28, 31, 35]. One trial exclusively included infants < 12 months of age [21]; the other seven trials on mortality included children between 1 to 60 months of age [17, 19, 26, 28, 30, 31, 35]. Zinc was given with vitamin A in three trials [19, 27, 34], with multiple micronutrients in one [28] and alone in two trials [21, 26]. But in all these studies, zinc was the only difference between the intervention and control groups. Three papers included IFA given in treatment and control arms [30, 31, 35].
Some studies were excluded from this analysis. The study on mortality by Sazawal et al [36] included only small for gestational age children, and the comparison was between zinc supplementation and supplementation with other micronutrients without any zinc, hence it was not included in the present analysis. The study by Lira et al. was excluded as supplementation was given for less than 3 months [37].
Zinc supplementation alone was associated with a statistically insignificant 9% (RR = 0.91; 95% CI: 0.82, 1.01; fixed effect model) reduction in all cause mortality in the intervention group as compared to controls using a fixed effect model (Figure 2). When studies in which zinc was given with iron and folic acid (IFA) [30, 31, 35] were included in the above analysis, the overall effect on mortality was reduced to 5% (RR = 0.95; 95% CI: 0.88, 1.02; fixed effect model), though also non-significant (Figure 2).
Effect of zinc supplementation on all-cause mortality in children less than five years of age
Cause specific mortality
Data on cause specific mortality due to diarrhea, pneumonia and malaria was provided among five trials consisting of six articles [21, 27, 28, 30, 31, 34]. In all of these studies cause of death was usually ascertained through hospital records and verbal autopsies.
Diarrhea specific mortality was presented in five trials consisting of six papers [21, 27, 28, 30, 31, 34]. Analysis showed a non-significant 18% reduction in deaths due to diarrheal diseases (RR = 0.82; 95% CI: 0.64, 1.05; fixed effect model) among studies using zinc supplementation alone (Figure 3A). The effect decreased to 9% but remained insignificant (RR = 0.91; 95% CI: 0.76, 1.09) after inclusion of the two studies [30, 31] with IFA supplementation as co-intervention in both the treatment and control arms. According to CHERG rules, we took the estimate of cause specific mortality reduction based on zinc supplementation only studies. Using the modified GRADE criteria, we rated the qualitative assessment for the above outcomes as low quality [12]. According to CHERG rules for evidence review, low quality evidence on cause specific mortality cannot be used as an effectiveness estimate on mortality reduction for an intervention and other outcomes should be reviewed [12].
Forest plot for the effect of zinc supplementation on cause-specific mortality in children less than five years of age: A) due to diarrheal diseases B) due to pneumonia
Cause specific mortality data due to pneumonia were included in five trials presented in six papers [21, 27, 28, 30, 31, 34]. Analysis of zinc supplementation only trials showed a 15% non-significant reduction in pneumonia specific mortality (RR = 0.85; 95%: CI 0.65, 1.11) in zinc recipients compared to controls. Further inclusion of studies with IFA [30, 31] showed a 20% reduction in pneumonia specific mortality which did reach statistical significance (RR = 0.80; 95% CI: 0.67, 0.96) (Figure 3B). In one study [21] there were no deaths due to pneumonia in the zinc arm and 10 deaths in the control arm; the results remained consistent with reduction in mortality due to pneumonia after exclusion of the mentioned study. According to CHERG rules for evidence review, the level of evidence in support of zinc supplementation affecting pneumonia mortality in under 5 children was of low quality, as the overall results from trials of zinc supplementation alone on pneumonia mortality were statistically non-significant.
Malaria specific mortality data were provided in one large trial from Africa with zinc supplementation compared to placebo [27]. This was a large randomized controlled trial, with an overall high grade given to the individual study. There were 272 deaths in the zinc supplementation arm and 302 deaths in the control arm, and a 10% non-significant reduction in malaria specific mortality was observed (RR = 0.90; 95% CI: 0.77, 1.06). As the above data was provided from a single study the quality of overall evidence was rated as low.
Cause-specific morbidity impact estimation
Morbidity data on incidence of diarrhea were presented in 14 trials that met our eligibility criteria [15–25, 28, 29, 34]. Generally, the age of the included participants ranged from newborn healthy children aged 5 years of age. In the study by Richard et al. children up to 15 years of age were included, however disaggregated data were available for children < 5 years of age [15]. In the study by Long et al. there were four groups: zinc, vitamin A plus zinc, vitamin A and placebo [29]. We were unable to compute risk ratio for zinc plus vitamin A versus vitamin A group and so used the risk ratio for zinc versus placebo only. Studies where zinc was given with IFA were not considered for any of the morbidity analyses.
The pooled analysis showed a significant reduction of 13% (RR = 0.87; 95% CI: 0.81, 0.94); random effects model) on the incidence of diarrheal episodes in zinc supplemented group as compared to control group (Figure 4). Hospitalization due to diarrheal episodes was reported by one study [19] with less than 50 events and, therefore, could not be included in the review as per CHERG rules [12].
Forest plot for the effect of zinc supplementation on diarrhea morbidity (incidence)
The effect of zinc supplementation on pneumonia morbidity (definition rapid respiratory rate with or without other signs of pneumonia) was estimated from six RCTs [7, 19, 21, 28, 32, 33]. Three RCTs [15, 18, 22] and data from one cluster RCTs [34] were not included in this morbidity analysis because the diagnostic signs used did not clearly identify pneumonia or depended upon self reporting by the patient. The analysis showed a 19% reduction in pneumonia morbidity in children who received zinc as compared to control (RR = 0.81; 95% CI: 0.73, 0.90) (Figure 5).
Forest plot for the effect of zinc supplementation on pneumonia morbidity (incidence)
Four studies [9, 15, 17, 26] evaluated the effect of zinc supplementation on incidence of uncomplicated malarial episodes with parasitemia. The pooled estimate of effect was an 8% (RR 0.92; 95% CI 0.82, 1.04) reduction in occurrence of malarial episodes in the zinc group as compared to control.
The benefits of preventive zinc supplementation are well established on morbidity related to infections, however; there has been no attempt to quantify the effect of preventive zinc supplementation on cause specific mortality in children which is a new aspect in our review compared to previous reviews on the subject. In their review of preventive zinc supplementation, Brown et al. [38] pooled data on children across all age groups (infants, preschoolers and older prepubertal children) and reported a 6% non-significant reduction in all-cause mortality. They also indicated that the mortality reduction with zinc supplementation versus placebo was only significant (18%) among children older than 12 months of age, with a tendency towards increased mortality in children less than 12 months. We, on the other hand, have evaluated the effect of zinc on all cause mortality, cause specific mortality and cause specific morbidity in children less than 5 years of age from developing countries receiving preventive zinc supplementation for a minimum period of three months. The studies of shorter duration were excluded as preventive zinc supplementation may require longer duration of supplementation to replete the body stores compared to that of therapeutic supplementation for diarrhea/pneumonia where two weekly doses are enough to fulfill the acute deficiency. Our results are similar to those reported by Brown et al., even though we restricted to the studies with children less than five years of age. Our 9% reduction in all-cause mortality was also non-significant. In our review, for the LiST model, estimates are presented from zinc only studies compared with placebo/no treatment, which may not be applicable to countries where there are on-going national supplementation programs of iron-folate, for example, India.
Table 1 gives grade quality of overall evidence. Zinc supplementation alone was associated with non-significant reductions in mortality due to diarrhea, pneumonia and malaria. Table 2 summarizes the application of CHERG rules to estimate effects for diarrhea and pneumonia specific mortality [12]. Zinc supplementation was associated with an 18% (RR = 0.82; 95% CI: 0.64, 1.05) reduction in deaths due to diarrheal diseases in under 5 children from developing countries. However, as the above values were statistically non-significant the evidence on cause specific mortality was labeled as low quality. In looking at severe morbidity estimates as surrogate measures, such as hospitalization due to diarrhea, this information was only available from one study with an overall event rate of less than 50 [12]. As per CHERG rules, we, therefore, considered the impact of zinc supplementation on diarrheal incidence for a point estimate of impact on diarrhea mortality as the evidence was of moderate quality[12]. With the above outcomes we took the most conservative effect between the available low quality evidence on diarrheal specific mortality and moderate quality evidence on mild morbidity. Using this sequential application of CHERG rules to the above outcomes, the observed 13% reduction (RR = 0.87; 95% CI: 0.81, 0.94) in diarrhea incidence was taken as an effect estimate for the protective effect of zinc supplementation on diarrheal disease mortality and recommended for inclusion in LiST tool [12].
Table 1 Quality assessment of overall evidence for effect of zinc supplementation (alone) in reducing morbidity and mortality in children > 5 years of age in developing countries
Table 2 Application of standardized rules for choice of final outcome to estimate effect of zinc supplementation on mortality due to diarrhea, pneumonia and malaria in children less than 5 years of age
A similar effect of zinc was shown for pneumonia. Zinc only supplementation studies revealed a pooled effect size of 15% (RR = 0.85; 95% CI: 0.65, 1.11) reduction on pneumonia mortality but the overall quality of evidence was rated as low. We applied CHERG rules on studies with information on pneumonia morbidity outcomes where the overall evidence quality was rated as moderate. Applying CHERG rules we used the most conservative impact estimate from available outcomes i.e. 15% as our pooled surrogate effect size for mortality[12]. Deaths due to malaria were included only in one study which reported a 10% (RR = 0.90; 95% CI: 0.77, 1.06) reduction in malarial mortality (low quality of evidence). In the present review there was insufficient evidence of a protective effect of zinc supplementation on malarial mortality or morbidity. Therefore no estimates can be given for effect of zinc supplementation on reduction of deaths due to malaria for inclusion in the LiST tool.
Our review did not give any conclusive evidence about any possible positive or negative interaction between zinc and iron whereby iron decreases the absorption or bioavailability of zinc. With the inclusion of IFA studies for all-cause mortality, the results remained non-significant. For diarrhea-specific mortality, with inclusion of IFA studies, the impact estimate of reduction decreased from 18% to 9% but the results in both the situations were statistically non-significant. For pneumonia-specific mortality, however, a beneficial effect was seen as the impact of all the studies came out to be significant (RR = 0.80; 95% CI: 0.67, 0.96) compared to a 15% non-significant reduction with zinc alone studies (RR = 0.85; 95% CI: 0.65, 1.11).
To conclude, the application of CHERG rules to available evidence on diarrhea and pneumonia for providing effect estimates of protective effect for zinc supplementation in children for a minimum period of 3 months indicates 13% (RR = 0.87; 95% CI: 0.81, 0.94) reduction in mortality due to diarrheal diseases and 15% (RR = 0.85; 95% CI: 0.65, 1.11) reduction in pneumonia specific mortality. Our analysis supports inclusion of preventive zinc supplementation in public health programs to improve child health and survival and the suggested point estimates provide a suitable starting point for inclusion within the LiST tool and further program evaluation in effectiveness settings.
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Mohammad Yawar Yakoob, Afshan Jabeen, Aamer Imdad & Zulfiqar A Bhutta
Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, UK
Evropi Theodoratou, Joy Ferguson, Arnoupe Jhass, Igor Rudan & Harry Campbell
Department of International Health and Development, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, USA
Thomas P Eisele
Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA
Robert E Black
Afshan Jabeen
Joy Ferguson
Arnoupe Jhass
Professor Zulfiqar A Bhutta developed the parameters for the review and secured requisite support. Drs Mohammad Yawar Yakoob, Evropi Theodoratou, Afshan Jabeen, Aamer Imdad and Thomas P Eisele, Joy Ferguson, Arnoupe Jhass and Igor Rudan participated in literature search, data extraction and writing of the manuscript under the overall supervision of Professor Bhutta. All authors contributed to the critical review and finalization of the manuscript.
Additional File 1: Characteristics of included studies(XLSX 14 KB)
Additional File 2: Risk of bias table for the included studies according to the latest recommendations of the Cochrane Handbook(XLSX 17 KB)
Yakoob, M.Y., Theodoratou, E., Jabeen, A. et al. Preventive zinc supplementation in developing countries: impact on mortality and morbidity due to diarrhea, pneumonia and malaria. BMC Public Health 11, S23 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-11-S3-S23
Specific Mortality
LiST Model
Diarrheal Episode


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The island of excessive glamour and intense leisure, Mykonos is a shopping mecca. One may find world's best brands and the most exclusive shopping choices.
SOHO-SOHO @ Branco offers a unique shopping experience, customized for the Greek Summer. Featuring the latest fashion must-haves and collaborating with top designers from around the world SOHO SOHO@Branco satisfies every demand of any fashion enthusiast who stays in the hotel or is visiting the fabulous beach. Bikinis from Heidi Klein, Delfina Delettrez fine jewelry, Solange sandals, kaftans from March II, Dior sunglasses, Creed Perfumes are only a few of the names which are hosted in the boutique.
Branco Boutique is the place to get a Branco flavor back home, or help you survive the Mykonos summer! Various objects hand-crafted by various designers. Visit our boutique to order your own souvenir.
Contact our team at concierge@brancohotel.com for any request that you may have.


text:
Q: Immutable objects are not hashable in python? I heard about the line "immutable objects are hashable", below like this,

Frozensets are immutable and always hashable.

But tuples are immutable but not hashable? Why?

A: Tuples are very much hashable if the elements inside are hashable.
>>> hashable = (1,2,4)
>>> not_hashable = ([1,2],[3,4])
>>> hash_check = {}
>>> hash_check[hashable] = True
>>> hash_check
{(1, 2, 4): True}
>>> hash_check[not_hashable] = True
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
TypeError: unhashable type: 'list'
>>>

A: Not all immutable objects are hashable. Furthermore, only tuples that contain mutable objects are not hashable.
>>> t = (1, 2)
>>> hash(t)
1299869600
>>> t = ([1], [2])
>>> hash(t)
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<pyshell#12>", line 1, in <module>
    hash(t)
TypeError: unhashable type: 'list'

So, the problem is the list, not the tuple.

A: Even though tuples are immutable themselves, they might contain mutable objects, for example, if we could do:
person = {'name': 'John', 'surname': 'Doe'}
key = (person, True)

cache = {}
cache[key] = datetime.now()  # for example

person['surname'] = 'Smith'

cache[key]  # What is the expected result?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Richard Allen Mathis, DOB: 1-22-78, appeared yesterday in Jefferson County District Court where he was sentenced to 20 years in prison for an assault on an RTD driver that included him biting off part of the driver's ear.
On February 24, 2017 Jefferson County Sheriff deputies were called to Southwest Plaza regarding an assault on an RTD driver. The driver, Kolio Mintchev, had just reached the end of his route and asked Mr. Mathis to leave the bus. Mathis got off. Mr. Mintchev began checking the bus when Mathis got back on and attacked him. Mathis punched Mr. Mintchev in the face and then repeatedly stabbed him with a box cutter. He suffered ten stab wounds. Mr. Mintchev was struggling to wrestle away the box cutter when Mathis bit off a significant portion of his ear.
Mr. Mintchev was able to get the box cutter from Mathis and get off the bus. He locked Mathis in the bus until police arrived. When deputies attempted to take Mathis into custody he was aggressive and combative, kicking at the deputies.
Mr. Mathis said that he was heavily under the influence of methamphetamine at the time of the offense.
On August 18, 2018 Mr. Mathis pled guilty to First Degree Assault (F3) and Second Degree Assault (F4). During the sentencing hearing on September 13, District Court Judge Diego Hunt, who imposed the 20 year prison sentence, called the assault a "savage" attack.
This was Mathis was the fourth felony conviction for Mr. Mathis.


U.S. President [TAYLOR]'s 14-Great Grandfather. HRH Charles's 20-Great Grandfather. Poss. PM Churchill's 14-Great Grandfather. Lady Diana's 19-Great Grandfather. Poss. PM Cameron's 17-Great Grandfather. Poss. `Osawatomie' Brown's 15-Great Grandfather. Poss. Jamie's 18-Great Grandfather.


text:
Gurugram floats tender to set up dedicated flood control room
The Gurugram Metropolitan Development Authority (GMDA) has floated tenders to set up a dedicated flood control room near the Delhi-Gurgaon Expressway. Once operational, the control room will serve as a nodal centre from where necessary machines and equipment can be dispersed to waterlogged spots across the city during the monsoon.
The development is important as tenders for cleaning drains in the city were only floated in the first week of May this year amid the ongoing lockdown announced to control the coronavirus outbreak. Tenders for cleaning drains in many areas are yet to be floated. Also, in light of many migrant workers returning to their home towns, work in areas where tenders have been allocated is progressing at a slow pace because of a shortage of workers, said officials.
The flood control room would be established at a cost of Rs 41 lakh. The deadline for submitting the final bid for the tender was June 4. Vikram Singh, executive engineer of drainage division, GMDA, said a meeting on flood preparedness would be held on Wednesday at the authority's office wherein the exact requirements, in terms of machinery and workforce required, will be determined along with the exact location of the flood control room.
"We will establish the flood control room at a location next to the Delhi-Gurgaon Expressway from where both parts of the city, those located left of the e-way and those on the right can get adequate and immediate coverage. We will have similar machinery at the flood control office as last year, and will finalize the necessary equipment and workforce size in Wednesday's meeting. Accordingly, we will ask the potential contractors to meet these requirements," said Singh.
At the flood control room set up in 2019 in Sector 53, GMDA had placed eight dewatering pump sets, four tractor-mounted suction pumps, one earthmover, two super sucker machines, 5,000 gunny bags, and deployed 10 workers who together worked 24x7 in shifts.
"Last year, around 45 water logging prone spots were identified by the GMDA. At some of these spots, we have upgraded the drainage system or initiated necessary repairs, and depending on their status report, we will cut down the total number of waterlogging prone spots accordingly for this year," Singh said. Some of the waterlogging prone spots identified by GMDA include Vatika Chowk, CH Bakhtawar Road, AIT Chowk, and Hero Honda Chowk.
Koramangala valley project gets government nod MORE
Controlling air pollution: UP to set up air quality monitoring stations in Varanasi MORE

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Podblica – wieś w Słowenii, w gminie miejskiej Kranj. W 2018 roku liczyła 22 mieszkańców.

Przypisy

Miejscowości w gminie miejskiej Kranj

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Howard Ramos is a political sociologist who investigates issues of social justice and equity. He has published on social movements, human rights, Indigenous mobilization, environmental advocacy, ethnicity, race, and Atlantic Canada. He is currently working on projects looking at Atlantic Canadian, secondary cities, state funding of NGOs, environmental advocacy, tourism development, and integration of immigrants and refugees. He works with graduate students looking at these issues as well as Indigenous health and understandings of environment, the history of sociology, state funding of women's organizations, environmental advocacy, and public attitudes and social values.
Wilkes, Rima, Aaron Duong, Linc Kesler, and Howard Ramos. 2017. "Canadian University Acknowledgment and Recognition of Indigenous Lands, Treaties, and Peoples." Canadian Review of Sociology 54(1): 89-120.
Henry, Frances, Enakshi Dua, Carl James, Audrey Kobayashi, Peter Li, Howard Ramos, and Malinda Smith. 2017. The Equity Myth: Racialization and Indigeneity at Canadian Universities. Vancouver: UBC Press.
Ramos, Howard and Kathleen Rodgers [Eds.]. 2015. Protest and Politics: The Promise of Social Movement Societies. Vancouver: UBC Press.
Ramos, Howard. 2015. "Mapping the Field of Environmental Justice: Redistribution, Recognition and Representation in ENGO Press Advocacy." Canadian Journal of Sociology 40(3): 309-329.
Hoffbauer, Andreas and Howard Ramos. 2014. "Social and Political Convergence on Environmental Events: The Roles of Simplicity and Visuality in the BP Oil Spill." Canadian Review of Sociology 51(3): 216-237.


text:
Robyn Paris
is creating The Room Actors: Where Are They Now? TV/web series
I'm Robyn Paris, the creator and director of The Room Actors: Where Are They Now? I also played "Michelle" in the cult film "The Room." Our mockumentary series takes a satirical look at what happened to 7 out of 9 of the original actors from "The Room" after appearing in what Entertainment Weekly called "The Citizen Kane of bad movies."
We've completed (4) 8-minute episodes of our series, which are now available on YOUTUBE at Watch on YouTube! and Funny or Die's AMAZON PRIME channel here: Watch on Amazon Video!
We had a blast bringing The Room actors together to screen the series - and we want to keep it going. We have 6 MORE AMAZING EPISODES of ROOM comedy to bring you.
But we need your HELP!!
Making a high quality show that looks and sounds great costs money. We pay for cameras, insurance, lighting, sound equipment, meals for cast and crew, color correction, post sound mixing, props, set design, locations, editing, etc.
This is why we are coming to you for help and support. If you liked the 4 episodes and want more, please become a patron and help us finance the rest of the show!
With your help, we can bring the remaining 6 episodes to life. If you are a fan of The Room, we KNOW you will LOVE the new episodes - they are chock full of Room jokes and Room Easter eggs designed just for you!
We recently raised money on KICKSTARTER to film episodes 5 and 6 of our series!! But we still have episodes 7-10 to finance - please join our team on Patreon, support our show and help us complete all remaining 6 episodes!!
If you sign up at the $25 level, you will receive our poster featuring original artwork by LA artist Tony Peluce! Click here to take a look: The Room Actors Original Poster If you remain one of our patrons at $25 for at least 3 months, you will receive our cool poster signed by 8 of the original Room actors, including Greg Sestero (plus the links).
If you sign up at the $5 level, you will access to the uncut, never-before-seen interviews with The Room cast where we talk about what it was like to be on set of The Room, behind-the-scenes shenanigans and the making of our mockumentary!
I will also be posting PATRON-ONLY vlog videos taking you behind-the-scenes as we get closer to filling our next episodes. (These videos will not appear publicly on YouTube and are designed only for YOU!!)
Thank you so much for becoming a PATRON!
You're my best friend. You get official PATRON status! You'll get access to my patron-only feed AND my endless appreciation for joining the Room Actors team. And if I have a question, I'll ask you via POLLS!
YOU'RE SO SEXY
You're so sexy! Get your name in the SCROLLING CREDITS at the end of my Vlogs, with a big THANKS for helping to make new episodes possible! Plus SECRET behind-the-scenes vlogs only available to PATRONS and all previous rewards.
I RECORD EVERYTHING
I RECORD everything! Enjoy a digital download of the SCRIPT for the first 4 episodes and a digital download of CAROLYN MINNOT's (aka Claudette X's) original fan fiction masterpiece, "RAISING A CHILD FOR FUN AND PROFIT." Also, your name will be posted on the project FACEBOOK page and the project WEBSITE as a huge THANK YOU for being on my PATREON team, plus all previous rewards.
I DIDN'T KNOW IT WAS YOU
I didn't know it was YOU! SNEAK PEEK at new COMPLETED EPISODES before anyone else! And an invitation to the Room Actors Live Q and A after the release of new episodes, plus all previous rewards.
I GIVE YOU EVERYTHING
$25 or more per month ∙ only 239 left
Get ready: SWAG is on the way! FREE digital download of all NEW EPISODES! If you remain a backer at this level for 2 months, you receive a Room Actors Web Series poster, plus all previous rewards! If you remain a patron for 3 months or more at this level, you will receive a poster signed by The Room Actors! (One poster total - either signed or unsigned). If you remain a patron at this level for 5 months, you'll also get our exclusive DVD with all 4 episodes of the show, along with bonus interviews with The Room Actors, behind-the-scenes videos and deleted scenes. PLUS, I'll thank you verbally on all my vlogs - you're the best!
IT SEEMS YOU'RE THE EXPERT
$100 or more per month
YOUR NAME IN LIGHTS! Your name will go in the credits of our newest episodes as a PATRON. If you stay a patron at this level for one month, you will receive a signed DVD, an (unsigned) room actors POSTER and a SEXY RED T-SHIRT. If you stay a patron at this level for 2 months, you will receive the SEXY RED T-SHIRT, the SIGNED POSTER, the SIGNED DVD and all previous rewards. If you stay a patron at this level for 5 months, you and a guest will be invited to hang out with us on the set and APPEAR IN A NEW EPISODE as EXTRAS! PLUS ALL PREVIOUS REWARDS. We, the Room Actors, couldn't be more grateful.
LIVE, LIVE, LIVE to be a PRODUCER!
$1,000 or more per month
You have to live, live, live to be our ASSOCIATE PRODUCER! Receive credit on IMDB and in the end credits as an associate producer of the series, VISIT THE SET and get a SPEAKING ROLE! If you contribute at this level for 2 months, you receive CO-PRODUCER credit, 5 months - EXECUTIVE PRODUCER credit. PLUS ALL PREVIOUS REWARDS.
Join $1,000 Tier
YOU'RE MY FAVORITE CUSTOMER
$5,000 or more per month ∙ only 3 left
Hello bigwig, you're the EXECUTIVE PRODUCER! As a true patron of the arts and my favorite customer, receive credit on IMDB and in the end credits as Executive Producer of ALL NEW EPISODES. As the executive producer, you're invited to walk the red carpet as a VIP at all festivals, screenings and parties. (Travel not included). PLUS ALL PREVIOUS REWARDS.
Recent posts by Robyn Paris


text:
Click Here for Items Related To - Simultaneous Communication
Simultaneous Communication on: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Bing] [Yahoo] [DuckDuckGo] [Baidu]
Simultaneous communication, SimCom, or sign supported speech (SSS) is a technique sometimes used by
deaf Deafness has varying definitions in cultural and medical contexts. In medical contexts, the meaning of deafness is hearing loss that precludes a person from understanding spoken language, an Audiology, audiological condition. In this context it ...
, hard-of-hearing or hearing
sign language Sign languages (also known as signed languages) are languages that use the visual-manual modality to convey meaning, instead of spoken words. Sign languages are expressed through manual articulation in combination with non-manual markers. Sign l ...
users in which both a spoken language and a manual variant of that language (such as English and
manually coded English Manually-Coded English (MCE) is a type of sign system that follows direct spoken English language, English. The different codes of MCE vary in the levels of directness in following spoken English grammar. There may also be a combination with other ...
) are used simultaneously. While the idea of communicating using two modes of language seems ideal in a hearing/deaf setting, in practice the two languages are rarely relayed perfectly. Often the native language of the user (usually spoken language for the hearing person and sign language for the deaf person) is the language that is strongest, while the non-native language degrades in clarity. In an educational environment this is particularly difficult for deaf children as a majority of teachers who teach the deaf are hearing. Results from surveys taken indicate that communication for students is indeed signing (about 2/3 of the population of students), and that the signing leans more toward English rather than ASL.
History/overview
Manual communication Manual communication systems use articulation of the hands (hand signs, gestures, etc.) to mediate a message between persons. Being expressed manually, they are received visually and sometimes tactile signing, tactually. When it is the primary f ...
, including simultaneous communication, has existed for a while in the United States, but gained traction in the 70's. The history of using signing with children has been a tumultuous one, with many swings between discouraging the use of signed languages and focusing on
oralism Oralism is the Education of the deaf, education of deaf students through oral language by using lip reading, speech, and mimicking the Articulatory phonetics, mouth shapes and breathing patterns of speech.Through Deaf Eyes. Diane Garey, Lawrence ...
, to the current push of
bilingualism Multilingualism is the use of more than one language, either by an individual speaker or by a group of speakers. It is believed that multilingual speakers outnumber monolingual speakers in the world's population. More than half of all ...
in Deaf schools. Ultimately, the majority of schools pushed the signed language they used to focus on English, resulting in the birth of a language that combined spoken language (English) with a manual language. The historical use of SC in schools has been stormy, with professionals (both researchers and teachers alike) on either side of the debate on whether the language is useful or not.
Studies/research
Positive approaches
According to a study done in 1984, it was found that compared with haphazard instruction involving no language approach whatsoever, Total Communication was proved to be beneficial when combined with the correct approach. One study entitled "Intelligibility of speech produced during simultaneous communication", 12 hearing impaired individuals were asked to audit the audio samples of 4 hearing sign language experts who had produced recordings of a Simultaneous Communication (SC) sample and a Speech Alone (SA) sample. The 12 hearing impaired individuals were asked to then determine which speech produced was clearer. After listening to both audio samples, hearing impaired listeners agreed that both SC and SA were intelligible, which is supported by previous research. Since the intelligibility of the speech was kept on par with English grammar, the study results indicate that SC is a positive tool to use with
Hard of Hearing Hearing loss is a partial or total inability to Hearing, hear. Hearing loss may be present at birth or acquired at any time afterwards. Hearing loss may occur in one or both ears. In children, hearing problems can affect the ability to Language ...
children as a language model and for Deaf/Hard of Hearing adults to keep using. Another study showed the difference between a control group, families who participated in an intervention program that offered services such as classes on Total Communication, private teachers for the child and a deaf adult who came to the families house, and another group of families who used TC, but did not have as much intervention as the control group. The results showed that intervention did work, and that it positively correlated with the communication skills show by the control group's children. The children showed advanced cognitive skills, including comprehension and expression, specifically related to time.
Negative approaches
A study done in 1990 titled "The Effectiveness of Three Means of Communication in the College Classroom" by Dennis Cokely reviewed research done previously that supported the use of Total Communication (SimCom) in the classroom. However, the study pointed out several restrictive factors that several research tests had not approached. One of the tests administered only compared SimCom, the Rochester Method and speech reading with voice (
lip reading The lips are the visible body part at the mouth of many animals, including humans. Lips are soft, movable, and serve as the opening for food intake and in the articulation of sound and speech. Human lips are a tactile sensory organ, and can be ...
), omitting the option of ASL as a means of communication. The 1990 study addressed this issue by comparing SimCom, Sign Alone and Interpretation to see which was the most effective. The results from the comparison showed that signing alone as a way for students to understand information given was the most effective and SimCom was the least effective. Overall, Sign Alone and Interpretation was most effective in all areas of the test, proving that SimCom was a struggle for teachers and students alike. When working with two separate modes of communication, the one that comes naturally for the user will be the more prominent mode. A study conducted in 1998 showed that signing and speaking at the same time results in a slower approach to instruction than if just one
modality Modality may refer to: Humanities * Modality (theology), the organization and structure of the church, as distinct from sodality or parachurch organizations * Modality (music), in music, the subject concerning certain diatonic scales * Modalities ...
was used to express language.
Methods of Total Communication
Listed below are the signed communications that are used within SimCom. Since SimCom can use any spoken language, mainly English, combined with any signed mode, all communication listed below are available for use. *
American Sign Language American Sign Language (ASL) is a natural language that serves as the predominant sign language of Deaf communities in the United States of America and most of Anglophone Canada. ASL is a complete and organized visual language that is expres ...
* Signing Exact English *
Cued speech Cued speech is a visual system of communication used with and among deaf Deafness has varying definitions in cultural and medical contexts. In medical contexts, the meaning of deafness is hearing loss that precludes a person from understandi ...
Contact sign A contact sign language, or contact sign, is a variety or style of language that arises from contact between deaf individuals using a sign language and hearing individuals using an oral language (or the written or manually coded form of the ora ...
(Pidgin Sign) *
Total Communication Total communication (TC) is an approach to communicating that aims to make use of a number of modes of communication such as Manual communication, signed, oralism, oral, auditory, written and visual aids, depending on the particular needs and abil ...
* Bimodal bilingualism
* Key word signing
{{Reflist Sign systems Deafness Deaf culture Special education Education for the deaf


text:
Larry MacTavish
Scott Margolis
Jerry Miles
Turner Butts
Jason Armstrong
Scott MacTavish
Bailey M. Griffin
Charles Hammonds
Kent Jarvis
Comprehensive Foot Care
Foot & Ankle - Conditions & Treatments
Diabetic Patient Tips
Liberty Dayton
Foot and Ankle Centers of North Houston
Dr. Jerry Miles
Foot and Ankle Centers of
Jerry Miles, DPM, FACFAS
Partner, Foot and Ankle Centers of North Houston
Dr. Jerry Miles attended Podiatric Medical School at Barry University where he graduated in May of 1995. He then completed a two-year surgical residency in Houston, Texas at the Houston Podiatric Foundation before joining the Foot and Ankle Centers in 1997.
Dr. Miles is a Diplomate of American Board of Podiatric Surgery and a Fellow with the American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons. Dr. Miles is a member of the American and Texas Podiatric Medical Associations. He has served on many committees including serving as Chairman of the Surgery Specialties Committee, as a member of the Infection Control Committee and Credentials Committee. He also served on the Medical Advisory Committee for Texas Workers Compensation.
When he's not helping patients, he enjoys traveling, camping and spending time with his family. Currently he lives in the Kingwood area with his wife Cindy and their son.
Foot and Ankle Centers of North Houston, 17215 Red Oak Drive, Houston, TX , (281) 444-4114Gayle@FootAnkleCenter.net
Disclaimer
Copyright © All Rights Reserved, Reproduced with Permission Privacy Policy
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text:
Q: Number Format Exception on a string when parsing it as a Double I'm running into a problem of reading from a text file off a web server, and parsing that string to a Double to use for subsequent things. This is a sample line from the web server I'm reading from.
Sample line:

"00501","+40.922326","-072.637078","HOLTSVILLE","NY","SUFFOLK","UNIQUE"

-Data is separated by commas so I'm using a delimiter for that.
And this is how I'm trying to parse the double values:
 String latitude = scan.next();
 tempLatitude = Double.parseDouble(latitude);
 String longitude = scan.next();
 tempLongitude = Double.parseDouble(longitude);

And I have a catch for Number Format Exception to print the message and I get:

For input string: ""+40.922326""

And the error message(without the catch for NFE):
Exception in thread "main" java.lang.NumberFormatException: For input string: ""+40.922326""
at sun.misc.FloatingDecimal.readJavaFormatString(FloatingDecimal.java:1224)
at java.lang.Double.parseDouble(Double.java:510)
at Processor.readData(Processor.java:44)
at Application.main(Application.java:12)

Processor is the class all this stuff is in. Application invokes it through an object the void method readData and I have another class that stores the variables into arrays of that type.
Let me know if you need to see more code! Thanks.

A: As you can see "+40.922326" has double quotes arround the number. And that can not be parsed. you have to remove the quotes bevor you parse the number.

A: You need to remove the quotes at the start and the end of the numbers. You can write a simple method to do that:
private double parseDouble(String string) {
    if(string.startsWith("\"")) {
        string = string.substring(1);
    }
    if(string.endsWith("\"")) {
        string = string.substring(0, string.length()-1);
    }
    return Double.parseDouble(string);
}

You can also rely on regular expressions to parse the value wrapped in quotes:
private double parseDouble(String string) {
    Pattern pattern = Pattern.compile("\"?([+\\-]?\\d+(\\.\\d+)?)\"?");
    Matcher matcher = pattern.matcher(string);
    if (matcher.find()) {
        return Double.parseDouble(matcher.group(1));
    }
    return 0;
}

System.out.println(parseDouble("\"+40.922326\""));  // prints 40.922326
System.out.println(parseDouble("\"-40.922326\""));  // prints -40.922326

A: You can also use substring() method to remove double quotes.
tempLatitude = Double.parseDouble(latitude.substring(1,latitude.length()-1);


text:
Hector Olivera Showcases Power, Fredi Gonzalez Loses Control of Clubhouse?
Braves / By Chase Irle / September 9, 2015 September 9, 2015
The Braves have been by far the worst team in baseball since the all-star break. In the midst of a 12-game skid, the Braves headed into a 3-game series with the Phillies in a battle of the MLB's worst records.
Hector Olivera broke the door open in the first game with a deep double off the left-center field wall. Olivera stepped in for his final at bat in the 9th inning against Phillies reliever Colton Murray. He skied a deep fly ball just over the short left field porch at Citizens Bank ballpark. Olivera seemed to be fooled by the pitch, but he got just enough of it to muscle it over the fence.
Olivera came to Atlanta in great shape and has tremendous strength. Do not be surprised to see a lot more of these over the coming seasons. The home run capped off a 7-2 Braves victory. The win put the Braves 2 games in front of the Phillies who currently own the worst record in the majors. The Braves followed with a disappointing shutout loss to the Phillies in Game 2 of the series. The Braves head into the rubber match of the series with an opportunity to become the worst record in baseball with a loss to the Phillies.
With the Braves in one of their worst slides in decades, Ken Rosenthal released some disappointing news in regards to manager Fredi Gonzalez.
Ken Rosenthal: "But I've been hearing all season that players are frustrated with Gonzalez, that he essentially has lost the clubhouse."
— SportsTalkATL.com (@SportsTalkATL) September 8, 2015
The Braves were not expected to compete this season, but performed admirably through the first half of the season. The results earned the manager an extension through the 2016 season, a move many Braves fans were skeptical about. The second half has been a complete disaster, and Gonzalez continues to watch with seemingly no emotion. Gonzalez has lost the clubhouse and the players certainly do not look to be playing for him. The situation is fluid, so we will have to wait and see how the Braves handle it going forward. However, if Fredi is back next season after September collapses in 3 seasons since taking over, the organization is fooling themselves. Hopefully at the very most Fredi is just here through the rebuilding stage of the new-look Braves. If the team is serious about winning, they must go in a different direction.
Braves: 2022 NL Rookie of the Year Michael Harris II honored by his hometown
Report: Suns pivoted toward John Collins trade before landing Kevin Durant
Falcons Free Agent Targets 2023: Chauncey Gardner-Johnson
FanGraphs has a bold projection for Ronald Acuña Jr.
Falcons pluck defensive assistant from Nick Saban's Alabama staff


text:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!--
    This file is an EXAMPLE configuration file. While the configuration
    presented in this example file is semi-functional, it isn't very
    interesting. It is here only as a starting point for your deployment
    process.

    Very few attribute definitions and data connectors are demonstrated,
    and use of LDAP is assumed, with the LDAP configuration primarily
    supplied from the ldap.properties file.

    Attribute-resolver-full.xml contains more examples of attributes,
    encoders, and data connectors. Deployers should refer to the Shibboleth
    documentation for a complete list of components and their options.
-->
<resolver:AttributeResolver
        xmlns:resolver="urn:mace:shibboleth:2.0:resolver"
        xmlns:pc="urn:mace:shibboleth:2.0:resolver:pc"
        xmlns:ad="urn:mace:shibboleth:2.0:resolver:ad"
        xmlns:dc="urn:mace:shibboleth:2.0:resolver:dc"
        xmlns:enc="urn:mace:shibboleth:2.0:attribute:encoder"
        xmlns:sec="urn:mace:shibboleth:2.0:security"
        xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
        xsi:schemaLocation="urn:mace:shibboleth:2.0:resolver http://shibboleth.net/schema/idp/shibboleth-attribute-resolver.xsd
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


A mother is being hailed a hero after saving her 18-month-old son from a burning building by jumping out a third-story window with him in her arms.
Christina Simoes suffered serious injuries, including broken vertebrae, after she jumped with her son Cameron.
The fire tore through multiple units in Simoes' apartment complex in Haverhill, Mass., and left the young mother and her child trapped in their apartment.
With the flames and smoke spreading, Simoes grabbed her son and jumped out of the window while trying to cushion Cameron from the fall.
Even after Simoes landed, her ordeal wasn't over. She told ABC News affiliate WCVB-TV in Boston that she had to army crawl her way to safety as debris from the fire continued to fall around her. She also tried to get her son out of harm's way.
"I told him to run," Simoes recalled.
The fall left Simoes with broken vertebrae, but her son Cameron only suffered minor injuries. After a six-hour surgery she said it's unclear if she will ever be able to walk again.
Late Saturday night some of Simoes family members said they believed they saw her toes wiggle.


Okay, now, we've had enough. We are ready for spring, or even summer. Goodbye winter! You stink!
With the threat of snow and ice again, the school system called it Monday afternoon before anything hit. They were not going to risk the events that took place two weeks ago. A little snow fell Tuesday and then a lot of ice Wednesday morning followed by a night full of more snow. I am so ready to get out of this house! The kids have had fun playing in it though. We made a snowman this time. And our petite, pretty, little girl gave him a wiener. . . out of snow. True story, folks. I guess she really wanted everyone to know he was a snowMAN!
We made lots of yummy food and decorated Valentine cookies. It was fun, but enough is enough already! We want to get out!


text:
Best Tourist Attractions In Nottingham
We've rounded up the best tourist attractions in Nottingham in our quest to discover brilliant family attractions and places to visit near you.
There are 82 Nottingham tourist attractions to pick from.
Find the perfect places to go with your kids and get out on your next adventure!
All the tourist attractions we list are rated according to the ages they are suitable for, facilities and whether they are suitable for rainy days or best when the sun is shining.
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"dimension15": "Outdoor", "dimension16": false, "dimension17": "", "metric3": 0, "metric4": 4 }, { "id": "wollaton-hall-and-deer-park-mystery-treasure-trail", "name": "Wollaton Hall and Deer Park Mystery Treasure Trail", "brand": "NA", "position": 5, "category": "Tourist Attractions", "list": "TOWN", "dimension14": "4+", "dimension15": "Outdoor", "dimension16": false, "dimension17": "", "metric3": 0, "metric4": 5 }, { "id": "papplewick-pumping-station", "name": "Papplewick Pumping Station", "brand": "NA", "position": 6, "category": "Tourist Attractions", "list": "TOWN", "dimension14": "", "dimension15": "Indoor", "dimension16": false, "dimension17": "", "metric3": 0, "metric4": 6 }, { "id": "newstead-abbey", "name": "Newstead Abbey", "brand": "NA", "position": 7, "category": "Tourist Attractions", "list": "TOWN", "dimension14": "all ages", "dimension15": "Indoor, Outdoor", "dimension16": false, "dimension17": "", "metric3": 0, "metric4": 7 }, { "id": "houdinis-escape-room-experience-kegworth", "name": "Houdini's Escape Room Experience Kegworth", "brand": "NA", "position": 8, "category": "Tourist Attractions", "list": "TOWN", "dimension14": "4+", "dimension15": "Indoor", "dimension16": false, "dimension17": "", "metric3": 0, "metric4": 8 }, { "id": "southwell-minster", "name": "Southwell Minster", "brand": "NA", "position": 9, "category": "Tourist Attractions", "list": "TOWN", "dimension14": "0-12", "dimension15": "Indoor, Outdoor", "dimension16": false, "dimension17": "", "metric3": 0, "metric4": 9 }, { "id": "derby-museum-and-art-gallery", "name": "Derby Museum and Art Gallery", "brand": "NA", "position": 10, "category": "Arts and Crafts", "list": "TOWN", "dimension14": "all ages", "dimension15": "Indoor", "dimension16": false, "dimension17": "", "metric3": 0, "metric4": 10 }, { "id": "robin-hoods-major-oak-treasure-trail", "name": "Robin Hoods Major Oak Treasure Trail", "brand": "NA", "position": 11, "category": "Tourist Attractions", "list": "TOWN", "dimension14": "9+", "dimension15": "Outdoor", "dimension16": false, "dimension17": "", "metric3": 0, "metric4": 11 }, { "id": "kedleston-hall", "name": "Kedleston Hall", "brand": "NA", "position": 12, "category": "Tourist Attractions", "list": "TOWN", "dimension14": "all ages", "dimension15": "Indoor, Outdoor", "dimension16": false, "dimension17": "", "metric3": 0, "metric4": 12 }, { "id": "the-newark-treasure-trail", "name": "The Newark Treasure Trail", "brand": "NA", "position": 13, "category": "Tourist Attractions", "list": "TOWN", "dimension14": "9+", "dimension15": "Outdoor", "dimension16": false, "dimension17": "", "metric3": 0, "metric4": 13 }, { "id": "mercia-marina-willington", "name": "Mercia Marina Willington", "brand": "NA", "position": 14, "category": "Landmarks", "list": "TOWN", "dimension14": "all ages", "dimension15": "Outdoor", "dimension16": false, "dimension17": "", "metric3": 0, "metric4": 14 }, { "id": "the-holocaust-centre", "name": "The Holocaust Centre", "brand": "NA", "position": 15, "category": "Museums and Art Galleries", "list": "TOWN", "dimension14": "4+", "dimension15": "Indoor, Outdoor", "dimension16": false, "dimension17": "", "metric3": 0, "metric4": 15 }, { "id": "the-1620s-house-and-garden", "name": "The 1620s House And Garden", "brand": "NA", "position": 16, "category": "Tourist Attractions", "list": "TOWN", "dimension14": "all ages", "dimension15": "Indoor, Outdoor", "dimension16": false, "dimension17": "", "metric3": 0, "metric4": 16 }, { "id": "cromford-treasure-hunt-trail", "name": "Cromford Treasure Hunt Trail", "brand": "NA", "position": 17, "category": "Tourist Attractions", "list": "TOWN", "dimension14": "4+", "dimension15": "Outdoor", "dimension16": false, "dimension17": "", "metric3": 0, "metric4": 17 }, { "id": "sir-richard-arkwrights-masson-mills", "name": "Sir Richard Arkwrights Masson Mills", "brand": "NA", "position": 18, "category": "Tourist Attractions", "list": "TOWN", "dimension14": "4+", "dimension15": "Indoor, Outdoor", "dimension16": false, "dimension17": "", "metric3": 0, "metric4": 18 }, { "id": "curious-about-the-matlocks", "name": "Curious About The Matlocks", "brand": "NA", "position": 19, "category": "Tourist Attractions", "list": "TOWN", "dimension14": "9+", "dimension15": "Outdoor", "dimension16": false, "dimension17": "", "metric3": 0, "metric4": 19 }, { "id": "matlock-bath-treasure-trail", "name": "Matlock Bath Treasure Trail", "brand": "NA", "position": 20, "category": "Tourist Attractions", "list": "TOWN", "dimension14": "9+", "dimension15": "Outdoor", "dimension16": false, "dimension17": "", "metric3": 0, "metric4": 20 } ] }, "pageType": "TOWN", "region": "East Midlands", "county": "Nottinghamshire", "town": "Nottingham" }
MeetspaceVR
Suitable for 9+ •Indoor 0.2 miles from Nottingham
Nottingham Treasure Hunt Trail
Suitable for 4+ •Outdoor 0.3 miles from Nottingham
iLocked
Curious About Nottingham
Wollaton Hall and Deer Park Mystery Treasure Trail
Papplewick Pumping Station
Suitable for •Indoor 7.4 miles from Nottingham
Newstead Abbey
Houdini's Escape Room Experience Kegworth
Suitable for 4+ •Indoor 10 miles from Nottingham
Southwell Minster
Suitable for 0-12 •Indoor, Outdoor 11.6 miles from Nottingham
Suitable for all ages •Indoor 13.9 miles from Nottingham
Robin Hoods Major Oak Treasure Trail
Edwinstowe
Kedleston Hall
The Newark Treasure Trail
Mercia Marina Willington
Suitable for all ages •Outdoor 18.1 miles from Nottingham
The Holocaust Centre
Laxton
Suitable for 4+ •Indoor, Outdoor 18.5 miles from Nottingham
The 1620s House And Garden
Cromford Treasure Hunt Trail
Sir Richard Arkwrights Masson Mills
Curious About The Matlocks
Matlock Bath Treasure Trail


text:
Start Over You searched for: Format Labels (identifying artifacts) ✖ Remove constraint Format: Labels (identifying artifacts)
1 - 4 of 4 entries
Sauer, Farrell & Co. records, 1870-2008 and undated 3.5 Linear Feet — 45 Items
Bookmark: Sauer, Farrell & Co. records, 1870-2008 and undated
Sauer, Farrell, & Co. was a cigar manufacturing company located in Suffield, Connecticut, during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Collection of ledgers, account books, order forms, and other ephemera relating to the sale and purchase of cigars by Sauer, Farrell, & Co., Cigar Manufacturers. Materials range in date from the 1870s through the early 1900s, and it is believed that the cigar company may have changed names throughout that period. The centerpiece of the collection is a specimen book of sample cigar box labels, created by the lithographers Heppenheimer & Maurer around 1878. The specimen book includes about 115 leaves, with labels affixed on each side of the leaf; the label colors range from two colors to multiple colors per label. Account books document cigar production, purchase, and sales information. Acquired as part of the John W. Hartman Center for Sales, Advertising & Marketing History.
Collection of ledgers, account books, order forms, and other ephemera relating to the sale and purchase of cigars by Sauer, Farrell, & Co., Cigar Manufacturers. Materials range in date from the 1870s through the early 1900s, and it is believed that the cigar company may have changed names throughout that period. The centerpiece of the collection is a specimen book of sample cigar box labels, created by the lithographers Heppenheimer & Maurer around 1878. The specimen book includes about 115 leaves, with labels affixed on each side of the leaf; the color ranges from two colors to multiple colors per label. Account books document cigar production, purchase, and sales information. Acquired as part of the John W. Hartman Center for Sales, Advertising & Marketing History.
John Benjamin Harris papers, 1955-1991 and undated 2.1 Linear Feet — 790 Items
Bookmark: John Benjamin Harris papers, 1955-1991 and undated
John Benjamin Harris is Professor Emeritus of Management and Marketing at Virginia State University. He pioneered governmental and commercial awareness of African American advertising markets and, in the 1970s, became the Director of the Virginia State Office of Minority Business Enterprise and Special Assistant to the Governor for Minority Enterprise. The John Benjamin Harris Papers span the years 1955-1991 and include scholarly articles, corporate reports and proposals, product labels, 16mm film reels, and audio tapes. Materials represent Harris' academic and professional work at New York University and Virginia State University as well as his work for the Virginia State Office of Minority Business Enterprise. Topics touched on in the collection include minority business enterprises; minority markets and minorities (especially African Americans) as consumers; and African American mass media. In addition, the collection reflects Harris' work for the advertising industry with employers including Cunningham & Walsh, Inc., the Leo Burnett Company, Inc., and the Ted Bates Company. Brands represented include Alka-Seltzer (Miles Laboratories), Campbell Soup, Coca-Cola, Cleveland Electric, Eastman Kodak, Pillsbury, and Schlitz.
The John Benjamin Harris Papers span the years 1955-1991 and include scholarly articles, corporate reports and proposals, product labels, 16mm film reels, and audio tapes. Materials represent Harris' academic and professional work at New York University and Virginia State University as well as his work for the Virginia State Office of Minority Business Enterprise. Topics touched on in the collection include minority business enterprises; minority markets and minorities (especially African Americans) as consumers; and African American mass media. In addition, the collection reflects Harris' work for the advertising industry with employers including Cunningham & Walsh, Inc., the Leo Burnett Company, Inc., and the Ted Bates Company. Brands represented include Alka-Seltzer (Miles Laboratories), Campbell Soup, Coca-cola, Cleveland Electric, Eastman Kodak, Pillsbury, and Schlitz.
The collection is organized into three series: Writings, Package Labels, and Audiovisual Materials. The Writings Series includes scholarly articles, reports, and proposals from Harris' academic and professional career in marketing research. The Package Labels series includes images of Campbell Soup Company branded product labels. The Audiovisual Materials series includes reels of television and radio advertisements for various company brands and advertising agencies.
Japanese Product Labels collection, approximately 1900s-1930s 0.2 Linear Feet
Bookmark: Japanese Product Labels collection, approximately 1900s-1930s
Consists of three scrapbooks containing labels for primarily beverages produced in Japan or imported for Japanese consumption. Alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages are represented, including flavored mineral water, flavoring syrups, cider, shochu, sake, gin, cognac, and port and other wines. Imported products originated in the United States, Spain, Portugal and France. Companies represented include Asahi, Showa, Hoyoku and Good Drink. Acquired as part of the John W. Hartman Center for Sales, Advertising & Marketing History.
European cheese label collection, 1930s-1950s1
Japanese Product Labels collection, approximately 1900s-1930s1
John Benjamin Harris papers, 1955-1991 and undated1
Sauer, Farrell & Co. records, 1870-2008 and undated1
Harris, John Benjamin, 1927-1
Sauer, Farrell, & Co.1
AFRO-AMERICAN Newspapers, Inc.1
Benton & Bowles Advertising Agency1
Campbell Soup Company1
Church Hill Economic Development Corporation1
Cleveland Electric Illuminating Company1
Cleveland Illuminating Company1
Cleveland Scholarship Program, Inc.1
Coca-Cola Company1
Cunningham & Walsh, Inc. [Not LC]1
more Names »
Japan -- Advertising1
Suffield (Conn.) -- Commerce1
Advertising -- Alcoholic beverages1
Advertising -- Beer1
Advertising -- Brand name products1
Advertising -- Research1
Advertising -- Research -- United States1
Advertising -- Tobacco1
Advertising -- Tobacco -- History1
Advertising -- Tobacco -- United States -- History1
Account books1
Audiotapes1
Ledgers (account books)1
Motion pictures (visual works)1


Henry Cavill is taking on the role of Napoleon Solo, but this is not the first iconic hero he's decided to play. Right now Cavill is most famous for playing Superman in Man of Steel, as well as in the upcoming Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice and Justice League movies. This is merely the climax to a career that it includes epics such as Tristant + Isolde, Immortals, and The Count of Monte Cristo.
It wasn't just the heroic characters and epic set pieces that appealed to Cavill however. He cites his main reason for joining the cast of The Man from U.N.C.L.E as being a chance to work with director, Guy Richie.
He also enjoyed the opportunity to get down and dirty with the action set pieces.
Yet, as much as Cavill enjoys crashing cars and playing out fight scenes, for him the film is all about his character's relationship with his partner, Illya Kuryakin (Armie Hammer).


J Health Polit Policy Law (1994) 19 (1): 91-106.
Faced with having to justify programs to offices of management and budget, government agencies generate numbers which describe expected program impacts. But the assumptions or data on which these numbers are based are frequently suspect, as is the utility of relying on counts and modeling techniques for evaluating the achievement of program aims. The result is that agencies often create "concrete fictions," hard numbers with feet of (soft) clay. Offices of management and budget are able to make their methodology "hegemonic" because agencies usually have to secure their approval to get funding. But imposing this methodology encourages agencies to use research staffs more to defend against the budget office than to help create effective programs, creates differences between the expectations of government and the public, and fosters the overrepresentation of particular interests.


text:
The Modern Priscilla: Children's Number. May 1909, Volume XXIII, No. 3.
Original publisher's multicolored wrapper with an illustration by Margaret Fitzhugh Browne showing a mother measuring the waist of her young daughter for a clothes fitting. 10 1/4" x 14." Forty pages, complete (some of the pages appear to be misbound with a few of the front pages in the back and a few of the back pages in the front). Many black and white illustrations and advertisements throughout magazine, complete. Back cover has an ad for Fairbank's Soaps. Pages are very clean and intact. Five small binding holes on left margin of front cover. The Modern Priscilla is a monthly magazine that was first published in 1887. It absorbed Everyday Housekeeping in 1912 and Home Needlework Magazine in 1917, and the magazine's run ended when it merged with Home Arts Needlecraft Magazine in 1930. Modern Priscilla covers various topics such as sewing and needlework projects, craft ideas, china painting, cooking recipes, home and life advice, the latest fashion trends of the time, and other aspects of domestic living. Fictional short stories are also included. The following are some of the articles and features in this issue: "Crocheted Articles for the Baby," "Ideas for Dolls' Garments Adapted for Children" by Catherine Lee Carter, "A Child's Room with Stenciled Decorations" by Amy Carol Rand, "Dainty Turnover Collars in Irish Crochet" by Lula M. Harvey, "Fashion Notes for May" by Mrs. Hallam, "Baby's Cap in Teneriffe Lace" by Mae Y. Mahaffy, "Doilies for Children," "A Child's Breakfast Set: Milk Pitcher and Bowl" by Harriet Cushman Wilkie, "A Graduate's Dress" by Emilie Fox, "Chafing Dish Apron and Wallachian Waist," "Hostess and Guest" by Marjorie March, "Infant's Bib and Cap" by Edmonia B. Johnson, "Priscilla's Dressing Table: Regarding the Mouth and Deep Breathing" by Annette Beacon [health advice and physical exercises], "Vegetables a la Hindu" by Nihal Singh [recipes for Indian cuisine], "Sweets That Please and Do Not Hurt the Little Folks" by Fannie Merritt Farmer [dessert recipes], "A Lesson in Dressmaking: Children's Clothes" by Martha Dean Hallam, "Priscilla Paper Patterns," "Mother and Child Department" [parenting article that includes advice about children owning pets], "New Centerpiece and Pillow," "Paper Dolls" [facing page includes models for "Mother Goose Children"], "Dutch Collar and Embroidered Belts" by Inez Redding, and "Child's Embroidered Guimpe."
Title: The Modern Priscilla: Children's Number. May 1909, Volume XXIII, No. 3.
Keywords: Magazines. Pamphlets. Modern Priscilla. Vintage magazines. Arts and crafts. Sewing magazines. Craft magazines. Needlework. Fancy work. Fancywork. Textiles. China painting. Handicrafts. Fashion. Cooking recipes. Housekeeping. Home economics. Home arts. Home decorating. Interior design. Women. Women's interest. Women's magazines. Entertainment. US history. Children's number. Margaret Fitzhugh Browne. Margaret Browne. Fairbank's soaps. Baby's clothes. Children's clothing. Doll clothes. Stenciling. Stencil decorations. Irish crochet. May fashion. Spring fashion. Teneriffe lace. Doily. Doilies. Breakfastware. Breakfast dishes. Breakfast ceramics. Breakfast china. Graduation clothes. Aprons. Health. Indian recipes. Indian cuisine. Dessert recipes. Children's pets. Parenting. Pillows. Dutch collar. Dutch collar. Embroidered belts. Embroidery. Guimpe. SG-53.,
Portraits of Illustrious Personages of Great Britain. Engraved from Authentic Pictures in the Galleries of the Nobility, and the Public Collections of the Country. With Biographical and Historical Memoirs of Their Lives and Actions.
A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers.
Cassell's Picturesque Australasia (Four Volumes)


In large bowl, place pearl onions and enough very hot water to cover; set aside 5 minutes to soften onion skins. Peel onions, leaving a little of root end attached to help onions hold their shape.
In nonstick 12-inch skillet, combine onions, sugar, margarine, salt, pepper, thyme (if using), and 1/2 cup water. Cover and cook over medium-high heat 10 to 15 minutes or until most of liquid evaporates and onions are very tender. Remove cover and cook 5 to 10 minutes longer or until onions turn dark brown, stirring frequently. Spoon onions into serving bowl; garnish with thyme sprigs.
If you are not serving caramelized onions right away, spoon into microwave-safe serving bowl. Cover and refrigerate up to 1 day. Reheat in microwave oven on High 3 to 4 minutes, stirring once.


There are tools in the world with a fantastic sound that contain hidden secrets, still untouched. Woods, glues, paints and unique materials...science has not yet provided a rational explanation for their particular and sublime voice. Similarly, we at Acustica release some of the most wondrous digital audio products. Cloaked in layers of seemingly cold mathematical algorithms, are revolutionary formulas of ground-breaking technology, alarmingly fresh, but still reminiscent of an unmistakable warmth. If you listen to the world around you, you will easily discover sounds that are so amazing here, incomparable, sometimes even divinely inspired where we enjoy results so unique and surprising that we freeze with our small musical time machine.


text:
Shi'ite Militias in Syria and Iraq: Proliferating the Sectarian Conflict – Analysis
Aida Mihaela Arosoaie
Shi'ite militias represent important stakeholders in the conflicts in Syria and Iraq who proliferate the sectarian bloodshed in the region. Despite their jihad narrative, their large fighter mobilization and massacring of Sunni civilians, they remain unnoticed and unaccountable.
In Syria, Shi'ite militias are fighting alongside Bashar alAssad's army, while in Iraq they represent the core of the force against ISIS. Whereas the militias in Iraq became prominent on the battlefield after the US-led invasion in 2003, the militias in Syria are a relatively new phenomenon which emerged after the civil war broke out in 2011. Most of militias are subgroups and splinters of major Shi'ite groups in Iraq and Lebanon or were founded by Iran's Quds Forces.
These militias represent a threat to the stability of the Middle East as they proliferate the sectarian conflict in the region. The war in Syria and the fight against ISIS initiated an unprecedented Shi'ite mobilization akin to the Sunni mobilization in Afghanistan during the 1980s. Militias recruit individuals based on a Shi'ite jihad narrative which has sectarian contours. Moreover, in both countries Shi'ite militias systematically massacre Sunni civilians. Unaccountable and ignored, these militias perpetuate the sectarian conflict in the Middle East.
… Aida Mihaela Arosoaie is a Research Analyst with the International Centre for Political Violence and Terrorism Research (ICPVTR), a component unit of the S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies (RSIS), Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore.
ICPVTR / Online
Shi'ite militias represent important stakeholders in the conflicts in Syria and Iraq who proliferate the sectarian bloodshed in the region. Despite their jihad narrative, ...


More and more people these days are resorting to renting transport services online instead of buying their own personal cars. There are several reasons for this but the basic one is that cities have become more crowded since the days when it was necessary for everyone to own a car. Back in the day if you didn't own a car, you weren't considered a part of a proper Society. There is now we live in a fast-paced world but if you own a car and don't resort to renting Transport Services you rendered yourself lead to many many events. The last thing that anybody wants it in a fast-paced world is to be late to an event that is important do them, which is why we propose that you weren't the services of party bus in Houston to make your event livelier. There isn't just one reason why we want you to pay car services, there are many. Our services are premium services that you will not get with any other Transport company.
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Since you require transport services for everyday use it would be foolish to settle with a car company that is charging you extra. You need to remember that since there are thousands of transport companies available online, the prices are competitive. Did basically means that any company that is costing you extra is trying to rip you off. When you choose a reputable Transport company like car service Houston, you enjoy that you will be getting only the best prices that are being offered to the rest of the client as well. Our clients trust is important to us which is why we do everything in our power to make sure they get only the best of services.
Is a factor that most transport companies neglect but we pay special attention to. Men we hired driver to make sure that they are the best drivers in town so that we can ensure our clients safety. Our clients go through a series of tests that qualifies them to drive while on the road. The Damned you will not only be safe, but you would also have a journey worth remembering.
The ones listed above are some of the many advantages that you would be having if you booked transportation services with us at Party Bus Houston. Call us now and book your transport at the earliest so you too can have a taste of perfection.