This is the steel hand brake band without the lining installed. Spring clips and mounting clips are installed on the band. Made in USA. Priced individually.
This is the steel emergency brake band complete with the lining installed. Spring clips and mounting clips are installed on the band.
Made in USA. Priced individually.
Hand brake lining Set for the 1928-31 Model A Ford. Comes complete with 2 linings and enough rivets to rivet in place on your old bands. Made in USA.
1928-31 Hand brake retract springs. Set of 4.
Hand brake toggle link for the 1928-31 Model A Ford. You will need two of these per wheel. Made in USA.
Hand brake connecting lever in pressed steel, for the 1928-31 Model A. Connects the emergency brake toggle lever to the two toggle links. Need 2 per car. Made in USA.
Hand brake connecting lever in forged steel for the 1928-31 Model A. Connects the emergency brake toggle lever to the two toggle links. Need 2 per car. This is a quality forged part that has been made from the original ford print, Made in USA.
These are the special pins for hooking all of the emergency brake links together inside the drum. Made in USA. 8 peice Set.
Toggle lever for the Model A Ford hand brake. This is the arm that goes through the backing plate. The lever that the brake rod attaches to slides over the end of this shaft with a key-way. It is an import, but of excellent quality. Shaft is drilled and end is tapped for a grease fitting.
Hand brake toggle lever shaft housing complete with the bushings installed. Must be welded or flanged to your old carrier plate.
Hand Brake carrier for the right side of the 1928-31 Model A Ford. Quite often this part is missing or mangled beyond use! These are brand new units not rebuilt. New bushings are installed in these units. Right is drivers side on a RHD car.
Hand Brake carrier for the left side of the 1928-31 Model A Ford. Brand new units not rebuilt. New bushings are installed in these units. Left is passenger side on a RHD Model A.
Right side hand brake lever for the 1928-31 Model A. This is the cast lever that the emergency brake rods hook onto at the rear backing plates. Very nice quality!
Left side hand brake lever for the 1928-31 Model A. This is the cast lever that the emergency brake rods hook onto at the rear backing plates.
Hand brake lever mounting set. These are the bolts to mount the emergency brake levers on the toggle levers. Made in USA.
Hand brake lever spring set for the 1928-31 Model A.
These two springs install on the brake shaft outside the backing plate and return the levers to the home position.
If you have an early 1928 with the emergency brake handle hole in the sub rail, this plate will block off the hole if you change to the later style braking system. Made in USA.
Push Button Style hand brake for the 1929 Model A Ford with the handle mounted in Front of the gear lever. Chrome plated.
Note: There are three different styles, please check you have chosen correctly.
Squeeze style hand brake lever which mounts to the Front of the gear lever on the 1928-29 Model A Ford.
The squeeze style handle was used June 1928 to Dec. 1928 and mounted in front of the gear stick.
(Also fits right hand drive Model A, with handbrake lever on left of gear lever).
This is a duplicate of an old accessory that was around when the A was new! Mounts on A-2780-C style emergency brake levers and makes releasing the handle easier and easier to reach! Chrome plated. Made in USA.
Hand brake handle clamp bolts for the 1928-29 Model A. This bolt is used on the handles that are mounted to the front of the gear shift to clamp the handle to its shaft. Made in USA.
Hand brake handle pivot bolt for the 1929-31 Model A. The bolt with the special thin head and castle nut for handle that mounts on the side of the transmission. Made in USA.
This is the felt washer goes onto the pawl rod inside brake handle to eliminate rattling.
You can use a coat hanger to push it up into bottom of the handbrake lever.
The early style Hand brake pawl rod for the 1928-29. This is the rod that runs inside the brake handle. Made in USA.
Hand brake pawl rod for the later 1929-31 Model A. This is the rod that runs inside the brake handle. Made in USA.
This was used on the early 1928 Model A with the lever mounted on the left side of car. Made from #4140 steel and heat treated to RD56 hardness. Made in USA.
These are made from #4140 steel and heat treated to RD56 hardness. You'll never have to replace this again. Made in USA.
This one is used on squeeze grip style handles mounted to the front of the gear shift lever.
This pawl is used on push button style emergency handles mounted to the front of the gear shift lever.
These are made from #4140 steel and heat treated to RD56 hardness.
This style pawl is used for the push button style emergency levers that are mounted to the right of the gear shift lever.
Made from #4140 steel and heat treated to RD56 hardness. Made in USA.
This is the special clevis pin for attaching the rod that runs from the cross shaft to the emergency brake handle. Also holds the pawl in place. Made in USA.
The spring inside the Model A Ford hand brake lever that locks the pawl rod in place. Made in USA.
Hand Brake Ratchet for the 1929-31 Model A with the push button lever. This is the piece of the hand brake lever that bolts to the transmission.
Use with A-2786-DR pawl. US made and heat treated for long life. For brake to right style brake levers.
Economy cadmium plated version of the above hand brake ratchet for the 1929-31 Model A with the push button lever. This is the piece of the hand brake lever that bolts to the transmission.
These are used with the A-2786-DR pawl. For brake to right style brake levers.
This style of hand brake handle ratchet was used on the 1928-29 Model A, with the squeeze type lever, mounted to the front of the gear shift lever.
This is the special flat head screw that holds the A-2795-AR ratchet to the transmission tower.
Hand brake cross shaft 1930-31. This is the shaft only, it DOES NOT include any levers. None of these levers are being reproduced, you will have to use your old ones. Holes are already drilled. This is the style of cross shaft that goes through the frame. Made in USA.
Pair of hand brake cross shaft bushings for the 1928-30 Model A. These are brass bushings that go at the ends of the emergency brake cross shaft and are used on the style of cross shaft that mounted between frame rails.
If your cross shaft uses the round "ball" shaped bushings, use A-2477 or A-2477-B bushings. Made in USA.
These felts are used on the emergency brake cross shafts that mount between the frame rails. They slip over the balls on the end of the cross shaft to keep the grease in. 2 are required. Made in USA.
Hand brake cross shaft bracket for the 1928-30 Model A, to hold the emergency brake cross shaft that mounted inside the frame rails. Powder coated black. Two of these will be required. Made in USA.
Hand brake cross shaft bolts, nuts and washers to bolt the emergency brake cross shaft brackets to the frame. Made in USA.


Special Issue "Life Cycle Thinking and Industrial Symbiosis: Challenges for A Sustainable Growth"
Department of Economic Studies, University "G. d'Annunzio"
We are pleased to invite you to submit articles for a Special Issue on "Life Cycle Thinking and Industrial Symbiosis: Challenges for a Sustainable Growth", by June 30, 2019.
We believe that the Life Cycle Thinking (LCT) approach is an essential part of Industrial Symbiosis experiences, supporting the transition to the traditional focus on a single production facility to the system vision that includes environmental, social and economic impacts of a product over its entire life cycle and that improves synergies among different organizations.
We would like to invite you to share a wide range of studies, experiences and knowledge that helps to promote sustainability issues (not limited only to environmental aspects but also covering social and economic aspects) linking life cycle thinking and industrial symbiosis.
In recognition of the fact that the benefits sought are diverse, contributions from various sectors are welcome. Special encouragement goes to the papers that extend the presentations from the 24th International Sustainable Development Research Society Conference "Actions for a Sustainable World: from Theory to Practice" (ISDRS 2018).
Industrial symbiosis (IS) is presented as an inter-firm organizational strategy with the aim of social innovation that targets material and energy flow optimization but also structural sustainability. In this paper, we present geographical proximity as the theoretical framework used to analyse industrial symbiosis [...] Read more.


text:
Q: System.Transactions.TransactionException I've got the following code :
[TestMethod]
        public void CalculateThatWeHaveAllRetrunFromProxyImmo()
        {
            var test = new BaseDataAccess();
            var sessionDateParam = new SqlParameter("@SessionDate", new DateTime(1900, 01, 31));
            var dateDebutParam = new SqlParameter("@DateDebutHistoricRendement", new DateTime(1999, 01, 31));
            var datefinParam = new SqlParameter("@DateFinHistoricRendement", new DateTime(2015, 01, 31));
            var idProxyParam = new SqlParameter("@IdRealEstateProxy", 15);
            var blocElementParam = new SqlParameter("@BlocNbrElement", 1501);

            for (int index = 0; index < 17; index++)
            {
                Debug.WriteLine("Passage : " + index);
                var ds = new DataSet();
                SqlConnection conn = null;
                using (conn = test.CreateAndOpenConnection())
                {
                    SqlCommand cmd = null;
                    using (cmd = new SqlCommand("[Core].[cp_CalculAllReturnProxyImmo]", conn))
                    {
                        cmd.CommandType = CommandType.StoredProcedure;
                        cmd.CommandTimeout = 1000000;

                        cmd.Parameters.Add(sessionDateParam);
                        cmd.Parameters.Add(dateDebutParam);
                        cmd.Parameters.Add(datefinParam);
                        cmd.Parameters.Add(idProxyParam);
                        cmd.Parameters.Add(blocElementParam);

                        using (SqlDataAdapter adapter = new SqlDataAdapter(cmd))
                        {
                            adapter.Fill(ds);
                        }

                        cmd.Parameters.Clear();
                    }
                }
            }

And
/// <summary>
        ///     Creates our connection to the database.
        /// </summary>
        /// <returns>The SqlConnection object.</returns>
        public SqlConnection CreateAndOpenConnection()
        {
            SqlConnection connection = null;

            try
            {
                connection = new SqlConnection(Settings.Default.DbConnection);
                connection.Open(); // the error appears here after 14 iterations

            }
            catch (SqlException sqlException)
            {

            }
            catch (Exception exception)
            {

            }

            return connection;
        }

Here is the connection
connectionString="Data Source=xxx\yyy;Initial Catalog=BD;Integrated Security=True;Max Pool Size=5000"

And every time I arrive at the index 14 in my loop, I get a System.Transactions.TransactionException.
But I don't have any transaction open in my code.  I don't understand.
Here is the complete Stack :
à

System.Transactions.TransactionState.EnlistPromotableSinglePhase(InternalTransaction tx, IPromotableSinglePhaseNotification promotableSinglePhaseNotification, Transaction atomicTransaction)
   à System.Transactions.Transaction.EnlistPromotableSinglePhase(IPromotableSinglePhaseNotification promotableSinglePhaseNotification)
   à System.Data.SqlClient.SqlInternalConnection.EnlistNonNull(Transaction tx)
   à System.Data.SqlClient.SqlInternalConnection.Enlist(Transaction tx)
   à System.Data.SqlClient.SqlInternalConnectionTds.Activate(Transaction transaction)
   à System.Data.ProviderBase.DbConnectionInternal.ActivateConnection(Transaction transaction)
   à System.Data.ProviderBase.DbConnectionPool.PrepareConnection(DbConnection owningObject, DbConnectionInternal obj, Transaction transaction)
   à System.Data.ProviderBase.DbConnectionPool.TryGetConnection(DbConnection owningObject, UInt32 waitForMultipleObjectsTimeout, Boolean allowCreate, Boolean onlyOneCheckConnection, DbConnectionOptions userOptions, ref DbConnectionInternal connection)
   à System.Data.ProviderBase.DbConnectionPool.TryGetConnection(DbConnection owningObject, TaskCompletionSource`1 retry, DbConnectionOptions userOptions, ref DbConnectionInternal connection)
   à System.Data.ProviderBase.DbConnectionFactory.TryGetConnection(DbConnection owningConnection, TaskCompletionSource`1 retry, DbConnectionOptions userOptions, DbConnectionInternal oldConnection, ref DbConnectionInternal connection)
   à System.Data.ProviderBase.DbConnectionInternal.TryOpenConnectionInternal(DbConnection outerConnection, DbConnectionFactory connectionFactory, TaskCompletionSource`1 retry, DbConnectionOptions userOptions)
   à System.Data.ProviderBase.DbConnectionClosed.TryOpenConnection(DbConnection outerConnection, DbConnectionFactory connectionFactory, TaskCompletionSource`1 retry, DbConnectionOptions userOptions)
   à System.Data.SqlClient.SqlConnection.TryOpenInner(TaskCompletionSource`1 retry)
   à System.Data.SqlClient.SqlConnection.TryOpen(TaskCompletionSource`1 retry)
   à System.Data.SqlClient.SqlConnection.Open()
   à System.Data.Common.DbDataAdapter.FillInternal(DataSet dataset, DataTable[] datatables, Int32 startRecord, Int32 maxRecords, String srcTable, IDbCommand command, CommandBehavior behavior)
   à System.Data.Common.DbDataAdapter.Fill(DataSet dataSet, Int32 startRecord, Int32 maxRecords, String srcTable, IDbCommand command, CommandBehavior behavior)
   à System.Data.Common.DbDataAdapter.Fill(DataSet dataSet)
   à MarketRisk.dVar.IntegrationTests.Service.Managers.RealEstateProxyCreationManagerFixture.CalculateThatWeHaveAllRetrunFromProxyImmo() dans RealEstateProxyCreationManagerFixture.cs: line 67

The debug trace :
Debug Trace:
Passage : 0
Passage : 1
Passage : 2
Passage : 3
Passage : 4
Passage : 5
Passage : 6
Passage : 7
Passage : 8
Passage : 9
Passage : 10
Passage : 11
Passage : 12
Test method
MarketRisk.dVar.IntegrationTests.Service.Managers.RealEstateProxyCreationManagerFixture.CalculateThatWeHaveAllRetrunFromProxyImmo Threw exception :
System.Transactions.TransactionException : The operation is not valid for the state of the transaction. ---> System.TimeoutException : Delay transaction time

A: As requested you added Assert.IsTrue(Transaction.Current == null); to the test. The assert fired. This proves that there is a System.Transactions.Transaction set that you did not know about. That explains the symptoms. You are inadvertently using distributed transactions (you better disable the MSDTC service if you don't use them so that they fail immediately instead of only sometimes!).
Impossible to tell where that transaction is instated. Grep the entire source code for "Transaction". Add more asserts.
Probably, a different test has set that transaction and leaked it. Cross-test interaction is nasty to debug. Narrow it down by gradually reducing the set of tests that you run until the problem disappears.

Should i kill that Transaction

That is inappropriate. find the root cause instead of treating the symptom. There should be no tran that you don't know about.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


These Black Pepper Roasted & Salted Cashews are a perfect treat, gently warm rather than spicy.
Fact: Pepper is native to India, where it has been used in cooking for over 4000 years.
Ingredients: Cashews, vegetable oil, salt, pepper.


What is BodyTalk for Animals?
BodyTalk for Animals Practitioners work with the energetic connection between a pet owner or guardian and their animal. Whether it be a horse, dog, cat or bird, this bond is a frequency which can be utilized by the BodyTalk for Animals Practitioner during a distance session with the pet's owner or guardian. By the owner or guardian receiving a BodyTalk session with the intention of helping their animal, physical, mental, emotional, behavioral or energetic shifts can happen for the animal. BodyTalk for Animals is complementary with your veterinarian's treatments and is not intended as a substitute for it.
What kind of benefits will my animal receive?
Your animal may experience reduced symptoms of both physical and emotional issues. Behaviors of fear, anxiety, and agitation can be reduced. A BodyTalk for Animals Practitioner uses a protocol that can be 60% – 80% accurate in reading your animal's frequency with your body acting as it's surrogate. As a complementary or alternative medicine, BodyTalk for Animals does not require licensing by the state.
We are passionate about animals at BodyTalk California and feel honored to provide their owners and guardians with our service. BodyTalk for Animals can bring fast and effective results for your animals WholeHealth needs.


text:
From rural areas where broadband doesn't exist to poor areas where it's unaffordable, millions go without internet access just when they need it most.
"The Federal Communications Commission estimates that more than 21 million people in the US don't have a broadband connection with download speeds of at least 25 megabits per second. That includes nearly three in 10 people, or about 27%, who live in rural areas where broadband infrastructure simply isn't available. It also includes about 2% of people who live in cities where broadband is available but who aren't subscribed to service."
"Experts, like the two Democrats on the FCC — Rosenworcel and Geoffrey Starks — agree and they've been pushing the agency to take immediate action to help connect people in places where broadband service is available."
Previous PostPrevious How the public sector and civil society can respond to the coronavirus pandemic
Next PostNext Democrats thinking ahead, introduce bill to promote mail-in voting amid coronavirus crisis

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Note: Sleeve colour may be black or green.
Part numbers with a reel quantity listed can be ordered in both loose and "taped" packages. To order "taped" quantity, simply add a "T" to the part numbers provided eg: R4710 becomes RT4710.


Ubuntu is the essence of being human. It speaks of the fact that my humanity is caught up and is inextricably bound up in yours. You can't exist as a human being in isolation. I am human because I belong. It speaks about wholeness, about compassion. A person with ubuntu is welcoming, hospitable, warm and generous. Such people are open and available to others, willing to be vulnerable, affirming of others, do not feel threatened that others are able and good, for they have a proper self-assurance that comes from knowing that they belong in a greater whole. They know that they are diminished when others are humiliated, diminished when others are oppressed, diminished when others are treated as if they were less than who they are.
It is uplifting for me to think about all of the places Jess will go in her life-- places of unimaginable poverty, suffering, and hope -- and she will transport this idea of ubuntu, on her body, to the world that awaits her. It inspires me to do the same.
Many thanks to Jess and Stephanie at Victims of Ink in Port Melbourne. As a reminder, you can see a portfolio of tattoos over here.


text:
Wet Suit - Men's and Women's - 2/3 mm
Women's and Men's Sizes Men's Small Men's Medium Men's Large Men's XL Men's XXL Women's Small Women's Medium Women's Large Women's XL Women's XXL
Men's Small - $199.99 CAD Men's Medium - $199.99 CAD Men's Large - $199.99 CAD Men's XL - $199.99 CAD Men's XXL - $199.99 CAD Women's Small - $199.99 CAD Women's Medium - $199.99 CAD Women's Large - $199.99 CAD Women's XL - $199.99 CAD Women's XXL - $199.99 CAD
Men's Colour--> Black
Women's Colour--> Red
The Full Wetsuit is perfect for all water sports enthusiasts. 2/3 mm neoprene fabric for total flexibility, a close fit provide extra comfort while being in the water.
Flat Seams - Combined with a close fit to prevent chafing and provide extra comfort
Neoprene - Lightweight foam that retains body heat, dries quickly and allows freedom of movement
UV Protection - up to SPF 50
Heat Retention and Contour Fit - A sculpted style, with different levels of thickness around the body for ultimate comfort and support. Made with lighter fabric for the sleeves and thicker fabric for the body, ensuring ease of movement and retention of heat.
Easy Glide Zip - Extended zip pull, making it easier to zip up the wetsuit
Fabric Thickness - 2/3 mm
Use - this wetsuit is suitable for bodyboarding & surfing, however, should not be used for long-distance swimming or triathlons
info@naddur.com
© 2022, Naddur Board Co..


text:
Aguirre-Hernandez, E, Gaxiola-Castro G, Najera-Martinez S, Baumgartner T, Kahru M, Mitchell BG. 2004. Phytoplankton absorption, photosynthetic parameters, and primary production off Baja California: summer and autumn 1998. Deep-Sea Research Part Ii-Topical Studies in Oceanography. 51:799-816. 10.1016/j.dsr2.2004.05.015 AbstractWebsite
To estimate ocean primary production at large space and time scales, it is necessary to use models combined with ocean-color satellite data. Detailed estimates of primary production are typically done at only a few representative stations. To get survey-scale estimates of primary production, one must introduce routinely measured Chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) into models. For best precision, models should be based on accurate parameterizations developed from optical and photosynthesis data collected in the region of interest. To develop regional model parameterizations C-14- bicarbonate was used to estimate in situ primary production and photosynthetic parameters (alpha*, P-m*, and E-k) derived from photosynthesis-irradiance (P-E) experiments from IMECOCAL cruises to the southern California Current during July and October 1998. The P-E experiments were done for samples collected from the 50% surface light depth for which we also determined particle and phytoplankton absorption coefficients (a(p), a(phi), and a(phi)*). Physical data collected during both surveys indicated that the 1997-1998 El Ni (n) over tildeo was abating during the summer of 1998, with a subsequent transition to the typical California Current circulation and coastal upwelling conditions. Phytoplankton chl-a and in situ primary production were elevated at coastal stations for both surveys, with the highest values during summer. Phytoplankton specific absorption coefficients in the blue peak (a(phi)*(440)) ranged from 0.02 to 0.11 m(2) (mg Chl-a)(-1) with largest values in offshore surface waters. In general a(phi)*5 was lower at depth compared to the surface. P-E samples were collected at the 50% light level that was usually in the surface mixed layer. Using alpha* and spectral absorption, we estimated maximum photosynthetic quantum yields (phi(max); mol C/mol quanta). phi(max) values were lowest in offshore surface waters, with a total range of 0.01-0.07. Mean values of phi(max) for July and October were 0.011 and 0.022, respectively. In July P-m* was approximately double and alpha* was about 1.4 times the values for October. Since the P-E samples were generally within the upper mixed layer, these tendencies in the photosynthetic parameters are attributed to deeper mixing of this layer during October when the mean mixed layer for the photosynthesis stations was 35m compared to a mean of 10m in July. Application of a semi-analytical model using mean values of P-E parameters determined at the 50% light depth provided good agreement with C-14 in situ estimates at the discrete 50% light depth and for the water-column integrated primary production. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Aitsam, A, Hansen HP, Elken J, Kahru M, Laanemets J, Pajuste M, Pavelson J, Talpsepp L. 1984. Physical and Chemical Variability of the Baltic Sea - a Joint Experiment in the Gotland Basin. Continental Shelf Research. 3:291-310. 10.1016/0278-4343(84)90013-x AbstractWebsite
An area of 25 × 30 nmi with a subarea of 20 × 20 nmi in the Baltic Sea Gotland Basin was surveyed for about one month by vertical CTD and fluorometric chlorophyll a casts, and by towed profiles with a chemical profiler (nutrients, CTD, O2, pH) and an undulating CTD. Autonomous current meter data were available for the same period.Five CTD surveys with a 5-mile spacing showed the existence of synoptic eddies and several other perturbations. A first mode eddy (with all the isopycnals lifted within the halocline) had reduced salinities in the upper layer and chlorophyll concentrations were reduced by 2 to 3-fold. A second mode eddy (with the isopycnals lifted in the top of the halocline and lowered in the bottom layers) with a diameter of 20 km was under prolonged observation. Anticyclonic currents at 96-m depth were up to 25 cm s−1. Along the section across the eddy at 80-m depth, the mean nitrate concentration dropped from about 7 to 8 to 5 μmol dm−3 while other chemical parameters lacked intense variations. An increased activity of the intrusive fine-structure was detected in the eddy center. The Baltic eddies are essentially non-linear, and transport water in their 'nuclei'. An internal front, separating waters with different T,S composition, was discovered in the upper layers.The observations are discussed with respect to discovering long-term trends while monitoring the Baltic environment.
Anderson, CR, Kudela RM, Kahru M, Chao Y, Rosenfeld LK, Bahr FL, Anderson DM, Norris TA. 2016. Initial skill assessment of the California Harmful Algae Risk Mapping (C-HARM) system. Harmful Algae. 59:1-18. 10.1016/j.hal.2016.08.006 AbstractWebsite
Toxic algal events are an annual burden on aquaculture and coastal ecosystems of California. The threat of domoic acid (DA) toxicity to human and wildlife health is the dominant harmful algal bloom (HAB) concern for the region, leading to a strong focus on prediction and mitigation of these blooms and their toxic effects. This paper describes the initial development of the California Harmful Algae Risk Mapping (C-HARM) system that predicts the spatial likelihood of blooms and dangerous levels of DA using a unique blend of numerical models, ecological forecast models of the target group, Pseudo-nitzschia, and satellite ocean color imagery. Data interpolating empirical orthogonal functions (DINEOF) are applied to ocean color imagery to fill in missing data and then used in a multivariate mode with other modeled variables to forecast biogeochemical parameters. Daily predictions (nowcast and forecast maps) are run routinely at the Central and Northern California Ocean Observing System (CeNCOOS) and posted on its public website. Skill assessment of model output for the nowcast data is restricted to nearshore pixels that overlap with routine pier monitoring of HABs in California from 2014 to 2015. Model lead times are best correlated with DA measured with solid phase adsorption toxin tracking (SPATI') and marine mammal strandings from DA toxicosis, suggesting long-term benefits of the HAB predictions to decision making. Over the next three years, the C-HARM application system will be incorporated into the NOAA operational HAB forecasting system and HAB Bulletin. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Barlow, J, Kahru M, Mitchell BG. 2008. Cetacean biomass, prey consumption, and primary production requirements in the California Current ecosystem. Marine Ecology-Progress Series. 371:285-295. 10.3354/meps07695 AbstractWebsite
To better understand the role played by cetaceans as top-level predators in the California Current ecosystem, we estimate the fraction of annual net primary production (NPP) required to support the prey consumed by cetaceans, using a simple trophic transfer model. The biomass of cetacean species in the California Current is calculated as the product of their mean summer and fall abundance during 1991, to 2005 and estimates of mean mass ind.(-1). Total prey consumption by cetaceans is estimated from a mass-specific consumption model. NPP is estimated from remote satellite measurements using the Behrenfeld-Falkowski vertically-generalized production model for each of 4 geographic regions. The total biomass of baleen whales exceeds the biomass of toothed whales by a factor of similar to 2.5; however, the estimated prey consumption by these taxa is nearly equal. Assuming 10% trophic transfer efficiency, cetaceans are estimated to require 32.2 g C m(-2) yr(-1) of primary production, or similar to 12 % of the NPP in the study area, to sustain the prey that they directly consume. Because they feed at a lower trophic level, the primary production requirement (PPR) of baleen whales is similar to 13 % of that of toothed whales, despite their 2.5-fold greater biomass. Uncertainty in trophic transfer efficiency results in the greatest uncertainty in estimating PPR for these upper trophic predators.
Cape, MR, Vernet M, Kahru M, Spreen G. 2014. Polynya dynamics drive primary production in the Larsen A and B embayments following ice shelf collapse. Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans. 119:572-594. 10.1002/2013jc009441 AbstractWebsite
The climate-driven collapses of the Larsen A and B ice shelves have opened up new regions of the coastal Antarctic to the influence of sea ice resulting in increases in seasonal primary production. In this study, passive microwave remote sensing of sea ice concentration and satellite imagery of ocean color are employed to quantify the magnitude of and variability in open water area and net primary productivity (NPP) in the Larsen embayments between 1997 and 2011. Numerical model output provides context to analyze atmospheric forcing on the coastal ocean. Following ice shelf disintegration the embayments function as coastal, sensible heat polynyas. The Larsen A and B are as productive as other Antarctic shelf regions, with seasonally averaged daily NPP rates reaching 1232 and 1127 mg C m(-2) d(-1) and annual rates reaching 200 and 184 g C m(-2) yr(-1), respectively. A persistent cross-shelf gradient in NPP is present with higher productivity rates offshore, contrasting with patterns observed along the West Antarctic Peninsula. Embayment productivity is intimately tied to sea ice dynamics, with large interannual variability in NPP rates driven by open water area and the timing of embayment opening. Opening of the embayment is linked to periods of positive Southern Annular Mode and stronger westerlies, which lead to the vertical deflection of warm, maritime air over the peninsula and down the leeward side causing increases in surface air temperature and wind velocity. High productivity in these new polynyas is likely to have ramifications for organic matter export and marine ecosystem evolution. Key Points Primary production and sea ice dynamics after ice shelf disintegration Larsen embayments function as productive coastal sensible heat polynyas High sea ice interannual variability affects total production
Cloern, JE, Abreu PC, Carstensen J, Chauvaud L, Elmgren R, Grall J, Greening H, Johansson JOR, Kahru M, Sherwood ET, Xu J, Yin KD. 2016. Human activities and climate variability drive fast-paced change across the world's estuarine-coastal ecosystems. Global Change Biology. 22:513-529. 10.1111/gcb.13059 AbstractWebsite
Time series of environmental measurements are essential for detecting, measuring and understanding changes in the Earth system and its biological communities. Observational series have accumulated over the past 2-5 decades from measurements across the world's estuaries, bays, lagoons, inland seas and shelf waters influenced by runoff. We synthesize information contained in these time series to develop a global view of changes occurring in marine systems influenced by connectivity to land. Our review is organized around four themes: (i) human activities as drivers of change; (ii) variability of the climate system as a driver of change; (iii) successes, disappointments and challenges of managing change at the sea-land interface; and (iv) discoveries made from observations over time. Multidecadal time series reveal that many of the world's estuarine-coastal ecosystems are in a continuing state of change, and the pace of change is faster than we could have imagined a decade ago. Some have been transformed into novel ecosystems with habitats, biogeochemistry and biological communities outside the natural range of variability. Change takes many forms including linear and nonlinear trends, abrupt state changes and oscillations. The challenge of managing change is daunting in the coastal zone where diverse human pressures are concentrated and intersect with different responses to climate variability over land and over ocean basins. The pace of change in estuarine-coastal ecosystems will likely accelerate as the human population and economies continue to grow and as global climate change accelerates. Wise stewardship of the resources upon which we depend is critically dependent upon a continuing flow of information from observations to measure, understand and anticipate future changes along the world's coastlines.
Frants, M, Gille ST, Hatta M, Hiscock WT, Kahru M, Measures CI, Mitchell BG, Zhou M. 2013. Analysis of horizontal and vertical processes contributing to natural iron supply in the mixed layer in southern Drake Passage. Deep-Sea Research Part Ii-Topical Studies in Oceanography. 90:68-76. 10.1016/j.dsr2.2012.06.001 AbstractWebsite
Horizontal advection, vertical mixing, and mixed-layer entrainment all affect iron concentrations and biological productivity in the Ona Basin, near the Shackleton Transverse Ridge (STR) in southern Drake Passage. Trace metal sampling in the region indicates that dissolved iron concentrations are significantly higher on the continental shelf near the Antarctic Peninsula and the South Shetland Islands than they are in the deep waters away from the shelf. Comparisons between satellite-derived sea surface height (SSH) and Chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) levels in the Ona Basin show > 95% correlation between Chl-a concentrations and horizontal advection of these iron-rich shelf waters during the months of November and December for the years 1997-2010. However, no significant correlations are found for January-April, while high Chl-a concentrations in the Ona Basin persist through March. Enhanced vertical (diapycnal) mixing and mixed-layer entrainment are considered as alternative mechanisms for delivering iron into the Ona Basin mixed layer and sustaining the high Chl-a concentrations. Estimates of iron flux based on in situ measurements of dissolved iron concentrations suggest that diapycnal mixing alone can supply iron to the base of the mixed layer at a rate of 64 +/- 2 nmol m(-2) day(-1) during the summer. In addition, the summer mixed layer in the Ona Basin deepens from January to April, allowing for iron-rich water to be steadily entrained from below. Estimates based on monthly mixed-layer climatologies produce average daily entrainment rates ranging from 5 to 25 nmol m(-2) day(-1). While neither diapycnal mixing nor entrainment alone is always sufficient to meet the estimated iron demand for the Ona Basin bloom, numerical simulation suggests that the combined effect of the two processes can consistently supply sufficient iron to sustain the bloom. (c) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Frants, M, Gille ST, Hewes CD, Holm-Hansen O, Kahru M, Lombrozo A, Measures CI, Mitchell BG, Wang HL, Zhou M. 2013. Optimal multiparameter analysis of source water distributions in the Southern Drake Passage. Deep-Sea Research Part Ii-Topical Studies in Oceanography. 90:31-42. 10.1016/j.dsr2.2012.06.002 AbstractWebsite
In order to evaluate the effects of horizontal advection on iron supply in the vicinity of the Shackleton Transverse Ridge (SIR) in the southern Drake Passage, the water composition in the region is estimated along the isopycnal containing the subsurface iron peak. Optimal Multiparameter (OMP) analysis of temperature, salinity, oxygen and nutrient data is used to estimate the water composition at CID stations sampled in summer 2004 and winter 2006. The highest iron concentrations in the Ona Basin are found below the mixed layer, both in summer and in winter. The water composition derived from the OMP analysis is consistent with a scenario in which iron-rich shelf waters from the South Shetland Islands and the Antarctic Peninsula are advected northward on the eastern side of the SIR, where they interact with the low-iron waters of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) in the Ona Basin. The shelf waters and the ACC waters appear to interact through a stirring process without fully mixing, resulting in a filamented distribution that has also been inferred from the satellite data. To the west of the STR, the shelf waters are primarily confined to the continental shelf, and do not extend northwards. This source of water distribution is consistent with the idea that iron enters the Ona Basin from the continental shelf through advection along an isopycnal, resulting in an iron concentration peak occurring below the winter mixed layer in the Ona Basin. (c) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Hewes, CD, Reiss CS, Kahru M, Mitchell BG, Holm-Hansen O. 2008. Control of phytoplankton biomass by dilution and mixed layer depth in the western Weddell-Scotia Confluence. Marine Ecology-Progress Series. 366:15-29. 10.3354/meps07515 AbstractWebsite
Hydrographic, nutrient and trace metal (iron, manganese, and aluminum) concentration data, collected as part of a 2-ship survey during austral summer 2004, were used to examine the influence of upwelling and horizontal mixing on phytoplankton biomass in the region of Elephant Island and South Shetland Islands, Antarctica. Temperature/salinity property analysis and changes in trace metal and nutrient concentrations show that horizontal mixing of shelf waters, not upwelling from depth, is correlated with phytoplankton biomass in the upper mixed layer (UML). The interaction between changing UML depth and nutrient and trace metal concentrations in the UML results in a unimodal distribution of phytoplankton biomass centered at intermediate surface salinities of similar to 34. Principal component (PC) analysis of hydrographic and chemical observations resolved 3 components that accounted for 99% of the variability in nutrient and trace metal concentrations. The first PC accounted for a conservative loss of nutrients through dilution across a latitudinal salinity gradient. The second and third PCs separated mixed layer depth and nutrient consumption. Although these 2 PCs accounted for just 20% of the variability in the data matrix, they accounted for 65% of the variability in mean phytoplankton biomass, and recreated the unimodal distribution of chlorophyll concentration when modeled across a salinity gradient. We propose that the distribution of phytoplankton biomass is structured by the horizontal mixing of nutrient rich waters, derived from Weddell Sea Shelf Waters, with Antarctic Surface Water that enhances stratification and shoaling of the UML.
Holm-Hansen, O, Kahru M, Hewes CD. 2005. Deep chlorophyll a maxima (DCMs) in pelagic Antarctic waters. II. Relation to bathymetric features and dissolved iron concentrations. Marine Ecology-Progress Series. 297:71-81. 10.3354/meps297071 AbstractWebsite
A deep chlorophyll a maximum (DCM) at depths between 60 and 90 m in waters south of the Antarctic Polar Front (APF) occurs only in pelagic waters where the chlorophyll a concentrations in the upper mixed layer (UML) are very low (generally < 0.2 mg m(-3)). Dissolved Fe concentrations in these waters with DCMs are also very low (generally < 0.2 nM) and are probably a limiting factor for phytoplankton growth and biomass. DCMs occur in the upper portion of the temperature minimum layer (TML), which is the winter residue of the Antarctic Surface Water (AASW). The higher phytoplankton biomass at these depths is thought to result from higher Fe concentrations in the winter remnant of the AASW as compared to that found in the overlying UML. A survey of the literature indicates that DCMs are located predominately over the deep ocean basins where enrichment of surface waters with Fe from either coastal sediments or from upwelling processes would be minimal. DCMs are not found in coastal waters or in pelagic regions where complex bottom topography causes upwelling of deep water with sufficiently high Fe concentrations to enhance surface chlorophyll a concentrations. Such enrichment of surface waters overlying or downstream of topographical seamounts or ridges that rise to within a few thousand meters of the surface usually results in elevated phytoplankton biomass in the UML and no DCM due to decreased solar irradiance in the TML. The effect of such enrichment of Fe in surface pelagic waters that results from upwelling processes is most pronounced in the Scotia Sea, in the Polar Frontal region downstream of South Georgia, over the Southwest Indian Ridge, over the Kerguelen Plateau, and over the Pacific Antarctic and Southeast Indian Ridges.
Holm-Hansen, O, Kahru M, Hewes CD, Kawaguchi S, Kameda T, Sushin VA, Krasovski I, Priddle J, Korb R, Hewitt RP, Mitchell BG. 2004. Temporal and spatial distribution of chlorophyll-a in surface waters of the Scotia Sea as determined by both shipboard measurements and satellite data. Deep-Sea Research Part Ii-Topical Studies in Oceanography. 51:1323-1331. 10.1016/j.dsr2.2004.06.004 AbstractWebsite
Chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) concentrations in surface waters were measured at 137 hydrographic stations occupied by four research vessels participating in the CCAMLR 2000 Survey and the values were compared to estimates from data acquired by the SeaWiFS satellite. The Chl-a concentrations measured on board ship ranged from 0.06 to 14.6 mg m(-3), a range that includes most surface Chl-a concentrations during mid-summer in the Southern Ocean. Owing to persistent cloud cover over much of the Southern Ocean, it was necessary to acquire multi-day composites of satellite data in order to obtain reliable estimates of Chl-a at each of the hydrographic stations. The correlation between the median value for the eight-day composites and the Chl-a concentrations measured on board ship had an R-2 value of 0.82, with the satellite data under-estimating the values obtained on board ship at high Chl-a concentrations and slightly overestimating the shipboard data at Chl-a concentrations of < 0.2 mg m(-3). For Chl-a concentrations of < 1.0 mg m(-3), the ratio of the satellite estimates divided by the shipboard values was 0.89 +/- 0.45 (n = 50). As the mean Chl-a concentration in most pelagic Antarctic waters is close to 0.5 mg m(-3), satellite estimates for Chl-a concentrations in surface waters are thus close to shipboard measurements, and offer the advantage of providing synoptic maps of Chl-a distribution over extensive areas of the Southern Ocean. Satellite Chl-a images for the months preceding (December 1999) and following (February 2000) the CCAMLR 2000 Survey cruises showed that the general pattern of Chl-a concentration in the Scotia Sea and adjoining waters was similar in all three months, but that the phytoplankton biomass was generally lowest in December, reached maximal values in January, and started to decline in February. in contrast, Chl-a concentrations in Drake Passage declined progressively from early December through February. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Holm-Hansen, O, Naganobu M, Kawaguchi S, Kameda T, Krasovski I, Tchernyshkov P, Priddle J, Korb R, Brandon M, Demer D, Hewitt RP, Kahru M, Hewes CD. 2004. Factors influencing the distribution, biomass, and productivity of phytoplankton in the Scotia Sea and adjoining waters. Deep-Sea Research Part Ii-Topical Studies in Oceanography. 51:1333-1350. 10.1016/j.dsr2.2004.06.015 AbstractWebsite
During January and February 2000 four research vessels, from Russia, the UK, Japan, and the United States, conducted an oceanographic survey with 137 hydrographic stations within the Scotia Sea and adjoining waters as part of a survey sponsored by the Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR) to estimate the biomass and distribution of Antarctic krill in the Scotia Sea. Chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) measurements showed great variability in phytoplankton biomass within the Scotia Sea, with some areas having among the lowest Chl-a concentrations found in Antarctic waters (<0.1 mg m(-3) in surface waters) while other areas were among the richest with > 10 mg m(-3). This paper describes the distribution and concentration of Chl-a in the upper 100 m of the water column and relates the Chl-a profiles at individual stations to profiles of upper water-column stability, to the depth of the upper mixed layer, and to the mixing of different water masses. The 58 stations with the lowest Chl-a values in surface waters also had low values for integrated Chl-a (33.9 +/- 19.5 mg m(-2)) and a Chl-a maximum at depths of between 70 and 90 m, in contrast to all other stations where deep Chl-a maxima did not occur. The T/S diagrams at many of these stations were indicative of Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) waters. The central Scotia Sea and areas to the west and north of South Georgia had significantly higher integrated Chl-a values (98.1+/-46.0 mg m(-2), n = 57), in addition to five stations with very high Chl-a values (mean of 359+/-270 mg m(-2)). The mean rate of integrated primary production, which was estimated using the Chl-a data and the mean incident solar radiation measured from previous cruises as well as from satellite data, was estimated to be 994 mg carbon m(-2) day(-1). The temperature profiles at these stations suggested that considerable interleaving and mixing of water types had occurred, which was also evident in the T/S diagrams, which indicated mixing of ACC waters with coastal waters originating from Bransfield Strait or the Weddell Sea. There was no significant correlation between integrated Chl-a values and the profiles of upper water column stability or the depth of the upper mixed layer. The spatial variability in phytoplankton biomass within the Scotia Sea is discussed in relation to the hypothesis that low iron concentrations are the major factor controlling phytoplankton biomass in these pelagic Antarctic waters and that concentrations of iron available for phytoplankton uptake are strongly influenced by fronts and the mixing of different water masses. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Jacox, MG, Edwards CA, Kahru M, Rudnick DL, Kudela RM. 2015. The potential for improving remote primary productivity estimates through subsurface chlorophyll and irradiance measurement. Deep-Sea Research Part Ii-Topical Studies in Oceanography. 112:107-116. 10.1016/j.dsr2.2013.12.008 AbstractWebsite
A 26-year record of depth integrated primary productivity (PP) in the Southern California Current System (SCCS) is analyzed with the goal of improving satellite net primary productivity (PP) estimates. Modest improvements in PP model performance are achieved by tuning existing algorithms for the SCCS, particularly by parameterizing carbon fixation rate in the vertically generalized production model as a function of surface chlorophyll concentration and distance from shore. Much larger improvements are enabled by improving the accuracy of subsurface chlorophyll and light profiles. In a simple vertically resolved production model for the SCCS (VRPM-SC), substitution of in situ surface data for remote sensing estimates offers only marginal improvements in model r(2) (from 0.54 to 0.56) and total log(10) root mean squared difference (from 0.22 to 0.21), while inclusion of in situ chlorophyll and light profiles improves these metrics to 0.77 and 0.15, respectively. Autonomous underwater gliders, capable of measuring subsurface properties on long-term, long-range deployments, significantly improve PP model fidelity in the SCCS. We suggest their use (and that of other autonomous profilers such as Argo floats) in conjunction with satellites as a way forward for large-scale improvements in PP estimation. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Kahru, M. 1997. Using satellites to monitor large-scale environmental change: A case study of cyanobacteria blooms in the Baltic Sea. Monitoring algal blooms : new techniques for detecting large-scale environmental change. ( Kahru M, Brown CW, Eds.).:43-61., Berlin ; New York: Springer Abstract
Kahru, M, Mitchell BG. 2010. Blending of ocean colour algorithms applied to the Southern Ocean. Remote Sensing Letters. 1:119-124. 10.1080/01431160903547940 AbstractWebsite
A method of blending of a specific satellite ocean colour algorithm in the Southern Ocean (SO) with a generic algorithm elsewhere is proposed. The SO is known to have bio-optical properties that require a different bio-optical algorithm for retrieving chlorophyll-a concentration. Merging data retrieved with a specific algorithm in one area with data retrieved with another algorithm elsewhere has remained a problem. We use a blending scheme that uses both bio-optical properties and the location of the pixel relative to the mean position of the Subtropical Front to create a smooth transition from one algorithm to another. The method can be applied to other regions or variables after modification.
Kahru, M, Mitchell BG. 2001. Seasonal and nonseasonal variability of satellite-derived chlorophyll and colored dissolved organic matter concentration in the California Current. Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans. 106:2517-2529. 10.1029/1999jc000094 AbstractWebsite
Time series of surface chlorophyll a concentration (Chl) and colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) derived from the Ocean Color and Temperature Sensor and Sea-Viewing Wide Field-of-View Sensor were evaluated for the California Current area using regional algorithms. Satellite data composited for 8-day periods provide the ability to describe large-scale changes in surface parameters. These changes are difficult to detect based on in situ observations alone that suffer from undersampling the large temporal and spatial variability, especially in Chi. We detected no significant bias in satellite Chi estimates compared with ship-based measurements. The variability in CDOM concentration was significantly smaller than that in Chi, both spatially and temporally. While being subject to large interannual and short-term variations, offshore waters (100-1000 km from the shore) have an annual cycle of Chi and CDOM with a maximum in winter-spring (December-March) and a minimum in late summer. For inshore waters the maximum is more likely in spring (April-May). We detect significant increase in both Chi and CDOM off central and southern California during the La Nina year of 1999. The trend of increasing Chi and CDOM from October 1996 to June 2000 is statistically significant in many areas.
Kahru, M. 1983. Phytoplankton Patchiness Generated by Long Internal Waves - a Model. Marine Ecology-Progress Series. 10:111-117. 10.3354/meps010111 AbstractWebsite
A simple computer model is used to investigate the interaction between long internal waves (period ~ 13 d) and processes of primary productivity in the Baltic Sea. The periodic vertical displacements in or near the photic zone affect the availability of light and nutrients to primary producers, resulting in integral vertical fluxes of nutrients and biomass. If the nitrogen flux is parameterized implicitly by a diffusive flux across the halocline, the apparent coefficients of eddy diffusivity are more often negative and exceed in absolute value by 2 orders of magnitude the experimentally determined values. Differences in the depth integrals of daily primary production between wave crests and troughs amount to ~ 50 % and the vertical flux of the nitrate nitrogen may locally reach ~ 50 mg N m-2d-1 The outlined mechanism might be a significant additional source for the formation of mesoscale horizontal heterogeneities in phytoplankton biomass.
Kahru, M, Leeben A. 1991. Size Structure of Planktonic Particles in Relation to Hydrographic Structure in the Skagerrak. Marine Ecology-Progress Series. 76:159-166. 10.3354/meps076159 AbstractWebsite
Horizontal distributions of the particle size spectrum and chlorophyll a concentration in near-surface water in relation to hydrographic structure were studied along a transect across the Skagerrak as part of the international SKAGEX-I exercise in May-June, 1990. Results are compared with those of Kiorboe et al. (Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 59: 19-32, 1990) who explained changes in the plankton size structure and the food web as resulting from differences in water column stratification. It was confirmed that the particle size fraction corresponding to diatoms was most abundant along the Skagerrak periphery where stronger vertical mixing is assumed to take place. The smallest (1 to 4-mu-m), chlorophyll-correlated particulate fraction was most abundant in the central Skagerrak with the dome-like near-surface stratification and the presumably reduced vertical mixing. However, distributions along the transect changed considerably over 1 to 3 d due to advection. In addition to the basin-wide changes, correlations of the different particle size fractions to chlorophyll concentration changed over much shorter length scales, often being in opposite phase to each other. An equivalent spherical diameter of 4-mu-m was the size at which the most significant shift in the horizontal distributions occurred.
Kahru, M, Di Lorenzo E, Manzano-Sarabia M, Mitchell BG. 2012. Spatial and temporal statistics of sea surface temperature and chlorophyll fronts in the California Current. Journal of Plankton Research. 34:749-760. 10.1093/plankt/fbs010 AbstractWebsite
The statistics of sea-surface fronts detected with the automated histogram method were studied in the California Current using sea-surface temperature (SST) and chlorophyll-a concentration (Chl) images from various satellite sensors. Daily maps of fronts were averaged into monthly composites of front frequency (FF) spanning 29 years (19812009) for SST and 14 years (19972010) for Chl. The large-scale distributions of frontal frequency of both SST (FFsst) and of Chl (FFchl) had a 500700 km wide band of elevated values (47) along the coast that roughly coincided with the area of increased mesoscale eddy activity. FFsst and FFchl were positively correlated at monthly and seasonal frequencies, but the year-to-year variations were not significantly correlated. The long-period (1 year and longer) variability in FFsst is influenced by the large-scale SST gradient, while at shorter timescales the influence of the Coastal Upwelling Index is evident. In contrast with FFsst, FFchl variability is less related to the coherent large-scale forcing and has stronger sensitivity to local forcings in individual areas. Decadal-scale increasing trends in the frequency of both SST and Chl fronts were detected in the Ensenada Front area (general area of the A-Front study) and corresponded to, respectively, trends towards colder SST and increasing chlorophyll-a concentration.
Kahru, M, Aitsam A. 1985. Chlorophyll Variability in the Baltic Sea - a Pitfall for Monitoring. Journal Du Conseil. 42:111-115. AbstractWebsite
Within the time and space scales of quasi-synoptic areal surveys (—1 day, —50 km)the fluorescence, measured by an in situ profiler, is shown to be a reliable measure of the chlorophyll a concentration, although significant areal and temporal differences in the fluorescence yield were observed. Analysis of variance is used to partition the total chlorophyll variance into effects due to differences between large-scale areas in different basins, to time differences between surveys, and to synoptic-scale (—10 km) and fine-scale (~ 100 m) spatial variability. It is shown that the large-scale areal differences in chlorophyll concentration are inevitably missed, being over-shadowed bythe other components of variance. The dominant sources of variance are due to the time and to the synoptic-scale space variability. With respect to the variance structure, the total water column chlorophyll is preferable for monitoring purposes. The results point up weaknesses in the conventional practice of monitoring a highly variable parameter via a sparse grid a few times a year.
Kahru, M, Leppanen JM, Rud O. 1993. Cyanobacterial Blooms Cause Heating of the Sea-Surface. Marine Ecology-Progress Series. 101:1-7. 10.3354/meps101001 AbstractWebsite
A series of AVHRR (Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer) satellite images and simultaneous ship transects in July 1992 were used to show that surface accumulations of cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) in the southern Baltic Sea can cause local increases in the satellite-derived sea surface temperature (SST) by up to 1.5-degrees-C. The warmer SST is attributed to increased absorption of sunlight due to increased phytoplankton pigment concentration. The distribution of surface cyanobacterial accumulations detected as increased reflectance in the visible channel of the AVHRR satellite sensor was correlated with chlorophyll concentration at 5 m depth. Warm SST anomalies ('hot spots') appeared both in accumulations of surface-floating cyanobacteria and in areas of high chlorophyll concentration (detected by shipboard measurements). The 'hot spots' followed the detailed boundaries of the cyanobacterial plumes and probably represented a shallow, diurnally heated top layer that appeared by afternoon in conditions of low wind (2 m s-1) and weak mixing, disappeared during the night due to thermal convection and were hardly detectable on days with wind speed of 6 to 8 m s-1. The vertical extension of the top diurnally heated layer was probably less than 1 m and definitely less than 5 m, at which depth no temperature increase was detected. It is suggested that the day/night SST difference in low-wind conditions may be an indicator of near-surface phytoplankton pigment concentration.
Kahru, M, Kudela R, Manzano-Sarabia M, Mitchell BG. 2009. Trends in primary production in the California Current detected with satellite data. Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans. 114 10.1029/2008jc004979 AbstractWebsite
Several ocean primary production algorithms using satellite data were evaluated on a large archive of net primary production (NPP) and chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) measurements collected by the California Cooperative Fisheries Investigations program in the California Current. The best algorithm matching in situ data was found by empirically adjusting the Behrenfeld-Falkowski Vertically Generalized Production Model. Satellite-derived time series of NPP were calculated for the California Current area. Significant increase in NPP and Chl-a annual peak levels, i.e., the "bloom magnitude,'' were found along the coasts of the California Current as well as other major eastern boundary currents for the period of modern ocean color data (1997-2007). The reasons for this increase are not clear but are associated with various environmental conditions.
Kahru, M, Elmgren R. 2014. Multidecadal time series of satellite-detected accumulations of cyanobacteria in the Baltic Sea. Biogeosciences. 11:3619-3633. 10.5194/bg-11-3619-2014 AbstractWebsite
Cyanobacteria, primarily of the species Nodularia spumigena, form extensive surface accumulations in the Baltic Sea in July and August, ranging from diffuse flakes to dense surface scums. The area of these accumulations can reach similar to 200 000 km(2). We describe the compilation of a 35-year-long time series (1979-2013) of cyanobacteria surface accumulations in the Baltic Sea using multiple satellite sensors. This appears to be one of the longest satellite-based time series in biological oceanography. The satellite algorithm is based on remote sensing reflectance of the water in the red band, a measure of turbidity. Validation of the satellite algorithm using horizontal transects from a ship of opportunity showed the strongest relationship with phycocyanin fluorescence (an indicator of cyanobacteria), followed by turbidity and then by chlorophyll a fluorescence. The areal fraction with cyanobacteria accumulations (FCA) and the total accumulated area affected (TA) were used to characterize the intensity and extent of the accumulations. The fraction with cyanobacteria accumulations was calculated as the ratio of the number of detected accumulations to the number of cloud-free sea-surface views per pixel during the season (July-August). The total accumulated area affected was calculated by adding the area of pixels where accumulations were detected at least once during the season. The fraction with cyanobacteria accumulations and TA were correlated (R-2 = 0.55) and both showed large interannual and decadal-scale variations. The average FCA was significantly higher for the second half of the time series (13.8 %, 1997-2013) than for the first half (8.6 %, 1979-1996). However, that does not seem to represent a long-term trend but decadal-scale oscillations. Cyanobacteria accumulations were common in the 1970s and early 1980s (FCA between 11-17 %), but rare (FCA below 4 %) during 1985-1990; they increased again starting in 1991 and particularly in 1999, reaching maxima in FCA (similar to 25 %) and TA (similar to 210 000 km(2)) in 2005 and 2008. After 2008, FCA declined to more moderate levels (6-17 %). The timing of the accumulations has become earlier in the season, at a mean rate of 0.6 days per year, resulting in approximately 20 days advancement during the study period. The interannual variations in FCA are positively correlated with the concentration of chlorophyll a during July-August sampled at the depth of similar to 5 m by a ship of opportunity, but interannual variations in FCA are more pronounced as the coefficient of variation is over 5 times higher.
Kahru, M, Leppanen JM, Rud O, Savchuk OP. 2000. Cyanobacteria blooms in the Gulf of Finland triggered by saltwater inflow into the Baltic Sea. Marine Ecology-Progress Series. 207:13-18. 10.3354/meps207013 AbstractWebsite
In the 1980s and 1990s prior to 1995, massive blooms of the diazotrophic cyanobacterium Nodularia spumigena occurred in the Baltic Sea Proper but never extended into the central and eastern Gulf of Finland. The absence of nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria blooms in parts of the Baltic Sea with a high N:P ratio (e.g. Gulf of Finland) has been explained by their reduced competitive advantage in conditions of P limitation. Starting with the summer of 1995, massive blooms of N. spumigena occurred in the central and eastern Gulf of Finland, as detected by both satellite sensors and in situ monitoring. We propose that the eastward expansion of N. spumigena blooms was triggered by the 1993 saltwater inflow into the Baltic. With the arrival of the saline and oxygen-depleted waters in the Gulf of Finland in 1995, stratification in the bottom layers increased, oxygen concentrations decreased, and increased amounts of phosphate were released from the sediments. The subsequent decrease in the N:P ratio may have caused the reoccurring N, spumigena blooms.
Kahru, M. 1981. Variability in the 3-Dimensional Structure of the Chlorophyll Field in the Open Baltic Sea. Okeanologiya. 21:685-690. AbstractWebsite
Effects of interannual events (1997-2012) on the hydrography and phytoplankton biomass of Sebastian Vizcaino Bay


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Sikulix es una herramienta que nos permite automatizar la ejecución de acciones (click, tipeado, ejecución de programas, drag and drop) sobre todo lo que vemos en la pantalla de la computadora. Es de gran ayuda cuando no tenemos acceso al DOM de la página Web o si queremos automatizar tareas sobre aplicaciones que no proporcionan otra interfaz que permita la ejecución automática de tareas sobre ellas. En su Sitio Oficial podrán encontra mas información acerca de sus características.

Para la automatización de pruebas es de bastante utilidad esta herrameinta, y la podemos combinar con Selenium, esto cuando queremos validar por ejemplo que la posición en la pantalla de algun elemento no haya cambiado, realizar pruebas de regresión sobre el responsive de nuestra página. En mi experiencia personal se presento el caso de que se servia una plataforma a través de una herramienta de Symantec llamada "Fireglass", la cual oculta el DOM de la página, por lo que Selenium dejo de ser una opción para automatizar las pruebas que requeria realizar.

    En el repo poc_sikulix que se encuentra en mi cuenta de Github, realice una pequeña prueba de concepto, que muestra la ejecución de una prueba sencilla con sikulix, pero implementando TestNG en conjunto con Cucumber y su ejecución será lanzada a través de MAVEN.

    Cualquier aportación es bienvenida y espero su feedback en cualquiera de mis redes sociales.

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Iván Sebastián Ortega Huixtlacatl, Ingeniero en Computación, apasionado por el Aseguramiento de la Calidad del Software, la Automatización de Pruebas y el Desarrollo de Aplicaciones y Herramientas para el proceso de pruebas.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Issued at 9.51pm on Wednesday 3 September 2014.
Icy roads may make driving conditions dangerous early Thursday morning in parts of the Central North, Central Plateau, Midlands, East Coast and Upper Derwent Valley forecast districts.
Issued at 9:50pm on Wednesday 3 September 2014.
North, Midlands, East Coast and Upper Derwent Valley forecast districts.


This year, Danielle Bregoli transformed from the infamous "cash me ousside, how bow dah?" meme into bonafide rap artist Bhad Bhabie, whether we like it or not.
The 14-year-old from Boynton Beach, Florida, became a viral sensation after her Dr. Phil episode aired last September, which showcased her getting sassy with the audience and threatening to fight them outside. Scenes from the episode quickly spread as Bregoli's catchphrase—"cash me ousside, how bow dah?"—became everyone's favorite new diss.
For most people who find themselves turned into a giant inside joke on the internet, this is usually where the story ends. One month later, there's a new meme that everyone is talking about.
The young celebrity saw an opportunity and jumped on it, almost immediately learning how to make a profit off the joke by first selling her own line of merchandise and eventually announcing she was launching her rap career.
Now, you can catch Bregoli ousside as Bhad Bhabie, the moniker for her inaugural music project, and here's the thing: She's a compelling artist who will likely be making headlines for years to come. Sure she's still going through growing pains as a thinker and teen—one Dec. 18 interview featured some particularly WTF quotes, more on that later—but Bhabie has the rap ideas to produce good music.
Danielle Bregoli, aka Bhad Bhabie, transferred her social media personality into her rap persona somewhat seamlessly. Riding on a wave of "cash me ousside" fame, the teen garnered thousands of followers (on Instagram alone she has over a million).
Even after she spent time on a Utah ranch for troubled teens as per Dr. Phil's orders, Bregoli had another brush with the law this year. She pleaded guilty to charges of grand theft, marijuana possession, and filing a false police report and was sentenced to five years probation in July 2017.
As of September, Bhad Bhabie is officially labelmates with Atlantic's other big-name stars, including Led Zeppelin, Ed Sheeran, Charli XCX, and Coldplay.
The self-released "These Heaux" calls out all the "hoes" in her life. The track launched her career and skyrocketed her to no. 25 on Billboard's rap chart and no. 77 on the Hot 100, making her the youngest artist to land on the chart.
Riding on that success, Bhad Bhabie released a double feature on Sept. 22—"Hi Bich" and "Whatchu Know"—through Atlantic Records. "Hi Bich" landed her on Billboard's Hot 100 yet again at no. 68 and she ranked no. 5 on the Emerging Artists chart.
On Nov. 30, Bhabie released "I Got It," a lavish and energetic rap song that's her most melodic to date. She has a deep understanding of rap and its modern whims.
Most recently, Bhad Bhabie released a remix of YBN Nahmir's "Rubbin Off the Paint" on Oct. 12. In her freestyle, Bregoli roasts her own father because he doesn't support her new record deal with Atlantic Records.
Along with updates and new releases leading up to her debut album, you can watch Bregoli react to Bhad Bhabie fans via her YouTube channel, which is full of vlogging gems including what she did this summer, reacting to scary stories, and reacting to nature.
Bhad Bhabie has made no further announcements about upcoming music since her double feature release in September. As of lately, her social media accounts have been filled with brand partnerships and videos from her YouTube channel, where she roasts fans and haters alike.
But with her record deal at Atlantic Records, an album is bound to be on the way soon. We'll keep you posted when we know more. For now, keep up with Bhad Bhabie by checking in on her website, bhaddest.com, where you can subscribe to her email newsletter, or follow Bhad Bhabie on Instagram.


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"Make visible what, without you, might perhaps never have been seen…"– Robert Bresson
Euro 2012 | Preview: Group D
Tom Hall	Sports	 June 7, 2012 June 8, 2012 8 Minutes
Euro 2012: GROUP D PREVIEW
Group D is home to one of the most competitive Groups in the tournament, with three teams just about equal in stature and ability playing alongside an emotional host nation who will likely struggle to advance. But if you're as obsessed with drama in your football as I am, this Group also features three of the most problematic, anxiety ridden teams in the tournament.
First there is England, the "home" of football, the nation that seemingly cannot discern between reality and expectation. Let me say; I watch English football like it is my job, I follow Liverpool FC of the English Barclays Premiere League as a religion, I am smitten with the League, the way the game is played, the pace– the entire narrative of club football in England. I know a little bit about the players and the manager, to say the least. So, please believe me when I say, and many English supporters will say the same; there are few people on the planet more deluded than English fans. I'll get to the why of it in my team preview below, but right now, England have possibly the worst manager in their entire existence, and the enter Euro 2012 a team bereft of chemistry and imagination with the weight of the world on their shoulders. They can compete, they have great players, but they cannot win it all. Will not happen.
Then there is France, the team that self-destructed at the 2010 World Cup. This was a team that won the 1998 World Cup, were finalists in 2006, but who suddenly held a locker room revolt against their own manager, becoming a group of players who were an absolute embarrassment to their nation, a team without an identity or a focus. Suddenly, under Manager Laurent Blanc, the French have reversed their fortunes and Voila!; the team that everyone loved to hate last time around have the look of contenders about them.
And take a look at Sweden, the team that is always just a hair away from greatness, the team that fights for respect despite playing attractive football, the team that is always flying just below the radar; they're at it again. A string of attractive results prior to the tournament have raised a few eyebrows and have people thinking that they may be one of the real dark horses of the Euro 2012. It helps to have one of the most outstanding (and vain) players in world football leading the line (more on him later), but Sweden, for whatever reason, look primed to compete, cohesive where once only underachievement seemed likely.
And finally, the co-hosts Ukraine, who are an ok team, but who have the dreams of their nation on their back. I won't lie; in my opinion, the country itself should not be hosting this tournament. Political repression, concerns about fan racism, homophobic laws being passed; right now, Ukraine seems like a regressive place to showcase European football. Of course, it's not fair to pin any of that on the team, so I won't do that, but I will be addressing my concerns about the tournament and Ukraine in particular soon. Needless to say, I think the team are in trouble in this Group, even as hosts.
Lots to discuss…
Roy Hodgson. The name strikes fear in the hearts of, well, of supporters of the teams he manages. Tactically bereft, seemingly appointed to the England position out of sheer desperation, Hodgson has picked up where former England boss Fabio Capello left off; boring the life out of football fans. Watching England play under Hodgson, a 4-4-2 system with balls hoofing out of the back and no player being used to link the defense and attack, one might be lead to believe that this England team had no creative imagination at all. Which is an absolute shame.
The main issue is with the midfield pairing of England captain Steven Gerrard and defensive midfielder Scott Parker, who should allow Gerrard to press forward in the attack. Instead, because of the pure width of England's wingers James Milner, Stewart Downing and Ashley Young (who has been playing as a second striker), Gerrard is being forced to play deep with Parker, the England center back pair generally uncomfortable playing the ball out of trouble into Parker and Gerrard. What this means is that teams set up with a single striker (France, for example) and a combative midfield will be able to overwhelm England in their attacking half, allowing for few opportunities to create offense. How do England respond to that numerical mismatch? Hoof. Counter attack. Hoof. Offside. Hoof.
Sometimes, it works. If England could play the ball fluently, on the ground, and allow their wingers and fullbacks to tuck in a little and help support a possession game, England would have a much more dynamic approach, allowing wide players to press forward, setting up overlapping runs for the excellent Ashley Cole and Glenn Johnson at the fullback position– all of it without sacrificing the shape of the team. But English players simply are not technically gifted enough to play this way. Instead, the lack of skill in moving the ball forward has forced Gerrard to play much deeper, leaving a giant hole in the attacking midfield and leaving the opposition room to press their own attack. It could have been so different, but this is England now; organized, defensive-minded and without a playmaker until the suspended Wayne Rooney, who can fill that hole in the midfield by playing off of another striker, makes his return in the final match of Group play. England have enough quality to make their way out of the Group– I have it at 50/50– but what do they do when they run into Germany? Spain? The Netherlands? Yikes. England are grueling to watch right now, but I have to watch anyway. It wouldn't be England if you weren't suffering.
Roy talks tactics. *sigh*
Right now, I have France winning this Group and earning a spot in the semi-finals of the Euros. I am loving how they are playing right now; Karim Benzema is dramatically improved as a striker, Samir Nasri is doing a great job of opening space with his passing, Franck Ribery is on fire attacking from the wing, they have one of the must-see rising stars of the Euros in Jérémy Ménez, and an experienced back line lead by Philippe Mexès. After the absolute train wreck that was the French team of just two years ago, Laurent Blanc has come in and righted the ship, getting this new generation of French players to attack with a fluid, beautiful style. It has paid off; France are lighting it up right now, winning recent matches against The USA, Germany (!!), Iceland (coming back from 2-0 down to win 3-2) and the always tough Serbia– France just look good and are controlling possession with attractive football. The other piece of good news from France is that the goals seem to be coming from the right places, with Ribery, Malouda and Benzema all in form right now. There is something about Les Bleus attitude and their tactics that have me believing in them. Can I get an Allez?
You know what they say about books and covers? Meet Franck Ribéry
Sweden are another team playing attractive football right now, but they are missing the balance and depth of a team like France. Instead, they rely on one of the geniuses of the game to make them dangerous; Zlatan Imbrahimović is an absolute nightmare for the opposition, a player of tremendous skill, technique and a fiery attitude that pulls the entire team forward. In eight qualifying games for Sweden, Imbrahimović scored 5 goals and had 3 assists, essentially responsible for a goal a game. That number should scare anyone. He's 6'4" but can dribble the ball with the best in the world, and he is absolutely deadly in front of goal. The best part? He knows how good he is; there may not be a player more in love with his own abilities than Zlatan. But honestly? If I were him, I'd feel the same way. When Zlatan's on the pitch, Sweden are always in the match; with a new generation of midfielders like Rasmus Elm and Seb Larsson and good chemistry with strike partner Ola Toivonen of PSV Eindhoven, Zlatan and Sweden could finally make some noise at the Euros.
I'd Probably Hate On Me Too: Zlatan
On paper, Ukraine look like a team of faded potential. With names that would make most people's "he's still playing?" list, names like 35 year old striker Andriy Shevchenko, 32 year old midfielder Serhiy Nazarenko and 32 year old Andriy Voronin on the roster, Ukraine will certainly not be lacking experience. They also feature a few names that pop off of the team sheet, none more so than Bayern Munich star Anatoliy Tymoshchuk (33 years old!), who is coming off of a heart breaking loss in the Champions League final. Still, it seems clear that hosting the tournament has stoked something nostalgic in Ukraine, allowing a swan song for its great generation of footballers. I expect it to be bittersweet; despite the power of playing home matches and the support of their nation, Ukraine don't look likely to make it out of the Group. They have been disappointing in the run-up, losing their last two matches to Turkey and Austria; just can't see them taking down the other three teams in Group D.
Hosting Is Fun!
Must See Match
I'm inclined to say France vs England (who am I kidding, of course I'll be watching that one), but the game that I think will be the best game of Group D will be France vs Sweden on Tuesday, June 19th, the final match day of Group play. I think this match will decide the Group D winner and since England will be playing Ukraine at the exact same time (and with Wayne Rooney itching to get on the pitch), this one promises to be a scoreboard watching affair with two attractive teams gunning for the knock out stages.
Players To Watch
Group D is full of great players, especially the aforementioned Imbrahimović, Benzema and Ribery, but I think it's going to come down to how productive Ashley Young can be in setting up goals and scoring them for England. Without the creative influence of Rooney until the final match, England are going to need Young to continue to be an attacking influence, mostly because Steven Gerrard will likely be sitting deeper than he otherwise would be (and thus, less effective than he otherwise would be.) Young is a streaky player who is in good form at the moment; if he can get the ball and link up with Andy Carroll up top, if Hodgson continues to play him as a second striker, he can make some noise for England and man, do they need some noise to be made…
One man, one match, one-nil: Ashley Young for England
Group Prediction
I have France as Group D winners, with Sweden surprising a disappointed England for second place and Ukraine breaking the hearts of the locals in fourth. I just have a feeling Sweden are ready to get over the hump against England. Just a hunch…
Group A Preview
Group B Preview
Group C Preview
Published by Tom Hall
View all posts by Tom Hall
Published June 7, 2012 June 8, 2012
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Review: THE BEATLES: GET BACK by Peter Jackson
Cannes 2021 Journal: Au revoir, Cannes
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Loving & Loathing The NFL Draft
AS I RECENTLY SAID ON TWITTER…
@EVincentelli Liz Fraser 4ever ❤ 16 hours ago
@SamuelAAdams The correct answer is TROY 3 days ago
@daveyjenkins 100%… and I love it! 3 days ago
@SamuelAAdams TURIN HORSE? 🤣 4 days ago
@aoscott I was reminded of Brooke Smith's great work in this scene in VANYA ON 42ND STREET and how perfect this ending is. 4 days ago


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'Wheel Of Fortune' Pat Sajak Storms Off Set After Contestants' Answers: Watch Video Here!
By Mitch Thorpe, Mstars News writer | Nov 11, 2014 05:39 PM EST
After years of hosting the popular ABC game show Wheel of Fortune, you'd think host Pat Sajak would be used to people guessing the wrong answer. But during one of the most recent episodes, where the show took to the shores of Hawaii, it seems like Pat's temper got the best of him and he actually started to storm off stage.
The host jokingly threw a temper tantrum and walked off the stage after two contestants consecutively answered the word puzzle wrong. The category was "What Are You Doing?" on a Best Friends Week episode, and after contestants Lee and Mitch only revealed one letter, the pair decided that they would do their best to solve with only the letter "N" having been revealed.
Click Here To Watch Video.
According to The Huffington Post, the couple guessed the phrase, "Riding a brown horse," which could have been the right answer as it would have fit into the blank spaces, but unfortunately that wasn't what "you" were doing.
Post by Wheel of Fortune.
According to WGN, Sajak replied to that answer, "That's amazing! And it's wrong!"
When they got the answer wrong and the next couple revealed a "G" in the puzzle, they guessed the answer as "Riding a white horse," thinking that by changing the color that it would make the puzzle correct.
With the second equine reference, Sajak stormed off the stage before returning two seconds later and jokingly screaming, "Who said anything about a horse?!"
The answer turned out to be "Seeing a buddy movie," but in our hearts it will also be "Riding a white horse."
Readers: Do you watch the game show? How good are you at it? Comment below!
Tags : Wheel of Fortune, pat sajak, game show


The amazing experience of swimming in crystal clear waters, populated by multi-colored fishes. Thudufushi is a perfect mosaic of sand and tropical gardens rising from the Ari atoll lagoon. Here IDive diving center offers all the equipment you need, Nitrox for free, the experience of its instructors and rich diving programs and courses. To ensure a perfect holiday beyond the waters, you will find the modern Resort : 42 ultra-comfortable bungalows on the beach and 25 Water Villas for an ideal stay in the heart of the Maldives.
Famous dive only 10 minutes away by boat in the channel north of Thudufushi. A peculiar bank of white sand hide a spectacular underwater landscape. Since its position in the middle of the pass it's possible to spot any kind of fish.
Due to its position in the middle of the channel, you can encounter any kind of fish during your dive. At the right time good chance to see Mantarays.
This dive site is located in the middle of the South Pass of Thudufushi close to the island. Several caves and long hovering covered in soft corals give shelter to any kind of colorful fish while outside the caves huge schools of trevally will be awaiting for you. It's not rare at the end of dive to sight of manta and eagle rays.
Several Overhangs covered with colorful Softcorals. Overhangs and a small Canyon provide shelter for shrimps and morays. Big school of Trevally and swarm fish are waiting in the Blue.
3 deep pinnacles and a Ghiri(shallow reef) connected by a saddle. With its caves and cracks it's the dive of choice for photographers. Huge school of fusiliers and clouds of glass fish.
North of the island. This dive is characterized by big boulders surrounded by elegant butterfly fishes and white tip reef sharks.
If you are lucky eagle rays, and grey reef sharks. During the Manta-season a good chance if the current is in the right direction.


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Charlie On Parole
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TigerSwan: A Highlighted Veteran's Business
August 24, 2019 Charlie	Leave a comment
TigerSwan is a US business that focuses on protecting international and American based companies. The owner, James Reese, is a veteran who retired out of the Delta Forces in the late 2000s. During his time in the military, he served in Iraq and Afghanistan. Many might say this is where James Reese fine-tuned his leadership talent that he was born with. TigerSwan is Reese's newest challenge.
TigerSwan uses the newest equipment to train their elite staff. One piece they have relied upon lately is the Suburban SUV. This workhorse was put to the test. The crew practiced taking it out in the dark of night, but the drive is nothing like ours. They drive in the dark because during any of their missions this may be how they have to come into any compound or rescue situation. The team uses their high-tech night vision gear to survey the landscape and road ahead. The SUV must be able to traverse rugged landscape where no trail exists.
In addition to transportation, TigerSwan must use rifles and other firepower. They practice with their guns to keep their sharp edge, but their shooting is not on any average target practice range. TigerSwan needs its people to aim with accuracy after getting to the location. It could be night, blistering hot, and there could be gunfire all around them. TigerSwan prepares them for this environment by practice and mental preparation. The shooting range might include hitting a target off in the distance or obscured. The time of day can vary when the real missions strike, so everyone must get comfortable firing at night using night vision, during high noon with the temperature soaring, and at dusk when it is hard to see.
James Reese and the team at TigerSwan are proud to be a blend of veterans and other skilled workers. They are all very humble in their service, and they do not boost or show off any of their skills. They are a team that is there to protect and complete missions. Under the watchful care and eye of James Reese, TigerSwan is a shining example of a successful veteran business.
Read more here https://tigerswanreese.blogspot.com/search/label/TigerSwan%27s%20CEO%20James%20Reese
End Citizens United vs. Rick Scott: Corruption And Fraud
July 25, 2018 Charlie	Leave a comment
In 1997 Florida governor Rick Scott was the CEO of a healthcare group called Columbia/HVA. He presided over a massive fraud conviction against the company and a record-setting fine of $1.7 billion dollars. He blamed his subordinates, resigned in disgrace and entered politics.
History may be repeating itself for the now-Senate candidate. End Citizens United, a PAC dedicated to campaign finance reform, and the newspaper "the Tampa Bay Times" have both produced charges that Scott is committing fraud and violating campaign finance law in 2018.
Before announcing his candidacy for the Senate, governor Scott was the chair for the New Republican PAC. New Republican is Scott's primary donor for his Senate bid. End Citizens United took a closer look at the relationship between the PAC and the Scott Campaign and found a few troubling things.
Read more on Wikipedia.org
Scott was listed as chair of New Republican after his campaign began. A PAC and a campaign cannot communicate directly. If Scott really had severed all ties with the group when he began campaigning then he should not have been listed as working there. This means he could have been in control of New Republican in violation of the law.
Both the PAC and the Scott Campaign had the same mailing address for several months. How would two organizations that cannot communicate operate in the same space? It seems unlikely that they would keep their activities secret from each other as the law requires.
The Scott campaign primarily uses Jenny Drucker as a fundraiser, as does the PAC. This says that the two groups have lines of communication about where money is needed.
End Citizens United also alleges that the New Republican funded a poll for the Scott Campaign. There can be no direct funding between them.
End Citizens United has brought all these charges and more against the Scott campaign, which claims innocence when they aren't blaming subordinates. The Tampa Bay Times has made other accusations about funding and finance violations. It seems unlikely that Scott would be so deeply involved and connected to an organization that he no longer has contact with.
Check more about End Citizens United: http://www.politifact.com/personalities/end-citizens-united
George Soros: Beyond Political Donations
George Soros, the American business mogul, political activist and philanthropist, made a resounding comeback to active political activism by donating a whooping $25 million to support Hillary Clinton's bid to become the country's first female president. Some of the funds were donated directly to Clinton's campaign kitty to support her campaign activities during the November 2016 presidential elections. However, the biggest portion of the funds were donated to various super Political Action Committees (PACs), which supported Clinton campaign against the Republican Party candidate, Donald J. Trump.
George Soros' reemergence comes several years after he donated a staggering $27 million during the 2004 presidential elections, during which he supported the Democratic Party's bid to recapture the presidency from President George Bush. In his new campaign donation, Mr. Soros also directed millions of dollars to various grassroots PACs including End Citizens United, which received the maximum $5,000 the organization permits. He also donated $1.5 million to Senate Majority PAC, which is an organization supporting the election of Democratic Party's senate candidates. George Soros also donated millions of dollars to support organizations championing for human rights. He has financially supported causes dedicated to grassroots voter mobilization for various groups including minorities. Many viewed his reemergence as the much-needed boost to spur donations from other wealthy conservatives and liberals to support Clinton's campaigns. Follow George Soros on twitter.com.
Funding Democratic Causes: Silently Revolutionizing American Society
George Soros' engagement in public discourse extends beyond the political arena. He is also actively involved in social and philanthropic causes aimed at improving quality of life while also opening up the democratic space in the United States especially for the minorities. In 2015, he was at the center of the Ferguson protests, which saw thousands of people drawn from several cities converge in Ferguson to protest policy brutality. Through Open Society Foundations, a nonprofit he founded, George Soros donated millions of dollars to help with the organization of the grassroots movements that rose from the tragic shooting of Trayvon Martin by a police officer. The funds were donated to several grassroots organizations and were used for various purposes including logistics.
Over the years, George Soros has silently led a silent revolution within the U.S justice system by sponsoring the candidature of pro-reform candidates for various elective positions within the justice system including district attorneys and sheriffs. He has primarily channeled his donations through super PACs that primarily support minority candidates for these positions. The funds have primarily been used to put buy campaign ads spaces in local media platforms. The ads not only support the candidature of the minority candidates; they also targeted their opponents who George Soros are proponents of the status quo. He has also donated $500 million towards actualization of his passion of creating business opportunities for the needy including immigrants and their host communities. Know more on CNBC about George Soros.
George Soros' Contribution Fails to Clinch Top Job for the Democrats
January 15, 2017 Charlie	Leave a comment
George Soros' decision to contribute to the democratic camp was greeted with a lot of optimism. Soros last contribution to the democratic campaign was in the 2004 elections where George Bush won a second term in office. In that particular campaign, he had contributed $ 27 million. Soros then went back to the business world on theatlantic.com when Kerry lost only to reemerge to back his good friend Hillary Clinton.
Soros' Clinton Support
Soros, an 85 year old billionaire of Hungarian roots, is a close friend of the Clintons and his reappearance to sponsor Hillary was not much of a surprise. George Soros donated around $25 million in an effort to revitalize the democrats' campaign for the Oval Office and other key state leadership positions. Although he was expected to attend Clinton's acceptance speech at the Democratic Convention, he was caught up in pressing business engagements.
Many have said that apart from his close friendship with the Clinton's, Soros was motivated by issues such as immigration, the justice system and religious tolerance, which he feels are not well represented by a Republican Presidency. George Soros' contribution to the Clinton campaign was followed by other generous contributions such as Tom Steyer's $31 million, Haim Saban's $11.1 million, Fred Eychaner's $11.1 million and Don Sussman's $13.2 million.
Now that the democrats have lost to president elect Donald Trump, the billionaire supporters in the Clinton camp and the main Democratic Leadership on Biography are meeting to strategize on the way forward. This meeting is convened when Liberals are reevaluating their participation and approach to elections in particular and American Politics in general. This meeting, courtesy of the Democratic Donor Club, includes personalities like Soros, Elizabeth Warren, the Democrats house leader Nancy Pelosi and Keith Ellison among others.
The meeting is of people who are uncomfortable with a Trump presidency, which they believe would erode all the strides made by Obama. They hope to thwart Donald's 100 day plan and in so doing preserve the democrats gains under the presidency of Obama. The role of the Democratic Alliance at https://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/people/george-soros, which is responsible for the coordination of funding, is also part of the agenda at the meeting.
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