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Glossary of Islamic Financial Terms - List No.3
adadiyyah (pl. `adadiyyat) Countables i.e. things which are measured in individual units rather than by volume, weight, or length. An example of `adadiyyat are eggs which are customarily purchased in unit, (half dozen, dozen, etc.) rather than by weight.
`adl `Adl is a general term which conveys the meanings of justice, equity and fairness.
`amil One who performs a task, an agent. One who deserves compensation for some task which he does, such as the mudarib (manager) in a mudarabah contract or a zakat collector.
`aqar Real estate; Immovable property such as land, buildings, trees and so forth.
`aqd `Aqd is a central term in Islamic financial law, which essentially means, "contract."
`ard Land.
`arif An expert who is consulted in situations which require an impartial, informed decision, such as the appraisal of property.
`ariyah A contract in which one party loans another the use of some item for an indefinite period of time. Ariyah is generally used to refer to the neighborly lending of small articles.
`ayn `Ayn is term used by the classical jurists to refer to currency or ready money. The term `ayn refers to gold, silver, coins, notes and any other form of ready cash. `Ayn is often contrasted with dayn.
`inah A sale in which a purchaser buys merchandise from a seller for a stipulated price on a deferred payment basis and then sells the same merchandise back to the original seller for a price lower than the original purchase price.
Ajr Generally ajr means compensation or wage. In an ijarah (lease) contract, the ajr is the price paid by the hirer to the hired party in exchange for the services which the latter renders.
akl al-suht Unlawful acquisition of wealth.
al-ajir al-khas A hired-worker who is contracted to perform a specific task in a specific amount of
time by one party, such as a cook or a servant.
al-ajir al-mushtarak A worker, such as a tailor, who offers his services to many and thus may be contracted by several clients at once.
al-ajr al-mithl The prevailing rate; the price which is normally paid for a given service.
al-akl bi l-batil Unlawful acquisition of wealth.
al-amin al-`amm One who has been entrusted with the property of another for a reason other than safe-keeping (wadi`ah), such as a tenant who rents an apartment or the mudarib in the mudarabah contract.
al-amin al-khas One who has been entrusted with the property of another and is responsible for it, as is the case in the wadi`ah (safe-keeping) transaction.
al-amwal al-ribawiyah The six kinds of substances (gold, silver, dates, wheat, salt and barley) which, when exchanged in kind, must be exchanged in equal measure and with immediate transfer of possession. If these conditions are not met, then the exchange is considered to be riba (interest).
al- kharaj bildaman The Islamic legal principle that means entitlement to revenue follows assumption of responsibility. Profits, therefore, are based on the ownership of, and responsibility for, capital.
al-hajjah al-asliyyah Lit: Basic needs. Tech: In relation to the law of zakat, the shariah has exempted those assets which are required to fulfill one's basic needs. Also spoken with regard to economic role of the Islamic state. The Islamic state is responsible to provide for the basic needs of all citizens, should some of them fall short of the means.
amanah Trust, with associated meanings of trustworthiness, faithfulness and honesty. As an important secondary meaning, the term also identifies a transaction where one party keeps another's funds or property in trust. This is in fact the most widely understood and used application of the term, and has a long history of use in Islamic commercial law. By extension, the term can also be used to describe different financial or commercial activities such as deposit taking, custody or goods on consignment.
arbun Earnest money/Down payment; a non-refundable deposit paid by the client (buyer) to the seller upon concluding a contract of sale, with the provision that the contract will be completed during the prescribed period.
ayah The term refers to a passage from the Holy Qur'an.
bai al-dayn Sale of debt or receivables.
bai al-'inah A loan in the form of a sale, called 'inah (facade) because it is a sale in appearance only. This is accomplished by one's buying back what one has sold for a lower price than that for which one originally sold it. The difference, ostensibly profit, is actually a loan.
bai al-wafa' A sale with the right of redemption, literally, a sale of honour. Typically, such a sale takes place when a commodity is sold on the condition that the seller be allowed to redeem the commodity upon paying its price; and the buyer agrees to honour the condition.
bai al-bithaman ajil Deferred-payment sale, credit sale.
batil Void, invalid. Said of a transaction, a contract which governs a transaction or an element in a such a contract when they are null and void. opp. sahih.
bay` Sale; an agreement between two parties (the seller and the buyer) to the effect that the ownership of the sale item is transferred from the seller to the buyer in exchange for a price.
bay` `ajil bi-ajil Lit.Delayed-for-immediate sale. A type of sale in which the sale price is paid immediately and delivery of the sale item is delayed. Syn. bay` al-salam.
bay` al-kali bi-kali (Lit. Sale of a debt for a debt) Bay`al- kali' bi-kali' is a type of sale which is prohibited. Islamic jurists use this term to describe several different types of debt-for-debt exchanges. The most well-known of these is the exchange in which a lender extends his debtor's debt repayment period in return for an increase on the principal i. e. interest. The term kali' is a synonym for debt.
bay` al-mu'ajjal Deferred payment sale, credit sale; a sale in which payment is delayed and delivery of the contracted goods is immediate
bay` al-salam Deferred delivery sale; A type of sale in which the sale price is paid immediately and delivery of a specified sale item is deferred for a stipulated period. Syn. salaf.
bay` bi-thaman ajil Deferred payment sale. Some Islamic banks carry out a transaction of this name in which goods are requested by a client, purchased by the bank and then sold to the client at an agreed upon price which includes the bank's mark-up profit. Often the client is offered the option of paying in installments. This is essentially identical to the murabahah financing used throughout the Islamic banking sector. Syn. bay` `ajil bi-ajil and bay` al-mu'ajjal.
bay`atan fi bay` Lit. Two sales in one. A type of transaction, which was explicitly prohibited by the Prophet. The meaning of the expression "two sales in one" is explained by the fuqaha' in various ways. Also called "safaqatan fi safaqah."
bayt al-mal The treasury of the Muslim Community; historically, the bayt al-mal as an institution was developed by the early Caliphs but which soon fell into disrepair. The funds contained in the bayt al-mal were meant to be spent on the needs o the Ummah e. g. supporting the needy.
daman Responsibility for financial coverage in the case of destruction or damage.
daman/kafala Guaranty or surety
darura Overriding necessity
dayn Debt; some form of wealth which one is required to pay back to another.
dhimmah Dhimmah is a basic term in fiqh al-mu`amalat which roughly corresponds to the concept of liability. A debt is said to be "established in someone's dhimmah" if he is in debt to someone else. The fuqaha' also speak about a person's dhimmah "being occupied " and "being cleared." The concept of dhimmah may be likened to a virtual liability container which it may be said that every responsible person has. These containers, it may be imagined, are constantly being filled with rights and obligations--such as the obligation to repay someone.
dinar A gold coin used by Muslims throughout Islamic history. The standard mass of the dinar which is referred to in Fiqh is 1 mithqal (app. 4.25 grams.)
faqih Muslim jurist; A Muslim who is an expert in Fiqh; a Muslim who is knowledgeable of the rules of the Shari`ah and knows how these rules are related to the source texts upon which they are based.
faqir (pl. fuqara') A poor person.
faskh Undoing, dissolving, cancellation. Faskh is a term used by the classical fuqaha to refer to the dissolution of a contract or agreement. It has been described as the cancellation of a contract, such that affairs return to the state in which they were before the closing of the contract, without any addtition or subtraction. Many of the classical fuqaha' apply the term faskh to instances in which a previously valid (sahih) contract is cancelled voluntarily by the contractual parties--such as in iqalah, khiyar al-`ayb (option to return in case of a defect) and khiyar al-shart (stipulated option of return)--and use the term infisakh for cancellations which occur outside of the will of each of the contractual parties--such as the cancellation of a sale contract when the sale item is destroyed, before the seller can hand it over to the purchaser or the dissolution of certain partnerships (see shirkah) upon the death of one of the participating parties.
fatwa (pl. fatawa A formal response issued by an expert faqih, called a mufti in response to a question.
fatwa An authoritative legal opinion based on the Shari'a (Islamic law)
fiqh Practical jurisprudence, or human articulations of divine rules encompassing both law and ethics. As such, fiah may be understood as the jurists' understanding of the Shari'a, or jurists' law.
fiqh al-mu'amalat Islamic commercial jurisprudence, or the rules of transacting in a Shari'a compliant manner
fuduli A party is described as "fuduli" whenever it transacts (e. g. sells, rents, etc.) with someone else's property without the permission of the Shari`ah (e. g. wakalah). Such is the case when a party does not own the property with which it transacts and is not the wakil (authorized representative) or wali (guardian) of the true owner. For example, if a person were to negotiate and "close" a deal with a buyer in which he sold some machinery without the owner of the machinery having made him his wakeel (authorized representative) the "seller" would be described as fuduli.
fuqaha pl. of faqih, qualified specialists in fiah, or jurists.
gharar Uncertainty in a contract of exchange as to the existence of the subject-matter of the contract and deliverability, quantity or quality of the subject-matter. It also involves contractual ambiguity as to the consideration and the terms of the contract. Such ambiguity will render most contracts void.
gharim (pl. gharimun) Orig. A debtor who does not possess the funds with which to repay his debt. According to the Hanifi jurists, a gharim is one who whose funds, after repayment of his debt, would not equal the nisab. The Shafi`i and Maliki jurists divide the gharimun into two types: 1) those whose debts were incurred in their own benefit and 2) those whose debts were incurred benefiting others. The gharimun are one of the eight groups mentioned in the Qur'an as legitimate recipients of zakah funds.
ghasb The wrongful appropriation of property by force.
habal al-habalah A type of sale practiced by the Arabs during the Jahiliyyah, in which the essence of the agreement between the two transacting parties, depended on a pregnant she-camel giving birth to a female calf which would subsequently become pregnant itself. The habal al-habalah transaction was prohibited by the Prophet, according to several well-known reports, ostensibly because of the extreme uncertainty (see gharar) in the essence of the contract, given that neither of the contractual parties can be even remotely certain that a pregnant she-camel would successfully give birth to a another she-camel, which would subsequently mature and become pregnant itself.
hadith (pl. ahadith) A successively transmitted report of an utterance, deed, affirmation or characteristic of the Prophet Muhammad. The ahadith are the source texts by which the Sunnah is preserved.
halal Permissible, lawful; said of a deed which is not prohibited by Allah, opp. haram.
halal lawful; one of the five major Shari'a a categorizations of human acts
hamish gedyyah security deposit. An amount of money paid by the purchase orderer upon request of the seller to make sure that the orderer is serious in his order of the asset. However, if the promise is binding and the purchase orderer declines to purchase the asset, the actual loss incurred to the seller shall be made good form this amount.
haqq lit. truth, right. Al-Haqq, the Truth, is one of the names of Allah. In the Fiqh of financial transactions, the term haqq signifies a right which a party possesses, for example the creditors right to payment.
haram Impermissible, unlawful, opp. halal.
hawalah Bill of exchange, promissory note, cheque, draft. Tech: A debtor passes on the responsibility of payment of his debt to a third party who owes the former a debt. Thus the responsibility of payment is ultimately shifted to a third party. hawalah is a mechanism which can be usefully employed for settling international accounts by book transfer. This obviates, to a large extent, the necessity of physical transfer of cash. The term was also used, historically, in the public finance during the Abbaside period to refer to cases where the state treasury could not meet the claims presented to it and it directed its claimants to occupy a certain region for a certain period and procure their claims themselves by taxing the people. This method was also known as tasabbub. The taxes collected and transmitted to the central treasury were known as mahmul (i.e. carried to the treasury) while those assigned to the claimants or provinces were known as musabbab.
hawl The term hawl is used by the jurists to describe the amount of time which must pass before a Muslim in possession of funds equaling or exceeding the exemption limit (nisab) must pay Zakah on his wealth. In the case of cash, gold and silver it is one Islamic year i.e. a lunar year of app. 354 days.
hibah Gift, donation. Tech: Transfer of a determinate property (mal) without any material consideration. Muslims have been exhorted by the Prophet to donate gifts to others. This is one of the important values of a Muslim society. It is intended to cultivate love and co-operation among citizens rather than rivalry and competition.
hisbah Hisbah is a term used by the classical jurists, among them Ibn Taymiyyah, to describe the function of regulating the market place which is to be carried out by the Islamic authority (often called the muhtasib in this sense). Hisbah includes taking whatever steps may be needed in order to maintain a fair and orderly market place. Historically, various Islamic rulers have undertaken the duty of hisbah by supervising activities ranging from the inspection of eateries for sanitary conditions to the investigation of fraud. The basis of hisbah is the Prophet's customary inspection of the marketplace of Madinah.
hukm (pl. ahkam) In Fiqh, the Shari'ah ruling (e. g. obligatory, recommendable, neutral, reprehensible, or forbidden) associated with any action.
husah (lit. pebbles) A type of sale practiced by the Arabs in the Jahiliyyah and prohibited by the Prophet Mohammed in which the sale was determined by the casting of pebbles. Classical commentators mention three forms of the husah sale: 1) the seller would say to the would-be purchaser, "when I throw the pebbles in my hand, then the deal is closed and binding on you," 2) the seller would say to the would-purchaser, "I shall sell you the commodity which your pebbles hit" or 3) in a land sale, the seller would say, "I shall sell you the plot of land whose dimensions are defined by the extent to which you throw this pebble." The husah sale--like the habal al-habalah sale was ostensibly prohibited because of the gharar (uncertainty) which characterized the contract which governed it.
ihtikar Hoarding; the prohibited practice of purchasing essential commodities, such as food and storing them in anticipation of an increase in price.
ijara Ijara is a form of leasing in which there is a transfer of ownership of a service for a specified period for an agreed upon lawful consideration. Instead of lending money and earning interest, Ijarah allows the financial institution to earn profits by charging rentals on the asset leased to the customer.
ijarah wa-iqtina Lease-and-purchase transaction; a financing instrument used by practitioners of contemporary Islamic finance in which a financier purchases reusable merchandise (e.g. airplane, buildings, cars) and then leases them to clients in return for an agreed upon rental fee (to be paid for the length of the lease period) and an agreement that the client will purchase the merchandise at the end of the lease period.. There are similar transactions of various names, among them al-ijarah al-muntaha bi-tamlik.
ijma` (lit. consensus) The unanimous consensus of the Muslim Ummah on a given issue, usually as represented by the agreement of the jurists. Ijma' has traditionally been recognized as an independent source of law, along with the Qur'an, Sunnah and Qiyas (analogical deduction), by most of the jurists.
ijtihad (Lit. effort, exertion, diligence) The process by which a qualified Islamic jurist (called a mujtahid) endeavors to arrive at the correct ruling on a given issue by reflecting on source texts from the fundamental sources of the Shari`ah: the Qur'an and Sunnah.
ikhtikar Monopoly
ikhtilaf Divergence of opinions among jurists
iktinaz Hoarding wealth by not paying zakah on it.
iman Conviction, faith or belief; the acceptance and affirmation of Allah, His Books, His Messengers, His Angels, the Hereafter and Divine Decree.
Infaq Spending, normally in the path of Allah. Among the various praiseworthy types of infaq are spending on one's family, spending in preparation for jihad and feeding and clothing orphans and other underprivileged individuals.
iqtisad Lit. moderation. The term is used in modern standard Arabic to denote the field of economics.
Islam (Lit. submission to Allah) The religion of Allah (God) i. e. the worship of Allah alone. Islam is (1) shahadah i. e. testifying that there is no god but Allah and that Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah, (2) establishing Salah i. e. prescribed prayer, (3) paying Zakah i. e. giving a portion of one's wealth to the needy, (4) the Sawm of Ramadan i. e. fasting during the 9th month of the Islamic calendar and (5) Hajj i. e. making pilgrimage to the sacred precincts of Makkah (Mecca) in Arabia once in a lifetime if one is able. A person whose religion is Islam is a Muslim. A person becomes Muslim by declaring the shahadah i.e. " Ashhadu an la ilaha illallah wa ashhadu anna Muhammadan rasulullah" ("I tesify that there is nothing rightfully worshipped except Allah and I testify that Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah").
Islah Reform
Islamic banking Financial services that meet the requirements of the Shariah, or Islamic law. While designed to meet the specific religious requirements of Muslim customers, Islamic banking is not restricted to Muslims: both the financial services provider and the customer can be non-Muslim as well as Muslim. Also called Islamic finance or Islamic financial services.'
Istihsan Judicial preference for one legal analogy over another, usually in view of the public welfare
istisna'a A contract of sale of specified goods to be manufactured, with an obligation on the manufacturer to deliver them upon completion. It is a condition in istisna'a that the seller provides either the raw material or cost of manufacturing the goods
jahala Lack of knowledge or ambiguity in the terms of contract.
jahiliyyah (exp. ayyam al-jahiliyyah lit. the days of ignorance) The so-called "pre-Islamic period." The period between the Prophethood of `Isa bin Maryam (Jesus) and the Prophethood of Muhammad. Jahiliyyah is the term Muslims use to refer to the era just before the coming of the Prophet Muhammad and more generally to the state of affairs which characterized this era, which was plagued by shirk (the crime of associating partners with Allah), infanticide, tribal strife, etc.
ji'alah Service fee; a fee paid for any service rendered, also known as ju'l.
kafalah Assumption of the responsibility for debt repayment; a standard Islamic financial transaction in which X (the kafil) agrees to assume responsibility for the debts of Y (the makful `anhu). Similar but not identical to hawalah.
khiyar (lit. Option, choice) the option extended to one or more of the parties in a sales contract to rescind the sale, upon the appearance of a defect, for example. The jurists have traditionally recognized several different types of khiyar, including khiyar al-ru`yah, khiyar al-`ayb, khiyar al-shart, khiyar al-majlis.
khiyar al-shart An option in a sale contract concluded at the time of signing the agreement, giving one of the two parties to the contract a right to cancel the sale within a stipulated time.
madhhab (lit. way of going, pl. madhahib) A fiqh school or orientation characterized by differences in the methods by which certain source-texts are understood and therefore differences in the Shari`ah rulings which are deduced from them. There are four well-known madhahib among Sunni Muslims whose names are associated with the classical jurists who are said to have founded them (Hanafi, Maliki, Shafi`i and Hanbali).
makruh Lit.detested; technical term used by the fuqaha' to classify actions with regard to their desirability. Makruh is said of an action which one is rewarded for avoiding, but not punished for committing.
mal Wealth, money, property; any valuable thing which can be possessed.
manfa`ah (lit. benefit) The yield which a utilizable property produces. The term is often used by the fuqaha' to describe the usufruct associated with a given property, especially in leasing transactions. In an automobile lease for example, the term manfa`ah might be used to describe the benefit which the lessee derives from the use of the car for the duration of the lease (as opposed to the actual ownership of the vehicle).
maqasid the general objectives of Islamic law
maqasid al-Shari`ah (lit. The objectives of the Shari`ah). The term maqasid al-shari`ah refers to a juristic-philosophical concept developed by the later generations of the classical jurists, who attempted to formulate the goals and purposes of the Shari`ah in a comprehensive manner to aid in the process of investigating new cases and organizing previous existing rulings.
maysir Gambling, a game of chance. Originally a game of chance played by the Arabs before Islam, maysir came to refer to any game of chance One of three fundamental prohibitions in Islamic finance (the other two being riba and gharar). The prohibition on maysir is often used as the grounds for criticism of conventional financial practices such as speculation, conventional insurance and derivatives.
miskin A poor, indigent person. The miskin is mentioned in the Qur'an as one of the recipients of zakah.
mu`amalah A financial transaction. Fiqh al-mu`amalat is the traditional Islamic discipline concerned with the jurisprudence of financial transactions.
mudaraba A Mudarabah is an Investment partnership, whereby the investor (the Rab ul Mal) provides capital to another party/entrepreneur (the Mudarib) in order to undertake a business/investment activity. While profits are shared on a pre-agreed ratio, loss of investment is born by the investor only. The mudarib loses its share of the expected income.
mudarib: The mudarib is the entrepreneur or investment manager in a mudarabah who invests the investor's funds in a project or portfolio in exchange for a share of the profits. For example, a mudarabah is essentially similar to a diversified pool of assets held in a Discretionary Asset Management Portfolio.
mufti A highly qualified jurisconsult who issues fatawa (sing. fatwa, informed legal pronouncements), usually in response to questions posed to him.
mugharasah A type of agricultural contract in which a land owner and a worker agree that, in return for the worker's planting and tending of fruit-bearing trees on the land owner's field, the landowner will assign to him a share of the orchard's harvest. Both Hanafi and Hanbali jurists (the latter also call the transaction munasabah) discuss mugharasah in their fiqh works. Two valid forms of the contract have been mentioned: 1) The landowner supplies the necessary materials (e. g. twigs) and bears related expenses (e. g. fixture transportation) while the worker tends the trees for a fixed period. After the expiration of this period, the worker receives a fixed wage or a fixed portion of the orchard. 2) The worker supplies the materials and bears related expenses and receives a share of the harvest. The second more closely resembles muzara`ah.
mujtahid Legal expert, or a jurist who expends great effort in deriving a legal opinion or interpreting the sources of the law.
murabahah (phr. bay` al-murabahah) Originally a term describing any sale in which the seller sells his merchandise for more than the price at which he acquired it, the term murabahah is now used in contemporary Islamic finance to describe a financing scheme in which a financial institution agrees to purchase merchandise for a client provided that the client promises to purchase it from the financial institution at an agreed upon mark-up. This transaction, called simply murabahah or murabahah financing, is widely used in contemporary Islamic finance.
murabaha Purchase and resale. Instead of lending out money, the capital provider purchases the desired commodity (for which the loan would have been taken out) from a third party and resells it at a predetermined higher price to the capital user. By paying this higher price over instalments, the capital user has effectively obtained credit without paying interest.
musaqah A type of partnership in which the owner of an orchard agrees to share a stipulated portion of the produce of the orchard's trees with a worker, in exchange for the latter's irrigation of the garden.
musharakah Partnership. A standard Islamic transaction in which two or more parties enter into any one of several related types of partnerships (see shirkah, mudarabah, musaqah, muzara`ah). In a typical musharakah agreement, two or more parties agree to provide capital (ra's mal) towards the financing of a commercial venture, share profits according to a stipulated ratio and share losses on the basis of equity participation.
muzabanah Essentially, muzabanah is a transaction in which the owner of fruit trees agrees to sell his fruit for an estimated equivalent amount of the dried fruit, such as palm fruit for dates or grapes for raisins. Muzabanah was an agricultural practice known to the people of Madinah and prohibited by the Prophet (see hadith of Jabir b. `Abd Allah), ostensibly because of the strong element of gharar present in such a transaction. The special case of araya (see entry) was exempted from this prohibition. Some fuqaha', particularly Maliki jurists, use the term muzabanah to describe any sale in which the weight or volume of the exchange items is unspecified.
muzara`ah Share-cropping; an agreement between two parties in which one agrees to allow a portion of his land to be used by the other in return for a part of the produce of the land.
najash The prohibited practice of deceiving and inciting a potential buyer during the course of pre-sale negotiations or bidding by egging him on, either through insincere bidding on the part of a spectator (such as bidding with no intention of buying and merely in order to have the would-be buyer raise his bid), or false statements on the part of the seller himself (such as the seller claiming that the commodity is of greater value than its true worth).
nisab The exemption limit for the payment of zakah. A Muslim who possesses wealth below the nisab is exempted from paying zakah, while a Muslim who possesses wealth at or above this exemption limit is obliged to pay zakah. The nisab differs depending on the type of wealth in question.
PLS Profit and Loss Sharing. The term is used to describe any one of several financial schemes (but particularly the banking system of Pakistan) based on the principle of interest-free lending and featuring the use of mudarabah and musharakah (see entries) as financing instruments.
qabd (lit. seizing) taking possession of the exchange commodity in an exchange transaction, such as the exchanger taking possession of the silver which he traded for his own gold. Its being immediate is a necessary condition for the validity of currency exchange.
qard hassan a loan per amore in which there is no interest. In Islamic law, all loans are gratuitous contracts
qimar A type of prohibited arrangement in which the acquisition of property is contingent upon the occurrence of an uncertain event, as is the case in gambling.
qirad Qirad is a synonym for mudarabah.
Qur'an the Book of Divine Revelation that was delivered to humankind by the Prophet Mohammed, peace be upon him.
ra's al-mal Capital. The money or property which an investor (rabb al-mal) invests in a profit-seeking venture, often in a partnership (musharakah) such as a mudarabah or shirkah arrangement.
rabb al-mal In the mudarabah, the investor.
rahn Collateral; a pledge or the transaction which governs such a pledge.
riba (lit. increase) any increase in a loan or sale transaction which accrues to the lender, seller or buyer, without the provision of an equivalent counter-value to the other party. In Islam, riba is one of the most abhorrent of all sins and is absolutely prohibited. Riba encompasses various types of illict gain, of which banking interest is one example.
riba al-fadl The riba of exchange surplus. Any commodity-for-commodity exchange transaction (i. e. barter) in which the exchanged commodities are of the same type but of unequal measure, or the delivery of one commodity is postponed.
riba al-nasi'ah Postponement riba. Riba al-nasi`ah is one of the two categories into which riba (see entry) is often divided by the fuqaha', the other being riba al-fadl (see entry). Riba al-nasi'ah takes place when two ribawi substances (see al-amwal al-ribawiyyah) are exchanged, one immediately and the other with a delay. An example of riba al-nasi'ah: two parties agree to exchange 10 kilos of gold for 2 kilos of silver such that the former is handed over immediately and the latter is to be delivered 2 weeks from the date the contract is signed. Another example: two traders exchange 1 metric ton of wheat for 2 metric tons of barley such that the latter is delivered after one year.
rishwah Bribery.
rukn (lit. pillar, pl. arkan) In fiqh, an integral part of an act, such as a transaction, without which the act can not be said to have been performed.
sadaqah (pl. sadaqat) Charitable giving.
sahih (lit. sound, healthy, correct) said of a valid contract, opp. of bƒtil. A hadith of the highest level of authentication.
salah Ritual prayer; the second pillar of Islam after the shahadah.
salam A type of sale in which the full price of the goods is paid in advance and the goods are delivered at a specified date in the future.
salam A contract for the purchase of a commodity for deferred delivery in exchange for immediate payment according to specified conditions
sarf Currency exchange.
shahadah Testimony to the fact that Allah has the unique right to be worshipped to the exclusion of anything or anyone else and that the Prophet Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah by declaring, "Ashhadu an la ilaha illallah wa ashhadu anna Muhammadan rasulullah" (i.e. "I testify that there is no one or thing rightfully worshipped except Allah and that Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah).
Shariah: Islamic law as revealed in the Quran and through the example of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH). A Shariah compliant product meets the requirements of Islamic law. A Shariah board is the committee of Islamic scholars available to an Islamic financial institution for guidance and supervision in the development of Shariah compliant products.
Shariah advisor An independent professional, usually a classically trained Islamic legal scholar, that advises an Islamic bank on the compliance of its products and services with the Shariah, or Islamic law. While some Islamic banks consult individual Shariah advisors, most establish a committee of Shariah advisors (often know as a Shariah board or Shariah committee).
Shariah compliant An act or activity that complies with the requirements of the Shariah, or Islamic law. The term is often used in the Islamic banking industry as a synonym for "Islamic"—for example, Shariah compliant financing or Shariah compliant investment.
shart (pl. shurut) A necessary condition, something which needs to exist or be present in order for something (like a transaction) to be valid. Also a condition or stipulation in a contract.
shirkah Any contract between two or more persons in which they agree to jointly enter into a financial enterprise whose profits will be divided between them. syn. musharakah.
shuf`ah The right of pre-emption in sale transactions, for example, a real estate sale in which some party possesses the right to force the seller to sell him all or part of the real estate in the event of a sale.
sighah (sighat al-`aqd) Sighah is a term used by the fuqaha' to refer to the formal exchange which takes place between the contractual parties indicating their willingness to enter into the contractual agreement and therefore constitutes the contract itself. The sighah is a rukn (integral element) of the Islamic contract and essentially consists of a proposal (ijab) on the part of one contractual party and an acceptance (qabul) on the part of the other, either of which may be verbal, written or even gestural, depending on the circumstances under which the contract is closed. An accepatable sighah in a sale contract, for example, may consist of a purchaser saying to a seller, "do you agree to sell me this merchandise for this price?" followed by the seller replying "Yes." The ijab and qabul may be reversed so that the seller proposes and the purchaser accepts. Signing a written contract which details the conditions of the transaction which it governs, constitutes acceptance on the part of the signer.
suftajah (Orig. Persian) A debt transfer transaction, practiced in Islamic societies since the `Abbasi period in which A, a debtor authorizes his agent (wakil) or someone who owes him a debt, to pay a given amount to C to whom A owes a debt. Suftajah is related to and may be considered a special case of the standard Islamic debt transfer transaction known as hawalah (see entry).
sukuk Similar characteristics to that of a conventional bond with the difference being that they are asset backed, a sukuk represents proportionate beneficial ownership in the underlying asset. The asset will be leased to the client to yield the return on the sukuk.
Sunnah The actions, deeds, affirmations and characteristics of the Prophet Muhammad. The customary practice of the Prophet which informs the life of a Muslim.
takaful Islamic insurance. Structured as charitable collective pool of funds based on the idea of mutual assistance, takaful schemes are designed to avoid the elements of conventional insurance (i.e., interest and gambling) that are prohibited by Islamic law.
tawarruq Reverse murabahah. As used in personal financing, a customer with a genuine need buys something on credit from the bank on a deferred payment basis and then immediately resells it for cash to a third party. In this way, the customer can obtain cash without taking an interest-based loan
Ulema pl. of 'alim, Shariah a scholars or jurists.
Ummah The Muslim Community.
urboun Earnest money. It is the amount paid by the client (orderer) to the seller after concluding a contract of sale, with the provision that the contract is completed during the prescribed period. The urboun amount will be counted as part of the price; otherwise the urboun will be kept by the seller if the buyer fails to execute the contract.
usul al-fiqh Islamic legal theory.
wadia Safe-keeping/resale of goods with a discount on the original stated cost
wadi`ah (lit.) Safe-keeping deposit. The standard Islamic financial transaction in which X entrusts property to Y for safe-keeping. Wadi`ah refers to the deposited property.
wakalah Agency; a standard Islamic practice wherein X (the wakil) acts as the agent of Y. In this capacity X may execute the affairs of Y. Wakalah is a widely applicable phenomena in Islamic practice which is often used in financial transactions: whenever a party cannot personally supervise a given affair, it deputizes another party to execute it on its behalf.
waqf pl. (awqaf) lit. cessation; A standard Islamic transaction in which one 'freezes' his property such that it is considered to have been arrested in perpetuity and can neither be sold, inherited or donated. The term waqf frequently refers to the property itself. The use of a waqf (e.g. a park) is often dedicated to the relief of the poor, the public at large or other charitable ends.
wasiyyah Will, testament, bequest. The statement of a Muslim in which he details the manner in which his wealth is disposed of after his death.
zakah literally, it means blessing, purification, increase, or cultivation of good deeds. In Shariah, it is an obligation in respect of funds paid for a specified type of purpose and for specified categories. It is a specified amount prescribed by Allah the Almighty for those who are entitled to Zakah as specified in the Qur'an. The word Zakah is also used to indicate the amount paid from the funds that are subject to Zakah.
(by Mohammad Imad Ali/Finance in Islam)
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Labels: Glossary of Islamic financial terms, Islamic finance
Glossary of Islamic Financial Terms - List No.1/5
Qiyas in Islamic Law – A Brief Introduction


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Carrie Underwood: It Was 'Impossible' To Sing After Face Injury
Reality TV The Pop Report
By Daily Buzz Staffaccess_time8 months ago
Carrie Underwood fell on steps in front of her home in November 2017, requiring numerous stitches to her face, but the singer revealed in a new interview with Vulture that her accident impacted her much more than she had previously shared.
Underwood released her latest album, Cry Pretty, in September, and recorded much of the project this year. In her interview, she revealed that that was due to the fact that her stitched made if "physically impossible" for her to sing.
After the incident happened in November 2017, she ultimately underwent surgery on her wrist and got some 40 stitches on her face.
Getting back into the studio to record her sixth album brought its own challenges and fears that her voice would be changed forever.
Carrie Underwood's Emotional First Music Video After Receiving Over 40 Stitches
The 25-year-old also noted that voices change no matter what, something she's prepared for.
"Things change just as you get older; your muscles change," she said. "I kind of expect I'm not always going to sound like I'm 22 coming off of American Idol. Hopefully I get better."
Underwood's powerful voice is a cornerstone of who she is as an artist, and she shared in the interview that while she experimented with new types of phrasing and delivery on Cry Pretty, she'll never lose her status as a vocal acrobat.
"Going into the studio for the first time, it was a mind game," she believed. "'Do I sound the same? Is my diction the same? Does my mouth move the same as it did before?'"
In all, Underwood said there were slight problems with pronunciation adding, "My m's and b's and p's were kind of the issue."
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Written by Daily Buzz Staff
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Blessed Daniel Brottier
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Image: Photograph from World War I of Blessed Daniel Brottier, army chaplain | Unknown
Saint of the Day for February 28
(September 7, 1876 – February 28, 1936)
https://www.franciscanmedia.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/SODFeb28.mp3
Blessed Daniel Brottier's Story
Daniel spent most of his life in the trenches—one way or another.
Born in France in 1876, Daniel was ordained in 1899 and began a teaching career. That didn't satisfy him long. He wanted to use his zeal for the gospel far beyond the classroom. He joined the missionary Congregation of the Holy Spirit, which sent him to Senegal, West Africa. After eight years there, his health was suffering. He was forced to return to France, where he helped raise funds for the construction of a new cathedral in Senegal.
At the outbreak of World War I, Daniel became a volunteer chaplain and spent four years at the front. He did not shrink from his duties. Indeed, he risked his life time and again in ministering to the suffering and dying. It was miraculous that he did not suffer a single wound during his 52 months in the heart of battle.
After the war he was invited to help establish a project for orphaned and abandoned children in a Paris suburb. He spent the final 13 years of his life there. He died in 1936 and was beatified by Pope John Paul II in Paris only 48 years later.
Blessed Daniel might be called "Teflon Dan" since nothing seemed to harm him while in the midst of war. God intended to use him in some pretty wonderful ways for the good of the Church and he willingly served. He is a good example for all of us.
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After going 15-17 a year ago, Notre Dame has turned things around in a major way. Led by Jerian Grant, the Irish finished second in the nation in offensive efficiency. While Grant looked like the lone star on the team at the start, Mike Brey established a starting five that created matchup problems for opponents at all positions on the court.
Pat Connaughton and Steve Vasturia are untouchable from long range, Demetrius Jackson has range and explosiveness, and Zach Auguste is a much more confident player than he was at the beginning of the year. And don't forget about Bonzie Colson, who came out of nowhere to become a player the Irish can rely on.
When this team is on, they're unbeatable. When they struggle, they can lose to anyone.
PREDICTION: Notre Dame loses to Kentucky in the Elite Eight.
The story has become all too familiar for Notre Dame in recent years.
A strong regular season. Often a nice conference tournament run. But it seems like seasons always end early in the NCAA tournament.
So why should this year be different?
Mike Brey says he's never been this confident about a team heading into the tournament. And with good reason.
The Irish offense keeps rolling, and Notre Dame's defense shined in spurts in the ACC tournament. As long as shots keep falling and the intensity remains high, the Irish should be able to escape an upset.
The Sweet 16 is probable. The Elite Eight is possible.
And if Notre Dame gets hot … well, who knows.
This season, Notre Dame has reached heights not previously achieved by a Mike Brey-coached team.
Still, postseason play has long been Notre Dame's kryptonite. There remains reason to doubt Notre Dame will even make it to the second weekend.
Despite the history, the Irish will make regional play. This team is too balanced for other teams to shut them down by keying in on one player, and its offensive efficiency and improving defense make it a tough matchup for many teams. Not included among those teams, however, is Kentucky, which possesses a combination of talent and height that is simply too much for Notre Dame.
After wallowing in mediocrity last season, this year's squad suddenly finds itself as the school's first-ever conference tournament champion and riding a huge wave of confidence heading into its tournament opener today.
The current version of the Irish should be too good to be ousted early. I think we'll know in the first few minutes how far this team can go: if Notre Dame puts Northeastern away early, this team has Elite Eight or Final Four potential. If the Irish struggle, their stay will be short lived.
I like the team's confidence, but I want to see how that manifests itself now that there may be some more pressure. If it shoots well, this team can beat anyone in the country. If.
PREDICTION: Notre Dame loses to Wichita State in the Sweet 16.


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Women more severely affected by Alzheimer's than men
Women with Alzheimer's have poorer cognitive abilities than men at the same stage of the disease, reveal academics from the University of Hertfordshire in a paper published in World Journal of Psychiatry. An in-depth review of evidence found that women's cognitive functions are more severely and widely impaired, with men consistently outperforming women, even in areas where younger women have a natural advantage such as in verbal and language skills. These differences do not appear to be attributable to any differences in age, education or severity of the disease.
Alzheimer's is the most common neurodegenerative disease associated with ageing. There are around 30 million people with dementia worldwide, 4.6 million new cases annually, and one new case every 7 seconds. It results in progressive degeneration and death of nerve cells, causing a decline in cognition and memory functions. Many patients are left unable to perform simple, everyday tasks. Women are significantly more at risk of developing Alzheimer's than men and this discrepancy increases with age.
Women may be more adversely affected than men for a variety of reasons. Some researchers argue that it's due to a reduction of estrogen in postmenopausal women - the menopause diminishes cognitive functions such as memory, which is subsequently compounded by Alzheimer's. Another possibility concerns the fact that men have traditionally spent more time in work, and this activity may give them greater 'cognitive reserve', enabling them to better resist the impact of the illness. Another theory relates to a specific gene (APOE 4) which has been linked to Alzheimer's. Women are more likely to be carriers of this gene which is linked to cognitive decline and memory problems even in healthy individuals.
Keith Laws, Professor, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, said: "Sex differences in neurocognitive function are relatively well established in, for example, autism, schizophrenia, depression and dyslexia. Despite clear evidence, however, that Alzheimer's disease is more prevalent in women, until recently little research had focussed on neurocognitive differences in men and women with Alzheimer's disease".
"Our findings may have important implications for variation in the risk factors, progression and possibly the treatment of Alzheimer's disease in men and women. For instance, genetics are hard to change but easier to screen, cognitive reserve is modifiable and with more women working, the next generation may suffer less. It is therefore fundamental that we continue to identify the role of sex differences to enable more accurate diagnoses and open up doors for new treatments to emerge".
#Alzheimer's disease
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How can You Get Admission in David Geffen School of Medicine?
howto, education, how, medical, admissions, school
drcarlstephens March 6, 2021, 7:41am #1
The University of California, Los Angeles School of Medicine-known as the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLArouse great interest among the general public and is amongst the top-ranked medical schools in the world. The school is affiliated with the renowned Mayo Clinic. It offers various degree programs in complementary medical practices, pediatrics, and internal medicine, as well as a department of bioorganic medicine. The school has come up with a highly acclaimed website to complement its excellent academic facilities. The website provides detailed information about the various degree programs, specializations, and practitioners available in the school and also provides contact details of the admission and graduation processes.
Different Departments of David Geffen School of Medicine
The David Geffen School of Medicine has many branches, namely, neurobiological surgery, psychiatry, cardiology, hematology, radiology, and gastrointestinal. It offers specialized programs in internal medicine and clinical neuropsychology. It also has branches in genetics, gynecology, gastroenterology, obstetrics and gynecologic surgery, nasal, cardiovascular, and pediatrics, skin and nail technology. The school also offers programs in pharmacy and pharmaceutical sciences. Apart from these, the school also offers courses in nursing and dentistry, cooking and food science, photography, food service management, administrative sciences, arts and sciences, business and legal programs, public health, and occupational therapy.
What is the Admission Process for DGSOM
The admission process for the David Geffen School of Medicine is tough, with a large intake, and is considered competitive. Enrollment is competitive even for international students coming from underdeveloped countries. The admission procedure includes a comprehensive written evaluation, interview, essay, and drug screening. The students need to maintain high grades throughout their careers. They are also required to participate regularly in college planning. Students have to be aware of their clinical duties and the basic principles of medicine.
The first year of the study includes lectures on the history and development of the medical education system, introduction to medicine, anatomy, pharmacology, physiology, medical terminology, and ethics. The second-year mainly consists of courses in hospital management, research methodology, statistics, quality improvement, clinic management, administrative practices, and clinical sciences. The final year is mostly of specialized courses such as AIDS epidemic studies, geriatric studies, plastic surgery, family and substance abuse prevention, allergy disorders, and nutritional disorders. The major areas of specialization that students are offered include cardiology, dermatology, gastroenterology, internal medicine, pediatrics, and neurology. The school also offers courses in pathology, endocrinology, orthopedics, pulmonary medicine, and ultrasound technology.
Important Courses in This University
Courses in Ethics are very important and are compulsory for all students. It helps to inculcate the right set of values and principles in their minds. It also encourages social and communal interaction. Students are taught how to identify a problem and how to conduct an ethical search before arriving at a conclusion. This is crucial for a successful career in medicine because all practitioners need to identify problems early and conduct an Ethical Search before proceeding to treat the patients.
Facilities in David Geffen School of Medicine
David Geffen School of Medicine provides its students with the best possible facilities. The interdisciplinary curriculum ensures that all students are given equal opportunities in all subjects. This means that irrespective of the academic background, all students have equal access to all the courses. The teaching style is highly professional and innovative so that all students derive maximum benefit from the course. The technological aspect of the program has been highly advanced. For example, the MRI machines used at the school are state-of-the-art.
Students studying in the DGSOM are given sound coaching by world-class faculty. These include renowned cardiologists, orthopedists, pediatricians, and psychologists. They use various modern techniques to give personalized training to their students. The course material is taught using modern methods so that students are able to understand the course material at the earliest time. They are also able to grasp the concepts easily and, therefore, are able to retain them for a longer period of time.
David Geffen School of Medicine Accreditation
David Geffen School of Medicine is accredited by the Commission on Accreditation of Allied Health Programs. This ensures that the quality of education offered by the school is high and that the students will not face any problems when it comes to their graduation. This school also provides placement assistance after the completion of the course. Students can avail themselves of free medical insurance plans, study loans, free housing, subsidized or government health insurance when they join this school.
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Live Below The Line Challenges People To Eat On $1.75
Lois Abraham, The Canadian Press CP
Blend Images via Getty Images
TORONTO - During a challenge to eat and drink on $1.75 a day to understand the reality of extreme poverty, Nadia Chychrun realized the sacrifice parents will make to ensure their children are fed.
The registered nutritionist, personal trainer and Pilates instructor gave up a portion of her own daily food to satisfy the hunger of her two daughters when the family took a five-day challenge last year called Live Below the Line.
"I was the one that ended up being the one most depleted because I found myself as a mother, like the mother's intuition, to just give your children your food," said the Aurora, Ont., mom. "It just blew my mind the idea that, oh my God, these people in depressed environments or in extreme poverty, the mothers must be the most malnourished."
Her research afterward revealed that to be true.
"I hope that I never, ever have to (deprive my children of food) out of necessity," she added. "I hope this is just a lesson I can teach them and I get that there are people out there every day that struggle to put food on the table for their family and I'm grateful that I'm not one of those people. But I need my kids to understand how to feel grateful about that and really the only way to do that is to experience it. ...
"Until you experience hunger you can't experience how consuming it is too. You're hungry. When's the next meal? I've got two more hours. How can I distract myself?"
Live Below the Line is an initiative spearheaded by the Global Poverty Project that challenges participants to understand the reality of extreme poverty. Participants are asked to eat and drink for $1.75 a day for five days — the extreme poverty threshold that the World Health Organization has deemed that 1.2 billion people worldwide survive on for all their needs. This year's campaign runs April 28 to May 2 and participants can choose to raise funds for organizations that spearhead initiatives to raise awareness and help eradicate extreme poverty.
Chychrun wanted to see if it was possible to have a nutritionally balanced diet on such a strict budget. She also saw it as a learning experience for her children, Vanessa and Olivia, now 12 and 10.
The girls were initially eager to raise awareness among their school chums, though hunger and a growing weariness of eating what they termed "mushy" food — oatmeal, lentils and beans, stew — took the edge off their enthusiasm.
"They learned very quickly that you can't be picky. This is it. It's that or nothing. Really nothing," said Chychrun.
She was proud when her youngest daughter pointed out at the end of the challenge that they could resume their normal eating habits while people in need have no choice.
Live Below the Line is a fledgling program in Canada but is well established in the United Kingdom, the U.S., New Zealand and Australia, where anti-poverty activists Richard Fleming and Nick Allardice started the campaign in 2010. Actor Hugh Jackman invites people to take the challenge in a video posted on the organization's website.
Odette Hutchings, manager of Canada's Live Below the Line campaign, says participants can channel funds raised toward one of eight partner organizations that sponsor programs running the gamut from agriculture, humanitarian relief, sanitation and health to advocacy and literacy. Last year Canadians raised more than $110,000. This year's target is $300,000.
The Toronto-based Hutchings, who was doing the challenge this week, said "you end up thinking about food quite a bit, and seeing other people eating can be quite difficult."
She has been going to bed early "because it's uncomfortable to be awake and to be hungry. So it really does put you in touch with the reality that 1.2 billion people are living with every single day and for me it's only five days. At the end I get to go back to my normal life.
"But for someone who's dealing with that every day the consequences aren't just that you're hungry but also that you're not nourished properly. I'm eating almost entirely carbs this week and am probably missing out on a ton of micronutrients. For one week is OK, but for a lifetime it does impact people's health."
For more information, visit livebelowtheline.ca.
Photo gallery Best To Worst Poverty Rates In Canada See Gallery
Best To Worst Poverty Rates In Canada
MORE: $1.75 food children going hungry cp extreme poverty going hungry hunger Impact live below the line live below the line campaign live below the line hungry poverty poverty and food news


Aerial view of a full-sized replica of the Titanic under construction in Suining, China on May 9, 2017.
The sinking of the Titanic continues to fascinate a surprising number of people. Soon, the first full-size replica of the ocean liner will allow delighted tourists to relive the ill-fated ship's maiden voyage, right down to the crash.
The Unsinkable Titanic theme park measures nearly 883 feet long by 93 feet wide, and sits on the bank of the Qijiang River smack in China's landlocked Sichuan Province. The ship will boast a ballroom, observation deck and first-class cabins, all fitted with historically accurate fixtures. The kitchen will serve up the same European fare passengers enjoyed. And, in a morbid twist, it will simulate the experience of being aboard the ship at the moment it crashed into that iceberg, just in case you forgot the Titanic wasn't all fun.
The $160 million project is the centerpiece of the Romandisea resort, which also will feature a Venetian wedding chapel and "the world's largest artificial indoor sky and seaside beach." Qixing Energy Group chairman Su Shaojun says the company spent years purchasing fragments of the Titanic's blueprints and hired Hollywood production designer Curtis Schnell to accurately reproduce it. Construction kicked off in December.
Previous attempts to build a full-on replica proved as disastrous as the ship's voyage. In 1998, a South African businessman Sarel Gous announced plans to build Titanic II, but eventually scrapped the idea. Australian businessman Clive Palmer announced his own full-scale Titanic II five years ago, but the project stalled. But as this colorful aerial snapped by photographer Zhang Zhi shows, Unsinkable Titanic is coming along swimmingly, with more than 1,000 workers building the hull at Wuchang shipyard in Wuhan.
When complete, visitors will pay $435 a night to spend the night in an economy class rooms on a ship that faithfully reproduces everything passengers experienced aboard Titanic. Except the unpleasant bit at the end.


Tamoxifen is biotransformed to the potent anti-estrogen, endoxifen, by the cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2D6 enzyme. CYP2D6 genetic variation and inhibitors of the enzyme markedly reduce endoxifen plasma concentrations in tamoxifen-treated patients. Using a North Central Cancer Treatment Group adjuvant tamoxifen trial, we performed a comprehensive evaluation of CYP2D6 metabolism by assessing the combined effect of genetic variation and inhibition of the enzyme system on breast cancer recurrence and death.
Medical records were reviewed at each randomizing site to determine whether CYP2D6 inhibitors were co-prescribed with tamoxifen. Extensive metabolizers were defined as patients without a *4 allele (i.e., wt/wt) who were not co-prescribed a CYP2D6 inhibitor. Patients with decreased CYP2D6 metabolism were classified as intermediate or poor metabolizers (PM) based on the presence of one or two CYP2D6*4 alleles or the co-administration of a moderate or potent CYP2D6 inhibitor. The association between CYP2D6 metabolism and clinical outcome was assessed using Cox modeling.
Medication history was available in 225/256 eligible patients and CYP2D6*4 genotype in 190 patients. Thirteen patients (6%) were co-prescribed a CYP2D6 inhibitor [potent (n = 3), moderate (n = 10)], resulting in the following CYP2D6 metabolism: extensive (n = 115) and decreased (n = 65). In the multivariate analysis, patients with decreased metabolism had significantly shorter time to recurrence (p = 0.034; adj HR = 1.91; 95% CI 1.05–3.45) and worse relapse-free survival (RFS) (p = 0.017; adj HR = 1.74; 1.10–2.74); relative to patients with extensive metabolism. Cox' modeling demonstrated that compared to extensive metabolizers, PM had the most significant risk of breast cancer relapse (HR 3.12, p = 0.007).
CYP2D6 metabolism, as measured by genetic variation and enzyme inhibition, is an independent predictor of breast cancer outcome in post-menopausal women receiving tamoxifen for early breast cancer. Determination of CYP2D6 genotype may be of value in selecting adjuvant hormonal therapy and it appears CYP2D6 inhibitors should be avoided in tamoxifen-treated women.
Supplementary material is available in the online version of this article at http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10549-006-9428-0 and is accessible for authorized users.
Presented in part as an oral presentation at the ASCO 2006 annual meeting.
The authors would like to thank the women who participated in this clinical trial, as well as the NCCTG investigators and clinical research associates at each site who made this translational research study possible. Grant support: CA 90628-03 (MPG), CA-25224 (NCCTG), the Mayo Clinic Breast Cancer Specialized Program of Research Excellence CA116201 (JNI, FJC, MPG, VJS, CR), CA87898 (FJC), Breast Cancer Research Foundation (JMR, EAP), and by U-01 GM61373 from the National Institute of General Medical Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA (RMW and DAF).


This entry was posted in Equipment, Painting Tips, Randomness, See like an artist and tagged art supplies, paint brushes, technique. Bookmark the permalink.
Thanks for the invite to your site, Pete. I enjoy your thoughts about your craft. I find myself needing to express my thoughts on music composition to my wife, friends, or even strangers from time to time. It's fun to read how others view their artistic bent.


It was sudden, unexpected. He was still so young.
It was in the first year of the tehriq. There had been a rash of violent deaths in the Valley before – killings rather – of many patriotic, inspired and angry, young men and boys, who had willingly courted death for the just cause.
Even after Yusuf's passing away, the epidemic of violent deaths had continued. It had gone on for many years, piling up a huge score of martyrs: The end is not in sight yet.
In their case though, one knew, who was killing whom and for what reason.
But when Yusuf died, it was different. He was not a shaheed. He had not courted death. He had not killed anybody for any cause that he thought should necessitate killings. When he died, there was apparently, not one person, one could blame. Nothing had killed him. He had just simply died.
He died at home, in his bed. It was sudden, unexpected.
The day before he died, the markets had opened after a long time. Vehicles had plied unhindered on the roads. The Indian soldiers in camouflage were holed up inside their sandbagged bunkers. Their guns were pointed at the hurrying, pheran clad, harried shadows of their former selves, shopping for their daily needs. But in their hearts that day, the jawans, the killers of the tyrant state, had only longed for a return to their own homes in the dusty and hot plains they had been corralled from in lieu of a fixed salary. They were in a place forsaken by all of their million gods, to silence its streets in the patriotic cause of defending their nation.
It was not a normal day by any stretch of imagination. That day, not even the sound of a grenade blast or a retaliatory fire was heard. In the evening, when the sun was setting in the eastern corner of the Valley, the sky had not turned any more red, as it usually did on all the other ordinary days. The night that followed that ordinary sunset, as well, had passed unusually, without a violent skirmish, or even the song of the Kalashnikov rat-a-tatt-tatt.
That night, he had soaked his being in the unexpected rare gift of a strangely beautiful silence. He had not slept all night, that night.
In the morning, the sun had risen from its designated, western corner of the Valley without its usual break of dawn's violent demur. It had spread itself in silence, inside his room, in a few rectangular patches, like a child's shy smile.
It was the time of the year, when the dull grayness of winter's tail had begun its retreat, yielding its frosty, biting drabness to tentative sunny patches of soft spring light and coy murmurings, of the first burst of Yemberzal.
In the years following the start of the tehriq, the Valley, had turned into itself and itself unto a world. It had severed all its ties with the old, irrevocably jettisoned, archaic, ancient customs and even the forty year-old liberatory manifesto for the 'New Valley', to forge a yet another, bold, new nizam – a divinely inspired set of rules and laws – by which the trajectories of its sun and moon acquired new orientations and the clocks new time; that had indeed, needed to be set back, half an hour, to follow a new dictate from the brother country to its West. The distinctions between the panun and apaerium – insiders and the interlopers, our and theirs, faithful and foe – were given new definitions, new designations, labels and names.
Among the recently re-named people, a few were dealt with straightaway with no questions asked; others were deigned generously not much time but at least a choice, between slow extinction by exile or the definitive sharp edged death. Then, there were also many cowards, who simply never came back.
Though some, but very few, were brave and quick-witted to change sides. Nobody said that they were turncoats. The Valley did not have its nabidhs, the collaborators then. In revolutionary times anyway, the distinction between panun and apaerium – who is and is not a subject of the state – is open to creative, deconstructive interpretations because such is the law in god's specially designated lands.
But, undeniably, the ones who would not die the death of martyrs, but backed the tehriq nevertheless, urged on the coming of new age in the Valley with life and blood of our poor compatriots from the villages of the pure land. On audiotapes and reams of writings in blood red ink, they coined the slogans and smuggled them in across the porous blood-lined borders. They were our genuine friends, the true sons of the soil, who the god's cruel hand of fate had separated from us in the Valley by mountains of treacherous barriers. They lived outside the Valley in the West.
Every one of them had made arrangements to be among the living. They would all die normal deaths in the end.
To align their fate, irrevocably with their brothers in the West, the towns, roads, parks and thoroughfares of the Valley, its great institutions of public welfare and learning – whatever could be saved from the bombings and burning – were provided aspiring new names, of great leaders of the West that they never could have had, even after discarding the one great leader, they already had had. The Valley was now under a new spell but at the same time, under an existential threat, squished as it was between the warring forces (faiths) of the East and the West.
He had not changed, or felt obliged to adapt to the new order. It would be a mystery how, in the long haul, a person like him could have survived, if he had not died.
When Yusuf was buried, his close friends, classmates, relatives or neighbours did not come to his funeral; only his distraught father was there with his own, very few friends from a vast collection of years. His mother and young sister had plunged into a terrible shock, from which they might have recovered if only their friends had turned up, to lament with them. But who knows, if the customs of the Valley had let them accompany his funeral. They may even have preferred to be buried with Yusuf, when he was lowered into his grave. I am not certain, if his friends, relatives and neighbours were even aware or had been informed that he had died; those days, the people would often end up exhausted from funeral fatigue. But I thought it strange that within days after his passing and for the rest of their lives, they forgot him so completely, as if he did not exist.
Long after his death, though many conscientious inhabitants of the sad, lamenting Valley had continued to write and tell stories, watch the news on TV, read the newspapers and blather on about so many other deaths and horrible doings of the enemy that they were unable with their power to resist; but they never wrote or spoke about why Yusuf had to die so young.
Perhaps, he was completely innocuous and bereft of any useful trait or a striking blemish, gift or quality that he had not really mattered to anyone in life or in death.Or, as a yet another, defiant child of those tumultuous times, he had turned his being into an outright negation of all that his friends had believed and become.
His friends said, he was a simple soul, or faetir,khushak dimaag, kaek (naive, empty headed, argumentative) and that he had no faith.
But for all that, he was still dear to his father, mother and little sister. He was the light of their eyes, when alive. That was why, when he died, they were found literally, groping in the dark. This is how I saw them last, on the first day of Eid, many years later at their neighbourhood graveyard. His sister was leading his mother and father, both blinded by grief, down a row of unadorned, unattended graves of the young and the old, who had all died natural deaths. They were searching for his forlorn resting place, through her misted eyes. Then, I realised, his sister had taken his death the worst. She had lost her voice and all sensation in her left limb, near the region of her heart.
To compensate the eternal loss of her wondrous child, or to avenge all the blows the family suffered after Yusuf died, his demure mother, in time, had cast off her veil and turned her face from the fear of God.
'Where are you, Yusuf?' she demanded his return from God the same way, the many mothers of the Valley, who pined for their disappeared sons, expected their return.
'Why are all deaths not equal?' She wanted him to answer for the times that had turned death itself into a commodity of one-sided trade.
It was said that for almost a year before he died, Yusuf had had terribly obnoxious, sometimes violent, run-ins with some of his friends at college. They had wanted and championed for glorious and extraordinary deaths. But, he had thought that just to be able to live an ordinary life was a glorious end in itself. Moreover, the idea that your fair skin, superior faith and claim to nationhood could entitle you to take a life or give the rough end to those who did not believe, had naturally sounded repugnant to him.
Many of his moderate friends, starry eyed at the idea of doing something for their incipient nation, who loved the idea of a revolution but could not contemplate dying or killing, he thought, did not probably realise that righteous causes only weighed and measured their relevance in deaths. They did not know that revolution was a sort of package deal, a devil's pact, that they would not be able to turn their backs from, unless they themselves turned renegade.
He had only wanted to live, to spread love and happiness, to serve and be of use to his parents, sister, friends, relatives and neighbours. He had wanted to be useful, while alive. He had wanted to be alive to be useful. What did the Valley lack? It had everything a man needed to live, but it had no love, or god.
How would killing or martyrdom solve anything?
Maybe, he had gone in the opposite direction: rebelled against the cause. In his thoughts, if not in deeds, he had betrayed his friends and in turn been betrayed by all. Left to himself, ostracised for thinking for himself, he had begun to be bitter sometimes.
If the colleges had been open, he would have preferred to spend the interminable hours of his loneliness and boredom locked up in some book in the library, but it was the winter break. Beyond chipping in with the family chores and at his father's vegetable cart, he had enough time on his hands to think – brood actually – about his lonely fate and the consequences of a war upon a people who did not even have their fighters in abundantly renewable supply.
He missed his friends, some of who would have agreed with him, but being rich men's sons they were now safely away, gaining qualifications at elite colleges in Delhi and Bangalore.They had escaped or been saved the fervour for azadi that had afflicted, specially the young. He too would have wanted to go, but his father could not afford to send him away.
He had mostly slept through that day and sat up all night – that abnormally silent night. This was his new routine; listening to sounds of harmony and bounteous benevolence of a world at peace. Whenever he was awake, he would tune his battered old transistor set to listen to the sounds of the faraway lands, from peaceful climes; music of Kazakhstan, Jazz on Voice of America, Drama on BBC, Qawwali on Urdu service of All India Radio, Binaca Geet Mala on Radio Ceylon, romantic songs in Mallika-e-Tarannum's nasal twang on Radio Pakistan, News in Russian from Tashkent. He had not slept all night, that night.
At the break of dawn, a lone gunshot that whizzed past his open window had landed with a soft 'Ah!' into the heart of a jawan tending a Yemberzal that had sprouted on the barbed wire boundary of his bunker. He had seen that soldier, many times in the last few days tend to that hope of spring.
He was not much older than him. He did not know that spring flowers of the Valley do not much last. The drop of blood that flowed on to the flower from the soldier's soul had shriveled his heart.
Ajay Raina did his postgraduate Diploma in Film Direction and Screenplay writing from the Film & Television Institute of India (FTII) in 1991. He has made documentaries and written feature length fiction films, occasional essays & reviews on films/books and about the conflict situation in Kashmir and has also co-written/co-directed a fiction serial for prime TV channel. He has won the Golden Conch award at Mumbai International Film Festival (2002), IDPA Silver Trophy (Independent Documentary Producers Association) and RAPA Award (Radio & Advertising Professionals Association) for TELL THEM, THE TREE THEY HAD PLANTED HAS NOW GROWN (2002). He is the founder ofwww.kashmiroralhistory.org archive and co-curator and organizer of the successful film festival, "Kashmir Before Our Eyes", which travelled to seven cities in India. He has conducted many workshops on documentary filmmaking and also taught courses in Cinema Studies and Cinema/TV Production at the University of Pennsylvania and at the Film & Television Institute of India, Pune.


Congratulations to all our alumni for dominating the Jazz FM Awards this year!
There's also a PUBLIC VOTE to decide three other categories that our alumni are up for, so make sure you vote! Every vote really will count!
Theon Cross Trio, Ezra Collective, Denys Baptiste and our great friends at Jazz Re:fest are all up for Live Experience of the Year.
OK, don't hang about…GET VOTING!


text:
copyright:

  years: 2015, 2017
lastupdated: "2017-03-08"

---

{:shortdesc: .shortdesc}
{:new_window: target="_blank"}

# Initiation à l'interface de ligne de commande {{site.data.keyword.Bluemix_notm}}
{: #getting-started}

L'interface de ligne de commande {{site.data.keyword.Bluemix_notm}} vous permet d'interagir avec vos applications, vos conteneurs et d'autres services via une interface de ligne de commande.

**Restriction** : l'interface de ligne de commande {{site.data.keyword.Bluemix_notm}} n'est pas prise en charge par Cygwin. Ne l'utilisez donc pas dans la fenêtre de ligne de commande Cygwin.

**Remarque** : si votre réseau comporte un serveur proxy HTTP entre l'hôte qui exécute l'interface de ligne de commande et {{site.data.keyword.Bluemix_notm}}, vous devez spécifier le nom d'hôte ou l'adresse IP du serveur proxy dans la variable d'environnement HTTP_PROXY.

**Remarque :** L'interface de ligne de commande {{site.data.keyword.Bluemix_notm}} a intégré une interface de ligne de commande Cloud Foundry dans son installation. Toutefois, il est interdit d'utiliser en même temps des commandes d'interface de ligne de commande {{site.data.keyword.Bluemix_notm}} `bx xxx` et des commandes d'interface de ligne de commande Cloud Foundry `cf xxx` si vous disposez de votre propre installation d'interface de ligne de commande CF. A la place, exécutez `bluemix cf` si vous souhaitez utiliser l'interface de ligne de commande CF pour gérer des ressources Cloud Foundry. En arrière-plan, elle exécute des commandes de l'interface de ligne de commande Cloud Foundry intégrée dans un contexte partagé avec l'interface de ligne de commande {{site.data.keyword.Bluemix_notm}}.  De plus, `bluemix cf api/login/logout/target` n'est pas admis, utilisez `bluemix api/login/logout/target` à la place.

## Installation de l'interface de ligne de commande {{site.data.keyword.Bluemix_notm}}
{: #install_bluemix_cli}

Pour Mac OS et Windows, téléchargez le [package de l'interface de ligne de commande {{site.data.keyword.Bluemix_notm}}](/docs/cli/index.html#downloads) et exécutez le programme d'installation.

Pour Linux, procédez comme suit :

  1. Téléchargez le package, et décompressez-le. Par exemple :

  ```
  ~$ tar -xvf Bluemix_CLI.tar.gz
  Bluemix_CLI/
  Bluemix_CLI/update_global_config
  Bluemix_CLI/install_bluemix_cli
  Bluemix_CLI/bx/
  Bluemix_CLI/bx/bash_autocomplete
  Bluemix_CLI/bx/zsh_autocomplete
  Bluemix_CLI/bin/
  Bluemix_CLI/bin/bluemix
  ~$
  ```

  2. Accédez au répertoire `Bluemix_CLI`, puis exécutez la commande `./install_bluemix_cli` avec les droits root. Vous pouvez exécuter la commande en tant qu'utilisateur root ou utiliser la commande `sudo` afin d'obtenir les droits root. Par exemple :

  ```
  ~# cd Bluemix_CLI
  ~/Bluemix_CLI# sudo ./install_bluemix_cli
  Superuser privileges are required to run this script.
  The Cloud Foundry CLI version 6.15 is already installed.
  Copying files...
  The Bluemix CLI installed successfully. To get started, open a new Linux terminal and enter "bluemix help", or enter "bx help" as short name.
  ~/Bluemix_CLI#
  ```

Vous pouvez maintenant commencer à utiliser l'interface de ligne de commande {{site.data.keyword.Bluemix_notm}} ou installer des plug-in supplémentaires.

## Installation d'un plug-in
{: #install_plug-in}

L'interface de ligne de commande {{site.data.keyword.Bluemix_notm}} prend en charge une infrastructure d'extension de plug-in permettant d'ajouter des commandes aux commandes intégrées.

Vous pouvez installer un plug-in depuis le référentiel, localement ou à partir d'un serveur distant. {{site.data.keyword.Bluemix_notm}}
possède des référentiels qui hébergent les plug-in de l'interface de ligne de
commande {{site.data.keyword.Bluemix_notm}} et les plug-in de
l'interface de ligne de commande Cloud Foundry :

   * Le [référentiel des plug-in de l'interface de ligne de commande {{site.data.keyword.Bluemix_notm}}](http://clis.ng.bluemix.net/ui/repository.html#bluemix-plugins){: new_window} ![Icône de lien externe](../../../icons/launch-glyph.svg), qui héberge les plug-in pour  l'interface de ligne de commande {{site.data.keyword.Bluemix_notm}}.

Pour procéder à l'installation depuis les référentiels, procédez comme
suit :

  1. Recherchez le plug-in dans le référentiel. Une fois l'interface
de ligne de commande {{site.data.keyword.Bluemix_notm}} installée, le
référentiel officiel `Bluemix` est ajouté par défaut. Vous
pouvez afficher la liste des plug-in du référentiel `Bluemix`
à l'aide de la commande `bluemix plugin repo-plugins`. Par exemple :

  ```
  ~$ bluemix plugin repo-plugins -r Bluemix
  Getting plug-ins from repository 'Bluemix'...

  Repository: Bluemix
  Name           Description                                    Versions
  auto-scaling   Bluemix CLI plugin for Auto-Scaling service    0.2.1, 0.2.2
  nsg            Bluemix Network Security Group plugin          0.1.1

  ~$
  ```

  2. Installez le plug-in depuis le référentiel `Bluemix` à l'aide de la commande `bluemix plugin install`. Par exemple :

  ```
  ~$ bluemix plugin install auto-scaling -r Bluemix
  Looking up 'auto-scaling' from repository 'Bluemix'...
  9857792 bytes downloaded
  Installing plugin '/var/folder/v7/l3hnkz0x0b9b5mf1fyxh7yw00000gn/T/BluemixFileDownload062468676/auto-scaling-darwin-adm64-0.2.2'...
  OK
  Plugin 'auto-scaling 0.2.2' was successfully installed.
  ~$
  ```

Pour installer un plug-in depuis votre environnement local, procédez comme suit :

  1. Téléchargez le plug-in. Par exemple :

  ```
  ~$ wget http://public.dhe.ibm.com/cloud/bluemix/cli/bluemix-plugins/auto-scaling-darwin-amd64.0.2.2--2016-02-18 14:02:12-- http://public.dhe.ibm.com/cloud/bluemix/cli/bluemix-plugins/auto-scaling-darwin-amd64.0.2.2
  Resolving public.dhe.ibm.com... 9.17.248.112
  Connection to public.dhe.ibm.com|9.17.248.112|:80... connected.
  HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 200 OK
  Length: 9857792 (9.4M) [text/plain]
  Saving to: 'auto-scaling-darwin-amd64-0.2.2'

  auto-scaling-darwin-0.2.2 100%[===================>] 9.40M 518KB/s in 22s

  2016-02-18 14:02:34 (443 KB/s) - `auto-scaling-darwin-amd64-0.2.2' saved [9857792/9857792]
  ```

  2. Pour les systèmes similaires à UNIX, vous devez rendre le fichier téléchargé exécutable avec la commande `chmod`. Par exemple :

  ```
  ~$ sudo chmod 755 auto-scaling-darwin-amd64-0.2.2
  Password:
  ~$
  ```

  3. Installez le plug-in à l'aide de la commande `bluemix plugin install`. Par exemple :

  ```
  ~$ bluemix plugin install ./auto-scaling-darwin-amd64-0.2.2
  Installing pluign './auto-scaling-darwin-amd64-0.2.2'...
  OK
  Plugin 'auto-scaling 0.2.2' was successfully installed.
  ~$
  ```

Pour procéder à l'installation depuis un serveur distant,
procédez comme suit :

  1. Installez le plug-in directement depuis une adresse URL
distante à l'aide de la commande `bluemix plugin install`. Par exemple :

  ```
  ~$ bluemix plugin install http://public.dhe.ibm.com/cloud/bluemix/cli/bluemix-plugins/auto-scaling-darwin-amd64-0.2.2
  Attempting to download the binary file...
  9857792 bytes downloaded
  Installing plugin '/var/folder/v7/l3hnkz0x0b9b5mf1fyxh7yw00000gn/T/BluemixFileDownload274645142/auto-scaling-darwin-adm64-0.2.2'...
  OK
  Plugin 'auto-scaling 0.2.2' was successfully installed.
  ~$
  ```

Vous êtes désormais prêt à utiliser les lignes de commande {{site.data.keyword.Bluemix_notm}}. Exécutez `bluemix help` pour afficher la liste de commandes et de descriptions.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Forget Hygge, I think us Brits have had that heartwarming, nurturing, autumn mood nailed for years with the word 'cosy'. Blankets, woolly socks, and a hot cup of tea. Reading a magazine while biscuits bake in the oven and the wind howls outside. Leisurely breakfasts with family, candlelit dinners with friends. Even, board games on a Sunday afternoon and yet another viewing of The Sound of Music. All concepts and activities that are not alien to these shores, right?


text:
News Sports Weekender Lifestyle USA TODAY Opinion Obituaries eNewspaper Legals
Man gets 7-10 years in prison for fatal Gaston shooting
Dashiell Coleman dcoleman@gastongazette.com
A Burlington man will spend seven to 10 years in prison for shooting and killing another man near Bessemer City in 2016.
Superior Court Judge Jeff Hunt sentenced 24-year-old Naijii Boyd to six to eight years in prison for voluntary manslaughter in the death of Clint Watson and one to two years in prison for possession of a firearm by a convicted felon. The sentences will be served back to back, and Boyd will be credited for the year and a half he has been incarcerated at the Gaston County Jail.
The sentencing came the day after a jury acquitted Boyd of first-degree murder, five counts of kidnapping, breaking or entering to terrorize, and discharging a firearm into an occupied dwelling.
At the outset of the trial, Boyd had been facing life in prison, and his own attorney advised him to take a plea offer of 34 years, predicting Boyd would not fare well before a jury.
Boyd, however, claimed self-defense, telling the court that he "felt threatened for (his) life" when he pulled the trigger.
State's case
Prosecutors claimed Boyd got a ride from his home in Burlington before dawn July 30, 2016, taking a gun with him to confront his ex-girlfriend, Ashley Ray, who was staying the night in a mobile home in the 100 block of McAbee Lane near Bessemer City. District Attorney Locke Bell argued that Boyd was jealous after hearing Ray could have been with another man, and that he banged on the doors of the trailer before shooting out a window when no one would let him inside.
The state alleged Boyd displayed the gun after being let inside, that he took a cellphone from an occupant who threatened to call police, and then shot Watson when Watson tried to make him leave. Then, according to the state, Boyd forced Ray and two sisters, Jessica Grayson and Destiny Walls, into Grayson's car along with Grayson and Ray's children and made Grayson drive him toward Burlington.
Grayson pulled into a gas station in Concord because Boyd wanted cigarettes. There, Grayson locked herself and her child in a bathroom, borrowing a customer's cellphone to call her boyfriend. The customer then called 911. Grayson and Walls refused to return to the car, but Ray came in to check on them and returned to the car, where her child was, and drove with Boyd to Burlington. Later that day, police found Ray driving Grayson's car toward Concord, and all three women told detectives they had been kidnapped. Boyd was soon arrested and the gun found.
Boyd's defense
Boyd testified that he was angry with Ray for not paying his phone bill, but that he did not get a ride to Gaston County to confront her about her love life. He admitted to breaking a window when no one would unlock the doors, but denied shooting into the home. He admitted to shooting Watson but claimed self-defense.
According to Boyd, Watson asked him to leave before the two got into an argument. He testified that Watson threatened to get his brother so that they could "kill my black (expletive)." Boyd said Watson reached toward his waistband, making Boyd think Watson was going for a weapon. That's when Boyd pulled a .380-caliber Smith & Wesson and shot Watson at least twice.
"As soon as I pulled, he backed up, and I just shot," Boyd testified.
Watson, 27, ran out of the trailer and collapsed dead in the driveway.
The two men did not know each other, and investigators found that Watson had been unarmed.
Boyd testified that he fled the scene because he wanted to see his mother in Burlington, and that he did not call 911 because he was afraid responding officers would shoot him. He claimed that the women went with him willingly and that he did not threaten them with the gun.
Perhaps helping Boyd's case was that Ray, his ex, changed her story. While she told detectives in 2016 that she had been afraid of Boyd that morning and that he held a gun to her head, she testified last week that she had lied to police to stay out of trouble.
Boyd told Bell that Ray has been visiting him in jail but said they did not discuss her testimony, other than him telling her to "stop lying."
None of the people involved ever called 911.
Families' reactions
Members of Watson's family wept in court Tuesday after Boyd was sentenced.
"My whole world was turned upside down," Watson's older sister, Randi Bridges, told the court as prosecutors consoled her. "We will never be the same. Clint was taken from us through no fault of his own. He did not deserve this."
Another family member gave The Gazette a handwritten statement, apparently from Watson's mother, Dawn Andrews.
"The death of a child is like losing your breath and never catching it again," Andrews wrote. "... It's a feeling your heart is dying as you continue to lose your mind every day."
Boyd's family, on other hand, was more pleased with the outcome.
"From the beginning, I have said these charges are trumped up," Boyd's mother, Cece Rogers, said Tuesday.
She said she felt like voluntary manslaughter was a fair conviction, and that she did not think her son would appeal.
"I'm glad that it's over," Rogers said. "No one really wins here. My heart goes out to the Watson family. I just ask God to comfort them during this time."
You can reach Dashiell Coleman at 704-869-1819 or on Twitter @DashiellColeman
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Don't miss out on this beautiful 2 bedroom, 1 bathroom Single Family Home. This home has an updated kitchen with brand new stainless steel appliances. Located in a 55+ community on a quiet street, centrally located near the Florida Turnpike, shopping, and entertainment. No Corporate in title. Information is deemed reliable and must be verified. Per HOA, 2 pets under 25lbs OK.


Parmesan Crisps (Frico) are wonderful, low-carb snacks. With just one ingredient (shredded parmesan), you can elevate your cheese plate, salads, top creamy soups, or just enjoy it alone.
1. Heat an ungreased pan in medium-high heat.
3. Fry for about 2-3 minutes.
4. When you see the edges brown, scrape the bottom of the cheese with a turner to loosen it. Flip to crisp the other side.
5. Fry for about 1-2 minutes.
6. Slice or shape (over an inverted bowl) while warm.
7. Enjoy, or fill with salad or other tasty ingredients, if making a bowl.
1. It is best to use hard cheeses to make cheese crisps. I've tried this with cheddar cheese and other soft cheeses, and a great amount of oil leaches out, and although, the cheese can crisp out, it can be too greasy.
2. Try it out with a mix of parmesan, asiago, and romano. YUM!


text:
East Haven man critical in New Haven shooting
https://www.nhregister.com/metro/article/Wayne-Cooke-sues-Branford-again-in-federal-court-13718726.php
Branford sued in federal court over rejection of Costco
Updated 8:10 am EDT, Wednesday, March 27, 2019
Wayne Cooke, owner of Hilltop Orchards in Branford, shows off some of the signs he brings to town meetings in this 2009 file photo.
Photo: Hearst Connecticut Media File
BRANFORD — Hilltop Orchards co-owner Wayne Cooke has sued present and former town officials in federal court, claiming the town opposed the now-withdrawn proposal to build a Costco store off Interstate 95's Exit 56 in retaliation for Cooke's past criticism.
The lawsuit alleges that representatives of the town violated Cooke's First and 14th Amendment rights, and that there was "a civil conspiracy to violate plaintiff's civil rights." It also claims "tortious interference with business relationships."
The suit names former Inland Wetlands Commission Chairman Daniel Shapiro, Inland Wetlands Environmental Director Diana Ross and engineering and consulting firm Milone & MacBroom of Cheshire as defendants.
Neither Shapiro nor Ross nor the Milone & MacBroom supervisor who oversaw the Costco project for the town could immediately be reached for comment.
First Selectman James Cosgrove declined to comment, saying he had not yet seen the suit.
Town Attorney William Aniskovich forwarded questions on the suit to Thomas R. Gerarde, who heads the municipal practice group of the Hartford law firm of Howd & Ludorf. Gerarde didn't immediately return a call for comment.
Cooke is represented by David Doyle of the Marcus Law Firm in North Branford.
Cooke, a frequent critic of former Democratic First Selectman Anthony "Unk" DaRos, alleges that he began trying to convince the Planning and Zoning Commission to allow commercial development of industrial-zoned Hilltop Orchards land beginning in January 2008.
During the course of those ultimately unsuccessful attempts to get the PZC to alter its Plan of Conservation and Development to allow large-scale retail development at Exit 56, Cooke "became convinced that the town plan process was being subverted and manipulated by ... DaRos to prohibit development at Exit 56."
Cooke previously sued DaRos and Assessor Barbara Neal, alleging civil rights violations and slander. The town ultimately settled those lawsuits in late 2014 for $500,000.
DaRos, who left office in 2013, is not named in the new suit.
It alleges, however, that DaRos, apparently at least in part out of a fear that allowing large-scale development at Exit 56 might open the door for "affordable housing," allegedly "embarked on a series of retaliatory acts to punish Wayne Cooke."
When representatives of Costco began looking at Branford in 2010, one identified Hilltop Orchards-owned property at 573 E. Main St. "as ideal for its purposes," the suit states.
But DaRos "undertook a series of steps to stop Costco from attempting to build a store on the Cooke property" and in May 2011, "Costco representatives officially notified Cooke that they were 'not going to fight the town'" and would not negotiate further with Cooke.
Soon after Cosgrove, a Republican, took office, a real estate developer with land contiguous to Cooke's property contacted Cooke to discuss a development that would include a Costco on Cooke family-owned land at 573 East Main St.
A subsequent application for a Planned Development District filed on Feb. 18, 2015, was later approved, but problems arose during a subsequent Inland Wetlands Commission application process, for which the IWC had chosen Milone & MacBroom to perfom an independent peer review of the Costco application, the suit says.
A group called Branford Citizens for Responsible Development filed for intervenor status — which Cooke alleges in the suit "was formed by and led by multiple former member of the DaRos administration and/or supporters of DaRos for the single purpose of stopping Costco" from building on Cooke's property.
In response to a request by the applicant's engineers for a meeting with the peer review team, "Ross and Shapiro rejected the request, citing the critical need to have an independent peer review, with all communications ... made part of the public record," the suit states.
The suit alleges that from that time on, "Ross and Shapiro community frequently with the peer review team, and transformed the independent peer review team into BCRD's personal consultant.
"Through these communications, Ross and Shapiro convented to MMI the clear message that the goal of the peer review process was to create reasons to deny the application," the lawsuit says.
The suit alleges that Milone & MacBroom ultimately produced a report on March 9, 2016, that analyzed "what it described as a feasible and prudent alternative" to build a smaller Costco store.
The consultant "altered its original work ... and adopted every edit, suggestion and rewrite" sent by Ross and Shapiro, "changing its independent review ... into a report that would kill the project," the suit says.
Ultimately, on April 26, 2016, Costco withdrew its application. The sale of the property consequently fell through, it states.
The suit alleges that "all of the acts of Shapiro and Ross" described in the suit "were undertaken intentionally and deliberately to retaliate against Cook for exercising his 1st Amendment right" to criticize DaRos and his administration.
It alleges they did so "out of actual malice."
As a result, "Cooke has sustained damages" that include "the loss of monies due under the aforedescribed contract with Orchard Hills Partners LLC" and "diminution in value of development opportunities for Hilltop Orchards," the suit alleges.
Milford office complex has new owner, major face lift planned