text:
Spinal cord transection in adult rats: effects of local infusion of nerve growth factor on the corticospinal tract axons
Liverana Lauretti, Eduardo Marcos Fernandez Marquez, Roberto Pallini, Delio Mercanti, Antonio Serra, P. Calissano
Ambito disciplinare: Clinica Chirurgica Specialistica
The spinal cord of adult female rats was completely transected at the T8 level. Nerve growth factor (NGF) was administered at the lesion site via indwelling, implanted, osmotic minipumps. Purified NGF was supplied at doses of 100, 200, and 500 micrograms during a 30-day period. Control rats were treated with saline. At the end of the treatment, the proximal stump of corticospinal tract axons in the spinal cord was labeled with anterograde transported horseradish peroxidase (HRP) injected into the sensorimotor cortex. In control rats, the corticospinal tract axons ended abruptly, proximal to the zone of maximal damage. Sterile swellings developed at the axon tips, and no labeled axonal sprouts were apparent. On the contrary, in NGF-treated animals, the leading front of the corticospinal tract axons showed a trend of approaching the zone of maximal damage following abnormal paths through the dorsal-injured white matter. Axonal sprouts were seen more proximally, traveling toward the transection site in aberrantly located dorsal paths, completely outside the normal position of the corticospinal tract. NGF seems to partly restore the pattern of the regenerative behavior of the severed corticospinal tract axons after spinal cord transection in newborn rats, i.e., the induction of axonal sprouting in aberrantly located dorsal paths. An automated image analysis of the HRP reaction field close to the transection site demonstrated that the density of HRP-labeled axons in the corticospinal tract was significantly higher in the NGF-treated rats than in the control rats.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Axonal Transport
Horseradish Peroxidase
Infusion Pumps, Implantable
Injections, Epidural
Nerve Growth Factors
Nerve Regeneration
Pyramidal Tracts
Rats, Wistar
Somatosensory Cortex
Entra nei temi di ricerca di 'Spinal cord transection in adult rats: effects of local infusion of nerve growth factor on the corticospinal tract axons'. Insieme formano una fingerprint unica.
Axon Neuroscience 100%
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Horseradish Peroxidase Neuroscience 42%
Behavior (Neuroscience) Neuroscience 14%
White Matter Neuroscience 14%
Lauretti, L., Fernandez Marquez, E. M., Pallini, R., Mercanti, D., Serra, A., & Calissano, P. (1993). Spinal cord transection in adult rats: effects of local infusion of nerve growth factor on the corticospinal tract axons. NEUROSURGERY, 33, 889-893.
Lauretti, Liverana ; Fernandez Marquez, Eduardo Marcos ; Pallini, Roberto et al. / Spinal cord transection in adult rats: effects of local infusion of nerve growth factor on the corticospinal tract axons. In: NEUROSURGERY. 1993 ; Vol. 33. pagg. 889-893.
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title = "Spinal cord transection in adult rats: effects of local infusion of nerve growth factor on the corticospinal tract axons",
abstract = "The spinal cord of adult female rats was completely transected at the T8 level. Nerve growth factor (NGF) was administered at the lesion site via indwelling, implanted, osmotic minipumps. Purified NGF was supplied at doses of 100, 200, and 500 micrograms during a 30-day period. Control rats were treated with saline. At the end of the treatment, the proximal stump of corticospinal tract axons in the spinal cord was labeled with anterograde transported horseradish peroxidase (HRP) injected into the sensorimotor cortex. In control rats, the corticospinal tract axons ended abruptly, proximal to the zone of maximal damage. Sterile swellings developed at the axon tips, and no labeled axonal sprouts were apparent. On the contrary, in NGF-treated animals, the leading front of the corticospinal tract axons showed a trend of approaching the zone of maximal damage following abnormal paths through the dorsal-injured white matter. Axonal sprouts were seen more proximally, traveling toward the transection site in aberrantly located dorsal paths, completely outside the normal position of the corticospinal tract. NGF seems to partly restore the pattern of the regenerative behavior of the severed corticospinal tract axons after spinal cord transection in newborn rats, i.e., the induction of axonal sprouting in aberrantly located dorsal paths. An automated image analysis of the HRP reaction field close to the transection site demonstrated that the density of HRP-labeled axons in the corticospinal tract was significantly higher in the NGF-treated rats than in the control rats.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)",
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author = "Liverana Lauretti and {Fernandez Marquez}, {Eduardo Marcos} and Roberto Pallini and Delio Mercanti and Antonio Serra and P. Calissano",
journal = "NEUROSURGERY",
publisher = "Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins:530 Walnut Street:Philadelphia, PA 19106:(800)638-3030, (301)223-2300, EMAIL: orders@lww.com, INTERNET: http://www.lww.com, Fax: (301)223-2320, (301)223-2320",
Lauretti, L, Fernandez Marquez, EM, Pallini, R, Mercanti, D, Serra, A & Calissano, P 1993, 'Spinal cord transection in adult rats: effects of local infusion of nerve growth factor on the corticospinal tract axons', NEUROSURGERY, vol. 33, pagg. 889-893.
Spinal cord transection in adult rats: effects of local infusion of nerve growth factor on the corticospinal tract axons. / Lauretti, Liverana; Fernandez Marquez, Eduardo Marcos; Pallini, Roberto et al.
In: NEUROSURGERY, Vol. 33, 1993, pag. 889-893.
T1 - Spinal cord transection in adult rats: effects of local infusion of nerve growth factor on the corticospinal tract axons
AU - Lauretti, Liverana
AU - Fernandez Marquez, Eduardo Marcos
AU - Pallini, Roberto
AU - Mercanti, Delio
AU - Serra, Antonio
AU - Calissano, P.
N2 - The spinal cord of adult female rats was completely transected at the T8 level. Nerve growth factor (NGF) was administered at the lesion site via indwelling, implanted, osmotic minipumps. Purified NGF was supplied at doses of 100, 200, and 500 micrograms during a 30-day period. Control rats were treated with saline. At the end of the treatment, the proximal stump of corticospinal tract axons in the spinal cord was labeled with anterograde transported horseradish peroxidase (HRP) injected into the sensorimotor cortex. In control rats, the corticospinal tract axons ended abruptly, proximal to the zone of maximal damage. Sterile swellings developed at the axon tips, and no labeled axonal sprouts were apparent. On the contrary, in NGF-treated animals, the leading front of the corticospinal tract axons showed a trend of approaching the zone of maximal damage following abnormal paths through the dorsal-injured white matter. Axonal sprouts were seen more proximally, traveling toward the transection site in aberrantly located dorsal paths, completely outside the normal position of the corticospinal tract. NGF seems to partly restore the pattern of the regenerative behavior of the severed corticospinal tract axons after spinal cord transection in newborn rats, i.e., the induction of axonal sprouting in aberrantly located dorsal paths. An automated image analysis of the HRP reaction field close to the transection site demonstrated that the density of HRP-labeled axons in the corticospinal tract was significantly higher in the NGF-treated rats than in the control rats.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
AB - The spinal cord of adult female rats was completely transected at the T8 level. Nerve growth factor (NGF) was administered at the lesion site via indwelling, implanted, osmotic minipumps. Purified NGF was supplied at doses of 100, 200, and 500 micrograms during a 30-day period. Control rats were treated with saline. At the end of the treatment, the proximal stump of corticospinal tract axons in the spinal cord was labeled with anterograde transported horseradish peroxidase (HRP) injected into the sensorimotor cortex. In control rats, the corticospinal tract axons ended abruptly, proximal to the zone of maximal damage. Sterile swellings developed at the axon tips, and no labeled axonal sprouts were apparent. On the contrary, in NGF-treated animals, the leading front of the corticospinal tract axons showed a trend of approaching the zone of maximal damage following abnormal paths through the dorsal-injured white matter. Axonal sprouts were seen more proximally, traveling toward the transection site in aberrantly located dorsal paths, completely outside the normal position of the corticospinal tract. NGF seems to partly restore the pattern of the regenerative behavior of the severed corticospinal tract axons after spinal cord transection in newborn rats, i.e., the induction of axonal sprouting in aberrantly located dorsal paths. An automated image analysis of the HRP reaction field close to the transection site demonstrated that the density of HRP-labeled axons in the corticospinal tract was significantly higher in the NGF-treated rats than in the control rats.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
KW - Animals
KW - Axonal Transport
KW - Axons
KW - Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
KW - Horseradish Peroxidase
KW - Infusion Pumps, Implantable
KW - Injections, Epidural
KW - Nerve Growth Factors
KW - Nerve Regeneration
KW - Pyramidal Tracts
KW - Rats, Wistar
KW - Somatosensory Cortex
KW - Spinal Cord Injuries
JO - NEUROSURGERY
JF - NEUROSURGERY
Lauretti L, Fernandez Marquez EM, Pallini R, Mercanti D, Serra A, Calissano P. Spinal cord transection in adult rats: effects of local infusion of nerve growth factor on the corticospinal tract axons. NEUROSURGERY. 1993;33:889-893.


Now that's just sad. Why don't Finns like their own language?
I think it`s not about the language, but the guy beeing a finn vs a foreigner.
I'm sooooo jealous. You have a very interesting mother tongue.
Haha, while perhaps not a cultural norm in the United States, I have a similar standpoint. It's so much more interesting meeting people who are different.
But he looks soooo cute with that hat in the first panel!


> in pkg-plist that are installed by any standard X-related port).
> So my question is: do I have to include them in my plist or not?
harmful (the port just creates default config files).
directories to be in /usr/X11R6.


text:
Now Showing at Home
Sling Blade: Exclusive Director's Cut
Movie A
Special Features A
DVD Geek Factor 8 (out of 10)
For its 10-year anniversary, actor-director Billy Bob Thornton has fashioned a director's-cut version of his seminal film that actually improves upon the theatrical release. While some of the changes to the story of troubled murderer Karl (Thornton) are subtle (some of the walking montages are a bit longer), others are quite major.
The biggest change in the director's cut would have to be a lengthened sequence of Karl taking a little more time before dispatching the villainous Doyle (an unbelievable Dwight Yoakam) in the film's final moments. Thornton has inserted extra footage of Carl that significantly alters the feel of this already powerful scene. I won't give it away, but it's a must-see for fans of the film.
This is one of the best American movies of the past 10 years, and now it's even better. Thornton hasn't achieved near the success of this film as a director (although he has as an actor), but watching this, and listening to him speak about his movie, left me with the impression he could have some directorial surprises in the future.
Special Features: Thornton augments his original DVD commentary by adding new insights about where changes to the theatrical release occur. There's a new roundtable discussion where Thornton, Yoakam and others discuss all aspects of the movie, including the passing of J. T. Walsh and John Ritter. A fantastic little nugget would be The Return of Karl, which has Thornton revisiting the character for kicks while filming his Daddy and Them.
Rebel Without a Cause
(Part of the Complete James Dean Collection)
Movie B+
Special Features B
Watching this movie knowing James Dean, Sal Mineo and Natalie Wood all died of tragic circumstances makes the experience a strange one. Jim Backus, the guy who played Dean's father (not to mention Mr. Howell on Gilligan's Island) outlived them all!
Rebel is a little goofy in places due to the passage of time. But back in the day, this was a shocking movie (my mom still refuses to watch it!), and James Dean was, and still is, a marvel on the screen.
This is one of those movies, like Citizen Kane and A Streetcar Named Desire, that illustrated great change in moviemaking. Directors and actors started to shoot for more realism, and Rebel feels like quite the transitional film. Some of the stuff with the supposed teen thugs feels very dated, as does the handling of Natalie Wood's rebellious daughter character. Dean himself delivers a revelatory performance by acting without a net. He was a performer who gave a sense that everything happened in the moment, rather than simply reciting rehearsed lines. The Dean character's obsession with not being regarded as a chicken was nicely spoofed in Back to the Future.
Rebel can be purchased on its own, or as part of The Complete James Dean Collection, which also includes the actor's other two starring vehicles, Giant and East of Eden. Each is also a two-disc special-edition release.
Special Features: Rebel features a couple of decent documentaries remembering the actor, and a screen test featuring Wood, Mineo and Dean. There's also the infamous "Drive Safely" interview, featuring Dean in a publicity film (dressed as a cowboy) offering kids advice on safe driving and adhering to speed limits.
Seinfeld: Season 4
Show A
Special Features B+
Seinfeld has been off the air for near seven years now, and its presence is missed. Most probably remember the show as a certified hit, but the reality was that when the show entered its fourth season, many of those involved thought they were in trouble. The series had not established itself as a mainstay, garnering mediocre ratings. It was the death of Cheers that allowed the show to become a hit.
Seinfeld and company thought they were heading for the last roundup when they started their fourth season. As co-creator Larry David explains in a documentary contained on the DVD, the writers pulled out all the stops, thinking they had nothing to lose. The season contained the show-within-a-show plotline, where Jerry is approached by NBC to start his own sitcom. It also featured Kramer's scrape with being a serial-killer suspect and his struggles with intestinal distress, achieving epic levels in hilarious bad taste.
Most notably, Season 4 contained an episode entirely dedicated to masturbation ("The Contest"), a television feat that hadn't been accomplished since the infamous "Archie Jerks Off Two Times" episode of All in the Family. (Writer's note: No such episode of Family ever occurred, but it would've been funny, not to mention incredibly disgusting.)
Special Features: While blooper reels have long been a useless DVD mainstay, Seinfeld mishaps are always fun to watch. The average blooper has Kramer (Michael Richards) doing something so funny his costars can't handle it, resulting in a blown take and Richards getting bent out of shape.
Bob Grimm
More by Bob Grimm
Chef's Kiss: Feast your eyes on the new Julia Child documentary
Spirit of the '60s: Edgar Wright creates a fun if schizophrenic film with Last Night in Soho
Spice of Life: Dune is a sumptuous sci-fi epic
Latest in Now Showing at Home
By Reviews by Colin Boyd, Casey Dewey, and Bob Grimm.
By Bill Frost
DVD Roundup
More Now Showing at Home »

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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As it says on the photo, this is the Congregational Church at Mill Hill, which stood on the New Chapel Street end of New Wellington Street. The foundation stone was laid on February 20th 1859 and the church opened for worship on Sept 19th 1860.
In 1920 a black & white marble tablet was placed in the west wall, bearing the names of ''Twenty scholars who made the supreme sacrifice'' during the First World War. A roll of honour in an oak frame, no doubt bearing the names of many more local lads (and lasses?) who had fallen, was also placed in the vestibule.
I've no information as to when the church was demolished, but it was probably in the 1960's.
"Was erected in 1860 at a cost of £6,000 accommodated 1,000 persons. Was closed in 1962 and demolished in 1965"


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In this fast changing realm of competitors and advancement, it has been a proven fact that people barely get enough time to invest in their houses, taking care of on their own. It's obligatory for us that we invest the vast majority of the times time in workplace, doing our responsibility. When the workplace does not have in proper tools and facilities for the workers, the workers get serious health problems. Likewise, the decorum and also the tools from the offices are supplied enormous importance. Nowadays, the majority of the equipments are chosen in a careful method in order to ensure the employees comfort and ease. One particular essential product at work may be the ergonomic desk office chairs. As most of the offices have ended up being wise, which means they depend more about device than manual labor, ergonomic office seats are specifically designed for such workplaces. They are the chairs used for the use of the offices getting pc work stations. These have been developed specifically seats that help in the reduction of demands around the several nerves of the spine wires, therefore limiting the chance of muscular and nerve diseases. Also they assist in maintaining the right physique posture. It aligns the forearms, arms, lower back, neck and the head within the correct positions, thereby reducing lower back pain, work related bone and joint problems and other such illnesses. And if you just looking for a chair to unwind, then think about one of the recliner chair from your list. In this article we'll discuss about the very best fifteen best ergonomic chairs to be able to supply the visitors with the accurate knowledge to ensure that once they purchase such chairs, it might be easy to allow them to select the most appropriate one.
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British folded arm sofas are additional comfortable because of the large, pillows at the back as well as for the seats. Reduced arms are comfortable for laying and the uncovered thighs bare this couch design from feeling overweight or imposing. It actually originated in the turn from the hundred years and can be associated with some thing usual for the English country side. Differentiating qualities usually consist of low uncovered legs, soft, large soft cushions, a tight back and recessed arms. Though it may be considered a classic design, it's also an ideal accessory for a modern day space because of its comfy and versatile look.
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This extremely-stylish, higher-sovereign couch is designed to assistance reducing-edge lounge development. It's produced like a 2-item sofa sofa coupled with a beautiful lounger. Additionally, it provides mobile armrests and beneficial back again support. The beautiful tapestry is completed with darkish false leather, firmly tufted. You are able to feel at ease cushioning with froth inside the chair soft cushions. This ensures a delicate sensation when you relaxation after a monotonous day time. The sofa is reinforced with wooden advantage covered with dark synthetic leather. False tufted leather-based and strong pine give severe glare. It is true that it requires another look because it is more costly than it truly seems to be. Talking about size, its large! This is exactly what provides more stars to this set. The height is also remarkable for high and brief people.
This reclining loveseat requires the second spot simply because its an excellent inexpensive, super comfortable option that may fit in with most house dcor designs. Its solid wood body is cushioned with circles (for many springtime) and high-density froth (for some soft), and padded with brownish faux leather-based that makes it an ultra-flexible furniture piece. Add it to the person cave for a comfy destination to watch the sport (and dont worry about any spillsits vinyl upholstery tends to make clean-up easy) or perhaps your living room with a few ornamental throw cushions for that perfect place to cozy up after a long day. Real-life customers adore this reclining loveseat simply because its comfy, long lasting, simple to assemble 1 rater even mentioned that they was able to assemble two units within forty-five minutes! and delivery from the vendor is easy.
With regards to buying room furniture, leather-based is always a smart choice. Not only does it look good with most designs, but its very long lasting (its the perfect materials for any home with children or animals) and its extremely-simple to clean, as well. The down-side of leather furniture? It may have a much higher price tag than material, microfiber or faux leather furniture. This reclining loveseat stays a budget-pleasant choice due to 1 guru trick: its seating area is upholstered with leather, while the sides are upholstered with more inexpensive fake leather-based. That means you receive the look and feel of the complete leather-based loveseat with no hefty cost. Use the handle on the loveseats arm to kick back and relax on its high-density froth filling, and think about all the money held on. This particular loveseat posseses an additional bonus: professional assembly will come in many areas of the country for the next fee.
Copyright © Shila Electric Retro Outdoor Metal Side Table By Wrought Studio in Patio Tables All right reserved.


Today the word mARaThon (well it really does have the word ART in there). This really has been a challenge so far. I am really having to eat healthy, try to sleep well… really forcing myself to sleep (but failing at this), and try to find time to go to the gym to swim.
Being outside bent over… my hip has really started to hurt. So I am going swimming to strengthen my core, my stomach muscles. I am also making a point of trying to change my standing / posture while painting.
Today, I decided to paint Sussex Drive. The night before I painted The Canal. And I just needed to free up my brush work a little more. Under the bridge of The Canal paintings is very detailed. And I just needed to expand my brush movements.
Damian showed up to give me a care package. Insanely massive gift… a gift of treats and things. I am so blessed to have such people in my world. He is so encouraging. He is wishing to come over to my studio soon to look at what I have been doing. He has a really significant collection of art. He has some Henry Moore, Morrisseau, Bruce Garner…. and a lot of James Boyd's work. He has about 6 maybe 7 of mine. He is so kind and supportive. Such a caring, generous, kind, intelligent individual. I am so happy to have some works in his collection.
I was really fighting with the elements. I was tired from painting the night before. And it was cold and the wind was really harsh. Having Damian show up… we talked and I kept painting. I was having trouble with a tree element of the painting… and having him there… well my paint brush got a little more happy and soft with the touch. So that helped push the painting to a new level… and resolve the spectrum of the work. So I signed it shortly after he left.


text:
Categorized | Lebanon, Venezuela
Venezuela FM takes Middle East tour, set to meet Nasrallah
Posted on04 April 2019. Tags: Venezuela - Huzballa
NOVANEWS
Venezuela's foreign minister has embarked on a Middle East tour taking him through Turkey, Lebanon, and Syria, amid US measures to prop up the Latin American country's opposition figure and self-proclaimed "interim president" Juan Guaido against President Nicolas Maduro.
Jorge Arreaza arrived in Turkey on Monday and was assured by his Turkish counterpart Mevlut Cavusoglu of Ankara's support for the Latin American nation in the face of US pressure. "It should not be in a way that 'I am a big country and I can determine entire rules,'" Cavusoglu said, referring to Washington's sanctions against Venezuela and its efforts to oust Maduro, Turkish paper Hurriyet reported.
On Tuesday, the top Venezuelan diplomat traveled to Lebanon on a two-day visit. Lebanese President Michel Aoun received him at the presidential Baabda Palace in Beirut. Arreaza, who conveyed a message from Maduro to Aoun, also met with his Lebanese counterpart Gebran Bassil.
He was also slated to meet with Lebanese Prime Minister Sa'ad Hariri, Lebanese news portal Naharnet reported. According to Lebanese daily al-Joumhouria, he will also be holding a meeting with the Hezbollah resistance movement's Secretary General Seyyed Hassan Nasrallah.
Back in January, Hezbollah conveyed its support for Maduro amid mounting US pressure for him to resign and hand over power to Washington-backed Guaido. Hezbollah-associated lawmaker Mohammad Raad was cited by Lebanese TV channel Al Manar as saying at the time that "Nasrallah stands with the Venezuelan people and with its free leadership."
The Venezuelan foreign minister, meanwhile, expressed satisfaction with the visits to the countries in remarks to Prensa Latina. "They are two countries that respect international law and with which there are friendly and fraternal relations," the Cuban news agency cited him as saying.
The visit to Lebanon "opens a new stage in bilateral ties with the possibility to expand economic cooperation, especially Venezuela's advisory in the country's energy sector," the agency added, citing the top diplomat.
Also in January, the US took the lead in recognizing Guaido as Venezuela's president after the head of the opposition-ruled Congress named himself the country's interim chief executive. Washington has been pressuring other countries into following suit and has not ruled out using the military option to oust Maduro's government.
Many countries, including Iran, Russia, China, and Cuba, however, back Maduro, spurning the subversive American efforts targeting Venezuela's sovereignty.
Arreaza is next to travel to Syria, with which Caracas has similarly warm relations.
One Response to "Venezuela FM takes Middle East tour, set to meet Nasrallah"
hannah carim says:
I totally agree with you. Your post is great. Please keep publishing stuff like that.
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It's My Party! premieres on TVO on June 26 | TV, eh?
It's My Party!, a new TVOkids Original series that takes viewers on a fascinating journey of discovery into different communities within Canada, premieres on Tuesday, June 26 at 6 p.m. From Diwali to Hanukkah to Kwanzaa to Oshogatsu, It's My Party! (13×22-minute episodes) offers a fresh take on the celebrations, exploring the origins and meaning behind different elements – all from a child's perspective.
Hosted by Emily Agard (Gastroblast, Ride or Wrong), each episode pairs up two kids who have never met before: one is the party guide, and the other is the VIP guest. These two newfound friends jump in feet first into new cultural experiences, participating in challenges and games linked to the food, fashion and festivities of the dynamic celebration. Each episode culminates in a lively performance.
The June 26 premiere episode focuses on the Punjabi winter celebration Lohri, where viewers are invited to experience bhangra dancing, Indian sweets and dhol drumming.
A companion game called Party Time! enables kids to explore, customize and design their own unique celebrations. Players can personalize and interpret their party by selecting and mix-matching cultural elements from the many events in the show.
The series is produced by Bristow Global Media, in association with TVO, with the financial participation of the Shaw Rocket Fund and the Canada Media Fund (CMF). Key executives include executive producers Julie Bristow, Marlo Miazga and Daniel Bourré for Bristow Global Media, as well as Marney Malabar and Marianne Lambert for TVO. Distribution360 has partnered with Bristow Global Media on international distribution, also overseeing format rights worldwide.
A kids' culture show, everybody learning and interacting. Sounds like a great show, and a generation I wish I could be a member of.


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Anion-exchange chromatography is a process that separates substances based on their charges using an ion-exchange resin containing positively charged groups, such as diethyl-aminoethyl groups (DEAE). In solution, the resin is coated with positively charged counter-ions (cations). Anion exchange resins will bind to negatively charged molecules, displacing the counter-ion. Anion exchange chromatography is commonly used to purify proteins, amino acids, sugars/carbohydrates and other acidic substances with a negative charge at higher pH levels. The tightness of the binding between the substance and the resin is based on the strength of the negative charge of the substance.

General technique for protein purification

A slurry of resin, such as DEAE-Sephadex is poured into the column. The matrix that is used is insoluble with charged groups that are covalently attached.  These charged groups are referred to as exchangers like cation and anion exchangers. After it settles, the column is pre-equilibrated in buffer before the protein mixture is applied. DEAE-Sephadex is a positively-charged slurry that will have electrostatic interactions with the negatively charged atoms, making them elute later than the positively-charged molecules in the interested sample. This is a separation technique used widely to discover specific proteins, or enzymes in the body. Unbound proteins are collected in the flow-through and/or in subsequent buffer washes. Proteins that bind to the positively charged resin are retained and can be eluted in one of two ways. First, the salt concentration in the elution buffer is gradually increased. The negative ions in the salt solution (e.g. Cl−) compete with protein in binding to the resin. Second, the pH of the solution can be gradually decreased which results in a more positive charge on the protein, releasing it from the resin. Both of these techniques can displace the negatively charged protein which is then eluted into test tubes fractions with the buffer.

The separation of proteins will depend on the differences in total charge. Composition of ionizable side chain groups will determine the total charge of the protein at a particular pH. At the isoelectric point (pI), the total charge on the protein is 0 and it will not bind to the matrix. If the pH is above the pI, the protein will have a negative charge and bind to the matrix in an anion exchange column. The stability of the protein at values above or below the pI, will determine if an anion exchange column or cation exchange column should be used. If it is stable at pH values below the pI, the cation exchange column be used. If it is stable at pH values above the pI then the anion exchange column can be used.

References

Chromatography

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


The 31st Annual Research & Policy Conference on Child, Adolescent, and Young Adult Behavioral Health will be held March 4-7, 2018 at the Hilton Tampa Downtown Hotel.
Since 1988, this annual conference has been a leader in promoting the development of the research base essential to improved service systems for children and youth with mental health challenges and their families. Sponsored by the Department of Child & Family Studies, this gathering brings together more than 500 researchers, evaluators, policy-makers, administrators, parents, and advocates.
Here is your chance to be a part of this important conference! The Conference Planning Committee invites you to submit proposals for research benefiting children, youth and their families. The deadline to submit a proposal is 11:59 pm Pacific Time on October 27, 2017.
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Evidence-based Practice (EBP) in Systems of Care – Examples of current research and technical assistance integrating and supporting EBP in systems of care, both in the US and Canada.
Innovations in Wraparound – Leaders in Wraparound management, supervision, evaluation, QA, and research will present an array of cutting-edge developments in care coordination for youth with complex needs.
Behavioral Health Equity – Showcasing the latest evidence-based research and discoveries, innovative programs, and effective policies advancing behavioral health equity among vulnerable populations both domestically and globally.
Institute for Translational Research in Adolescent Behavioral Health (Institute members only) – Includes presentations of results from translational research projects along with discussions by leaders in the field regarding current trends in implementation science.
Child Welfare – Co-sponsored by Casey Family Programs and the Florida Institute for Child Welfare, this track showcases new developments in community-based and other interventions to prevent or mitigate the impact of child maltreatment.
Community-based policies, services, and strategies addressing disparities.
Systems research on processes that impact effectiveness.
Research on family, youth, and young adult roles in behavioral health services.
Implementation of Evidence-based practice research and policy.
Innovative approaches to research and evaluation in complex behavioral health settings.
Community-based policy approaches addressing Substance Abuse/Dual Diagnosis services.
Building capacity to provide coordinated behavioral health community responses to American Indian/Alaska Native families.
Research on Wraparound and care coordination for youth and families with the most complex and costly needs.
Learn more about the conference on the Child & Family Studies website, view the Call for Proposals flyer, or submit a proposal.


Hi everyone. I was repairing a broken digitizer and unforunately it wasn't as easy as I had hoped. I eventually got the digitizer on, and its working, but while taking the touch apart I broke the wifi flex ribbon, which I think I can fix, but the camera stopped working as well. When I go to the camera function it just flickers.
I'm a little confused though, because I never touched the back camera. I did notice something unusual about my itouch from the ones I saw on the videos. The protective plate that covers the battery/motherboard has a piece of square copper and from that copper there was a strip which then wrapped around the back camera. That strip of copper essentially connected the underside of the protective plate to the back camera of the itouch. Well it broke. I'm guessing it grounded the camera. Anyways, I was able to take of the metal piece covering the camera and that allows me to connect the copper again, but the camera still doesn't work. I'd try replacing the camera, but I can't really get to the underside of the motherboard, but I still question if the camera is even broken. Can someone offer some advice/suggestions?
You have likely either damaged the camera module/ribbon or it is unplugged from the motherboard slightly.


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In most cases, yes. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends a yearly flu (influenza) vaccine for all children 6 months and older — ideally given as soon as the vaccine is available each year.... Pharmacists who have received the appropriate training will be able to give influenza vaccine in pharmacies to healthy people 18 years and older now the NSW Pharmacist Vaccination Standards have been approved by NSW Health.
After getting an influenza vaccine, a person might get another virus they mistakenly believe to be influenza. That virus could be rhinovirus, respiratory syncytial virus, adenovirus, parainfluenza... Influenza vaccine is usually given as an injection of inactivated virus into the muscle. It is also available as a nasal spray, which contains live but weakened (attenuated) virus. Use of the nasal spray was not recommended for the 2017–2018 flu season, but it can be used for the 2018–2019 flu season.
The flu vaccine will provide protection for you for the upcoming flu season. People eligible for flu vaccination should have the vaccine each year. What type of flu vaccine will I be offered? In 2018 there are 3 different types of flu vaccine: a live quadrivalent vaccine (which protects against 4 strains of flu), given as a nasal spray – this is for children and young people aged 2 to 17 teaching my mother how to give birth free download Influenza (''flu'') is a contagious disease that spreads around the United States every year, usually between October and May. Flu is caused by influenza viruses, and is spread mainly by coughing, sneezing, and close contact.
Flu (influenza) vaccine. Flu is a highly contagious disease. Some people are at risk of serious health complications if they get flu. People most at risk of serious complications from flu are eligible for free flu vaccinations (refer to list in 'who should get the flu vaccine' below).
One such study, Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness in the United States during the 2015-2016 Season, found quadrivalent vaccines (vaccines with four strains of flu) to be 54 per cent effective.


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Gentisic Acid Stimulates Keratinocyte Proliferation through ERK1/2 Phosphorylation
Minho Kim1, JaeGoo Kim1, Yu-Kyong Shin2, Ki-Young Kim1,2
1. Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
2. College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
✉ Corresponding author: Ki-Young Kim, PhD, Department of Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Seocheon, Giheung, Yongin, Gyeonggi-do 446-701, Republic of Korea. Tel: +82312012633, E-mail: kiyoungac.kr More
Kim M, Kim J, Shin YK, Kim KY. Gentisic Acid Stimulates Keratinocyte Proliferation through ERK1/2 Phosphorylation. Int J Med Sci 2020; 17(5):626-631. doi:10.7150/ijms.36484. Available from https://www.medsci.org/v17p0626.htm
Keratinocyte proliferation is important for skin wound healing. The wound healing process includes blood clotting around the wound, removal of dead cells and pathogens through inflammation, and then re-epithelialization through proliferation and maturation. Proliferation assay was performed on acid natural compounds to identify candidates for natural-derived components of skin injury treatment. We found that gentisic acid promoted high cell proliferation activity compared with other compounds. Gentisic acid improved HaCaT cell proliferation by over 20% in MTT assay. Gentisic acid also had higher healing activity in an in vitro wound healing assay than allantoin as a positive control. Furthermore, we have identified how the treatment of gentisic acid can increase proliferation in the cell. Western blot analysis of proteins in the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase signaling pathway showed that ERK1/2 phosphorylation was increased by gentisic acid treatment. Thus, our study indicates that gentisic acid promotes the proliferation of keratinocyte by phosphorylation of ERK1/2.
Keywords: HaCaT cell, MAP kinase pathway, wound healing, re-epithelialization
Skin wound healing is one mechanism that maintains homeostasis in organisms. In general, the wound healing process is classified time-dependently into 4 phases: coagulation and haemostasis phase, inflammatory phase, proliferative phase and remodeling phase [1]. During the proliferative stage, recovery, and restoration of the basal keratinocyte layer in the basement membrane between the epidermis and the dermis begin actively proliferating through various signaling molecules. When a certain level of repair is achieved, the cytoplasmic shape of the keratinocyte is altered to move to the upper layer of the epidermis, differentiate, and transform through different cell layers to reach their final maturation stage. Thus, proliferation and migration of keratinocytes suture the wound site during wound healing [2, 3].
The MAP kinase signaling pathway is important for integrating external signals from mitogens, such as epidermal growth factor (EGF), into signaling events promoting cell growth and proliferation in many mammalian cell types [4, 5]. The MAP kinase signaling pathway is composed of signaling receptors and kinase cascades [6]. In the kinase cascades, ERK1/2, JNK, and P-38 kinases are involved in cell cycle regulation and proliferation. In the presence of an extracellular signal, for instance, growth factors, the signal is transmitted in order through MAPKKK, MAPKK, MAPK, and then the substrates [7, 8].
In the ERK1/2 pathway, signaling is transmitted in order through Raf, MEK1/2, and ERK1/2. As a result, phosphorylated ERK1/2 influences gene expression, which contributes to the regulation of cell proliferation [9-12]. For example, in alkali burn wound recovery, phosphorylation of ERK1/2 has been promoted by the compound body protective compound-157 in human umbilical vein endothelial cells to facilitate proliferation and wound repair [13]. This ERK1/2 pathway is also important in keratinocyte proliferation [13].
2D structure of gentisic acid.
Effect of plant extract compounds on cell proliferation (% of control).
Proliferation rate
(100 μg/ml)
Esculentic acid 0.92±0.39
Actinidic acid 69.36±5.72
Pimaric acid 24.39±2.71
Corosolic acid 16.39±8.71
Caffeic acid 70.21±11.95
Loganic acid 83.12±13.23
Gallic acid 19.92±0.47
Salvianolic acid A 55.19±0.81
cis-8,11,14-Eicosatrienoic acid 9.88±0.34
Linoleic acid 8.87±0.10
γ-Linolenic acid 10.05±0.78
Gentisic acid 122.13 ± 3.30
Gentisic acid (2-(2,5-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid) (Figure 1) is a quinonoid phenolic acid synthesized in plants. Genstisic acid has one carbonyl group and two hydroxyl groups based on one benzene ring. One hydroxyl group (near the carbonyl group) can form an intramolecular hydrogen bond with the carbonyl group. This structure causes the formation of gentisinate, resulting in a more acidic of the carboxyl groups. The hydroxyl groups on the other side which cannot interact with any intra-molecules can freely react with other molecules [15].
Like sialic acid in plants, gentisic acid has immune activity against viral plant pathogens. Mammals, including humans, obtain gentisic acid by ingesting fruits and vegetables, and gentisic acid is also produced by the metabolic breakdown of aspirin [16, 17].
Gentisic acid has some biological effects, including the inhibition of angiogenesis as an FGF competitive inhibitor [18], skin whitening through melanocyte tyrosinase inhibition [19], and inhibition of low-density lipoprotein oxidation and cholesterol ester hydroperoxide formation [20]. Besides, gentisic acid can be extracted from the African tree Alchornea cordifolia [21] and its extract is effective in wound healing [22].
In this study, our purpose was to find an effective natural compound for wound healing, especially in the epithelial wounds, by promoting the proliferation of keratinocyte. We screened acidic natural compounds to find natural compounds that are effective in healing wounds. Among them, gentisic acid was the most potent compound in a cell proliferation assay. Re-epithelialization of gentisic acid was better than allantoin, which is already known to be effective [23]. Besides, we confirmed the effect of gentisic acid on keratinocytes in terms of cell signaling pathway by western blot analysis, indicates that the proliferation of keratinocytes is increased by promoting phosphorylation of ERK 1/2.
Natural compounds
Gentisic acid (Figure 1), allantoin (positive control), cis-8,11,14-Eicosatrienoic acid, Linoleic acid, and γ-Linolenic acid were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA, Catalog no. 149357, A0349000, E4504, L2376, L2378) [23, 24]. Other natural compounds were purchased from ChemFaces (Wuhan, China, Catalog no. Esculentic acid: CFN99059, Gallic acid: CFN99624, Salvianolic acid A: CFN99161, Actinidic acid: CFN98444, Pimaric acid: CFN99382, Corosolic acid: CFN98685, Caffeic acid: CFN99190, Loganic acid: CFN98212). Compounds were dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and stored at -20°C (10mg/ml).
Cell lineage and culture conditions
The human keratinocyte cell line HaCaT (HaCaT cell was kindly provided by COSMAX BIO, Jecheon, Korea) and human skin fibroblast cell line CCD-986sk (CCD-986sk was purchased from the Korean cell line, Seoul, Korea) was cultured in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium containing 10% Fetal Bovine Serum and 1% penicillin-streptomycin at 37°C in a 5% CO2 atmosphere [25].
Cell proliferation assay
Cell proliferation assays were performed with the compounds in Table 1 to find the most effective among wounded natural acid compounds. This assay is based on the MTT assay [24, 25]. HaCaT cells (103 cells per well) and CCD-986sk (5×104 cells per well) were seeded into a 96-well plate [26]. The medium was exchanged with a serum-free medium containing various concentrations of gentisic acid (0, 1, 5, 10, 50, and 100 μg/mL) and incubate 24h. MTT (3-(4,5-dimethyl-thiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide, Sigma) dissolved in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) was added to each well (final concentration of 0.5 mg/ml) and incubated for 3 hours. The medium was removed and cells were suspended in 100μl of DMSO for 10 minutes. The cell proliferation rate was calculated from optical density (OD540) values measured using a microplate reader (BioTek Instruments, Korea). The data was presented as a percentage of the control. The experiments were independently repeated three times [27, 28, 29, 30].
In vitro wound healing assay
HaCaT cells (3×105 cells per well) were seeded into 6-well plates and cultured to a nearly confluent, cell monolayer (90-100%). Using a 20-200μl pipet tip, a parallel linear wound was generated in the cell monolayer. Floating cell debris was removed by washing with PBS, and the medium was exchanged with serum-free medium containing various concentrations of DMSO (The negative control), allantoin(the positive control) and gentisic acid (0, 1, 5, 10, 50, and 100 μg/ml). Cells were incubated for 24 hours under the same conditions. The wound healing rate was calculated by comparing the images immediately after the scratch and 24 hours after incubation. The data was analyzed using an EVOS XL imaging system (Fisher Scientific, USA). The calculation was done by comparing the distance between wound surfaces with the 0h and 24h results. The experiments were independently repeated three times [25, 27, 31].
HaCaT cells (106 cells) were seeded into a 90mm dish and incubated for 24hours under the same condition. The medium was exchanged with serum-free medium containing various concentrations of gentisic acid (0, 1, 5, 10, 50, and 100 μg/ml) and cells were incubated for an additional 24 hours. Equal amounts (15μg) of whole-cell lysate proteins were separated on an 8% acrylamide SDS-PAGE gel and transferred onto polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF, Bio-Rad, USA) membrane. The membranes were blocked using 5% bovine serum albumin (BSA, GenDEPOT, Korea) and then stained with primary antibodies (p38α, p-p38, ERK1/2, JNK, p-JNK, and GAPDH from Santa Cruz Biotechnology, CA, USA; p-ERK1/2 from Cell Signaling Technology, MA, USA) overnight at 4°C. The membranes were washed three times in TBST and incubated with a secondary horseradish-peroxidase conjugated antibody (goat anti-rabbit IgG-HRP from Santa Cruz Biotechnology, CA, USA; goat anti-mouse IgG-HRP from Bio-Rad, USA) for 1 hour at room temperature. The membranes were developed using enhanced ECL (Bio-Rad, USA) on a UVITEC imaging system (UVITEC Cambridge, UK). Each lane was quantified by GAPDH [11, 25, 32].
Results are expressed as means ± SD. Statistically significant differences were analyzed using a one-way ANOVA with Tukey's post hoc test [25].
Gentisic acid increased keratinocyte cell proliferation
Cell proliferation assays on keratinocytes were performed using several candidate plant-originating acidic natural compounds (Table 1). Gentisic acid resulted in the highest proliferation rate (122.58%) compared to the other compounds.
After we chose gentisic acid as a potentially effective wound healing compound, we treated HaCaT cells with various gentisic acid concentrations in serum-free medium for 24 hours. We then evaluated the cell proliferation rate using an MTT assay (Figure 2 A). Gentisic acid dose-dependently increased the viability of HaCaT cells.
Besides, we performed the same assay on the CCD-986sk, a human dermal fibroblast cell line, to confirm whether gentisic acid is toxic to other skin cells (Figure 2 B). Gentisic acid was not toxic to both skin cell lines at the whole concentration, and cell viability of CCD-986sk cells was also increased. This result suggests that gentisic acid is not toxic to human skin cells and may improve fibroblast function during wound healing.
Gentisic acid promoted wound healing activity
To measure the effect of gentisic acid on keratinocyte wound healing, HaCaT cells were treated with various concentrations of gentisic acid and allantoin (positive control) (Figure 3).
Gentisic acid induced skin cells proliferation. HaCaT (A) and CCD-986sk (B) cells were treated with various concentrations of gentisic acid. The cell proliferation rate was evaluated with an MTT assay. (** : P < 0.01, *** : P < 0.001)
Gentisic acid increased in vitro wound healing. HaCaT cells were cultured in a 6-well plate, scratched, and treated with different concentrations of DMSO only (negative control), gentisic acid, or allantoin (positive control). The results were imaged to show scratched wound healing with various compound concentrations.
Results of an in vitro wound healing assay after a 24 hour gentisic acid treatment.
Concentration of treatment
Wound healing rate from 0 hours (%)
Gentisic acid
1 μg/ml 7.20 ± 4.27 16.81 ± 5.07 11.17 ± 2.38
10 μg/ml 10.38 ± 0.19 17.98 ± 6.67 10.08 ± 2.42
Gentisic acid induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation in HaCaT cells. HaCaT cells were treated with various concentration of gentisic acid and the protein extracts were used in Western blot analysis. (A) GAPDH was used as a control. p38, ERK1/2, and JNK, which in their phosphorylated forms are associated with cell proliferation, were detected. (B) p-ERK1/2 was quantified with densitometric analysis and normalized to GAPDH. (* : P < 0.05)
Gentisic acid increased wound healing of HaCaT cells by 16.81%, 15.01% and 17.98% in 1, 5, and 10 μg/ml, respectively, after 24 hours of treatment (Figure 3, Table 2).
These results showed that gentisic acid has a positive effect on keratinocyte re-epithelization by promoting proliferation and migration. Moreover, gentisic acid more potently increased cell proliferation than allantoin, which promotes cell proliferation [23].
Gentisic acid induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation
To determine the mechanism underlying the effect of gentisic acid on enhancing HaCaT cell proliferation, Western blotting was performed on p38α, p-p38, ERK1/2, p-ERK1/2, JNK, p-JNK which are known to be involved in cell proliferation (Figure 4A and 4B). The amount of phosphorylated ERK1/2 was increased up to 2.5 times by treatment with gentisic acid. These results indicated that gentisic acid activates the pathway associated with ERK1/2 in the MAP kinase pathway and increases the proliferation of keratinocyte.
Gentisic acid is a natural compound widely present in plants, and many biological studies have been conducted. The plant extract of Alchornea cordifolia, containing gentisic acid, has been used as a traditional African medicine [33] and it has wound healing effects [22]. However, the core component of wound healing effects and its intracellular mechanism have yet to be found. In this study, we showed that gentisic acid positively affects the proliferation of the keratinocyte, HaCaT.
During epidermal wound healing, recovery of the damaged area by keratinocyte is very important [2, 3]. This process is determined by the proliferation and migration of keratinocyte. In the MTT and in vitro wound healing assays, we demonstrated that gentisic acid had an ability to enhance keratinocyte proliferation. Proliferation and migration of fibroblasts in the proliferative phase are also important as keratinocyte [1]. CCD-986sk, human skin fibroblast cell line, was not toxic to gentisic acid and its proliferation also induced by gentisic acid. In our study, the maximum value of increased proliferation by gentisic acid on keratinocytes was 122.58 %. Comparing the results with an example of other compounds, the lichen compounds, conducted for similar purposes, it seems that the efficacy of proliferation promoted is similar to that of our experiment [34]. Therefore, the efficacy of gentisic acid seems to be meaningful in vitro measurements.
In terms of the intracellular signaling pathway, the proliferation of keratinocyte is related to the MAP kinase pathway [8]. Western blot results suggested that gentisic acid induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation, one of the MAP kinases, implying an increase in HaCaT cell proliferation. In contrast, the effect of gentisic acid on p38 and JNK kinases, which are associated with proliferation, was not influenced in this result [7]. The phosphorylation of ERK1/2 does not always inducing the proliferation of the cell, also induced in apoptosis stress condition and its phosphorylation can mediate the apoptosis of the cell [35]. Until it is unclear how phosphorylation of ERK1/2 under various conditions promotes the expression of the exact gene. Our further study is to determine the downstream action of phosphorylated ERK1/2 after treating the compound that regulates keratinocyte proliferation by regulating the MAP kinase pathways such as gentisic acid.
In conclusion, in vitro condition, gentisic acid was not toxic to the keratinocyte and fibroblast and effective for skin wound healing by promoting keratinocyte proliferation. Gentisic acid could be considered as a lead compound for wound healing and skin proliferation.
This research was supported by the Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education (NRF-2015R1D1A1A01061225).
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19. Curto EV, Kwong C, Hermersdörfer H, Glatt H, Santis C, Virador V. et al. Inhibitors of mammalian melanocyte tyrosinase: in vitro comparisons of alkyl esters of gentisic acid with other putative inhibitors. Biochem Pharmacol. 1999;57:663-72
20. Ashidate K, Kawamura M, Mimura D, Tohda H, Miyazaki S, Teramoto T. et al. Gentisic acid, an aspirin metabolite, inhibits oxidation of low-density lipoprotein and the formation of cholesterol ester hydroperoxides in human plasma. Eur J Pharmacol. 2005;513:173-9
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22. Agyare C, Asase A, Lechtenberg M, Niehues M, Deters A, Hensel A. An ethnopharmacological survey and in vitro confirmation fo ethnopharmacological use of medicinal plants used for wound healing in Bosomtwi-Atwima-Kwanwoma area, Ghana. J Ethnopharmacol. 2009;125:393-403
23. Savić VLj, Nikolić VD, Arsić IA, Stanojević LP, Najman SJ, Stojanović S, Mladenović-Ranisavljević I I. Comparative study of the biological activity of allantoin and aqueous extract of the comfrey root. Phytother Res. 2015;29:1117-22
24. L. U. Araújo, A. Grabe-Guimarães, V. C. Mosqueira, C. M. Carneiro, N. M. Silva-Barcellos. Profile of wound healing process induced by allantoin. Acta Cir Bras. 2010;25:460-466
25. Kim J, Shin YK, Kim KY. Promotion of keratinocyte proliferation by tracheloside through ERK1/2 stimulation. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 26. 2018:4580627
26. Park HJ, Cho JH, Hong SH, Kim DH, Jung HY, Kang IK, Cho YJ. Whitening and anti-wrinkle activities of ferulic acid isolated from Tetragonia tetragonioides in B16F10 melanoma and CCD-986sk fibroblast cells. J Nat Med. 2018;72:127-35
27. Shin YK, Kim KY. Macelignan inhibits bee pathogenic fungi Ascophaera apis growth through HOG1 pathway. Braz J Med Biol Res. 2016;49:e5313
28. di Martino O, Tito A, De Lucia A, Cimmino A, Cicotti F, Apone F. et al. Hibiscus syriacus extract from an established cell culture stimulates skin wound healing. Biomed Res Int. 2017;2017:7932019
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Corresponding author: Ki-Young Kim, PhD, Department of Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Seocheon, Giheung, Yongin, Gyeonggi-do 446-701, Republic of Korea. Tel: +82312012633, E-mail: kiyoungac.kr
Accepted 2020-2-3


Ethernet vs WiFi: Which is Better for Online Gaming?
Home » Blog » Comparison » Ethernet vs WiFi: Which is Better for Gaming?
When it comes to having an enhanced gaming experience online, then you need an internet connection which is fast streaming, reliable, constant, and stable. When you configure your PC and gaming console, then you need to choose the connection type, i.e. WiFi or network cable. Today, we will compare Ethernet Vs WiFi and decide which is better for gaming.
One of the most basic differences between a WiFi connection and an Ethernet cable is the physical ability. The Ethernet cable connection requires a physical tethering of your computer with your router while the WiFi connection allows you to connect your system wirelessly within the range. The first is not ideal for laptop users while the second can face some interferences over the air.
Powerline Ethernet provides faster internet speed, low latency, as well as does not face interference such as WiFi. But for the people who works mobile or living at shared places, have to use the WiFi connection as they can't use the cabled network connection.
Let's see this for gaming.
A wireless router uses radio wave signals to provide connection to the mobile devices at your home or office. The consistency of these radio waves can be affected by some factors like the obstacles in the home such as walls, cabinets, floors, doors, the distance to your router from your connecting device, and the interference from other devices at your home or neighbor like mobiles, PCs, etc. which use the WiFi network. All these things can make an effect on your overall gaming experience. When such inconvenience occurs, a packet loss (game's data are sent in packets) or delay happens. It can cause a disturbance in your online gameplay. If you are using an Ethernet cable connection with your gaming console, you will not face any disrupt in your gaming.
So, this means Ethernet is better for gaming, right?
It is true that Ethernet is more stable and reliable than a WiFi network, especially for gaming, but that does not mean a wireless connection is abominable. If you are using a WiFi connection at your home, then you can use some powerline adapters like TP-Link TL-PA4010KIT to have a high-speed Ethernet connection in any area of your home. If you have no choice than using the WiFi, then you can make sure that your router is placed as near to your gaming console as you can.
Ethernet can provide lag-free connection speed, security, and reliable connection. Whereas a WiFi connection provides comfort and convenience which you can use at any part of your home or office without messing with cables everywhere you go. It is an another matter that your gaming consoles like Xbox One or PlayStation rarely moved around your home, but a device like your mobile or Laptop have the flexibility of roaming around, and a WiFi connection is best for them.
Different types of Ethernet cables like Cat6, Cat6e, etc. provides a very high-speed connection security of up to 1000Mbps, but they are not at all necessary even if you use the highest class of online gaming. Because online gaming requires only a little bit consistent bandwidth to run smoothly i.e. 1Mbps speed is enough for most of the online gameplay. Also, most of the internet connections have a top speed of 100Mbps, especially when it is a matter of home connection, this can be even less. So, a WiFi connection can also be a worthy choice for online gaming if it does not face too much interference.
Well, as said before, it depends. Because to enjoy gaming at an extreme level, there are many other circumstances which need to be fulfilled like a good gaming monitor, a compatible graphics card, processor which can be overclocked, less congested gaming server, and much more. But having a reliable connection which gives you constant speed with better security is always admirable which is provided by powerline Ethernet, but it cannot give connection flexibility as a WiFi connection gives.


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Northern Ireland hero Will Grigg may not have have played a single minute of Euro 2016 - but he has undoubtedly become a legend among fans.
The striker failed to make the pitch for Michael O'Neill's side during their epic journey in France, however the chant with the cult hero's name in it will live long in the memory.
And, believe it or not, the song that went viral is still making making waves around the world.
This video below, taken by Newtownabbey man Gary O'Rourke, appears to show a large crowd singing the hit in an Italian city.
The group walking through Piazza del Campo, in the heart of Siena, seem to spontaneously break into the song.
Gary, who is on a break with his family in Tuscany and travelled to the city for the day, said: "We had been visiting the beautiful city of Siena, and finishing up dinner at the Piazza del Campo, when we heard drums coming towards us.
"Joking about parades, we started to video as it went past us. And then, to our surprise, and delight, the crowd seemed to spontaneously burst into an Italian version of Will Grigg's on fire!"


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BR ANALYSIS. From home to work, IoT is steadily reshaping society
Aurel Dragan 16/06/2019 | 08:04
The Internet of Things (IoT) is expected to be a game-changer in the coming years. However, commentators say it is slowly entering our lives already without our even realizing it, the way the cloud did many years ago.
Cloud as a technology started entering the lexicon a decade ago, sparking fears for the security of personal data. But the same people were using Gmail and other free email providers long before that without realizing that they were using the cloud to store their data and emails. The same situation we see now for the Internet of Things (IoT). While 5G technology is supposed to raise the levels of IoT devices to tens of billions, we already have and use the technology in our homes.
Smart-metering is a way to keep track of how much energy or other utilities one is using and also to collect data from a distance. Smart meters are devices for measuring the usage of certain utilities and other consumable resources and transfer the data through a wireless connection. Smart meters entered Romania more than a decade ago for the consumption of water and centralized heat and, more recently, for gas and electricity. And it is not at small scale, as there are millions of smart meters across the country.
The Romanian Energy Strategy cites energy efficiency as a main priority and experts say one of the ways this can be done is through the Smart Grid. Romania has set a goal to reduce energy consumption by 19 percent by 2020 which is possible only with a Smart Grid, which means 500,000 smart meters to be installed by Electrica by 2020. Among the suppliers of smart metering and energy efficiency technologies are Energobit, Eaton Group, Adrem Invest, Phoenix Contact Group, Eco Therm Services.
Romania has 9 million electricity customers, of whom 8.38 million are households; 3.03 million natural gas customers, of whom 2.85 million are households; and 1.56 million heat customers. This means a total of 13.6 million consumers that need to be connected to a smart grid using a smart meter, all being IoT devices.
Romanian IoT startup Bob Concierge expands services by signing a new partnership with laundry and dry cleaning company Mr. Jeff
Newcomers to the market
Recently, Sigfox, a global leader in IoT technology, launched its services in Romania through a partner at Simple IoT. Romania joins the 60-country network in which Sigfox is operating.
A French company set up in 2010, it is the world's largest IoT network in terms of covered markets, its wide range of applicability and its number of dedicated device manufacturers. Across the 60 countries, Sigfox will serve IoT connectivity needs in territories with a population of over 1 billion people.
Nowadays, the company's ecosystem includes more than 700 devices from over 650 companies, and the number is increasing exponentially. The network operates in the free spectrum made available for use by European regulations, and all operators in the Sigfox network are interconnected in a single network. Among the company's global investors are top companies such as Samsung, Salesforce, Intel Capital, Total, Engie, Eutelsat, Telefonica and Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, while worldwide customers using Sigfox's connectivity solutions include: Groupe PSA, Michelin, Total, Free, Securitas, Bosch, Louis Vuitton, Nestle and Danone.
"By 2030, we estimate that all objects containing at least one electronic circuit will be connected to the internet in one way or another. These are objects that will be found in every aspect of our everyday lives. We can state that seven out of ten IoT connectivity needs today can be solved using Sigfox. Romania's potential for this market is very high and we estimate that over the next five to ten years over 20 million devices connected via Sigfox will be adopted," said Emma Park, VP Europe at Sigfox.
According to company representatives, Simple IoT solutions have a high applicability in various areas such as transport and logistics, utility monitoring through smart metering, smart buildings, retail and cold-chain, insurance and e-health, agriculture and the environment, smart cities, etc. The benefits of using the network include accurate business information and data, increasing business competitiveness, expanding business, improving customer experience, and automating business processes.
"The IoT market is bigger than it seems at first glance. Customers' needs are very diverse and can be found in a wide range of areas. The first projects launched by Simple IoT in Romania were based on two fundamental customer needs: the first access to information that they could not obtain or which had a very high production cost while the second, with a wider impact, is the efficient use of human resources, especially in the context of the difficulties of finding workforce, in activities relevant to business and the relieving of repetitive and simple activities. The connectivity offered by us is the best solution for situations where the customer needs specific and accurate information from his or her equipment, but also a long battery life with year-round autonomy as well as a cost of ownership and reduced use," says Dan Vlad, CEO & Founder of Simple IoT. The Simple IoT network currently has coverage in major cities in Romania such as Bucharest, Ploiesti, Constanta, Brasov, Ramnicu Valcea, Sibiu, Cluj-Napoca, Timisoara and Arad, and by the end of the year, the IoT operator expects to cover more than 50 percent of the population.
eMobility and Smart Home
A Vodafone Barometer shows that a third of businesses worldwide are using IoT and 70 percent of these adopters have moved beyond the pilot stage. Also, 95 percent of adopters are seeing the benefits of this technology as it moves into the mainstream. Case studies from different industries, from medical exoskeletons to connected tires, show that IoT can impact businesses regardless of size and sector.
In Romania, the operator has implemented IoT solutions in areas such as retail, energy, utilities, automotive, transport and logistics. Last year it launched NB-IoT (NarrowBand IoT), a standard developed to enable a wide range of cellular devices and services. NB-IoT uses a subset of the LTE standard, but limits the bandwidth to a single narrow band of 200kHz. "Since the last IoT Barometer, we've seen an increase in IoT adoption in Romania as more and more companies are realising the importance of our cost-effective customizable solutions. Vodafone Romania continues to enrich its IoT solution portfolio in order to efficiently respond to the market's needs and to improve our customers' competitiveness and performance," stated Eduard Cucu, high corporate sales director, Vodafone Romania.
Smart grid, smart metering, smart home, and eMobility are just a few of the applications IoT can provide. And 5G connections will enhance the volume of data supported by the network, increase reliability and offer near-zero latency, say pundits. But people don't have to wait for 5G in order to develop IoT apps and services. Today, over 6 billion devices are connected through a telecommunication network all over the world and this is only 1 percent of the total devices that could be connected by IoT.
For businesses especially (rather than households) IoT can bring operational efficiency and even predict machine failure before it happens. The technology is still in the early stages and building and maintaining IoT systems remains a challenge. Collecting and analyzing the data from the connected devices is also important, requiring specialized apps. But experts say it is clear that IoT is here to stay and reshaping the way we do business.
Tags: cloud, Internet of Things, sigfox, simple iot
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