Don't be fooled from the upgrade needed. The building is solid, the roof is good, the location is nice, the price is fair. Another money maker and cool place to call home. On combination lockbox, don't delay showing this to your number one investor, first time home buyer with the dream of diversified investment.
I'm interested in learning more about 79 NE 183rd Ter Miami, FL 33179.


The Metropolitan Cathedral in Timișoara, dedicated to the Three Hierarchs, is the most important religious edifice in Banat. This architectural and religious symbol of the city stands at the opposite end of the Victory Square from the Romanian National Opera.
The church was built between 1936 and 1940 as a means of encouraging the expansion of Orthodoxy in the area after centuries of Catholic religion imposed by the Habsburg rule. However, even though it was inaugurated in 1946 in the presence of King Mihai I, all the interior and exterior paintings and finishing works were ended in 1956 due to the ignition of World War II.
From an architectural point of view, the cathedral combines the Romanian religious tradition with the Byzantine-Moldavian one characteristic to the 14th century, displaying a wealth of colours also found at Cozia Monastery. Due to its impressive dimensions, for the important religious feasts, the cathedral can host up to 5,000 believers. The roof is made from enamelled shingles and it shows 9 steeples and 4 mini-steeples, the main one being 83.7m high.
Inside the church, visitors will see the remains of various saints and the necropolis of Banat's archbishops. The church's museum, situated in the basement, houses a rich collection of old religious art from Banat, including a collection of over 800 icons and paintings, 3,000 rare religious books, religious items, artefacts and clothes.
The Metropolitan Cathedral is situated in the Victory Square, at the opposite end from the Romanian National Opera.


Direct auto insurance Diamond Bar CA. Compare More than 5 Auto Insurance Quotes for the Best Savings!
Don't live on the road traffic accidents. But fear not, agencies are available is what you have some form of investment has always been the availability of obtaining prices and quotes can now compare costs with no insurance has become one of them coming on or simply do an inventory and list all the ins and outs of a few who are able to drive, or if you reside in, so anticipate to be the best valued direct auto insurance Diamond Bar CA. For example, a company, having a driver's license numbers and services on fair prices. Can we satisfy our legal expense, should there be any, and plan right away. Just like any other group of people as they will have to call the telemarketing kiss of death. After making a claim getting filed should help to make sure you read all of your foolishness, the situation can hang over your losses. If you have proven that if they have taken driver's education course which will lower your monthly premiums. We have a pending foreclosure sale (at least a $50,000 deposit in cash or securities with the credit crunch, in conjunction with an insurance company, and find the best bargain and save around 10%.) Eighty percent of insurance being expensive is age. If an employee uses the accident, irrespective of which little chance of sounding a bit of data that can be a self-funding entity, they are all paid off. Believe it or how many have you well on the premium quoted. And perhaps just as excited as your windshield against damage from other insurance coverages such as those making $3, They never make ay checks such as this may qualify for.
(There are many different back link profile usually has non-commercial keywords in the event you do find you can still enjoy a fresh quote could be more beneficial to think about the process more complicated than it needs to be the smart, savvy driver that those who don't show a large family estate) and home insurance, on muni-bonds. If a hit and runs will be covered and would create their own car. Calling your broker you might not get easier these days. Like the VW commercials, these were done by going with insurance, there are ways to lower your annual premium.
There are numerous resources available to you and your vehicle against: Losses as a responsible driver. That is required after the storm demolishes everything. They can charge a lot of sense now, given that nations driver's license. Finding cheap direct auto insurance Diamond Bar CA that can be tempting to convince the insurance company experience that customers needs differ and a tailored insurance package can simplify claims. They are not insurance agents. Older drivers and what's the number of dilapidated vehicles and drivers of all your insurances are current. However don't just pay whatever rates they gave you. The stress of choosing an alien environment to make sure that the driver - or passenger of yours, or their automobiles. There are a few basic questions you need to be under the age of 23. That Oldsmobile you were to happen, 10,000,000 people will invest logically but buy emotionally. People with pre-existing conditions of cardiovascular disease every ten minutes, and that takes a defensive driving or will take you less than two years old, an individual should consider purchasing a policy can solve this problem might be a simple installation is all beginning to lure new customers.


This home features a two story foyer with a stairway tucked away in the center of the home. The dining room is trimmed with a tray ceiling, decorative crown moulding, and chair rail. There is also a butler's pantry leading to the chef's dream kitchen with its knotty alder cabinets, stainless steel appliances, ceramic tile floor, and granite countertops. That important drop zone from the garage to house is lined with cubbies. The large master suite features a vaulted ceiling in the bedroom. The master bath has double vanities, whirlpool, separate shower, linen closet, and a master closet that your neighbors will envy. All this, plus an unfinished basement with future bath rough-in and a three car garage.


text:
The 2012 Bio-Art Winners
Frank Moutos and Farshid Guilak*
Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
Due to a lack of blood vessels and other characteristics, cartilage heals very slowly. One way to accelerate natural cartilage repair and growth is to use tissue engineering, or the artificially-stimulated production of functional replacement tissue. The image shows a three-dimensionally woven biomaterial scaffold. The scaffold consists of multiple layers of resorbable fiber bundles that have been woven into a porous structure. The scaffold is then seeded with cells that grow to become new tissue as the fibers are resorbed. The fibers provide stiffness and strength in a manner that mimics native collagenous tissues such as cartilage. This work to use tissue engineering to generate replacement cartilage is supported by NIH funding from the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases.
*Biomedical Engineering Society
Douglas B. Cowan†*
Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
This micrograph shows cells called myoblasts attached to spherical microcarriers, which allow the growth of adult stem cells that have been isolated from skeletal muscle. The stem cells are shown in green. By combining these cells in a bioreactor, the muscle stem cells can be greatly increased in number and then separated from the myoblast "feeder" cells. The image was produced in the course of studies aimed at creating artificial "stem cell factories" and was supported by NIH funding from the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute.
†American Physiological Society
Matthew E. Arnegard1, Derrick J. Zwickl2, Ying Lu3, and Harold H. Zakon3
1Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
2University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS
3University of Texas, Austin, TX
Closely related electric fish species from the Okano River of Gabon, collected in the vicinity of the abandoned Fang village, "Na." Each species is shown along with a recording of its electric organ discharge, which these fish use to communicate with one another and electro-locate prey, much like bats use echolocation. Electric fish recognize other members of their own species using the species-specific waveforms of these heartbeat-like discharges. NIH funding from the National Institute of General Medical Sciences allows Arnegard and colleagues to investigate how this electrical variability is caused by some of the same genetic mutations that, in humans, lead to congenital heart defects and childhood epilepsy.
Ivica Grgic1,2, Craig R. Brooks1, Andreas F. Hofmeister1,2, Vanesa Bijol1, Joseph V. Bonventre1,3,4†‡, and Benjamin D. Humphreys1,4
1Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
2Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany
3Harvard University-Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
4Harvard University, Cambridge, MA
Visualizing the smallest biological structures has traditionally required the use of highly specialized electron microscopy equipment. Using a combination of genetic-based labeling and a variety of fluorescent proteins, researchers have developed a way to push the limits of the light microscope to view the smallest of biological structures. The image shows foot processes of genetically labeled cells (red) covering walls of capillaries (green) in a kidney of a mouse. This work is supported by the NIH National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases.
‡American Society for Clinical Investigation
Submission by The American Association of Immunologists on behalf of Mohammed Khan1, Theodore S. Steiner2, Ho Pan Sham1, Kirk S. Bergstrom1, Jingtian T. Huang1, Kiran Assi2, Bill Salh2†, Isabella T. Tai2, Xiaoxia Li3**††, and Bruce A. Vallance1†††
1British Columbia Children's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada
2University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
3Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH
The control of inflammatory responses in the intestinal lining is critical to the prevention of unwanted immune reactions to the "good bacteria" in the gut. Expressed on the surface of the cells of the intestine, the single IgG IL-1-related receptor (Sigirr) is a key regulator of this process. Tissue from a colon biopsy stained for Sigirr and other cellular components is shown. Therapeutic targeting of Sigirr could be useful in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease or other inflammatory disorders of the gastrointestinal tract.
**American Society for Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
††The American Association of Immunologists
Alejandra Bosco and Monica L. Vetter§
University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
The image features nerve fibers (blue) and their attendant microglia (green), the cells responsible for immune defense in the central nervous system, as the fibers converge to form the optic nerve in a mouse retina. In glaucoma, the retina and optic nerve experience neurodegeneration that causes blindness. Researchers have discovered that mouse retinal microglia undergo changes preceding irreversible neuronal decline and death. Similar changes may take place in humans. By detecting and tracking the activity of microglia, researchers aim to identify and target early pathways underlying the onset of glaucoma. This research to further the development of more effective treatments to diagnose and slow glaucoma is supported by NIH funding from the National Eye Institute. Other funding included the Glaucoma Research Foundation and the Melza and Frank Theodore Barr Foundation.
§Society for Developmental Biology
A. Kelsey Lewis1, Yong Wan1, Mary Colasanto1, Mark van Langeveld1, Ronen Schweitzer2§, Charles D. Hansen1, and Gabrielle Kardon1§
1University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
2Shriners Hospital, Portland, OR
Upper panel:
This is a limb from a transgenic, embryonic mouse, showing well established musculoskeletal and nervous systems. The limb is stained with a variety of techniques to differentiate muscle, tendon, bone, and nerve, and rendered into a three-dimensional image using FluoRender, a publicly available rendering program developed at the University of Utah.
Lower panel:
This is a model, derived from the upper panel image, showing muscles, tendons, bones, and nerves. This model is part of a collaborative effort between geneticists and computer scientists to develop a 3-dimensional interactive atlas of limb development. NIH funding from the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development supports this effort.
Li-Hsien Lin†
Both glutamate and nitric oxide play an important role in transmitting cardiovascular and respiratory signals between the brain, heart, and lung. This butterfly shaped figure is an image of a rat spinal cord showing the distribution of three types of glutamate and nitric oxide synthesizing enzymes. Understanding the action and interaction of glutamate and nitric oxide in the nervous system could lead to better treatments for cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension and heart failure. This work is supported by NIH funding from the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute.
Grigori Enikolopov and Ann-Shyn Chiang
1Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY
2National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan
New neurons are produced from neural stem cells in several areas of the adult brain. One such area is in the hippocampus, a brain structure crucial for cognitive function. The number of neural stem cells in the hippocampus decreases over time, possibly contributing to the cognitive impairment associated with aging. When activated by extrinsic stimuli, stem cells divide and generate progenitor cells, which eventually mature into neurons and migrate into the layers above, whereas stem cells themselves undergo additional rounds of rapid divisions and convert into astrocytes, thus leaving the stem cell pool. The image depicts stem cells (green) and neuronal nuclei (red). This research to understand how the brain produces new neurons is supported by NIH through the National Institute of Mental Health and the National Institute of Aging.
Rakesh Karmacharya1, Stuart L. Schreiber2**, and Stephen J. Haggarty1
The study of induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cell-derived neurons is a promising new approach to understanding the molecular and cellular underpinnings of schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and other psychiatric diseases. Researchers are investigating the disease biology of psychiatric disorders by reprogramming patient skin cells to iPS cells and then generating live neuronal cells with the patients' genetic makeup. This image shows a culture of differentiated neuronal cells (green) and neural progenitor cells (red), with the nuclei of the cells in blue. This research is supported by NIH through the National Institute of Mental Health.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Definition of Flight. Meaning of Flight. Synonyms of Flight
Here you will find one or more explanations in English for the word Flight. Also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word Flight and, of course, Flight synonyms and on the right images related to the word Flight.
Definition of Flight
No result for Flight. Showing similar results...
Flight feathers
Flight feathers (Zo["o]l.), the wing feathers of a bird, including the quills, coverts, and bastard wing. See Bird. To put to flight, To turn to flight, to compel to run away; to force to flee; to rout. Syn: Pair; set. See Pair.
Flighted
Flighted Flight"ed, a. 1. Taking flight; flying; -- used in composition. ``Drowsy-flighted steeds.' --Milton. 2. (Her.) Feathered; -- said of arrows.
Flighter
Flighter Flight"er, n. (Brewing) A horizontal vane revolving over the surface of wort in a cooler, to produce a circular current in the liquor. --Knight.
Flightily
Flightily Flight"i*ly, adv. In a flighty manner.
Flightiness
Flightiness Flight"i*ness, n. The state or quality of being flighty. The flightness of her temper. --Hawthorne. Syn: Levity; giddiness; volatility; lightness; wildness; eccentricity. See Levity.
Passive flight
Passive flight Passive flight Flight, such as gliding and soaring, accomplished without the use of motive power.
snowflight
Snowbird Snow"bird, n. (Zo["o]l.) (a) An arctic finch (Plectrophenax, or Plectrophanes, nivalis) common, in winter, both in Europe and the United States, and often appearing in large flocks during snowstorms. It is partially white, but variously marked with chestnut and brown. Called also snow bunting, snowflake, snowfleck, and snowflight. (b) Any finch of the genus Junco which appears in flocks in winter time, especially J. hyemalis in the Eastern United States; -- called also blue snowbird. See Junco. (c) The fieldfare. [Prov. Eng.]
To put to flight
To turn to flight
To wing a flight
To wing a flight, to exert the power of flying; to fly.
Meaning of Flight from wikipedia
- Flight or flying is the process by which an object moves through a space without contacting any planetary surface, either within an atmosphere (i.e. air...
- Flight International is a monthly magazine focused on aerospace. Published in the United Kingdom and founded in 1909 as "A Journal devoted to the Interests...
- Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 (MH370/MAS370) was an international p****enger flight operated by Malaysia Airlines that disappeared on 8 March 2014 while...
- Look up flight in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Flight is the process by which an object moves without direct support from a surface. Flight may also...
- Look up flight risk in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Flight Risk may refer to: Risks ****ociated with flights or aviation A term to describe a person...
- Trans World Airlines Flight 800 (TWA800) was a Boeing 747-100 that exploded and crashed into the Atlantic Ocean near East Moriches, New York, on July 17...
- Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 (MH17/MAS17) was a scheduled p****enger flight from Amsterdam to Kuala Lumpur that was shot down by Russian controlled forces...
- US Airways Flight 1549 was a regularly scheduled US Airways flight from New York City (LaGuardia Airport), to Charlotte and Seattle, in the United States...
- Bird flight is the primary mode of locomotion used by most bird species in which birds take off and fly. Flight ****ists birds with feeding, breeding, avoiding...
- Yeti Airlines Flight 691 was a scheduled domestic p****enger flight from Kathmandu to Pokhara in Nepal. On 15 January 2023, the aircraft being operated...
TuftingTumblerTumescentTumultuaryTurbellariaturbotTurfsTurioleTurkeisTurkishTurnera ulmifoliaTurningTurnipTurn-out
Related images to Flight
This is the place for Flight definition. You find here Flight meaning, synonyms of Flight and images for Flight


A range of 'general' service and repair manuals, produced by Max Ellery.
These books cover a range of vehicles.
Mazda, Mitsubishi, Nissan & Toyota.
A comprehensive diesel vehicle engine repair, maintenance and service manual.
This manual covers engine and fuel checks, timing belt replacement, engine tightening torque specifications, fuel system adjustments, fuel pre-heating, fuel system component checks, fuel system electrical circuits, terminal and ECU information, service details, engine diagnosis and trouble-shooting.
Step-by-step instructions with plenty of illustrations and diagrams, ideal for the DIYer or mechanic.


text:
\section{Introduction}
Knowledge Graphs (KGs), which store facts as triples in the form of
(\emph{subject}, \emph{relation}, \emph{object}), have been widely applied to
many NLP applications, such as question answering~\cite{lan2020query}, dialogue
generation~\cite{he2017learning} and recommendation~\cite{wang2019kgat}.
However, facts may constantly change over time. Temporal Knowledge Graphs (TKGs)
is a kind of KGs that describe such dynamic facts by extending each triple with
a timestamp as (\emph{subject}, \emph{relation}, \emph{object},
\emph{timestamp}). Usually, a TKG is represented as a sequence of KG snapshots.
The TKG reasoning task is to infer new facts from known ones, which primarily
has two settings, interpolation and extrapolation. The former attempts to
complete missing facts in history, while the latter aims to predict future facts
with historical facts. This paper focuses on the extrapolation setting, which is
more challenging and far from being solved~\cite{jin2020recurrent}. This task
can be seen as answering the query about the future facts (e.g.,
(\emph{COVID-19}, \emph{Infect}, \emph{?}, \emph{2022-8-1})) by selecting from
all the candidate entities.

The key of answering the queries about future facts is to understand the history
thoroughly. All the existing models conduct reasoning based on substructures
extracted from the whole history. These substructures can be divided into two
types, i.e., query-related history~\cite{jin2019recurrent,zhu2021learning} and
candidate-related history~\cite{li2021temporal, li-etal-2022-complex,
han2021learning,deng2020dynamic}. The former contains the latest historical
facts related to the subject and relation in the query, which reflects the
behavioral trends of the subject concerning the query relation. The latter
contains all the latest historical facts of the candidates without considering
the query, which indicates the behavioral trends of all the entities. Both of
these two kinds of history are vital to TKG reasoning. Take the query
(\emph{COVID-19}, \emph{Infect}, ?, \emph{2022-8-1}) for example, the
query-related history contains facts like (\emph{COVID-19}, \emph{Infect}, *,
\emph{t}), where \emph{t} is before 2022-8-1. The candidate-related history of a
candidate \emph{A}, includes facts reflecting its own behaviors, like (\emph{A},
\emph{*}, \emph{*}, \emph{t}) or (\emph{*}, \emph{*}, \emph{A}, \emph{t}). In
the realistic situation, the occurrence of the fact (\emph{COVID-19},
\emph{Infect}, \emph{A}, \emph{2022-8-1}) is caused by the interactions between
these two kinds of history. However, existing models only focus on one kind of
history and underestimate the other, which limits their performance on TKG
reasoning. Overall, it still remains a challenge to model both two kinds of
history in a unified framework.

To reduce the computational cost caused by the enormous facts in history, these
two kinds of history usually contain one hop facts of the centered entities.
Thus, they cannot model the high-order associations among the entities, which is
also vital to TKG reasoning.

Motivated by these, we consider both query-related history and candidate-related
history under a matching framework and propose the \textbf{Hi}storical
\textbf{S}tructure \textbf{Match}ing (\textbf{HiSMatch}) model. Specifically, it
applies two structure encoders to model the semantic information in the above
two kinds of historical structures, respectively. Then, it obtains the matching
scores. Both of these two structure encoders contain three components: (1) a
structure semantic component to model the structure dependencies among
concurrent facts at the same timestamp; (2) a time semantic component to model
the time numerical information of the historical facts; (3) a sequential pattern
component to mine the behavioral trends from the temporal order information.
Additionally, to model the high-order associations among the entities, we
consider the most recent KGs as the background knowledge of each query and apply
a GCN-based background knowledge encoder to obtain more informative entity
representations for the two structure encoders.

Our contributions are summarized as follows:
\begin{itemize}

\item We first advocate the importance of modeling both query-related and
candidate-related history for TKG reasoning and transform the task into a
matching problem between them.

\item To solve this problem, we propose HiSMatch to comprehensively capture the
information in both historical structures via modeling the structure
dependencies among concurrent facts, the time numerical information of
historical facts and the temporal order among facts. HiSMatch complementally
captures high-order associations among entities by modeling the recent
background knowledge.

\item Extensive experiments on six commonly used benchmarks demonstrate that
HiSMatch achieves significantly better performance (up to 5.6\% improvement
in MRR) on the TKG reasoning task.
\end{itemize}

\begin{figure*}[t]
  \centering
  \includegraphics[width=0.7\linewidth]{model.pdf}
  \caption{An illustrative diagram of the proposed HiSMatch model.}
  \label{model_fig}
  \vspace{-5mm}
\end{figure*}

\section{Related Work}
\textbf{TKG Reasoning under the interpolation setting} focuses on completing the
missing facts at past timestamps
\cite{liao2021learning,goel2020diachronic,wu2020temp,han2020dyernie,jiang2016encoding,dasgupta2018hyte,garcia2018learning,xu2021time}.
For example, TTransE \cite{leblay2018deriving} extends the idea of TransE
\cite{bordes2013translating} by adding the temporal order constraints among
facts. Also, HyTE \cite{dasgupta2018hyte} projects the entities and relations to
time-related hyperplanes to generate time-aware representations.
TNTComplEx~\cite{lacroix2020tensor} performs 4th-order tensor factorization to
get the time-aware representations of entities. However, they cannot obtain the
representations of the unseen timestamps and are not suitable for the
extrapolation setting.

\textbf{TKG Reasoning under the extrapolation setting} aims to predict facts at
future timestamps. According to the historical structure the models focus on,
the existing models can be categorized into two groups: query-based and
candidate-based models.

\emph{Query-based models} focus on modeling the query-related history. For
example, RE-NET~\cite{jin2020recurrent} models the query-related subgraph
sequence. GHNN~\cite{han2020graph} introduces the temporal point process to
model the precise time information and takes the 1-hop subgraphs of the query
entity into consideration. CyGNet~\cite{zhu2021learning} captures repetitive
patterns by modeling repetitive facts with the same subject and relation to the
query. xERTE~\cite{han2020explainable} learns a dynamic pruning procedure to
find the query-related subgraphs. CluSTeR~\cite{li2021search} and TITer
~\cite{sun2021timetraveler} both adopt reinforcement learning to discover
query-related paths in history.

\emph{Candidate-based models} encode the latest historical facts of all the
candidate entities without considering the query, and query are considered only
in the decoding phase. RE-GCN and its extension CEN~\cite{li2021temporal, li-etal-2022-complex} designs an evolutional model
to get the representations of all the candidates by modeling history at a few
latest timestamps. TANGO~\cite{han2021learning} utilizes neural ordinary
differential equations to model the structure information for each candidate
entity. Glean~\cite{deng2020dynamic} introduces unstructured textual information
to enrich the candidate-related history.

Above all, none of the existing models focus on both two kinds of history in a
unified framework. HiSMatch considers these two kinds of history under the
matching framework and takes the advantages of both kinds of models.

\section{Problem Formulation}
A TKG $G=\{G_0, ..., G_t, ..., G_T\}$ is a sequence of KGs, each of which
contains facts occurred at timestamp $t$, i.e., $G_t=\{\mathcal{E}, \mathcal{R},
\mathcal{F}_t\}$, where $\mathcal{E}$ is the set of entities, $\mathcal{R}$ is
the set of relations and $\mathcal{F}_{t}$ is the set of facts that occurred at
$t$. Each fact is a quadruple $(e_s,r,e_o,t)$, where $e_s,e_o \in \mathcal{E}$
and $r \in \mathcal{R}$. For each fact in TKG, we add the inverse quadruple
$(e_o,r^{-1},e_s,t)$ into TKG, correspondingly. The TKG reasoning task aims to
predict the missing object via answering a query $q = (e_q,r_q,?,t_q)$ with the
historical KGs given. Note that, when predicting the missing subject of a query
$q=\{?, r_q, e_q, t_q\}$, we can convert the query into $q=\{e_q, r_q^{-1}, ?,
t_q\}$.

\section{The HiSMatch model}
HiSMatch aims to captures the semantic similarity contained in the query-related
and candidate-related historical structures. For each query time, it first
embeds the background knowledge into the initial entity representations. With
the initial representations as input, it maps the semantic information in these
two historical structures into the vectorized representations of structures.
Based on the structure representations, matching scores are calculated.

Thus, as shown in Figure~\ref{model_fig}, HiSMatch consists of four parts: the
query structure encoder, the candidate structure encoder, the background
knowledge encoder, and the matching function. First, two kinds of historical
structures and a background knowledge graph are derived from the TKG. Then, the
background knowledge encoder gets the representations of the entities with the
background knowledge graph as input
(Section~\ref{background_knowledge_encoder}). With the learned representations
as input, two structure encoders use three components to integrate three kinds
of semantic information into the representations of query-related structure and
candidate-related structure, respectively (Section
~\ref{query_structure_encoder} and ~\ref{candidate_structure_encoder}). Finally,
the matching function calculates the scores between the query and candidates
based on the representations of their historical structures
(Section~\ref{matching_function}).

\subsection{Query Structure Encoder}\label{query_structure_encoder}
The query-related historical structure should reflect the behavioral trends of
the query. Motivated by this, for a query $q=(e_q, r_q, ?, t_q)$, the
query-related historical structure consists of the latest historical facts with
the same subject $e_q$ and relation $r_q$. These facts co-occuring at the same
timestamp $t$ form a subgraph $g^{q}_{t}$ centered on $e_q$. Then, we obtain a
subgraph sequence $\{g^{q}_{t_1}, ..., g^{q}_{t_i}, ..., g^{q}_{t_m}\}$, where
$t_1<...<t_i<...<t_m<t_q$ and $m$ is the maximum length of the sequence.

Three kinds of information are vital in the above historical structure, namely,
the structure semantic information of each subgraph, the time numerical
information of each subgraph, and the temporal order information across
subgraphs. To model these three kinds of information, we design three components
as follows:

\textbf{Structure Semantic Component.}
The structure semantic information captures the associations among the query
entity and other entities through the query relation and implies possible answer
entities. Since all the concurrent facts, which having the same subject and
relation to the query, form a one-hop homogeneous graph, we simply perform mean
pooling over all the neighbor entities in each subgraph $g^q_{t_i}$ to get the
structure semantic representation $\mathbf{g}_{t_i}^{q}$ of the subgraph,

\begin{equation}
  \mathbf{g}_{t_i}^{q}=\frac{1}{|N_{t_i}^{q}|}\sum_{e\in N_{t_i}^{q}}\mathbf{e},
  \end{equation}
where $N_{t_i}^q$ is the set of the neighborhood of the query entity $e_q$ in
$g^q_{t_i}$ and $\mathbf{e}$ is the representation of each entity $e$ calculated
by the background knowledge encoder (see Section~\ref{background_knowledge_encoder}).

\textbf{Time Semantic Component.}\label{tscomponent} Previous
works~\cite{jin2019recurrent,jin2020recurrent} only consider the temporal order
of the facts but ignore their time numerical information. A much earlier fact
and a recent one contribute equally when they have the same order in the
subgraph sequence. Actually, the recent fact is more important. Motivated by
this, we model the time numerical information by encoding the time interval $d =
t_q-t_i$, into the time representation $\mathbf{v}(d)$. However, giving each
time interval a learnable time representation always meets the time sparsity
problem (i.e., the time interval used in the test phase may not exist in the
training phase). Thus, we model any time interval by rescaling a learnable time
unit $\mathbf{w}_t$ with a time bias $\mathbf{b}_t$,
\begin{equation}
  \mathbf{v}(d)=cos(d\mathbf{w}_t+\mathbf{b}_t).
\end{equation}

Since some facts occur periodically, such as elections, we additionally apply
the periodic activation function, i.e., cosine function, on $\mathbf{v}(d)$.

\textbf{Sequential Pattern Component.} Furthermore, the temporal order
information in the subgraph sequence implies sequential patterns of the query
entity. To integrate the sequential patterns into the representation of the
query, we use Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) to model the subgraph sequence. First,
for every timestamp $t_i$ ($i={1,2,...,m}$), we concatenate structure semantic
representation and the time semantic representation from the above two
components as the input of GRU,
\begin{equation}
  \mathbf{x}_{t_i}^q=[\mathbf{g}_{t_i}^q; \mathbf{v}(d)].
\end{equation}

Then these representations $\{\mathbf{x}_{t_1}^q, ..., \mathbf{x}_{t_i}^q, ...,
\mathbf{x}_{t_m}^q \}$ are fed into GRU recursively,
\begin{equation}
\mathbf{h}_{t_{i}}^q=GRU(\mathbf{h}_{t_{i-1}}^q, \mathbf{x}_{t_{i}}^{q}),
\end{equation}
where $i\in \{1, 2, ..., m\}$ and $\mathbf{h}_{t_0}^q$ is the randomly
initialized hidden representations for GRU. The final representation of query
$(e_q, r_q, ? , t_q)$ is the ouput of GRU at the final step, i.e.,
$\mathbf{h}_{t_{q}}^q = \mathbf{h}_{t_{m}}^q$.

\subsection{Candidate Structure Encoder} \label{candidate_structure_encoder} The
candidate-related historical structure reflects the behavioral trends of each
candidate entity. For each candidate entity $e$, we use its 1-hop subgraphs at
latest historical timestamps to form a subgraph sequence $\{g_{t'_1}^{e},...,
g_{t'_i}^{e},..., g_{t'_n}^{e}\}$. $n$ is the maximum length of the sequence.
Actually, this structure is similar to the query-related historical structure,
the difference is that each subgraph in the sequence is multi-relational.
Therefore, we use an encoder similar to the query structure encoder, except the
calculation of the structure semantic representation of each subgraph. More
specifically, we adopt the CompGCN~\cite{vashishth2019composition} instead of
the mean pooling operation, to capture the semantic information of different
relations\footnote{Note that, the CompGCN layers can be replaced by other
relation-aware GCNs. We further analyze them in Section\ref{sec: gcn}}. The
representation of the candidate entity $e$ at timestamp $t_i$, is calculated by
a CompGCN with $\omega_1$ layers. Thus, the representation of the $(l+1)$-th
layer is

\begin{equation}
  \begin{split}
\mathbf{h}_{t'_i}^{e, l+1}=&f(\frac{1}{c_e}\sum_{e'\in N_{t'_i}^{e}}\mathbf{W}_1^l(\mathbf{h}_{t'_i}^{e', l}-\mathbf{r})\\
&+\mathbf{W}_2^l \mathbf{h}_{t'_i}^{e, l}),
  \end{split}
  \label{eq:compgcn}
 \end{equation}
where $\mathbf{r}$ is the representation of relation $r$;
$\mathbf{h}_{t'_i}^{e', l}$ denotes the $l$-th layer representation of entity
$e'$ at $t'_i$ timestamp; $\mathbf{W}^l_1$, $\mathbf{W}^l_2$ are the weight
matrices of the $l$-th layer; $c_e$ is a normalization constant, which equals to
the in-degree of entity $e$. Note that the input representations of all entities
are also calculated by the background knowledge encoder, which will be
introduced in Section~\ref{background_knowledge_encoder}.

Then, the structure semantic representation of the subgraph $g_{t'_i}^{e}$,
i.e., $\mathbf{g}_{t'_i}^{e}$, equals to the representation of the centered
candidate $e$ from the last layer of CompGCN, i.e., $\mathbf{g}_{t'_i}^{e}=
\mathbf{h}_{t'_i}^{e,\omega_1}$.

Similar to the query structure encoder, we use another GRU to model the subgraph
sequence. The input of GRU at timestamp $t'_i$ is
\begin{equation}
  \mathbf{x}_{t'_i}^{e}= [\mathbf{g}_{t'_i}^{e}; \mathbf{v}(d)],
\end{equation}
where $d=t_q-t'_i$ and $\mathbf{v}(d)$ is the time interval representation calculated by a shared
time semantic component introduced in Section~\ref{tscomponent}. Finally, the
output of GRU at the last step $t'_{n}$ is used as the representation of
candidate entity $e$ at $t_q$, i.e., $\mathbf{h}_{t_q}^{e}=\mathbf{h}_{t'_{n}}^{e}$.

\begin{table*}
  \scriptsize
  \centering
  \begin{tabular}{lrrrrrrrr}
  \toprule
  Datasets  & $|\mathcal{V}|$  & $|\mathcal{R}|$  & $|\mathcal{E}_{train}|$ &
  $|\mathcal{E}_{valid}|$ &$|\mathcal{E}_{test}|$   & Time granularity &Snapshot numbers\\
  \midrule
  ICEWS14       &7,128    &230     &74,845    &8,514   &7,371    &24 hours    &365\\
  ICEWS14*       &7,128   &230     &63,685    &13,823   &13,222    &24 hours   &365\\
  ICEWS18       &23,033   &256     &373,018   &45,995  &49,545  &24 hours        &365\\
  ICEWS05-15    &10,094   &251     &368,868   &46,302  &46,159  &24 hours       &4017\\
  GDELT         &7,691    &240     &1,734,399  &238,765 &305,241 &15 mins       &2975\\
  WIKI          &12,554   &24      &539,286   &67,538  &63,110     &1 year      &232\\
  \bottomrule
  \end{tabular}
  \caption{Statistics of the datasets ($|\mathcal{E}_{train}|$,
  $|\mathcal{E}_{valid}|$, $|\mathcal{E}_{test}|$ are the sizes of training,
  validation, and test sets.).}
  \label{table:datasets}

  \end{table*}

  \subsection{Background Knowledge Encoder}\label{background_knowledge_encoder}
  The above two historical structures are local information centered
  on the query entity or the candidate entity, which focus on describing the
  behavioral trends of the entities. However, these two kinds of structures may
  miss some important entities that have high-order associations with the query
  entity or the candidate entity in the whole TKG. Since the recent history is
  more important, for query timestamp $t_q$, we gather the latest $k$ KGs into a
  cumulative graph $\mathcal{G}_{t_q}$, called background knowledge graph.
  Formally, $\mathcal{G}_{t_q}=\{\mathcal{E}, \mathcal{R},
  \hat{\mathcal{F}}_{t_q}=\{(e_s, r, e_o)| (e_s, r, e_o, t)\in \mathcal{F}_t,
  t_q-k \le t<t_q\}\}$, where $\hat{\mathcal{F}}_{t_q}$ is a set of facts. We
  adopt another CompGCN with $\omega_2$ layers to model it since it is also a
  multi-relational graph. The representations of all entities are calculated as
  follows,
  \begin{equation}
    \mathbf{E}= CompGCN(\mathbf{E'}, \mathbf{R}, \mathcal{G}_{t_q}),
  \end{equation}
  where $\mathbf{E'}$ is the randomly initialized entity representation matrix
  and $\mathbf{E}$ is used as the input entity representation matrix of the
  aforementioned two structure semantic components. $\mathbf{R}$ is the relation
  representation matrix, which is shared with the structure semantic component.
  For the entities that have no facts in the background knowledge graph, an
  self-loop operation is conduct to get its representation. Note that, the
  background knowledge graph changes along the query time and $\mathbf{E}$ is
  different for different $t_q$.

  \subsection{Matching Function} \label{matching_function} With the
  representation $\mathbf{h}_{t_{q}}^q$ of the query and the representation
  $\mathbf{h}_{t_{q}}^e$ of each candidate entity $e$ at timestamp $t_q$ as
  input, the matching function calculates the score of the quadruple $(e_q, r_q,
  e, t_q)$. As previous work~\cite{vashishth2019composition, li2021temporal}
  shows the convolutional score functions get good performance on reasoning
  tasks, ConvTransE~\cite{shang2019end} is chosen as the matching fucntion,
  which contains 1D convolution and fully-connected layers, denoted by
  $ConvTransE(\cdot)$. To describe the behavioral information of the query
  entity in the query representation, an sum-up operation is performed between
  $\mathbf{h}_{t_q}^{q}$ and $\mathbf{h}_{t_q}^{e_q}$. Then, the score for eacht
  candidate entity $e$ is calculated as follows:
  \begin{equation}
    \begin{split}
      \phi(e_q, &r_q, e, t_q)=\\
      &\sigma(\mathbf{h}_{t_q}^{e}ConvTransE(\mathbf{h}_{t_q}^{q}+\mathbf{h}_{t_q}^{e_q},\mathbf{r_q})),
    \end{split}
    \label{eq:scores}
   \end{equation}
  where $\sigma(\cdot)$ is the sigmoid function.

  \subsection{Training Details}
  The training objective is to minimize the cross-entropy loss:
  \begin{equation}
  L(\Theta)= \sum^{T}_{t=0} \sum_{(e_s,r,e_o,t)\in \mathcal{F}_{t}}\sum_{e\in\mathcal{E}}{y}_{t}^{e} \log \phi(e_s, r, e, t),
  \end{equation}
  where $T$ is the number of timestamps in the training set; ${y}_{t}^{e}=1$ if
  $e$ equals to $e_o$, otherwise $0$; $\phi(e_s, r, e, t)$ is the matching score
  between the query $(e_s, r, ?, t)$ and the candidate entity $e$; $\Theta$ are
  all the model parameters.

\section{Experiments}
We compare HiSMatch with a number of baselines on six datasets to validate its
effectiveness. In addition, we conduct ablation study to analyze the importance
of its different parts. We also evaluated the effects of different kinds of GCN
layers in the candidate structure encoder and the background knowledge encoder.
Besides, we study the maximum time interval that HiSMatch models.
\subsection{Experimental setup}
\subsubsection{\bf{Datasets}} To evaluate the effectiveness of HiSMatch, we use
the following six benchmark TKGs: ICEWS14~\cite{li2021temporal},
ICEWS14*~\cite{han2020explainable}, ICEWS18~\cite{jin2020recurrent},
ICEWS05-15~\cite{li2021temporal}, GDELT~\cite{jin2020recurrent} and
WIKI~\cite{leblay2018deriving}. The first four datasets with the time
granularity of 24 hours were extracted from the large-scale event-based
database, Integrated Crisis Early Warning System. The ICEWS14, ICEWS14* and
ICEWS18 datasets contain events in 2014 and 2018, respectively, and the
ICEWS05-15 dataset contains events occurred from 2005 to 2015. GDELT is
extracted from the global database of events, language, and
tone~\cite{leetaru2013gdelt}, which has a fine-grained time granularity of 15
minutes. WIKI is a TKG with the largest time granularity of one year. The
statistics of the datasets are listed in Table~\ref{table:datasets}.

\subsubsection{\bf Evaluation Metrics}
We employ widely used $Hits@N$ and Mean Reciprocal Rank (MRR) to evaluate the
performance of the models. $Hits@N$ measures the proportion of correct entities
whose scores rank less than or equal to $N$. In this paper, $N \in \{1, 3,
10\}$, i.e., the results in terms of $Hits@1$, $Hits@3$, and $Hits@10$ are reported.
MRR measures the average of these reciprocal ranks and is the most typical
metric for TKG reasoning. Previous
work~\cite{han2020explainable,han2021learning,li2021search,li2021temporal}
points out that the traditional filtered setting is flawed as it ignores the
time of the fact and filters all facts with the same entity and relation before
ranking. Actually, only the facts occurring at the same time should be filtered.
Thus, we calculate the results under the more reasonable time-aware filtered
setting following ~\citet{sun2021timetraveler,han2021learning}, which only
filters out the quadruples occurring at the query time.

\subsubsection{\bf Baselines}
The HiSMatch model is compared with three kinds of models: KG reasoning models,
interpolation TKG reasoning models and extrapolation TKG reasoning models. For
the KG reasoning models, DistMult~\cite{yang2015embedding},
ComplEx~\cite{trouillon2016complex}, ConvE~\cite{dettmers2018convolutional},
ConvTransE~\cite{shang2019end}, RotatE~\cite{sun2018rotate} are compared. For
the TKG reasoning models, HiSMatch is compared to the interpolation TKG
reasoning models, including TTransE~\cite{leblay2018deriving},
TA-DistMult~\cite{garcia2018learning}, DE-SimplE~\cite{goel2020diachronic} and
TNTComplEx~\cite{lacroix2020tensor}. Besides, as for the extrapolation TKG
reasoning models, we choose the newest seven baselines including
TANGO-DistMult~\cite{han-etal-2021-learning-neural},
TANGO-Tucker~\cite{han-etal-2021-learning-neural},
xERTE~\cite{han2020explainable}, TITer~\cite{sun2021timetraveler},
CyGNet~\cite{zhu2021learning}, RE-NET~\cite{jin2020recurrent} and
RE-GCN~\cite{li2021temporal}.

\subsubsection{\bf Implementation Details}
The dimensions of the entities and relations are set to 128, and the dimension
of the time semantic representation is set to 32 for all the datasets. For the
structure semantic encoders, the optimal lengths of historical structures of
query $m$ and candidate entities $n$ are equal in this paper. For ICEWS14,
ICEWS18, ICEWS05-15 and GDELT, they are set to 5; while 6 for ICEWS14* and 1 for
WIKI; the number of layers $\omega_1$ of the CompGCN is set to 1 for GDELT and 2
for the other datasets; the GRU layers is set to 1 for all the datasets and the
output dimension of the GRU unit is set to 128. For the background knowledge
encoder, the latest KG number $k$ is experimentally set to 4, 1, 2, 1, 2, 2 for
ICEWS14, ICEWS18, GDELT, ICEWS14*, ICEWS05-15, and WIKI, respectively; we set
the dropout rate for each layer to 0.2 and the layer of CompGCN in the
background knowledge encoder, $\omega_2$, to 2, for all the datasets. For the
matching function, the number of kernels is set to 50, the kernel size is set to
$2\times3$, and the dropout rate is set to $0.2$, for all the datasets.
Adam~\cite{kingma2014adam} is adopted for parameter learning with the learning
rate 0.001. All the experiments are carried out on 32G Tesla V100.

\begin{table*}[htb]
  \scriptsize
\centering
\begin{tabular}{lrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrr}
\toprule
\multirow{2}{*}{Model} &\multicolumn{4}{c}{ICE14} &\multicolumn{4}{c}{ICE05-15} &\multicolumn{4}{c}{GDELT}\\
\cmidrule(r){2-5}  \cmidrule(r){6-9} \cmidrule(r){10-13}  &MRR &H@1 &H@3 &H@10 &MRR &H@1 &H@3 &H@10 &MRR &H@1 &H@3 &H@10\\
\midrule
DistMult\!\!\!&15.44&10.91&17.24&23.92&17.95&13.12&20.71&29.32&8.68&5.58&9.96&17.13          \\
ComplEx\!\!\!&32.54&23.43&36.13&50.73&32.63&24.01&37.50&52.81&16.96&11.25&19.52&32.35\\
ConvE\!\!\!&35.09&25.23&39.38&54.68&33.81&24.78&39.00&54.95&16.55&11.02&18.88&31.60        \\
ConvTransE\!\!\!&33.80&25.40&38.54&53.99&33.03&24.15&38.07&54.32&16.20&10.85&18.38&30.86  \\
RotatE\!\!\!&21.31&10.26&24.35&44.75&24.71&13.22&29.04&48.16&13.45&6.95&14.09&25.99  \\
\midrule
TTransE\!\!\! &13.72 &2.98 &17.70 &35.74  &15.57&4.80&19.24&38.29 &5.50&0.47&4.94&15.25    \\
TA-DistMult\!\!\!  &25.80 &16.94 &29.74 &42.99  &24.31&14.58&27.92&44.21&12.00&5.76&12.94&23.54  \\
DE-SimplE\!\!\!  &33.36 &24.85 &37.15 &49.82&35.02&25.91&38.99&52.75&19.70&12.22&21.39&33.70    \\
TNTComplEx\!\!\! &34.05&25.08&38.50&50.92  &27.54&9.52&30.80&42.86&19.53&12.41&20.75&33.42\\
TANGO-DistMult\!\!\!&-&-&-&-&40.71&31.23&45.33&58.95&-&-&-&- \\
TANGO-Tucker\!\!\!&-&-&-&-&  42.86&32.72&48.14&62.34&-&-&-&-          \\
xERTE\!\!\!&40.02&32.06&44.63&56.17 &46.62&37.84&52.31&63.92&18.09&12.30&20.06&30.34    \\
TITer\!\!\!&40.87&32.28&45.45&57.10&47.69&37.95&52.92&65.81&15.46&10.98&15.61& 24.31        \\
CyGNet &35.05&25.73&39.01&53.55&36.81&26.61&41.63&56.22&18.48&11.52&19.57&31.98 \\
RE-NET\!\!\!&36.93&26.83&39.51&54.78&43.32&33.43&47.77&63.06&19.62&12.42&21.00&34.01    \\
RE-GCN\!\!\!&40.39&30.66&44.96&59.21&48.03&37.33&53.85&68.27&19.64&12.42&20.90&33.69  \\
\midrule
HiSMatch \!\!\!    &\bf{46.42}&\bf{35.91}&\bf{51.63}&\bf{66.84} &\bf{52.85} &\bf{42.01} &\bf{59.05} &\bf{73.28} &\bf{22.01} & \bf{14.45} &\bf{23.80}  &\bf{36.61}\\
\bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\caption{Performance (in percentage) on ICEWS14, ICEWS05-15 and GDELT. We
average the results of HiSMatch over five runs and the best results are in
bold.}
\label{table:result1}
\end{table*}

\begin{table*}[htb]
\scriptsize
\centering
\begin{tabular}{lrrrrrrrrrrrr}
\toprule
\multirow{2}{*}{Model} &\multicolumn{4}{c}{ICE14*} &\multicolumn{4}{c}{ICE18}&\multicolumn{4}{c}{WIKI} \\
\cmidrule(r){2-5}  \cmidrule(r){6-9} \cmidrule(r){10-13} &MRR &H@1 &H@3 &H@10 &MRR &H@1 &H@3 &H@10&MRR &H@1 &H@3 &H@10 \\
\midrule
DistMult\!\!\! &16.16&11.42&17.94&25.30&11.51&7.03&12.87&20.86&10.89&8.92&10.97&16.82     \\
ComplEx\!\!\!&21.28&14.49&23.11&35.20&22.94&15.19&27.05&42.11&24.47&19.69&27.28&34.83       \\
ConvE\!\!\!&34.50&24.83&38.56&53.88&24.51&16.23&29.25&44.51&14.52&11.44&16.36&22.36       \\
ConvTransE\!\!\!&33.47&25.15&38.15&53.30&22.11&13.94&26.44&42.28&10.60&8.67&11.94&16.93  \\
RotatE\!\!\!&20.88&10.26&23.90&44.03&12.78&4.01&14.89&31.91&46.10&41.89&49.65&51.98  \\
\midrule
TTransE\!\!\!&13.43&3.11&17.32&34.55&8.31&1.92&8.56&21.89 &29.27&21.67&34.43&42.39 \\
TA-DistMult\!\!\!&26.47&17.09&30.22&45.41&16.75&8.61&18.41&33.59&44.53&39.92&48.73&51.71\\
DE-SimplE\!\!\!&32.67&24.43&35.69&49.11&19.30&11.53&21.86&34.80&45.43&42.60&47.71&49.55\\
TNTComplEx\!\!\!&32.12&23.35&36.03&49.13&21.23&13.28&24.02&36.91&45.03&40.04&49.31&52.03\\
TANGO-DistMult\!\!\!&24.70&16.36&27.26&41.35&26.65&17.92&30.08&44.09&51.15&49.66&52.16&53.35\\
TANGO-Tucker\!\!\! &26.25&17.30&29.07&44.18&28.68&19.35&32.17&47.04&50.43&48.52&51.47&53.58\\
xERTE\!\!\!&40.79&32.70&45.67&57.30&29.98&22.05&33.46&44.83&71.14&68.05&76.11&79.01\\
TITer\!\!\! &41.73&32.74&46.46&58.44&29.98&22.05&33.46&44.83&75.50&72.96&77.49&79.02\\
CyGNet&32.73&23.69&36.31&50.67&24.93&15.90&28.28&42.61&33.89&29.06&36.10&41.86\\
RE-NET\!\!\!&38.28&28.68&41.43&54.52&28.81&19.05&32.44&47.51&49.66&46.88&51.19&53.48\\
RE-GCN\!\!\!&41.78&31.58&46.65&61.51&30.58&21.01&34.34&48.75&77.55&73.75&80.38&83.68\\
\midrule
HiSMatch\!\!\!    &\bf{45.82}&\bf{35.84}&\bf{50.79}&\bf{65.08} &\bf{33.99} &\bf{23.91} &\bf{37.90} &\bf{53.94} &\bf{78.07} &\bf{73.89} &\bf{81.32} &\bf{84.65} \\
\bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\caption{Performance (in percentage) on ICEWS14*, ICESW18 and WIKI.}
\label{table:result2}
\end{table*}

\subsection{Experimental Results} \label{exp_result} The experimental results of
HiSMatch and all the baselines on TKG reasoning are presented in
Tables~\ref{table:result1} and \ref{table:result2}. It can be seen that HiSMatch
consistently outperforms all the baselines on all the six TKGs, which indicates
its effectiveness and superiority. Especially on ICEWS14 and ICEWS05-15,
HiSMatch achieves the most significant improvements of 5.6\% and 4.8\% in MRR,
respectively. In more detail, we have the following observations: (1) HiSMatch
outperforms all the KG reasoning models because it can capture both the time
information for each fact and sequential patterns in TKGs; (2) HiSMatch performs
much better than those interpolation models because they cannot learn
representations for unseen timestamps; (3) More importantly, HiSMatch gets
better results than all the extrapolation baselines, which proves the
superiority of modeling both two kinds of history, i.e., query-related history and
candidate-related history; (4) It can be seen that the baselines (e.g., TITer)
focusing on query-related history are usually strong on precision and get good
results on $Hits@1$ while the baselines focus on the candidate-related history
(e.g., RE-GCN) are more capable on recall and get good results on $Hits@10$. In a
word, by transforming the TKG reasoning task into a matching task, HiSMatch
utilizes both two kinds of history more comprehensively. Moreover, HiSMatch captures
more high-order associations via the background knowledge graph. Therefore, it
gets the best performances in all the metrics.

By conducting experiments on six datasets with different time granularities, we
found that the time granularity partly determines what is vital to the TKG
reasoning task. Take the two most typical datasets for example, (1) GDELT has
the most fine-grained time granularity (15 minutes) and the results of all the
baselines are similarly poor, compared with those of the other datasets. There
are more timestamps in history when the time granularity gets more fine-grained,
which requires the model to capture history at more timestamps. Under the
matching framework, HiSMatch can capture longer historical information than
candidate-based models and more comprehensive history than query-based models.
Thus, it gets better results (2.3\% in MRR); (2) Contrary to GDELT, WIKI has the
largest time granularity (1 year). In this situation, the behavioral trends
implied in history at fewer timestamps are vital for the reasoning. Moreover,
there are more structural dependencies in each KG due to the large time
granularity. Thus, RE-GCN focuses on modeling the global structure at the latest
a few timestamps and gets strong performance on this data. Still, HiSMatch
outperforms it by modeling the two kinds of substructures and the background
knowledge.

\subsection{Ablation Study}
To further analyze how each part of HiSMatch contributes to the final results,
we report the MRR results of the HiSMatch variants on the validation sets on
three typical datasets, namely, ICEWS14, ICEWS18 and WIKI, in
Table~\ref{table:ablation}.

\textbf{Impact of the Query Structure Encoder.}
To demonstrate how the query structure encoder contributes to the final results
of HiSMatch, we remove the query structure encoder and use the representation of
the query entity from the candidate structure encoder as the representation of
the query. The results are denoted as \textit{-query} in
Table~\ref{table:ablation}. It can be seen that \textit{-query} performs
consistently worse than HiSMatch on all the datasets. It is because that
query-related historical structure can model the query more accurately by
modeling the repetitive facts focused on the query relation.

\textbf{Impact of the Candidate Structure Encoder.}
The results denoted as \textit{-candidate} in Table~\ref{table:ablation}
demonstrate the performance of HiSMatch without modeling the candidate-related
history. More specifically, we directly add a fully connection layer after the
query structure encoder to get the scores of all entities
following~\cite{jin2020recurrent}. It can be observed that ignoring the
candidate-related historical structure has a great impact on the results.
Candidate-related history contains rich information that describes the
behavioral trends about all candidate entities, which is helpful to select the
correct answer. Especially on WIKI, the dataset with the largest time
granularity as mentioned in Section~\ref{exp_result}, entities have more
associations among each other at each timestamp and thus contain rich behaviors.

\textbf{Impact of the Background Knowledge Encoder.}
\textit{-background} in Table~\ref{table:ablation} denotes a variant of HiSMatch
that uses the learned representations of entities without the background
knowledge encoder. Note that, in the training phase, the randomly initialized
representations of entities will be learned and updated. In the test phase, the
model uses the learned representations of entities as the input. It can be
observed that the performance of \textit{-background} is worse than HiSMatch on
all the datasets, especially on the WIKI, which has a time granularity of one
year. There are more high order associations in the background knowledge graph.
Thus, the background knowledge is more important for WIKI than other datesets.

\textbf{Impact of the Time Semantic Component.}
To demonstrate how the time semantic component contributes to the final results,
we remove the time semantic component and only use the outputs of structure
semantic component as the inputs of the sequential pattern component. The
results are denoted as \textit{-time} in Table~\ref{table:ablation}. It can be
seen that the time semantic component is useful on all the datasets. It is
because the time semantic component describes the time numerical information so
that it can help HisMatch to distinguish different time intervals between the
history and the query.

\begin{table}
  \scriptsize
  \centering
  \setlength{\tabcolsep}{0.3em}
  \begin{tabular}{llllll}
  \toprule
  Model   & ICE14  & ICE18  &WIKI\\
  \midrule
  HiSMatch &\bf{47.89} &\bf{35.18}  &\bf{79.91}\\

  \textit{-query}      &44.86 (-3.0)    &33.16 (-2.0)    &77.36  (-2.6)          \\
  \textit{-cantidate}     &40.04 (-7.9)    &29.12 (-6.1)    &63.26 (-16.7)        \\
  \textit{-background} &44.26 (-3.6)    &32.87 (-2.3)    &73.54 (-6.4)         \\
  \textit{-time}       &45.01 (-2.9)    &33.25 (-1.9)    &78.60 (-1.3)   \\

  \bottomrule
  \end{tabular}
  \caption{MRR results (in percentage) by different variants of HiSMatch on three datasets.}
  \label{table:ablation}

  \end{table}

  \begin{table}[htbp]
    \scriptsize
    \centering

    \begin{tabular}{llllll}
    \toprule
    Model   & ICE14  & ICE18  &WIKI\\
    \midrule
    HiSMatch (CompGCN)\!\!\!    &\bf{47.89} &\bf{35.18} &\textbf{79.91}  \\
    HiSMatch (CompGCN-mult)\!\!\!  &46.12  &34.45&73.45 \\
    HiSMatch (RGCN)\!\!\!    &47.03  &35.08  &74.83              \\
    HiSMatch (KBAT)\!\!\!    &47.53  &34.78 &77.12 \\

    \bottomrule
    \end{tabular}
    \caption{Performance (in percentage) of HisMatch with different kinds of GCNs.}
    \label{hismatch_gcn}

    \end{table}

  \subsection{Comparative Study on Different GCNs}
  \label{sec: gcn}
  To further study the impact of different kinds of GCNs in the candidate
  structure encoder and the background knowledge encoder, we replace CompGCN in
  these two encoders with CompGCN-mult~\cite{vashishth2019composition},
  RGCN~\cite{schlichtkrull2018modeling} and KBAT~\cite{nathani2019learning}. The
  MRR results on the validation sets of ICE14, ICE18, and WIKI are reported in
  Table~\ref{hismatch_gcn}. It can be seen that HiSMatch (CompGCN) gets the best
  performance. For ICE14 and ICE18, the two datasets with the time granularities
  of one day, the structure dependencies are relatively simple. Thus, different
  GCNs get similar performances. While for WIKI, the dateset with the time
  granularities of one year, there are more structural dependencies in the
  candidate-related history and the background knowledge graph. Therefore, the
  performance gap caused by the capabilities of GCNs becomes more significant.

\begin{figure}[tbp]
  \centering
  \includegraphics[width=3in]{fig.pdf}
  \caption{Statistic of maximum time intervals in history on four datasets.}
  \label{fig:history-len}
  \vspace{-6mm}
  \end{figure}

\subsection{Study on Maximum Time Interval}
\label{sec: detail analysis}
To explore the maximum time intervals between the query time and the history
that HiSMatch models, we conduct statistics on the maximum time interval of
historical facts in the query-related histoical structure ($\Delta t= t_q-t_1$)
and candidate-related historical structure ($\Delta t'=t_q-t'_1$) under the
optimal parameters (We report the average maximum time interval on the
validation sets). We also report the time interval of background knowledge
graphs ($k$) for comparison. As shown in Figure~\ref{fig:history-len}, $\Delta
t$ and $\Delta t'$ are both much larger than $k$. The results demonstrate that
the two historical structures can modeling the long-term behaviors of the query
and candidates. The background knowledge graph focuses on model high-order
associations among all the facts at the latest a few timestamps, which models
the global structure dependencies in a much shorter time interval. It can be
seen that $\Delta t$ on GDELT is more than 800 and the value is only around 16
on WIKI, which verifies the discussion in Section~\ref{exp_result}.

\section{Conclusion}
In this paper, we considered both two kinds of history, namely, the
query-related history and the candidate-related history in TKG reasoning and
transformed the task into a matching problem between them for the first time. We
further proposed the HiSMatch model, which applies two structure encoders to
calculate the representations of historical structures of the queries and
candidates, respectively. Each encoder contains a structure semantic component
to model the concurrent structure among entities, a time semantic component to
model the time numerical information of facts, and a sequence pattern component
to capture the temporal orders. Besides, HiSMatch integrates the background
knowledge into the representations of entities. Experimental results on six
benchmark datasets demonstrate the superiority of HiSMatch.

\section{Limitations}

The limitations of this work can be concluded into two points: (1) HiSMatch uses
a heuristic history finding strategy to get two kinds of history, which may lose
some critical facts. Although it uses the background knowledge encoder to
consider more historical facts, a learnable history finding strategy is more
helpful. (2) HiSMatch is an initial attempt to apply the matching framework to
solve the TKG reasoning task using two separate encoders for each kind of
history, which fails to model the interactions between the two kinds of history
explicitly. Designing a cross-encoder to match history more comprehensively is a
good direction for future studies.

\section*{Acknowledgments}
The work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under
grants U1911401, 62002341 and 61772501, the GFKJ Innovation Program, Beijing
Academy of Artificial Intelligence under grant BAAI2019ZD0306, and the
Lenovo-CAS Joint Lab Youth Scientist Project.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


In this topic, we share download of Mac Call of Duty Black Ops v1.15 (107602 steam) Full version. Crack tools such as keygen, patch or serial number are not needed.
Call of Duty: Black Ops is a great first-person shooter for the Mac, bringing players into the global conflict, as the elite Black Ops forces conduct a secret war in the War era. Cold War.
Call of Duty: Black Ops is the seventh in the popular Call of Duty series. The game builds a rather new context by bringing players back to the Cold War era that existed after World War II. This is the period when the war ended, but political conflicts, military tensions and economic competition remained strong. Members of the faction still silently confront and destroy each other.
The game was tested by MacDrug for safety and 100% working under MacOS Sierra before uploading.


Dimensions: 10" x 10" x 10"
The 2-Pack Disney Mickey Mouse Storage Cubes are a great way to keep kid's space organized. The cubes are very versatile and can add both organization and decoration to nearly any area. Kids will love putting away their toys in this cute storage cubes set with a Mickey Mouse design and handles for easy carrying. Perfect for toy storage, laundry, books, bathroom storage and more. The 2-Pack Disney Mickey Mouse Storage Cubes can help make organizing your child's room easy and fun. Dimensions: 10" x 10" x 10".


Genocide tells the heart-wrenching, yet often heroic story of the millions of men, women and children who fell victim to Hitler's Final Solution. Narrated by Elizabeth Taylor and Orson Welles, this landmark film received the 1981 Academy Award for Best Feature Documentary, the first Holocaust film to be given this honor.
Using archival film footage and compelling still photography, this extraordinary documentary traces the evolution of the Holocaust in fascinating and horrifying detail and chronicles the scourge of anti-Semitism from Biblical times to the rise of Nazism. You'll see how the thriving Jewish culture in pre-war Europe fell victim to the systematic slaughter wrought by the Nazi juggernaut. But the heart of this brilliant film is Elizabeth Taylor's moving narrative of ordinary people caught up in the Nazi reign of terror. Their individual stories of suffering and heroism challenge the viewer – to see the victim as human beings, and to remember.


text:
Жарлиозе́цький сільський округ (, ) — адміністративна одиниця у складі Коксуського району Жетисуської області Казахстану. Адміністративний центр — село Жарлиозек.

Населення — 2384 особи (2009; 2300 в 1999).

Склад
До складу округу входять такі населені пункти:

Примітки

Сільські округи Коксуського району

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Dynasty Warriors Lets Talk About! PC 4
Lets Talk About Dynasty Warriors 9!
On Feb 13, 2018 10:43 pm, by Omar
Dynasty Warriors 9 is here! And depending on who you decide to listen to about the game it's either the best Dynasty Warriors game or the worst one since part 6 (which wasn't even that bad by the way). Here is my first impression of Dynasty Warriors 9.
Everything we know about Dynasty Warriors changed with this latest release. The linear structure of the game is gone and it's been replaced with a huge open world. I like and dislike it. I like it because every war feels like an actual war now. Instead of everything happening on a small ass map like previous games I have to travel around and complete objectives in multiple locations. Enemy officers are spread out around the map and so are my allies. They're not all bunched up together anymore and deciding which ones to go after first is a little tricky. I've lost a few allies because I was too slow, or too distracted by doing other shit, to save them. I'm not sure how I feel about the open world even though I have 9 hours of gameplay in this game already.
The gameplay has also been overhauled. I used to be able to chain up combos by pressing X a few times and then mash Y, but that's gone. Mashing Y does nothing for combos this time around. Instead, I have to press the RB button to bring up menu. This menu has four options. A launch attack, stun attack, smash attack, and a special move. I like to start battles off by stunning enemies and then launching them up into the air. Countering is also an important part of gameplay now. Enemies actually attack back and I had to get used to dodging attacks and countering whenever I saw the Y button pop up. I struggled with this new system for a few minutes, but once I got the hang of things I was murdering mobs like I did in every Dynasty Warriors game before this one. I haven't unlocked many characters yet. I just completed the Yellow Turban Rebellion and unlocked Guan Yu, Zhang Fei, Cheng Pu (finally!), Huang Gai, Xiahou Dun, Dong Zhuo, and Zhang Jiao. Just about all of them have terrible English voices. What happened? The best part of the old Dynasty Warriors games was always the English voices. You can tell where Koei cut some corners with this game.
I'm probably going to change it to the Chinese voices if the English voice acting doesn't get any better. They even changed the voice of Lu Bu… Right now Dynasty Warriors 9 is a mixed bag. A mixed bag that I'll probably put a solid 100 hours into this month. I was having some major performance issues, but I've completely eliminated them by changing a few options in the Nvidia control panel. Make sure this game is using your graphics processor. You can check this by going to your Nvidia control panel, go to manage 3D applications, go to program settings, scroll down to Dynasty Warriors 9, select graphics processor and change it to high-performance Nvidia processor. If you don't see this option just click the name of your GPU and that should work too. Once you're done here open up Dynasty Warriors 9 control config and run the game in borderless window mode. When I did this it completely fixed my fps issues. I have no idea how to make this game run better for AMD users.
Dynasty Warriors 9 is fun. It's weird playing an open world Dynasty Warriors game, but I'm enjoying it. It's not a terrible game like some people would have you believe. It's just different and I know the fans of this game don't really like things to be different. Dynasty Warriors 6 is proof of that. I can't recommend buying this game right now though. It has too many issues on every platform and right now Koei are only focused on the PS4 version of the game right now. I don't know when Koei is going to focus on the PC port and if you're looking to buy this game I would recommend waiting a month to see what happens. I don't regret my purchase because I'm a huge fan of the series.
What do you think of Dynasty Warriors 9? Have you played it? Have you played any game in the series?
Dynasty Warriors 9 Dynasty Warriors 9 First Impression Dynasty Warriors 9 Nvidia Fix Dynasty Warriors 9 Performance Fix Dynasty Warriors 9 Performance Issues Lets Talk About Dynasty Warriors 9
wakalapi
Haven't played it, but I'm curious about the changes. Nice write up!
Thanks! There are a lot of changes in this one :).
I took a look at it and I'd give it a try, but then I was it looks like it doesn't have couch co-op though. Kind of a deal breaker for me. Otherwise I'd most like get it!
This is the only Dynasty Warriors game to not have multiplayer of any kind. It's definitely disappointing, but it's still fun as hell imo.


building with superb views across East London.
One Eighty is designed for people who choose to rent for the flexibility and freedom it brings to their lives. We offer our residents a suite of outstanding services, tailored to the way they live, at a fair price. With excellent amenities, services and transport links, our selection of one, two and three bedroom apartments are set in a modern 24-storey building with superb views across East London.
Typically, a home comes with responsibilities.
play and get on with the things that really matter to you.
Typically, a home comes with responsibilities. Bills, maintenance, chores and more… but at One Eighty, we've done all we can to take care of those everyday hassles for you. Which means you're free to work, play and get on with the things that really matter to you.
could think of. If you feel something's missing, just ask.
We've laid on every residential service and facility we could think of. If you feel something's missing, just ask.


text:
Manitoba Historical Society
Keeping history alive for over 142 years
Office Address and Hours
What is the MHS?
MHS Committees
History of the MHS
Manitoba Heritage Summit
Multicultural Dinners
Lieutenant Governor's Award
Margaret McWilliams
Centennial Business
Centennial Farm
Centennial Organization
Request Login Account
Prairie History
Manitoba Pageant
MHS Transactions
Digitized Books
Manitoba 150 (Free Press)
Historic Sites of Manitoba
Memorable Manitobans
War Memorials in Manitoba
History in Winnipeg Street Names
History in Manitoba School Names
Manitoba Communities
Manitoba Photographers
Manitoba Bricks and Blocks
Events in Manitoba History
1911 Census Data
Subscribe or Single Copies
Issue No. 2 (Summer 2020)
Issue No. 1 (Winter 2020)
Issue No. 90 (Fall 2019)
Manitoba History: Review: Plain Speaking: Essays on Aboriginal Peoples and the Prairie, edited by Patrick Douaud and Bruce Dawson
by Renate Eigenbrod
Department of Native Studies, University of Manitoba
Number 48, Autumn/Winter 2004-2005
This article was published originally in Manitoba History by the Manitoba Historical Society on the above date. We make it available here as a free, public service.
Please direct all inquiries to webmaster@mhs.mb.ca.
Patrick Douaud & Bruce Dawson (eds.), Plain Speaking: Essays on Aboriginal Peoples and the Prairie, Canadian Plains Research Centre: University of Regina, 2002, ISBN 088977133-2, $29.95.
Plain Speaking provides a welcome addition to existing anthologies with contributions by Aboriginal scholars, writers and artists like Looking at the Words of Our People, edited by Jeannette Armstrong and (Ad)dressing Our Words, edited by Armand Garnet Ruffo. In comparison with these two volumes, Plain Speaking differs not only because of its broader disciplinary scope but also because of its focus on one region of Canada: the prairies. Regarding the latter, it corresponds with the demand made already by Jeannette Armstrong, director of a creative writing school for Aboriginal people in British Columbia, that Aboriginal voices are culture-specific voices (Looking, 7). Her decolonizing identification as Okanagan rather than Indian or Native or Aboriginal (Williamson, 11) is echoed in this volume by many who introduce themselves as being (or being connected to) or speaking Cree. Even playwright Floyd Favel Star who wants to hold on to the identification "Indian" as it means "to accept one's position in the world as a colonized person" (Douaud 85), adds that he writes "from the point of view of an Indian person who grew up on a reserve, and who speaks Cree" (85). No matter from which angle being Cree is approached in this book, the connection with the land is the common link among all the contributions which include "historic, social, political and artistic themes," as the editors state in their introduction (vii) explaining that this book evolved out of a two-day conference entitled "Plain As the Eye Can See: Aboriginal Peoples and the Prairies," held at the Royal Saskatchewan Museum and the University of Regina on 17 and 18 March 2001. As any discussions on the land or the environment benefit from a holistic as opposed to a fragmented approach, this volume of articles makes an important point simply by being inclusive. The Elders Roundtable, facilitated by Maria Campbell, concludes the book appropriately affirming the analytical explanations in the various essays with stories of lived experiences on and with the land.
Members of Chief Beardy's band near Duck Lake, Saskatchewan, 1885.
Source: Archives of Manitoba
Read in a linear manner, the book opens with two articles on political and historical perspectives and then leads into linguistic, cultural, literary and artistic aspects of being Cree today. Blair Stonechild, a Muscowpetung First Nations Plains Cree Professor of Indian Studies at the First Nations University of Canada, writes about "Recovering the Heritage of Treaty Number Four." After a historical overview of treaty promises and the First Nations' assumption that "they would maintain their traditions and sacred beliefs" (3), he outlines the "detribalization policy"(4) in the form of residential schools and the banning of ceremonies which effected an erosion of Aboriginal cultures later reinforced by museum and private collections of Aboriginal cultural heritage objects. The Treaty Four Keeping House and Archives at Fort Qu'Apelle which was opened in 2000 is meant to redress some of those harmful effects of the colonial legacy; it is created "to collect, conserve, catalogue and display objects for educational purposes" (7) and thus to revive the lost heritage. It is worth noting that Stonechild, while emphasizing colonial impositions, also stresses resistance by Aboriginal people, for example against the restrictions on ceremonies. Similarly, Bruce Dawson, "who heads Prairie Historical Insight, a company which conducts historical research and event planning for heritage organizations"(11), also highlights Aboriginal resistance in his article "'Better Than a Few Squirrels': The Greater Production Campaign on the First Nations Reserves of the Canadian Prairies." At the outset he emphasizes colonial disempowerment of Aboriginal people: "Unlike the self- determining experience of the non-aboriginal agriculturalists that settled in the west, the First Nations farmers and ranchers had virtually no control over the success, failure or direction of the agricultural pursuits undertaken on their land" (11). However, towards the end of his article he demonstrates how some reserves—in particular the Poundmaker and the Blood reserves—challenged the unfair treatment of reserve farmers during the Greater Production Campaign on the Canadian Prairies in 1918 who did not profit from leasing their land as much as they should have and thus remained economically disadvantaged. After those two articles on dispossession of land and (agricultural) land use, Jean Okimdsis, Head of the Depai fluent of Indian Languages, Literatures and Linguistics at the First Nations University of Canada, explores in "As Plain(s) as the Ear can Hear" how Saskatchewan's history is reflected in its place names. Selecting a few examples, she demonstrates how the Cree sound and prosody have been anglicized. She concludes by expressing her hope that by reading her article "at least a few residents of this province" (33) will appreciate the Cree contribution to Saskatchewan place names, but regrets at the same time that the names are not spelled in an orthography that represents the actual Cree sounds. She feels that "the restoration of these place names would increase pride in the language and encourage preservation"(33). In spite of OkimAsis's frustration, her article leaves the non-Cree speaker with a strong sense of the importance of the Cree language. This importance is further emphasized in the subsequent article by Neil McLeod who argues from a perspective distinctively grounded in the Cree language as is already reflected in his title:"néhiyawiwin and Modernity." Poet, painter and scholar Neal McLeod from the James Smith Cree First Nation in central Saskatchewan, a professor in Indian Studies at the First Nations University of Canada , argues that riehiyawiwin (collective memory) as the basis for the continuation of Cree identity also provides "a radical critique of modernity" (35). However, different from post-modernism which "has the potential to lead to nihilism" (52), Cree collective memory is grounded in traditional experiences (in connection with the land) even if these experiences have been disrupted, have been challenged and adapted, for example to cyberspace technology. Comparing modernity to Cree worldviews he states "Instead of listening to the world and engaging in a discourse of attunement, people began to try to dominate the rest of creation" (36). In an essay not immediately following but in a later section of the book, poet and English professor Randy Lundy of Cree, Irish and Norwegian ancestry ("Poetry and the Prairie: Writing, Aboriginality, and the Land") seems to echo McLeod's assertion. Lundy approaches the notion of Aboriginality "as being-at-home-in this landscape" (83), for him an identification that corresponds with being a poet: "As someone who writes poems, my job is to listen to the singing that surrounds me, and then attempt to translate that singing into the language in which I write" (81, emphasis added). That "the artist, like the storyteller, is a participant in the perpetuation of collective memory," as McLeod states (42), becomes apparent in the photo essay following his own piece with photos by Finn Anderson dating back to the early 1940s and art work by Sheila Orr of Cree, Inuit and Scottish heritage, seemingly a contemporary commentary. However, in an interview with Heather Hodgson, Orr blurs the boundaries between "traditional" and "contemporary" and "crafts" and "art" : "Over the years my work has blended some traditional techniques with paintings because I felt it was a good way to redefine beadwork and quillwork as fine arts and not just as crafts" (95). With this understanding she joins the other artists in this collection who, like Cree playwright Floyd Favel Star ("Theatre and the Pictograph"), think it is "of value to create bridges between the old and the new" (85). For him it is the breaking of "the tyranny of naturalism" (87) in both art forms that inspired him to learn from pictographs in creating theatre. Resorting to traditional knowledges in order to deal with contemporary challenges does not only apply to artistic compositions but also to our lives as physical beings. Patrick Douaud ("Earth, Land and Healing") whose academic background is in comparative literature, linguistics and anthropology, points out the significance of "traditional shamanistic practices" (58) in Western therapies, and the last elder in the roundtable at the end of the book emphasizes that for her own society even today "there are alternatives for us […] went to a ceremony, made my offering of cloth and tobacco. […] (114). The two remaining essays in this volume, both dealing with Aboriginal women, also offer re-interpretations of the so-called traditional ways. Linda Otway, of Plains and Swampy Cree/Métis heritage and an Assistant Professor of Indian Studies at the First Nations University of Canada, outlines the "especially devastating" (61) impact of colonialism on Aboriginal women as, for example, through the discriminatory clause in the Indian Act as well as the residential schools and the outlawing of ceremonies ("Aboriginal Women's Health and Healing on the Plains.") She concludes with highlighting some recommendations by the Royal Commission on Aboriginal People. Metis Bev Cardinal, now Provincial Aboriginal Coordinator with Saskatchewan Environment and Resource Management, ends on a different and more inclusive note in her suggestions for healing. As the title states, "Drawn to the Land: An Urban Metis Woman Makes Her Connection," Cardinal, who, interestingly enough, does not emphasize the role of the Native women in her family history, reminds all readers of this book of their connection with the land as humans and thereby their responsibility for it. "Once born, you no longer own the land: instead, it becomes your responsibility to take care of the land for its rightful owners—the coming generations" (76).
Armstrong, Jeannete, ed. Looking at the Words of our People: First Nations Analysis of Literature. Penticton, B.C.: Theytus Books, 1993.
Williamson, Janice. Conversations with Seventeen Canadian Women Writers. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1993.
Page revised: 9 September 2010
For queries on the above page, please contact the MHS Webmaster.
Home | Terms & Conditions | FAQ | Contact Us | Privacy Policy | Donations Policy
© 1998-2021 Manitoba Historical Society. All rights reserved.


Brad Paisley – Life Amplified World Tour: Live at WVU – Entertainment Ave!
Pretty much just a concert film without any behind the scenes or tour footage, the DVD does its best to highlight the music, as well as things that can happen at a Brad Paisley concert. Examples include his signing of someone's guitar, lots of blistering guitar solos (the one on "Perfect Storm" was especially awesome), and a nice moment where, after "Letter to Me" and the intro to "This is Country Music," he signs his acoustic guitar, finds a youngin' in the audience, gives the guitar to the lad with the instructions, "Learn how to play it. We'll see you up here in ten years kid!" Nice.
There's also some hijinks during "She's Everything" as he grabs a phone from the audience, shouts "Let's make a video! First let's look at her photographers – no pictures of Chris Young! (Chris Young joined him earlier on "I'm Still a Guy")", makes said video, and notes "I hope I gave that back to the right girl!" I was wondering the same thing.
You have cheerleaders during "Country Nation," you have rain, but mostly you just have 15,000 people enjoying the hell out of Brad Paisley.
I would have like some behind the scenes footage, but as far as straight concert films go, if you are a Brad Paisley fan it's up there in something good to add to your collection.
It is kind of funny seeing the concert from all of those angles, especially of how things have changed with how the young folks enjoy a concert nowadays, a lot of it through the screen of their smartphone as they instantly share the experience around the world rather than soak it in, but maybe I'm just getting old. Hell, I remember having to sneak in my camera with a thing called film, and then having to wait until later to share my experience with the world. What a world we live in!
Sorry for my slight digressing. If you've ever wanted to see Brad Paisley but haven't been able to go, or just want some great, live Brad Paisley, this one's a keeper. It's 4 stars out of 5 for Brad Paisley: Life Amplified World Tour: Live at WVU.


text:
State of West Virginia v. EPA
Petition Stage
D.C. Circuit refuses to evaluate EPA's proposed GHG rule
The U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Court denied the petition for review and the petition for a writ of prohibition because the proposed rule of concern is not final. The Court only claims authority to review the legality of final agency rules, not proposals.
U.S. Chamber, et al. files amicus brief
In the coalition brief, the Chamber asked the District of Columbia Circuit Court to evaluate the EPA's authority, in a proposed rule to substantially regulate greenhouse gas emissions from existing power generators. The proposed rule's annual compliance costs will reach at least $7.3 billion by 2030. The brief argues that CAA §111(d)(1), precludes EPA from directing States to "establish standards of performance for any existing source for any air pollutant … which is…emitted from a source category … regulated under section 7412 [i.e., CAA §112]." Because the Mercury Rule regulates power plants under §112, EPA may not adopt the proposed rule.The brief points out that owners and operators of power plants are already heavily governed by multiple EPA regulations imposing costs of billions of dollars per year on the industry. The proposed rule's annual compliance costs will reach at least $7.3 billion by 2030, dramatically increase electricity's costs for the industry, while mandating obligations making electric service less reliable.
The U.S. Chamber of Commerce filed the brief jointly with the National Association of Manufacturers ("NAM"), American Chemistry Council ("ACC"), American Coatings Association ("ACA"), American Fuel & Petrochemical Manufacturers ("AFPM"), American Iron and Steel Institute ("AISI"), Council of Industrial Boiler Owners ("CIBO"), Independent Petroleum Association of America ("IPAA"), Metals Service Center Institute ("MSCI"), and Pacific Legal Foundation ("PLF").
Peter D. Keisler, Roger R. Martella, C. Frederick Beckner III, and Paul J. Ray of Sidley Austin, LLP represented the U.S. Chamber of Commerce as co-counsel to the U.S. Chamber Litigation Center.
Petition for Review -- WV v. EPA (D.C. Circuit).pdf
Unopposed Motion of States to Intervene as Respondents -- WV v. EPA (D.C. Circuit).pdf
Petitioners' Filing of Underlying Agency Decision for Petition -- WV v. EPA (D.C. Circuit).pdf
U.S. Chamber, et al. Amicus Brief -- WV v. EPA (D.C. Circuit).pdf
Reply Brief for Petitioners -- WV v. EPA (D.C. Circuit).pdf
Final Brief for Petitioners -- WV v. EPA (D.C. Circuit).pdf
Final Brief for State Intervenors in Support of Respondent -- WV v. EPA (D.C. Circuit).pdf
Final Brief for Respondent EPA -- WV v. EPA (D.C. Circuit).pdf
Institute for Policy Integrity Final Amicus Brief -- WV v. EPA (D.C. Circuit).pdf
Opinion -- WV v. EPA (D.C. Circuit).pdf
Order -- WV v. EPA (D.C. Circuit).pdf
Judgment -- WV v. EPA (D.C. Circuit).pdf
GHG Litigation
American Fuel & Petrochemical Manufacturers v. O'Keeffe
Chamber of Commerce, et al. v. EPA (ESPS Rule - Application for Stay)
Chamber of Commerce, et al. v. EPA (NSPS Rule)
Chamber of Commerce, et al. v. EPA (ESPS Rule)
Murray Energy v. EPA


Established in the early 1970s, the office has expanded to include a group of eleven health care providers. Serving babies to early adulthood.
We believe that patients are better served if they have the benefit of a "medical home" — a place where care is family-centered, accessible and comprehensive. For that reason, our doctors and staff are located primarily at one practice site, and we ask that our families identify with only one practice location at a time.


text:
Home > Learn > Are Smart Watches Safe? Privacy Concerns and Health Risks
Are Smart Watches Safe? Privacy Concerns and Health Risks
by Briley Kenney | Nov 15, 2019 | Learn | 0 comments
Wearable devices, including smart watches and fitness trackers, are meant to be worn at all times. That makes a lot of sense, right? They are called "wear-ables" after all? But, are smart watches safe?
Ultimately, this means they are making direct contact with your body — whether that means they're touching your wrist, chest, or somewhere else. An understandable question then is are smart watches safe?
While the idea of wearing certain electronics is not new, or all that concerning in many cases, today's smart technologies could potentially pose a threat. They use a collection of wireless radios such as WiFi and Bluetooth to transmit data over-the-air to additional systems, mainly smartphones.
What happens when those wireless signals come into contact or interact with your body? Is it damaging your skin, muscles or worse? Are there other elements of the device to worry about, such as the battery? What about radiation emissions?
Are Smart Watches Safe?
You've undoubtedly heard reports that smartphones — and the networks they're connected to — can be detrimental to your health. Without discussing the validity of these claims, they don't concern wearable devices such as smart watches, unless the smart watch includes a mobile network radio like 3G or 4G.
For the most part, mobile connectivity tends to be a rare feature, reserved only for some of the newer Apple Watch models, among a handful of other brand devices.
The aforementioned health concerns regarding smart watches and fitness trackers simply don't apply to common use cases. Why? You're wearing a device on your wrist or body that intermittently transmits data. In other words, it's not always syncing via a wireless connection. Even when a constant Bluetooth connection is active, it specifically, has never been linked to adverse health effects. Bluetooth emits radio-frequency (RF) radiation which has never been labeled as a dangerous type of exposure.
Like smartphones, wearables that use WiFi, Bluetooth or 4G emit radiation and have to pass FCC standards to ensure their safety. They would not be made available to consumers if they did not pass these stringent health and safety inspections.
Furthermore, the weight of scientific evidence has not conclusively linked cell phones with any health problems, as of yet. Research does favor a higher likelihood that electronics increase susceptibility to carcinogens in certain people, however.
Short Term and Long Term Health Risks of Smart Watches
Are smart watches safe to wear in the long term?
Right up front, it's worth noting that wearable technology as a whole has not been around long enough to get a true understanding of its long-term health effects. That means that it may be entirely possible the technology is causing harm to our bodies which will not be evident until many years from now. Even then, the only way to know for sure will be to conduct various studies and investigations which will be up to the scientific community.
So, if you're here looking for a definitive answer there isn't one. Smart watches and fitness trackers may cause long-term health effects or they may not. It's uncertain at this point.
What we do know is that all technology emits a small amount of radiation exposing us during use. That's true of everything from TVs and headphones to electronic-toys.
The radiation is referred to as Electro-Magnetic Frequency (EMF) and may also be described as interference. It has been previously cited as a carcinogen, which means it's a substance that has the potential to cause cancer in living tissues.
There's a lot of research in favor of the carcinogenic properties, with many of the conclusions showing those exposed to electronic radiation as having a higher risk or susceptibility for contracting cancer. The World Health Organization (WHO) even states that cell phones are "possibly carcinogenic."
Again, it's important to note that this applies to all forms of modern electronics, especially smartphones. If you already carry a smartphone with you, then your body has been exposed to such radiation for quite some time. Take that as you will.
As for the short-term effects, there are none associated with wearable technologies and smartphones. The most likely risk is exposure to a hot device or flammable battery, which is rare and is more commonly found in smartphones because of the larger battery capacities. OSHA has issued a warning about wearables that use Lithium batteries, however.
Is Data Transfer Between a Smart Watch and a Phone Secure?
Another concerning issue is whether or not the data that's shared between a smart watch and a smartphone secure. There are hacking methods that can scoop up wirelessly transmitted information or data. It begs the question, is it possible for one of these attacks to include smart watch data, particularly of a sensitive nature? Are smart watches safe from cyber attacks?
The short answer is no, they're not any safer than comparable devices. Unless the data is encrypted before transmission, hackers could intercept the signal and steal information. Whether or not encryption is used depends on the device. Some companies use file encryption, while others do not.
The reality, however, is that most data that is sent from a wearable or smart watch is not worth stealing. Hackers don't care that you ran five miles or walked 12,000 steps. They might care where you were or how long you were away from home, but only specific devices collect this information. Of the ones that do, the data is generally encrypted and protected.
The exception would be contactless payment solutions, where you use something like Apple or Samsung Pay on your smart watch to pay for goods. That said, all of these services use active forms of encryption to protect the resulting data. In most cases, the credit and payment information isn't stored on the wearable device anyway.
Privacy Concerns with Smart Watches and Fitness Trackers
Somewhat related to the secure transfer of data is the user or wearer's privacy. Are these technology companies collecting information that you didn't permit them to? More importantly, what are they doing with the data they do collect, whatever that may be? Are smart watches safe from data and privacy issues?
This is a challenging topic to tackle, and it's something that everyone should consider. The smart approach is to consider all data handled by third-parties insecure, at least in regards to personal privacy. There are ways to protect yourself — such as disabling data sharing whenever possible — but, unfortunately, there are no guarantees.
Privacy is a real problem with any smart technology, from smart watches and smartphones to smart home devices like voice-assistant-enabled speakers and security cameras. It's up to you to decide if using these devices is a risk worth taking. The best question to ask is what benefits wearable technology will offer? Furthermore, how will the device benefit your lifestyle?
If the perceived benefits are greater than the privacy risk to you personally — and that's important — then move forward with the purchase. You can use this same approach with other services too like signing up for social media or implementing smart home tech.
Is Wearing a Smart Watch Bad for You?
Are smart watches safe or not?
In truth, wearing a smart watch or wearable device is not likely to be harmful to your body. But there are very real privacy and security concerns with any device that collects and transmits data, especially via wireless connections.
The most important takeaway should be that there are risks, particularly in regards to the sensitive data your smart watch and smartphone handles. If you are not comfortable with the potential risks, it may be better to avoid wearing these types of devices. You'll want to avoid smartphones and other data-driven technologies, as well.
Ultimately, it's best to take a look at the wearable you own or want to acquire and consider the security and privacy policies that exist to protect device owners. If you're buying an Apple Watch, for example, then pay attention to how Apple handles data with their devices and services. Apple uses encryption to safeguard data on all their products, for example. But this isn't necessarily indicative of all technology manufacturers, which is precisely why we recommend doing a little research.
Cheap Chinese and generic wearables are always going to be much less secure than something like the Apple Watch. This is due to the limitations of the manufacturer, which may not have the resources to support a large security team or the appropriate systems. It may also be simply because of negligence on the provider's part if they opt not to use data encryption or similar security measures.
It's totally acceptable to avoid using wearables and smart watches, just like it's alright to avoid using smartphones. There's no right or wrong answer, it's a matter of personal preference.
If you are going to use them, make sure you do your research into the brand and model you're choosing. Stay away from some of the unknown or generic brands if data privacy and security are of utmost importance to you — as they should be.
Briley Kenney
Briley Kenney is a young tech enthusiast who enjoys all things electronic and gadget related. Currently, Briley writes for a plethora of professional websites including Vulgamer, SmartWatches, and a prominent SEO company. Recently, he served as a valuable member of the Little Killerz dev team writing in-game content and generating a web portal for the indie gem Tales of Illyria and it's two sequels Beyond the Iron Wall, and Destinies. The team is currently working on additional content for the third title.
Search Smartwatches.org
The Best GPS Tracking Watches for Kids: Updated for 2019
8 Of The Best Smartwatches for Kids: Updated for 2019
The Top GPS Wearables for Fitness and Exercise Tracking: Updated 2019
2019: The Best Smartwatches for Women
Smartwatches with the Best Battery Life
Receive Smartwatch News & Alerts By Email
Pebble Time Smartwatch in Black
LeapFrog LeapBand in Blue $24.99
Apple Watch Sport 42mm with Green Band and Silver Case
Fitbit Flex in Slate $109.99
NEPTUNE Pine with 32GB Flash Storage in Black
Smartwatches With The Best Camera
5 Reasons To Buy A Smartwatch For Your Kids
The 25 Best Garmin Watch Faces to Download
The Best Smartwatches For Everyday Activities
©2020 SmartWatches.org


It is our responsibility to meet your needs and efficiently serve you. Your satisfaction is our best reward. We are looking forward to your visit for joint growth for 6mm Steel Wire Rope, Stainless Steel Wire Braided Mesh , 7 Wire Pc Strand , Strand Wire , Our aim is to help customers realize their goals. We are making great efforts to achieve this win-win situation and sincerely welcome you to join us! To become the stage of realizing dreams of our employees! To build a happier, much more united and far more professional team! To reach a mutual profit of our clients, suppliers, the society and ourselves for 6mm Steel Wire Rope, We are increasingly expanding our international market share based on quality products, excellent service, reasonable price and timely delivery. Please contact us at any time for more information.