text:
Police Regulations
CHAPTER 347. DOGS AND CATS
Headnote
347.01 OWNER'S LIABILITY; PENALTY.
347.02 KEEPING AFTER NOTICE; PENALTY.
347.03 DOGS MAY BE KILLED.
347.04 PUBLIC NUISANCE.
347.05 OWNER NOT KNOWN.
347.06 HEARING; JUDGMENT; EXECUTION.
347.07 COSTS.
347.08 COUNTY BOARD MAY LICENSE.
347.09 LICENSES.
347.10 OWNERS OF DOGS AND KENNELS; LICENSES.
347.11 DOG COLLARS TO BE TAGGED.
347.12 FEES PAID TO COUNTY TREASURER MONTHLY.
347.13 FEES, DOG LICENSE FUND; DISBURSAL; ACCOUNTING.
347.14 UNLICENSED DOGS.
347.15 PERSONS DAMAGED, CLAIMS FILED.
347.16 CLAIMS, HEARINGS, NOTICE.
347.17 KILLING DOGS IN CERTAIN CASES.
347.18 TAGS; RESTRICTIONS, PROHIBITIONS.
347.19 FAILURE TO OBTAIN LICENSE.
347.20 EXEMPTIONS.
347.21 INTERPRETATION.
347.22 DAMAGES, OWNER LIABLE.
347.23 Renumbered 343.40
KENNELS AND DEALERS
347.31 DEFINITIONS.
347.32 LICENSE FOR KENNEL OR DEALER.
347.33 LICENSING PROCEDURES; INSPECTIONS; ADMINISTRATION.
347.34 LICENSES REQUIRED.
347.35 BOARD OF ANIMAL HEALTH RULES.
347.36 ADVERTISING.
347.37 PUBLIC ACCESS; NOTICE; INSPECTION; ENFORCEMENT.
347.38 REVOCATION OF LICENSE.
347.39 PENALTIES.
347.40 EXCEPTIONS.
REGULATION OF DANGEROUS DOGS
347.51 DANGEROUS DOGS; REGISTRATION.
347.515 MICROCHIP IDENTIFICATION.
347.52 DANGEROUS DOGS; REQUIREMENTS.
347.53 POTENTIALLY DANGEROUS DOGS.
347.54 CONFISCATION.
347.55 PENALTY.
347.56 DESTRUCTION OF DOG IN CERTAIN CIRCUMSTANCES.
(a) Owners or keepers of any dog or dogs, that kill, wound, or worry any domestic animal
or animals, shall be jointly and severally liable to the owner of such animal or animals for all
damages done by such dog or dogs, without proving notice to or knowledge by any such owner
or keeper of such dog or dogs, that any or either of them was mischievous or disposed to kill or
worry any domestic animal.
(b) The owner of any dog that kills or pursues domestic livestock is guilty of a petty
misdemeanor.
History: (7284) RL s 2786; 1915 c 344 s 1; 1985 c 269 s 2
Every person who shall keep or harbor a dog which has bitten any domestic animal, after
having notice of such fact, shall pay a fine of $5 for every day the person keeps, harbors, or
permits such dog to remain on the person's premises thereafter.
History: (7285) RL s 2787; 1986 c 444
Any owner or caretaker may kill any dog found chasing, injuring, or worrying sheep or other
livestock or poultry owned by or in care of such owner or caretaker, on lands or premises owned or
controlled by the owner or caretaker, and any owner or caretaker of sheep may kill any dog found
on the owner's or caretaker's premises where sheep are kept, not under human restraint or control.
History: (7286) RL s 2788; 1927 c 217 s 1; 1986 c 444
Any dog that habitually worries, chases, or molests teams or persons traveling peaceably on
the public road is a public nuisance. Upon complaint in writing to a district court judge containing
a description of the dog, including the name of the dog and its owner, or stating that the name
or names are not known, and alleging that the dog is a public nuisance, the judge shall issue a
summons, if the owner is known, commanding the owner to appear before the judge at a specified
time, not less than six nor more than ten days from the date of the summons, to answer the
complaint. The summons shall be served not less than six days before the day of the hearing in the
same manner as other district court summonses.
History: (7287) RL s 2789; 1983 c 359 s 37; 1986 c 444; 1998 c 254 art 2 s 35; 2006
c 260 art 5 s 8
If it appears from the complaint that the owner is not known, ten days' posted notice,
containing a description of the dog as given in the complaint, and stating that a complaint has been
made, and the time and place of hearing on it, shall be given in the town where the judge presides.
History: (7288) RL s 2790; 1983 c 359 s 38
The judge shall hear the evidence in the case. Upon finding that the dog is a public nuisance,
the judge shall enter judgment accordingly, and shall order the constable to kill and dispose
of the dog.
History: (7289) RL s 2791; 1983 c 359 s 39; 1986 c 444
Costs in the first instance shall be paid by the complainant, but if the dog is adjudged a
nuisance, and the owner is known, judgment shall be entered against the owner therefor.
Subdivision 1. Establishment of licensing system. The board of county commissioners of
any county is hereby authorized to establish a system of licensing and regulating the running
at large of dogs, except in cities of the first class, and create a livestock indemnity fund to be
handled and disbursed as hereinafter provided.
Before regulating and licensing, there must be filed with the county auditor a petition signed
by at least 25 percent of the persons actually engaged in raising livestock, including poultry, in the
county, as shown by the assessors' records, requesting the board to establish such system. When
the petition has been filed the board of county commissioners shall establish such system; or the
board of county commissioners may, by a majority vote, on their own motion and without petition,
establish such system. The board of county commissioners shall exclude from the operation of
sections 347.08 to 347.21, statutory cities, second, third, and fourth class cities if such city has in
operation a satisfactory law regulating dogs running at large.
Subd. 2. Revocation of system. At any time after such system has been in effect for a period
of two years from the date of its establishment, it may be revoked by a majority vote of the
board of county commissioners, but provided that before such revocation the board shall hold
a public hearing and give at least ten days' notice of such hearing by publication in at least one
newspaper published or circulating in the county.
History: (7297-41) 1939 c 410 s 1; 1943 c 294 s 1; 1973 c 123 art 5 s 7
In every county in which sections 347.08 to 347.21 shall become operative every dog more
than six months of age must have a license. The owner of any dog (the word "owner," when used
in sections 347.08 to 347.21, in relation to property in, or possession of, dogs shall include every
person who owns, harbors, or keeps a dog) shall, on or before February 1 each year, obtain a
license for the dog, and shall pay for such license the fee prescribed by the county commissioners,
which shall not be less than 50 cents nor more than $1 for a male dog and not less than $1 nor
more than $2 for a female dog; such payments to be made to the town, or city clerk or deputy. The
application for such license shall be in such written form as prescribed by the county auditor, and
shall state the name, sex, breed, age, color and marking of the dog for which the license is sought.
The license year shall correspond to the calendar year. The sale or transfer of any licensed
dog shall carry with it and transfer the license.
History: (7297-42) 1939 c 410 s 2; 1943 c 294 s 2; 1973 c 123 art 5 s 7; 1986 c 444
The term "kennel" shall mean any establishment where dogs are kept for the purpose of
breeding, sale or sporting purposes. Any person who keeps or operates a kennel may, in lieu of the
license for each dog required by sections 347.08 to 347.21, apply to the town or city treasurer for
a kennel license for the keeping or operating of such kennel. For such a kennel license the person
shall pay a fee of $10 for the license year. With the kennel license the clerk shall issue a number
of metal tags equal to the number of dogs kept in the kennel. The tags shall be made in a form so
that they may be readily distinguishable from the individual license tags for the same year. The
licensee of a kennel shall at all times keep one of such tags attached to the collar of each dog
over six months old kept under a kennel license. The tags may be transferred from one dog to
another within the kennel whenever any dog is removed from the kennel. The clerk may appoint a
deputy or deputies to issue such licenses. The clerk shall receive ten cents for each license issued,
to be paid by the town out of the revenue fund.
A license shall be issued by the clerk or the clerk's deputy upon application being made
therefor and upon payments made as herein provided. The license shall be in the form prescribed
by the county auditor and shall be executed by the proper town, or city clerk or deputy. The
license shall state the year for which it was issued, shall bear a serial number, the owner's name
and address, and the name, sex, breed, and color of the dog licensed.
History: (7297-43) 1939 c 410 s 3; 1973 c 123 art 5 s 7; 1986 c 444; 1993 c 375 art 3 s 41
Subdivision 1. Metal tags and license blanks. The clerk or the clerk's deputy issuing a
license shall at the same time deliver to the licensee a metal tag, which shall bear the same serial
number as the license. The tag shall also bear the name of the county in which issued and the
license year. The county auditor shall contract for and have prepared and furnished, annually,
a sufficient number of such metal tags, and a sufficient supply of suitable blank licenses to be
bound in books of proper size and perforated so that a duplicate of each license may be kept
upon the stub thereof. The cost of making, printing, and furnishing the tags and blank license
receipts shall be paid out of the dog license fund.
Subd. 2. Distribution. The several county auditors shall distribute these tags and license
blanks to the several town and city treasurers in proper amounts, together with blank license
receipts. The licensee shall securely attach the tag to a collar and this collar, with the tag attached,
shall at all times be kept on the dog for which the license is issued. A new tag, with a new
number, shall be furnished to the licensee by the town or city clerk, or deputy, in place of the
original tag, upon presentation of the license and proof of the loss of the original tag. The town
clerk or deputy shall then endorse the new tag number on the license and shall enter it upon the
register. The clerk shall receive for services rendered in issuing the new tag the sum of ten cents,
to be paid by the person obtaining the new tag.
Subd. 3. Duplicates to be kept; accounting. Every town or city clerk, or clerk's deputy,
shall, at the time of issuing a license and before delivering it, make a complete duplicate thereof
upon the stub portion of the license blank. The clerk shall, annually, during the month of January,
return to the county auditor all unused tags of the preceding year, together with license books
therefor and all duplicate licenses of the preceding year, and the county auditor shall carefully
check the returned tags, duplicate licenses, and license blanks to ascertain whether all tags and
license blanks which were furnished by the county auditor have been accounted for; and to enable
the county auditor to do that, the county auditor shall charge each town or city clerk with all tags
and blank licenses furnished or delivered to the clerk and credit the clerk with those returned.
In case of discrepancy, the county auditor shall notify the county attorney, who shall investigate
and take steps to enforce the law.
History: (7297-44) 1939 c 410 s 4; 1973 c 123 art 5 s 7; 1986 c 444
Every town, or city clerk, or clerk's deputy, shall at the end of each month pay all license fees
received and not before paid, to the county treasurer and, at the same time, report, in writing,
to the county auditor the licenses issued during the month and for which the license fees so
deposited with the county treasurer were paid. The report shall be in the form prescribed and
furnished by the several county auditors.
The license fees so paid to the county treasurer shall be kept in a separate account, which
shall be known as the dog license fund and shall be appropriated and disbursed for the purposes
and in the manner herein set forth.
Expenses necessarily incurred by the county in purchasing and providing books, forms, and
other supplies required in the administering of the dog license law shall be paid out of the dog
license fund. The amount remaining thereafter in the fund shall be available for and may be
used as necessary for paying claims allowed by the county to the owners of domestic animals
on account of damages done by dogs during the license year for which the fees were paid. Any
surplus in excess of $1,000 which may remain from the license fees of any license year shall, on
March 1 of the succeeding year, belong and be credited to and paid by the county treasurer to
the towns and cities of the county for their use in the proportion in which the towns and cities
shall have contributed and paid to the fund out of which the surplus arises. It shall be used as
the governing body of the town or city shall determine. When any county operating under the
provisions of sections 347.08 to 347.21 shall discontinue its dog licenses and livestock indemnity
fund, any money remaining shall be distributed among the various towns in proportion to license
money paid in.
History: (7297-46) 1939 c 410 s 6; 1973 c 123 art 5 s 7
Subdivision 1. Seizure; impoundment; presumption. Any person may seize, impound, or
restrain any unlicensed dog which the person may find running at large. The fact that a dog is
without a license attached to a collar shall be presumptive evidence that the dog is unlicensed.
The sheriff and sheriff's deputies or other police officer shall seize, impound or restrain any dog
for which no license has been issued and for which one is required. Any officer who shall seize,
restrain, impound, or kill any dog found in any place without a license, as required under sections
347.09 to 347.20, upon delivery of such dog or carcass and the proper disposal of the carcass and
after making a report to the town or city treasurer of the town or city in which the dog was seized
or killed, showing that the dog did not have a license, shall receive therefor a payment of $2, the
same to be made from any funds in the town or city treasury not otherwise appropriated.
The county auditor shall reimburse the town for any expense incurred under section 347.10
and shall charge such expense to the dog license fund.
Subd. 2. Prohibition; enforcement. It is unlawful for a person to harbor or permit to remain
about the person's premises a dog for which no license exists and for which one is required. Any
person who has seized or impounded a dog with or without license under this section shall deliver
the dog to the humane officer of the town or city, if a humane officer exists; or, if there is not a
humane officer, to the town or city peace officer. The officer to whom the dog is delivered shall,
without delay, notify the owner, personally or through the United States mail, if the owner is
known to the officer or can be ascertained with reasonable effort. If, after five regular business
days of the impounding agency, the owner does not claim the dog, the officer may dispose of
the dog in a proper and humane manner. For the purpose of this section, "regular business day"
means a day during which the establishment having custody of the dog is open to the public at
least four consecutive hours between 8:00 a.m. and 7:00 p.m.
Subd. 3. Penalties. Any person who shall violate any of the provisions of sections 347.08 to
347.21 shall be liable to a penalty of not less than $5 nor more than $50 for such violation.
History: (7297-47) 1939 c 410 s 7; 1943 c 294 s 3; 1973 c 123 art 5 s 7; 1986 c 444;
2005 c 10 art 2 s 4; 2006 c 223 s 1
Subdivision 1. Presentation and investigation. The owner of any domestic animals,
including poultry and game birds, attacked, chased, worried, injured, or killed by a dog or dogs
may, within ten days after the owner shall have knowledge or notice thereof, file a written claim
for damages with the clerk of the town or city in which the damage occurred. The form of such
claim may be prescribed by the county auditor. Upon presentation of such claim the supervisors
of the town, the board of trustees of the statutory city, or the council of the city, or a committee
appointed for that purpose by the supervisors, the board of trustees or the council, shall promptly
investigate the claim and may subpoena witnesses, administer oaths, and take testimony relative
thereto and shall, within 30 days after the filing of the claim, make, certify, and return to the
county auditor the claim, a report of the investigation, the testimony taken, and the amount of
damages, if any, suffered by the owner of the animals.
Subd. 2. Form; proof; allowances; appeal. The form of the report and certification shall be
prescribed by the county auditor and shall be subscribed by the supervisors, board, or committee
making the same. The county auditor shall lay before the county board, at its first meeting
following the receipt of the claim, all claims so filed and reported and the same shall be acted
upon and determined by the county board as other claims are determined and acted upon, and the
county board shall equalize the values and claims between and within the various towns of the
county. The amount of damages filed and reported to the county auditor shall be prima facie proof
of the actual damages sustained, but evidence may be taken before the county board relative to the
claims as in other cases, and appeals from the action of the county board shall lie as in other cases.
On appeal from the action of the county board, the trial shall be by the court without a jury.
Subd. 3. Payment. Such claims shall be solely against the dog license fund and shall create
no other liability on the part of the county.
Subd. 4. Limitation of amount. The amount allowed by the county board upon any such
claim shall in no case exceed $100 for each horse, mule, or bovine; $15 for each sheep or goat;
$30 for each swine; or $3 for each fowl. When the claimant shall furnish conclusive evidence
as to the ownership of the dog or dogs doing the damage the claimant shall be paid the full
amount of the claim submitted.
Subd. 5. Distribution. Distribution of the dog license fund among claimants for loss of
animals by dogs within the license year shall be made at the close of the license year.
No claim shall be allowed by the county board at less than the amount so certified and
reported, unless the claimant shall first be notified that such action is contemplated and shall
have been given a reasonable opportunity to be heard and to offer further evidence in support of
the claim.
History: (7297-50) 1939 c 410 s 10; 1986 c 444
Any person may kill any dog that the person knows is affected with the disease known as
hydrophobia, or that may suddenly attack while the person is peacefully walking or riding and
while being out of the enclosure of its owner or keeper, and may kill any dog found killing,
wounding, or worrying any horses, cattle, sheep, lambs, or other domestic animals.
History: (7297-49) 1939 c 410 s 9; 1986 c 444
No person, except the owner or the owner's authorized agent, shall remove any license tag
from a dog collar or remove any collar with a license attached thereto from any dog. No person
shall keep or harbor a dog wearing a fictitious, altered, or invalid license tag, or a license tag not
issued in connection with the licensing or keeping of the dog wearing the same. No license or
license tag issued for one dog shall be transferable to another dog.
Every town or city clerk shall notify the county attorney of the clerk's county of every refusal
or failure of an owner to obtain a license for keeping a dog, and it shall be the duty of the county
attorney to institute proceedings against such owner and against every owner within the county
who has violated any of the provisions of sections 347.08 to 347.21.
History: (7297-51) 1939 c 410 s 11; 1973 c 123 art 5 s 7; 1986 c 444
Dogs brought into this state temporarily for a period not to exceed 30 days shall be exempt
from the provisions of sections 347.08 to 347.21.
History: (7297-52) 1939 c 410 s 12
Sections 347.08 to 347.21 are supplemental to all other laws relating to dogs not expressly
referred to therein, and to all laws relating to taxation of dogs as personal property, and shall
not be construed as to modify, repeal, or in anywise affect any part or provision of any such
laws not expressly repealed therein or to prevent municipalities from prohibiting, licensing, or
regulating the running at large of dogs within their respective limits by law or ordinance now
or hereafter provided.
If a dog, without provocation, attacks or injures any person who is acting peaceably in any
place where the person may lawfully be, the owner of the dog is liable in damages to the person
so attacked or injured to the full amount of the injury sustained. The term "owner" includes
any person harboring or keeping a dog but the owner shall be primarily liable. The term "dog"
includes both male and female of the canine species.
History: 1951 c 315 s 1; 1980 c 347 s 1; 1986 c 444
347.23 [Renumbered 343.40]
Subdivision 1. Terms. For the purpose of sections 347.31 to 347.40 the terms defined in
this section have the meanings given to them.
Subd. 2. Kennel. "Kennel" means any place, building, tract of land, abode, or vehicle
wherein or whereupon dogs or cats are kept, congregated, or confined, if the dogs or cats were
obtained from municipalities, pounds, auctions, or by advertising for unwanted dogs or cats, or
dogs or cats strayed, abandoned, or stolen. "Kennel" does not include a pound owned and operated
by any political subdivision of the state or a person's home where dogs or cats are kept as pets.
Subd. 3. Premises. "Premises" means any building, structure, shelter, or land wherein or
whereon dogs or cats are kept or confined.
Subd. 4. Dealer. "Dealer" means a public or private agency, person, society, or corporation
that is licensed or is required to be licensed as a "Class B dealer" under United States Code, title
7, sections 2131 to 2155, as amended through December 31, 1986, who sells or transfers dogs or
cats to institutions or to other dealers who sell or transfer to institutions.
Subd. 5. Institution. "Institution" means a school or college of agriculture, veterinary
medicine, medicine, pharmacy, dentistry, or other educational or scientific organization properly
concerned with the investigation of living organisms, instruction concerning the structure or
functions of living organisms, or the cause, prevention, control, or cure of diseases or abnormal
conditions of human beings or animals.
History: 1967 c 695 s 1; 1969 c 363 s 1; 1987 c 380 art 3 s 2; 1988 c 537 s 1
No person, firm, or corporation shall establish, maintain, conduct, or operate a kennel or
operate as a dealer within this state without first obtaining a license therefor from the board of
animal health. The license shall be issued for a term of one year.
History: 1967 c 695 s 2; 1980 c 467 s 37; 1987 c 380 art 3 s 3
Subdivision 1. Application. The application for a license to operate and maintain a kennel
or operate as a dealer shall be made to the Board of Animal Health, in the manner prescribed
by rules of the board.
Subd. 2. Contents. The application for a license shall be in writing and on a form as the
board may by rule provide, and shall set forth:
(1) The full name and address of the applicant or applicants, or names and addresses of the
partners if the applicant is a partnership, or the names and addresses of the officers if the applicant
is a corporation, and the address of the corporation.
(2) The legal description or, in its place, the address and specific location of the site, lot,
field, or tract of land upon which it is proposed to operate and maintain a kennel.
Subd. 3. Fees; issuance of license. The annual license fee is $15 for each kennel and $100
for each dealer licensed. All license fees collected by the board shall be deposited in the state
treasury and credited to the general fund.
When application is made to the board, complete in the manner set forth by rule to be issued
by the board, and upon payment of the license fee, the license shall be issued by the board if, after
inspection of the premises, the board determines that the kennel or dealer complies with sections
347.31 to 347.40 and the rules promulgated pursuant to those sections.
History: 1967 c 695 s 3; 1975 c 204 s 84; 1980 c 467 s 38; 1987 c 380 art 3 s 4
It shall be unlawful for any person, firm, or corporation to establish, maintain, conduct, carry
on, or operate a kennel or operate as a dealer without first having received a license to maintain,
conduct, carry on, and operate a kennel, or operate as a dealer, duly signed and executed in the
name of the state of Minnesota and signed by the Board of Animal Health. The license shall be
conspicuously displayed upon the licensed premises.
All licenses issued under sections 347.31 to 347.40 shall be personal to the licensee and be
nontransferable.
The Board of Animal Health shall promulgate rules as it deems necessary for the operation of
kennels and dealers and the enforcement of sections 347.31 to 347.40 which shall be in addition
to rules established herein. The rules adopted by the board must provide for the cost recovery for
the activities of the board with respect to licensing, inspection, and enforcement of civil penalties
and must provide for cooperation with the United States Department of Agriculture Animal
Plant Health Inspection Service program and for reference of complaints to local enforcement
authorities. Rules must include, but are not limited to, requirements governing the care of dogs
and cats, minimum conditions, and maintenance of quarters and kennels, the humane treatment
of dogs and cats while in the kennels, maintenance of detailed records showing the person from
whom any dog or cat aged over three months has been received, and in the case of a dealer,
including address, driver's license number or Social Security number, and to whom it has been
transferred, and preservation of the records for a minimum period of two years. The dealer is
responsible for making a reasonable attempt to ensure the accuracy of the data collected.
A payment from a dealer to a person from whom the dealer buys dogs or cats must be by
check, payable only to that person. The check must contain the dealer's name and address.
All advertising by any person, firm, or corporation licensed hereunder shall include the
number of the current license issued to such licensee.
History: 1967 c 695 s 6
The Board of Animal Health shall cause to be inspected from time to time all kennels and
dealers licensed hereunder and all records required by sections 347.31 to 347.40 to be kept by the
licensees.
Any duly authorized agent of the board, any sheriff, or sheriff's deputy, or police officer, or
humane agent appointed pursuant to section 343.01 is granted the power and the authority to enter
upon the premises of any kennel or dealer at any time during the daylight hours for the purposes
herein set forth, and for the purposes of inspecting the compliance with the provisions of sections
346.55, 347.31 to 347.40 and the rules issued pursuant thereto, and for the purposes of enforcing
sections 346.55, or 347.31 to 347.40; except that humane agents shall not enter upon the premises
of a licensed veterinarian acting as a kennel.
Each dealer shall post a conspicuous notice in a format no less than 24 by 36 inches and
easily readable by the general public, that states: (1) that the person is a licensed dealer in dogs
and cats; (2) that dogs and cats left with the dealer may be used for research purposes; and (3) the
hours the dealer is open to the public. The notice must be placed in at least two locations on the
premises, one of which must be on or near the exterior mail delivery point and one of which must
be at the regularly used point of exchange of dogs and cats. A person may view dogs and cats in
the custody of a dealer during the time the premises is open to the public. Dealers are required
to be open to the public on a regular basis at least four hours between 7:00 a.m. and 10:00 p.m.
on at least four of the seven days of each week including at least one Saturday or Sunday. Any
advertisement placed by a dealer seeking dogs or cats must inform the public that dogs and cats
brought to the dealer may be used for research purposes.
History: 1967 c 695 s 7; 1980 c 467 s 41; 1986 c 444; 1987 c 380 art 3 s 7; 1987 c 394
s 11; 1988 c 537 s 2
The Board of Animal Health may as hereinafter set forth revoke or suspend the license of
any person, firm, or corporation, for violation of sections 346.55 and 347.31 to 347.40 or the rules
issued pursuant to sections 347.31 to 347.40.
Upon written complaint made to the board by any person, firm, or corporation alleging any
violation of sections 347.31 to 347.40 or any rules pursuant thereto by any licensee, the board
may cause an investigation to be made upon matters related in said complaint.
Thereupon the board shall in its discretion either dismiss the complaint or require the kennel
or dealer against whom the complaint is made to correct the conditions or violations complained
of within ten days after receipt of written notice of the same. If upon termination of the ten day
period the licensee has failed to correct or to remedy the violation or violations of sections 346.55
or 347.31 to 347.40 or any rules pursuant thereto, or if the board considers it appropriate under
the circumstances the board shall, upon a minimum of 30 days' notice to the licensee, conduct
a hearing for the purpose of determining whether the license to operate a kennel or as a dealer
should be revoked or temporarily suspended. If after notice and hearing the board finds that
any provision of sections 346.55 or 347.31 to 347.40 has been violated by the licensee or any
rule issued by the board has been violated by the licensee, the board may revoke and suspend
the license. The possession or transfer of a dog or cat by a dealer to an institution, without the
permission of the owner, failure of a dealer or kennel to keep accurate data as required in section
347.35, or failure of a dealer or kennel to permit access to its premises as required in section
347.37, is grounds for license revocation. The licensee whose license is revoked or suspended
may within 20 days after the board's decision appeal to the district court. The district court shall
upon 20 days' notice to the board hear the appeal within 45 days after the filing of the appeal. On
the hearing of the appeal the court shall review the decision of the board in a manner as though
reviewed by certiorari, except that new or additional evidence may be taken, if in the opinion of
the court additional evidence is necessary or proper to the disposition of the case.
Violation of any provision of sections 347.31 to 347.40 or of any rule of the Board of Animal
Health issued pursuant to sections 347.31 to 347.40, or operation of a kennel or as a dealer
without a license, or operation of a kennel or as a dealer after revocation of a license or during a
period of suspension, shall constitute a misdemeanor.
Sections 347.31 to 347.40 shall in no way apply to any veterinarian licensed to practice in
the state of Minnesota who keeps, congregates, or confines dogs or cats in the normal pursuit of
the practice of veterinary medicine.
History: 1967 c 695 s 11; 1969 c 363 s 2; 1987 c 380 art 3 s 10
Subdivision 1. Terms. For the purpose of sections 347.50 to 347.56, the terms defined in
this section have the meanings given them.
Subd. 2. Dangerous dog. "Dangerous dog" means any dog that has:
(1) without provocation, inflicted substantial bodily harm on a human being on public or
private property;
(2) killed a domestic animal without provocation while off the owner's property; or
(3) been found to be potentially dangerous, and after the owner has notice that the dog is
potentially dangerous, the dog aggressively bites, attacks, or endangers the safety of humans
or domestic animals.
Subd. 3. Potentially dangerous dog. "Potentially dangerous dog" means any dog that:
(1) when unprovoked, inflicts bites on a human or domestic animal on public or private
property;
(2) when unprovoked, chases or approaches a person, including a person on a bicycle, upon
the streets, sidewalks, or any public or private property, other than the dog owner's property,
in an apparent attitude of attack; or
(3) has a known propensity, tendency, or disposition to attack unprovoked, causing injury or
otherwise threatening the safety of humans or domestic animals.
Subd. 4. Proper enclosure. "Proper enclosure" means securely confined indoors or in a
securely enclosed and locked pen or structure suitable to prevent the animal from escaping and
providing protection from the elements for the dog. A proper enclosure does not include a porch,
patio, or any part of a house, garage, or other structure that would allow the dog to exit of its own
volition, or any house or structure in which windows are open or in which door or window
screens are the only obstacles that prevent the dog from exiting.
Subd. 5. Owner. "Owner" means any person, firm, corporation, organization, or department
possessing, harboring, keeping, having an interest in, or having care, custody, or control of a dog.
Subd. 6. Substantial bodily harm. "Substantial bodily harm" has the meaning given it
under section 609.02, subdivision 7a.
Subd. 6a. Great bodily harm. "Great bodily harm" has the meaning given it under section
609.02, subdivision 8.
Subd. 7. Animal control authority. "Animal control authority" means an agency of the
state, county, municipality, or other governmental subdivision of the state which is responsible for
animal control operations in its jurisdiction.
History: 1988 c 711 s 1; 1989 c 37 s 3-5; 1994 c 550 s 1; 1Sp2001 c 8 art 8 s 14,15
Subdivision 1. Requirement. No person may own a dangerous dog in this state unless the
dog is registered as provided in this section.
Subd. 2. Registration. An animal control authority shall issue a certificate of registration to
the owner of a dangerous dog if the owner presents sufficient evidence that:
(1) a proper enclosure exists for the dangerous dog and a posting on the premises with
a clearly visible warning sign, including a warning symbol to inform children, that there is
a dangerous dog on the property;
(2) a surety bond issued by a surety company authorized to conduct business in this state in a
form acceptable to the animal control authority in the sum of at least $50,000, payable to any
person injured by the dangerous dog, or a policy of liability insurance issued by an insurance
company authorized to conduct business in this state in the amount of at least $50,000, insuring
the owner for any personal injuries inflicted by the dangerous dog;
(3) the owner has paid an annual fee of not more than $500, in addition to any regular dog
licensing fees, to obtain a certificate of registration for a dangerous dog under this section; and
(4) the owner has had microchip identification implanted in the dangerous dog as required
under section 347.515.
Subd. 2a. Warning symbol. If a county issues a certificate of registration to the owner of a
dangerous dog pursuant to subdivision 2, the county must provide, for posting on the owner's
property, a copy of a warning symbol to inform children that there is a dangerous dog on the
property. The design of the warning symbol must be uniform and specified by the commissioner
of public safety, after consultation with animal control professionals. The commissioner shall
provide the number of copies of the warning symbol requested by each county and shall charge
the county the actual cost of the warning symbols received. The county may charge the registrant
a reasonable fee to cover its administrative costs and the cost of the warning symbol.
Subd. 3. Fee. The county may charge the owner an annual fee, in addition to any regular dog
licensing fees, to obtain a certificate of registration for a dangerous dog under this section.
Subd. 3a. Dangerous dog designation review. Beginning six months after a dog is declared
a dangerous dog, an owner may request annually that the animal control authority review the
designation. The owner must provide evidence that the dog's behavior has changed due to the
dog's age, neutering, environment, completion of obedience training that includes modification of
aggressive behavior, or other factors. If the animal control authority finds sufficient evidence that
the dog's behavior has changed, the authority may rescind the dangerous dog designation.
Subd. 4. Law enforcement; exemption. The provisions of this section do not apply to
dangerous dogs used by law enforcement officials for police work.
Subd. 5. Exemption. Dogs may not be declared dangerous if the threat, injury, or damage
was sustained by a person:
(1) who was committing, at the time, a willful trespass or other tort upon the premises
occupied by the owner of the dog;
(2) who was provoking, tormenting, abusing, or assaulting the dog or who can be shown to
have repeatedly, in the past, provoked, tormented, abused, or assaulted the dog; or
(3) who was committing or attempting to commit a crime.
Subd. 6.[Repealed, 1Sp2001 c 8 art 8 s 30]
Subd. 7. Tag. A dangerous dog registered under this section must have a standardized,
easily identifiable tag identifying the dog as dangerous and containing the uniform dangerous
dog symbol, affixed to the dog's collar at all times. The commissioner of public safety, after
consultation with animal control professionals, shall provide by rule for the design of the tag.
Subd. 8. Local ordinances. A statutory or home rule charter city, or a county, may not adopt
an ordinance regulating dangerous or potentially dangerous dogs based solely on the specific
breed of the dog. Ordinances inconsistent with this subdivision are void.
Subd. 9. Contracted services. A county may contract with another political subdivision or
other person to provide the services required under sections 347.50 to 347.54. Notwithstanding
any contract entered into under this subdivision, all fees collected under sections 347.50 to 347.54
shall be paid to the county and all certificates of registration must be issued in the name of the
History: 1988 c 711 s 2; 1989 c 37 s 6-10; 1991 c 195 s 1; 1994 c 550 s 2; 1997 c 187 art
3 s 32; 1Sp2001 c 8 art 8 s 16-18
The owner of a dangerous or potentially dangerous dog must have a microchip implanted
in the dog for identification, and the name of the microchip manufacturer and identification
number of the microchip must be provided to the animal control authority. If the microchip is not
implanted by the owner, it may be implanted by the animal control authority. In either case, all
costs related to purchase and implantation of the microchip must be borne by the dog's owner.
History: 1Sp2001 c 8 art 8 s 19
(a) An owner of a dangerous dog shall keep the dog, while on the owner's property, in
a proper enclosure. If the dog is outside the proper enclosure, the dog must be muzzled and
restrained by a substantial chain or leash and under the physical restraint of a responsible person.
The muzzle must be made in a manner that will prevent the dog from biting any person or animal
but that will not cause injury to the dog or interfere with its vision or respiration.
(b) An owner of a dangerous dog must renew the registration of the dog annually until the
dog is deceased. If the dog is removed from the jurisdiction, it must be registered as a dangerous
dog in its new jurisdiction.
(c) An owner of a dangerous dog must notify the animal control authority in writing of the
death of the dog or its transfer to a new jurisdiction within 30 days of the death or transfer, and
must, if requested by the animal control authority, execute an affidavit under oath setting forth
either the circumstances of the dog's death and disposition or the complete name, address, and
telephone number of the person to whom the dog has been transferred.
(d) An animal control authority may require a dangerous dog to be sterilized at the owner's
expense. If the owner does not have the animal sterilized, the animal control authority may have
the animal sterilized at the owner's expense.
(e) A person who owns a dangerous dog and who rents property from another where the dog
will reside must disclose to the property owner prior to entering the lease agreement and at the
time of any lease renewal that the person owns a dangerous dog that will reside at the property.
(f) A person who sells a dangerous dog must notify the purchaser that the animal control
authority has identified the dog as dangerous. The seller must also notify the animal control
authority in writing of the sale and provide the animal control authority with the new owner's
name, address, and telephone number.
History: 1988 c 711 s 3; 1Sp2001 c 8 art 8 s 20
Any statutory or home rule charter city, or any county, may regulate potentially dangerous
dogs. Except as provided in section 347.51, subdivision 8, nothing in sections 347.50 to 347.54
limits any restrictions the local jurisdictions may place on owners of potentially dangerous dogs.
History: 1988 c 711 s 4; 1989 c 37 s 11
Subdivision 1. Seizure. (a) The animal control authority having jurisdiction shall
immediately seize any dangerous dog if:
(1) after 14 days after the owner has notice that the dog is dangerous, the dog is not validly
registered under section 347.51;
(2) after 14 days after the owner has notice that the dog is dangerous, the owner does
not secure the proper liability insurance or surety coverage as required under section 347.51,
subdivision 2 ;
(3) the dog is not maintained in the proper enclosure; or
(4) the dog is outside the proper enclosure and not under physical restraint of a responsible
person as required under section 347.52.
(b) If an owner of a dog is convicted of a crime for which the dog was originally seized, the
court may order that the dog be confiscated and destroyed in a proper and humane manner, and
that the owner pay the costs incurred in confiscating, confining, and destroying the dog.
Subd. 2. Reclaimed. A dangerous dog seized under subdivision 1 may be reclaimed by
the owner of the dog upon payment of impounding and boarding fees, and presenting proof to
the appropriate animal control authority that the requirements of sections 347.51 and 347.52
will be met. A dog not reclaimed under this subdivision within seven days may be disposed of
as provided under section 35.71, subdivision 3, and the owner is liable to the animal control
authority for costs incurred in confining and disposing of the dog.
Subd. 3. Subsequent offenses; seizure. If a person has been convicted of a misdemeanor for
violating a provision of section 347.51 or 347.52, and the person is charged with a subsequent
violation relating to the same dog, the dog must be seized by the animal control authority having
jurisdiction. If the owner is convicted of the crime for which the dog was seized, the court shall
order that the dog be destroyed in a proper and humane manner and the owner pay the cost of
confining and destroying the animal. If the person is not convicted of the crime for which the dog
was seized, the owner may reclaim the dog upon payment to the animal control authority of a
fee for the care and boarding of the dog. If the dog is not reclaimed by the owner within seven
days after the owner has been notified that the dog may be reclaimed, the dog may be disposed
of as provided under section 35.71, subdivision 3, and the owner is liable to the animal control
authority for the costs incurred in confining, impounding, and disposing of the dog.
(a) Any person who violates any provision of section 347.51 or 347.52 is guilty of a
(b) It is a misdemeanor to remove a microchip from a dangerous or potentially dangerous
dog, to fail to renew the registration of a dangerous dog, to fail to account for a dangerous dog's
death or removal from the jurisdiction, to sign a false affidavit with respect to a dangerous dog's
death or removal from the jurisdiction, or to fail to disclose ownership of a dangerous dog to a
property owner from whom the person rents property.
Notwithstanding sections 347.51 to 347.55, a dog that inflicted substantial or great bodily
harm on a human being on public or private property without provocation may be destroyed
in a proper and humane manner by the animal control authority. The animal control authority
may not destroy the dog until the dog owner has had the opportunity for a hearing before an
impartial decision maker.
The definitions in section 347.50 and the exemptions under section 347.51, subdivision 5,
apply to this section.


A slice of wind power may soon be blended in with the billions of dollars of fossil fuel energy that is extracted each year in Alaska. Wind Energy Alaska, a partnership formed between American wind developer Enxco and CIRI, one of Alaska's largest private landowners, could in the next couple years bring the first commercial scale wind power to America's most northerly state.
Farthest along is the Fire Island wind project on an undeveloped island three miles off the coast of Anchorage, Alaska's largest city. The first phase calls for 50 MW but could later be expanded to 100 MW, says CIRI's Jim Jager. Turbines have been pre-ordered through Enxco for the project, but it is too soon to say what specific units will be used until closer to construction.
Enxco, the US wind division of French national utility EDF, is a well-proven wind developer, but CIRI is a serious player too, says Jager. CIRI is owned by about 7300 Alaska Native shareholders from various tribes and is broadly diversified in many industries in numerous US states and abroad with end-of-year 2006 assets totalling $698 million.
"We're a sophisticated investor," says Jager. "We don't lightly enter a market. We're very careful about what industries we enter, and the fact we've entered this market is because we've looked at it very carefully, looked at [energy] consumption trends and alternative investments and we've said, hey, we think we can make some money here."
Less than 2 MW of wind split among ten small projects is online in Alaska for remote power needs in distant regions. Affordable natural gas prices have kept large commercial wind developments at bay -- until now.
With all its oil and gas extraction, Alaska is first and foremost an energy state. But most of its natural gas is extracted hundreds of miles from centres of population on the North Slope and no lines are able to bring that gas directly to the Anchorage area. Existing nearby gas reserves have been quickly depleted and are running out. Long term contracts with gas-fired plant at around $0.062/kWh with local utilities are coming up for renewal at rates expected in excess of $0.12/kWh.
The Fire Island wind project is modelled at a cost of $0.085/kWh. Power contract negotiations are currently underway with electric utilities that serve the so-called Railbelt electric grid, the state's major electric grid in the southern and most populated region. New exploration for gas deposits has ramped up in earnest but even a successful find is not likely to deliver gas to the power-strapped region for as long as a decade, says Jager.
Fire Island could act as an "anchor" project that would provide the critical financial momentum for other potential projects elsewhere in the region that are not as well developed, says Jager. CIRI has meteorological towers installed elsewhere, such as the Kenai Peninsula, and it recently applied to install some in the Hatcher Pass area, north of Anchorage.
Fire Island would be needed to help lower the transportation and construction costs for other projects and improve access to human resources and spare parts. "The trick is, none of the projects are pencilling out without Fire Island," says Jager. With Fire Island as an anchor project, the same turbines would be used in other developments to ensure synergies in spare parts and maintenance work.
Three issues are holding up the project. The developers received a Notice of Presumed Hazard from the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) because the project is close to the flight path of the Anchorage international airport. But many projects in the continental US have received similar notices only later to be cleared for construction following changes to local radar protocol or just a completion of the underlying bureaucratic FAA review process.
A turf war is also in play between two local electric utilities and over which one has the right to serve future load on the island. It is assumed that a wind project on Fire Island will be a precursor to development of all kinds because land is in strong demand close to the city. For this reason the utilities are eager to win power delivery rights -- particularly to the expected industrial-scale customers. The Anchorage international airport is experiencing a crush of new business as more international shipping flights use it as a mid-way point along Arctic flight paths.
Lastly, Wind Energy Alaska is seeking government assistance to build the basic infrastructure on Fire Island to accommodate ships bearing the wind plant components and the electric transmission line to the mainland. These are needs for the project, but costs should not solely be the wind developers' burden since both will be used for future non-wind development, Jager says. The companies expect some of the underlying issues to be resolved as early as the spring with optimistic project construction slated for 2009.


text:
When Greek Mythology Meets Fragrance: Penhaligon's Luna & Endymion Concentré
• scent
For me, perfumed blogger mail is always the most exciting thing to drop on my desk, as my passion for fragrance fuelled my desire to push this blog into new realms, and of course contributed to its renaming. As it stands, perfume makes up a small part of this blog, but for me, those posts are the ones that I put my heart and soul into, as writing about fragrance allows me to express my creativity in ways that a beauty post simply does not allow.
Penhaligon's is a Great British heritage brand, established in 1870 by William Penhaligon. He brought his family to the capital from rural Cornwall to pursue a career as a barber on Jermyn Street. The adjacent Hammam baths inspired William to create his first fragrance, and by 1872, Hammam Bouquet was born. Penhaligon went on to take over the salon in the baths, and developed new scents and other perfumed goods. By 1880, Penhaligon became a partner and the salon became known as Penhaligon & Jeavons. After Mr Jeavons' death, Penhaligon became the sole proprietor and also became more famed for his perfumery than his barbering skills. Moving towards the present, Penhaligon's have managed to maintain their relevancy in the contemporary market, with successful new releases, all of which carry that signature Penhaligon's elegance.
For summer 2016, Penhaligon's have launched two new fragrances, those on very different ends of the spectrum. Penhaligon's have returned to Greek Mythology to inspire their summer launches, with Endymion Concentré* and Luna Eau de Toilette*. Endymion is one of the brand's most popular colognes, and Concentré sees it up the intensity.
This launch is tempered by the addition of Luna EDT to the women's range. Luna, is the balance of Endymion, representing the goddess of the moon. Now Greek mythology is far from being my strong point, and I think a lot of it is more fact that fiction due to being passed down over the years. There are many other renditions of the stories, and this one is merely creative, but here is my interpretation of the story between Endymion and Luna, inspired by the two fragrances.
The story starts with Endymion, a handsome Aeolian hunter in Olympia. Endymion was infatuated by the moon. On his hunts, he would regularly gaze into the distance, basking in the bewitching glow it emits. He always wondered whether the world would hold more for him, whether there would be more to his life than simply being a hunter.
Little did Endymion know that behind his precious moon sat Luna, the goddess of everything it embodied. Luna is powerful, kind and timelessly beautiful, yet impulsive and a bit of a diva at times. Although she wore her heart on her sleeve, she was yet to find a man she truly would yearn for. She too loved the moonlight. There was something so grounding about it, the peacefulness. It had a profound effect on Luna, so she often took walks in the dead of the night to calm her, especially after a particularly dastardly feud with her father, or a lover.
One night, Luna decided to take a walk, which just happened to be the same night Endymion was returning late from a hunt. Endymion sat upon his horse gazing upon the stars, when in the distance, he saw a glistening vision, light dancing upon the still waters of the lake. Luna saw a figure across the stretch of water where she skimmed the surface, one of the many perks of being a goddess. The figure was like a dark knight, perched on his horse with a troubled look on his face. Luna was intrigued and decided to move closer. As the bewitching light show moved closer to Endymion, he realised that it was in fact a figure. Not human, more like supernatural, for Luna was glowing with radiance, and he drank in her beauty for the first time. Endymion had heard of the Gods, but it was all hearsay. He had no idea that the vision that stood before him was in fact the real life embodiment of the moon, a Goddess.
Endymion dismounted his horse and soon he and Luna were merely metres apart. No words were exchanged, but there was a shift in the energy around them, a buzz, what would later be an eternal bond. Luna reached out for Endymion's hand and that one touch sent electicity running throughout each of them. With that, she swiftly turned and left, like a firefly dancing back over the lake from where she came, leaving Endymion bewildered, wondering about the existence of his mysterious woman.
Luna was headed straight for Zeus. As soon as she locked eyes with the hunter, she knew that she couldn't bear to live life without him. Sure, she could enjoy him for many years, as many as his lifetime held, but he, being human, would die leaving Luna alone for the rest of her life; eternity. She stood before the great God and asked him to grant Endymion eternal youth, so he would never leave her. Luna made Endymion timeless, an old soul in a young body.
The idea behind Luna EDT is to offer a feminine counterpart to the woody leather notes of Endymion Concentré. Luna asks Zeus to grant Endymion eternal youth, something that is represented not in Endymion Concentré as expected, but in the freshness of Luna EDT. It is as if the fragrance grants it's wearer eternal youth.
The modern Luna is easily personified. She has an innocence, accentuated by the playful accords of rose and citrus. Luna enjoys exploring the countryside, and drapes herself in pretty summer dresses. She occasionally stops to smell the blooms and appreciate their beauty. The jasmine in the fragrance also signifies Luna's sensuality and beauty, but it's the juniper berry that shines through, giving her the magic that sets Luna apart from the rest, the moonlight dancing on the water.
The fragrance is beautiful. It is perfect for this time of year as its notes mirror the English summer. It's the one to wear with a delicate white dress for a summer's picnic, watching Wimbledon, Pimms in hand. The top notes are fresh and fizzy, and are joined by an almost gourmand Turkish delight-esque rose, which settle into a powdery finish that isn't all that dissimilar to Lush's Rose Jam. It's very Stella-like, so if you're a fan of that, you'll love this.
Luna is soft and feminine, traditional yet very current. The powderiness manages to stay fresh rather than being heady or sickly and the tang of the juniper counteracts the sweet rose and stops it from being too "I've eaten too much Turkish delight on Christmas day". It just works so well, and stirs a genuine thrill inside me. Notes like juniper berry offer a reminder of Penhaligon's Great British heritage, and y'know, anything that smells like G&T is okay with me!
LUNA AT A GLANCE
£128 for 100ml (link)
Bergamot Oil, Lemon Primofiore Oil, Orange Bigarade Oil
Rose Accord, Jasmine Petal Accord, Juniper Berry Oil
Fir Balsam, Amber Gris, Musks
Endymion Concentré is a masculine fragrance and is an intense reworking of the original Endymion, which was launched as an eau de cologne in 2003. Although it is masculine, its remains very unisex, meaning you won't smell like you're wearing your boyfriend's aftershave. It doesn't have any aquatic notes, rather gaining its masculinity from soft hides (again referencing Endymion as a hunter) and spice. It is bewitching, and the bottle mirrors the light of the moon. It is very mysterious, bewitching and intriguing, with a seductive base of sweet, creamy nutmeg.
Endymion was transformed into Endymion Concentré, an amplified version of himself. The scent carries timeless notes, which corresponds to Endymion's immortality. The historical Endymion is a god in his own right where looks are concerned. The modern Endymion is difficult to pinpoint, he could even be the average man. The slightest attention from Luna makes him feel worthy. She makes Endymion feel timeless, like a great suit does, and that's what Endymion Concentré does to Mr Average. It would be worn by a man, not necessarily classic himself, but one that wants to feel timeless. He isn't quite so clean cut, and retains some of the hunter's rebellious roots.
ENDYMION CONCENTRÉ AT A GLANCE
Bergamot, Lavender, Sage
Geranium, Suede Accord
Leather, Incense, Nutmeg
Of course, this is just my personal interpretation of the story, and fragrance is exactly that, personal. Fast forward to the 21st century, and Endymion and Luna represent a modern love story. What I find interesting is that the pairing represents the strength of being female. Without Luna, the whole dynamic is lost as she is the one that grants Endymion eternal youth. This gives Luna the upperhand, an unexpected twist from a historic brand. Penhaligon's have recognised gender equality rather than using women purely for their sexuality. Scent goes hand in hand with attraction, and female sexuality has been heavily featured in perfume marketing for years.
I'm so impressed with these two scents from Penhaligon's. It is a brand that I wouldn't otherwise have turned to, due to being very much at the premium end of the market. I did try a sample of Iris Prima about a year ago, and it wasn't really my cup of tea, but Luna especially has restored my faith in the brand and has proved that their scents can be very wearable and contemporary. I have worn Luna so much over the last couple of weeks and it has become my go-to when I want to smell really elegant and feminine. I don't wear Endymion Concenté as much as it is a lot more masculine, but I've really come to appreciate leather notes over the last year or so, and I think this one would be excellent for fragrance layering. Both of the scents are really long lasting and even Luna, which is an eau de toilette, lasts a good 10 hours on my skin!
Penhaligon's really is a luxurious treat, and I love that the bottles are reminiscent of William Penhaligon's original design. The bows also make a lovely touch, and I think Luna in particular would have pride of place on any women's dressing table. They really do have that vintage feel to them, and it makes spritzing them a decadent ritual. Penhaligon's packaging is particularly noteworthy, with every last detail thought of and perfectly executed, even down to the box the scents were shipped in. I look forward to being able to spritz some of the brand's other fragrances, and I will definitely be making a trip to their flagship boutique in Covent Garden soon.
Have you tried any scents from Penhaligon's?
Which ones would you recommend?
*This post features PR samples kindly provided by Type The Hype

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
package com.autelhome.multiroom.player;

import com.autelhome.multiroom.errors.ResourceNotFoundException;
import com.autelhome.multiroom.util.EventBus;
import com.autelhome.multiroom.zone.ZoneDto;
import com.theoryinpractise.halbuilder.api.RepresentationFactory;
import java.util.Objects;
import java.util.Optional;
import javax.ws.rs.GET;
import javax.ws.rs.POST;
import javax.ws.rs.Path;
import javax.ws.rs.Produces;
import javax.ws.rs.core.Response;

/**
 * REST resource to control a player of a zone.
 *
 * @xdeclercq
 */
@Produces({ RepresentationFactory.HAL_JSON })
public class PlayerResource {

    private static final String RESOURCE_TYPE = "player";
    private final PlayerRepresentationFactory playerRepresentationFactory;
    private final ZoneDto zoneDto;
    private final EventBus eventBus;
    private final PlayerService playerService;

    /**
     * Constructor.
     *
     * @param zoneDto the zone to which the player is related
     * @param playerService a {@link PlayerService} instance
     * @param playerRepresentationFactory a {@link PlayerRepresentationFactory} instance
     * @param eventBus the event bus
     */
    public PlayerResource(final ZoneDto zoneDto,
                          final PlayerService playerService,
                          final PlayerRepresentationFactory playerRepresentationFactory,
                          final EventBus eventBus) {
        this.zoneDto = zoneDto;
        this.playerService = playerService;
        this.playerRepresentationFactory = playerRepresentationFactory;
        this.eventBus = eventBus;
    }

    /**
     * Sends a play command to the event bus and returns a representation of the player.
     *
     * @return HTTP 202 with a representation of the player
     */
    @POST
    @Path("play")
    public Response play() {
        eventBus.send(new Play(zoneDto.getId(), zoneDto.getVersion()));

        final PlayerDto playerDto = getPlayerDto();

        return Response.status(202).entity(playerRepresentationFactory.newRepresentation(playerDto)).build();
    }

    /**
     * Sends a play song at next position command to the event bus and returns a representation of the player.
     *
     * @return HTTP 202 with a representation of the player
     */
    @POST
    @Path("next")
    public Response playNext() {
        final PlayerDto playerDto = getPlayerDto();

        final Optional<CurrentSong> currentSong = playerDto.getCurrentSong();

        final int position = currentSong.isPresent() ? currentSong.get().getPosition() + 1 : 1;
        eventBus.send(new PlaySongAtPosition(zoneDto.getId(), position, zoneDto.getVersion()));

        return Response.status(202).entity(playerRepresentationFactory.newRepresentation(playerDto)).build();
    }

    /**
     * Sends a pause command to the event bus and returns a representation of the player.
     *
     * @return HTTP 202 with a representation of the player
     */
    @POST
    @Path("pause")
    public Response pause() {
        eventBus.send(new Pause(zoneDto.getId(), zoneDto.getVersion()));

        final PlayerDto playerDto = getPlayerDto();

        return Response.status(202).entity(playerRepresentationFactory.newRepresentation(playerDto)).build();
    }

    /**
     * Sends a stop command to the event bus and returns a representation of the player.
     *
     * @return HTTP 202 with a representation of the player
     */
    @POST
    @Path("stop")
    public Response stop() {
        eventBus.send(new Stop(zoneDto.getId(), zoneDto.getVersion()));

        final PlayerDto playerDto = getPlayerDto();

        return Response.status(202).entity(playerRepresentationFactory.newRepresentation(playerDto)).build();
    }

    /**
     * Returns a representation of the player.
     *
     * @return a representation of the player
     */
    @GET
    public Response getPlayer() {
        final PlayerDto playerDto = getPlayerDto();

        return Response.ok(playerRepresentationFactory.newRepresentation(playerDto)).build();
    }

    @Override
    public boolean equals(final Object o) {
        if (this == o) {
            return true;
        }
        if (o == null || getClass() != o.getClass()) {
            return false;
        }

        final PlayerResource that = (PlayerResource) o;

        return Objects.equals(zoneDto, that.zoneDto);
    }

    @Override
    public int hashCode() {
        return Objects.hashCode(zoneDto);
    }

    private PlayerDto getPlayerDto() {
        final Optional<PlayerDto> playerDto = playerService.getPlayerByZoneName(zoneDto.getName());
        if (!playerDto.isPresent()) {
            throw new ResourceNotFoundException(RESOURCE_TYPE, zoneDto.getName());
        }
        return playerDto.get();
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Family separationDHS OIG' Report on Family Separation: Summary
In a report titled DHS Lacked Technology Needed to Successfully Account for Separated Migrant Families, the Inspector General of DHS say that "U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) adopted various ad hoc methods to record and track family separations, but these methods led to widespread errors." The IG adds: "These conditions persisted because CBP did not address its known IT deficiencies adequately before implementing Zero Tolerance in May 2018. DHS also did not provide adequate guidance to personnel responsible for executing the Zero Tolerance Policy."
Here is the OIG report's summary:
Why We Did This Audit
In fiscal year 2018, the Department of Homeland Security apprehended more than 100,000 families for illegal entry. From May 5, 2018, to June 20, 2018, DHS adopted a Zero Tolerance Policy to refer for prosecution all adults illegally entering the United States. We conducted this audit to determine the effectiveness of DHS' IT systems in tracking detainees and supporting efforts to reunify unaccompanied alien children with separated families.
DHS did not have the information technology (IT) system functionality needed to track separated migrant families during the execution of the Zero Tolerance Policy. U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) adopted various ad hoc methods to record and track family separations, but these methods led to widespread errors. CBP officials have been aware of these IT deficiencies since at least November 2017 when U.S. Border Patrol conducted an initiative that mirrored the Zero Tolerance Policy. These conditions persisted because CBP did not address its known IT deficiencies adequately before implementing Zero Tolerance in May 2018. DHS also did not provide adequate guidance to personnel responsible for executing the Zero Tolerance Policy.
Because of these IT deficiencies, we could not confirm the total number of families DHS separated during the Zero Tolerance period. DHS estimated that Border Patrol agents separated 3,014 children from their families while the policy was in place. DHS also estimated it had completed 2,155 reunifications in response to a court order, although this effort continued for 7 months beyond the July 2018 deadline for reunifying children with their parents. However, we conducted a review of DHS data during the Zero Tolerance period and identified 136 children with potential family relationships who were not accurately recorded by CBP. In a broader analysis of DHS data between the dates of October 1, 2017, to February 14, 2019, we identified an additional 1,233 children with potential family relationships that were not accurately recorded by CBP. Without a reliable account of all family relationships, we could not validate the total number of separations, or reunifications.
Although DHS spent thousands of hours and more than $1 million in overtime costs, it did not achieve the original goal of deterring "Catch-and-Release" through the Zero Tolerance Policy. Instead, thousands of detainees were released into the United States. Moreover, the surge in apprehended families during this time resulted in children being held in CBP facilities beyond the 72-hour legal limit.
We made five recommendations to DHS to improve its IT systems to support tracking and reunification of separated family units
Agency Response
DHS concurred with our recommendations.


This week, the great and the good of the agricultural world gathered in Almaty to discuss, debate and analyze Kazakhstan's agricultural industry, and Kazbeef, alongside Kusto Group, was there in full force, writes Erubaev Beybit Kikbaevich.
Not all data collection is bad.
Globalization means that investing in emerging markets is no longer a radical idea. There are many reasons why Xi Jinping called for the promotion of BRICS+ last year, and why Jeremy Grantham is advising his clients, and even his family, to look in this direction. The question is no longer "why" or "when", but "how"?


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Hill, The
Pay TV's mission is to kill free broadcast TV
[Commentary] During the last Satellite Television Extension and Localism Act (STELA) reauthorization, the process was derailed by debates about other cable industry (Pay TV) issues.
Pay TV is pushing Congress to transform STELA into a debate about "retransmission consent" -- the right of TV stations (Free TV) to control redistribution of their programming. Pay TV claims they are raising consumer prices because Free TV is charging too much for retransmission rights. Spinning it as a consumer issue has prompted Congress to ask whether it should adopt reforms to retransmission consent in the STELA process.
The answer is "No." Changes sought by Pay TV could have significant consequences for video consumers and market participants that cannot be adequately explored in the truncated STELA process. The absence of credible evidence that retransmission prices are too high begs the question Congress should be asking: Why has Pay TV made this their highest legislative priority?
In short, Pay TV's fixation on retransmission rights isn't about programming prices -- it's about eliminating the Free TV model and increasing advertising revenues for Pay TV distributors. This explains the cognitive dissonance of some free market advocates who, while clamoring for repeal of retransmission consent and other provisions that are essential to the Free TV model, are not advocating for repeal of provisions mandating that TV stations broadcast their signals for free. It's a nifty way of killing Free TV without expressly acknowledging it.
[Campbell is executive director of the Center for Boundless Innovation in Technology and former chief of the FCC's wireless bureau]
[March 11]
President Obama pick pledges transparency at NSA
President Barack Obama's pick to lead the National Security Agency (NSA) pledged to protect privacy rights while at the helm of the spy agency.
Appearing before a Senate Armed Services Committee hearing, Vice Adm. Michael Rogers, who would also be taking the reins as the head of the US Cyber Command, said that he would work to make the embattled agency's surveillance efforts more transparent. If he takes office, Vice Adm Rogers said he would be "ever-mindful" that the agency needs to work "in a manner which protects the civil liberties and privacy of our citizens."
"I will be an active partner in implementing the changes directed by the president with respect to aspects of the National Security Agency mission and my intent is to be as transparent as possible in doing so, and in the broader execution of my duties, if confirmed."
Rogers has spent more than 30 years in the Navy, and has been in charge of the branch's cyber command since 2011. He has also been the director of intelligence for the Joint Chiefs of Staff and the US Pacific Command. As a cryptology expert, he is a relative unknown to privacy and civil liberties advocates, though he will be taking over the NSA amid turmoil unlike any the agency has ever seen.
Senate panel 'very close' to cyber bill
Lawmakers on the Senate Intelligence Committee are getting "very close" to a new cybersecurity bill, according to the panel's top Republican.
"As you know we have been working on a cyber bill for years now," Sen Saxby Chambliss (R-GA) told President Barack Obama's nominee to lead the US Cyber Command and National Security Agency, Vice Adm. Michael Rogers. "We're getting very close to an agreement within the Intelligence Committee between the chairman and myself, on a cyber bill that is much needed. One of the key provisions, and kind of the last remaining obstacle we've got, is the immunity provision or the liability protection provision."
Lawmakers have for years pushed for a comprehensive bill to protect American financial markets, transportation systems and the electric grid in the event of a massive cyber attack. "I believe one of our greatest vulnerabilities is cyber attack," said Sen Angus King (I-ME). "I think the next Pearl Harbor is going to be cyber. And the problem is we're more vulnerable than many other places."
Yahoo taps surveillance critic as security chief
Security expert and surveillance critic Alex Stamos is Yahoo's new Vice President of Information Security, the company announced.
Previously, Stamos was Chief Technology Officer at Internet security firm Artemis and is an organizer of TrustyCon, a technology conference organized and sponsored by anti-surveillance companies and advocacy groups.
Stamos "will lead all aspects of information security at Yahoo, including our team of Yahoo 'Paranoids,' charged with making our products as secure as possible," Yahoo Senior Vice President of Platforms and Personalization Products Jay Rossiter wrote in a company blog post. "This is a broad role which includes implementing top-to-bottom security for our products and systems but also to lead the company and the industry in not just how security works today but how it needs to work in the future."
Can Congress save TV?
Unless Congress acts, more than a million satellite TV subscribers could turn on their TV in a year and miss out on news, hit shows and sporting events.
On Dec 31, the law allowing satellite television companies like Dish and DirecTV to carry out-of-market broadcast channels to many rural customers expires. Unless Congress takes action, that means some subscribers won't be able to watch ABC, NBC, CBS and Fox as of 2015. And it's no sure thing Congress will act. While renewing the Satellite Television Extension and Localism Act (STELA) is one of the few must-pass bills of 2014, many observers expect it to become entangled in larger fights between cable, satellite and broadcast providers. A deadlock might make a short-term extension of the law the only way out.
"You know, I suppose there's always a possibility, like there is around here, that you get some sort of a short-term extension until we get a chance to do a more complete process with it, but we'll see," said Sen John Thune (R-SD) of the Senate Commerce Committee. "The goal is to try and get it done."
The law allows satellite providers to import broadcast signals to an estimated 1.5 million rural consumers who are unable to pick up the broadcasts on their own. The legal authority for the companies to provide local broadcast channels to people who would otherwise be able to pick them up with an antenna does not expire.
Consumer groups protest TV bill draft
Public interest groups are opposing an effort to update cable TV laws, which they say would "eviscerate" protections for consumers.
In a letter sent to Capitol Hill, a coalition of groups including Public Knowledge, the National Consumers League and Consumer Action criticized part of a draft bill recently released by Rep Greg Walden (R-OR), the chairman of the Commerce subcommittee on Communications. Ending a requirement that all set-top boxes come with the same cards to descramble signals, they wrote, would lead to unequal treatment for customers who buy boxes at retail locations rather than rent them from their provider.
"This is the wrong time to step backward," the groups wrote. Free Press, the Writers Guild of America and the AllVid alliance, which includes TiVo, Sony and Best Buy, also signed on to the letter. Rep Walden's effort to update the Satellite Television Extension and Localism Act (STELA) includes a measure to end the requirement on so-called CableCARDs in rented boxes as well as purchased ones.
Tech industry watching European privacy votes
The tech industry is bracing for an imminent vote at the European Union that could put its business on the continent at risk.
Despite assurances from the US government, some European officials are calling for changes to the rules and agreements that allow US companies to process data belonging to European citizens, in the hopes of keeping that data out of the hands of the National Security Agency (NSA).
The EU Parliament will consider two measures that would affect the way American tech companies do business in Europe. The first is a privacy regulation that would end the Parliament's role in a two-year process to update, strengthen and make cohesive EU privacy law, heightening privacy and security standards for the companies that deal with European citizens' data. Once the Parliament approves the regulation, which is the expected outcome of the upcoming vote, the EU legislators have to negotiate over the law with the individual governments of EU countries. The second measure is a report from the body's Civil Liberties Committee, which opened an investigation into US government surveillance after the revelations about NSA electronic surveillance, including that of European officials. That report made a number of recommendations about US companies' access to data belonging to European citizens, including the immediate suspension of international agreements between the EU and US that allow US companies to process European data.
Snowden to EU: NSA Spying distracts from real threats
The National Security Agency's (NSA) controversial sweeping surveillance distracts the agency from real threats, former government contractor Edward Snowden told European lawmakers.
"Suspicionless surveillance not only fails to make us safe, but it actually makes us less safe," Snowden wrote in testimony to European Union Parliament members. "By squandering precious, limited resources on 'collecting it all,' we end up with more analysts trying to make sense of harmless political dissent and fewer investigators running down real leads," he said.
Snowden's testimony is a response to a request from the European lawmakers, who are conducting a review of government surveillance -- including the NSA's sweeping surveillance programs. Snowden pointed to government reports that questioned the efficacy of the mass surveillance programs as a tool to stop terrorist attacks, including a report from the Privacy and Civil Liberties Oversight Board.
[March 7]
Court rejects NSA request to keep data
The Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court has denied the National Security Agency's (NSA) attempt to hold onto people's phone records for longer than the law allows. In an order, the court said the Justice Department's attempt to authorize keeping the records beyond the current five-year legal limit "is simply unpersuasive." "The Court has not found any case law supporting the government's broad assertion that its duty to preserve supersedes statutory or regulatory requirements," Judge Reggie Walton wrote in the court's decision. [March 7]
Privacy is in our blood, says NSA official
Civil liberties are a top concern at the National Security Agency (NSA), the agency's new privacy chief said.
"In their blood is [the] protection of your privacy," Rebecca Richards said. Richards has been the NSA's privacy and civil liberties officer for a little over a month. The creation of the position was announced in 2013, as the Obama Administration responded to a series of controversial revelations about sweeping US government surveillance. Richards said that her agency is "very compliant" with its own internal privacy protections, along with the safeguards set by policymakers and the courts.
Under Richards's direction, the NSA is working on a report to document the privacy protections it enforces under each of its surveillance authorities, including Section 215 of the Patriot Act, which allows for the collection of phone call data. Richards said her next focus will be incorporating privacy protections into the ways the agency collects information and uses new technology. The agency should "build the concept of the [privacy] assessments into the core of what the NSA does," she said.


Located in the central of Vietnam and influenced by Southwest windflow from Laos, Hue is considerably hotter than its neighbour destinations such as Da Nang and Hoi An during summer months. May to September are hottest months and the severity level can be unbearable from time to time.
From October to March, the weather cools off at the expense of frequent small rain drops. The average temperature during this period is between 20 and 30 Celcius degree.
Hue is well known among Vietnamese for its lasting drizzle by the end or early in the year. Despite the gloomy sky that the tiny rain drops involved, it is said to add more soul to Hue sceneries, especially the Perfume river and the Old citadel.
It means October to March is the ideal time to go on a Vietnam tour to Hue. For those who can stand the heat in exchange for endless blue sky, the summer months are the way to go. Try to avoid July and August which are high seasons for domestic travels and also notorious for the scorching heat.


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Q: Can I present numbers from numbers from 0 to 255 in less than 8 bits? I know that it takes 8 bits to demonstrate a number like 255 in binary system. I'm desperately looking for a way of storing numbers from 0 to 255 (especially from 90 to 255) in less than 8 bits. Anything can be helpful, like coordinate systems, spirals, compressions, etc.
I need to store a number up to 255 in less than 8 bits (1 byte).

A: No, not all of them.
You can represent some of them in less than eight bits, and others in more than eight bits. Such a representation could result in an overall compression, if the frequency of occurrence of the byte values is heavily biased in the direction of the ones represented with fewer bits.
Your "especially from 90 to 255" sounds like a small bias. If you could assure that only those values are present, then they could be represented in a little less than 7.38 bits each, on average.

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