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58 Records of Alleged Abusive or Improper Conduct where the victim classification is "Guatemala"
Mid-July, 2022
Though a May 23, 2022 District of Columbia Circuit Court of Appeals ruling prohibited CBP personnel from using Title 42 to expel asylum-seeking families to places where they will be persecuted or tortured (original link), the practice continues.
The Nogales, Arizona-based Kino Border Initiative (KBI) reported the case of a Guatemalan family that was separated in Border Patrol custody after being denied a chance to ask for asylum:
Maribel [name changed to protect privacy], her husband and their 6-month-old baby fled Guatemala and presented themselves to Border Patrol near Sasabe, AZ to request asylum. The BP agent told them they would have a chance to ask for asylum later, but they were never given an opportunity to explain their situation. Instead, they were transported to Tucson, where they separated Maribel and her child from her husband, putting them in different buses to expel them to Mexico. The men's bus arrived in Nogales first, and the non-Mexicans were detained by Mexico's INM, to be transferred to their immigration station in Hermosillo. When Maribel arrived, she was told they could not transport her to Hermosillo, as her baby was sick. Maribel has not heard from her husband since. Maribel's expulsion under Title 42 led to family separation by Mexican authorities, putting her in a more vulnerable situation and creating repeated human rights violations.
— "July 21 update from KBI" (Nogales: Kino Border Initiative, July 21, 2022).
Event Type(s): Denial of Protection to Most Vulnerable, Family Separation
Victim Classification: Family Unit, Guatemala
Though a May 23, 2022 District of Columbia Circuit Court of Appeals ruling prohibited CBP personnel from using Title 42 to expel asylum-seeking families to places where they will be persecuted or tortured (original link), the practice continues. The Nogales, Arizona-based Kino Border Initiative (KBI) reported the case of a Guatemalan mother and children expelled to Mexico without a chance to seek protection in the United States.
After fleeing Guatemala, Belinda [name changed to protect privacy] and her 3 children asked CBP for access to the asylum process. The agents responded that they would be able to stay in the US and reunite with their family there, but instead, boarded them on a bus to deport them to Mexico. After arriving at the INM (National Migration Institute of Mexico), Belinda begged the officials not to deport her to Guatemala where she would face danger. The migration officer sent 45 people to Hermosillo to begin their deportation, but allowed Belinda to stay, a chance use of discretion that allowed Belinda to narrowly escape a return to danger.
Event Type(s): Denial of Protection to Most Vulnerable
Last Known Accountability Status:
A Border Patrol-involved vehicle pursuit on Interstate Highway 35, reaching speeds of 90-100 miles per hour, ended in a crash that killed four of seven migrants aboard a Jeep Wrangler in Encinal, Texas (original link). The deceased were male citizens of Mexico and Guatemala.
"This incident is being investigated by the Texas Department of Public Safety and reviewed by CBP's OPR [Office of Professional Responsibility]," CBP reported. "The Department of Homeland Security's Office of Inspector General was notified of the incident."
— U.S. Customs and Border Protection, "Failure to yield leads to fatal crash off Interstate Highway 35 in Encinal, Texas" (Washington: CBP, July 5, 2022) https://www.cbp.gov/newsroom/speeches-and-statements/failure-yield-leads-fatal-crash-interstate-highway-35-encinal.
Sector(s): Laredo
Event Type(s): Vehicle Pursuit
Last Known Accountability Status: Shared with DHS OIG, Under OPR Investigation
Victim Classification: Guatemala, Mexico, Single Adult
Though a May 23, 2022 District of Columbia Circuit Court of Appeals ruling prohibited CBP personnel from using Title 42 to expel asylum-seeking families to places where they will be persecuted or tortured (original link), the practice continues, the Nogales, Arizona-based Kino Border Initiative (KBI) reports.
* Pablo [name changed to protect privacy], a Nicaraguan man traveling with his daughter to escape political persecution in their country, crossed into the US last week to seek asylum. Border Patrol threw away their toiletries, food and other personal items, and expelled them to Nogales, Sonora without a fear assessment. Pablo was not given the chance to speak about his case to anyone.
* Deysi left Guatemala with her six-year-old daughter about a month ago. Her mother was brutally murdered in her hometown, and the rest of her family members have already fled to the US since her mother's death. She and her daughter attempted to cross into the US to seek asylum and were quickly detained by Border Patrol. They took down her biographical information and fingerprints, but never gave her the opportunity to explain the danger she was fleeing.
* Several young mothers and their children from an indigenous community in Guatemala tried to cross into the US to seek asylum earlier this month. All of them spoke Mam, their indigenous language, and some spoke limited Spanish. They were detained in the desert, where Border Patrol agents confiscated their personal items like clothing and medication. When they told a Border Patrol agent that they wanted to seek asylum, the agent dismissed them and ignored their request, saying "Ustedes sabrán qué hacer" ["you'll know what to do"]. Border Patrol told one of the women from the group that the border was closed and she would need to seek asylum in Mexico. When she shared about the violence she suffered in Guatemala, the agent would not believe her. Another woman from the group was so disoriented by the expulsion process and language barrier that when she arrived at Kino, she asked the staff whether she was in Mexico or the US.
* Yanet, [name changed to protect privacy], a Honduran woman fleeing death threats from organized crime groups because she refused to sell drugs for them, traveled north to seek asylum in the US. Despite the fact that she suffered multiple incidents of rape and assault at the hands of her smugglers, Border Patrol quickly expelled her back to Mexico.
Event Type(s): Denial of Protection to Most Vulnerable, Non-Return of Belongings
Victim Classification: Family Unit, Female, Guatemala, Honduras, Indigenous, Nicaragua
Early April, 2022
The Kino Border Initiative (KBI) reported about two Guatemalan men who were expelled to Nogales, Mexico in the middle of the night:
Pablo and William (not real names) arrived at Kino the morning after Border Patrol agents expelled them to Nogales, México. They are both Guatemalan nationals, and had originally crossed in another location, and so were unfamiliar with the area. They both reported that they were expelled around 2 in the morning. As they did not have anywhere to go, they spent the night out in the open, trying to sleep on the ground, and without anything to protect themselves from the cold. Pablo is an older man, while William is in his early twenties. Pablo indicated that when Border Patrol detained him, he requested medical attention as he felt severely dehydrated. Although he complained to Border Patrol of chest pains and a headache, his request was ignored. It was only after he arrived to Kino that he was finally able to receive medical assistance.
— "April 14 Update from KBI" (Nogales: Kino Border Initiative, April 14, 2022).
Event Type(s): Dangerous Deportation, Denial of Medical Care
Last Known Accountability Status: Shared with Congressional Oversight Committees, Unknown
Victim Classification: Guatemala, Single Adult
The Kino Border Initiative (KBI) reported about a man whom Border Patrol injured and expelled into Mexico near Nogales, Arizona:
Last week, a Border Patrol agent ran over Marco Antonio (not real name), a Guatemalan national, with his four-wheeler before pushing him to the ground and detaining him. The BP agent first hit him with the front bumper and then ran over his right leg with one of the front wheels. Another BP agent realized that Marco Antonio could not walk, and so picked him up and carried him to another four-wheeler to transport him to the hospital. At the hospital, Marco Antonio was treated for severe dehydration and a dislocated knee joint. Hours later, he was transported to the border in Nogales, where they arrived around noon. Mexican immigration officials refused to accept him because of his condition, as he was unable to walk. Border Patrol then drove him back to the station, and later that day, they took him back to Nogales, where they expelled him on or after 10PM, when there were no Mexican authorities to receive him.
Event Type(s): Conditions of Arrest or Apprehension, Dangerous Deportation, Pedestrian Strike, Return of Vulnerable Individuals
Late March, 2022
The Kino Border Initiative (KBI) reported about a woman whom Border Patrol expelled to Nogales though she had proof of being raped by her smugglers. The agent, she said, confiscated her medical document:
Border Patrol expelled a young Guatemalan woman to Nogales, Mexico last week despite the fact that she had been repeatedly raped by the guides that brought her across the border into the US. Her attackers threatened her life if she went to the authorities. One Border Patrol agent insinuated that the woman was lying about the attack, and tried to convince her not to undergo a forensic examination that would verify the abuse. When she showed paperwork from the hospital examination to a Border Patrol agent as proof of the attack, asking that he not send her back to Mexico, the Border Patrol agent confiscated the paperwork and did not return it to her.
An October 3, 2022 letter from a coalition of Arizona-based groups, led by ACLU Arizona, to CBP Commissioner Chris Magnus included further information about this case.
She handed the one of the Border Patrol agents the paperwork in the hope that it might persuade them to let her apply for asylum, but the agent did not return it and the woman was expelled back to Mexico without the documentation. The Guatemalan consulate later attempted to help the woman apply for a U-Visa since she experienced the crime in the United States, but she no longer had any of the medical documentation to substantiate it.
— "March 31 Update from KBI" (Nogales: Kino Border Initiative, March 31, 2022).
— Several Arizona Non-Governmental Human Rights Groups. "Letter to CBP Regarding Treatment of Migrants' Personal Belongings," October 3, 2022. <https://www.acluaz.org/sites/default/files/2022.10.03_letter_to_cbp_regarding_treatment_of_migrants_personal_belongings.pdf>.
Event Type(s): Confiscation of Documents, Denial of Protection to Most Vulnerable, Return of Vulnerable Individuals
Victim Classification: Female, Guatemala, Sexual Abuse Victim, Single Adult
The Kino Border Initiative (KBI) reported about a family expelled to Nogales despite pleading with a Border Patrol agent for asylum:
A Guatemalan father traveling with his wife and three children, 2 of whom are US citizens, shared with KBI staff that US officials refused to hear their asylum claim. The family crossed into the US through the desert and turned themselves into Border Patrol agents to ask for asylum. His wife tried to explain their case to one Border Patrol agent, and he responded, "Shut up lady, don't ask!" When Border Patrol put the family on a bus to expel them, she pleaded with another agent to at least let her US citizen children stay so they could be safe, since they have a right to be in the country. The agent refused and said the whole family would be going to Mexico.
Event Type(s): Abusive Language, Denial of Protection to Most Vulnerable
Victim Classification: Family Unit, Guatemala, U.S. Citizen or Resident
The Kino Border Initiative reported on recent cases of expulsions into Mexico of particularly vulnerable migrants who do not speak Spanish:
Sixteen percent of those arriving at KBI in the last two weeks of December originally migrated from Haiti. Several of the Haitian families could not respond to simple questions in Spanish without the assistance of an interpreter. In some cases, one individual from the group spoke enough Spanish to interpret for others who did not speak Spanish. One young Haitian woman described experiencing discrimination during their journey north. She reported that her family was extorted in every country they traveled through, including members of the Mexican National Guard who stopped them in southern Mexico, opened up their backpacks, and took whatever they wanted.
Numerous indigenous families from Guatemala have been expelled to Nogales under Title 42, putting them at particular risk of discrimination in Mexico due to language barriers and cultural differences. A Guatemalan family whose primary language is Mam was expelled last week after attempting to cross into the US to seek asylum, as was a Guatemalan man whose primary language is Cakchiquel.
— "January 6 Update from KBI" (Nogales: Kino Border Initiative, January 6, 2021)
Sector(s): Tucson Field Office
Agency(ies): CBP, Office of Field Operations
Event Type(s): Denial of Protection to Most Vulnerable, Return of Vulnerable Individuals
Victim Classification: Black, Family Unit, Guatemala, Haiti, Indigenous
The Kino Border Initiative reported:
A young Guatemalan man who was recently expelled to Nogales, Sonora had tried to cross into the US to seek asylum after fleeing threats from extortionists in his hometown. He fell and injured his knee while traveling in the desert. Although he reported his injury to immigration officials, he was not offered medical attention. He was expelled to Nogales at 3AM, where he spent the night exposed in the plaza downtown until the sun came up.
— "January 6 Update from KBI" (Nogales: Kino Border Initiative, January 6, 2021).
Agency(ies): Office of Field Operations
Victim Classification: Guatemala, Medical Condition, Single Adult
2021, all year
Four children's defense organizations filed complaints in a California district court after hearing unaccompanied migrant children narrate abuse and poor treatment while in short-term CBP custody during 2021 (original link). The complaints were filed on April 11, 2022 and shared by VICE News on May 2, 2022.
During 2021, attorneys from the Immigrant Defenders Law Center (ImmDef) provided Know Your Rights presentations and conducted legal screenings for at least 2,356 unaccompanied children exiting CBP custody. "During these legal screenings," reads ImmDef's complaint, "staff asked children to describe their experience being processed through the U.S. immigration system, with a focus on the conditions in CBP custody."
ImmDef's complaint cites the following examples of CBP personnel using abusive language with children:
In the hielera, CBP officers insulted P.A.M. [a sixteen-year-old child from Mexico] and other children, called them animals, and shut doors in their faces.
R.M.M. [a seventeen-year-old child from Guatemala] received medication for three days, but his later requests for medical attention were outright denied. Instead, CBP officers yelled at him and called him names.
G.G.G. [a seventeen-year-old child from Guatemala] witnessed CBP officers yell at other kids who did not get up right away at five o'clock in the morning for roll call or who did not immediately obey the commands of CBP officers.
CBP officers yelled at E.C.C. [a thirteen-year-old child] in both English and Spanish, including waking him and other children by yelling, "Levantense cabrones." [26]
CBP officers called him [D.C.E., a 16-year-old,] a "gangster," and threatened his aunt.
When M.J.C. [a 14-year-old] was first apprehended by CBP, she was handcuffed for approximately twenty-four hours without any food or water. Alone, exhausted from her journey, and afraid for her life, she was forced to sit on the side of the road as CBP officers yelled at her in English, which she did not understand. M.J.C. was cold and wet when she finally arrived at the hielera, but rather than give her warm clothes, CBP officers berated M.J.C., saying that "she should've thought about that before coming to the U.S."
M.G.G. is a seventeen-year-old child who arrived in the United States from El Salvador and experienced egregious abuse at the hands of CBP officers. When M.G.G. was apprehended, she was verbally harassed. She reported hearing CBP officers refer to her and other children and families as "motherfuckers" in English, pendejos, and hijos de puta. [37]
When she first arrived at the hielera, she [L.L.C., a sixteen-year-old child from Guatemala] was yelled at by the guards and given a single mylar blanket. L.L.C. and the other children slept in a shelter with only a roof but no walls. L.L.C. recalls being very cold but afraid to ask for more blankets after seeing other children get yelled at.… L.L.C. also suffered verbal abuse while in CBP custody. She was spoken to in both English and Spanish, and officers would become angry and yell at the children when they did not fall asleep immediately.
K.M.A. [a 17-year-old] arrived in the United States with a minor friend and witnessed CBP officers take him into a small room and yell at him. Other CBP officers berated K.M.A. because she was pregnant and accused her of providing a false birth certificate. The CBP officers yelled at K.M.A. so much that she cried, and when she asked to call her mother, they refused to allow her to use the phone. K.M.A. was examined by a nurse while detained in CBP custody, and K.M.A. asked the nurse if it was common for the CBP officers to yell at children in the way she had experienced. The nurse responded that she could not answer the question and instead told CBP officers what K.M.A. had asked her. K.M.A. was then yelled at by two CBP officers, who told her that child immigrants should not come to the United States because it was a waste of taxes. The CBP officers accused K.M.A. of only coming to the United States so her baby could be a U.S. citizen and so that she could receive welfare. The officers expressed to her that it was not fair that the U.S. government would pay to support her baby. K.M.A. was also threatened by CBP officers. She was told that she would be put in jail because she was pregnant and because she had brought a fake birth certificate, even though K.M.A. repeatedly assured the officers that it was not fake.
"It is not limited to one child or one instance," ImmDef's complaint concludes.
It is not limited to the conduct of a "bad apple" employee within the agency. It is not limited to even a rogue or remote CBP outpost that lacks training and resources. The sheer number of children who have reported abuse, many of whom told us that they fear retaliation and were afraid to speak up, suggests that these examples are but a fraction of the actual total.
— Hannah Comstock, Carson Scott, Madeline Sachs, "Abuse of Unaccompanied Minors in Customs and Border Protection Custody, January to December 2021" (Los Angeles: Immigrant Defenders Law Center, April 6, 2022) https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/21694269-alleged-abuse-of-unaccompanied-minors-in-customs-and-border-protection-custody.
— Keegan Hamilton, "Kids Allege Medical Neglect, Frigid Cells, and Rotten Burritos in Border Detention" (United States: VICE, May 2, 2022) https://www.vice.com/en/article/93b4vv/border-patrol-abuse-migrant-children.
Footnotes from above:
[26]: This phrase translates to "Get up a–holes"
[37]: These phrases translate to "a–holes" and "sons of bitches."
Event Type(s): Abuse of Minor, Abusive Language
Last Known Accountability Status: Complaint Filed with CRCL, Shared with DHS OIG
Victim Classification: El Salvador, Female, Guatemala, Mexico, Pregnancy, Unaccompanied Child
"ImmDef has encountered 172 children who were not given adequate food and water," reads the organization's complaint, which includes the following examples:
R.M.M. is a seventeen-year-old child from Guatemala who was detained in CBP custody for eight days, during two of which he received no food, causing him to experience head pains and stomach problems.
L.G.O. is a thirteen-year-old child from El Salvador who only received a single meal consisting of cold, rotten food each day she was held in CBP custody.
M.V.P. [a seventeen-year-old child from Guatemala] reported that she did not eat during her time at the detention center because the burritos given to the children smelled spoiled. She was given only small amounts of water.
Event Type(s): Abuse of Minor, Conditions in Custody, Denial of Food or Water
Victim Classification: El Salvador, Female, Guatemala, Unaccompanied Child
"ImmDef has encountered…twenty-three children who suffered medical neglect," reads the organization's complaint, which includes the following examples:
M.J.C. [a 14-year-old] requested medical attention, which CBP officers denied for three days, instructing her instead to lie down or sleep. CBP officers eventually had to take M.J.C. to a hospital after her symptoms worsened. Doctors later confirmed that her stomach problems were caused by the food provided in the hielera and that she was living with an untreated broken arm that she sustained during her journey. M.J.C. was eventually returned to the CBP facility, where officers withheld her medications and only provided her the same food that made her sick and landed her in the hospital. She became so hungry that she had no option but to eat the dangerous food, which unsurprisingly caused her to experience the same stomach pain. This time, however, she was too afraid to tell the officers that she was in pain and instead suffered in silence.
A June 2022 report from the Marshall Project elaborated on M.J.C.'s story:
It was during that chaos in the spring of 2021 when M.J., an unaccompanied 14-year-old girl from Guatemala, landed in a Border Patrol facility in the Rio Grande Valley of Texas. Instead of the maximum of 72 hours, as required, she was held for 18 days, according to case records reviewed by lawyers with the Immigrant Defenders, who are representing her in her immigration case.
M.J. had been injured in the last days of her journey across Mexico. She leapt from a moving freight train, landing on her shoulder in a bank of rocks, M.J. said in an interview in California in March. (Because she is a minor in legal proceedings, she asked that her name and exact location not be published.)
With her arm swollen and blue, M.J. turned herself in to the Border Patrol soon after crossing the Rio Grande. Agents kept her in handcuffs for 24 hours, she said, aggravating the ache.
She was moved to a vast tent holding families and minors, most likely, based on court documents, in Donna, Texas. Crammed with dozens of girls into a cell defined by clear plastic walls, M.J. slept on a narrow metal bench for nearly three weeks. To leave the cell to use the bathroom, she had to ask each girl for permission to step over. She never had a change of clothes, she said.
She fashioned a sling from a borrowed cloth to relieve the throb in her shoulder. An attendant, citing security rules, took it away, M.J. said. There were nurses on duty, but they declined to give her medication for the pain.
"No one told you to come to the United States," she said one attendant told her.
The only food was egg burritos and beans, often half-frozen. On the fourth day, M.J. said, she started to vomit from stomach cramps and shoulder pain. The medical staff, relenting, sent her to a local clinic, where examinations revealed a fractured shoulder and severe dehydration.
A physician gave her a sling and prescribed a painkiller. After she was returned to the detention facility later that day, M.J. said, a guard took away the new sling. She never received the medication.
When B.T.P. [a Guatemalan girl] asked for medical assistance due to constant headaches, she was first ignored and later told that she would see a doctor. The doctor never arrived.
M.G.G. [a seventeen-year-old from El Salvador] also reported a lack of COVID-19 precautions and general medical neglect. When she first arrived, M.G.G. was not given a COVID-19 test and later discovered that there were people with active cases of COVID-19 held in the hielera with her. She was not provided with a mask.
The food in the hielera consisted of burritos that tasted spoiled, and L.L.C. [a sixteen-year-old child from Guatemala] soon became sick. When she reported feeling ill to medical staff, they did not address her concerns. As a result, L.L.C. was forced to skip meals. L.L.C. witnessed similar treatment of other children when they felt sick—CBP officers refused to provide medicine and only told the children to drink more water.
While crossing the border, M.V.P. [a seventeen-year-old child from Guatemala] hurt the back of her right knee while jumping over a wall. When she asked to see a doctor in the CBP facility, she was given unidentified pills but did not receive any other treatment or follow up.… After four days in CBP custody, M.V.P. began experiencing severe stomach pains and complained to CBP officers. Four hours later, she was taken to a nurse, who did not treat her. After another nine to ten hours of suffering severe pain, M.V.P. was taken to the emergency room, where she was diagnosed with dehydration and put on an IV. When she was discharged from the emergency room, the doctor gave the immigration official paperwork about her condition. M.V.P believes there was more to her condition than dehydration, but she never received a copy of that paperwork.
— Anna Flagg and Julia Preston, "'No Place for a Child': 1 in 3 Migrants Held in Border Patrol Facilities Is a Minor" (The Marshall Project, Politico: June 16, 2022) https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2022/06/16/border-patrol-migrant-children-detention-00039291.
Event Type(s): Abuse of Minor, Conditions in Custody, Denial of Medical Care
"ImmDef encountered forty-two children who were held in unsanitary conditions, 126 children who were forced to sleep on the ground or outside, and 452 children who were detained for longer than 72 hours," the organization's complaint reads. "Many children also reported extremely cold temperatures and privacy violations." Examples include:
[L.G.O. is a thirteen-year-old child from El Salvador, was] forced to lie on the floor without a mattress. She was unable to sleep because light and noise were constant. L.G.O. was never given the opportunity to shower.
H.G.C. is a sixteen-year-old child from Guatemala who was held in a hielera for three days. H.G.C. was also held in a cell that housed other detainees and contained only one, entirely exposed toilet. H.G.C.'s only hope for privacy was to ask his cellmates to move to the opposite side of the room each time he used the bathroom. During his three days in the hielera, the lights were always on, causing H.G.C. to lose sense of whether it was day or night.
G.G.G. is a seventeen-year-old child from Guatemala who was detained for four days in a hielera that had bathrooms without doors, leaving him and the other children without any privacy while using the toilet. The facility was kept at very cold temperatures, yet G.G.G. never received a blanket thick enough to keep him warm.… During his four days in CBP custody, G.G.G. was only allowed to make one phone call.
O.L.L., an eleven-year-old child from Guatemala, was detained in a hielera for seven and a half days under frigid conditions that caused his lips to turn purple. O.L.L. only speaks Spanish, yet officers spoke to him in English. He was only allowed to make one phone call every three days.
[D.S., a seventeen-year-old child from Romania,] was given a mylar blanket but was never provided a toothbrush or toothpaste.
[D.C.E., a 16-year-old,] was not given supplies to brush his teeth or take a full shower, and he did not have privacy when using the bathroom. While D.C.E. was detained, the lights were always on in the facility, making it difficult for him to distinguish between day and night. His waking hours were marked by meals consisting of old or spoiled food, which made him sick.
CBP officers yelled loudly near her ears [M.J.C., a 14-year-old] to wake her up and only gave her a mylar blanket to keep warm despite M.J.C.'s request for a different blanket. She was forced to sleep on a bench or on the ground close to others, in blatant disregard for the risks of such proximity due to the COVID-19 pandemic. M.J.C. was also repeatedly denied requests to use the toilet and was never given a change of clothes—for eighteen days, she wore the same dirty clothes she had arrived in.
M.T.P., B.T.P., and A.T.P. are three sisters from Guatemala who were detained in CBP custody for seven days, during which they experienced mistreatment and medical neglect. The T.P. sisters were placed in a dirty, crowded detention facility where they were held with other children who were sick to the point of vomiting. They were not allowed to shower for the first four days they were detained and reported that CBP failed to undertake any efforts to maintain hygiene or social distancing in light of the COVID-19 pandemic. The sisters felt uncomfortable using the toilets in the facility due to the lack of privacy, and they were not provided with sufficient sanitary supplies. All three sisters experienced issues with the quality of food. M.T.P. became so sick she was forced to stop eating the burritos. Instead, she ate only a cookie and water each day and was afraid to ask CBP officers for alternatives or medicine because she had seen others being yelled at.
During her thirteen days in the hielera, M.G.G. [a seventeen-year-old from El Salvador] was never given a blanket or a change of clothes and was only allowed to shower once. By way of explanation, CBP officers swore at her and told her that it "wasn't a hotel." Every day, she was woken up early and could not sleep. M.G.G. also reported that she was given old and rotten food. For thirteen days, she was only fed burritos with rice and apples. When she told CBP officers that she felt sick, they told her to drink more water and exercise. However, she was only given a single small bottle of water each day at 6am.
L.L.C. [a sixteen-year-old child from Guatemala] was transferred to a hielera in Texas, where she stayed for the next twelve days. L.L.C. described the walls of the hielera as equivalent to a thick nylon, and she was held in a room approximately the size of a conference room with eighty-one other girls. The cell was so crowded that she was forced to sleep pressed up against the person next to her or sitting up. L.L.C. described being extremely cold day and night. She described feeling like she and the other children were being treated like animals. The food in the hielera consisted of burritos that tasted spoiled, and L.L.C. soon became sick. When she reported feeling ill to medical staff, they did not address her concerns. As a result, L.L.C. was forced to skip meals.… L.L.C. described that it was difficult to sleep because the CBP officers woke them every hour in order to clean the cells and the lights were always kept on. L.L.C. was only able to brush her teeth three times per week, and she was only able to bathe once during the twelve days she was held in the hielera. L.L.C. felt that there was no privacy in the bathrooms, and there were several times when she did not have toilet paper. She was only allowed to make one, two-minute telephone call, and during the call a CBP officer stood within earshot.
In the hielera, M.V.P. [a seventeen-year-old child from Guatemala] was confined to a cell with around eighty other people, including women with small children. M.V.P. reported that there was nowhere to sit or sleep the first night, and she slept sitting on a metal bench the following nights. The cell also contained a toilet, which was not closed off from the rest of the space. As a result, M.V.P. and her cell mates were forced to use the mylar blankets that they slept with as makeshift curtains to create privacy for the toilet. M.V.P. was not given any opportunity to shower during her time in CBP custody.
Once J.N.P. [a 16-year-old] arrived at the hielera, she was forced to bathe with many other girls in one bathroom. There was no privacy except for transparent curtains, and J.N.P. reported feeling very uncomfortable. The girls had to bathe without clothes on, yet officers were present with them in the bathrooms and were rude and disrespectful. When J.N.P. and some of the other girls complained, the CBP officers yelled at them and rushed them out as soon as their five minutes were up. Even after she bathed, J.N.P. developed head lice and dandruff due to the unsanitary conditions. Throughout her time in the hielera, J.N.P. was given egg burritos for every meal, which left her feeling hungry and ultimately gave her stomach pains. When she needed to use the bathroom, there was no privacy—the toilets were separated by walls on the sides but not in the front, and J.N.P. felt uncomfortable using the bathroom because others could see everything. The temperatures inside the hielera were kept extremely cold, and J.N.P. was denied blankets or more clothes when she asked. The cold made sleeping difficult, and J.N.P. was forced to sleep on a thin mat pressed up against strangers due to overcrowding. The lights were also left on the entire time, yet when J.N.P. and other children could not sleep, CBP officers only yelled at them. Throughout her time in the hielera, J.N.P. was not allowed to make any phone calls.
Event Type(s): Abuse of Minor, Conditions in Custody
Victim Classification: El Salvador, Female, Guatemala, Romania, Unaccompanied Child
ImmDef's complaint cites the following examples of CBP personnel compelling children to sign documents that they did not understand:
A.R.B. was seventeen years old when she was detained CBP custody for eight hours. During that time, she was never provided with a meal and was pressured to sign documents that she did not understand.
D.S. [a seventeen-year-old child from Romania] did not have access to sufficient interpretation services and was forced to sign some documents that were never explained to him in Romanian.
CBP officers forced to D.C.E. [a 16-year-old] to sign paperwork that was not explained to him in his primary language, and he was never explained his rights as an unaccompanied child in U.S. immigration detention.
M.J.C. [a 14-year-old] was forced to sign documents she did not understand. Her requests to make phone calls were either denied or conditioned on her signing paperwork that was written in English.
While detained, the T.P. sisters [from Guatemala] reported that the CBP officers did not speak Spanish well and did not explain the documents that they asked each girl to sign. They felt forced to sign these documents and were denied the right to place a phone call on multiple occasions.
Before L.L.C. [a sixteen-year-old child from Guatemala] left the hielera, she was forced to sign documents she did not understand.
Event Type(s): Compelling Signature of English-Language Documents
Victim Classification: Female, Guatemala, Romania, Unaccompanied Child
The DHS Inspector General completed an unpublished report, obtained in part and revealed in February 2022 by ProPublica and El Paso Matters, sharing findings about the May 2019 in-custody death of Carlos Gregorio Hernández Vásquez (original link). As the journalistic outlets put it, the victim, a 16-year-old unaccompanied Guatemalan migrant, "died of the flu after writing on the floor of his cell" in the Weslaco, Texas Border Patrol station.
Hernández had a 103-degree fever, tested positive for influenza, and a nurse practitioner had instructed agents in writing "that he should be checked again in two hours and taken to the emergency room if his condition worsened." Only one medical staff person was on overnight duty at the Weslaco Station, which was being used as a makeshift sick ward and had "60-70" flu patients among 210 ill detainees at the time. Agents logged regular "welfare checks" on the boy, but video footage of his cell showed no evidence of checks during a period of nearly four and a half hours.
The log entries were false, the Inspector-General's report determined. The lead agent told Inspector General investigators that he made hourly checks of the cell, but
added that at that time, it was impossible for him to conduct welfare checks on 300 to 350 detainees every hour. According to [redacted] common practice, Team Leads check the "select all" tab in the [redacted] system and press enter, reporting all detainees received an hourly welfare check.
"Falsifying federal records to impede administration of an agency's function is a crime," ProPublica and El Paso Matters point out. "But the U.S. Attorney's Office for the Southern District of Texas declined to prosecute anyone in Hernandez's death, the report said." The report did not specify whether anyone involved in Hernández's case had been disciplined. CBP "declined to comment on whether any agents have faced discipline stemming from Hernandez's death or whether any changes had been made as a result of the inspector general report," noting that it is continuing an internal investigation of the nearly three-year-old case.
On July 20, 2021, the DHS Inspector-General had reported that, in 98 cases examined of ill people in custody, "CBP could not always demonstrate staff conducted required medical screenings or consistent welfare checks" (original link).
— Report of Investigation, Carlos Gregorio Hernandez-Vasquez, U.S. Border Patrol Weslaco Station, Weslaco, Texas (Washington: DHS Office of Inspector General, September 14, 2021) https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/21196072-dhs-oig-report-carlos-hernandez-vasquez.
— Robert Moore, "Internal Investigation Confirms Border Patrol Failures Leading Up to a 16-Year-Old's Death on the Floor of His Cell" (ProPublica and El Paso Matters, February 8, 2022) https://elpasomatters.org/2022/02/08/internal-investigation-confirms-border-patrol-failures-leading-up-to-a-16-year-olds-death-on-his-cell-floor/.
Sector(s): Rio Grande Valley
Event Type(s): Conditions in Custody, Denial of Medical Care, Lying or Deliberate Misleading
Last Known Accountability Status: DHS OIG investigation Closed, Under OPR Investigation, Unknown
Victim Classification: Guatemala, Medical Condition, Unaccompanied Child
Mid-August, 2021
A woman from Guatemala who was migrating with her younger sister was expelled to Nogales last week after Border Patrol apprehended the sisters in the desert. Because the younger sister was a minor and her older sister was not her legal guardian, the sisters were separated when they were apprehended. The younger sister was kept in the custody of the Office of Refugee Resettlement, and the older sister was expelled to Nogales. Border Patrol gave her no information whatsoever about what they had done with her younger sister, and she had no idea how to locate her. She was one of three women who came through KBI recently in the same situation.
— "August 19 Update From KBI" (Nogales: Kino Border Initiative, August 19, 2021).
Event Type(s): Family Separation
Victim Classification: Accompanied Child, Family Unit, Guatemala, Single Adult
A Guatemalan man who was migrating due to extreme poverty attempted crossing into the U.S. near McAllen, Texas. Border Patrol apprehended him, held him under a highway bridge for several days [Border Patrol's "Temporary Outdoor Processing Site" (TOPS) facility in Mission, Texas], then told him they would arrange transport to his family members in the United States.
They flew him to Tucson, and when they took him off the flight, told him they would take him to a place where he could sign papers for the transport to his family. Instead, they put him on a bus to Nogales, where he was expelled. He did not know he was being expelled until he reached the port of entry.
Sector(s): Rio Grande Valley, Tucson
Event Type(s): Lying or Deliberate Misleading
A report from the Kino Border Initiative (KBI) and NETWORK described Border Patrol agents' violent apprehension of a group of six migrants in Arizona.
A Guatemalan man in a group of six entered the United States and encountered Border Patrol agents. One of the agents pushed one of the men down with a knee on his back. Another man from the group was running, and the dog the agents brought with them attacked him and knocked him face down into a cactus. One of the spines penetrated near his eye, causing his face to bleed. When the man with eye injury asked for help, the agents said no, and that this is what happens to people who come here.
An agent grabbed the Guatemalan man who filed this complaint by the back of the neck and shoved him. The agent lunged to try to shove him again; when he ducked down the agent kept going forward and hurt himself on the cactus spines. Angered by this, the agent grabbed the Guatemalan man by the neck. The man said he felt like he was being choked. The Guatemalan man was injured as he had cactus spines stuck in his legs. He was not allowed to take them out until the next day.
The Guatemalan man's brother-in-law was also in the group. He was dehydrated and vomiting. As he lay on the ground, begging for water, an agent put his foot on the man's back and then kneeled on him. It was not until they arrived at a temporary outpost nearly two hours later that they got water.
The group was expelled to Nogales, Sonora the next morning, where Kino then took them to the hospital.
KBI filed an August 4, 2021 complaint with the DHS Office on Civil Rights and Civil Liberties (CRCL) and the CBP Office of Professional Responsibility (OPR). As of August 17, 2021, KBI had not yet received a response.
— Due Process Denied (United States: Kino Border Initiative (KBI) and NETWORK Lobby for Catholic Social Justice, August 2021) https://networklobby.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/KINO-NETWORK-CBP-Abuses-consolidated.pdf.
Event Type(s): Conditions of Arrest or Apprehension, Denial of Food or Water, Denial of Medical Care, Use of Force
Last Known Accountability Status: Complaint Filed with CRCL, Complaint Filed with OPR
A report from Human Rights First discussed a Guatemalan asylum-seeking father's prolonged separation from his family.
In July 2021, DHS separated a Guatemalan asylum seeker from his wife and two young daughters when they tried to request protection together at the U.S. border. The family fled Guatemala after receiving death threats in retaliation for working with the police to enable the arrest of a high-level leader of a powerful gang. According to RAICES, ICE detained the man, who suffers from diabetes, in a Texas detention center, where he nearly fainted because he was not provided with an appropriate diet to meet his medical needs. ICE continued to refuse to release him for months after an immigration judge determined that he has a reasonable fear of persecution.
Agency(ies): CBP, ICE
A report from the Kino Border Initiative (KBI) and NETWORK described the improper expulsion into Mexico of a Guatemalan man, resident in Arizona, with documented status in the United States.
A Guatemalan man who has been in the United States since 2005 was detained in the desert while trying to pick up his wife. He went to pick her up, but they got lost in the desert. Eventually they called 911 for help. The Pima County Sheriff's officer then detained them. Border Patrol arrived at the scene, and they were then handed over to them.
Despite having a work permit, which he tried to present to agents, he was not allowed to leave the checkpoint. He was not crossing the border. CBP officers then forced him to sign a document and put him in a vehicle and they told him he was going to be expelled under Title 42. He was expelled in Nogales.
The same report described Border Patrol's expulsion of the man's wife who, though undocumented, had been in the United States since 2018 and thus should not have been subject to expulsion.
A Honduran woman who has been in the United States since 2018 was visiting a friend when they noticed a CBP checkpoint on the way. Fearing what may come, she got out of the car on the roadside to avoid the checkpoint because of her immigration status. She called her husband to pick her up, but he refused to come at first, fearing that he would be mistaken for a smuggler. Eventually, he came to get her, but they got lost in the desert and in the early hours of the morning called 911 to rescue them.
The Pima County Sheriff's officer then detained her. CBP arrived at the scene, and she was handed over to them. She was not crossing the border. The CBP officers then forced her to sign a document and put her in a vehicle, telling her she was going to expelled under Title 42. She was expelled in Nogales."
Event Type(s): Inappropriate Deportation
Victim Classification: Female, Guatemala, Honduras, Single Adult, U.S. Citizen or Resident
A report from the Kino Border Initiative (KBI) and NETWORK described a Guatemalan asylum seeker's experience with her family while in Border Patrol custody in Arizona.
A Guatemalan woman, her sister (19), brother, and son entered the United States and were all detained by border patrol. At that time the agent was very nice to them and gave them water and took them to a Border Patrol station. They were subsequently moved to Tucson.
There, CBP processed the sister first, and a female CBP agent reached into her sister's shirt and grabbed sister's documents from her bra.
Her brother was separated from them, and she did not have any information about his whereabouts as of July 10. She was never told why they separated her brother from her.
She was also then separated from her sister, who CBP says tried to escape them while they were walking in the desert. The woman told agents several times that her sister had not tried to escape apprehension and that they had been together the whole time.
The officers told her "You are not in your country. We are in charge here." In the facility, the staff at the station refused to give them blankets. In the early morning, she was reunited with her sister on a bus.
She tried several times to tell them she was seeking asylum, but no one listened. CBP kept telling them that this was their country, and they were in charge. The woman, her sister, and son were expelled to Nogales, Sonora in the early morning.
KBI filed a July 23, 2021 complaint with the DHS Office on Civil Rights and Civil Liberties (CRCL) and the CBP Office of Professional Responsibility (OPR). On August 5, CRCL emailed "that they received the complaint and forwarded it to the OIG. No details were provided about disciplinary actions for officers or recourse for victims of abuse."
Source: Kino Border Initiative (KBI) and NETWORK Lobby for Catholic Social Justice, Due Process Denied, August 2021. <https://networklobby.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/KINO-NETWORK-CBP-Abuses-consolidated.pdf>.
Event Type(s): Abusive Language, Conditions in Custody, Denial of Protection to Most Vulnerable, Family Separation, Lying or Deliberate Misleading, Sexual Assault or Harassment
Last Known Accountability Status: Complaint Filed with CRCL, Complaint Filed with OPR, Shared with DHS OIG
A report from the Kino Border Initiative (KBI) and NETWORK described a Guatemalan asylum seeker's experience with her children while in Border Patrol custody in Arizona.
A Guatemalan woman with her four children crossed into the United States with a big group and encountered a Border Patrol agent in a vehicle. That agent was very nice to them, gave them water and said they could have whatever they needed. He called for more vehicles to carry them all, and they were transferred to a Border Patrol facility that was very cold. Then they were put on buses to Tucson.
At the Tucson border facility, the woman approached an agent asking how they should apply for asylum and informing him that her son has a medical condition and needs medical care. She showed him the documents (a diagnosis, x-rays, etc.) to prove that her son was in need and that he needed surgery within the next two months. The agent took the documents and threw them in the trash. When she went to retrieve them from the trash, he took them again and told her "they belong in the trash." When she protested, he became angry and told her to go away and gave her a sleeping mat. The mat was soaking wet so that she could not use it. She never got her documents back.
Hours later, she and the children were expelled to Nogales, Sonora.
Event Type(s): Abusive Language, Conditions in Custody, Confiscation of Documents, Denial of Medical Care, Denial of Protection to Most Vulnerable, Non-Return of Belongings
Victim Classification: Family Unit, Guatemala, Medical Condition
A report from the Kino Border Initiative (KBI) and NETWORK discussed a Guatemalan family's conditions in Border Patrol custody while seeking, without success, to seek asylum in Arizona.
A Guatemalan woman and her two young daughters entered the United States through the desert and encountered a Border Patrol agent. They were detained and moved to a facility with cold rooms. Then they were transferred to Tucson.
There, she told an agent that she had injured her foot while walking in the desert and needed medical attention. The agent agreed, but then she walked away and never came back. She was never given any medical attention.
They were made to sit in the chairs at the Tucson facility; the children could not sleep. At the facility, they were forced to take off any extra clothing and allowed to wear only a t-shirt and pants. Her daughter was shivering. They asked for blankets but were given only one small one many hours later. She tried to tell agents she wanted to seek asylum, but no one listened to her.
The next morning the family was expelled to Nogales, Sonora.
Event Type(s): Conditions in Custody, Denial of Medical Care, Denial of Protection to Most Vulnerable
A report from the Kino Border Initiative (KBI) and NETWORK related the experience of a Guatemalan man, his wife, and son, who entered the United States in Arizona, with the intention of seeking asylum.
They crossed and encountered Border Patrol. The Border Patrol asked if their objective was to seek asylum, and the father said yes. The family was then transported to an outpost and processed. A CBP officer asked where they were from but did not ask any other questions.
They were transported to a facility in Tucson, where the man was separated from his wife and son. They were all moved between several different detention centers, and the only time the man was able to see his wife and son was during transport.
In one of the facilities, he told an agent he feared returning to Guatemala. The agent laughed in his face and said something to the other agents, who all laughed. He felt so humiliated and discouraged to ask for asylum again.
He was moved four times to different border facilities. Finally, he and his family were expelled in the very early morning hours without ever being given a fear assessment or referred to the USCIS.
KBI filed a July 9, 2021 complaint with the DHS Office on Civil Rights and Civil Liberties (CRCL) and the CBP Office of Professional Responsibility (OPR). On August 5, CRCL emailed "that they received the complaint and forwarded it to the OIG. No details were provided about disciplinary actions for officers or recourse for victims of abuse."
Event Type(s): Abusive Language, Denial of Protection to Most Vulnerable, Family Separation


Heart-breaking news when we heard that Jussie Smollett was "brutally beaten and attacked with bleach" in a possible hate crime according to a statement from Chicago Police Department.
According to CNN, the Empire star was attacked by two people who were "yelling out racial and homophobic slurs".
Police also added that the people "poured an unknown chemical substance" which is believed to be some form of bleach on him before fleeing the scene.
Security has now been beefed up for the Empire cast and Jussie as well.
According to other reports, Jussie Smollett was alone by a Subway sandwich shop during the time of the attack. The actor told reporters that he "fought back" at the attackers before they put a rope around his neck and doused him in the unknown bleach-like substance.
"We are deeply saddened and outraged to learn that a member of our 'Empire' family, Jussie Smollett, was viciously attacked ...," a spokesperson for FOX said in a statement.
"We send our love to Jussie, who is resilient and strong, and we will work with law enforcement to bring these perpetrators to justice.
"The entire studio, network and production stands united in the face of any despicable act of violence and hate -- and especially against one of our own."
Luckily, Smollet is now in good condition and is back at work.
5 responses to "Empire's Jussie Smollett back at work after being "brutally beaten and attacked with bleach" in possible hate crime "
It's a hoax. This is awful because there are Blacks and LGBT people that face racism and have been the victim of hate crimes for real. He should have to pay for this because someone could have gotten hurt or killed for his lies.
This is what the liberals do. They cause problems because they are so accepting and loving and open minded.
I just heard that there are 30,000+ video cameras around Chicago. They have Jussie on camera for all but less than 60 seconds of his trip out and back. No footage of the alleged attackers, coming or going. He said he was 'fighting for his life'. In less than a minute of alleged attack?! He also won't turn over his phone records (they have been subpoenaed). Some people lie, regardless of their race. Smollett will be charged with filing a false police report. Bank on it!


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iPhone Privacy and the Law
Tom Medrano
If you keep up with legal trends and court decisions that affect essential liberties you may already be familiar with the long battle between Apple and the federal government. The Electronic Privacy Information Center (www.epic.org) is usually the best resource that you can go to for information on civil liberties pertaining to the Internet and they have been covering this back and forth between Apple and the FBI for quite awhile now. The case began when the FBI asked Apple to unlock a shooter's iPhone and the company tried to refuse the government's request. They eventually found a way to hack into the phone without Apple's assistance. At the time, the issue with Apple was not a privacy concern (for Apple) but that the company would be required to perform for the government. For civil liberty groups it was just another occasion where the government is able to stampede over the 4th and 5th amendments. Predictably, law enforcement sides with the government, lawyers and companies side with Apple.
Over the summer the issue heated up when Apple received another request, this time for a drug dealer's iPhone and the government argued that Apple should not be allowed to refuse because they had assisted in the past. Apple's previous assistance makes their privacy stance rather problematic, as the millennials would say, and is possibly why the company has come out strong with new encryption technology that would both prevent Apple from having to perform for the government and protect people from having to incriminate themselves. As many of you may or may not know, fingerprint encryption is not covered under the 5th Amendment.
The rule of thumb, pun intended, is that your fingerprint is akin to your likeness and does not reveal anything of your mind. It is just a biometric indicator whereas a pincode or password is does. The new complexities of technology has met with the post-911 hysteria to create the type of legal hand waving that most judges, to be fair, are not prepared for. Law school does not make one a computer expert by default.
Apple's response to the government's ruling on fingerprint security has been to alter how they address privacy and the company has recently upgraded its iPhone security systems and made a statement through their website. The last sentence of the statement says it all:
For all devices running iOS 8 and later versions, Apple will not perform iOS data extractions in response to government search warrants because the files to be extracted are protected by an encryption key that is tied to the user's passcode, which Apple does not possess.
As you can see, the company has found away to remove itself from future demands of the government, while at the same time still providing emergency location assistance and other help of an imminent nature. It is both relieving its conscience and its legal liability. It is a "use at your own risk" statement and a "I got nothing ta do with it" combo that will at least—temporarily—take themselves out of the process for new phones.
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Elon Musk's Ambitious Solar System Colonization Plans
D-briefBy John WenzSep 28, 2016 1:24 AM
(SpaceX) At the International Astronautical Congress 2016, SpaceX founder Elon Musk outlined his ambitious plan for making humanity a multi-planet civilization. And as expected, his plan starts at Mars. "If we could warm Mars up, we'd have a thick atmosphere and self sustaining oceans," Musk said in his speech. Mars would be just the beginning, according to Musk, with the intended crew craft potentially being useable on any solid surface in the solar system (and maybe a few liquid ones.) Prior to his talk, SpaceX introduced its interplanetary transport plan in a brief video, including an orbital rendezvous to refuel the transport craft before it executes a Hohmann transfer toward the Red Planet. Musk says the plan in the video is fairly close to his actual plans for the ship. At the talk, Musk further expounded on the need to refuel in orbit, saying the cost would skyrocket without refueling in orbit by 500 to 1,000 percent. After each launch, the booster would return to the ground to be refueled and launched again to bring more fuel up. The fuel tank would return as well. The crew transport would have a two-year trip, but reusability could mean being able to send multiple transports in the same launch window.
"You get to use the booster and the tanker as frequently as you like," he said. The booster would use 42 Raptor engines and come in two stages, being overall larger than a Saturn V rocket. It would be able to carry 450 tons of cargo into orbit. The crew compartment includes movie screenings and other amenities to keep passengers entertained in transit. The plan calls for around 100 passengers per trip initially. Musk claims the flights could take as little as 80 days at first, eventually scaling to 30 days — ambitious considering most NASA plans have called for a six-month transit each way. Of course, it all comes at a pretty hefty cost. "We have to learn to improve the cost of trips to Mars by 5 million percent," Musk said. Musk expects to fund the plan through private sector investment, government-assisted public-private partnerships, and revenue from satellite launches and International Space Station resupplies. (The latter assuming that the Falcon 9 and successors stops running in to the two or three speedbumps it's had along the way.) He also mentioned the possibility of testing 25-45 minute cargo deliveries of his cargo craft using suborbital flights to haul freight. Musk outlined the need for reusability as well as in situ resources on Mars to drive that cost down and allow propellant production that could turn Mars into a fueling depot. The plan calls for using deep-cryo methalox (CH4/O2) fuel as it can provide the biggest cost savings and be produced in situ, as compared to hydrogen and oxygen or kerosene. Musk's timeline calls for developing and testing through 2022, with the first mission leaving late 2022 or 2023. Cargo capsules would begin arriving at the planet in 2018, assuming the yet-untested Falcon Heavy arrives on time. He intends to take advantage of the every-two-year launch window to Mars during which it's cost effective. "If things go super well, it might be in a 10-year timeframe," Musk said of the first humans on Mars. "We're going to do our best and make as much progress as possible." Mars would also be a fueling depot in order to explore the outer solar system, with Enceladus, Europa, Titan, and Pluto all mentioned as possible destinations. (Of course, the plan didn't address the deadly doses of radiation tourists would get at Europa thanks to Jupiter's radiation belts.) Musk similarly brushed off radiation concerns about the transit to Mars. "I wouldn't recommend it for interstellar journeys," Musk says, but added that it provides "fuller access to the greater solar system."
This post originally appeared in Astronomy.com.
This Pterosaur Had at Least 480 Hooked Teeth
This Tomb Contains 10 Mummified Crocodiles From 2,500 Years Ago
How the James Webb Space Telescope Takes Such Stunning Pictures
4 Dragons That Have Entered the Fossil Record
Humans May Have Settled in North America 16,000 Years Ago, Ready to Hunt
The Reason Why 2,000-Year-Old Roman Concrete is Still so Strong


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Ficus calopilina är en mullbärsväxtart som beskrevs av Friedrich Ludwig Diels. Ficus calopilina ingår i släktet fikonsläktet, och familjen mullbärsväxter. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

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Signal exists to transform lives and communities by delivering high-quality and innovative professional services to behavioral health providers. These professional services include state and federal substance use disorder (SUD) fund management, clinical auditing and oversight, client data collection and reporting, and advocacy for public policies and funding which is supportive of SUD treatment.
Signal is responsible for providing a continuum of substance use disorder (SUD) services in three regions on behalf of the State of Colorado. Additionally, Signal seeks to ensure a consistent level of quality and ensure compliance with State and Federal requirements relating to services offered to the geographic areas of Signal's responsibility.
Signal works with substance use disorder and mental health provider agencies who provide treatment, prevention, and recovery services to individuals and their families across the state of Colorado. Signal partners with the Colorado Office of Behavioral Health, 35 counties, several judicial districts, and other organizations across Colorado to manage the quality of and funding for the continuum of substance use disorder services.
For 20 years, Signal has been the State of Colorado's largest Managed Services Organization (MSO). Signal has served in this role since 1997, managing and monitoring substance use treatment services in three of the seven regions in the state. Those regions include Denver-Metro, Northeastern, and Southeastern Colorado.


Feeder Weigh Auger machines use an auger or screw to feed a certain amount product. The number of rotations of the screw determines the amount of product that is fed. Designed for dry bulk product, powders, and slurries. Feeder weigh augers, which are also known as loss in weight feeder, uses a belt or auger to feed product. The amount of product fed is determined by weighing the amount of product that has been fed. Feeder weigh augers are designed for dry bulk product.
Brabender, Model DDW-MS-FW120N/0, 12 ft³ hopper and auger loss in weight feed system. Capable of dispensing 397 ft³/hr – depending on materials, application, environment and machine configuration. Equipped with 30" long x 24" wide x 30" deep product hopper with flex wall vinyle bottom with (2) external agitation paddles and 8½" OD product charge. 5" diameter x 28" long screw powered by a 1 hp drive with a pneumatic positive cut off valve. Mounted on MS base scale with 1433 lbs. (650 kg) load cells.
AccuRate, Model Mechatron MODMCDG1A, stainless steel, auger, gravimetric feed system. Capable of dispensing 330 ft³ of product per hour – depending on materials, application, environment and machine configuration. Equipped with 28" OD x 12" Deep stainless steel 3.7 ft³ conical product hopper and auger gravimetric feed system. 1.2 ft³ vinyle bottom with (2) external agitation paddles. 3" diameter x 30" long screw powered by a 1 Hp drive. Control panel has touch pad controller with digital display screen, push button start, maunual / off / auto switch and variable speed dials for feed rate and agitation. Mounted on 330 lbs. (150 kg) load cells.
WCB / APV / Anderson, automatic, stainless steel, weighing / feeding / blending system with gallons of product per hour – depending on materials and application. Equipped with 19" ID x 17" Deep 20 gallon, stainless steel ingredient hopper with (2) blade agitator, safety grid and see thru flip up molded plastic cover with shut-off, auger and blender tube with outlet, feed funnel has see-thru cover to rotor and scraper with enrobing case inlet. Control panel has controller with touch pad controls and start, stop, rotor, blender and agitator speed controls with auger and rotor speed indicators. Mounted on stainless steel base frame with caster.
Designed to accurately / evenly meter ingredients into a viscous liquid product stream such as fruits / nuts (the ingredient), ice cream (the product) from a continous ice cream freezer and drop from the hopper into rotor enrobing chambers, deposits ingreidents to the product stream, blended and sent to filler.
Industrial Process Automation, stainless steel, loss in weight, pivotal weigh belt feeder rated from 2500 to 10,000 lbs per hour – depending on materials & application. Weigh cell measurement: 16" in width x 40" in length. Max load capacity: 100 kg. Equipped with 56" infeed and 62"H Discharge. A/B Controls. Mounted on a stainless steel frame.
Fully digital weigh scale / auger feeder system with a capacitie range of 120 to 136,000 lbs. per hour (based on 40 lbs per cu ft bulk density., and accuracies between +/- 0.25 – 1 percent. Has 10" dia top product feed opening with a 3" dia screw to feed to the bottom section feed chamber with a 4 1/2"dia screw has (2) MD II microprocessor controlers good for dust free wiegh scale auger applications.


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Bedrosian Center convenes local officials, experts to promote civic engagement
USC Price School of Public Policy Professor Raphael Bostic often asked his colleagues at the Bedrosian Center on Governance what was needed to have a society in which good policy is implemented. The answer kept coming back to civic engagement — a citizen base that is informed and engaged.
Even in an era when people are more connected than ever, with more outlets to discuss issues, a distressingly small number of people are participating in efforts to address or change the problems they perceive in their community. For example, in the latest mayoral election in Los Angeles, fewer than 25 percent of eligible Angelenos cast a vote for one of the candidates.
In response to this "crisis of civics," the Bedrosian Center has joined with City Impact Lab to create the LA Civics Initiative, a year-long series aiming to work toward a more civically engaged Los Angeles
The inaugural workshop on March 23 at USC featured a panel of civics experts to spark a discussion that was then turned over to attendees – including elected officials, students, faculty, alumni and community members – for a brainstorming session on barriers to civic engagement with possible solutions.
Improving engagement
John Bwarie, founder of City Impact Lab, moderated a panel with Bostic, Glendale city clerk Ardy Kassakhian, LAUSD School Board member Steve Zimmer, Raquel Beltran from the Pat Brown Institute for Public Affairs at California State University, Los Angeles, and Nate Kaplan of See Political.
"If we don't have an electorate that is informed, present and active, it's hard to do good policy," said Bostic, the Bedrosian Chair in Governance and the Public Enterprise. "The process is going to break down. A lot of the things we hear people complain about today have to do with the fact that our processes aren't working the way we need them to. It's important that we find ways to improve that engagement."
Kassakhian noted that the challenge of creating civic engagement has been an issue for thousands of years dating back to ancient Greek statesman Pericles, who he quoted as saying, "Just because you're not interested in politics doesn't mean politics will not take an interest in you."
Problems with civic engagement continue even today. Beltran explained that engagement goes beyond just voting: "It means being involved in your community and what's important to you. Everything we do to try to be engaged is part of the process."
Zimmer noted how he doesn't see a difference between civics and activism, and mentioned that his most successful way of engaging young people has been through community.
"Particularly with students, I think when you tell them that something matters, there's an appropriate tension and rejection of that, as opposed to a type of engagement, in which they themselves decide what matters and what's important," Zimmer said.
Spreading civic literacy
Kaplan, a 2011 Master of Public Policy graduate from USC Price, advocated the importance of civic literacy. His organization condenses the difficult-to-read voter guides into short animated videos or infographics.
"We're changing civic literacy starting here in California to make sure everybody from sixth grade and above can be civically literate and understand their role in society and how they can effect change," Kaplan said.
Bostic offered five elements to being civically literate: knowing your views and opinions matter; knowing you have civic and social responsibilities; being aware of the issues; recognizing that for every policy issue someone is going to make a decision whether you participate or not; and understanding that all governance structures are the way that they are for a reason, which places some limits on what can be done.
While civic engagement problems are similar around the world, Bostic explained that the wide expanse of Los Angeles, covering 88 cities and 200 communities, makes it an even bigger challenge. He noted that, in Los Angeles, if you ask people where they are from, you might hear back Koreatown or the Valley, while in New York City they just say New York or "the City."
"We have aggregation problems," Bostic said. "I think that's where the challenge is — it's our historic pathway to how we define our spaces that means that some issues that really should be collective issues aren't viewed that way."
The panel identified several barriers for increasing civic literacy, including: the many demands on people's time, the large volume of information that makes it difficult for people to figure out what is important or true, the growing intolerance in our public discourse, a lack of venues to make people aware of their civic responsibilities and get them interested in the issues, and the current political environment where people are told what matters instead of having a chance to define what is important for themselves.
Future workshops in the series will be developed based on the discussion and ideas proposed in previous ones, with the intent of aggregating the knowledge for an L.A. Civics Summit in 2017.
"The goal is we take this year worth of work and continue to track our progress," Bwarie said. "It's not a research project, it's an engagement project. But like a research project we'll have results from the issues people have identified and recommendations of best practices that we can share in a larger event."
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Arab World Diplomacy Gaza Strip Human rights Israeli Politics News Report Palestine Palestinian Politics Peace process Prisoners
Hamas Offers Israel a Mediated Prisoner Swap Deal
Political Leader of the ruling Islamist Hamas party in Gaza, Ismail Haniyya, told the Alaraby Arabic TV channel, on Friday, that his party has four Israeli soldiers in captivity, and that the party is ready to indirectly negotiate over a possible prisoner swap deal with Israel.
The leader of Hamas further noted that some external parties have recently contacted the party over prospects of such a prisoner swap deal, saying that such contacts could bring about a breakthrough.
"Freeing Palestinian prisoners, inside Israeli jails, is a priority, not only for Hamas but also for the entire Palestinian people and all other free nations. We look forward to completing a deal on their release", Haniyya said during a televised interview with the London-based Alaraby TV.
He maintained that mediated negotiations with the Israeli occupation could lead to such a swap deal, expressing his party's readiness to embark on those negotiations immediately.
The Hamas political chief also stated that his party has always been optimistic towards 'winning the battle with the Israeli occupation', based on previous rounds with Israel, mainly the 2012's prisoner swap deal, in which Israel released around 1,000 Palestinian prisoners.
The 2012 prisoner swap deal led to the release of the then-captured Israeli soldier Gilad Shalit, who remained hostage for six consecutive years, after he was captured in a Hamas-led cross-border attack, in south of the coastal enclave.
Noteworthy, Hamas's local leader in Gaza, Yahya Sinwar, has recently offered Israel a prisoner swap deal, within what Sinwar called a 'Humanitarian offer', in which Hamas is ready to give out information about missing Israelis, since the end of Israel's devastating large-scale attack on Gaza in 2014.
Sinwar demanded the release of hundreds of Palestinian prisoners, mainly the elderly, women, children and those with chronic diseases.
The offer has been reported amidst the spreading Coronavirus, across Israel and the occupied Palestinian territories.
A small number of Palestinian prisoners, inside Israeli jails, have reportedly caught the Coronavirus, which is said to most likely affect those with chronic diseases, weak immune system, and the elderly.
In response to Hamas' offer for a prisoner swap deal, conflicting media reports suggest that Israel has considered the offer but no concrete response has been reported as of yet.
Haniyya's remarks come in the context of widespread calls by many Palestinian, Arab and international bodies for the release of Palestinian prisoners from Israeli jails, fearing the spread of the Coronavirus among them.
On Friday, which coincided with Palestinian Prisoners Day, the western-backed Palestinian President, Mahmoud Abbas of Fatah party that is rival to the Islamist Hamas, was quoted as saying "No final peace deal with Israel can be reached, unless Israel empties its prisons of around 5,000 Palestinian prisoners".
Image: Jack Guez; Getty Images
By IMEMC & Agencies