Great work gentlemen, I'm looking forward to your launch!
> The AMSAT FUNcube team are delighted to be able to announce that the FUNcube-1 CubeSat has now completed all its final testing and been placed into its launch POD.
> This work was completed during a three day programme at the premises of ISIS BV in Delft in the Netherlands and was finished, on time, late this afternoon.
> FUNcube-1 is actually the middle 1U CubeSat of three sharing a 3U ISIPOD.  It is sharing the ISIPOD with ZACUBE-1 from South Africa  and HINcube from Norway. ZACube-1, in addition to carrying VHF and UHF communications equipment also has a 20 metre beacon which will operate on 14.099MHz  This ISIPOD, with the spacecraft inside, will be transported to Russia, early next month,for launch and will eventually be attached directly to the launch vehicle.
> FUNcube-1 carries a U/V linear transponder and the educational telemetry beacon using 1k2 BPSK for school outreach purposes.


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Silent-J on EDM's Popularity, His Beat-Mixing Philosophy, Working With Miss Krystle, and How 300 Inspired His Tracks
Benjamin Leatherman | March 16, 2012 | 1:45pm
Despite what his nom de guerre of Silent-J might portend, Jimmy Ng is rarely at a loss for words. Ask him his opinion on the current state of electronic dance music or what skills are necessary to succeed as a DJ these days and you'll get an earful from the veteran producer and mixer jock.
Such was the case when the Chicago native took time out of his busy schedule -- which includes collaborating with Miss Krystle (who was profiled in this week's issue), spinning at a variety of raves and club gigs, and slaving over a hot laptop mixing up even hotter beatscapes - to speak with us on a variety of topics for this week's DJ Dossier.
Name: Jimmy Ng, Jr.
AKA: Silent J
Preferred genres to work in: Electro, Dutch, dubstep, hip-hop, mash-ups.
How did you get started as a DJ?
Back in 2001, a friend and associate of mine had bought a pair of Numark Axis 4's and was spinning "Juke Music" in Chicago, I became determined to learn how to use them after seeing him at a basement party. Two days and six hours later, I had beat-matching down and started spinning along side him at house parties, clubs and underground events in Chicago as DJ Burnout.
Explanation behind your DJ name?
It was actually given to me by Richard Anthony and friends. When I was younger I lost my fiancée to gang crossfire and didn't speak for some time. Which has led to myself being quiet around people I don't know. I feel and express my emotions through my music silently. Hence, Silent J.
What's your opinion on the current overwhelming popularity of EDM?
I feel it's a long overdue process honestly. It's a great thing for producers like myself to branch out into a completely different realm that some of us may be striving for. The ability to succeed as well as others have such as Skrillex, David Guetta, Benny Benassi is another reason for the rest of us to work even harder to reach our goals. Knowing Sonny personally from hanging with him a few times just reminds me furthermore that anyone can do it with the right amount of dedication. So I think its something that is great for the music industry. Change is always good!
How have you benefited?
Well its benefited me with my production that more labels and artists are looking for that sound to capitalize on that market. So remixes that i have done, unofficial or official, have gained more attention than i could have dreamed! It has also led to great collaborations like my current collaborations with producer/singer Miss Krystle.
Is there more awareness of the beat-making or beat-mixing craft?
Absolutely. Producers of EDM are getting a lot more respect and recognition nowadays versus five years ago. Today, anyone can tell you Pitbull loves to have House music on his releases. Not many realize that he has been doing it for years. EDM has come a long way from underground, and I believe this is only the beginning. With the public eye now aware of the vast possibilities of the EDM genres such as house, electro and dubstep, its going in a direction that will take music to a new level! That also led a lot of people to realize that events such as EDC, WMC/Ultra and events like mine aren't just events with a bunch of random people dancing in them, they are concerts just like any other. The Grammy's were a clear sign of that with major acts like Deadmau5, and David Guetta performing live.
Is there also the perception that anyone can be a DJ?
I have indeed seen and heard the assumptions that producing and performing House and Dubstep is a very simple thing. But the plain truth: ITS NOT. [People] may say that Skrillex's sounds are just loud noises clashed together (or that house is just a simple kick with added sounds) when in truth, Sonny's production is a extremely high amount of melodic structuring and placement. It's not quite so easy to place these sounds in the correct areas in the right areas and still be appealing to crowds. The same goes for any serious producer.
Any other advice to potential DJs?
My advice would be to start producing. These days there are a lot of DJ's out there reaching for the spotlight. I found the best way to express myself through music is through music that I produce. There's no better feeling during a performance than to see a crowd of people dancing and reacting to something you created yourself as an expression of what u felt moved you. An aspiring DJ/producer must realize that nothing is going to be hand fed to you, if its what you truly want, you have to work hard at it.
How do you create your beats/sounds etc?
Primarily I use Ableton, Sylenth and Massive for basslines and synths, and Izotope Ozone for mastering. From there it comes down to sequencing, frequency placement and knowing when to hit it harder and when to give the listeners ears a break! Im a big fan of remixes. Remixes normally have a 1 day turnaround for me cause its the easiest type of producing and its the most fun to put your own swing on another producers great work!
What's your production process like?
When I am getting the inspiration to produce a track, strangely enough my inspiration comes from movie sound tracks or songs no where near the EDM genre. I just hear a melody or sound and my ears just break it down and change it around to sound evil or happy and I get inspired to try that in a song. I relate it to the mood I had been recently feeling and then it morphs into something that can dance to.
My creative base is primarily from something I am feeling or have felt related to something i heard or saw in a movie. For example, "Kick the Groove, my Beatport charttopper, was inspired from the movie 300. It is in no way related to the movie whatsoever, but somehow that beast came from it.
What goes into a great set or a great mix?
Track structure, reading the crowd, DJ performance such as reacting with the crowd or with your tracks. A lot of DJs forget that they are part of the main focus when performing on stage at a event. The crowd looks to you for reactions. If your not reacting, its a good chance they wont as well. Also mic announcements or live vocalists and singers do amazing things for crowd attention!
What skills are a must for any DJ?
Beat-matching is definitely number one, level management, mixing in key knowledge, and must know how to read and refocus to a crowd. If the crowd isn't feeling something, try a different approach.
Are you associated with any DJ crews?
I actually run Silent Unspoken Entertainment, based out of Arizona and has a sister company in Chicago. We have 19 DJs, 7 go-go dancers and an event crew as well. We throw EDM events, host club events and coordinate staging and create props or graphic design as well.
What's your mantra when it comes to DJing?
Well it depends on the type of set I want to play. Most of the time I spin it can reflect my mood, If im energetic. I play alot of dutch house and peak hour, if im angry, I play the heavy bass line or wobble tracks. If im feeling uplifted and energetic from the crowd, I will do crazy tricks on the decks or quick mixes, mash ups, etc.
What's your favorite track of the moment?
That's a tough one. I'm stuck between Nicki Minaj "Turn Me On (Sidney Samson Remx)" and Bingo Players "L'Amour."
What else have you been listening to lately?
Alot of Annger Dimas, Steve Aoki, Nicky Romero, Usher, Chris Brown, Rihanna,Linkin park, Mr Robotic, MC Flipside and Miss Krystle's Albums. I love diversity.
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DJ Dossier
Benjamin Leatherman is the clubs editor at Phoenix New Times. He covers local nightlife, music, culture, geekery, and fringe pursuits.
Facebook: Benjamin Leatherman
Twitter: @partycrasheraz

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Our Maitre D's are a point person responsible for overseeing the dining room including placement of large parties, acting as a goodwill ambassador to Guests and greeting and seating Guests in the dining room. What do you think? Sound like your cup of espresso? Around here we say our purpose is to bring people together to celebrate the love of family and friends. If it sounds like we have our own way of looking at the world, you're right! We call it The Maggiano's Way, and it means odds are you get us and we want to meet you… now!


LONDONDERRY TOWNSHIP, DAUPHIN COUNTY, Pa. -- The 'Wish Upon A Food Truck Festival' came to the Vineyard and Brewery at Hershey in Dauphin County Sunday to help a young girl's dream come true.
The special reveal took place for 8-year-old Savannah Hester of Hummelstown.
Hester suffers from a gastrointestinal disorder that does not allow her stomach to empty food, and she has been receiving treatment at Penn State Hershey Medical Center.
Her wish was to go to Disney World...and now her dream is finally set to come true, thanks to the funds raised from the 'Wish Upon A Food Truck Festival' and the Make-A-Wish Foundation.
The family and pet-friendly event featured 35 different food trucks, music, games, face painting and more.
FOX43's MaryEllen Pann and Ali Bradley even stopped by to say hello.
Organizers say the event is all about giving back.
"We do our best to try to help local non-profits and charities," said "Merlot" Mike Wilson, partner of the Vineyard & Brewery at Hershey. "We feel its important to give back the community that's built us," he added.
All proceeds from the event will go towards granting wishes to children with life-threatening illnesses and the Make-A-Wish Foundation.


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std::unique_ptr<base::PowerMonitorSource> MakePowerMonitorDeviceSource() {
  return std::make_unique<base::PowerMonitorDeviceSource>();
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


7. Hear, O my people, and I will speak; O Israel, and I will testify against thee: I am God, even thy God.
8. I will not reprove thee for thy sacrifices or thy burnt offerings to have been continually before me.
9. I will take no bullock out of thy house, nor he goats out of thy folds.
16. But unto the wicked God saith, What hast thou to do to declare my statutes, or that thou shouldest take my covenant in thy mouth?
20. Thou sittest and speakest against thy brother; thou slanderest thine own mother's son.
21. These things hast thou done, and I kept silence; thou thoughtest that I was altogether such an one as thyself: but I will reprove thee, and set them in order before thine eyes.
22. Now consider this, ye that forget God, lest I tear you in pieces, and there be none to deliver.
23. Whoso offereth praise glorifieth me: and to him that ordereth his conversation aright will I shew the salvation of God.


Once I had an Idea, I sat down with a pen and paper. I started writing down whatever Ideas I started getting. I started sending out emails to my friends, to be moms. Wherever I went, I had one question. How should your ideal diaper bag look?I received tons of inputs. Anywhere I went the problem went with me. Your best ideas to support your view will come from most unusual places or people. So I did not hesitate to ask. Another thing you can do is to send your questions via a simple email or using services like Google Forms or Survey Monkey. I have used these two services, but many options are available.
My first networking events. I was super happy that I went. These events have boosted my confidence by leaps and bounds. I took my bag along, and everyone was super impressed! Their energy just propelled me. With that energy boost, I think I would survive for days had I not eaten. Hmm, but I did eat that's another story :).Just one connection will open up an entire window of opportunities.
There comes a point in our lives where we find ourselves stuck. No matter how hard you try, you cannot find a way to lift your spirits up. The very job which was exciting in the beginning might make you slog. Why? Well, many factors play a role to bring us to this moment. We are humans we change every day. Our emotions change on daily basis, changes in our relationships good or bad happen, changes at work and many more factors fuel the moment we have come to.
It's no secret that a handbag is the most loyal and priceless companion of a woman. When motherhood comes along this valuable companion takes a backseat. This is what happened to me. When I became a mom the diaper bag became my most valuable possession. Can you believe that?


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From the Rabbi's Study
An Appreciation of the Legacy Fund
My column this month is an appreciation of Temple Beth El's Legacy Fund. Thanks to this fund, and sometimes supplemented by the Rabbi's Discretionary Fund, we have been able to bring some really interesting programming to our synagogue. At the end of January, for example, my good friend and colleague, former physicist Rabbi Michael Lotker, presented several inspiring lectures, including "Science and Religion" and "Demystifying Kabbalah and Jewish Mysticism." These sessions were very well attended and drew enormous praise from attendees, both for the accessibility and usefulness of his material, and for the engaging way in which it was presented. Late last year, thanks to the Legacy Fund, we brought Rabbi Jill Zimmerman, once TBE's student rabbi, who taught us Jewish spiritual practices that offer ways to bring serenity and awareness to our busy lives.
For Selichot, we were able to bring Dr. Marcia Falk to discuss her new book, The Days Between: Blessings, Poems, and Directions of the Heart for the Jewish High Holiday Season. This volume is "a companion for travelers on the to-and-fro journey of…the Ten Days of Returning – inward to the self and outward to relationships between self and others" (xxii). Dr. Falk helped us prepare for the Days of Awe, providing us with a different perspective on the meaning of the holidays. In February, Beth Hill-Skinner, who was trained at the Deepak Chopra Center, is offering three sessions on meditation (February 1, 8, and 22, 10-11:30 AM).
Coming in March, we will be offering two important programs:
—Israel's Security in an Age of Terror: presented by our congregant Ian Oxnevad and by Beth Hill-Skinner. Oxnevad is earning a Ph.D. in Political Science from UCR with emphases in International Relations and Comparative Politics. On March 5th, 7 PM, he will present "Climate Change and its Impact on the Middle East and Israel." Hill-Skinner has two Masters degrees, one in Theology from the University of Notre Dame and one (cum laude) in International Diplomacy with a specialization in Transnational Terrorism from Norwich University. On March 26th, 7 PM, she will present "Terrorism in the Middle East and Its Impact on Israel."
—The Exodus of Middle Eastern Jews from Arab Countries to Israel. On March 12th, 7 PM, we will screen the documentary "Forgotten Refugees," followed by a presentation on March 19th, 7 PM, by Dr. Daniel Khazzoom, a retired economics professor from UC Berkeley and the author of the memoir, No Way Back: The Journey of a Jew from Baghdad. He will discuss the situation of Jews from the Middle East who were expelled from their home countries, emigrating to Israel where they faced discrimination. Included will be the rich culture these Jews left behind in countries such as Iraq.
And in April, for Yom Ha-Shoah on April 15th, 6:30 PM, Dr. Sylvia Flescher, a psychoanalyst whose Jewish father was rescued by her non-Jewish mother during the Holocaust, will present "Googling for Ghosts: a Meditation on Writer's Block, Mourning and the Holocaust." Dr. Flescher has written about her parents' experience while also thinking deeply about what challenges await the Second Generation as they embark on "memorializing" their parents' experiences.
In the past, the Legacy Fund has brought us luminaries such as Rabbi Zoë Klein, author of Drawing in the Dust; filmmakers Aviva Kempner ("The Life and Times of Hank Greenberg," "Yoo-hoo, Mrs. Goldberg") and Gaylen Ross ("Killing Kastner"); and the Kirtan Rabbi.
These are just some of the riches made possible by this fund. I am very grateful.


From Cherry Hill to Philadelphia to Wilmington!
Metric Concrete Construction & Design Inc. performs basement waterproofing, foundation repair, crawl space repair and concrete leveling. Metric is always an affordable contractor for basement waterproofing and we pride ourselves in that we work hard to ensure our customers are satisfied!


Entering its second century of presenting performing arts for the community, the onStage Guest Artist Series at Connecticut College will kick off the 2018-2019 season on Sept. 29 with the Dance Theatre of Harlem, currently embarking on their fiftieth anniversary tour.
The Dance Theatre of Harlem was founded by acclaimed New York City Ballet principal dancer Arthur Mitchell. He was inspired to give back to the kids of Harlem following the assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King. Fifty years later, the Dance Theatre of Harlem features treasured classics and innovative contemporary works that use the language of ballet to celebrate African American culture.
"The Nature of Forgetting" is the story of Tom – a middle-aged father struggling with the early stages of dementia. Theatre Re developed this moving piece on memory and amnesia by collaborating with a neuroscience professor and interviewing older members of their local community to create links between science and the real human experience. A panel discussion will immediately follow the performance, presented in collaboration with the Connecticut Chapter of the Alzheimer's Association.
Boston's Lorelei Ensemble is driven by their mission to advance and elevate women's vocal ensembles and enrich the repertoire through forward-thinking and co-creative collaboration. The vocal ensemble comprises nine women who expertise ranges from early to contemporary repertoire. The group is recognized as a source of some of the most innovative and inventing programming, having commissioned and premiered more than 50 new works since its founding in 2007.
Pianist, composer and improviser Donal Fox and renowned poet Quincy Troupe offer a new collaboration, reuniting for the first time since their work together on Donal Fox's 1997 album Gone City (New World Records), which The Green Mountain Jazz Messenger described as "powerful vernacular poems of African-American experience." The program, "Star-Spangled Banner Fractured," is a vehicle to inspire, educate and fuel dialogue in the critical fight for social justice in America.
For tickets and more information, call 860-439-2787 or visit the onStage Guest Artist Series website. Tickets may also be purchased online.


On Sunday I spoke about the growth we are experiencing, and that although growth is great it always brings with it problems which need to be overcome. Towards the end of the preach I spoke about money being one of the keys to growth (a message Ben Davies has brought to us for years). In 2011 we need to see around a 10% increase in giving in order to do all the things we have in our heart to do.
Please take the chance to have a look at these pages. If you have any questions or comments on the pages (which we'd love to hear) then there are details on the pages as to who to send them to, or feel free to post them to the blog and I'll get answers to them posted there.
I'd like to encourage everyone who is part of our community to consider their giving, both regular giving and when people receive bonuses and inheritances. But remembering that God loves cheerful givers, and that we don't want anyone giving reluctantly or under any sense of compulsion.
A huge thank you to Ben Oliver, Mike Webber-Gant, Helen Dodwell, Bill Clague and Rosie Donnan who have helped put these pages together.


Supporting your colonies' ability to thrive and achieving your desired outcomes requires a systematic approach and the application of practical techniques and knowledge. In this course you will learn how to predict what to expect in your colony season by season. You'll gain confidence in your ability to analyze different situations and make informed management decisions based on the scientific principles you learn here. Apply the hands-on techniques used by experienced, expert beekeepers, honey bee biologists, and the Cornell University Honey Bee Extension team to keep your colonies healthy and to produce your desired outcomes year after year.
This is the second in a series of courses that equip beekeepers at the hobby, sideliner, and commercial level with the concepts, knowledge, and best management practices needed to pass the written, oral and field components of Cornell University's Master Beekeeper Certification.


We currently have ROLLING JACKPOTS on the following sessions.
Early Bird Rolling Jackpot available on EVERY game in EVERY Early Bird session!
Tuesday PM Rolling Jackpot available on the last game of the night session!
ALL ROLLING JACKPOTS ARE SUBJECT TO CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE.


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Home Omaha Public Library Omaha National Bank and adjoining buildings
Omaha National Bank and adjoining buildings
Title Omaha National Bank and adjoining buildings
Description Omaha National Bank, at its original location at 212 S. 13th Street, can be seen in this black and white lantern slides. The bank is a stone building with five stories, as well as some visible basement windows. There are smaller buildings on both sides of the bank. The building on the left has a sign that reads "A. Marinelli Fruit Store". There are people, horses, and carriages in the street in front of the buildings.
Creator Wallace, William, 1841-1915
Contributors Danielson, Darlean M.
Publisher Omaha Public Library
Subject Omaha National Bank (Omaha, Neb.)
Banks -- Nebraska -- Omaha
Commercial streets -- Nebraska -- Omaha
Owning Institution Omaha Public Library
Local Accession/Call Number ls00216
Historical Notes The Omaha National Bank building was built in 1882. The bank later moved to the New York Life Building at 17th and Farnam Streets. Source: Spencer, Jeffrey. Historic Photos of Omaha. Nashville: Turner Publishing, 2007, p. 115.
Relation-Is part of Early Omaha Collection
Ordering and Use http://www.memories.ne.gov/rights/opl.html


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Q: Electrons and ionization in an electric current Conductors have free electrons to roam, but is that equivalent to continuous ionization of atoms in a conductor, say when an electric current is running through?

A: It's tempting to think that in a metal the conduction electrons are pulled off their atoms and go rattling around leaving the ionised atoms behind. However this is at best a very misleading representation of what happens.
What happens in a metallic conductor is that the conduction electrons become delocalised. In effect they spread out and get fuzzy so they are spread out over all the atoms in the metal rather than being bound to a single atom. Any particular atom loses some of its own electron as that electron spreads out to cover other atoms, however it gains electron density from the other atoms as their electrons spread out so there is no net change.
The delocalised electrons occupy momentum states in a continuous band called the conduction band. When a current flows what happens is that the population of the momentum states changes slightly so there is a net momentum in the direction of the flow. The average electron density is not changed.

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2mas
Location: Trondhjem
Bjorn Tore Kvarme was delighted to finally score in front of the Kop - nearly two decades after leaving Liverpool.
The former Norwegian defender bagged a late equaliser as Liverpool Legends drew 5-5 with Bayern Munich in their charity match for the LFC Foundation at Anfield.
Kvarme, who failed to find the net in his 54 appearances for the Reds in the late 1990s, finished emphatically to ensure that Ian Rush's side avoided defeat.
"It just came bouncing out to me and I had to try and hit it," he told the ECHO.
"I hit it quite well and I was happy to see it go in. It was a great feeling. I never thought I would score my first goal at Anfield at the age of 45.
Read more: Bjorn Tore Kvarme opens up after scoring his first Anfield goal at the age of 45
Video: Liverpool legends in 10-goal thriller with Bayern Munich
CRISTIAN GAMBOA has flown in a personal trainer from Spain in a bid to keep his World Cup dream alive.
The Celtic defender is unlikely to feature much before the end of the season after being frozen out by Brendan Rodgers.
Gamboa, who starred for Costa Rica against Scotland last week, has played more games for his country than his club this term.
He said: "It is a difficult situation and it is not ideal.
"But I just have to make sure I am fit and I am ready for the World Cup.
"The good thing is that I know Costa Rica trust me a lot. I have played 70-odd games for them and the manager knows I have experience of playing in a World Cup.
"I can only take what Celtic give me and hopefully be ready. The World Cup is a massive thing and that's why I'm doing all that I can."
Read more: Celtic star Cristian Gamboa has flown in a personal trainer from Spain in a bid to keep his World Cup dream with Costa Rica alive
Police Scotland have revealed they are "very disappointed" in Celtic's Mikael Lustig after the defender nicked a police officer's hat during today's match celebrations.
A spokeswoman for Police Scotland said: "We are very disappointed with the player's actions and have spoken to Celtic Football Club who will deal with the matter internally.
"No further action will be taken by Police Scotland in regards to this."
Read more: Police Scotland 'very disappointed' in Mikael Lustig cop cap celebration and speak to Celtic FC about his actions
Brisbane Roar are set to further add to their attacking arsenal by signing Danish winger Tobias Mikkelsen.
An official announcement isn't expected until next month, but it is understood the 31-year-old Mikkelsen ¬ now plying his trade in Nordsjaelland in the Danish Super League ¬ has agreed to terms with the three-time A-League champions.
Read more: Brisbane Roar to sign Danish winger Tobias Mikkelsen
Liam Henderson could be set for a move to Serie A after Parma made a £1 million offer for him.
The 22-year-old has been a major success since his surprise January move to Italy to play with Bari in Serie B.
Bari are currently involved in the play-offs and they hope to secure promotion.
But even if they don't, it seems likely Henderson will be the first Scot to play in Serie A since Graeme Souness last did it with Sampdoria in 1986.
Read more: Former Celtic midfielder Liam Henderson set for Serie A move as Parma eye £1m bid
Henderson's Italian agent Emiliano Salvarezza said:
"There are at least three Serie A clubs who have shown interest in Liam.
"And there is also interest from clubs in Serie B too. Liam has a contract with Bari for now and we have to see what will happen.
Read more: Liam Henderson wanted by three Serie A clubs as Parma battle it out with rivals
[Red Star are] delighted to announce the signing of Serbian winger Milan Jevtović on a free transfer from Turkish club Antalyaspor Kulübü on a two-year contract with an option of a further year.
"I've had offers to stay on at Rosenborg, there was interest from some Swedish clubs as well, but nothing comes close to playing for Crvena zvezda. This is my dream, it's priceless. I will give my best in training and in matches because I want to give Zvezda everything I've got."
Read more: Milan Jevtović is red-and-white!
Satisfied Dockal after scoring first two goals in 4-0 win over Vancouver.
Bad involvement by RBK(web) prospect Brek Shea on 1-0.
Liam Henderson is ready to turn down a return to Britain as he looks to continue his Italian adventure with a dream move to Serie A.
The former Celtic youngster is officially a free agent after former club Bari's financial collapse earlier this week.
Fiorentina, Parma and Bologna are among the clubs who have already been in touch with the 22-year-old's representatives.
And Seria B outfit Hellas Verona – who have recently appointed Italian World Cup winner and Henderson's former boss at Bari Fabio Grosso as their new manager – are also keen to land the playmaker.
A number of clubs from the UK have also been in contact, but SportTimes understands Henderson has made it clear he sees his future in Italy, where he feels his style of play is more suited.
Read more: Ex-Celtic midfielder Liam Henderson faces uncertain future as Bari are declared bankrupt
Kazakhstan Premier League side FC Irtysh Pavlodar have confirmed via their official website the signing of Nigerian attacking midfielder John Chibuike.
Chibuike has joined FC Irtysh Pavlodar as a free agent following the end of his agreement with Turkish club Samsunspor.
Read more: Official: Ex-Rosenborg BK Star John Chibuike Joins FC Irtysh Pavlodar
According to a report in the Mirror, Fulham have made an approach to sign St Etienne midfielder Ole Selnaes.
The report claims the Cottagers want to take the Norway international holding midfielder on a season-long loan deal, though the French club would prefer to sell the player outright.
Read more: Fulham seek loan deal for St Etienne's Ole Selnaes
According to claim in the French press, Fulham could make a last ditch attempt to sign St Etienne midfielder Ole Selnaes, with the player 'coveted' by the Cottagers.
L'Equipe today report Fulham are targeting the Norway international with just three days left of the transfer window, but his club aren't keen to sell.
However, it's claimed if a 'crazy offer' is tabled by Fulham, then St Etienne may consider selling the 24 year old.
Read more: Midfielder 'coveted' by Fulham, needs a 'crazy offer' to convince Ligue 1 club
Liam Henderson had a nice assist for Verona yesterday.
Nicki Bille, who last played for Lyngby Boldklub in Denmark, had a shotgun fired at him in a fight with three people at his home in Copenhagen.
Local media report Bille, 30, was shot in the forearm in the incident but managed to escape the scene without serious injuries.
Police spokesman Aaron Newmann told Ekstra Bladet: "We have had the chance to talk to the victim but obviously, I cannot reveal any more about the investigation."
Read more: Soccer star's Christmas: Blasted with shotgun in bungled murder attempt
Thug life.
Saint-Etienne midfielder Ole Selnaes has reportedly emerged as a target for West Ham United.
Accoridng to claims from French news outlet Peuple Vert, the 24-year-old is being courted by a number of clubs this month following an impressive start to the season.
Read more: West Ham interested in Ole Selnaes
Anthony Annan has finalized a move to Israeli top-flight side Beitar Jerusalem till the end of the season.
The former Hearts of Oak enforcer joins the Jerusalem-based outfit as a free agent after ending his three-year stay with Finnish champions HJK Helsinki at the end of last term.
The diminutive middleman is expected to use his experience to help Nir Klinger's side achieve their European football competition target.
Read more: Anthony Annan completes Beitar Jerusalem switch
Norwegian-born John Hou Saeter received his ID card as a Chinese citizen on Tuesday making him the first naturalized soccer player in China's history.
The move means that Hou, who turned 21 last month and has a Chinese mother and Norwegian father, could register with the Chinese Football Association (CFA) as a native player and even be called up by the national team.
But he must first secure his Chinese passport. By gaining citizenship, he abandoned his Norwegian nationality as China does not allow dual citizenship.
Read more: Norwegian-born Hou becomes China's first naturalized footballer
NAC sit at the bottom of the Eredivisie after a 3-0 loss to AZ Alkmaar last weekend. They face Dutch giants Ajax, who are six points behind top of the table PSV Eindhoven, on Sunday.
The Sutherland Sharks and Sydney FC product was recalled to Australia's squad for the Asian Cup last month but did not make it onto the pitch as the United Arab Emirates dumped the Socceroos out at the quarter-final stage.
"It took a while until it could be made final, but I'm glad it's finished now," Gersbach told the club's official website.
"NAC seems to me a very lively club where you experience a lot. I have heard many good stories about the club."
Read more: Alex Gersbach starts new chapter with Dutch Eredivisie club NAC Breda
Borek Dockal has returned to Sparta Prague from Henan Jianye in the Chinese Super League and a year with the Philadelphia Union in Major League Soccer.
Sparta says the 30-year-old playmaker signed a 3 1/2-year contract.
Read more: Czech Republic playmaker returns to Sparta from China, MLS
Hou made his debut as a 72nd-minute substitute in the CFA Super Cup on Saturday night in Suzhou, Jiangsu province, losing to defending CSL season champion Shanghai SIPG 2-0.
Hou's debut marked the first time a naturalized player appeared in a professional Chinese match.
"I'm very proud to change my nationality to become a Chinese citizen," said Hou.
Although Hou grew up in Europe, his mother Hou Yurong not only gave him a Chinese name, but encouraged him to embrace his ancestral roots.
Hou said that his mom was one of the major reasons he made the decision to be naturalized.
"My mother did not only give me Chinese blood," he said.
"She took me to China several times to visit the family when I was a small boy. She also cooked me Chinese food and let me to get used to the Chinese style of living.
"I come from Norway, but my mom is Chinese. I learned to speak some Chinese, so I can understand a bit, but it's difficult to communicate with people.
"My plan is to learn the language in the first half-year. In six months, I'm pretty sure I will be able to speak better Mandarin. I will find a Chinese teacher.
"My mom will also be at my side, along with my teammates. I believe I can achieve that."
Read more: Hopes high for history boy Hou
Rasmussen:
My time so far has actually been quite good. It's obviously difficult when you come to a country where you do not speak the language, so at the beginning it was convenient for me that we had other players in the team that spoke German, and some guys that spoke English too. I have picked up Italian and now it is getting quite easy.
On the football side has been good. I have participated in some matches, and of course you want to play every match but I can also see it from the coaches perspective that it is easier to play other players.
For me it is about giving my best every day and showing the manager that you want to give everything for the club so he knows that it is not a problem to let me play.
Read more: Empoli's Jacob Rasmussen On Schalke's Youth Development & The Best Strikers In Serie A
Anthony Annan has rejected contract extension offer at Beitar Jerusalem, just a month after joining, GHANAsoccernet.com can report.
Read more: Anthony Annan rejects contract extension offer at Israeli side Beitar Jerusalem
Henderson impressed at Bari and is now a key player with Verona as they eye promotion to Serie A - they currently sit third in Serie B, just six points behind leaders Brescia.
"The first loan move was to Rosenborg and it was only three months. It was a different culture, a different lifestyle and for me it was great.
"I would recommend it to any young player if they get the chance to go abroad. Rosenborg was up there in terms of professionalism.
"There's not many Scottish, English, Welsh or Irish players playing abroad - there are very few.
"It's about getting out your comfort zone and being alone and that's definitely the most difficult part.
Read more: Liam Henderson on Neil Lennon's special Celtic culture, life in Italy and his love for Hibs
Henderson's coach at Verona is Inzaghi's former Italy teammate Fabio Grosso, who scored the winning penalty in the 2006 World Cup final.
"I remember wanting France to win," Henderson says with a laugh, "but only because of [Zinedine] Zidane. It was his final bow. He played in a similar position to me. I idolised him when I was growing up."
Since then, Henderson admits, it's Grosso who has had "a huge, huge influence on my short career so far."
The opportunity to broaden his horizons, take in a new culture and learn under a big name such as Grosso, who began coaching at youth level with Juventus, where he won the prestigious Viareggio Cup, was too big to turn down. Henderson can't speak highly enough of the former full-back. Grosso got the Hellas job last summer and saw an opportunity to take Henderson and four other players with him when Bari went bust and had to start over in the fourth tier.
Read more: "You're not in Scotland now" -- Why Liam Henderson left superpower Celtic for the Italian second division
"There were no doors open, really. You had to go at it on your own and that was very, very difficult," Hirschfeld recalled.
"I was fortunate, I had people that opened doors for me and helped me and mentored me along the way. Without them, I never would have gotten as far as I did and actually had the opportunity to play like I did.
"I think we've got to get in the mentality of, 'Let's develop as much as we can, let's let them go and hopefully they one day come back and take care of the next generation.'"
Read more: Lars Hirschfeld back in Edmonton after blazing trail to soccer's pro ranks
Israeli club Beitar Jerusalem are set to release Ghana midfielder Anthony Annan at the end of the season, GHANAsoccernet.com can exclusively confirm.
Annan penned a six-month deal with the club in February on a free transfer after ending his three-year stay with Finnish champions HJK Helsinki at the end of last term.
Read more: Beitar Jerusalem set to release Ghana midfielder Anthony Annan
Neil Lennon says reborn Mikael Lustig has a key part to play in the immediate future of Celtic.
The Swedish international full-back was in hero mode in Aberdeen at the weekend as he and the champions secured their eighth straight flag.
"I would like to keep him. Mika will know more about his role as he gets older but as a player he is very important to what has been done here over the last eight years."�
Read more: The Mikael Lustig qualities Celtic boss Neil Lennon says make defender a must keep


text:
Local issues National issues State issues
Bo McCarver's weekly housing news compliation – 9/30/2008
Tent cities continue to sprout across the nation as foreclosures soar and jobs disappear. The financial institutions that might generate funds for relief are busy realigning, merging or folding as the few solvent giants pick through the bones of the fallen. Recovery that would free capital for local rebuilding is years away, if then.
The financial meltdown influences recovery from catastrophes such as Hurricanes Katrina, Rita and Ike. And FEMA continues to sleepwalk through its functions, waiting weeks before sending relief trailers to the coast.
FEMA: Mobile homes head for Southeast Texas Thursday
By Ryan Myer Beaumont Enterprise September, 24, 2008
After frustrating days of finger-pointing and delay, FEMA officials told local leaders Wednesday that mobile homes finally were on the way for Southeast Texans displaced from their homes by Hurricane Ike.
Mobile homes and "park model trailers" have been staged outside of the state and will begin shipping Thursday, said Albie Lewis, a Federal Emergency Management Agency official speaking in a conference call Wednesday.
Lewis declined to speculate when the mobile homes and park model trailers would begin arriving.
Galveston providing tent shelters
Associated Press September 25, 2008
GALVESTON, Texas – Residents of Galveston who found their homes uninhabitable when they returned this week after fleeing from Hurricane Ike now have another shelter to stay in – tents set up at an old elementary school, city officials said Thursday.
Mold has gotten a head start
By Lisa Falkenberg Houston Chronicle September 29, 2008
GALVESTON – It's black, white, green, blue, even calico. It feasts, floats and climbs. It can show itself, or not. It's toxic, or not. It can resemble a rash, pocket lint, a puff of smoke.
It can make your throat cough, eyes itch, head pound, or leave you alone.
The menace is mold, and it's ravaging water-damaged homes and buildings all over Galveston in the island's latest battle wrought by Hurricane Ike.
Housing price index tumbles 16.3% in July
By J.W. Elphinstone Associated Press Sept. 30, 2008
NEW YORK – A closely watched index released today showed home prices tumbling by the sharpest annual rate ever in July, but the rate of monthly declines is slowing.
Lawmakers Challenge Lack of Help Aimed at US Homeowners
By Mark Landier and David Herszenhorn New York Times September 24, 2008
Washington – The White House waged a multifront campaign Tuesday to persuade Congress to accept its vast bailout plan, with President Bush telling world leaders that the United States had taken "bold steps" to stanch the financial crisis while Vice President Dick Cheney and other top officials went to Capitol Hill to try to persuade reluctant lawmakers.
Treasury Secretary Henry M. Paulson Jr. and the chairman of the Federal Reserve, Ben S. Bernanke, faced five hours of grilling by skeptical, angry members of the Senate Banking Committee.
In blunt terms, Mr. Bernanke warned the senators that if they failed to pass the $700 billion plan, they risked causing a recession, increasing joblessness and pushing more homes into foreclosure.
"This will be a major drag on the U.S. economy and greatly impede the ability of the economy to recover," Mr. Bernanke said.
The lawmakers objected strenuously to the broad authority Mr. Paulson was requesting, the lack of additional steps to help homeowners avoid foreclosure and the absence of any demands for ownership stakes in the banks that are helped.
Home ownership isn't to blame for meltdown
Opinion by Victor Landa San Antonio Express-News Sept. 29, 2008
When the U.S. economy started its free fall in the middle of this month, the dire predictions held that close to 200 financial institutions would fail before it was all over.
That expectation has not changed, and it was no surprise when the country's largest thrift went into a tailspin last week. We all know now that Washington Mutual crumbled under its own weight and that JP Morgan Chase stepped in to buy its deposits at nearly $2 billion. So the deposits in the largest bank in the nation are safe without the intervention of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. The problem now is for the bank employees, many of whom will lose their jobs.
Patriot Homes, with Waco plant, files for bankruptcy
By Mike Copeland Waco Herald-Tribune September 29, 2008
Indiana-based Patriot Homes has filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection because its bank discontinued its line of credit.
The Patriot Homes plant in Waco will continue to operate, and its 145 employees will receive the same pay and benefits.
Nonprofit Makes Section 8 Complexes Green
By Richard Metcalf Albuquerque Journal September 22, 2008
A nonprofit partnership, spearheaded by San Franciscobased Reliant Group, has completed the "green" renovation of seven Section 8 apartment complexes in New Mexico, including two in Albuquerque.
Another Opinion: Prefab is Not the Answer to Affordable, Modern and Green Homes
By Lloyd Alter Treehugger Sept. 9, 2008
Chad Ludeman, developer of the 100K House, has looked at the prefab industry closely and concludes: "I just don't believe it is the best way of delivering modern design to the average new home buyer." He writes a guest post at Jetson Green that is thoughtful and thorough. He disputes most of the claims made by those promoting modern prefab (including me):
Tenants: Landlord used dead cats to push us out
NEW YORK — Tenants of a Brooklyn building said their landlord came up with a new idea for how to kick them out: Let the smell of the cats out of the bag. Dead cats, that is.
The stench from the carcasses did catch the tenants' attention – but they stayed and sued.
One tenant, Daisy Terry, told a City Hall news conference on Sunday it was so bad she had to hold her nose coming down the stairs.
The building in Brooklyn's Bushwick neighborhood was purchased last year by a company listed in court papers as Heskel. A call to Heskel Properties in Manhattan was not immediately returned.
Terry said the landlord used the dead cats to try to push out rent-stabilized tenants.
Homeowners' faith in commission crumbling
By: Veronica Castelo News 8 Austin September 23, 2008
Buying a home in Manor four years ago was a dream come true for Robert Hoover and his family.
"It's where I want to raise my kids. It's where I want to retire. It's where I want to grow old. We love our home," Hoover said.
Soon after buying his new home Hoover discovered cracks in the foundation. He turned to the Texas Residential Construction Commission or TRCC for help. Duane Waddill is the Executive Director.
It's been almost four years since Hoover contacted TRCC. Today, Hoover's home still has cracks in the foundation and he's still trying to get the builder to do something about it.
Homeowners like Hoover feel like they are still left battling giant homebuilders by themselves.
Big insurers don't have to get permission to raise homeowner rates, legislative panel says
By Terrence Schultz Dallas Morning News September 24, 2008
AUSTIN – Big Texas insurers chalked up a victory Wednesday, when a legislative committee narrowly rejected a proposal to require that they get prior approval from the state before increasing homeowner rates for their customers.
Plan to house homeless dropped
By Sarah Coppola Austin American-Statesman September 25, 2008
The nonprofit group Community Partnership for the Homeless is suspending its plans to build an apartment complex on Manor Road.
In Hard Times, Tent Cities Multiply
Reno, Nevada – A few tents cropped up hard by the railroad tracks, pitched by men left with nowhere to go once the emergency winter shelter closed for the summer.
Then others appeared – people who had lost their jobs to the ailing economy or newcomers who had moved to Reno for work and discovered no one was hiring.
Within weeks, more than 150 people were living in tents big and small, barely a foot apart in a patch of dirt slated to be a parking lot for a campus of shelters Reno is building for its homeless.
Like many other cities, Reno has found itself with a "tent city" – an encampment of people who had nowhere else to go.
From Seattle to Athens, Ga., homeless advocacy groups and city agencies are reporting the most visible rise in homeless encampments in a generation.


Which Verification Form Do I Choose?
This year you have two different forms to select from. If your service event encompasses more than one day, choose the continuous record. If your service event is just a one-time, one-day event, choose the regular service learning verification form. Keeping a record of every time you volunteer allows maximum accuracy.
If the supervisor prefers to sign them in one day, contact Mr Lewis in Rm 225 about your personal situation. If there are any discrepancies or wrong choices in the form, the form and hours will not be accepted and students will be asked to either fill out the form again or redo the hours.
How Do I Fill Out the Service Learning Form?
The First form is basically the same with a few differences. Here we will only discuss the new aspects of the form. Any other questions regarding the form can be directed to Mr.Lewis in Rm 225.
Graduation Year - It is accompanied by Grade because many people put down the current year. It is the year YOU graduate.
Category - Inserted for recording purposes. Choose one of the three categories on the left hand side that your event falls under and record the number.
Contribution - This box is for you to write down what you did and all the actions that you were involved in during the project.
Impact - This year we want to know what difference you made and how your service affected someone. The point of service learning is to understand the effect individuals have in their communities. Please note your impact is different from contribution.
Make sure that ALL PORTIONS are completed before your supervisor fills out the "verification box".
How Do I Fill Out the Service Learning Continuous Record?
Fill out all information about the service just like a regular service learning verification form.
Keep a running record of the dates and write down a sentence about the progress you are making.
Don't forgot to get a Supervisor's signature every time so that it is official. If problems occur, please talk to Mr.Lewis in Rm 225.


More About Used Cars From Ritchey Autos South at Subaru of Daytona. The used inventory at our dealership qualifies for all the same great services that our new cars do. So, once you have found a favorite Chevrolet or Cadillac in our listings, check out our online finance application. You can get started in the pre-approval for one of these great Malibus, Silverados, Equinoxes, or ATS models today. After you have filled out the credit app, give us a call to schedule an appointment for a test drive.


Pseudodactylogyrus bini is a monogenean gill worm that infects the invasive European eel (Anguilla anguilla) and native American eel (Anguilla rostrata). This monogenean feeds on mucus, epithelial cells, and cells reacting to the infection (blood from haemorrhaging). Eels produce weak antibodies in response to infection from P. bini often resulting in fatality or other detrimental results.
Symptoms: Infected eels can face serious effects including mortality and slowed maturity related to reproduction. Pseudodactylogyrus bini feeds on mucous and epithelial cells causing a haemorrhage inside the eel body. This results in hyperplasia of gill tissue and can be so detrimental that haptor and hindparts become embedded.
The eel trade has been consistently popular since the 1900's creating profit from eel sales and cultivation of eel farms. This trade provides regular transfers of eels allowing for a concurrent transfer of P. bini. Due to the serious side effects of infected eels, the eel trade faces serious economic losses due to high mortality of infected eel farms. This monogean also creates a threat to native eel populations in the wild that are already facing a dramatic population decline due to anthropmorphic factors.
Most monogeneans have a simple life cycle consisting of an egg, larval, and adult stage. Eggs hatch as an Oncomiracidia, which is an elongate cell bearing cilia. The oncomiracidia is a free swimming stage that is relatively short with attachment to a host triggering loss of cilia and development into the adult form. Many monogeneans have evolved life cycles that coincide with host life cycles to increase chances of contact during the free swimming stage. For example the monogenean will breed near the time of the host spawning causing the number of potential hosts to increase in an area.
Japanese eels (Anguilla japonica) were first documented with infection by P. bini 70 years ago. Due to eel migrations and trade facilitating the transfer of this monogean, European eels were infected in the 1980's followed by the American eel in the 1990's.
U.S. Habitat: Pseudodactylogyrus bini is dependent on a host for survival and can be found infecting a host. The host, aguillid eel, is found off the east cost and gulf coast in the U.S. and in bodies of water as far west as the Great Lakes.
There is currently no cure or remedy to kill the parasite without harming the host. The aguillid eel host also lacks natural immune defenses strong enough to treat infection. The only current management techinque is to prevent infected eels from exposue to healthy eels. It is also important to alert local wildlife authorities if there is a potential for an infected eel in your area to prevent further spread to other native eels.
Buchmann, K. 1988. Feeding of Pseudodactylogrus bini (Monogenea) from Anguilla anguilla. Bulletin of European Association of Fish Pathology 8: 79-81.
Buchmann, K. 1997. Infection biology of gill parasitic monogeneans with special reference to congeners Pseudodactylogyrus bini and P. anguillae (Monogenea: Platyhelminthes) from European eel. Dissertaion, Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Frederiksberg.
Carlton J.T., and J.B. Geller. 1993. Ecological roulette: the global transport of nonindigenous marine organisms. Science 261: 78-82.
Hayward, Craig J., Makoto Iwashita, John S. Crane, and Kazuo Ogawa. 2001. First report of the invasive eel pest Pseudodactylogrys bini in North America and wild American eels. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 44: 53-60.
Marcogliese, D.J., and D.K. Cone. 1993. What metazoan parasites tell us about the evolution of American European eels. Evolution 47: 1632-1635.
Roberts, Larry S., and John Janovy Jr. 2000. Foundations of Parasitology. McGraw-Hill Higher Education: New York. 6th ed.


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\title{$R$-parity preserving super-WIMP decays}

\author{Maxim Pospelov$^{1,2}$ and
Michael Trott}\thanks{pospelov@perimeterinstitute.ca \\ mtrott@perimeterinstitute.ca}
\affiliation{{\it Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, Waterloo,
Ontario N2J 2W9, Canada}
\\
$^2${\it Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Victoria,
     Victoria, BC, V8P 1A1 Canada}
}
\date{\today}
\begin{abstract}
We point out that when the decay of one electroweak scale super-WIMP state to another
occurs at second order in a super-weak coupling constant,
this can naturally lead to decay lifetimes that are much larger than the
age of the Universe, and create observable consequences for the indirect detection
of dark matter. We demonstrate this in a supersymmetric model with Dirac neutrinos,
where the right-handed scalar neutrinos
are the lightest and next-to-lightest supersymmetric partners.
We show that this model produces a super-WIMP decay rate scaling as $m_{\nu}^4/({\rm  weak~scale})^3$,
and may significantly enhance the fraction of  energetic electrons and positrons
over anti-protons in the decay products.
Such a signature is consistent with
the observations recently reported by the PAMELA experiment.

\end{abstract}

\maketitle
\section{Introduction}

The detection of non-gravitational cold dark matter (DM) interactions is an important goal that
drives some aspects of modern particle physics, cosmology and astrophysics. The well-measured abundance
of dark matter \cite{Komatsu:2008hk} does not specify the origin or specific nature of DM.
In particle physics, when the DM particle masses are comparable
to the electroweak scale ($m_\chi \sim {\it v}$) there are two distinct (well-motivated) possibilities.\footnote{Of course, it is also possible that nature could correspond to
the parameter space between two extremes of WIMPs and super-WIMPs and/or have multiple DM states of each type.}
The first one, is the weakly interacting massive particle (WIMP)
framework, in which the initially thermalized abundance of WIMPs is
reduced via their weak annihilation, starting at the particles freeze
out temperatures $T_f\sim 0.05 \, m_\chi$ \cite{Vysotsky:1977pe,Lee:1977ua}. The second possibility
(the super-WIMP) postulates that the DM particles have an interaction rate
{\it much} weaker than the weak interactions. In this case, one assumes that the initial cosmological abundance
of such particles is small,
and that the rate for their direct production from thermal SM states,
controlled by the square of the super-WIMP coupling $y_{SW}$, remains
small relative to the Hubble expansion rate throughout the entire history of the Universe.
The ratio of the super-WIMP thermalization rate to the Hubble rate at the weak scale,
$\Gamma_{th}/H\sim 10^{-4} \, y_{SW}^2\times (M_{Pl}/{\rm weak ~ scale})$,
gives a crude estimate for the resulting number densities of elecroweak scale super-WIMPs
weighted by entropy. Observations require this ratio be $\lesssim 10^{-12}$,
which sets the benchmark value for the super-WIMP coupling, $y_{SW} \mathrel{\raise.3ex\hbox{$<$\kern-.75em\lower1ex\hbox{$\sim$}}} 10^{-12}$. The stability of
electroweak scale super-WIMPs would have to be ensured by some parity in the dark sector.

While the WIMP framework gives hope to the goal of direct detection of DM \cite{Jungman:1995df,Bergstrom:2000pn,Bertone:2004pz}  (see however \cite{Pospelov:2007mp}),
electroweak scale super-WIMPs would necessarily
have a very tiny interaction strength that generally cannot lead to direct detection.
Conversely, indirect signatures of DM, such as energetic gamma-rays,
positrons and anti-protons, may be created by either WIMPs or super-WIMPs,
provided that the latter decay with a lifetime longer than the age of the Universe.

The recent claim by the PAMELA collaboration\footnote{As well as the more recent claim by the ATIC
collaboration of an electron excess at higher energies \cite{Torii:2008xu}
and other past hints of energetic electron/positron excess in the galaxy at high energies
\cite{Collaboration:2008aa,Beatty:2004cy,Aguilar:2007yf,Dobler:2007wv,Strong:2005zx}.}
\cite{Adriani:2008zr} of an excess in the
positron fraction above 10 GeV,
is broadly in agreement with expectations for WIMP annihilation
\cite{Turner:1989kg,Kamionkowski:1990ty,Baltz:2001ir,Kane:2002nm,Hooper:2004bq,Cirelli:2007xd,Cholis:2008vb}
or WIMP/super-WIMP decay \cite{Buchmuller:2007ui,Ibarra:2008qg} leading to an excess postron flux above
the background of secondary postron production.
Even though an astrophyiscal origin of this signal (unrelated to dark matter) is not
ruled out, there have been numerous attempts to link the PAMELA positron excess to dark matter.
Various analyses of the positron flux
\cite{Cholis:2008hb,Yin:2008bs,Ishiwata:2008cv,Ibarra:2008jk}
find that the PAMELA result can be fit to models of dark matter, provided that the annihilation
and/or decay rate to positrons satisfy the following criteria:
\begin{eqnarray}
\label{annih}
{\rm WIMP~~annihilation}&:&~~~\langle \sigma v \rangle_{e^+} \sim O(3 \times 10^{-24} \, {\rm cm}^3s^{-1})
\times \left(\fr{m_\chi}{500~{\rm GeV}}\right)^2 \\
{\rm WIMP /super\!-\!WIMP ~~decay}&:&~~~ \Gamma_{e^+} \sim O(10^{-51}~{\rm GeV})\times
\fr{m_\chi}{1~{\rm TeV}},
\label{decay}
\end{eqnarray}
where $m_\chi$ is the mass of decaying/annihilating particles.
One should keep in mind that these estimates have uncertainties
both due to their dependence on the modeling of the propagation of positrons
in the galaxy (see \cite{Maurin:2001sj,Delahaye:2007fr} for a discussion) and due
to uncertainties in the local dark matter energy density.
In addition, PAMELA has also
reported the measured flux of anti-protons \cite{Adriani:2008zq}, which is
well described by standard astrophysical production of anti-protons
\cite{Donato:2008jk}.

While the annihilation rate in Eqn. (\ref{annih}) of WIMPs inside our galaxy
is naively in conflict with the abundance-derived rate of
$\langle \sigma v \rangle_{T_f} \simeq 3 \times 10^{-26} \, {\rm cm}^3s^{-1}$,
it has been argued that this may not necessarily be the case
\cite{Cirelli:2008pk,ArkaniHamed:2008qn,Pospelov:2008jd},
as significant enhancement factors are possible due to
resonance annihilation and/or $v^{-1}$ enhancement from the long-range attraction
in the dark matter sector\footnote{Other recent works motivated by PAMELA data
include
\cite{Finkbeiner:2008qu,Hooper:2008kg,Fairbairn:2008fb,Nelson:2008hj,Harnik:2008uu,Fox:2008kb,Ponton:2008zv,Pospelov:2008zw,Hamaguchi:2008rv,Zurek,Bai:2008jt}}. This can boost the galactic annihilation
rate far above $\langle \sigma v \rangle_{T_f}$.
As no excess in the anti-proton flux is reported, the
positron excess suggests mostly leptonic channels of annihilation
and small rates of decay to quark-antiquark pairs for the DM.

As a "boost factor" of size $10-10^3$ needed for the interpretation of the
PAMELA results via WIMP annihilation may be accomplished in many ways
through model-building, an explanation via
the decays of WIMPs or super-WIMPs may seem more {\em ad hoc}.
In order to obtain
the decay width of $10^{-51}$ GeV  in Eqn.(\ref{decay}), one would typically introduce a
decay constant $y_{decay} \sim 10^{-25}-10^{-23}$, such that $\Gamma_{decay}
\propto y_{decay}^2\times({\rm weak~scale})/16 \pi^2$. Such a coupling is
twenty orders of magnitude smaller than a typical
WIMP coupling and more than ten orders orders of magnitude smaller than the upper bound on the  super-WIMP
coupling. Although possible, such an option is not appealing, yet
in most of the decay scenarios discussed in the literature, such a coupling is introduced by hand
to fit the PAMELA data.

In this note, we consider the generic possibility when there are more than one super-WIMP
states present in the DM sector, and the decay of one state to another is kinematically allowed.
Such a decay can happen only in the second order of the super-weak
coupling constant, and can be {\em naturally} suppressed down to the level given by Eqn. (\ref{decay}):
\begin{equation}
({\rm superWIMP})_1 \to  ({\rm superWIMP})_2 + {\rm SM~ particles}, ~~\Gamma \sim O(y_{SW}^4).
\end{equation}
The forth order of the superweak coupling, $O(y_{SW}^4)$, is necessary a tiny number not far
from $10^{-50}$, which may lead to a natural realization of the $O(10^{-51}~{\rm GeV })$ decay width.

We demonstrate this scenario realized in
a supersymmetric Standard Model (MSSM) with exact $R$-parity conservation
extended with right-handed (RH) neutrino superfields and
Dirac (or nearly Dirac) neutrino masses.  In this model one
identifies the Yukawa couplings in the neutrino sector $y_\nu\sim 10^{-(12 - 13)}$ with $y_{SW}$
\cite{McDonald:2006if,Asaka:2007zz,Asaka:2006fs}.
Analyzing the model, we find that the excess of energetic positrons and electrons
may naturally arize from the decay of one RH sneutrino species into another
$\tilde{\nu}_R^1  \rightarrow \tilde{\nu}_R^2  \, \ell^+ \, \ell^-$, and that for certain
domains of the parameter space the production of anti-protons is
inhibited.  This particular realization of the decaying super-WIMP
scenario is the subject of this paper.

\section{Naturally unstable SUSY DM candidates}

The spectrum of supersymmetric particles depends on
the nature of supersymmetry breaking generating the soft masses
of the MSSM Lagrangian.
Currently, there is no overwhelming reason to adhere to any particular scheme of
SUSY breaking; the only objective restriction on the
SUSY-breaking mass pattern comes from the resulting phenomenology. Thus,
the charged lightest supersymmetric particle (LSP) is ruled out due to the desire
for a natural DM candidate, and a nearly
exact $R$-parity is required to keep the LSP stable if it is to be the
DM.  Many WIMP candidates such as
left-handed sneutrinos are disfavored \cite{Hall:1997ah} due to direct detection constraints.

However, in order to accommodate the observed neutrino oscillations\footnote{See \cite{Bilenky:2004xm} for a review
of the experimental evidence of neutrino oscillation and \cite{Cohen:2008qb}
for a recent discussion of the theoretical formulation of neutrino oscillation.}
the SM should be supplemented with
right handed neutrinos $\nu_R^i$.  The corresponding MSSM contains
right-handed neutrino superfields that include both
the fermionic right-handed neutrinos and their scalar partners, the
right-handed sneutrinos $\tilde{\nu}_R^i$.
Further, any choice of scale for the Majorana mass for the RH neutrinos is technically natural, which leaves the
Yukawa couplings in the neutrino sector a free parameter that can be varied in
a wide range $10^{-13} \mathrel{\raise.3ex\hbox{$<$\kern-.75em\lower1ex\hbox{$\sim$}}} y^i_\nu \mathrel{\raise.3ex\hbox{$<$\kern-.75em\lower1ex\hbox{$\sim$}}} 1$.
If neutrino masses are Dirac (or nearly Dirac)
then the Yukawa couplings are close to the lower end of this range,
and the $\tilde{\nu}_R^i$ obtain the dominant contribution to their masses from
the soft SUSY breaking mass terms in the MSSM;
two of the $\tilde{\nu}_R^i$ masses, resulting mostly from these mass terms,
could be the LSP and the NLSP.

Super-WIMP DM made up of $\tilde{\nu}_R^i$
was investigated recently in
 \cite{Asaka:2007zz,Asaka:2006fs,McDonald:2006if} and found to be a viable option.\footnote{Decays of sneutrinos
 through R-parity violation was considered as a source of the PAMELA excess in \cite{Chen:2008dh}.}
Indeed, $\tilde{\nu}_R^i$ are in some ways
a very promising candidate for DM in the galactic halo:
they can have the right relic abundance \cite{Asaka:2007zz,Asaka:2006fs,McDonald:2006if},
and represents cold, neutral, colourless particles that do not
interfere either with primordial nucleosynthesis or stellar evolution.
Obviously, $\tilde{\nu}_R^i$ DM is consistent with limits on the self-interactions of DM and
leaves no detectable signal in direct detection searches \cite{Taoso:2007qk,Bernabei:2008yi}
as their interactions are suppressed by $ y_\nu$.

Despite these facts, one could question the phenomenological consequences of  light Dirac-like neutrino  masses
due to the required smallness of the yukawa coupling.  The SM Yukawa couplings already have a
hierarchy of $10^6$ between the smallest and largest Yukawas.
This hierarchy, although puzzling, does not lead to
problems with technical naturalness
as chiral symmetry is restored in the limit of
vanishing Yukawa couplings.
The Yukawa couplings for Dirac neutrinos are very small  $\mathcal{O}(10^{-13})$,
which leads to an even larger Yukawa coupling hierarchy
but are likewise technically natural. Further, Dirac neutrinos may not have lepton number violation
which disfavors some forms of leptogenesis\footnote{Note that leptogenesis with dirac neutrinos can occur in some models, see \cite{Dick:1999je} for example.} as
candidate theories for generating the observed matter-antimatter asymmetry of the Universe.
However, many alternatives for baryogenesis exist such as electroweak MSSM baryogenesis \cite{Carena:1996wj},
the Affleck-Dine mechanism \cite{Affleck:1984fy},  or an
effective modification of the EW phase transition \cite{Grojean:2004xa,Delaunay:2007wb,Grinstein:2008qi}.

The benefits of $\tilde{\nu}_R^i$ as DM arguably outweighs the theoretical
costs for the reason mentioned in the introduction.
If the PAMELA data is to be explained through the decay of a particle, then the decay width must be smaller than the width corresponding
to the age of the universe $ \Gamma_U = \tau_U^{-1} \sim 10^{-42} \,  {\rm GeV}$.
Such small widths are challenging to naturally produce for weak scale WIMPs.
On the other hand, in our scenario
the small decay width is linked to another very small
number, namely $y_{\nu}^4 \sim (10^{-13})^4$, which is an interesting possibility.\footnote{This observation was made in
\cite{McDonald:2006if}, where it was pointed out that the lifetime
of the excited state of RH sneutrinos exceeds the
lifetime of the Universe.}
One can immediately see that the decay  widths are such that $\Gamma_\nu \ll \Gamma_U$.
These decays would still be
occurring in the galactic halo leading to a primary source of positrons that
could be the excess observed by PAMELA, and possibly explain the ATIC data as well.

\subsection{Dirac $\tilde{\nu}_R^i$ as LSP and NLSP}

Following the initial stage of cosmological evolution, all superpartners of active
SM species (charged under gauge groups) decay to $\tilde{\nu}_R^i$
on the time scales controled by $\Gamma \propto y_\nu^2\times({\rm weak~scale})$, see
Refs. \cite{Asaka:2007zz,Asaka:2006fs} for details.
For our scenario, it is sufficient to assume that the population of the NLSP ($\tilde{\nu}_R^1$)
is not parametrically small compared to the LSP ($\tilde{\nu}_R^2$) due to
a very mild hierarchy of Yukawa couplings.

Consider the $R$-parity conserving MSSM supplemented with three
Dirac $\tilde{\nu}_R^i$ with the superpotential
\begin{eqnarray}
W &=& y_{\nu}^{ij} \, \epsilon_{\alpha \, \beta} \,  \hat{H}_{u \, \alpha} \,  \hat{L}_{\beta}^j \, \hat{\nu}_R^i
- \mu \, \epsilon_{\alpha \, \beta} \,  \hat{H}_{u \, \alpha} \,  \hat{H}_{d \, \beta} + \ldots
\end{eqnarray}
Here $\hat{H}_{u_,\alpha} = (\hat{H}_u^+,\hat{H}_u^0)$ and
$\hat{H}_{d,\alpha} = (\hat{H}_d^0,\hat{H}_d^-)$ are the up and
down type Higgs chiral superfields and $\hat{L}_{\beta} = (\hat{\nu}_L,\hat{\ell}^-_L)$
is the lepton chiral superfield and $\epsilon_{12} = 1$.  We have not written the
terms in the superpotential containing the quark and charged lepton Yukawa couplings as
they are not directly relevant to our discussion.
The Yukawa interactions are
derived from the superpotential directly using
\begin{eqnarray}
\mathcal{L} = \frac12 \sum_{i,j} \frac{\partial^2 W}{\partial \phi_i \,
\partial \phi_j} \psi_i \, \psi_j + h.c.
\end{eqnarray}
Writing out the relevant component field terms in the resulting Lagrangian one has
\begin{eqnarray}
\mathcal{L}_{yuk} &=&   y_\nu^{ij} \left(\tilde{\bar{\nu}}_R^i \, \nu^j \,
\tilde{H}^0_u - \tilde{\bar{\nu}}^i_R \, \ell^j\, \tilde{H}_u^+ \right)  - \mu \left(\tilde{H}_u^+ \, \tilde{H}_d^- - \tilde{H}_u^0 \, \tilde{H}_d^0 \right) + h.c + \cdots
\end{eqnarray}

When the lowest lying supersymmetric particles are ($\tilde{\nu}_R^i,\tilde{\nu}_R^j$)
the decay of one of these species into another can proceed via
$\tilde{\nu}_R^1 \rightarrow \tilde{\nu}_R^2 \, \bar \nu^k \, \nu^l $ or
$\tilde{\nu}_R^1 \rightarrow \tilde{\nu}_R^2 \, \bar \ell^k \, \ell^l $.
As we insist on exact $R$-parity, decays of $\tilde{\nu}_R^i$ to purely
SM particles is forbidden, while all other supersymmetric final states are kinematically inaccessible.

\subsection{Leptonic $\tilde{\nu}_R^i$ decays}

\begin{figure}[hbtp]
\centerline{\scalebox{1}{\includegraphics{treelevel.eps}}}
\caption{The tree level decay process for $\tilde{\nu}_R^1
\rightarrow \tilde{\nu}_R^2 \, \ell^{\pm} \, \ell^{\mp}$,
$ \tilde{\nu}_R^1 \rightarrow   \tilde{\nu}_R^2 \, \nu \, \nu$
and the local operator approximation.}
\label{sneutrinodecay}
\end{figure}
The leptonic decays  $\tilde{\nu}_R^1 \rightarrow \tilde{\nu}_R^2 \, \ell^k \, \ell^l $
proceed through Higgsino exchange\footnote{We disregard the issue of mixing between Higgsinos and gauginos as the mixing
cannot introduce more than $O(1)$ corrections.}
and the rate can be easily calculated as the function of
$m_1$, $m_2$ and $\mu$, while masses of the SM leptons can be safely neglected. The amplitude is given by
\begin{eqnarray}
i \mathcal{A} = i (y^{1j}_\nu \, y^{2i*}_\nu)  \,
\bar L^j \, \frac{\xslash p  }{p^2 - \mu^2 } \, {L^i}.
\end{eqnarray}
Here $L$ is the left-handed lepton doublet, $1,2$ and $j,l$ are flavour indicies of RH sneutrinos and SM leptons respectively,
and $p$ is the momentum carried by the Higgsino.
Since all mass parameters are essentially free
apart from the $\mu > m_1>m_2$ constraint, after of quoting a general formula,
we present the answer in several different limits. If the
Higgsino mass $\mu$ is larger than the sneutrino mass scale, the Higgsino propagator
can be contracted, as shown in Figure 1, and the decay is mediated at leading order in $p/\mu$ by the effective
Lagrangian,
\begin{equation}
{\cal L}_{\rm eff} = \fr{y^{1j}_\nu \, y^{2i*}_\nu}{\mu^2}\, (\tilde{\nu}_R^{2*}\partial_\mu \tilde{\nu}_R^{1})\,
\bar L^j \gamma_\mu L^i,
\end{equation}
which is simply a product of sneutrino and left-handed lepton currents. Introducing
effective couplings $y_{1}^2 = \sum_j |y^{1j}_\nu|^2, \, ~y_{2}^2 = \sum_j |y^{2j}_\nu|^2 $
and the energy release parameter $\Delta = m_1-m_2$ one can calculate the general decay width in a straightforward
manner. One finds the result for the decay width given by
\begin{eqnarray}
\frac{\Gamma_{l^+ \, l^-}}{y_1^2\, y_2^2}  &=& -\frac{\Delta  \left(24  \, m_1^7-84 \Delta  m_1^6 + 104 \Delta ^2 m_1^5-50 \Delta^3 m_1^4-8 \Delta ^4 m_1^3+20 \Delta^5 m_1^2-8 \Delta ^6 m_1+\Delta^7\right)}{6144 \, m_1^3 \, \pi ^3 \, \mu ^4}, \nonumber \\
&\,&  - \frac{12 \, m_1^4 \, \log \left[\frac{(m_1- \Delta)^2}{m_1^2} \right] \, \left(m_1 - \Delta \right)^4}{6144 \, m_1^3 \, \pi ^3 \, \mu ^4}.
\end{eqnarray}

This general result obscures the physics somewhat, however, recall that in our scenario the sneutrinos are
the LSP and the NLSP so necessarily the Higgsino is a larger mass scale. Let $\mu = n \, m_1$ where $n$ is an
order one number ($n>1$) for this reason. Further, for this decay to occur $m_2 < m_1$ so let $m_2 = x \, m_1$ where
$x < 1$, then expanding in small $x$ one obtains
\begin{eqnarray}
\Gamma_{l^+ \, l^-} &=& \frac{m_1 \, y_1^2\, y_2^2}{6144 \, n^4 \, \pi^3}\left(1 - 8\, x^2 - 24 \, x^4 \, \log \left(x \right) + 8 x^6 + \mathcal{O}(x^7)\right).
\end{eqnarray}
Thus we see that a good order of magnitude approximation for this decay width is $\Gamma_{l^+ \, l^-}  \simeq 10^{-6}  \, y_1^2 \, y_2^2 \, m_1$ for the whole range of parameter space.

We also note that this decay width has a number of phenomenologically interesting limits. For example,
considering $\Delta$ to be somewhat small on the scale of the sneutrino masses, we
derive the total decay rate into charged leptons,
\begin{equation}
\Gamma_{l^+ \, l^-}^a = \fr{y_1^2\, y_2^2\, \Delta^5}{480\,\pi^3\,\mu^4}~~~{\rm for}~~ \Delta \ll m_{1,2} \ll \mu.
\label{first_ap}
\end{equation}
This formula can be obtained directly from the neutron beta decay rate upon setting
$m_e,g_A\to 0$, and identifying $G_F\cos\theta_c/ \sqrt{2} \to 1/ (4\, \mu^2)$.
In another kinematic regime, when $\mu$ is very close to $m_1$ and the energy release remains
small, the rate is given by
\begin{equation}
\Gamma_{l^+ \, l^-}^b = \fr{y_1^2\, y_2^2\, \Delta^3}{192 \,\pi^3\,m_1^2}~~~{\rm for}~~ \mu-m_1\ll \Delta \ll m_{1,2}.
\label{second_ap}
\end{equation}
Finally, if the scale of $m_2$ is small and can be neglected, while $\mu$ remains close to $m_1$
we have a third limit,
\begin{equation}
\Gamma_{l^+ \, l^-}^c = \fr{y_1^2\, y_2^2\, m_1}{1024\,\pi^3}~~~{\rm for}~~ \mu-m_1,~m_2 \ll m_{1}.
\label{third_ap}
\end{equation}
We do not require that any of the hierarchies between mass parameters $m_1,~m_2,~\mu$ used to determine the widths $\Gamma^{a,b,c}_{l^+ \, l^-}$  is strickly realized in our scenario. We have determined $\Gamma^{a,b,c}_{l^+ \, l^-}$
using these limits on  $m_1,~m_2,~\mu$ to determine some phenomenologically interesting limits of the leptonic decay width. In what follows we will use the approximation $\Gamma_{l^+ \, l^-}  \simeq 10^{-6} y_1^2 \, y_2^2 m_1$ which is a good approximation due to the physics of our scenario, (ie a Higgsino heavier that the LSP and NLSP sneutrinos and $m_2 < m_1$).

\subsection{Hadronic $\tilde{\nu}_R^i$ decays
as a source of $\bar{p}$ flux }

Depending on kinematics, besides the pure leptonic decay channels, there could be other
decay channels potentially leading to energetic anti-quarks and eventually to anti-protons.
Quark-antiquark pairs cannot be produced in the sneutrino decay via the intermediate
gauge and/or Higgs bosons.
The relevant part of the scalar potential that could lead to such decays is
\begin{equation}
V = 2 \, \mu \, y_\nu^{ij} \,  \tilde{\nu}_R^i (\tilde{\nu}^j_L \, H_d^0 -  \tilde{\ell}^j_L \, H_d^+) +
\sum_k y_\nu^{ik} \, (y_\nu^{jk})^\star H_u^0 \, (H_u^0)^\star \tilde{\nu}_R^i  \tilde{\nu}_R^j + h.c +...
\label{scpot}
\end{equation}
These interactions induce three- and four-body decays of RH neutrinos:
$\tilde{\nu}_R^1 \rightarrow \tilde{\nu}_R^2 \, h(H)$,
$\tilde{\nu}_R^1 \rightarrow \tilde{\nu}_R^2 \, W^+W^-(H^+H^-)$,
$\tilde{\nu}_R^1 \rightarrow \tilde{\nu}_R^2 \, ZZ(AA)$,  decays.
To simplify our calculations, we shall assume that $\tan\beta =
\langle H_u^0 \rangle/ \langle H_d^0 \rangle$
is somewhat large, and the $A,H,H^{\pm}$ Higgs bosons are heavy,
so that only the decay to the lightest Higgs boson $h$ and pairs of gauge bosons
are kinematically possible.

We concentrate on the three-body decay $\tilde{\nu}_R^i \rightarrow \tilde{\nu}_R^j \, h$,
which is driven by the last term in Eqn. (\ref{scpot}) when one of the Higgs is given a vev. The resulting decay width is
\begin{equation}
\Gamma_h = |y_{12}^2|^2 \, \fr{v^2}{8\pi m_1^2}\times v_h \left(\Delta +\fr{m_h^2-\Delta^2}{2 \, m_1}\right).
\label{twobody}
\end{equation}
In this formula, $v_h$ is the velocity of the outgoing Higgs boson, $v=246$ GeV is the SM Higgs vev,
and $y_{12}^2$ is the sneutrino-flavor changing combination of the Yukawa couplings:
\begin{equation}
y_{12}^2 \equiv \sum_j y_\nu^{1j} \, (y_\nu^{2j})^\star.
\end{equation}

If $m_1 \sim v$, $v_h \sim 1$ and $y_{12}^2\sim y_1y_2$,
the two-body decay rate would dominate over the leptonic rate by three orders of magnitude
simply because of the phase space suppression of Eqs.(\ref{first_ap})-(\ref{third_ap}) relative to Eqn.(\ref{twobody})
is quite significant. The Higgs boson produced in the decay fragments further to gauge bosons and
heavy quarks and leptons. For SUSY models its typical
mass precludes it from decaying directly to $W^+W^-$ or $ZZ$, and $b\bar b$ decays are expected to dominate.
Decays of this form is often encountered in neutralino annihilation, and the corresponding
yield of antiprotons from a $b$-quark injection has been evaluated
\cite{Bottino:1994xs,Bottino:2005xy}. The yield of antiprotons in the hadronization and
subsequent decays of $b\bar b$-pairs is quite significant, exceeding 10\% per annihilation/decay
event with a typical electroweak scale energy injection. Assuming an $\mathcal{O}(0.1-1)$ yield of
antiprotons in the $\tilde{\nu}_R^1 \rightarrow \tilde{\nu}_R^2 \, h$ decay, the ratio of
Eqn.(\ref{twobody}) to a typical three-body rate gives the relative strengths of antiprotons
and positrons at the injection:
\begin{equation}
\fr{\Phi_{\bar p}}{\Phi_{e^+}} \sim 10^3 \times \fr{|y_{12}^2|^2 }{y_1^2\, y_2^2}\times v_h.
\label{ratio}
\end{equation}
A recent theoretical study of the antiproton fraction \cite{Donato:2008jk}
limits the "boost factor" for the annihilation
of dark matter to be less than 6(40) for the annihilation of 0.1(1) TeV particles.
If we tune the model to fit PAMELA flux for positrons, this would translate
into a constraint on Eqn.(\ref{ratio}) to be smaller than 0.1-1. Consequently,
one would have to require a suppression of $v_h |y_{12}^2|^2/(y_1^2\, y_2^2) $
down to the level of $10^{-4}-10^{-3}$. Such a suppression may come from the smallness of
the flavor-changing coupling $y_{12}^2$,
or may originate kinematically, from small scale splitting, $\Delta < m_h$.
In both cases one would be able to fit PAMELA results without overproducing
antiprotons.

Note that decays that are loop suppressed will generally also have the difference in flavour decays to quarks and thus protons and anti-protons compared to leptonic decays. This is due to the exact R parity of our scenario and the fact that only the LSP $\tilde{\nu}_R^2$ is kinematically accessible for the NLSP $\tilde{\nu}_R^1$ to decay too. Loop decays with the same flavour structure do exist where the produced leptons form a loop that produces a $Z/\gamma$ that subsequently decays to hadrons. The most problematic of these decays are suppressed by
\begin{equation}
\fr{\Phi_{\bar p}}{\Phi_{e^+}} \sim 10^3 \times \fr{g^2 \, g_V^2}{16 \pi^2 ( 4 \cos^2(\theta_W))}\times BR(Z \rightarrow {\rm hadrons})
\end{equation}
and the suppression is smaller than the required 0.1-1.

\subsection{Numerology}

Our main result, Eqs.(\ref{first_ap})-(\ref{third_ap}) can give an excellent fit to the PAMELA data in agreement
with the requirement of Eqn.(\ref{decay}). Adopting $\Gamma_{l^+ \, l^-} = 10^{-6} \times y_1^2\, y_2^2 \times m_1$
as an approximation for different kinematic regimes of the three-body decay rate,
we conclude that the Yukawa couplings must satisfy the following relation:
\begin{eqnarray}
 (y_1 \, y_2)^2  \sim  10^{-52} ~~\Longrightarrow~~ (y_1 \, y_2)^{1/2} \sim 1\times 10^{-13}.
 \label{whatyouget}
\end{eqnarray}

Are these values for the Yukawa couplings in agreement with Dirac neutrino Yukawa couplings suggested
by the measurements of neutrino oscillations? The flavor
basis in the RH sneutrino sector and the active neutrino sector in general do not coincide
and a one-to-one connection between neutrino phenomenology and Eqn.(\ref{whatyouget}) is not possible.
The flavor-changing combination of Yukawa couplings
in Eqn.(\ref{twobody}), remains uncertain and is not necessarily related to the measured
mixing angles.
If further assumptions are made about the structure of the PMNS and the $V_R$ mass matricies
in a particular constrained MSSM then the the flavour structure we have determined can be related to the
PMNS mass matrix, but this is beyond the scope of this work.
No immediate connection between our determined flavour structure and the obervable masses and mixing angles
in the neutrino sector is possible without further experimental input, but we can check the consistency of Eqn.(\ref{whatyouget}) with general expectations
for the Yukawa couplings in the Dirac neutrino sector.
Recall that Dirac neutrinos obtain their masses via
$ m_\nu = y_\nu \langle H_u^0 \rangle = y_\nu \, v \, \sin \beta/\sqrt{2} \simeq y_\nu \times 175$ GeV,
as we assume $\tan\beta$ to be large.
To estimate the possible size of the Yukawa couplings we use the experimental
determinations of the neutrino mass splitting.
The difference in
masses squared of the neutrinos have been measured by the
KamLAND \cite{Araki:2004mb} and K2K \cite{Aliu:2004sq} collaborations to be
\begin{eqnarray}
[\delta m_\nu^2]_{\rm atm} \simeq 2.8 \times 10^{-3} \, {\rm eV}^2,
\quad [\delta m_\nu^2]_{\rm solar} \simeq 7.9 \times 10^{-5} \, {\rm eV}^2
\end{eqnarray}
and the absolute bound on the sum of neutrino masses from WMAP is given to be
\begin{eqnarray}
\sum m_\nu^i = 0.67 \, {\rm eV} \, {\rm at} \, 95 \, \% \,  {\rm CL}.
\end{eqnarray}
which coincides with the limit on the heaviest neutrino mass
$ m_\nu < 0.7 {\rm eV}$.

In the case of the standard hierarchy of neutrino masses
the heaviest neutrino is given by $\sim \sqrt{(\delta \, m_\nu^2)_{\rm atm}}$
and one finds that the largest Yukawa coupling is
\begin{eqnarray}
 y_\nu  \simeq 3.0 \, \times 10^{-13} \,
\left(\frac{m_\nu^2}{2.8 \times 10^{-3} \, {\rm eV}^2} \right)^{1/2},
\end{eqnarray}
which is perfectly consistent with the requirement on $(y_1 \, y_2)^{1/2}$ in our scenario.
Alternatively, for the small neutrino mass splitting scenarios one
could have Yukawa couplings close to the value suggested by
possible given cosmological bounds, $ y_\nu  \simeq  10^{-12}$. In either case
we see that the Yukawa couplings can realize our super-WIMP decay scenario that
produces the PAMELA,  and possibly ATIC, signals for electroweak scale DM masses.

\section{Discussion and Conclusions}

We have presented an observation that the decay rates of super-WIMPs with the rate
about ten orders of magnitude slower than the Hubble rate may originate from
the transition of one super-WIMP state into another in the {\em second} order
in the super-WIMP coupling so that $\Gamma \sim y_{SW}^4\times({\rm weak~scale})$.
The resulting decay rates are just becoming possible to probe through
indirect detection of dark matter via its decay products, such as electrons, positrons and antiprotons.

Perhaps the most interesting aspect of our model is that
super-WIMP physics is extremely sensitive to the superpartner mass
spectrum due to the existence of a very small coupling $y_{SW}$. If, for example, one has a mass
spectrum such that
$m_{\tilde \nu_{R}^{2}} < m_{\rm Higgsino} < m_{\tilde \nu_{R}^{1}}$,
the sequential decays $\tilde \nu_{R}^{1}\to {\rm Higgsino}\to \tilde \nu_{R}^{2}$
will happen with $\Gamma \propto y_\nu^2 \times ({\rm weak~scale})\propto 10~{\rm Hz}$, which is almost
instantaneous on the scale of Eqn.(\ref{decay}). A simple
modification of the spectrum to $m_{\tilde \nu_{R}^{1}} < m_{\tilde \nu_{R}^{2}} < m_{\rm Higgsino} $
was shown to leads to an enormous delay in the $\tilde \nu_{R}^{1}\to \tilde \nu_{R}^{2}$ decay.
This delay results in an overall drop in the decay rate by 25 orders of magntiude,
and makes the heavier component of the RH sneutrinos only very weakly unstable.
The numbers, given a huge disparities of different scales involved, work remarkably well,
producing $\Gamma_{e^+} \sim m_\nu^4/({\rm weak~scale})^3$, which is in agreement with a
putative explanation of PAMELA (and ATIC) signals by the decaying super-WIMPs. Moreover, for a moderate
splitting between two RH sneutrino components and/or an accidental suppression of
the different flavor transition, the hadronic
decays of $\tilde \nu_{R}^{1}$ will be suppressed, which will in turn suppress the
antiproton flux created by super-WIMPs. A kinematic suppression of the antiproton
flux would imply a rather small energy splitting, $ \Delta < m_h\sim O(100)$ GeV
between two super-WIMP states. Alternatively, if both PAMELA and ATIC are to be explained
in the same way, one would have to choose $\Delta$ close to a TeV and
assume a hierarchy  $|y_{12}^2|^2\ll y_1^2y_2^2$ in order to suppress the antiproton flux.

One feature of our scenario may look somewhat unusual. We do not assume a complete degeneracy
of RH sneutrino masses, and in fact requite them being split by the energy
intervals comparable to their masses. This is not possible in the context of universal
sfermion masses often employed in the SUSY literature, as any additional splitting induced
by $y_\nu$ is minuscule. Therefore, one would have to imagine some
additional theoretical mechanism to create such a splitting.

Although the example given in this note is quite natural, it is hardly unique. For example,
one could envisage sequential $R$-parity preserving decays of other super-WIMPs
featured in the SUSY literature, such as gravitinos, axinos, modul(inos) etc.

The decaying super-WIMP scenario as a tentative explanation of PAMELA and ATIC
differs from the boosted WIMP annihilation in many ways. The most notable
distinction is, of course, the early cosmology. The enhanced annihilation
may lead to the nuclear-chemical consequences such as the overproduction of $^6$Li \cite{Jedamzik:2004ip},
and to extra ionization and a diffuse gamma background
\cite{Kamionkowski:2008gj} produced by the annihilating WIMPs. In contrast, the decaying DM
scenario is immune to these potential problems. On the other hand, both annihilation and decay scenarios
are subject to gamma ray and synchrotron emisson constraints (for a recent paper see  \cite{Nardi:2008ix}) coming from the
central region of the galaxy where the density of dark matter is significantly
enhanced.

\subsection*{Acknowledgements}

We would like to thank Adam Ritz, Brian Batell and Vivek Sharma for useful discussions.
The work of MP was supported in part by NSERC, Canada. Research at the Perimeter Institute
is also supported in part by the Government of Canada through NSERC and by the Province
of Ontario through MEDT.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


The Governator said it loud and clear: Talking time is ovah – while driving, that is – unless you use a hands-free device. And if you recently received a hefty ticket for holding a phone behind the wheel, Jawbone is offering to soften the blow with a $20 discount on its bluetooth headset.
To receive the discount, you'll have to enter your citation number at Jawbone's web site. Ultimately it's a marketing scheme, but it's a clever one that encourages people to avoid repeat violations.
Of course, abiding by this law doesn't make talking while driving anymore safe – hands free or not. But, baa. We'll play along.


computer software, let's preview Autumn businesswear and a Pre-Fall capsule wardrobe.
you'll soon be needing warmer and for most, smarter clothing for work.
you into the cooler temperatures coming our way.
colours such as Valiant Poppy, Ceylon Yellow, and Russet Orange and glorious Ultra Violet.
Alongside those, we've olives, greeny blues, deep shiny metallic bronzes and coppers.
If you're wondering where black is, it's there … of course it is!
I've decided not to show it because with all those glorious colours, why wear black?
as mixed patterns in the same garment.
You can wear at least 10 outfits from this capsule without wearing the same outfit twice.
With the detailing in the prints, you need less jewellery.
To order a personalised capsule wardrobe this Autumn, get in touch.
To view what our clients say about Capsule Wardrobe Collection, click to read here.


At 4:30 pm on Monday, May 8 2017, Bellaire High School Athletics will offer physicals to all athletes. The cost is $20.00, cash only.
Memorial Hermann physicians will on hand to conduct all physicals.
Athletes must bring to their physical, the current HISD physical form (download here) with the appropriate areas (front) completed.
Congratulations to Evans sisters, Megan and Maya Evans! Both were selected by to compete on the Greater Houston Area Volleyball All-Star tournament. The Greater Houston Volleyball Coaches Association has selected Maya Evans will play Middle Hitter for on the North team and Megan Evans will play Setter for the South Team. All Star competition begins 12pm tomorrow at the Coleman Center in Spring Branch.
Maya Evans garnered another post season award; being selected as one of only 40 players to the Texas Volleyball Coaches Association All State Team. Maya will compete in Waco on May 20th.
Bellaire Volleyball, once again, finished atop of the district standings. In 2016, the Lady Cardinal Freshmen were undefeated Champions at 12-0. The Junior Varsity finished as co-district champions with a 13-1 record. The Varsity squad, for the third consecutive year, went undefeated through to win the district 6A District 18 championship. Congratulations ladies! You've done it again!
Playoffs kick off Monday, October 31st at 5 pm when Bellaire plays Cy-Woods at SBISD Coleman Center (1050 Dairy Ashford, Houston, TX 77077).
Congratulations Megan Evans for being named KPRC Houston's Star Furniture Athlete of the Week!