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Developments and challenges in Morocco's push towards universal health care
MoroccoEducation
In the wake of the Arab Spring, Moroccan citizens approved a new constitution by a landslide vote in July 2011. This promised a range of new rights, including universal health care and access to quality health services. The authorities have since taken a number of steps to increase coverage, reduce costs, improve service quality, and extend services in rural and otherwise isolated areas.
However, despite significant progress in recent years, a number of critical challenges remain, including chronic staff shortages, particularly in the public health system; disparity in service quality; lack of financial resources; gaps in governance, especially regarding efforts to decentralise control of the public health system; and additional issues created by the burgeoning private segment.
In response to these continuing challenges, in May 2017 the Ministry of Health introduced the Health Sector Strategy 2017-21, a plan to prioritise certain health goals to raise the rate and quality of coverage in Morocco. The main objectives of this strategy are to improve the capital resources that hospitals receive, from MRI machines to ambulances; expand medical coverage to include individuals who are either self-employed or in liberal arts professions; decrease the incidence of deafness, cardiovascular diseases and hepatitis C; increase the number of employees in the health sector; standardise the type of education that Moroccan medical students receive; and lower the price of pharmaceuticals, especially those that are very expensive, such as medicine for cancer and hepatitis-C treatment.
SYSTEM STRUCTURE: Approximately two-thirds of the population have medical coverage through one of two state-financed health care schemes: the Mandatory Health Insurance Plan (Assurance Maladie Obligatoire, AMO) or the Medical Assistance Regime (Régime d'Assistance Médicale, RAMED). AMO was introduced in 2005 and began as an employer-based health insurance programme. It continues to provide health coverage to employees in the public and private sectors, but has expanded to include post-secondary students and family members of beneficiaries. Approximately 34% of the populace receives health insurance through AMO, and the government provides around Dh100m (€9.3m) per year in funding for the scheme.
RAMED was later launched as a pilot programme in 2009 for the purpose of providing health care to citizens of low socio-economic status. After initial success, RAMED has expanded to cover all regions of the country, and by December 2015 it had already exceeded its goal of insuring 30% of the population. RAMED is primarily financed through tax revenue, with the government allocating around Dh1bn (€92.6m) annually to the measure. A further small but growing share of Moroccans are covered by private health insurance. These individuals pay out of pocket when they use public health facilities and are later reimbursed by their insurer.
Despite significant progress towards the goal of universal health care, approximately one-third of the population remain uncovered by any type of medical insurance. While all vaccines and some treatments, such as those for tuberculosis and malaria, are offered free-of-charge to citizens, out-of-pocket fees are charged for the majority of procedures that entail going to a hospital.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL TRANSITION: Due to demographic shifts and the country's success in eradicating certain communicable diseases, Morocco has been undergoing an epidemiological transition. This is characterised by an increasing rate of non-communicable afflictions – such as cancer, heart disease and diabetes – and the declining rate of communicable diseases such as malaria, polio and tetanus. In 2000, 22.9% of all deaths in Morocco were caused by communicable diseases or maternal, prenatal and nutrition conditions. By 2015 this number fell to 15.4%, according to the World Bank. Meanwhile, the share of deaths caused by non-communicable afflictions increased from 67.9% to 77.8% in the same period. The widespread rollout of vaccination programmes, as well as efforts to eradicate malaria, have been key to reducing the incidence of communicable diseases.
Another area of significant progress has been the sharp decrease in maternal mortality. According to the National Survey on Population and Family Health, maternal mortality dropped from 192 per 100,000 live births in 2000 to 68.5 in 2015. Infant mortality also witnessed a decline in the 2000-15 period, from 42.2 per 1000 live births to 23.7.
The drop in maternal and infant mortality rates and the rise in deaths by non-communicable disease are key indicators of Morocco's shifting medical priorities, with the government now working to determine how to best combat the new challenges of public health conditions.
FUNDING REQUIREMENTS: In 2005 Morocco joined the Abuja Declaration, an agreement by various countries in the African Union to increase public health spending to at least 15% of their respective national budgets. Initially, Morocco was progressing steadily towards this goal: health expenditure rose from 4.4% in 2005 to 6.6% in 2009. However, since 2009 this has slid back, and by 2015 spending on health was 5.3% of the state budget. The country not only continues to lay out less than the 15% target, but is behind its peer countries in North Africa: both Algeria and Tunisia spend at least 10% of their national budgets on health care.
While presenting the Health Sector Strategy 2017-21 in May 2017, Houcine El Ouardi, then-minister of health, noted the lack of financial resources as a critical obstacle to improving public health. The annual health budget, at approximately Dh14.3bn (€1.3bn), has changed little in recent years and accounted for just 5.7% of total public spending in 2017. This is less than half the 12% threshold the World Health Organisation (WHO) recommends for countries such as Morocco that are trying to improve their health systems. Moreover, the minister underscored that 54% of the health budget is used to pay staff salaries, meaning less than half the budget is available for investment in new facilities and equipment.
Despite the wage bill's share of health spending, Morocco scores low in terms of physician density, with only 6.2 per 10,000 inhabitants, according to the World Bank report "Morocco 2040: Emerging by Investing in Intangible Capital", published in early 2018. The ratio of medical personnel is below critical thresholds, with physician density around half that in neighbouring Algeria and Tunisia: underfunding is largely responsible for such insufficiencies.
Budget scarcity is also reflected in the shortage of hospital beds, at 11 per 10,000 inhabitants. This falls to one bed per 10,000 residents for mental health treatment – less than one-quarter the global average of 4.4. As of early 2018 discussions regarding fiscal strategies to increase investment in health care, potentially by closing tax loopholes or taxing inheritance, were still in progress.
STAFF SHORTAGES: One of the biggest challenges posed by underfunding of the public health system is the inability of authorities to recruit sufficient medical and administrative staff. According to El Ouardi, the 2017 budget allows the Ministry of Health just 1500 new hires for the year – significantly lower than the average of 2000 across all ministries.
The country's demographic profile has exasperated the staffing shortfall in two ways: in terms of rising demand for health services from the population and from the age of the existing medical workforce, which has seen large waves of professionals take scheduled or early retirement in recent years. This has caused a number of much-needed medical facilities to fall into chronic underuse from not employing enough physicians, and has also increased pressure on existing staff. As a result of the persisting human resource shortages, as of mid-2017, 14 well-equipped hospitals in Morocco were lying idle.
In the face of such challenging working conditions in recent years, some medical staff in the public system have been tempted to move to the private segment. Strong demand from the US, Canada and Europe for Moroccan medical staff has also encouraged some to emigrate for employment purposes.
Personnel shortages are often unevenly distributed geographically. Medical facilities in remote areas face a more critical lack of staff than those in large cities, such as Casablanca and Rabat. Given the concentration of private health care in the North Atlantic region, staff shortages in the public system tend to exacerbate existing inequalities in provision in other parts of the country.
Yves Souteyrand, WHO representative in Morocco, told OBG, "Addressing these chronic human resource issues will require both money and patience. Increased investment will be needed to boost the headcount of medical practitioners in the public system, both to pay salaries and to ensure that working conditions are attractive enough to stem the flow of health workers from the public system to the private segment, or abroad. Given the long lead time in hiring medical staff – training can take 8-10 years – it could be some time before we see a real improvement in the situation."
HOSPITALS & EQUIPMENT: Achieving national health outcomes and quality of care on par with advanced economies will require continued investment in cutting-edge medical facilities and technologies. Sector authorities have been making marked progress in pursuit of this goal. Late 2016 saw the announcement of a Dh90m (€8.3m), 70-bed hospital for the Laâyoune-Sakia El Hamra region in the south. As a longer-term project, the government has also allocated Dh1.2bn (€111m) for a 500-bed university hospital for the area. The government's new Health Sector Strategy includes plans for a further 14 hospitals in the years to 2021.
Private health care providers have also been expanding medical infrastructure. In June 2017 the Evya Clinic Network opened the Hôpital Privé de Marrakech, a 171-bed facility, while Elsan, one of France's main private hospital providers, built a new 136-bed facility at Bouskoura called Clinique Ville Verte, inaugurated in January 2018.
Among the most important recent initiatives have been efforts to increase the capacity of medical education and training programmes. To this end, King Mohammed VI ordered the construction of the Mohammed VI University of Health Sciences, worth approximately Dh600m (€55.6m). The multi-disciplinary centre consists of six training institutions for medicine, dentistry, nursing and health sciences, international public health, pharmacy and biomedical engineering. Located in Casablanca, building works began in January 2015 and the complex opened in August 2017.
In early 2017 local media reported that five Moroccan medical facilities – PharmaProcess in Casablanca, ImmCell in Rabat, Al Azhar Oncology Centre, Riad Biology Centre and Oudayas' Medical Analysis Laboratory – joined a global network of 260 hospitals in 46 countries using SOPHiA GENETICS' artificial intelligence in their operations. The new technology aims to identify and treat diseases using patients' genomic profiles as part of the growing field of data-driven medicine.
This development marks a positive step in responding to the need to increase national investment in research and development (R&D). Rachid Arsala, CFO of Sheikh Khalifa Bin Zayed Al Nahyan Hospital, told OBG, "R&D is a missing link in Morocco. Public and private segment players alike need to start making better use of big data and sign agreements with major global laboratories to be able to carry out more of this kind of activity in the kingdom."
BROADENING ACCESS: According to the 2011 constitution, citizens have a right to accessible, affordable and high-quality health services; however, the World Bank notes that in terms of access to care, Morocco suffers from "glaring inequalities" among its regions and between rich and poor.
Gaps in coverage are particularly concentrated in rural and isolated areas, the WHO's Souteyrand told OBG, adding, "The authorities have been working on innovative new solutions to improve access to health care in rural areas, notably by launching mobile hospitals. However, this initiative is still young and needs to be properly evaluated before it can be rolled out across the country."
The organisation is working alongside the government to improve the primary care system, especially in isolated areas, and to develop family medical practices as a first point of contact for patients. These clinics can likely address many problems that would negate the need for patients to turn to hospitals.
INCREASING COVERAGE: In an effort to move towards universal health care, Moroccan authorities are taking steps to extend insurance to those who fall into coverage gaps – many citizens have too high an income to receive help from RAMED, yet do not receive AMO through their employer and cannot afford private health insurance. For the first time, 288,000 full-time students were offered coverage through AMO during the 2015/16 academic year. Authorities are now working to further extend the programme to include independent workers, such as craftsmen, and those in the liberal professions.
To serve that demographic, in 2007 the Ministry of Health introduced INAYA, a measure intended to provide coverage to self-employed individuals. However, the scheme is optional in nature and therefore reached only a very small share of the population: it had around 700,000 members by 2009. It became clear in the early 2010s that the programme was not fulfilling its intended purpose, leading authorities to brainstorm new avenues. Incentivising the use of private cover or expanding AMO are two options.
DRUG COSTS: Traditionally, prescription and overthe-counter drugs have been relatively costly in Morocco, both for medical facilities and individuals paying out of pocket at pharmacies. Health authorities have made concerted and proactive efforts in recent years to bring costs down: El Ouardi reported that the government reduced the price of some 3600 medications during the 2012-16 period.
There has also been a drive to broaden the availability of generic drugs to further lower prices. The country's first bioequivalence centre at the Cheikh Zaid hospital in Rabat, authorised in 2015, has the goal of increasing access to affordable medications. It completed its first study in October 2016. The efforts to demonstrate bioequivalence of generic drugs will serve to legitimise their efficacy, and should expand their market share. Generics capture 37% of the drug market in Morocco, in line with 39% of total global consumption, according to the June 2017 edition of the publication Infosanté. While use of generics is becoming more commonplace, such medications are still not effectively penetrating the pharmaceuticals business. However, at approximately 30% cheaper than name-brand drugs, generic alternatives are a key tool in increasing the affordability and equality of health coverage.
PRIVATE CARE: For citizens able to afford it, private health care has long been an attractive alternative to the public system. Private facilities may operate on either a for-profit or not-for-profit basis. Notfor-profit hospitals – funded, for example, by the UAE's Sheikh Khalifa Bin Zayed Al Nahyan Foundation – have a long-standing presence in the country.
A legislative change in 2015 permitted non-medical professionals to establish health facilities in Morocco for the first time, which has dramatically altered the landscape of health services. This reform has greatly expanded the range of potential investors in private facilities, while also making it easier for foreign health service providers to establish a local presence. Before this change, the vast majority of investors and insurance providers were Moroccan. However, since 2015 more foreign players have entered the market. Local stakeholders have reported a considerable spike in interest from international investors, foreshadowing a more competitive landscape in the future. If demand remains constant, increased supply of health services could lead to a fall in prices, which are fairly high compared to average purchasing power.
While the private segment has been relatively dynamic in recent years, its presence is still heavily concentrated in the Northern Atlantic regions, as rural areas have not yet proven to be bankable opportunities for potential investors. Thus far, the government has been supportive of expansions in private health care, as it believes such developments broaden coverage and improve quality.
Public-private partnerships (PPPs) have also become a main feature of Morocco's health care landscape, starting in the early 2010s. Through PPPs, the public health system can close gaps in coverage by acquiring treatments for its patients from private providers. As of 2017 the government had not yet conducted a value-for-money analysis of its use of such PPP arrangements in the sector, so the practical efficacy of these agreements remains to be seen.
MEDICAL TOURISM: Private players in Morocco's health sector are beginning to look beyond the local population in search of profits, seeing opportunity linkages with already well-established industries. Arsala from Sheikh Khalifa Bin Zayed Al Nahyan Hospital told OBG, "Given that Royal Air Maroc – the country's flagship airline – already serves most of the continent, Morocco could become an African health hub. In some respects, this phenomenon is related to the country's increasing attractiveness as a tourist destination, so patients can combine a holiday with the medical treatment they need. This is a big potential growth area for the future."
TELEMEDICINE: To meet the needs of patients both abroad and in outlying areas of Morocco where medical infrastructure is still underdeveloped, health care providers are increasingly turning to telemedicine as an alternative to in-person services. Through advances in medical and telecommunications technology, Morocco-based health practitioners can use remote capabilities to extend their reach domestically and capitalise on collaborative business opportunities farther afield.
"This is the next frontier for hospitals like ours," Arsala told OBG. "We already have partnerships with other African hospitals relating to specific patients and treatments, and we are hoping to expand our network and partner with hospitals across the continent to carry out technical procedures using the latest telemedicine technology."
GOVERNANCE: While Morocco's 2011 constitution attempted to move towards greater decentralisation of political and administrative power, delegating authority to the country's 12 regions, the goal has not yet been met in the health sector. Most key decisions are still made by the Ministry of Health in Rabat, and the subnational institutional framework required for effective decentralisation is yet to be put in place. These governance structures will help facilitate the decentralisation process and should allow local health providers to become more independent, thus increasing their capacity to respond to the unique needs of the populations they serve.
"Budget and staffing issues aside, improving governance of both public and private health care is one of the most pressing issues. Decentralisation of responsibilities to the regional level would be an important step," Souteyrand told OBG. "At the same time, however, there will be a need to ensure appropriate oversight so quality and standards can be assured across the country. Developments in private health care have, in recent years, outpaced the government's efforts to govern and regulate it."
BETTER PLANNING: An important innovation for planning purposes has been the introduction of a systematic roadmapping tool, known locally as the carte sanitaire. This allows government officials to determine which locations in the country are in the most need of which services, thus facilitating a strategic allocation of resources.
This tool could also be extended to private providers; it could encourage the establishment of facilities in the areas of greatest need and prevent the creation of redundant services in areas already saturated by the public or private segment. It may also prove to incentivise providers to locate in regions of the country where projects may not otherwise be bankable. However, as private health providers make up a growing share of the market, additional complications arise: public health authorities must correspondingly increase their regulation and oversight of these providers as their reach expands.
MULTILATERAL ASSISTANCE: In March 2017 the WHO launched its 2017-21 Country Cooperation Strategy with Morocco, built around four core priorities: ensuring universal access to quality health services; reducing mortality, morbidity and inequity; promoting health security; and improving regional impact, especially through decentralisation.
The WHO is working with the government to strengthen primary health systems, with a particular focus on expanding coverage to more isolated areas. Another priority is the development of family practice clinics, which can provide patients with a first point of contact when they have a medical issue. These family practices can direct patients to the most appropriate further treatment in a primary care facility, either at a hospital or at a specialist centre. As these initiatives cannot be instituted throughout the country immediately, they are primarily medium- to long-term in perspective.
OUTLOOK: The epidemiological transition under way in Morocco is expected to continue for the foreseeable future, with non-communicable diseases increasingly being the chief cause of death.
Over the 2017-21 period, a range of financial measures will be needed to support investment in health care to not only meet the country's commitment through the Abuja Declaration, but also to keep pace with developments in neighbouring countries. Funding efforts are likely to be concentrated on building health facilities in rural regions and addressing the significant staff shortages that leave some clinics and hospitals in disuse.
The government is making significant progress towards universal health coverage by progressively bringing different segments of the population under a multi-pronged insurance model. However, as private health care comes to play a bigger role in the system, there is a growing need for a ministry framework to supervise and regulate the segment.
The Report: Morocco 2018
Education & Health chapter from The Report: Morocco 2018
Nawal Chraibi, Acting CEO, Moroccan Foundation for Advanced Science, Innovation and Research: Interview Next article from this chapter and report
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Q: How to eliminate 'Identity added' message in terminal generated from ssh entry in .bashrc file? I set up a VPC on Amazon Web Services where I ssh into multiple Ubuntu AMI's from one bastion host AMI. I added:
ssh-add /home/myuser/.ssh/aws.pem

to my .bashrc file on my local machine (Ubuntu 16.04 Desktop) so that I would not have to use 'ssh-add' every time I restart my computer.
While it is working, I get this annoying message every time I open my terminal:
'Identity added: /home/myuser/.ssh/aws.pem (/home/myuser/.ssh/aws.pem)'

How do I get rid of this message? I checked the Ubuntu manpages under 'ssh-add' but couldn't find anything. Sorry if I've missed anything in plain sight.

A: Just add a conditional around your .bashrc line to check if the key has already been added, and if so, skip the command.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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SEPT. 30: ST. JEROME
Posted on September 30, 2020 September 25, 2020 Author Editor	Comments Off on SEPT. 30: ST. JEROME
(c. 340-420)
St. Jerome is considered to be a "Father of the Church." He is best known for his translation of the Bible into Latin, called the Vulgate (or "common language of the people"), historically the most important vernacular edition of the Holy Scriptures.
After having been tutored by his father in religion and essential studies, Jerome was sent as a young man to Rome for further study, where he mastered Latin and Greek (his native language was Illyrian), read widely and absorbed the cosmopolitan atmosphere. Although he was baptized in Rome, his religious faith declined. He went to Trier to continue studies. Here his religious spirit was reawakened, and he became interested in ecclesial matters.
In 374, Jerome went to Antioch, which was then afflicted with serious disputes and doctrinal divisions, and he spent several years leading an ascetic life in the desert, about which he wrote. Though reluctant, he was ordained a priest at Antioch. He believed his vocation to be that of a monk or hermit.
He went to Constantinople to study Scripture under St. Gregory Nazianzen, then in 382 he went to Rome to attend the council Pope Damasus called concerning the schism at Antioch. Jerome became the pope's secretary.
While in this position of influence, he revised the old Latin translations of the Gospels and Psalms, followed by the rest of the New Testament. He became known for his learning and honesty but was also strongly disliked — by the pagans as well as by Christians who objected to his teachings and his harsh, outspoken manner. After the pope's death in 385, he decided to return to Antioch; later he went to Jerusalem, Alexandria and eventually settled in a monastery in Bethlehem, where he led a life of asceticism and study, established a school and a hospice, continued his writings against heresies, and did translations.
It was in Bethlehem that Jerome translated most the books of the Old Testament from Hebrew into Latin, and revised his translation of the Psalms using the Hebrew text. From 395-400, Jerome engaged in a conflict against Origenism. He also had a protracted dispute with Augustine over the interpretation (exegesis) of St. Paul's epistle to the Galatians.
Jerome died on Sept. 30, 420, and was buried under the nearby Church of the Nativity, though his body was later reburied in Santa Maria Maggiore in Rome.
The very prolific literary activity of St. Jerome may be summed up under a few principal topics: translations and exegesis of the Bible; theological controversies; historical works; and letters. St. Jerome owes his place in the history of biblical studies chiefly to his commentaries, revisions and new translations of the Bible from the Hebrew.
Adapted by A.J. Valentini
SEPT. 29: ST. MICHAEL THE ARCHANGEL
OCT. 1: ST. TERESE OF THE CHILD OF JESUS

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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In 1986, the Standing Committee of the Shanghai Municipal People's Congress passed a resolution to adopt the white magnolia as the city flower.
White magnolia is among the few spring heralding flowers in the Shanghai area. It is in full blossom in the early spring and before the Clear and Bright Festival, which usually falls on April 5 every year.
The flower has large, white petals and its eye always looks towards the sky. Therefore, the flower is hired to personify the pioneering and enterprising spirit of the city.
Design of the city emblem of Shanghai was approved by the Standing Committee of the Shanghai Municipal People's Congress in 1990.
The triangle emblem consists of graphics of a white magnolia flower, a large junk and a propeller.
The propeller symbolizes the continuous advancement of the city; the large junk, one of the oldest vessels plying the Shanghai harbor, represents the long history of the port; and the large junk is set against a background of a white magnolia flower blossoming in theearly spring, forecasting a bright future of the city.
During the Song Dynasty (AD 960-1279) Shanghai was upgraded in status from a village (cun) to a market town (zhen) in 1074, and in 1172 a second sea wall was built to stabilize the ocean coastline, supplementing an earlier dike. From the Yuan Dynasty in 1292 until Shanghai officially became a city for the first time in 1297, the area was designated merely as a county (xian) administered by the Songjiang (??) Prefecture (Songjiang Fu).
Two important events helped promote Shanghai's development in the Ming Dynasty. A city wall was built for the first time during in 1554, in order to protect the town from raids by Wokou (Japanese pirates). It measured 10 meters high and 5 kilometers in circumference.
During the Wanli reign (1573-1620), Shanghai received an important psychological boost from the erection of a City God Temple (Cheng Huang Miao) in 1602. This honor was usually reserved for places with the status of a city, such as a prefectural capital (fu), and was not normally given to a mere county town (zhen) like Shanghai. The honor was probably a reflection of the town's economic importance, as opposed to its low political status.
During the Qing Dynasty, Shanghai became the most important sea port in the whole Yangtze Delta region. This was a result of two important central government policy changes. First of all, Emperor Kangxi (1662-1723) in 1684 reversed the previous Ming Dynasty prohibition on ocean going vessels, a ban that had been in force since 1525. Secondly, Emperor Yongzheng in 1732 moved the customs office (hai guan) for Jiangsu province from the prefectural capital of Songjiang city to Shanghai, and gave Shanghai exclusive control over customs collections for the foreign trade of all Jiangsu province. As a result of these two critical decisions, Professor Linda Cooke Johnson has concluded that by 1735 Shanghai had become the major trade port for all of the lower Yangzi River region, despite still being at the lowest administrative level in the political hierarchy.
The importance of Shanghai grew radically in the 19th century, as the city's strategic position at the mouth of the Yangtze River made it an ideal location for trade with the West. During the First Opium War in the early 19th century, British forces temporarily held Shanghai. The war ended with the 1842 Treaty of Nanjing, which saw the treaty ports, Shanghai included, opened for international trade. The Treaty of the Bogue signed in 1843, and the Sino-American Treaty of Wangsia signed in 1844 together saw foreign nations achieve extraterritoriality on Chinese soil, the start of the foreign concessions.
1854 saw the first meeting of the Shanghai Municipal Council, created in order to manage the foreign settlements. In 1863, the British settlement, located to the south of Suzhou creek (Huangpu district), and the American settlement, to the north of Suzhou creek (Hongkou district), joined in order to form the International Settlement. The French opted out of the Shanghai Municipal Council, and maintained its own French Concession, located to the south of the International Settlement, which still exists today as a popular attraction. Citizens of many countries and all continents came to Shanghai to live and work during the ensuing decades; those who stayed for long periods - some for generations - called themselves "Shanghailanders". In the 1920s and 1930s, almost 20,000 so-called White Russians and Russian Jews fled the newly-established Soviet Union and took up residence in Shanghai. These Shanghai Russians constituted the second-largest foreign community.
The Sino-Japanese War concluded with the Treaty of Shimonoseki, which saw Japan emerge as an additional foreign power in Shanghai. Japan built the first factories in Shanghai, which were soon copied by other foreign powers to effect the emergence of Shanghai industry. Shanghai was then the most important financial center in the Far East.
Under the Republic of China (1911-1949), Shanghai's political status was finally raised to that of a municipality on July 14, 1927. Although the territory of the foreign concessions was excluded from their control, this new Chinese municipality still covered an area of 828.8 square kilometers, including the modern-day districts of Baoshan, Yangpu, Zhabei, Nanshi, and Pudong. Headed by a Chinese mayor and municipal council, the new city governments first task was to create a new city center in Jiangwan town of Yangpu district, outside the boundaries of the foreign concessions. This new city center was planned to include a public museum, library, sports stadium, and city hall.
On 27 May 1949, the Communist Party of China controlled the People's Liberation Army and took control of Shanghai, which was one of only three former Republic of China (ROC) municipalities not merged into neighbouring provinces over the next decade (the others being Beijing and Tianjin). Shanghai underwent a series of changes in the boundaries of its subdivisions, especially in the next decade. After 1949, most foreign firms moved their offices from Shanghai to Hong Kong, as part of an exodus of foreign investment due to the Communist victory.
During the 1950s and 1960s, Shanghai became an industrial center and center for revolutionary leftism. Yet, even during the most tumultuous times of the Cultural Revolution, Shanghai was able to maintain high economic productivity and relative social stability. In most of the history of the People's Republic of China (PRC), Shanghai has been the largest contributor of tax revenue to the central government compared with other Chinese provinces and municipalities.
This came at the cost of severely crippling Shanghai's infrastructure and capital development. Its importance to China's fiscal well-being also denied it economic liberalizations that were started in the far southern provinces such as Guangdong during the mid-1980s. At that time, Guangdong province paid nearly no taxes to the central government, and thus was perceived as fiscally expendable for experimental economic reforms. Shanghai was finally permitted to initiate economic reforms in 1991, starting the huge development still seen today and the birth of Lujiazui in Pudong.
Shanghai has a humid subtropical climate (Koppen climate classification Cfa) and experiences four distinct seasons. In winter, cold northerly winds from Siberia can cause nighttime temperatures to drop below freezing, and although not usually associated with snow, the city can receive one or two days of snowfall per year.
In contrast, and in spite of being the peak tourist season, summer in Shanghai is very warm and humid, with occasional downpours or freak thunderstorms. The city is also susceptible to typhoons, none of which in recent years has caused considerable damage.
The most pleasant seasons are Spring, although changeable, and Autumn, which is generally sunny and dry. Shanghai experiences on average 1,778 hours of sunshine per year, with the hottest temperature ever recorded at 40 °C (104 °F), and the lowest at -12 °C (10 °F).
The average number of rainy days is 112 per year, with the wettest month being June. The average frost-free period is 276 days.
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Before the infamous Sam Hurd incident, there was Michael Nunn and his stroke of stupidity. While staying at a hotel in Davenport, Iowa, Nunn was arrested for purchasing one kilogram of cocaine from an undercover agent. In 2003, he was found guilty on one count of conspiracy to distribute cocaine. After word got out of Nunn's history of drug trafficking, he was sentenced to 292 months in federal prison. Guess who cannot wait for June 16, 2024, to roll around?


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**Enhancements**
* Closes #406. Provided additional clarification on using offlineFeaturesManager.goOnline() in the 'How to use the edit library' doc.
* Updated supported browsers table.

## Version 2.14.0.1 - Aug. 17, 2015

No breaking changes. Doc updates only.

**Enhancements**
* Created separate section in README for Supported Browsers
* Updated Supported Browsers section in /demo/index.html
* Removed references to local storage in /doc/dependencies.md

## Version 2.14 - Aug. 14, 2015

No breaking changes.

**Enhancements**
* Closes #399 - OfflineFeaturesManager now throws an error if you try to extend a layer before the map or layer has finished initializing.

**Bug Fix**
* Closes #400 - deferred already resolved error when going online.

## Version 2.13.1 - Aug. 12, 2015

No breaking changes.

**Enhancements**
* Closes #372 - adds an NPM package repository. New name is 'esri-offline-maps.'
* Adds build automation, github syncing and npm update via npm scripts.
* Added a scripts directory for bash scripts.
* Added gh-release as an npm package.
* Updated package.json

## Version 2.13.0 - Aug. 10, 2015

No breaking changes.

**Bug Fixes**
* Closes #386 - getMinMaxLOD calculation
* Closes #390 - In offlineFeatureManager, wait for pushPhantomGraphic callback before setting attributes and styles of phantom graphics.
* For token based security, when syncing feature edits, provide direct access to the featureLayer.credentials.token instead of looping thru the kernel object (as introduced in v2.12.0)

## Version 2.12.1 - Aug. 10, 2015

No breaking changes.

**Enhancements**
* Closes #388 - remove infoTemplate object from applyEdits request.  Now also removed from adds as well as updates.

## Version 2.12 - Aug. 7, 2015

No breaking changes.

**Enhancements**
* Adds support for token-based authentication when syncing feature edits.
* Reduces POST request payload size when syncing edits by removing the InfoTemplate from request parameters.

## Version 2.11.0.1 - Aug. 6, 2015

No breaking changes. Documentation and samples update, only.

**Enhancements**
* Updated appcache-tiles.html and appcache-features.html to use ArcGIS JS API v3.14 and more recent versions of jQuery and Bootstrap.
* Removed and replaced old application cache event detection code in appcache-tiles.html so that it's configured similar to appcache-features.html.
* Updated the How to Use App Cache doc to clarify coding patterns for working with Safari 8.

## Version 2.11 - July 30, 2015

No breaking changes to the public API. This is a recommended update. This version is focused on improving the sync logic between the library and the feature service. Many internal-only breaking changes.

**Enhancements**
* Closes #361 - Deletes each database record after a successful sync rather than a batch database delete.
* Added additional properties to the `goOnline()` sync process callback object to better capture any errors.
* Improved error handling when submitting edits during sync.

**Breaking Changes Internal - Private**
* INTERNAL: `editStore.editExists()` - if an edit does not exist then the old error message "layer id is not a match" has been replaced with "objectId is not a match".
* INTERNAL: `editStore.deleteFeatureLayerJSON()` - if the deletion was unsuccessful instead of returning `null` the method now returns a message string "object was not deleted".
* INTERNAL: `editsStore.resetLimitedPhantomGraphicsQueue()` - Deprecated.
* INTERNAL: `offlineFeaturesManager._cleanSuccessfulEditsDatabaseRecords()` - Deprecated and replaced by `_cleanDatabase()`.
* INTERNAL: `offlineFeaturesManager._fieldSegment` - Deprecated.
* INTERNAL: `offlineFeaturesManager._fileSegment` - Deprecated.
* INTERNAL: `offlineFeaturesManager._internalApplyEdits()` - Deprecated.
* INTERNAL: `offlineFeaturewsManager._internalApplyEditsFeaturecollection()` - renamed to `_internalApplyEditsAll()`.

## Version 2.10 - July 27, 2015

No breaking changes.

**Enhancements**
* Closes #288. Adds the ability to modify `offlineTilesEnabler` and `offlineTilesEnablerLayer` database name and data store name.
* Updates to API and How-to Docs

## Version 2.9.5 - July 14, 2015

No breaking changes.

**Enhancements**
* In reference to #288, added tileLayer.showBlankTiles boolean property to both offlineTilesEnabler
and OfflineTilesEnablerLayer.

## Version 2.9.4.1 - July 10, 2015

Minor doc update. Fixed broken link in README.

## Version 2.9.4 - July 10, 2015

No breaking changes.

**Enhancements**
* Adds jshint checking to tile libraries and tpk libraries.

## Version 2.9.3 - July 1, 2015

No breaking changes.

**Enhancements**
* Closes #319. Make TPK support more universal between Chrome and WebView on Android.

## Version 2.9.2.2 - June 24, 2015

Minor doc update. Updates to README.

## Version 2.9.2.1 - June 18, 2015

Minor doc update. Clarifications on how to use the tile libraries and fixed some typos.

## Version 2.9.2 - June 17, 2015

No breaking changes.

**Enhancements**
* OfflineFeaturesManager now overrides layer.hasAttachments property. The override is available after a feature layer
has been extended. This fixes an existing bug in the ArcGIS JS API when you create a feature layer from a featureCollectionObject
the hasAttachmens property does not get correctly repopulated.

**Bug fix**
* Fixes issue in offlineFeaturesManager's featureCollection data store when using it with multiple feature layers.
Subsequent featureLayerCollections were being stored as arrays instead of objects.
* Minor tweak to appcache-tiles.appcache. It was broken.

## Version 2.9.1 - May 28, 2015

No breaking changes.

**Enhancements**
* Initializes internal featureCollectionObject when a layer is extended.
* Added property `OfflineFeaturesManager.ENABLE_FEATURECOLLECTION`. Default value is `false`. When enabled this will
allow the library to automatically create a snapshot of the feature layer.

## Version 2.9 - May 27, 2015

No breaking changes.

**Enhancements**
* Closes #327 - Improved use of keys and indexes in editsStore.js. Minor tweaks at this time.
* Closes #342 - Automates featureCollection management. New method `OfflineFeaturesManager.getFeatureCollections()`.

## Version 2.8.2 - May 19, 2015

No breaking changes. Recommended update.

**Enhancements**
* Fixes sync error when returning online after updating a new edit offline.

## Version 2.8.1 - May 11, 2015

No breaking changes.

**Enhancements**
* Closes #339 - offline update of a new attachment needs to be handled as an ADD.
* Updated offlineAttachmentsSpec.js to test for #339 condition.

## Version 2.8 - May 4, 2015

This release focused on updating full offline editing capabilities. Recommended update. No breaking changes.

**Enhancements**
* Added functionality to `offlineFeaturesManager.js` to detect and handle when a feature layer is created using a feature collection.
* Addresses browser changes in Chrome 42.x and Firefox 37.x with respect to how they handle HTML/JS apps when going offline and
then transitioning back online.
* Updated `appcache-features.html` sample.

**Bug Fix**
* Closes #336 - problem with appcache-features sample. The application now correctly syncs when going back online after
a full offline restart. It also contains improvements in how the app life-cycle is handled.

## Version 2.7.1 - April 29, 2015

This release has enhancements and has no breaking changes.

**Enhancements**
* Added `OfflineFeaturesManager.getFeatureLayerJSONDataStore()` for use in full offline browser restarts.

## Version 2.7.0.1 - April 28, 2015

Closes #323 - Add an FAQ doc.

## Version 2.7 - April 27, 2015

This release focused on improving the handling of attachments. Has breaking changes.

**Enhancements**
* Added a new sample attachments-editor-secure.html to demonstrate the pattern for working with secure feature services and attachments.
* Closes #286 - support for secure services (HTTPS) when working with attachments
* Closes #305 - Support both ADD and UPDATE attachment.
* Closes #306 - removes createObjectURL functionality from attachmentsStore. This allows for attachments to be used in full offline scenarios.
* Closes #318 - added OfflineFeaturesManager.ATTACHMENTS_DB_NAME and ATTACHMENTS_DB_OBJECSTORE_NAME.
* Closes #321 - switch offlineFeaturesManager unit test to a different feature service that's attachments enabled.
* Closes #322 - rewrite offlineAttachmentsSpec.
* Closes #324 - attachmentsStore._readFile() can indicate false positives.
* Closes #325 - support DELETE an existing attachment.
* Closes #328 - add layer.resestAttachmentsDatabase().
* Closes #329 - add layer.getAttachmentsUsage().

**Breaking Changes**
* attachmentsStore.DB_NAME has been renamed to attachmentsStore.dbName to be consistent with editStore.
* attachmentsStore.OBJECTSTORE_NAME has been renamed to attachmentsStore.objectStoreName to be consistent with editStore.
* Added use of the browser's [FormData() API](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/FormData) along with `FormData.append`. This may cause
attachment support to break in certain older browsers. This is a courtesy heads-up because as a rule this library only
supports the latest version of Chrome, Firefox and Safari.

## Version 2.6.1 - April 13, 2015

Patch release. Recommended update. No breaking changes.

**Bug Fixes**

* Closes #315 - editsStore.pushEdit() - failed to insert undefined objectId into database.

## Version 2.6 - April 9, 2015

Recommended update. No breaking changes.

**Bug Fixes**

* Closes #308 - resetLimitedPhantomGraphicsQueue failing. Could cause fatal errors.

**Updates**

* Closes #304 - preserve version number in minified builds
* Closes #307 - package.json updated devDependencies
* Updated editsStoreSpec2 to accommodate the fix for #308
* jshint updates:
    * jshint now working for /edit directory. Initial step towards piping all files thru jshint!
    * jshint fix to attachmentsStore.js - moved "use strict" into function
    * jshint fix to OfflineEditNS.js - removed "use strict" & added jshint exception
    * Many jshint fixes in offlineFeaturesManager.js
    * jshint fix to .jshintrc
* Deleted editsStore_old.js

## Version 2.5.1 - April 7, 2015

Closes #301 - OfflineFeaturesManager failed on _validateFeature during an attachment ADD operation.

## Version 2.5.0.2 - April 2, 2015

Minor doc update. Clarification in OfflineFeaturesManager on requiring `mode` be set to `FeatureLayer.MODE_SNAPSHOT`.

## Version 2.5.0.1 - April 1, 2015

Minor doc update. Added references to attachments documentation. Misc. clarifications.

## Version 2.5 - March 27, 2015

v2.5 focused on updating OfflineFeaturesManager from using localStorage to IndexedDB. Additional information is available in the [API Doc](https://github.com/Esri/offline-editor-js/blob/master/doc/offlinefeaturesmanager.md). Feature edit storage capabilities have been increased from 5 MBs to approximately 50 - 100 MBs or more, and the changes made allow for additional functionality and capabilities to be implemented that weren't possible under the previous architecture.**

Closes #292, #289, #285, #281, #280, #275, #261

**BREAKING CHANGES:** In order to accomplish the v2.5 update the following **breaking** changes were made. All common `EditStore` functionality was migrated to the FeatureLayer so that under most circumstances there is no need to use or access the `EditStore` library directly anymore. In fact, as of v2.5 accessing it directly is discouraged.

* `OfflineFeatureManager.getReadableEdit()` deprecated. Use `featureLayer.getAllEditsArray()`.
* `editsStore.hasPendingEdits()` deprecated. Use `featureLayer.pendingEdits()`.
* `editsStore.retrieveEditsQueue()` deprecated. Use `featureLayer.getAllEditsArray()`.
* `editsStore.getEditsStoreSizeBytes()` deprecated. Use `featureLayer.getUsage()`.
* `editsStore.getLocalStorageSizeBytes()` deprecated. Use `featureLayer.getUsage()`.

**New Functionality in OfflineFeatureManager**

* `OfflineFeaturesManager.DB_NAME`. Allows you to set the database name of the edits library.
* `OfflineFeaturesManager.DB_OBJECTSTORE_NAME`. Set an internal object store within the database that allows access to a set of data.
* `OfflineFeaturesManager.DB_UID`. **IMPORTANT**. This tells the database which `id` to use as a unique identifier for each feature service.
* `OfflineFeaturesManager.events.EDITS_SENT`. **Updated**. Now this event is only triggered when an edit is synced with the server while online.
* `OfflineFeaturesManager.events.EDITS_SENT_ERROR`. Indicates there was an error when syncing with the server. If there was an error, the edit will remain in the database.
* `OfflineFeaturesManager.events.EDITS_ENQUEUED_ERROR`. Indicates an error occurred while trying to store an edit in offline mode.

**New Functionality in FeatureLayer** When you use `OfflineFeatureManager.extend()` to extend a feature layer it will be enabled with the following new functionality:

* `featureLayer.resetDatabase()`. Full database reset.
* `featureLayer.pendingEditsCount()`. Returns the number of pending edits.
* `featureLayer.getUsage()`. Returns the approximate size of the database and number of edits.
* `featureLayer.getPhantomGraphicsArray()`. Used with offline browser restarts. Returns an array of phantom graphics. Complimentary to `featureLayer.getPhantomLayerGraphics()`.
* `featureLayer.getAllEditsArray()`. Returns an array of all edits stored in the database.
* `featureLayer.getFeatureLayerJSON()`. A helper function for retrieving a feature layers JSON using the REST `f=json` parameter. Note you can also retrieve feature layer JSON using the ArcGIS API for JavaScript's `featureLayer.toJson()` method.
* `featureLayer.setFeatureLayerJSONDataStore()`. Sets or updates the optional feature layer storage object. You can also set the dataStore using the `OfflineFeatureManager` constructor's `dataStore` property.
* `featureLayer.getFeatureLayerJSONDataStore()`. Retrieves the optional feature layer storage object.
* `featureLayer.convertFeatureGraphicsToJSON()`. Helper function that converts an array of graphics to a JSON string.

** Footnote on browser storage capabilities. The amount of storage varies from device to device. It depends on multiple factors related to the browser including how much memory space the browser has consumed, how large the browser cache has grown, how many other tabs may be open, and how much memory other applications are already consuming.

## Version 2.4 - Nov 26, 2014
- Closes #274 phantom symbols not working correctly
	- Updated offlineFeaturesManager.js
	- Updated API docs to reflect new functionality.
- Updated appcache-features.html sample to incorporate new functionality.
- Updated modular-popup CSS media queries

New functionality:

- Added setPhantomLayerGraphics() - for use with offline browser restarts. Allows you to restore the phantom graphics layer. This layer is used to highlight any points that have been modified while offline.
- Added getPhantomLayerGraphics() - for use with offline browser restarts. Allows you to get a JSON copy of the current phantom graphics layers so that you can save it to a local database such as localStorage.

Breaking changes: none

## Version 2.3.1.2 - Oct 21, 2014
- Closes #267 can't host markdown on gh-pages

## Version 2.3.1.1 - Oct 14, 2014
- Minor wording change in tpk-layer.html sample to better describe changing TPK file type to .zip in order for it to work correctly.

## Version 2.3.1 - Oct 14, 2014
- Fixes NPM version for current NPM (requires patch version)
- Fixes issue with JPEG-based TPKs where tiles were not completely read from the TPK buffer, resulting in an incomplete image.

## Version 2.3 - Oct 13, 2014
- Closes #74 - Build sample with nice UX for editing
- Closes #257 - Build getting started pages for AGOL, editing and TPK. All samples show basic functionality and are responsive. Also integrated a new launch page for the API and How To Use docs.
- Closes #258 - Convert modal popup to widget
- The following samples were updated to be responsive:
	- appcache-features.html
	- appcache-tiles.html
	- tpk-layer.html

New functionality:

- Closes #256 - Add getMaxZoom and getMinZoom to offlineTilesEnabler
- Added getMinMaxLOD() to offlineTilesEnabler and OfflineTilesEnablerLayer

Breaking Changes - None.

## Version 2.2.1 - Oct 1, 2014
Added a Getting Started for Tiles tutorial.

## Version 2.2.0.1 - Oct 1, 2014
Force update of submodules for IndexedDB and offline.js. Didn't take the 1st time. Submodule updates can be tricky.

## Version 2.2 - Sep 30, 2014
- Closes #233 - Rename TPKLayer.isDBWriteable()
- Closes #238 - TPKLayer - load tiles from URL
- Closes #242 - Internal - replace certain constructor properties
- Closes #243 - Update vendor versions
- Closes #247 - TPKLayer - only init autoCenter when null
- Closes #248 - Remove resource-proxy sub-directory
- Closes #249 - Add a public proxyPath var to offlineFeaturesManager.js

New functionality:

- Rename TPKLayer.isDBWriteable() to setDBWriteable(boolean). (Issue #233)
- In TPKLayer - load tiles from URL creates a new method loadTilesFromURL(). (Issue #238)
- Adds a public proxyPath var to offlineFeaturesManager.js. (Issue #249)

Breaking change:

- Issue [#248](https://github.com/Esri/offline-editor-js/issues/248) removes the ArcGIS proxy libraries from this repo. This means if you have an application that referred to that directory it will break and you'll need to fork and clone your own version of that repository [here](https://github.com/Esri/resource-proxy).

## Version 2.1.1 - Sep 22, 2014
- Closes #244 - broken attachements-editor sample gh-pages

## Version 2.1 - Sep 18, 2014
- Closes #236 - Minor typo in How to use TPKLayer doc
- Closes #237 - Completely rebuilt gh-pages. Now we have an online demo app page.

## Version 2.0.3 - Sep 15, 2014
- Closes issue #234 - Minor cleanup of samples. Removed unused dojoConfig pathnames.

## Version 2.0.2 - Sep 9, 2014
- Documentation update only.
- More minor doc updates.
- Minor README update to include link to new migration tips doc.

## Version 2.0.1 - Sep 8, 2014
- Minor updates to documentation
- Removed VERSION property from namespace (for now)
- Deleted OfflineMapsNS.js - not used (left over from v2 testing)

## Version 2.0 - Sep 8, 2014

Version 2.0 involves many changes. Please read the following carefully when upgrading from v1.x to v2.0.

Breaking Changes:

- Provides a single, concatenated and minified library files in /dist for edit, tiles and tpk. This single library pattern offers a HTTP request/response performance boost by providing libraries of significantly smaller size and only one file to retrieve as compared to making multiple HTTP requests.
- Added a new namespacing for use with all non-AMD JavaScript libraries in the repo.
- Internally refactored all libraries.
- Single, concatenated source library files also available in /dist.
- Updated all samples to ArcGIS API for JavaScript v3.10.
- Concatentation and minification of libraries via a Grunt task.
- All tests updated.
- All samples updated.
- Consolidated duplicate functionality between offlineTilesEnabler.js and OfflineTilesEnablerLayer.js into TilesCore.js. The coding pattern is a bit ackward to access the shared functionality, but the upside is that duplicate functionality only needs to be maintained in a single library.

Overview of the new namespace pattern:

   * `O.esri.Edit` references all offline edit libraries
   * `O.esri.Tiles` references all offline tile libraries
   * `O.esri.TPK` references all TPK libraries
   * `O.esri.zip` a wrapper around Zip.js

Breaking name changes for the following libraries:

   * `offline-edit-min.js` - replaces _OfflineFeaturesManager.js_
   * `offline-tiles-basic-min.js` - _replaces offlineTilesEnabler.js_
   * `offline-tiles-advanced-min.js` - replaces _OfflineTilesEnablerLayer.js_
   * `offline-tpk-min.js` - replaces _TPKLayer.js_

Breaking name changes for the following Classes:

   * `O.esri.Edit.OfflineFeaturesManager()` replaces _OfflineFeaturesManager()_
   * `O.esri.Tiles.OfflineTilesEnabler()` replaces _OfflineTilesEnabler()_
   * `O.esri.Tiles.OfflineTilesEnablerLayer()` replaces _OfflineTilesEnablerLayer()_
   * `O.esri.TPK.TPKLayer()` replaces _TPKLayer()_
   * `O.esri.Edit.EditStore()` replaces _editsStore()_
   * `O.esri.zip` replaces the module _"tpk/zip"_

Breaking changes for the following methods:

   * `O.esri.Edits.EditStore().retrieveEditsQueue()` replaces the formerly private method _editsStore()._retrieveEditsQueue()_

Deprecations:

- Deprecated _restartOfflineFeaturesManager.js_. This functionality has been integrated directly into `OfflineFeaturesManager.js`

## Version 1.x - Various
- Multiple, non-versioned updates

## Version 1 - Sep 19. 2013

- Initial commit.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Posted on October 31, 2016 by Anne Spieth
Happy Halloween! Talia "Terror Cat" Sherer and "Anna Banana" share their spooky reads to celebrate the day:
THE MOTION OF PUPPETS by Keith Donohue
An October 2016 LibraryReads pick! This new horror novel from the bestselling author of the LibraryReads pick THE BOY WHO DREW MONSTERS (which has been optioned for film) is a chilling tale of romance and enchantment set in a Québec toy shop, patterned after the Greek myth of Orpheus and Eurydice. "Intricately plotted, absorbing, and suspenseful, this is a moving, modern story set in what feels like a fairy-tale world but is actually terrifyingly realistic." — Booklist, starred review
SHIRLEY JACKSON'S "THE LOTTERY": The Authorized Graphic Adaptation by Miles Hyman
Available simultaneously in trade paperback
Two starred reviews! Published in time for Jackson's centennial, this graphic adaptation masterfully reimagines her iconic story with a striking visual narrative created by her grandson, Miles Hyman. "A stunning graphic adaptation of a chilling classic." — Kirkus Reviews, starred review
THE FAMILY PLOT by Cherie Priest
"In Priest's gothic haunted-house story, workers at failing architectural salvage company are given a once-in-a-lifetime chance to reverse their fortunes, if they can survive the ghosts plaguing the property. Priest spices up a standard haunting with an irresistible premise focused on the "hidden treasure" aspect of salvage work. Highly recommended for fans of contemporary ghost stories." — Booklist, starred review
THE GRAVEYARD APARTMENT by Mariko Koike
A terrifying tale of a young family who moves into an apartment building next to a graveyard, and the horrors that are unleashed upon them. "The haunting itself is well done and scary. The atmosphere and anticipation build perfectly to create an apartment building one would be quite hesitant to live in. Fans of classic ghost stories, such as THE HAUNTING OF HILL HOUSE, will appreciate the subtle chills." — Booklist
CURIODDITY by Paul Jenkins
New York Times bestselling graphic novel and video game writer Paul Jenkins debuts with a novel that's a cross between Neil Gaiman's NEVERWHERE and Robin Sloan's MR. PENUBRA'S 24-HOUR BOOKSTORE. "Fast pacing, clever writing, and total commitment to absurdity make for an entertaining read." — Booklist
THE FALL OF THE HOUSE OF CABAL by Jonathan L. Howard
"The fifth adventure of Johannes Cabal, a 'necromancer of some little infamy,' is the culmination of his quest to resurrect his deceased beloved, Berenice. Cabal remains an entertaining antihero whose complexities have deepened over time, and the conclusion of the narrative threads that have spanned the previous four Cabal books is both satisfying and touching." — Publishers Weekly
CERTAIN DARK THINGS by Silvia Moreno-Garcia
From critically-acclaimed novelist Moreno-Garcia comes a pulse-pounding and action-packed contemporary fantasy tinged with Latin American mythology about Domingo, a street kid in Mexico City who falls for Atl, a descendant of Aztec vampires. "This fast-paced horror tale presents a new, alternate world of vampire-human rivalry and will appeal to those who enjoy rooting for unlikely heroes." — Booklist
Posted in Reviews and PublicityTagged CERTAIN DARK THINGS, Cherie Priest, CURIODDITY, Fantasy, ghost stories, gothic, graphic novel, graveyard, Halloween, Halloween 2016, horror, Johannes Cabal series, Jonathan L. Howard, Keith Donohue, Mariko Koike, Miles Hyman, MR. PENUBRA'S 24-HOUR BOOKSTORE, Neil Gaiman, NEVERWHERE, October 2016 LibraryReads pick, Orpheus and Eurydice, Robin Sloan, Shirley Jackson, SHIRLEY JACKSON'S "THE LOTTERY": The Authorized Graphic Adaptation, Silvia Moreno-Garcia, spooky reads, starred reviews, The Boy Who Drew Monsters, THE FALL OF THE HOUSE OF CABAL, THE FAMILY PLOT, THE GRAVEYARD APARTMENT, THE HAUNTING OF HILL HOUSE, The Lottery, THE MOTION OF PUPPETS, vampires
Friday Reads: WritersHappy #BookBday (11/1/16 Edition)


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When Does My Client Need a Tax Attorney?
By Peter D. Anderson, Steven M. Burke, Beth L. Fowler, John E. Rich, Jr., Richard M. Stone
Published in NH Society of CPA's Connection (5/12/2014)
CPAs are very often a business owner's most important advisor. Meeting with a client multiple times per year, accountants provide a wide range of tax and advisory services well beyond tax return preparation, including sophisticated tax, business and financial planning. The role of a tax attorney is often more episodic, but no less important. Tax attorneys often focus on some of the finer details of tax law and IRS procedure, and can help your client in matters ranging from tax litigation, to estate and asset protection planning, to executive compensation and pre-transaction planning.
Clients often misunderstand the role of a Certified Public Accountant versus a tax attorney. A CPA, a client supposes, knows everything he or she needs to know about tax code under the law, so he or she must be able to work out any discrepancies the client or the client's company may have with the IRS, and advise the client on tax strategies. The following are just a few examples of common situations where retaining a tax attorney may be a good idea.
Your client is being audited by the IRS or a State Tax Authority and Matters Have Become Serious. Dealing with the IRS and state tax authorities is loaded with challenges and traps, especially when it involves complex and sophisticated services provided by CPAs. Clients may receive a Summons, an Information Request, a visit by investigators, a phone call, or a letter asking for documents and information concerning them or perhaps others. Some of that information could lead to fraud or criminal charges. CPAs may become aware of fraudulent activities and may want to protect confidential client information during a civil audit (called an "eggshell audit"). Some civil audits, called "reverse eggshell audits", are actually disguised criminal audits, and are used by tax authorities to discover criminal tax evasion. Simultaneous ("parallel") civil and criminal investigations are possible. Even in a routine audit context, tax authorities could be seeking information that clients view as "private and confidential". How to protect confidential information is always an important issue.
There is an "accountant/client" privilege in the Internal Revenue Code (§7525), but it is very limited and is always subject to attack by the IRS. The privilege does not apply in criminal proceedings, to information communicated to third parties, and to tax shelters.It may not apply to communications between a client and a CPA unless the CPA is licensed in the state where the client resides, does not cover business or financial planning advice, and may not cover tax return preparation advice. In addition, the privilege is a federal privilege, and most state tax audits are not covered.
CPAs often try to protect tax work papers, but several recent cases make it clear that only work papers prepared in anticipation of litigation, not those prepared in the usual course of business, are protected.
Tax attorneys can help protect clients' confidential information. Constitutional protections at the right time can be crucial. In addition, the attorney/client privilege is still very strong, and it applies in civil, criminal, and all tax matters. When any suspicion of fraud, misconduct or other problems exists, whether in an audit situation or otherwise, tax attorneys can represent a client and create a so-called "Kovel" arrangement where the CPA is engaged to help the attorney represent the client. This arrangement cloaks the CPA with the attorney's privilege and protects information communicated to the attorney and CPA after the Kovel documents are signed. It does not protect prior communications, so it is crucial to create the arrangement early in the audit process. Producing confidential records to the IRS that could have been protected may waive constitutional protections and may result in a lawsuit by a client against the CPA.
Protection of information and protection of taxpayers' rights must always be paramount.
The IRS is pursuing criminal charges against your client. When a client is under audit by the IRS, there are times that certain items of unreported income or deductions have the potential for a fraud referral to the Criminal Investigation Division.
It is essential in situations where the potential for fraud referral exists, that communications with the client be cloaked within the Attorney Client Privilege and that the client be advised of his or her 5th Amendment Right against self-incrimination during the audit process.Simply put, it is better for a client or client representative to say nothing at all than to make either damaging admissions or misstatements that can compound problems in the audit or result in a fraud referral to the Criminal Investigation Division.
You need someone experienced in communicating with the IRS to convene on your clients' behalf. When the IRS is calling, it may well be in your clients' best interest to settle the matter as expeditiously as possible. If you do not have established relationships with trusted tax attorneys you can call on a moment's notice, now is the time to set them up. Educate your clients as to benefits of having experienced tax counsel on their side, when warranted. Take the steps they recommend, and rely on their expertise to put the matter to rest. Do not wait.
There are other many less urgent, but no less critical events that should trigger a call to a tax attorney. These are areas when a CPA and tax attorney can work hand in hand to best serve the client's needs.
Your client is asking about ways to attract and retain the best talent with sophisticated executive compensation packages. In addition to the tax aspects of executive compensation arrangements, tax attorneys are familiar with the legal and business issues associated with these compensation programs.These programs require knowledge of corporate and securities laws, ERISA, Tax Code Section 409A, and the other applicable Code sections. The right executive compensation program depends on numerous factors including ownership's desire to share equity, existing benefit programs and compensation structure, industry practice, and ownership's strategic plan for the business.
Your client is considering the establishment of a new business. A good tax attorney can help business startups that have complicated tax or entity requirements. There is no one size fits all structure for entity formation. Whether forming an LLC, corporation, or partnership, each new business will face unique tax consequences, as will the officers, employees and owners of the business.Careful formation planning will result in tremendous tax efficiencies for the business and its owners for years to come. Failure to carefully plan at the outset of the establishment of an entity structure may saddle the business with a tax burden that could significant damage future performance.
Your client is concerned with asset protection planning, beyond what is achieved by basic incorporation. Successful clients often fear losing much of what they have created because of an unexpected lawsuit or tragedy that was not covered by insurance. The advice of a tax lawyer can be critical for clients with significant assets, complex investments or other unique requirements. Various asset protection approaches may be appropriate, including self-settled ("asset protection") trusts, spendthrift trust, life insurance trusts, dynasty trusts and family limited partnerships.
Your client is considering business succession planning, possible through the sale of the business. Given the combined effect of federal and state tax rates, your client could pay over 50% of the proceeds from the sale of their business to the IRS and state taxing authorities. Proper pre-transaction planning could significantly reduce that tax burden. Pre-transaction tax planning is much more than the calculation of estimated tax.Proper structuring of your client's business is critical. The creation of a proper organization structure, the use of trusts, the establishment of an employee stock ownership plan ("ESOP"), charitable lead or remainder trusts, and many other approaches will allow your clients to keep a significant amount of the value they have created. Proper planning takes time, and should begin well before the sale process is in full swing.
In sum. The truth is, every day, CPAs encounter complex tax, business planning, and business succession situations that require the help of a tax attorney. Maybe a client has fallen behind in paying his taxes, or has made an oversight that prompts an IRS investigation. Maybe a client has shared secrets the CPA has no privilege to protect. Maybe he needs to appeal an IRS audit in tax court.Perhaps a client wants to implement an executive compensation package to retain valued employees, wants to expand into a new line of business or wants to plan for an orderly transition of business ownership. These are no longer tax issues; they are legal issues and require the expertise of a tax attorney. There will certainly be days that you will be glad to have a trusted tax attorney on speed dial.
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Blog Tours, book reviews, New Releases, Romance
New Release & Book Review!!! ~ Never My Love by Kathryn Shay (The President's Daughters #1)
Title: Never My Love
Series: The President's Daughters #1
Author: Kathryn Shay
He finally finds a woman he can love but she plans to be the President of the United States…
Annalise Masters Manwaring, one of the twin president's daughters, knows what she wants and how to get it. But when she meets cranky, arrogant Luke Branson, she's derailed in a big way. She has to choose between him and her political career. Luke, wounded by his brutal past, knows he'll never fit into her life. Both have impossible decisions to make.
Never My Love is a classic enemies to lovers romance story. Luke and Annalise start out as coworkers but he doesn't like the former President's daughter and makes no bones about it. Her response to Luke is exactly what endeared her to me as a character, because Annalise is a real class act. She doesn't let his bad attitude or snide remarks get to her, she keeps her head held high, putting him in check with a smile on her face.
Annalise wants to be President someday which means she can't be involved with her boss, no matter how much she wants to be.
I enjoyed this story even though it moved slower than I would have liked at times. I love politics. I studied it in college and I am a political junkie, but the whole scandal avoidance thing really rubs me the wrong way. Despite that, I was on board for whatever Annalise and Luke came up with and following them was a fun journey.
President James Manwaring sat across from Annalise in her swank Foggy Bottom condo, looking youthful at sixty-seven. His face sported only laugh lines around his eyes and mouth. "I like your place, but I wish you'd listened and chosen a big building so you could be on an upper floor."
She kissed his cheek. "I know, Dad. I wanted a deck. A backyard." She handed him coffee. "Let's sit."
"So, sweetheart, how are you doing?"
She took one of the other white leather couches across from him. "I'm good. You? How's the foundation?"
Her parents had set up a foundation to eradicate human slavery. They worked parttime on an awareness campaign and fundraising.
He watched her with those searing green eyes that she'd inherited. "We're well. Our work is satisfying. Tell me about your new job."
"I love it so far. I've always been interested in The Justice Project." A national political action organization that supported candidates for their party's elections. "And I've donated to it for years."
"But?"
He could always tell when something was wrong.
"One of the founding members, Luke Branson, voted against me. The women on the project told me to be careful around him. He's not a founder, but started there seven years ago, and is technically my superior."
"Why would he do that? Your qualifications are impeccable."
She shifted in her seat. "People tend to think I'm unqualified to do anything but cut ribbons and be pretty."
"That's not fair. After you got your law degree from Georgetown, you clerked for two years with Tom Anderson."
"Who is a judge you appointed."
"I'm sorry then, honey. I regret my part in his veto."
"Don't be. I'll never apologize for being the president's daughter."
The former president chuckled. "I like your pride in our family."
Sighing, she sat back. "As for the job, I signed on for four days so I can still take pro bono cases on Fridays at my old firm."
"That's a boon."
She stood. "I think the banana bread you love is cooled by now."
As she passed him, he grabbed her hand. "You don't have to pretend everything's going well with your life, honey."
"I'm not pretending. I want to follow in your footsteps and this is the path. I'll be right back."
Annalise went to the kitchen and cut the bread. The sweet scent of sugar and bananas was heavenly. When she returned, her father was staring out at the D.C skyline. He sat again when she did. "Now, give me a slice."
She bit into one, too. Contrary to Hannah, her younger sister, who ate organic foods, Annalise wasn't that rigid, though she did use all-natural ingredients for baking. She envied her sister, who'd chosen a different path than she.
"What are you thinking about?"
"Hannah."
A smile spread across his tanned face. "I heard from her yesterday."
"Yeah, she's called me twice and both times, I couldn't get back to her. How is she?"
"She was fixing her furnace."
Annalise grinned at that. Hannah had said no to college, a scandal for the president's child. Instead, she went to trade schools—got an electrician certification, one in plumbing, another in carpentry and one in construction, for which she was required to work on a building site. Annalise remembered seeing a picture of the Secret Service standing by in their suits and hard hats. "She's something, isn't she?"
"Always was. She's busy but sees Sasha frequently."
Both of those sisters had moved to upstate New York. Hannah used her trust funds from her mother's parents to buy the farm and Sasha used the money to buy a dance studio in downtown Rockford. Annalise had purchased an estate in Maryland where she planned to move sometime in the future. Andraya had saved hers.
"Well, that's why Sasha opened her dance studio in Rockford. I wish my twin hadn't gone halfway across the world to work."
"Andraya loves Casarina and teaching. She got close to the Gentileschis when she spent her senior year at the Marcello schools."
"I know. I'm going over to Italy to see her when I get some time off."
"I adore the fact that you're all so different." Her father was the only person she knew who used the word adore naturally.
She checked her watch. "I'm afraid I have a meeting in a half-hour."
"On Saturday?"
"Said the man who sat in the Situation Room on a number of weekends."
An expression which had charmed America when he first ran for state office, then the House of Representatives, then the Senate and finally the presidency spread across his face. "I know. So, I won't harp. But your mom and I will be more available to you now."
"Give her my love." Annalise and Karen Masters were very close.
She stood with her father and walked him to the door. Hugged him fiercely. "I love you, Daddy."
"Ah, Daddy," he said as he drew back. "I love you too, Annie."
She opened the front door to find his two Secret Service agents standing at attention. Eddie Cramer and Milt Smith had been and still were her father's guards, as her dad was entitled to protection for life. And now that he wasn't president, all three of them had loosened up somewhat, were friendlier and wore casual clothes.
"Hi, guys."
"Ms. Manwaring."
She rolled her eyes. "You didn't call me that when one of the boys I dated took me out on his motorcycle, Eddie."
He smirked. "Okay, Shining Star." The code name she'd been given by her protectors.
"Goodbye, everyone." She went back inside and her cell rang. She clicked on. "Hello."
"Annalise. Where are you?" Luke Branson's tone was annoyed.
"You're late for the meeting."
"It isn't for another half-hour."
"The meeting started at nine!"
Hell. "I'll be right there." She didn't live far from the Lincoln building. "I'm sorry, Luke."
"Just get here."
"I said I would." She disconnected abruptly. That guy got under her skin. He did it intentionally, but to be fair, she was late, and she might have been as impatient as he. Grabbing her briefcase, she headed out.
Fifteen minutes later, Annalise walked into a large conference room of the building where The Justice Project was housed. Housed on two floors, it spread out in offices to hold fifty employees and several large and small conferences rooms.
"Annalise, hi." Harold Franklin, a founding member and elected as chair, said the words kindly.
"I'm sorry, Harold. No excuses." Except that she was with the former president.
"Not to worry. It happens. We're divvying up some projects. You and Luke are taking candidate assessment for the 204th district in Pennsylvania."
Damn, she was going to have to work with the man after all.
Luke Branson watched Annalise Manwaring walk into his office with all the confidence in the world. She'd handled her lateness with aplomb. Once inside, she glanced around at the two desks adjacent to each other and a small table and chairs by the window on the streets of D.C. Recessed lighting made the area ideal for working. "Where's everybody else?"
"It's you and me. Harold assigned us."
"Why didn't you object?"
"Because I'm a team player." He held his temper. "You heard I was reluctant to hiring you."
"It's important that The Justice Project remain impartial. I didn't want your appointment to seem like nepotism. But I was outvoted, so here we are."
"I assure you," she said, coldly. "I'm fully qualified."
"That's true." He motioned to the small conference table. "Would you like coffee?"
She sat, pulled down the skirt of the sage-green suit she wore and took her slim laptop out of her briefcase.
She was a beauty, all right and, unfortunately, he'd been mesmerized by it for years. He'd envied her when they were both at Georgetown. She'd sailed into law school, while he had to delay a law degree to save up for tuition. In the end, he got a masters in marketing and finance which he excelled in. He was embarrassed by still, at thirty-six, having remnants of negative feelings about her.
"Do I have banana bread on my face?"
"Excuse me? Banana bread?"
"I baked some this morning."
Ah, he got it. Rumor had it President James Manwaring loved his daughter's banana bread, a story leaked to the press to underscore his happy family life. That didn't sit with Luke at all, since his family was never much a part of his life.
"You were late because you were baking bread for your father?"
"No, I was late because I got the time wrong." She held his gaze. "Can we get to work?"
"If you're finally ready." He grabbed his tablet. "I'll send you the candidates we have to choose from."
Quickly, her tablet pinged. Four candidates were in the running for congress in the November primary in Pittsburg. She read the notes on all of them.
"Hmm, they certainly have different agendas. From a quick scan, I think it's going to be between Meredith Long and Mark Dawson."
Meredith was running on LGBT rights, social security and Medicare. She also favored environmental issues and education. Those were the issues Annalise would have chosen, too. Mark Dawson was for steelworkers, ran on his experience in science and technology, highways and transit and the economy. She looked up. "At first glance, I gravitate toward Long's agenda."
"Let's take our time, consider the others and if we chose Long and Dawson, we'll vet both of them. Then we'll present them to the rest of the members."
"Whatever you say."
Man, she was a sassy one. Too bad he liked spunk.
A NEW YORK TIMES and USA TODAY bestselling author, Kathryn Shay has been a lifelong writer and teacher. She has written dozens of self-published original romance titles, print books with the Berkley Publishing Group and Harlequin Enterprises and mainstream women's fiction. One of her firefighter books hit #20 on the NEW YORK TIMES list. Her novels have been serialized in COSMOPOLITAN magazine and featured in USA TODAY, THE WALL STREET JOURNAL and PEOPLE magazine. There are over ten million copies of her books in print and downloaded online. Readers call her work heartwarming.
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Q: Python MemoryError trying to hash string I am developing a program for hashing input string in python, and I can not run it. I am getting MemoryError at the when I try to add together two parts of the string.
File "C:/Users/jacke/PycharmProjects/Hashbrown/Hashbrown.py", line 43, in <module>
    print(hashout(input("Hash input: ")))
  File "C:/Users/jacke/PycharmProjects/Hashbrown/Hashbrown.py", line 8, in hashout
    out = out + hash(x,0)
  File "C:/Users/jacke/PycharmProjects/Hashbrown/Hashbrown.py", line 38, in hash
    jumbled = second_half+first_half
MemoryError

Here is my code, I am trying to encode the input string by various transformations and output the hashed string:
import math
import binstr

def hashout(input):
    inputmod = input.replace(" ","spc").replace("y","55ut")
    listofchars=[char for char in inputmod]
    out =""

    for x in listofchars:
        out = out + hash(x,0)
    return(out)

def hash(input,len_out):
    inputlength = 1
    n1 = int(input,32)
    n2 = round(n1*inputlength)**math.sqrt(((inputlength*n1)**math.pi)*1537437/10000000000000000000000)

    n3 = n2-inputlength
    n4 = n3+inputlength + n1

    s1 =str(n4)
    s2 =s1[::-1]
    s3 = s2.replace("e","")
    s3 = s3.replace("+","").replace(".","")

    l1=list(s3)
    n5 = int(l1[0])
    n6 = n5*int(s3)/10000
    n7=(round(n6))

    s99999=str(n7)
    n=2
    line=s99999
    fakeascii=[line[i:i + n] for i in range(0, len(line), n)]

    res = ""
    for val in fakeascii:
        res = res + chr(int(val))
    asciiout=str(res)

    test_str = asciiout.replace(" ","sp")
    bindat=''.join(format(ord(i), 'b') for i in test_str)

    s=(str(bindat*100000000))[::-1]
    first_half = s[0:len(s) // 2]
    second_half = s[len(s) // 2 if len(s) % 2 == 0 else ((len(s) // 2) + 1):]

    jumbled = second_half+first_half
    #out=binstr.bintostr(jumbled)
    out=jumbled
    return(out)

while True :
    print(hashout(input("Hash input: ")))

And here is the binstr library:
def BinaryToDecimal(binary):
    binary1 = binary
    decimal, i, n = 0, 0, 0
    while (binary != 0):
        dec = binary % 10
        decimal = decimal + dec * pow(2, i)
        binary = binary // 10
        i += 1
    return (decimal)

def bintostr(bin_data):
    str_data = ' '
    for i in range(0, len(bin_data), 7):
        temp_data = int(bin_data[i:i + 7])
        decimal_data = BinaryToDecimal(temp_data)
        str_data = str_data + chr(decimal_data)
    return(str_data)

A: The code is very badly written but the main problem is here:
bindat=''.join(format(ord(i), 'b') for i in test_str)
s=(str(bindat*100000000))[::-1]

You set bindat as a string, but then you are trying to multiply is as an integer, the easy override is:
bindat=''.join(format(ord(i), 'b') for i in test_str)
s=(str(int(bindat)*100000000))[::-1]

Along this, you are not using your binstr library anywhere, there is a commented line but not used at all. The code itself is very suboptimal, you often split something that can be done in one line to multiple lines, for example:
n1 = int(input,32)
n2 = round(n1*inputlength)**math.sqrt(((inputlength*n1)**math.pi)*1537437/10000000000000000000000)
n3 = n2-inputlength #why do this at all?
n4 = n3+inputlength + n1 #when you negate it here?

can be simplified as:
n1 = int(input,32)
n2 = round(n1*inputlength)**math.sqrt(((inputlength*n1)**math.pi)*1537437/10000000000000000000000) + n1

Maybe you could add the numbers as variable as well for clarity of the code.
You as well often do steps as assigning a variable but without a reason or use, like binary1=binary in bintostr without further use of variable binary1 or out = jumbled and then just returning this variable. You should avoid such code for easier readability and better performance. For this reason I recommend you to check out this guide. It might help you a little with writing nicer code :)


This level has medium diffidently. For this level try to play from bottom part of the board where more candies are available to play and make special candy as you get the chance. Combine them with each other or play near to jam to spread them to near candies.