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Justia Patents LinguisticsUS Patent for Automatic essay scoring system using content-based techniques Patent (Patent # 6,115,683)
Automatic essay scoring system using content-based techniques
Mar 31, 1997 - Educational Testing Service
A system for carrying out a content-based process for automatically scoring essays is disclosed. The system includes a computer; a data storage device; a parse tree file stored in the data storage device, the parse tree file being representative of an essay in a parse tree format; a morphology stripping program; a concept extraction program for creating, on the basis of a morphology-stripped parse tree file, a phrasal node file; and a rule matching scoring program for scoring the essay on the basis of the phrasal node file.
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The present invention relates generally to the field of automatic test grading, and more particularly to a content-based process and related system for automatically scoring essays.
Automatic, or computer, scoring of student essay examinations has been studied extensively by Professor Ellis B. Page and others in connection with Project Essay Grade (PEG). See, e.g., Page, E.B. (1994), Computer Grading of Student Prose, Using Modern Concepts and Software, Journal of Experimental Education, 62(2), 127-142. Although the details of the PEG systems and methods have apparently not been published, the available information indicates that the PEG system scores essays on the basis of approximations, or "proxes", of intrinsic criteria such as diction, grammar, and punctuation. For example, diction may be measured by variance in word length, and fluency by the number of words. The measured proxes are put into a scoring equation and a regression operation is performed to maximize the correlation of the computer score with that of human judges. Thus, e.g., word count may be transformed into its fourth root because, although human judges want students to produce a respectable amount of writing, writing beyond the point deemed "enough" is regarded less favorably. Since the fourth root of essay length flattens rapidly as essay length increases, it provides a useful predictor of the scoring of a human judge.
Such automatic essay scoring techniques are known to have problems with coachability and defensibility. Coachability refers to the relative ease with which a student can be coached to "trick" the system into giving her a better score than she deserves. Defensibility refers to the tendency of the system to unfairly downgrade an essay that has the correct content but lacks the features sought by the scoring system. These problems relate to the system's failure adequately to consider the content of an essay. The "content" of an essay, as that term is used herein, refers to the relevant concepts contained in the essay. The relevant concepts are predefined in view of the domain of knowledge with which the essay is concerned, and are used to define prescribed rules for scoring the essay. The particular essay scoring rules are not a part of the present invention, and are known to those skilled in the art of standardized testing. Further background information on computerized essay scoring is provided in the papers submitted with the Information Disclosure Statement filed herewith.
Accordingly, a primary object of the present invention is to provide an automatic essay scoring system and process that provides a reliable measure of the author's knowledge of the subject matter of the essay (as opposed, e.g., to the author's facility with grammar and punctuation). A presently preferred embodiment of the invention provides a process for automatically scoring an essay that has been stored in a parse tree format, wherein the essay relates to a predefined domain of knowledge. The inventive process includes: a morphology stripping step comprising reading the essay in parse tree format and generating a morphology-stripped parse tree representing the essay; a concept extraction step comprising reading the morphology-stripped parse tree and searching for matching concepts in a predefined lexicon file, wherein the lexicon file includes a plurality of metonyms for selected words, the metonyms being predetermined in accordance with the particular domain of the essay being scored, and wherein each matching concept is used to define a phrasal node associated with the essay; and a scoring step comprising searching for any matches between the phrasal node(s) defined by the concept extraction step and predefined rules, and scoring the essay based on the number of matches found.
A system in accordance with the present invention comprises a computer, a data storage device, a parse tree file representing the essay in a parse tree format, a morphology stripping program for controlling the computer in stripping morphology from the parse tree and storing a morphology-stripped parse tree, a concept extraction program for controlling the computer in creating a phrasal nodes file containing words representing concepts extracted from the morphology-stripped parse tree, and a scoring program for controlling the computer in scoring the essay on the basis of the phrasal nodes file.
Other features of the present invention are disclosed below.
FIG. 1 schematically depicts the processing steps of the present invention.
FIGS. 2A-2C, collectively, depict a flowchart of a morphology stripping process in accordance with the present invention.
FIGS. 3A-3C collectively depict a flowchart of a concept extraction process in accordance with the present invention.
FIGS. 4A-4B collectively depict a flowchart of a scoring process in accordance with the present invention.
FIG. 5 is a block diagram of an automatic essay scoring system in accordance with the present invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
Preferred embodiments of the present invention include four main elements, as shown in FIG. 1:
(1) a natural language processing program 10 (e.g., Microsoft Natural Language Processor) to convert a text file containing the essay to be scored into parse tree form;
(2) a morphology-stripping program 12 to strip morphology from the input parse tree;
(3) a program 14 to extract concepts from the morphology-stripped parse tree; and
(4) a scoring program 16 that uses rule matching to score the essay using the extracted concepts.
When running the system, these four programs are executed in sequential order. In addition to these four programs, two kinds of auxiliary files are employed. One is a lexicon file, "minilex", which is created by hand, e.g., by linguists; and the other kind of file is a rule file, "*.rul", generated automatically (by a program called "rule.c") from the cleaned phrasal nodes. The expression cleaned phrasal nodes relates to the removal of extraneous, non-relevant concepts, i.e., "stuff" that does not contribute meaning with respect to assigning credit for the sentence. This is done before the automatic rule generation process is carried out, to avoid the generation of incorrect representations for rules that will lead to incorrect score assignments.
Before describing the computer programs/processing in greater detail, it should be noted that the present invention will be implemented preferably in software for use with any general purpose computer having a CPU, an input device (e.g., keyboard), a display device (CRT) or other means of displaying results, such as a printer, and a file storage device, and which is capable of performing the operations described below. The invention can be viewed as a general purpose computer that is operated in accordance with programs (such as the morphology stripping, concept extraction, and scoring programs) designed to carry out the invention. Since computers of the type necessary to perform the operations described below are known, no further detailed description of the computer and its associated peripheral devices is made herein. Similarly, since software languages capable of performing the operations described below are known, no further description of specific programming languages is necessary.
In addition, before describing the inventive computer programs and related processing in greater detail, a very brief introduction to certain well known (in the field) aspects of language processing will be provided.
A grammar may be thought of as an algebraic system describing the processes by which instances of a language can be constructed. A grammar is made up of four elements: metavariables, called parts of speech when dealing with natural languages; an alphabet; a set of rules of production describing how a sequence of substitutions can be made for each metavariable; and a special metavariable S called the starting or root symbol, which is the starting point for the substitution process. These four elements are often represented by the symbols (V.sub.N, V.sub.T, P, S).
Parsing is the process by which phrases in a string of characters in a language are associated with the component names of the grammar that generated the string. A parse is often depicted as a tree, as in the following example of the parse of the English sentence, "The cat drank the milk". ##STR1## An equivalent parse of this sentence is (.sub.S (.sub.NP (.sub.A the).sub.A (.sub.N cat).sub.N).sub.NP (.sub.VP (.sub.V drank ).sub.V (.sub.NP (.sub.A the) .sub.A (.sub.N milk).sub.N).sub.NP).sub.VP).sub.S
which has the advantage of being linear, or one-dimensional, but may be harder to visualize. The term parse tree, as used herein, is intended to refer to any form of parse that is equivalent to a parse tree.
Morphology Stripping
The morphology stripping process/program 12, called "strip.c", is depicted in flowchart form in FIGS. 2A through 2C. It opens and reads the input file(s) having the file extension ".out", and creates and writes to output file(s) with the extension "*.wn". The input file(s) (*.out) are in the format of a parse tree, and are produced from a plain text file by the natural language processing program 10. The following is an exemplary input parse tree for the sentences, "More intelligent individuals are joining the police. Police officers are older and more mature.":
DECL1 NP1 AJP1 AVP1 ADV1* More
ADJ1* intelligent
NOUN1* individuals
AUXP1 VERB1* are
VERB2* joining
NP2 DETP1 ADJ2* the
NOUN2* police
CHAR1 .
DECL1 NP1 NP2 NOUN1* Police
NOUN2* officers
VERB1* are
AJP1 AJP2 ADJ1* older
CONJ1* and
AJP3 AVP1 ADV1* more
ADJ2* mature
CHAR1
The above parse tree format may be explained as follows. (This explanation refers to the first of the above parse trees, but the principles involved apply to the second as well.) The top-level node (e.g., DECL) describes the sentence type. Each lower-level node (reading from left to right) indicates a further breakdown of the sentence into the syntactic constituents of which the sentence is comprised, e.g., subject noun phrase, main verb, direct object noun phrase. More particularly, we have:
DECL = Sentence type
NP1 = Subject Noun Phrase
--> ADJP = Adjective Phrase
--> ADVP1 = Adverb Phrase
--> ADV1 = Adverb
--> ADJ1 = Adjective
AUXP --> VERB 1 =
helping verb (auxiliary verb) to
the main verb in the sentence
VERB2 = main verb in the sentence
NP2 = Direct object Noun Phrase of the sentence
--> DETP = Determiner Phrase
--> ADJ = the
--> NOUN = police
Using the above exemplary parse trees, the word "individuals" is replaced by "individual"; "are" is replaced by "be"; "joining" is replaced by "join"; "older" is replaced by "old", etc. Thus, the morphology stripping program 12 automatically strips the morphology from all words. In order to find the morphology-stripped words, the commercially available program WordNet may be used (although the invention is not limited thereto). This program reads in the parse tree one line at a time, and extracts the root word from it. An example of morphology information for the word "joining" is as follows:
Synonyms/Hypernyms (Ordered by Frequency) of verb joining
4 senses of join
join, fall in, get together
join, bring together, cause to be joined
=> connect, link, tie, connect together, put
join, make contact, come together, conjoin
connect, link, join, unite
At the second line of the above WordNet output, "4 senses of" is followed by the morphology-stripped word "join", which is used to replace the word "joining" in the parse tree. In general, the word following the string "sense of" or "senses of" in the WordNet output is extracted and then used to replace the original word in the parse tree. After the lookup, extraction, and replacement operations, the above example will be transformed (stripped of morphology) as follows:
NOUN1* individual
AUXP1 VERB1* be
VERB2* join
NOUN2* officer
VERB1* be
AJP1 AJP2 ADJ1* old
Thus, the output from the morphology stripping program 12 has the same format as the input, i.e., the output is a parse tree, except that morphological words have been stripped. The output is stored in a file with the extension ".wn".
The morphology stripping process/program 12 will now be summarized with reference to FIGS. 2A through 2C. First, an input file "*.out" and an output file "*.wn" are opened. The program then checks to see whether the end of the input file has been reached. If so, all opened files are closed. If not, the program reads the contents of the parse tree input file one line at a time. The double-quote symbol (") is used to distinguish the sentence string from the parse tree. As shown, the sentence string is written into the output file, and then the next line is read from the input file. The parse tree is processed further as shown at the bottom of FIG. 2A. First, the program determines the part-of-speech by employing a string function "strstr()". As shown (see FIG. 2B), if the part-of-speech is a noun, verb, adjective or adverb, the word is processed further. Otherwise, it is written into the output file and the next line is read from the input file. As shown in FIG. 2B, nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs are processed using corresponding functions; and then the function "word()" is called to extract the word in the input line. Next, a system command appropriate for the WordNet program is generated. The function "system(string)" is executed to obtain the word information from WordNet, and to store the output from WordNet into the output file. Next, as shown at the bottom of FIG. 2B, the function "rewrite()" is called. As shown at the top of FIG. 2C, the output file is then opened and the program searches for the string containing "sense of". Once the string "sense of" or "senses of" is found, the program extracts the word following this string. This is the morphology-stripped word. The morphology-stripped word is used to replace the original word in the parse tree, and is stored in the updated parse tree file *.wn. This concludes the function "rewrite" as well as the noun, verb, adjective and adverb processing functions. Finally, as shown at the bottom of FIG. 2C, the process is continued until the end of the input file (*.out) is reached.
Concept Extraction
The concepts-extraction program 14, named "readfile.c", uses a lexicon file, "minilex", and the parse tree file "*.wn" generated by the morphology stripping program 12. Generally, each file contains a multiple sentence parse tree, and each parsed sentence usually begins with "DECL", "FITTED", "IMPR", etc. (this is a result of the natural language processing program 10 used to create the parse tree). The following is an example file containing a three-sentence, morphology-stripped parse tree.
DECL1 VERB1* improve
NP1 NOUN1* police
PRPRTCL1 VERB2* train
NP2 AJP1 ADJ1* reduced
AJP2 ADJ2* dangerous
NOUN2 * confrontation
FITTED1 VP1 NP1 NOUN1* policeman
AJP1 ADJ1* better
AJP2 ADJ2* skill
PP1 PP2 PREP1*   at
DETP1 ADJ3*    those
NOUN2* situation
IMPR1 VERB1* better
NP1 NP2 NOUN1* cadet
AJP1 ADJ1* training
NOUN2* program
The concept extraction program 14 separates the sentences by those symbols in the first column. In each sentence, the symbols "NP", "VP", "PP", "AVP", "VERB", "INFCL", "SUBCL", and "COMPCL", located in the second column, are used as an indicator of a new phrasal node. When a line is read in from the input file, the program checks the first column to see if it is the beginning of a new sentence; it then checks the second column to see if a new phrasal node should be created, and then completes the processing of the current node. The program extracts the word inside the double quotation, and then searches for any matches in the lexicon file ("minilex"). If a match is found, the corresponding "concept" in the lexicon file is assigned to this word. The corresponding concept includes metonyms for the given word, where the metonyms are predetermined, e.g., by linguists, with consideration being given to the particular domain or subject matter of the essay being scored. The concept will be put inside a phrasal node bracket beginning with "XP: [". The total number of phrasal nodes depends upon the total number of symbols, listed above, in the second column of the parse tree. The phrasal nodes obtained from the above example file will appear as follows:
1 XP: [BETTER]
1 XP: [POLICE,TRAIN,DANGER,SITUATION]
2 XP: [POLICE,BETTER,TRAIN,SITUATION]
3:XP: [POLICE, TRAIN,]
These nodes are stored in files *.phr, *.1, *.2, and *.3. The total number of sentences is stored in a file called *.num.
The concept extraction program/process 14 will now be summarized with reference to FIGS. 3A through 3C. First, the *.wn input file and *.phr and *.sem output files are opened. Certain variables used in the process are then initialized and then (see FIG. 3B) the program checks to determine whether the end of the input file *.wn has been reached. If so, all opened files are closed. If not, the program reads the contents of the *.out file one line at a time. For each line, the program determines whether the input string contains one of these symbols: ",--,==, or **. If one of these symbols is found, the program assumes that the string is a sentence, and stores it in the variable "sentence". If one of the prescribed symbols is not found, the program determines whether the string contains one of the symbols: DECL, FITTED, IMPR1, or QUES. If one of these symbols if found, a sentence counter variable "index" is incremented by 1 and a new sentence file name is generated with the input file name plus the index as the extension. If there is an old sentence file, then the necessary information is written into it and it is closed. The sentence is then written into the new sentence file. Next, referring to FIG. 3C, the program determines whether the string contains one of the following symbols in its second column: NP, VP, PP, INFCL, SUBCL, AVP, VERB, or COMPCL. If so, as shown in FIG. 3B, the program generates a new tagged string starting with the characters "XP: [". Once the close bracket symbol "]" is appended, it is placed into the *.phr file and the sentence file. The program then determines the part-of-speech of the word this line contains. Depending on whether the part-of-speech is a noun/pronoun, verb, preposition, adjective or adverb, the program will call an appropriate function to process this word, and then (as shown in FIG. 3C) call the function word to extract the word from the parse tree. As shown in FIG. 3C, possible compound words are generated, if necessary, and then the lexicon file "minilex" is opened and searched for the matching concept in the concepts entry list. If no match is found, the program continues searching for it in a metonym list. The minilex file is closed after the searching/matching process is performed. The found concept is assigned to the input word and appended to the tagged string beginning with "XP: [". As shown in FIG. 3C, at the end of the noun, pronoun, verb, preposition, adjective, and adverb processing functions, the program continues to process the *.wn input file until the end is reached.
Rule Matching
The rule files, *.rul, and phrasal nodes files *.1, *.2, *.3, etc., and *.num are the inputs to the rule matching process/program 16. The purpose of the rule matching program is to search for any matches between the sentence phrasal nodes and the generated rules, and to score the essay based on the number of matches. To start, the program generates the necessary input and output file names. The rule file names are defined in the head file "rulefile.h". The rule files are created by another program called "rule.c". Each rule file contains a set of rules automatically generated by "rule.c". The program "score.c" contains a set utility function that reads in the rules in the rule files and converts these rules into a tree and table structure. (Tree and table structures are well known in the computer programming art. They are used to organize large and complex data structures. Details of such structures may be found in "The C Programming Language," by B.W. Kernighan and D. M. Ritchie.) By performing such a transformation, the program enables the scoring process to be completed in an acceptable time period. After the rule files are processed, the program then opens the phrasal node files. It first constructs all possible combinations of the concepts taken from the nodes. For instance, assume a phrasal node file has two nodes as follows:
1 XP: [TRAIN,BETTER]
2 XP: [POLICE,SAFETY,FAST]
These two nodes will be augmented by the program as follows:
1 XP: [TRAIN]
2 XP: [POLICE]
2 XP: [SAFETY]
2 XP: [FAST]
2 XP: [POLICE,SAFETY]
2 XP: [POLICE,FAST]
2 XP: [SAFETY,FAST]
The next step is to find all matched rules for each of the augmented phrasal nodes in the tree structure of the rule files, and to assign the matched categories to the sentences. This search is done recursively because of the tree structure of the rule files. Taking the above set of phrasal nodes as an example, the program begins with the node with the index "1", and searches for any match against those three nodes in the top level of the tree. If a match is found, the program will compare the nodes having index "2" against any node in the next level of the tree. If no match is found for the phrasal nodes with the index "1", the program will discard these inputs and search for any match for the nodes having the index "2" at the first level of the rule tree. These steps are repeated until all the phrasal nodes have been searched or until the leaf node of the rule tree is reached. Once a match is found, the matched category will be assigned to this sentence. (Because there may be many correct answers to a question, the possible correct answers are arranged into general categories. Each category is characterized by several rules. If a sentence matches a rule for a given category, we speak of a "matched category.") The sentence phrasal nodes have to be checked with all the rule files. One sentence could be assigned multiple categories. To obtain a unique classification for a given sentence, the program uses a predefined keywords search strategy. The predefined keywords are determined from training data. Any matched rule that contains the predefined keywords are kept, and the rules that lack a matching keyword are discarded. If all the matched rules have no keyword, they will all be kept. If, after going through the keywords screening, there is still more than one classification, the program will pick up the match that has the longest set of concepts. After such two-step screening, the final result should be unique, although this is not always the case. The outputs are stored in two sets of files, i.e., "*.res" and "*.fin". The "*.fin" files contain the final results and "*.res" files contain the pre-screened information.
The scoring or rule matching process/program 16 will now be summarized with reference to FIGS. 4A and 4B. As shown in FIG. 4A, the program begins by opening input and output files, including *.res, *.fin (output files) and *.num (input file). The function makeset() is called to convert the set of rules and all rule files into tree and table structures using set utility functions. Next, as shown in FIG. 4B, all phrasal nodes are read from the phrasal nodes file. The function generatephrases() is then called to generate all possible combinations of concepts in any one node. Next, the program searches for any possible matches between the given rules and the phrasal nodes by walking through the tree and table structure of one set of rules. This is done recursively. If any match is found, the matched category and the matched rule will be assigned to this sentence. Once the end of all rule sets has been reached, the program stores all matched rules and assigned categories in the *.res file. As shown in FIG. 4B, the program then uses predefined keywords to narrow the number of matches and assigned categories. The matches having the longest list of concepts are retained and stored in the *.fin file. As shown, this process continues until all of the sentence phrasal nodes have been processed. Once the processing has been completed, all opened files are closed.
As shown in FIG. 5, and as indicated in the foregoing description of preferred embodiments, the present invention can be carried out with a computer 200 and a storage device 210 containing files and programs as discussed above. These include the morphology stripping program, concept extraction program and scoring program. In addition, the invention employs text files, parse tree files, morphology-stripped files, lexicon files and phrasal nodes files.
Notwithstanding the foregoing detailed description of presently preferred embodiments, the present invention may be practiced in other forms without departing from the true spirit of the invention. For example, the morphology stripping, concept extraction, and rule matching processes may be modified in ways that will be apparent to those skilled in the art without substantially departing from the overall automatic scoring process. Accordingly, except as they may be expressly so limited, the scope of protection of the following claims is not intended to be limited to the specific examples disclosed above.
1. A content-based process for automatically scoring an essay that has been stored in a parse tree format, wherein the essay relates to a predefined domain of knowledge, comprising:
(a) a morphology stripping step comprising reading the essay in parse tree format and generating a morphology-stripped parse tree representing the essay;
(b) a concept extraction step comprising reading the morphology-stripped parse tree and searching for matching concepts in a predefined lexicon file, wherein the lexicon file includes a plurality of metonyms for selected words, the metonyms being predetermined in accordance with the particular domain of the essay being scored, and wherein each matching concept is used to define a phrasal node associated with the essay; and
(c) a scoring step comprising searching for any matches between the phrasal node(s) defined by the concept extraction step and predefined rules, and scoring the essay based on the number of matches found.
2. A process as recited in claim 1, wherein said morphology stripping step comprises the sub-steps of:
identifying an input file and an output file, wherein the input file contains a sentence string and a parse tree separated by a pre-defined symbol;
reading a line of the input file;
using said pre-defined symbol to distinguish the sentence string from the parse tree and, after reading the sentence string, reading a line of the parse tree from the input file;
processing each word of the line of the parse tree by: (1) determining the part-of-speech of the word and, if the part-of-speech is a noun, verb, adjective or adverb, processing the word further by performing the following sub-steps (2) and (3); (2) processing the word by using a pre-defined function to obtain a morphology-stripped version of the word; (3) using said morphology-stripped version of the word to replace the original word in the parse tree; and
storing an updated parse tree in the output file.
3. A process as recited in claim 1, wherein said concept extraction step comprises the sub-steps of:
opening an input file and an output file, wherein said input file contains a morphology-stripped parse tree generated by said morphology stripping step and said output file is for storage of phrasal nodes;
reading an string from said input file;
determining whether said input string contains one of a first pre-defined set of symbols and, if so, identifying the string as a sentence and storing it in a sentence variable; and if none of said first pre-defined set of symbols is found, determining whether the string contains one of a second pre-defined set of symbols and, if so, incrementing a sentence counter variable and then writing the sentence is into a sentence file;
determining whether the string contains one of a third set of pre-defined symbols in a pre-defined column and, if so, generating a new tagged string for storage into the phrasal nodes output file;
determining a part-of-speech of a word contained in the string and, depending on whether the part-of-speech is a noun or pronoun, verb, preposition, adjective or adverb, processing the word with a pre-defined function and then extracting the word from the parse tree;
searching a pre-defined lexicon file for a concept matching the extracted word in a concepts entry list and, if no match is found, continuing searching for a match in a metonym list;
appending any matching concept found in the concepts entry list or metonym list to said tagged string; and
continuing the foregoing sub-steps until the end of the input file is reached.
4. A process as recited in claim 1, wherein said scoring step comprises the sub-steps of:
reading a pre-defined set of rules in an input file and formatting said rules into tree and table structures;
reading phrasal nodes from a phrasal nodes input file, and generating combinations of concepts in any one phrasal node;
searching for possible matches between the pre-defined rules and the phrasal nodes by using said tree and table structure for one set of rules;
storing matched rules and assigned categories in an output file;
using predefined keywords to narrow the number of matches and assigned categories, wherein matches having the longest list of concepts are retained and stored in an output file; and
repeating the foregoing sub-steps until all of the sentence phrasal nodes have been processed.
5. A process as recited in claim 1, wherein said morphology stripping, concept extraction, and scoring steps are performed in sequential order.
6. A system for carrying out a content-based process for automatically scoring an essay, comprising:
(a) a computer;
(b) a data storage device operatively coupled to said computer;
(c) a parse tree file stored in said data storage device, said parse tree file being representative of said essay in a parse tree format;
(d) a morphology stripping program stored in said data storage device for controlling said computer in reading said parse tree file, stripping morphology from said parse tree and storing a morphology-stripped parse tree in a morphology-stripped parse tree file;
(e) a concept extraction program stored in said data storage device for controlling said computer in creating, on the basis of said morphology-stripped parse tree file, a phrasal node file containing words representing concepts extracted from the morphology-stripped parse tree; and
(f) a scoring program stored in said data storage device for controlling said computer in scoring said essay on the basis of said phrasal node file.
7. A system as recited in claim 6, wherein said concept extraction program performs the functions of searching for matches between words in said essay and words in a previously created lexicon file; and, when a match is found, assigning the matched word in the lexicon file to the corresponding word in the essay by creating a phrasal node corresponding to the matched word in the lexicon file and storing said phrasal node in said phrasal node file.
8. A system as recited in claim 6, wherein said scoring program performs the functions of searching for any matches between the phrasal node(s) defined by the concept extraction program and predefined rules, and scoring the essay based on the number of matches found.
9. A system as recited in claim 6, wherein said morphology stripping, concept extraction, and scoring programs are executed in sequential order.
10. A system as recited in claim 6, wherein said concept extraction program performs the functions of searching for matches between words in said essay and words in a previously created lexicon file; and, when a match is found, assigning the matched word in the lexicon file to the corresponding word in the essay by creating a phrasal node corresponding to the matched word in the lexicon file and storing said phrasal node in said phrasal node file; and said scoring program performs the functions of searching for any matches between the phrasal node(s) defined by the concept extraction program and predefined rules, and scoring the essay based on the number of matches found.
11. A method of using a computer scoring system to automatically score essays provided by test takers in response to domain-specific test items, comprising the steps of:
accepting electronic data representative of an essay provided in response to a selected domain-specific test item, each domain-specific test item being stored in a storage medium of the computer system in association with predefined subject matter data indicative of the content of an appropriate essay response to the item;
processing the electronic data to identify the subject matter content of said essay relative to the domain of said selected test item;
comparing the identified subject matter content to the predefined subject matter data associated with said selected test item; and
automatically providing an assessment of the essay based said comparison.
12. A process as recited in claim 11, further comprising:
opening an input file and an output file, wherein said input file contains a morphology-stripped parse tree and said output file is for storage of phrasal nodes;
determining whether said input string contains one of a first pre-defined set of symbols and, if so, identifying the string as a sentence and storing it in a sentence variable; and if none of said first pre-defined set of symbols is found, determining whether the string contains one of a second pre-defined set of symbols and, if so, incrementing a sentence counter variable and then writing the sentence into a sentence file;
14. A content-based process for automatically scoring an essay that has been stored in a parse tree format, wherein the essay relates to a predefined domain of knowledge, comprising the following acts:
(a) reading the essay in parse tree format and generating a morphology-stripped parse tree representing the essay;
(b) reading the morphology-stripped parse tree and searching for matching concepts in a predefined lexicon file, wherein the lexicon file includes a plurality of metonyms for selected words, the metonyms being predetermined in accordance with the particular domain of the essay being scored, and wherein each matching concept is used to define a phrasal node associated with the essay; and
(c) searching for any matches between the phrasal node(s) defined by the concept extraction step and predefined rules, and scoring the essay based on the number of matches found.
processing each word of the line of the parse tree by:
(1) determining the part-of-speech of the word and, if the part-of-speech is a noun, verb, adjective or adverb, processing the word further by performing the following sub-steps (2) and (3);
(2) processing the word by using a pre-defined function to obtain a morphology-stripped version of the word; (3) using said morphology-stripped version of the word to replace the original word in the parse tree; and
4864502 September 5, 1989 Kucera et al.
4978305 December 18, 1990 Kraft
5259766 November 9, 1993 Sack et al.
5371807 December 6, 1994 Register et al.
Burstein, et al., "Using Lexical Semantic Techniques To Classify Free-Responses", pp. 20-29, Jun. 1996. Burstein, et al., "Final Report For Autimatic Scoring Of Advanced Placement Biology Essays Submitted To Advanced Placement", Oct. 28, 1996. Burstein, et al., "Evaluating A Prototype Essay Scoring Procedure Using Off-The-Shelf Software", Research Report, ETS, Princeton, NJ, Jul. 1995. Kernighan and Ritchie, The C Programming Language, 2nd Ed., pp. 139, 143 and 144, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ. Page, "The Classroom Challenge and Write America!", Handout for NCARE 1996 Annual Meeting, Session I, Chapel Hill, NC, pp. 1-3, Feb. 13, 1996. Page et al., "Construct Validity In The Computer Grading Of Essays", Handout for American Psychological Association, New York, NY, pp. 1-3, Aug, 13, 1995. Page, "Grading Essays By Computer: Why The Controversy?", Handout for NCME, Invited Symposium, New York, NY, pp. 1-3, APr. 11, 1996. Page, "Computer Grading of Student Prose, USing Modern Concepts and Software", Journal of Experimental Education, 62(2), 127-142, (1994). Page and Peterson, "The Computer Moves Into Essay Grading" Phi Delta Kappan, pp. 561-565, Mar. 1995. Tria Systems, Inc., "An Analysis of IntelliMetric.TM. Performance: Jul. 1996 GMAT Analytic Writing Topics", Oct. 31, 1996. Page, "Computer Grading Of Essay Traits In Student Writing", Handout for NCME, Invited Symposium, New York, NY, pp. 1-8, Apr. 11, 1996. Page, "Computer Grading Of Essay Traits In Student Writing",DRAFT Handout for NCME, Invited Symposium, New York, NY, pp. 1-8, Apr. 11, 1996.
Date of Patent: Sep 5, 2000
Assignee: Educational Testing Service (Princeton, NJ)
Inventors: Jill C. Burstein (Howell, NJ), Randy Mark Kaplan (West Chester, PA), Susanne Wolff (New York, NY), Chi Lu (Princeton, NJ)
Primary Examiner: Vivian Chang
Assistant Examiner: Patrick N. Edouard
Law Firm: Woodcock Washburn Kurtz Mackiewicz & Norris LLP
Current U.S. Class: Linguistics (704/1); Natural Language (704/9); Grading Of Response Form (434/353)
International Classification: G06F 1730; G06K 900;


Super for school & home, these apps for iPhone, iPad, Kindle Fire, and Android units encompass astronomy, animals, biology, chemistry, geology, climate, and physics. We also converse with University of Illinois Chicago Professor of African American HIstory and Educational Policy Studies David Stovall , who conducted a program evaluation of Ethnic Studies programs in Tucson over the 2006-2007 school 12 months, and hear about his findings from that evaluation. He is a founding professor of the nationally acknowledged UTeach Natural Sciences preservice trainer education program.
Someone can have a very flat model of instructing and you might not study as a lot but then someone else will make you fall in love with education yet again as a result of every thing 'pops'. An eleventh-hour settlement between the CTU and the varsity district headed off a second strike in Chicago Public Schools (CPS) last week. The table above reveals the highest 4 universities in Africa continent primarily based on the 2014-2015 grading by Times Higher Education. I decided to volunteer at Pratham to study and see first hand how the group reaches out to underprivileged children and extra importantly how it will get the youngsters focused on attending faculty and getting an education.
She additional inspired parental and group involvement as a Co-Chair for the Hoboken Early Childhood Advisory Council (HECAC), an advisory group that supports the Early Childhood Education Program. My pal's daughter and her husband are thinking of moving from Brooklyn to Jersey, assuming a certain commute time since they both work within the metropolis.
I was in the college stuffing mailboxes through the UFT election on one of many testing days and the principal not solely gave me a tour of the building to show me all the brand new stuff they had – hydroponics lab, state of the art library, a scorching stuff pc lab – and then invited me into her workplace for an extended chat about education coverage.
As you can most likely tell by the quotes above, I'm not the form of trainer or homeschooling guardian who requires that kids sit behind a desk doing workbooks many of the day. In this capacity, Nellie helped to position youngsters in the Early Childhood Education Program. So when she was four years outdated, I gathered collectively some suitable books and video games and away we went. Presently, fairly than work for the Department Of Education I'd relatively scrub floors and decide up dog poop all day. They aren't eager about improving our education system, all they are taken with is retaining control over it. Ideally, a mother or father ought to select for each youngster if they'd profit from public, non-public, or home school education. It took the DOE (Dopes Of Education) nearly 3 years to tell me I was being given credit for five back years.


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The demand for sustainable innovation in the construction industry has increased dramatically in recent years. In tenders, procurements and programs of requirements, sustainability is increasingly addressed as a condition, in which a Cradle to Cradle approach can be specified. This creates a very interesting business opportunity for companies that are willing and able to distinguish in the field of sustainable innovation.
Read the article of Bas van de Westerlo, specialist advisor built environment and Cradle to Cradle consultant of the C2C ExpoLAB in Venlo.


Decision by new U.K. Prime Minister Theresa May to fold the Department for Energy and Climate Change into a wider Department for Business, Energy & Industrial Strategy draws criticism from clean energy campaigners, but appointment of Greg Clark earns approval.
Of the questionable appointments and decisions already made by new British Prime Minister Theresa May since she entered Number 10 on Wednesday, the scrapping of the Department for Energy and Climate Change (DECC) ranks among the most worrying, critics have said.
One of the new PM's first acts was to fold DECC – which had primarily been concerned with supporting renewable energy and improving energy efficiency – into a wider Department for Business, Energy & Industrial Strategy, with former shadow energy secretary Greg Clark appointed as Secretary of State for the department.
And while Clark's appointment was welcomed by the Renewable Energy Association (REA) – which remarked that he displayed "real vision as Shadow Energy Secretary and we look forward to working with him once again in order to get things moving on the deployment of new renewable energy infrastructure" – other green campaigners and experts have been critical of the move.
Green Party MP Caroline Lucas called the decision to scrap DECC "deeply worrying", adding that the government appears to be treating the very real threat of climate change as "an afterthought".
"To throw climate change into the basement of another Whitehall department looks like a serious backward step," Lucas said.
Greenpeace's executive director John Sauven also expressed his dismay at the decision, and was particularly scathing of the Conservative government's affiliation with climate skeptics and lack of understanding of the threat posed by climate change.
"If we are to continue to have a key global role in environmental action, we need urgent reassurance from the new government that the hard-won progress on climate and renewables targets, air pollution and the protection of wildlife will not be sidelined or abandoned in the Brexit negotiations."
DECC was far from immune from criticism during the department's tenure, but many of the policy changes enacted over the past few years were decisions taken at a higher level in government, with DECC often having to scrap for more funds and stability as MPs sought to scale back support for renewables, solar in particular.
In a further blow to the U.K.'s green energy sector, former Energy Minister Andrea Leadsom – who was a short-lived rival for PM against May last week – has been appointed Environmental Secretary. Leadsom is understood to be skeptical of climate change and largely in thrall to the coal industry.
Unmoved by the intensity of the reaction to May's decision to scrap DECC, a spokesperson for the department told British newspaper The Independent that "nothing is changing".
"The commitment to dealing with climate change is still there," the statement continued. Head of the new department Greg Clark said: "I am thrilled to have been appointed to lead this new department charged with delivering a comprehensive industrial strategy, leading government's relationship with business, furthering our world-class science base, delivering affordable, clean energy, and tackling climate change."
However, with climate change tacked on to the end of Clark's statement, environmental economist at the New Economics Foundation (NEF) Stephen Devlin worries that this is a new era of "de-prioritization" for clean energy.
"Tackling climate change is an era-defining challenge that must direct and determine what industries we develop, what transport infrastructure we construct, how we manage our land, and what our diet looks like," Devlin said.
"This reshuffle risks dropping climate change from the policy agenda altogether – a staggering act of negligence for which we will all pay the price."
One crumb of comfort for the U.K.'s renewable energy sector is Clark's appointment. The MP has a solid track record of tackling climate change, and at least appears to understand the urgency of the matter at hand. He is also an advocate for renewables, stating in 2009 when he was shadow energy secretary: "Policies to decarbonizes the U.K. economy should never be treated as some sort of sideshow or distraction. Nor should they be seen as an irrelevance during a time of economic downturn.
"Green policies do a lot more than protect our environment; they create immediate new jobs in construction, manufacturing and services, they reduce energy bills through greater efficiency and they will help reduce our balance of payments deficit in the longer term by reducing our dependence on imported fossil fuels."
Commenting on Clark's appointment, the Solar Trade Association's (STA) CEO Paul Barwell said: "We're pleased to welcome Greg Clark as the new Secretary of State for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy, and look forward to working constructively with him over the coming weeks and months to develop a clear industrial strategy and policy roadmap for the solar industry."
However, on the merge of DECC with the Department of Business, Innovation and Skills, Barwell added: "It is a great shame that a department directly focused on the critical issues of energy and climate change is to close, but a joined up business, industrial strategy and energy approach could provide huge opportunities for solar in the U.K., as can be seen in many countries across the world."


Mohegan Sun Arena in Uncasville, Conn - It was a bad night at the office for female boxers who turned to Mixed Martial Arts as part of the Bellator 185 card. Photos by Dave Mandel.
Heather Hardy, who is undefeated at 20-0 as a boxer and remains a popular staple on the East Coast fight scene, made her MMA debut in June as part of Bellator 180 in New York City and picked up a third round TKO win.
This time around, it was a much different story - as Kristina Williams (1-0) pounded Hardy (1-1) and made her a bloody mess on pace to a second round TKO upset win.
Hardy came out strong in the first round, but it didn't take that long for Williams to get going and rock Hardy as they were exchanging punches and kicks.
They were trading away for most of the round, when Williams landed a kick that blasted Hardy right in the face - causing her mouth and nose to begin gushing blood. When the round ended, you could sense a lot of urgency in Hardy's corner, while Williams appeared very confident.
In the second round, Hardy was taken down and took some punches but managed to get back to her feet. They were slugging some more, with Williams having the edge in the action. During the round, Williams rocked Hardy with a vicious shin right to the nose - which made the blood pour out even faster. Soon after, the ringside doctor was called in to examine Hardy and quickly stopped the action at the 2 minute mark.
Also on the card, Lisa Blaine (2-0) defeated pro boxer turned MMA fighter, Ana Julaton (3-2), via split decision - with scores of 29-28, 28-29, 29-28. It was Julaton's second MMA loss in a row. Julaton has a 14-4-3, 2KOs record in boxing. She fought to draw with Maria Nunez back in March in Mexico.
****ing brutal. That kick blew her face to smithereens.
I watched the fIght live last night and while hardy fought bravely she was pretty much dominated. Great stoppage .
I should've saved her before the MMA switch.
Top Headlines Andy Ruiz Confirms He is in The Mix To Face Anthony Joshua Bob Arum is Pleased, Saw Improvements in Felix Verdejo Joshua: Jarrell Miller Does Not Deserve To Be in The Ring Estrada: I Feel Very Strong, Very Fast - I'll Take Sor Rungvisai's Belt Khan: People Will Still Want To See Me Face Thurman, Pacquiao 14 Day Weights: Canelo 165.4-Pounds, Jacobs 166.8 Terence Crawford: I Felt Amir Khan Took The Easy Way Out Rolls: This Isn't A Tune-Up For Golovkin; I'm Coming to Fight! Dusty Harrison Knocks Out Fred Jenkins in Fourth Round Bilal Akkawy To Face John Ryder, Replacing Injured Lemieux McCaskill vs. Sanchez Unification Added To Usyk-Takam Card Verdejo's Coach Admits That His Boxer Did Not Fight as Expected Golovkin Disagrees With Canelo's Stance on 'Title' For Trilogy Photos: Gennady Golovkin, Steve Rolls - Face To Face in New York John Jackson Facing 15 Years, Indicted on Sexual Offense Charges Yamaguchi Falcao-Chris Pearson Lands on Facebook Watch Kash Ali Suspended For Six Months, Fined 10K For Biting Price Khan: The Fight Was 100% Turning, Crawford Was Slowing Down Regis Prograis Helping Youth As Big WBSS Fight Nears Apti Davtaev, Umar Salamov Ready For More After KO Wins Danny Garcia: I Hope I Didn't Scare Manny Pacquiao Away Commey Eyes June Return, Future Unifications - On His Terms Arum: Danny Garcia Is Not A Real Fight For Terence Crawford Terence Crawford-Amir Khan: Afterthoughts BoxingScene Championship Stats, Records: April 2019 Update Hatton: Kid Galahad To Provide Very Tough Test For Warrington McGuigan Comes To Khan's Defense in Wake of Quitter Claims Khan: I'll Always Have World Title Fights, Brook Will Be There Too Jeremiah Nakathila Wins Big, Targets Masayuki Ito Title Shot Fabio Turchi Will Now Face Sami Enbom in Florence, Italy Doheny's Dream Run Continues With Unification Against Roman Ellerbe: Arum Lost His Mind, He Talks Sh*t and Then Wants a Deal PBC Exec: Arum Desperate, Great Fights Ahead Like Crawford-Khan Khan: I Have A lot Left, This Won't Be My Last Fight, I'll Fight Again Photos: Andy Ruiz Makes PBC Debut, Batters Dimitrenko Granados: I Think The Referee Was a Little Over-Protective Tete Warns Donaire: Whoever is in My Way - I'll Take Him Out Kell Brook: I Want Terence Crawford Next, Khan Fight is Dead Photos: Shakur Stevenson Dominates Christopher Diaz Hearn Enraged: Jarrell Miller Swore To Me on Kids' Lives - F*** Off!


Great forum! I joined when I found a copy of the users manual posted before I bought the bike. I've since read about and bought a radiator cover, hand guards, learned how to mount my iphone, and most recently a passenger back rest, all thanks to the members of this forum. Cheers!
Thanks for setting this forum up.
I am going to become more active in this forum, and I hope my buildup posts will make it more lively.
I have had an NCX since 4.April and I live in Zurich, Switzerland.
I am outgoing, but can be misunderstood as direct and blunt.
Hope you welcome me .
International Honda NC700 Enthusiasts Community.
All times are GMT -7. The time now is 16:00.


text:
Q: A method for creating a display that shows information located in the first linked XML file in an ATOM feed I'm a fair novice when it comes to this stuff but I like to create little projects to help me learn. Normally I am able to google-fu my way around a project but in this instance but I've hit a wall.
I'm trying to create an Atom/RSS feed display (to output to a Screen via a Raspberry Pi) using the UK's House of Parliament's vote feed found here (http://api.data.parliament.uk/resources/files/feed?dataset=9&filetype=xml). However, the Feed links to separate XML files which contain the information I want displayed. Most RSS feed displays use the information direct from the feed.
So what I'm asking, is there any existing code libraries or similar, or can someone point out a methodology to get my Raspberry Pi to:

*

*Go to the Atom feed and get the latest link.

*Look into the newest file and grab the Division Title, AyeCount, & NoCount data.

*Print these to screen.

Any help would be awesome!

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Car bombs kill at least 39 people in Baghdad
"Insurgents unleashed a new wave of car bombs in Shiite neighbourhoods of Baghdad on Sunday, killing at least 39 people and wounding dozens, officials said. It was the latest in a series of coordinated attacks targeting civilian areas that have killed hundreds in recent months. Four police officers said the bombs, placed in parked cars and detonated over a half-hour, targeted commercial areas and parking lots. "
Source: Car bombs kill at least 39 people in Baghdad | GulfNews.com
Three French Soldiers Killed in Mali During Counterterrorism Mission

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Finding aid for Manuscripts Collection 355. By-laws, minutes, newsletters, correspondence and other material related to WCCMG, an organization founded to deter development of the Kentucky Trimodal Transpark, located near the rural community of Oakland in Warren County, Kentucky. Also includes information about Oakland, Kentucky. A bibliography of newspaper articles about the Kentucky Trimodal Transpark is included. To access the bibliography click on "Additional File" below.


Take an adventurous 4x4 quadbike tour to see some of the Sacred Valley's most interesting sites. Feel the adrenaline of having total control of a 4x4 quadbike as you drive along dirt roads in the mountains, splashing through mud puddles, passing fields and villages and enjoying the fresh crisp Andean air.
Note: Return time is an approximate and afternoon tours may face some delay due to traffic going back to Cuzco.


And another one gets what they deserve.
Topic: Would it have been justified?
Re: Would it have been justified?
I really dont think he was worried at all.... Almost like you will not shoot me attitude... And just so you know he was in his mid 20's I would say not a teenager. Thanks for the feedback it really is something I need to digest that is for sure.
Would it have been justified?
Topic: What is "Failure to conceal"?
Re: What is "Failure to conceal"?
Not sure if this has been posted but its worth a watch.


text:
wind speed: 11 mph NNE
Education, Island Youth, Sports
Monday, January 24th, 2011 By Megan Stephenson
Boys Paddling Make Personal Best
The Molokai boys' paddling team reached their personal goal of beating Maui High to the finish line in last week's final race of the day, coming in at 4:21.64. They also raced their best time of the season in the first race, at 4:07, qualifying them for the final race, and placed fifth overall.
"The boys were stoked, and so was I," said coach Dave Gilliland. "It was just a great race for us." The boys and girls paddle races were moved to Kahului Harbor, instead of Ka Lae Pohaku due to flooding from the inclement weather.
The boys set a new goal to defeat Kamehameha Maui, who was just a few seconds ahead of them in the final race – despite a broken paddle.
Dustin Bishaw suffered from the broken handle, who adapted to the setback like a pro.
"He didn't even miss a beat…just kind of muscled through," Gilliland said. "A little icing on the result, the fact that they did it Molokai style."
The boys will take a break from competition to focus on the Jan. 29 race at Hanakao`o. Gilliland said they are treating it like their state race, and their goal is to break into the top three.
He also thanked his support staff of local paddlers, such as Adolph Helm, who "really stepped up and helped with the journey, and passed on their mana`o."
The girls' paddling team also gained a victory last weekend, coming in a very close second to Seabury Hall in the final race.
"What a race, what a race," said coach Tania Kaholoaa. "We (Seabury and Molokai) went into the turn together on the way home, and were 10 feet in front the last…15 feet of the race, where Seabury nosed [us] out."
The girls came in at 4:30.03 to Seabury's 4:27.76.
"We did fine, just little things we got to clean up on," she added.
The girls will compete this weekend in Kahuluhi Harbor, on Jan. 22.
Posted in Education, Island Youth, Sports	 Add your comment
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text:
Q: How to Understand Quantum Phase Slips in Josephson Junction Array in terms of Tunneling? I am trying to understand quantum phase slips in terms of quantum tunneling between the minima of the Josephson potential (see page 2 right before equation (1)). Consider the following circuit diagram of one real Josephson junction (JJ). Here the top circuit element is an ideal JJ which follows the Josephson equations.

Using the Josephson relations, I obtained the following differential equation. Here $\gamma$ represents the phase difference across the JJ. This can be obtained from Kirchhoff's current law.
$$\bigg(\frac{\hbar}{2e}\bigg)^2 C \frac{d^2 \beta}{dt^2} + \bigg(\frac{\hbar}{2e}\bigg)^2\frac{1}{R} \frac{d\beta}{dt} = -\frac{\hbar I_c}{2e} \sin \beta \equiv - \frac{\partial U(\beta)}{\partial \beta}$$
This equation is similar to a mechanical system involving one particle moving with two applied forces: a frictional force that depends on velocity and a conservative driving force. The mass of this particle is $\big(\frac{\hbar}{2e}\big)^2 C$, the frictional term is $-\big(\frac{\hbar}{2e}\big)^2\frac{1}{R} \frac{d\beta}{dt}$, and the driving force is $-\frac{\hbar I_c}{2e} \sin \beta$
We can think of $\beta$ as the "position" of a phase difference "particle" moving in a potential $U(\gamma)$ called the Josephson potential. Josephson potential is
$$U(\beta) = -\frac{\hbar I_c}{2e}\cos \beta$$
Now, I know that the phase and the excess charge are conjugate variables and thus lead to an uncertainty principle. Suppose the uncertainty in the phase is large. Does this allow the phase difference to tunnel through the potential barrier of the Josephson potential? If not, how does one explain quantum phase slips as tunneling through the minima of the Josephson potential?


text:
Home News Scottish News Lifeboat crew mutiny over closure plan
Lifeboat crew mutiny over closure plan
By Xantha Leatham -
A LIFEBOAT crew has mutinied over plans to shut its "vital" station.
Volunteers at the St Abbs lifeboat station in Berwickshire have handed back their pagers to the RNLI and vowed to use their own boats in emergencies.
Crews over the years have saved 226 lives and been awarded bravery medals for their efforts in the North Sea.
The crew has saved 226 lives since the station opened
But the Royal National Lifeboat Institution wants to close the 104-year-old station later this year following a review on the best use of resources.
The area – extremely popular with divers – is set to be served by Eyemouth station, roughly two miles away.
The 14 volunteers have vowed to continue by using their own fishing boats to rescue those in danger.
Angus Skene was Deputy Launching Authority for the St Abbs station, and has been a volunteer with the RNLI for 35 years.
The area will be served by Eyemouth station – roughly 2 miles away
He said: "We came into work at 9am, and by 9:30 all of our pagers had been handed in."
He added: "Lives will definitely be lost as a result of this closure. We are inundated with divers in the harbour over summer, and the boat from Eyemouth could take up to 15 minutes to get here if the weather is bad.
"A lot of our crew already have their own fishing boats, and we've promised to use them to continue to save people who come into difficulty in the harbour.
"Our boys know the area well and will be able to respond a lot quicker than the boat coming from two miles away."
Angus Skene has said lives will "definitely be lost" due to the closure
He explained that the fishing boats "would be lucky" to reach speeds of 8 knots, compared to the official lifeboat which can travel four times as fast.
"Most of the people who get into trouble are only about 100 yards or so from land," he added.
"However, it's a proven fact that there have been times we haven't been able to reach them on time even in the proper boat.
"People are going to die but we will do the best we can."
An online petition has been set up to save the lifeboat station, which has already received over 2,000 signatures.
Angus Skene pictured at the station's 100th anniversary
Many have highlighted the danger of a delayed response to call-ins.
Alastair Innes, vice-chair of Kelso Sub Aqua Club, said: "The Eyemouth lifeboat might just be ten minutes away, but that's a long time if someone is in danger of drowning or a diver is missing. Response time is vital."
David Fuller-Shapcott, of the Borders Water Rescue Team, said: "The St Abbs area draws a huge number of people, not just divers, but many tourists as well and the closure of this station will be a big blow from the safety cover point of view."
Over the years, crew members have been awarded five silver and one bronze member for gallantry.
The most recent medal service was in 2011, when helmsman Darren Crowe was awarded the bronze medal after he swam into a cave and saved an angler who had fallen from rocks.
George Rawlinson, RNLI operations director, said: "The RNLI does not take lightly any decision to close a lifeboat station and we understand that this will be disappointing for our crew, supporters and the community at St Abbs.
"The lifeboat station has served the RNLI proudly for over 100 years, saved 226 lives and rescued many more in that time.
"On behalf of everyone at the RNLI I would like to thank the volunteers for their dedication and commitment to saving lives at sea."
St Abbs
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Xantha Leatham
http://www.deadlinenews.co.uk/2015/05/14/lifeboat-crew-mutiny-over-closure-plan/


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text:
In midst of bleak season, the Mets' future has arrived
3yJerry Crasnick
If Dominic Smith, right, and fellow star prospect Amed Rosario warm to the majors as quickly as Michael Conforto did, the New York Mets have a real chance to be dangerous. Eric Hartline/USA TODAY Sports
Jerry CrasnickESPN Senior Writer
ESPN.com senior writer
Author of "License to Deal"
Former Denver Post national baseball writer
After 2,263 minor league plate appearances and some idle moments fantasizing about his MLB debut, Dominic Smith walked into the New York Mets' clubhouse at Citizens Bank Park on Friday and located his locker stall near the entrance to the showers. He glanced at the No. 22 name plate at the top, changed from his street clothes into his uniform and settled in for what he hopes will be the rest of his baseball life.
There will be successes and failures, good days and bad, but no day quite compares to the first.
"It's still pretty surreal right now," Smith said. "In a few weeks when I can sit back and look at what I just went through, that's when it's really going to sink in and hit me. I feel accomplished, because this is a big goal and a big dream for a lot of kids and a lot of people. It's just the beginning."
Smith went 1-for-3 with a single in his debut at first base and enjoyed his biggest thrill as a spectator, when rookie teammate Amed Rosario homered in the ninth inning to give the Mets a 7-6 victory over the Philadelphia Phillies. In a Subway Series game Tuesday night, Smith and Rosario both got into the act with two-run homers in a 5-4 loss to the Yankees at Yankee Stadium.
After a season filled with injuries, awkward news conferences, mascot high jinks and other indignities, Mets fans might actually have to brace themselves for some positive news.
A disappointing summer in Flushing is winding down with a roster revamp and a series of housekeeping chores. With six weeks to go, Curtis Granderson and Asdrubal Cabrera can only wonder if they'll be following Lucas Duda, Jay Bruce, Addison Reed and Neil Walker out the door in trades before the end of August. The Mets also have a decision to make on manager Terry Collins, whose contract expires at the end of the season.
Amid the uncertainty and roster flux, two new players with disparate styles and skills are energizing the clubhouse. If Rosario and Smith warm to the big leagues as quickly as outfielder Michael Conforto, who is slugging .568 with 26 home runs and recently made his first All-Star team at age 24, the new wave has a chance to be dangerous.
"They're the best two prospects in the organization, so everybody is counting on them to be successful,'' veteran infielder Jose Reyes said. "They're the future of this organization."
Rosario, who grew up in the Dominican Republic playing alongside future Texas Rangers outfielder Nomar Mazara, signed with the Mets for $1.75 million at age 16 in 2012 and rose quickly through the system. A scout who watched him extensively with Double-A Binghamton in 2016 referred to him as a "quick-twitch player with an excellent game clock." In July, ESPN's Keith Law ranked Rosario as MLB's top prospect and wondered why the Mets were taking so long to promote him to the majors. The Mets put the mystery to rest when they summoned Rosario from Triple-A Las Vegas on July 31.
Smith, 22, arrived in pro ball with a reputation as an advanced hitter after being selected with the 11th pick in the 2013 draft, and he didn't disappoint. He hit .302 with a .366 on-base percentage in the minors, gradually showed more power on his way up the chain and struck out only 15.5 percent of the time.
Smith is nimble around the first-base bag, but he'll need to show some commitment over time to retain that flexibility. After receiving an organizational directive to lose weight last winter, he revamped his diet and dropped from 258 to 234 pounds during the offseason. Smith and the Mets know he'll have to continue monitoring his weight as he ages.
"We have a lot of people here to help him," Collins said. "We have trainers and nutritionists and two cooks who can make him whatever he wants in every clubhouse. He'll see other guys who are very careful with their diets and watch what they eat, and I think he'll really benefit from seeing the way some of these guys prepare for a game. It's not going to be easy, but I think he can handle it."
From a technical perspective, both Mets rookies have skills that are hard to teach. Kevin Long, the Mets' hitting coach, took note of Rosario's quick bat and Smith's discerning approach to hitting in spring training.
"Dom Smith, with his ability to get the bat head to the ball and swing at good pitches, that's something you just don't see in a 22-year-old," Long said. "And we have another guy who is a good role model for him in Michael Conforto, who swings at strikes and has a lot of discipline at the plate.
"Rosario reminds me more of a [Robinson] Cano, where he just could hit, but the strike zone is probably going to be one of the last things that comes. It's electric. There's a looseness to his swing, and he's got good fire from his lower half. That's what you're always looking for in hitters."
Amed Rosario hit a winning home run on Friday against the Philadelphia Phillies -- the same night of Dominic Smith's debut. Bill Streicher/USA TODAY Sports
Expectations for prospects can be stifling -- particularly with a losing team in a demanding media market such as New York -- but Smith and Rosario have both been forewarned. Smith routinely sought out older teammates and coaches in the minors, and he said several told him to "be a sponge.'' Until he's established, he plans to keep his mouth shut and impress the veterans with his work ethic and listening skills.
Rosario has a personal mentor of sorts in Reyes, who arrived in New York as a hotshot prospect in 2003 and has endured a slew of injuries and off-field controversy on his way to 2,057 career hits. Despite a 12-year age gap, the two players bonded instantly when Reyes spent time in Binghamton last summer. They texted almost daily after Reyes returned to the majors.
"He's helped me a lot -- more than a friend," Rosario said in Spanish through interpreter Edwin Gonzalez. "He's like a brother. He gives me a lot of advice on a daily basis."
Among the pieces of wisdom that Reyes has passed along to Rosario: Don't get caught up in the static. He tells Rosario to come to the park each day hungry to play, to hustle and give everything he has. Given Rosario's all-around talent, the rest will take care of itself.
"He can do everything," Reyes said. "The thing that's impressed me the most is how relaxed he is on the field as a young player. He's 21 years old, and he seems like he already has five years under his belt."
Those flashes of brilliance validate the high prospect rankings. In the fourth inning of Saturday's game, Philadelphia's Rhys Hoskins hit a ball deep in the shortstop hole. Rosario ranged far to his right, backhanded the ball and made a jump throw to beat Hoskins by a step. Hello, Derek Jeter references.
"I was teasing Amed," Long said. "I told him, 'If you play well here, do you have another level to go to?' He was like, 'No, this is it.' It's not like this is Double-A or Triple-A. These guys have to figure out this level, and once they do, the game will be a lot easier.
"They're great kids, both of them. We've had a veteran team, but it's really exciting to have these guys here. I'm looking forward to the new blood."


text:
broadbrained
Space & Robotics
Pace of switching in health insurance market slows
The survey found a reluctance to switch despite the savings often on offer
The pace of switching health insurance providers in the Irish market is slowing down a new survey has found, with just a fifth of adults saying they've moved insurers in the past two years.
Part of the reason may be that many people are worried about the implications of changing cover, with the research finding a quarter of over 50s were too afraid to make the switch.
This is despite the significant savings that can be made from switching, according to many independent experts.
A perception that there is nothing to be achieved by moving insurer also appears to be a factor, as almost one in four of those questioned said they think there is no significant cost savings between providers.
14% said they were concerned about waiting periods, while 17% found comparing plans on offer from different providers to be too hard.
The survey also found that many older people were unaware of the potential shortfalls on their policies, with nearly three quarters saying they did not know what they were.
The research also found benefits were a stronger motivating factor than costs among health insurance customers.
The research was carried out by Empathy Research on behalf of laya healthcare, and involved the questioning of 1,000 adults aged 18+last month.
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Accu-Stack Comb Riser Helps You Keep it Up During Hard-Core Sniping Operations Deep Inside Enemy Lines: Thank You Major Fox! (Fun Video!)
David Crane March 17, 2011
By David Crane
defrev (at) gmail (dot) com
Sorry for the double entendre article title, but Victor Company USA, the company that made the video ad below, started it, and then kept it up (I couldn't resist) during the whole ad. In fact, the whole Accu-Stack Comb Riser video ad is one giant double entendre, and it actually works. We really got a rise out of it (sorry, I know). It's creative, entertaining, and actually manages to make something as boring as a stackable high-impact-polymer spacer (that's what the Accu-Stack Comb Riser is) interesting, and, dare we say, sexy?
O.k., that's probably going too far, but any comb riser video ad that can keep your attention all the way through has to be pretty good. Let's face it, a stackable comb riser is definitely not one of the coolest or sexiest parts on a gun, even if it does provide for a superior and more secure cheekweld. That is, until now! O.k., it's still not, but the boys at Victor Company–and it has to be a bunch of guys behind this thing–gave it their best shot. Here's the result:
Accu-Stack Comb Risers = tactical/sniper rifle Viagra. Hmh. We like it (enough to write about it).
The Accu-Stack Stackable Comb Riser is designed expressly for Accuracy International (AI) tactical/sniper rifles (and anti-materiel rifles) like the AI Arctic Warfare Super Magnum (AWSM) series anti-materiel/sniper rifles and AI AE MKII sniper rifle, as well as any rifle that utilizes the Accuracy International Chassis System (AICS) rifle chassis/stock system, but they're not compatible with the AI Auto-Adjusting Comb.
Hat tip to DefenseReview (DR) friend and contributor Chen Lee ("SMGLee") for giving us the heads-up (I can't stop!) on the AccuStack video ad and sending us the link. Keep 'em comin' (o.k., I'll stop, now).
Company Contact Info:
Victor Company
La Canada, CA 91012-0497
Website: http://www.victorcompanyusa.com
© Copyright 2011 DefenseReview.com. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed without receiving permission and providing proper credit and appropriate links.
Sero Gepard GM6 Lynx Lightweight Bullpup Semi-Auto .50 BMG Anti-Materiel Rifle: Meet the Hungarian Mobile Light Infantry Artillery Sensation
Leader 50 BMG Revolutionary Ultra-Compact and Lightweight Semi-Auto Bullpup .50 BMG (12.7×99mm NATO) Anti-Materiel/Sniper Rifle for Military Special Operations Forces (SOF) and Civilian Tactical Shooters: Coming Soon to a Theater of Operations and Shooting Range Near You?
Remington M24E Sniper Weapon System (Sniper Rifle) "Leaked" Promo Video for SHOT Show 2010
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Accuracy International's Arctic Warfare Series Rifles
Accu-Stack Comb Riser Helps You Keep it Up During Hard-Core Sniping Operations Deep Inside Enemy Lines: Thank You Major Fox! (Fun Video!) by David Crane
About David Crane
David Crane started publishing online in 2001. Since that time, governments, military organizations, Special Operators (i.e. professional trigger pullers), agencies, and civilian tactical shooters the world over have come to depend on Defense Review as the authoritative source of news and information on "the latest and greatest" in the field of military defense and tactical technology and hardware, including tactical firearms, ammunition, equipment, gear, and training.
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B David Crane david (at) defensereview (dot) com January 7, 2023 The Firearm Blog (TFB) …


text:
▸ Volker M. Welter
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Volker M. Welter
Graduate Admissions Advisor
welter@arthistory.ucsb.edu
Winter 2021: TBA
Modern architecture; domestic architecture; patronage; histories of modernist, revival styles; and, sustainable architecture.
Ph.D. University of Edinburgh
Volker M. Welter is an architectural historian whose specializes in modern architecture from the 19th century onwards. Working mainly on Californian, British, and German, but also current architecture, his research centers on domestic architecture, patronage, histories of modernist, revival styles, and sustainable architecture, and historiography of modern architecture.
The subject matter of his research usually emerge from his ongoing work in archives where the unordered adjacencies of archival sources often inspire new projects. He is interested in the ways architecture intersects on a smaller scale with individual human lives and on a larger scale with the environment. His work combines detailed architectural historical analysis with biographical research and, when appropriate, philosophical, sociological and psychological (theories of spatial perception) thought contemporary to a research project's focus.
Prof. Welter has received grants and fellowships from the Getty Grant Program, the Paul Mellon Centre for Studies in British Art, and the Centre Canadien d'Architecture, Montreal. Following on from Biopolis: Patrick Geddes and the City of Life (Cambridge, MA, 2002), he continues publishing on the Scotsman's theories of the city. His book Ernst L. Freud, Architect: The Case of the Modern Bourgeois Home (Oxford, 2012) reintroduced the architect son of Sigmund Freud into the history of European architectural modernism. He is working on book on the patronage of mid-20th century domestic American architecture, compiling a history of the concept of Umwelt in relation to architecture, and researches how the battlefields of the Great War influenced the emergence of European architectural modernism in the 1920s.
Volker M. Welter. "SCHLOSS MURNAU, HOLLYWOODLAND, CA 90068." Cabinet: A Quarterly of Art and Culture, Issue 63: The Desert (2017): 41-49.
Volker M. Welter. "From the Landscape of War to the Open Order of the Kaufmann House: Richard Neutra and the Experience of the Great War." In The Good Gardener?: Nature, Humanity and the Garden, edited by Annette Giesecke, Naomi Jacobs, and Rick Darke, 216-233. London: Black Dog Publishing, 2015.
Volker M. Welter. "The Valley Region—From Figure of Thought to Figure on the Ground." In New Geographies Journal 06: Grounding Metabolism, edited for Harvard University Graduate School of Design by Nikos Katsikis & Daniel Ibanez (Harvard University Press, 2014): 78-87.
Volker M. Welter. "Therapeutic Frontiers: The Tremaine Houses in Santa Barbara." Manifest: A Journal of American Architecture and Urbanism 1 (2013): 178-187.
Volker M. Welter. "From Disc to Sphere: Taking on the Whole Earth." Cabinet: A Quarterly of Art and Culture, Issue 40: Hair (Winter 2010/11): 19-25.
5A Introduction to Architecture & Environment
136K Modern Architecture in Early Twentieth-Century Europe
136L From Modernism to Post-Modernism in European Architecture
136M Revival Styles in Southern Californian Architecture
136O Sustainable Architecture: History and Aesthetics
136Y Modern Architecture in Southern California, 1890s to the Present
137AA Architecture and Monumentality in the 20th Century
141G The Architecture of Museums and Galleries from c. 1800 to the Present
186SV Seminar in Modern Architecture (undergraduate seminar)
Topics include: "Animal Buildings," "Architecture and Biography," "Bauhaus in California"
186W Historiography: Readings in the Historiography of Modern Western Architecture (undergraduate seminar)
186Y Seminar in Architecture and Environment (undergraduate seminar)
Topics include: "Charles Moore in California," "State Street Santa Barbara," "Reading Twentieth-Century Modern Architecture," "Palm Springs Modern"
Tel Aviv — Modern City (undergraduate seminar)
Campus Architecture (undergraduate seminar)
Santa Barbara Architects (undergraduate seminar)
2015 Loot, Spolia, Exhibit: Whose Patrimony is it, anyway?
2014 "this is tomorrow" — Rethinking Architecture, Art, and Life in Post‐World War 2 London
2013 Architectural History between Microhistory and Biography
2011 After Modernism: The Emergence of Post-Modernism in Architecture
2009 Domesticity and Interiority in the 19th and 20th Century
2008 Reading of Space and Spatiality: Aesthetics, Gestaltpsychology, Sociology, Phenomenology, Art History, Theory of Architecture
2007 The Architecture of Museums and Painting Galleries
2005 Expressionism in German Architecture
2005 History and Theory of Conservation and Restoration in Architecture
2004 Organic, Biological, and Natural Metaphors in Architecture
2003 Gazing at the (Urban) Environment


text:
Anna von Arnswaldt (* 6. Januar 1801 in Bökendorf; † 1. Oktober 1877 in Hannover) war eine deutsche Adelige und (Stief-)Tante der vier Jahre älteren Dichterin Annette von Droste-Hülshoff.

Leben
Anna von Arnswaldt stammte aus dem westfälischen Adelsgeschlecht von Haxthausen und war seit 1830 mit dem preußischen und hannoverschen Geheimen Regierungsrat August von Arnswaldt verheiratet. Über ihre Brüder Werner von Haxthausen und August von Haxthausen war sie seit ihrer Jugend mit den Brüdern Grimm und dem späteren konservativen kurhessischen Minister Ludwig Hassenpflug bekannt. Mit dessen jüngster Schwester Amalie war sie eng befreundet, und zwischen ihnen bestand ein intensiver Briefwechsel. Etwa 800 Briefe, die etliche politische Inhalte über Ludwig Hassenpflug und literaturhistorische Mitteilungen über den Kreis um Annette von Droste-Hülshoff enthalten, sind im Nachlass Arnswaldt im Staatsarchiv Marburg überliefert.

Literatur
 Brüder Grimm: Briefwechsel mit Ludwig Hassenpflug (einschließlich der Briefwechsel zwischen Ludwig Hassenpflug und Dorothea Grimm, geb. Wild, Charlotte Hassenpflug, geb. Grimm, ihren Kindern und Amalie Hassenpflug), herausgegeben und bearbeitet von Ewald Grothe (= Kasseler Ausgabe. Werke und Briefwechsel. In kritisch-kommentierten Einzelbänden. Briefe. Band 2), Brüder Grimm-Gesellschaft, Kassel 2000, ISBN 3-929633-64-7.
 Walter Gödden: Ein neues Kapitel Droste-Biographie. Die Freundschaft der Droste mit Anna von Haxthausen und Amalie Hassenpflug in ihrem biographischen und psychologischen Kontext anhand neuen Quellenmaterials. In: Droste-Jahrbuch. N. F. 1 (1986/1987), S. 157–172.
 Walter Gödden: Tag für Tag im Leben der Annette von Droste-Hülshoff. Daten, Texte, Dokumente, 2. Auflage. Schöningh, Paderborn 1996, ISBN 3-506-73197-1.
 Gothaisches genealogisches Taschenbuch der adeligen Häuser, 1903, S. 69.
 Ewald Grothe, Hellmut Seier (Bearb.): Akten und Briefe aus den Anfängen der kurhessischen Verfassungszeit 1830–1837 (= Veröffentlichungen der Historischen Kommission für Hessen. Band 48,4), hrsg. von Hellmut Seier, Elwert, Marburg 1992, ISBN 3-7708-0993-9, S. 179–181, 218–219, 231–233 (Briefe Amalie Hassenpflugs an Anna von Arnswaldt, 1832/33).
 Philipp Losch: Male Hassenpflug. In: Zeitschrift des Vereins für Hessische Geschichte und Landeskunde 63 (1952), S. 104–111.

Weblinks
 Eintrag im Kalliope-Verbund
 Nachlassdatenbank beim Bundesarchiv
 Straube-Arnswaldt-Affäre auf der Webseite "Nach 100 Jahren möchte ich gelesen werden". Annette von Droste-Hülshoff in Briefen

Einzelnachweise

Anna
⚭Anna
Annette von Droste-Hülshoff
Brüder Grimm
Deutscher
Geboren 1801
Gestorben 1877
Frau

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Android: Unit conversion apps are a bit of a bore, but Convert Everything takes the concept to a whole new level. It's probably the most complete unit conversion tool we've seen, and can convert everything from length measurements and currency to clothing/shoe sizes to resistance and magnetomotive force.
Of course, on most Android phones you can ask Google Now or Google Search to do these unit conversions for you, but Convert Everything does it in a snap, and features even more conversion methods than Google will do in one step. At some point, Google will shunt you off to another conversion tool to handle it, while Convert Anything will do it all right there on your device.
The app is probably ideal for students or anyone who frequently has to perform quick conversions and needs a good tool to do it—the rest of us who just need to convert miles to kilometers or Fahrenheit to Celsius can probably stick to Google Now. Convert Everything is free, and works on Android phones running 2.2+. Hit the link below to grab it from Google Play.


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Responsible gun ownership is an important right — but it is also a weighty responsibility. Crimes become substantially more serious when they involve a weapon. And the reckless use or possession of a firearm can be a serious crime. Weapons crimes in Utah carry serious penalties as well as the possibility of restrictions on future licensing. That's why it's important for anyone facing weapons charges to have counsel from an experienced attorney. Our team at Intermountain Legal understands how the use of a weapon impacts other criminal charges and how charges play out in Utah courts. We work with prosecutors to arrange plea bargains to reduce some of these harsher penalties. But we remain ready to go to trial if necessary to protect our clients.
Gun and weapons charges — Buyers, sellers, owners and users of guns are subject to numerous state and federal requirements. Moreover, crimes involving the use of a gun are substantially more serious than those where weapons weren't involved. Our legal team has the experience to help clients confront serious gun and weapons charges.
Possession of a firearm in an airport — It is illegal for anyone except certain exempt individuals to be in possession of a firearm in an airport. But whether the crime was committed intentionally or negligently makes a huge difference in the penalties imposed. A lawyer can identify the facts of your case that can help minimize these charges.
Discharge of a firearm from a vehicle — Utah law makes the discharge of a firearm from a vehicle under certain circumstances a criminal act, even if no one was hurt or even placed in danger. Our attorneys fully understand this crime and know how to defend those accused of it.
Reckless endangerment — The reckless use of a handgun can frequently be the catalyst for a charge of reckless endangerment, even if no one was injured. Our Salt Lake City attorneys can help fight these serious charges.
Intermountain Legal has defended clients of all types — including individual gun owners as well as gun shops and dealers — from various criminal weapons charges. We know the law and we know the process. Call our office today at 801-990-4200 or contact us online to begin taking control of your legal troubles.


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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


So, you're selling and buying, maybe not in that order, and you want to make it on both ends. You want to sell high and buy low…….. that's probably not going to happen. In real estate, as in stocks, as in anything in a supply side economic environment, it's usually either one or the other. If prices are high, you have a very good chance of selling your home for the optimum price, however finding that deal when it comes to purchasing a new home will prove to be difficult. And on the flip side, purchasing a new home because it was such a deal with the expectation of getting top dollar for yours may prove to be very frustrating. If you are going to be involved in both a purchase and a sale, take time to understand the market, and be realistic in your expectations. As Realtors we see this every day, people who feel that their home is worth more than market value simply because that is the price needed to make a particular set of real estate transactions work i.e., " In order for me to buy this house, I need to sell my house for this much money, ergo my house is worth this much." Understand, we are Realtors, we do not create the market, we do not affect the market, we simply respond to the market the best way we can for our customers. A realtor who over promises a seller both on sale price and days on market does no one any favors. An overpriced property, waiting for a buyer that most likely does not exist, wastes time, energy and ultimately money. The simple fact of the matter is, the real estate market operates under the rules of a free market economy, and follows demand. In a down market demand is created in most cases by one simple fact, price. Sure you will hear about exceptions where people overpaid, but that is the exception. The truth be told very rarely does a person make it on both ends of the deal.