Looking for motorhome hire in Cornwall, the rest of the UK or Europe? All of our motorhomes are provided by Adria, an international market leader in quality motorhomes. As a "Try Before You Buy" partner for the company any rentals made through ourselves are refundable in the event you'd like to purchase one of their motorhomes. Contact us for more information if you're thinking of buying a motorhome within the 6 months following your booking.
Our motorhomes love to travel and are available for UK or European tours. Just remember no motorhome hire is complete unless you get a picture of the vehicle at Glastonbury or in front of the Eiffel Tower for our scrapbook! For a premium hire package be sure to check out our VIK tours, we do all the hard work for you, including home delivery throughout the UK.
Also included in any motorhome hire are camp chairs, cooking utensils, unlimited gas and dining sets. For an extra charge we can also provide an awning (sleeps two extra), bedding, sleeping bags, windbreaks and a welcome hamper. If you're a more active visitor we can add roof and/or cycle racks.
Looking for something with even more style and luxury? Check out our executive motorhomes here. Fancy a more vintage style? Be sure to visit our campervan page here.
If you're looking to travel a little further or just prefer a bit of luxury and want a smaller vehicle that's easy to drive, look no further. We're proud to be able to offer our '15 plate Adria Twin 500s van, Marlon. This van is picking up admirers and awards left, right and centre. Built on a short wheel base for ease of driving and double sliding doors to ensure maximum ease, safety and comfort whether in the UK or Europe we're sure hiring Marlon will make you a very happy camper.
This van is ideal for two adults or a young family to get away. The kitchen has a built in sink, triple hob, slow cooker and fridge, plus all the cooking equipment you need. The bathroom is well designed and features a clever fold away wash basin and shower combo and an board toilet. For extra comfort the motorhome also has air conditioning/heating throughout and a TV/DVD. The sleeping arrangements feature two wider than standard single beds that can be converted to a "U shaped" double.
Marlon can be provided with an optional bike rack, unfortunately the positioning of the sun roof makes a kayak rack unsuitable. However, we do have inflatable kayaks if required.
Lowena & Kerenza: 7 Berths with style!
Looking for a family sized motorhome hire? We offer two, 17 plate Sunliving DK45's. Coming in at just under 7 metres long, the motorhome can be driven on a standard licence. This van packs a huge range of features in a vehicle just a little longer than a standard transit van.
The motorhome has a large dining area with an adjoining kitchen featuring a triple hob, fridge/freezer and microwave. A separate shower, wash basin and toilet form the bathroom. For sleeping arrangements, two adult sized bunks at the rear and an overhead double provide permanent beds for 4 people. If more beds are required the living area can convert to another double and small, single bunk. This means that altogether the DK45 can sleep up to 7 people. The vehicle features loads of storage, including cupboards and a separate "garage" at the rear. With such a great layout and a premium build quality we believe this makes for an ideal vehicle for families or small groups looking for a motorhome hire.
Check your junk folder if you don't hear back from us within 24 hours.
Seen a better price elsewhere? We guarantee to beat any like for like quote!
Each booking requires a non-refundable deposit of £250 per week.
The standard motorhome hire runs from 16:00 on the first day of hire until 10:00 on the final day of hire, early pick-ups or late drop offs can be agreed.
The remainder of the booking fee is due 4 weeks before the start of the holiday.
Each motorhome hire includes insurance for 1 driver, there may be a supplementary fee for under 25's/ drivers with 6 points or more. Extra drivers or a European green card can be added for a small fee.
Before starting the break, a security deposit of £500 is required, this is returned by us within 5 working days of the holiday ending providing the van is returned damage free, on time, reasonably clean (including emptying the toilet cartridge) and filled with fuel.
Each van has an insurance excess of £1250 and in the event of an accident this is payable by whoever is named on the booking, this can be reduced/cancelled by purchasing our CDW insurance.
For insurance purposes we require a copy of your photo drivers licence, online driving profile and confirmation of address. If travelling to Europe we will also need a copy of the drivers passport. This can be sorted by via email, post or at the start of the break. No ID means no hire and loss of any monies paid.
Unless previously agreed in writing the vehicles can only be used in the UK, this is due to European travel requiring extra insurance.
All van's are fully checked before the start of your break and are covered by roadside assistance. In the unlikely event of a breakdown that can't be resolved quickly we will offer an alternative vehicle or a refund of any remaining days.


text:
Q: JSON to JSON transformation (preferably inside Apache Camel) I have somewhat unique requirement, which I could not find an answer to so far. I need a JSON to JSON transformation. Preferably, if I could plug it into Apache Camel, that would be wonderful.
As a side note, I would also welcome any suggestion to optimally store the JSON to JSON mapping. Is there any XSLT-based way of achieving this?
Thanks!
Mario

A: ZORBA with jsonIQ : http://www.jsoniq.org/
it's a native library, but with high performance. You have examples in the web page.

A: There is a simple design here:  https://rawgithub.com/chunqishi/edu.brandeis.cs.json2json/master/docs/design-2014-04-09.html
May be you can improve it by source code,  https://github.com/chunqishi/edu.brandeis.cs.json2json.

A: I know this is an old question, but to refresh the answers, starting from Camel 2.16 there is a new component for JOLT integration. It is very powerful !

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
al-Merreikh Omdurman (auch al-Merrikh; ) ist ein sudanesischer Fußballverein aus Omdurman. 'al-Merrīch' bedeutet im Arabischen Mars.

al-Merreikh gehört zusammen mit al-Hilal Khartum und al-Mourada zu den großen drei Mannschaften im sudanesischen Fußball.

Liga
Der Verein spielt derzeit in der Sudan Premier League, der höchsten sudanesischen Spielklasse. Bisher konnte der Verein sich meistens auf den vorderen Rängen platzieren, so dass der Klub mehrmals an internationalen Wettbewerben wie der CAF Champions League, dem CAF-Pokal oder der Arabischen Champions League teilnehmen konnte.

Erfolge

 Sudan Premier League: 17
1971, 1972, 1974, 1977, 1982, 1985, 1990, 1993, 1997, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2008, 2011, 2013, 2015, 2019
 Sudan Cup: 15
 1991, 1993, 1994, 1996, 2001, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2010, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2018
 CECAFA Club Cup: 3
 1986, 1994, 2014
 African Cup Winners' Cup: 1
 1989

Bekannte Spieler
  Jean-Paul Abalo (2007–2008)
  Paulinho (2007–2008)

Trainerchronik

Weblinks
 Offizielle Website (arabisch)
 Al-Merreikh in der Datenbank von weltfussball.de

Sudanesischer Fußballverein
Gegründet 1908
Sport (Omdurman)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Home > News & Events > Condolences
With profound grief and sorrow, we regret to inform the demise of some of our most cherished members of the NLSIU Community. The University expresses its heartfelt condolences and support to their family members and all those affected by the loss of our beloved colleagues.
Faculty & Staff:
Prof. V S Mallar (1942-2021), Founding faculty member and former Registrar of NLSIU.
Prof Varadaraja Shivaraya Mallar was the Registrar at NLSIU between April 2001 and August 2005. He held the V.R. Krishna Iyer Chair on Public Law & Policy Choice. He completed his B.L. (1967) from University of Madras and LL.M. from Bombay University. He also earned a post Graduate Diploma in Labour and Administrative Law from the University of Madras. He was selected and appointed as Assistant Professor of Law (Senior) at NLSIU in May 1988, as Associate Professor of Law in April 1992, as Additional Professor in April 1997, and as Professor of Law from December, 1997.
He had taught at the J.S.S. Law College, Hubli, V.M. Salgaocar College of Law, Goa and was also Dean, Faculty of Law and Chairman of Board of Studies in Law of Goa University during 1986-88. He was also a Visiting Faculty at the Warwick University Coventry, U.K. during 1995.
He passed away due to COVID-19 on April 24, 2021.
Dr R S Kumbar (1960-2021), Former Librarian In-Charge, NLSIU.
Hailing from a small village in Davangere, Dr Kumbar worked as a part-time lecturer in Shivamogga and a librarian at Mangaluru and Ballari colleges before being appointed as a Library Assistant at NLS, Bangalore on June 28, 1990. Dr Kumbar, who began his career with a Bachelor's degree in Library Sciences, continued to pursue a PG programme and a doctoral degree while working at NLS. Incidentally, his PhD thesis topic was 'Law College libraries with respect to implementation of ICT.'
After dedicating 30 years of his life to NLSIU, he retired in 2020 from the University. Before he retired, he shared some of his experiences during his journey at NLS. Read the full interview here.
Ravi C B (1984-2021), Hostel canteen staff, NLSIU.
Ravi, was working as a cook at the hostel canteen. He began working at the Training Centre in 2007 and had later moved to the hostel canteen. He was 35 years old.
Mr Srinivasa H, House Keeping Supervisor, NLSIU.
He was working at the University since last 2 years and is fondly remembered as a very humble and hard working employee. He was 39 yrs old.
He passed away on May 3, 2021 due to COVID-19.
Dr K V Ravindranath Tagore, Former colleague and Visiting faculty, NLSIU.
An IPS officer from the 1979 batch, he was the former ADGP of Karnataka and Commissioner of the Department of Information. Dr Tagore had taught a number of courses at NLS between 2009 and 2015 such as 'Crime Investigation', 'Regional Human Rights', 'Offences against the human body', and 'A Scientific analysis of crimes and criminals.' He passed away on May 12, 2021 at the age of 72.
Governing Body Members:
Justice Mohan M Shantanagoudar (1958-2021), Supreme Court judge and Executive Council member, NLSIU.
Born in 1958, he enrolled as an advocate in 1980 and was known as the ninth senior most judge of the Supreme Court. Justice Shantanagoudar specialised in Civil, Criminal and Constitutional matters. Among other offices, Justice Shantanagoudar had served as State Public Prosecutor of Karnataka from 1999 to 2002. He was appointed permanent judge of the Karnataka High Court in September 2004 and also as the Chief Justice of the Kerala High Court in 2016 before being elevated to the Supreme Court. He was to remain in office till May 4, 2023.
Justice Shantanagoudar passed away late on Saturday (April 24, 2021) in Gurugram due to health issues.
Soli Sorabjee (1930-2021), Former EC and AC Member, NLSIU.
A former Attorney General and Padma Vibhushan awardee, he was previously a member of NLSIU's Executive and Academic Council. He was also the Ford Foundation Chair Professor from 21-07-2004 to 31-07-2006.
He passed away on April 30, 2021 due to COVID-19 at the age of 91.
Alumni:
Manan Mipun (1993-2021), NLS' LLB 2017.
Manan, an NLS alum from the batch of 2017, lost his battle with COVID on April 29, 2021. He had taken up a Corporate job soon after he graduated from the University and had recently started litigating in Guwahati. He was 28 years old.
Father Joy Karayampuram, NLS 'LLM 1999.
An NLS alum from the LLM batch of 1999, he was the former Jesuit provincial of Patna. He previously held the post of HoD, Department of Human Rights and Law at the Indian Social Institute, New Delhi. He was 65 years old.
He passed away on April 29, 2021 due to COVID-19.
Ajoy Halder, NLS 'LLB 2004.
Ajoy Halder was a former partner of HSA Advocates and had also worked with Pinsent Masons, DSK Legal, Trilegal, Amarchand Mangaldas and Lexadigm. He later set up his own law firm Halder & Associates in 2017.
He passed away due to COVID-19 on May 7, 2021.
Rohit Mammen Alex, NLS 'LLB 1999.
Rohit was a Supreme Court lawyer and former Additional Advocate General, Uttar Pradesh. He had previously worked in the chambers of Senior Advocate PH Parekh for over seven years before setting up his independent practice in 2006. He passed away on May 11, 2021.
Condolence Meeting
In memory of some of the members of the NLS community, the University organised an online Condolence Meeting on April 25, 2021 to pay respects and celebrate their lives. Watch the full video here:

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
25.040.01 - Industrial automation systems in general
Industrial automation systems in general
Industrielle Automatisierungssysteme im allgemeinen
Systemes d'automatisation industrielle en général
Sistemi za avtomatizacijo v industriji na splošno
25.040 - Industrial automation systems
Industrial communication networks - High availability automation networks - Part 3: Parallel Redundancy Protocol (PRP) and High-availability Seamless Redundancy (HSR) (IEC 62439-3:2021)
1.1 General The IEC 62439 series is applicable to high-availability automation networks based on the Ethernet technology. This document: - specifies PRP and HSR as two related redundancy protocols designed to provide seamless recovery in case of single failure of an inter-bridge link or bridge in the network, which are based on the same scheme: parallel transmission of duplicated information; - specifies the operation of the precision time protocol (PTP) in networks that implement the two redundancy protocols (Annex A); - specifies PTP profiles with performance suitable for power utilty automation (Annex B) and industrial automation (Annex C); - includes for better understanding a tutorial (Annex D) on the PTP features effectively used in high-availability automation networks; - includes a management information base for PTP (Annex E); - defines a conformance test suite for the above protocols (Annex F). 1.2 Code component distribution This document is associated with Code components. Each Code Component is a ZIP package containing at least the electronic representation of the Code Component itself and a file describing the content of the package (IECManifest.xml). The IECManifest contains different sections giving information on: - the copyright notice; - the identification of the code component; - the publication related to the code component; - the list of the electronic files which compose the code component; - an optional list of history files to track changes during the evolution process of the code component. The Code Components associated with this IEC standard are a set of SNMP MIBs. The Code Component IEC-62439-3-MIB.mib is a file containing the MIBs for PRP/HSR and PTP_SNMP. It is available in a full version, which contains the MIBs defined in this document with the documentation associated and access is restricted to purchaser of this document. The Code Components are freely accessible on the IEC website for download at: https://www.iec.ch/sc65c/supportingdocuments/IEC_62439-3.MIB.{VersionStateInfo}.full.zip but the usage remains under the licensing conditions.
Enterprise-control system integration - Part 6: Messaging service model (IEC 62264-6:2020)
This document defines a technology independent model for a set of abstract services that is
located above the application layer of the OSI model, and that is used for exchanging
transaction messages based on the transaction models defined in IEC 62264-5. The model,
which is called the Messaging Service Model (MSM), is intended for interoperability between
manufacturing operations domain applications and applications in other domains.
NOTE It is recognized that other sets of services not defined in accordance with this document are possible for the
exchange of MOM information and are not deemed invalid as a result of this document.
Industrial communication networks - High availability automation networks - Part 2: Media Redundancy Protocol (MRP) (IEC 62439-2:2021)
IEC 62439-2:2021 is applicable to high-availability automation networks based on the ISO/IEC/IEEE 8802-3 (IEEE Std 802.3) (Ethernet) technology. The IEC 62439-2:2021 specifies a recovery protocol based on a ring topology, designed to react deterministically on a single failure of an inter-switch link or switch in the network, under the control of a dedicated media redundancy manager node.
IEC 62714-5:2022(Main)
Engineering data exchange format for use in industrial automation systems engineering - Automation markup language - Part 5: Communication
IEC 62714-5:2022 Engineering processes of technical systems and their embedded automation systems are executed with increasing efficiency and quality. Especially since the project duration tends to increase as the complexity of the engineered system increases. To solve this problem, the engineering process is more often being executed by exploiting software based engineering tools exchanging engineering information and artefacts along the engineering process related tool chain.
SC 65E
ISO/IEC TR 63306-2:2021(Main)
Smart manufacturing standards map (SM2)
This document lists smart manufacturing related standards with their characteristics as specified in ISO/IEC TR 63306-1.
Smart manufacturing standards map (SM2) - Part 2: Catalogue
ISO/IEC TR 63306-2:2021 lists smart manufacturing related standards with their characteristics as specified in ISO/IEC TR 63306-1.
SyC SM
Behavioural languages - Part 8: Standard SystemC Analog/Mixed-Signal Extensions Language Reference Manual
IEC 61691-8:2021(E) defines the Analog/Mixed-Signal extensions for SystemC®, as an ANSI standard C++ class
library based on SystemC for system and hardware design including analog/mixed-signal elements. The general purpose of the SystemC AMS extensions is to provide a C++ standard for designers and architects, who need to address complex heterogeneous systems that are a hybrid between hardware and software. This standard is built on the IEEE Std 1666™-2011 (SystemC Language Reference Manual) and extends it to create analog/mixed-signal, multi-disciplinary models to simulate continuous-time, discrete-time, and discrete-event behavior simultaneously.
This standard is published as a double logo IEC-IEEE standard.
SystemVerilog - Part 2: Universal Verification Methodology Language Reference Manual
IEC 62530-2:2021(E) establishes the Universal Verification Methodology (UVM), a set of application programming
interfaces (APIs) that defines a base class library (BCL) definition used to develop modular, scalable, and reusable components for functional verification environments. The APIs and BCL are based on the IEEE standard for SystemVerilog, IEEE Std 1800™. This publication has the status of a double logo IEC/IEEE standard.
IEC 62530:2021(Main)
SystemVerilog - Unified Hardware Design, Specification, and Verification Language
IEC 62530:2021(E) provides the definition of the language syntax and semantics for the IEEE 1800™ SystemVerilog language, which is a unified hardware design, specification, and verification language. The standard includes support for behavioral, register transfer level (RTL), and gate-level hardware descriptions; testbench, coverage, assertion, object-oriented, and constrained random constructs; and also provides application programming interfaces (APIs) to foreign programming languages.
This edition corrects errors and clarifies aspects of the language definition in IEEE Std 1800-2012.1 This revision also provides enhanced features that ease design, improve verification, and enhance cross-language interactions.
This publication has the status of a double logo IEEE/IEC standard.
Software Interface for Maintenance Information Collection and Analysis (SIMICA)
IEC 61636:2021 (E) is an implementation-independent specification for a software interface to information systems containing data pertinent to the diagnosis and maintenance of complex systems consisting of hardware, software, or any combination thereof. These interfaces support service definitions for creating application programming interfaces (API) for the access, exchange, and analysis of historical diagnostic and maintenance information. This standard is published as a double logo IEC-IEEE standard.
Behavioural languages - Part 6: VHDL Analog and Mixed-Signal Extensions
IEC 61691-6:2021(E) defines IEC 61691-6/IEEE Std 1076.1 language, a hardware description language for the description and the simulation of analog, digital, and mixed-signal systems. The language, also informally known as VHDL-AMS, is built on the IEC 61691-1-1/IEEE 1076 (VHDL) language and extends it to provide capabilities of writing and simulating analog and mixed-signal models. This standard is published as a double logo IEC-IEEE standard.
Software Interface for Maintenance Information Collection and Analysis (SIMICA): Exchanging Test Results and Session Information via the eXtensible Markup Language (XML)
IEC 61636-1:2021 (E) provides the definition of an exchange format, utilizing XML, for exchanging data resulting from executing tests of a unit under test (UUT) via a test program in an automatic test environment. This standard is published as a double logo IEC-IEEE standard.
Smart manufacturing standards map (SM2) - Part 1: Framework
ISO/IEC TR 63306-1:2020 This document describes the framework and the vocabulary that are used for the development of entries in the Smart Manufacturing Standards Map Catalogue. These enable the mapping and linking of standards and standard projects related to various aspects of smart manufacturing (product, production, supply chain, industrial services ...).
SIST EN IEC 62443-3-2:2020(Main)
Security for industrial automation and control systems - Part 3-2: Security risk assessment and system design (IEC 62443-3-2:2020)
EN IEC 62443-3-2:2020
This part of IEC 62443 establishes requirements for:
• defining a system under consideration (SUC) for an industrial automation and control
system (IACS);
• partitioning the SUC into zones and conduits;
• assessing risk for each zone and conduit;
• establishing the target security level (SL-T) for each zone and conduit; and
• documenting the security requirements.
SIST-TP CLC IEC/TR 61511-4:2020(Main)
Functional safety - Safety instrumented systems for the process industry sector - Part 4: Explanation and rationale for changes in IEC 61511-1 from Edition 1 to Edition 2 (IEC/TR 61511-4:2020)
CLC IEC/TR 61511-4:2020
This part of IEC 61511, which is a Technical Report,
• specifies the rationale behind all clauses and the relationship between them,
• raises awareness for the most common misconceptions and misinterpretations of the clauses and the changes related to hem,
• explains the differences between Ed. 1 and Ed. 2 of IEC 61511-1 and the reasons behind the changes,
• presents high level summaries of how to fulfil the requirements of the clauses, and
• explains differences in terminology between IEC 61508-4:2010 and IEC 61511-1 Ed. 2.
ISO 22549-2:2020(Main)
Automation systems and integration -- Assessment on convergence of informatization and industrialization for industrial enterprises
This document defines the maturity model and the evaluation methodology on convergence of informatization and industrialization in industrial enterprises. The scope of this document includes the following: — maturity model definition; — principles of evaluation questionnaires; and — guidance for a maturity evaluation method.
This document defines the basic principles for an assessment concerning the convergence of informatization and industrialization (CII) in industrial enterprises, including the following: — assessment framework definitions; — assessment reference model definitions; — assessment reference model components.
Automation systems and integration -- Equipment behaviour catalogues for virtual production system
This document specifies the concept and structure of the ISO 16400 series. This series specify a methodology for preparing a template and items of an equipment behaviour catalogue (EBC) as a basis to structure a virtual production system.
IEC TR 61511-4:2020(Main)
Functional safety - Safety instrumented systems for the process industry sector - Part 4: Explanation and rationale for changes in IEC 61511-1 from Edition 1 to Edition 2
IEC TR 61511-4:2020(E), Functional safety - safety instrumented systems for the process industry sector, which is a Technical Report:
• raises awareness for the most common misconceptions and misinterpretations of the clauses and the changes related to them,
SC 65A
SIST EN 62734:2015/A1:2020(Amendment)
Industrial networks - Wireless communication network and communication profiles - ISA 100.11a (IEC 62734:2014/A1:2019)
EN 62734:2015/A1:2019
Enterprise modelling and architecture -- Requirements for enterprise-referencing architectures and methodologies
This document specifies a reference base of concepts and principles for enterprise architectures that enable enterprise development, enterprise integration, enterprise interoperability, human understanding and computer processing. This document further specifies requirements for models and languages created for expressing such enterprise architectures. This document specifies those terms, concepts and principles considered necessary to address stakeholder concerns and to carry out enterprise creation programmes as well as any incremental change projects required by the enterprise throughout the whole life of the enterprise. This document forms the basis by which enterprise architecture and modelling standards can be developed or aligned. This document does not define standard enterprises, standard organizational structures, standard enterprise processes, or standard enterprise data. In addition, this standard does not specify enterprise modelling processes.
SIST EN IEC 62443-3-3:2019/AC:2020(Corrigendum)
Industrial communication networks - Network and system security - Part 3-3: System security requirements and security levels (IEC 62443-3-3:2013/COR1:2014)
EN IEC 62443-3-3:2019/AC:2019-10
This part of the IEC 62443 series provides detailed technical control system requirements (SRs) associated with the seven foundational requirements (FRs) described in IEC 62443‑1‑1 including defining the requirements for control system capability security levels, SL-C(control system). These requirements would be used by various members of the industrial automation and control system (IACS) community along with the defined zones and conduits for the system under consideration (SuC) while developing the appropriate control system target SL, SL-T(control system), for a specific asset.
As defined in IEC 62443‑1‑1 there are a total of seven FRs:
a) Identification and authentication control (IAC),
b) Use control (UC),
c) System integrity (SI),
d) Data confidentiality (DC),
e) Restricted data flow (RDF),
f) Timely response to events (TRE), and
g) Resource availability (RA).
These seven requirements are the foundation for control system capability SLs, SL-C (control system). Defining security capability at the control system level is the goal and objective of this standard as opposed to target SLs, SL-T, or achieved SLs, SL-A, which are out of scope.
See IEC 62443‑2‑1 for an equivalent set of non-technical, program-related, capability SRs necessary for fully achieving a control system target SL.
Automation systems and integration -- Interoperability of capability units for manufacturing application solutions
This document specifies the search methodology from software unit catalogues for acquiring candidate capability units which satisfy the manufacturing application requirements.
SIST EN IEC 62443-2-4:2019/A1:2019(Amendment)
Security for industrial automation and control systems - Part 2-4: Security program requirements for IACS service providers (IEC 62443-2-4:2015/A1:2017)
EN IEC 62443-2-4:2019/A1:2019
This part of IEC 62443 specifies a comprehensive set of requirements for security capabilities
for IACS service providers that they can offer to the asset owner during integration and
maintenance activities of an Automation Solution. Because not all requirements apply to all
industry groups and organizations, Subclause 4.1.4 provides for the development of Profiles
that allow for the subsetting of these requirements. Profiles are used to adapt this document
to specific environments, including environments not based on an IACS.
NOTE 1 The term "Automation Solution" is used as a proper noun (and therefore capitalized) in this part of
IEC 62443 to prevent confusion with other uses of this term.
Collectively, the security capabilities offered by an IACS service provider are referred to as its
Security Program. In a related specification, IEC 62443-2-1 describes requirements for the
Security Management System of the asset owner.
NOTE 2 In general, these security capabilities are policy, procedure, practice and personnel related.
Figure 2 illustrates how the integration and maintenance capabilities relate to the IACS and
the control system product that is integrated into the Automation Solution. Some of these
capabilities reference security measures defined in IEC 62443-3-3 that the service provider
must ensure are supported in the Automation Solution (either included in the control system
product or separately added to the Automation Solution).
Industrial communication networks - Network and system security - Part 3-3: System security requirements and security levels (IEC 62443-3-3:2013)
Security for industrial automation and control systems - Part 2-4: Security program requirements for IACS service providers (IEC 62443-2-4:2015)
Functional safety - safety instrumented systems for the process industry sector - Part 0: Functional safety for the process industry and IEC 61511
This part of IEC 61511 provides an overview of the other three parts of IEC 61511.
Security for industrial automation and control systems - Part 4-2: Technical security requirements for IACS components (IEC 62443-4-2:2019)
This document provides detailed technical control system component requirements (CRs) associated with the seven foundational requirements (FRs) described in IEC TS 62443- 1-1 including defining the requirements for control system capability security levels and their components, SL-C(component). As defined in IEC TS 62443-1-1 there are a total of seven foundational requirements (FRs): a) identification and authentication control (IAC), b) use control (UC), c) system integrity (SI), d) data confidentiality (DC), e) restricted data flow (RDF), f) timely response to events (TRE), and g) resource availability (RA). These seven FRs are the foundation for defining control system security capability levels. Defining security capability levels for the control system component is the goal and objective of this document as opposed to SL-T or achieved SLs (SL-A), which are out of scope.
Automation systems and integration -- Evaluating energy efficiency and other factors of manufacturing systems that influence the environment
This document provides the overview and general principles of a method for evaluating environmental performance, including energy efficiency and other factors, of a manufacturing system that influence the environment. This document is applicable to manufacturing systems for discrete, batch, and continuous manufacturing. This document is applicable to an entire manufacturing system and to a part of the manufacturing system. Life cycle assessment of products manufactured by the manufacturing system is outside the scope of ISO 20140.
CLC IEC/TR 61511-0:2019(Main)
SIST-TP CLC IEC/TR 61511-0:2019
CLC/TC 65CX
This document specifies an aggregation process that provides aggregated environmental performance evaluation data in accordance with a given environmental performance evaluation specification conforming to ISO 20140-2, by using a set of environmental performance evaluation data conforming to ISO 20140-5. This document does not specify any aggregation processes specific to particular implementations of manufacturing systems.
This document specifies a set of template definitions to describe the capability of a software unit of an automation solution that can be mapped to the functional requirements of a target manufacturing application. This document specifies how to develop and manage a software unit catalogue in terms of capability properties and defines mapping rules from capability profiles to a software unit catalogue.
ISO/TR 22400-10:2018(Main)
Automation systems and integration -- Key performance indicators (KPIs) for manufacturing operations management
This document contains descriptions for the practical use for applying formulae as specified in ISO 22400-2 for key performance indicators for production control and monitoring. This document is intended to be applied in conjunction with the content of ISO 22400-2.
This document specifies a framework for describing an automation solution in terms of a set of capabilities provided by a set of manufacturing software units. The framework also defines a set of capability elements and composition rules to represent the interoperability criteria in terms of the automation system capability requirements of an enterprise application.
Industrial communication networks - High availability automation networks - Part 2: Media Redundancy Protocol (MRP)
EN 62439-2:2017/AC:2018-06
CCMC - Dates of implementation updated.
Industrial automation systems and integration -- Manufacturing software capability profiling for interoperability
This document defines the detailed interface services and protocols used in a matching method based on multiple capability class structures. This document also defines a CPTI (Capability Profile Template Interface) Service Group, an Extended CPI (Capability Profile Interface) Service Group and an Extended Matcher Interface Service Group, which is extensions of the Type 1, Type 2 and Type 3 services, respectively, specified in ISO 16100-3:2005,5.4. This document also defines the CCSI (Capability Class Structure Interface) Service Group, an additional service group used to create, register, access and modify a capability class structure for the reference manufacturing domain models specified in ISO 16100-5:2009, Clause 6. This document also specifies detailed contents of the specific part of a capability profile template defined in ISO 16100-5:2009, Clause 7.
This document specifies a process for environmental performance evaluation of activities executed by a manufacturing system based on the general principles described in ISO 20140‑1. The process uses environmental performance evaluation data based on ISO 20140‑5. This document does not specify any evaluation process specific to particular implementations of manufacturing systems.
Industrial communication networks - High availability automation networks - Part 5: Beacon Redundancy Protocol (BRP) (IEC 62439-5:2016)
IEC 62439-5:2016 is applicable to high-availability automation networks based on the ISO/IEC/IEEE 8802-3 (IEEE 802.3) Ethernet technology. This part of the IEC 62439 series specifies a redundancy protocol that is based on the duplication of the network, the redundancy protocol being executed within the end nodes, as opposed to a redundancy protocol built in the switches. Fast error detection is provided by two beacon nodes, the switchover decision is taken in every node individually. The cross-network connection capability enables singly attached end nodes to be connected on either of the two networks. This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition published in 2010. This edition constitutes a technical revision. This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition:
- The protocol is now independent of application (Path_Check_Request is sent periodically);
- Failure_Notify message has been removed;
- Frame format had been changed;
- New MAC address had been added.
This publication is to be read in conjunction with IEC 62439-1:2010.
Security for industrial automation and control systems - Part 4-1: Secure product development lifecycle requirements (IEC 62443-4-1:2018)
This part of IEC 62443 specifies process requirements for the secure development of
products used in industrial automation and control systems. It defines a secure development
life-cycle (SDL) for the purpose of developing and maintaining secure products. This life-cycle
includes security requirements definition, secure design, secure implementation (including
coding guidelines), verification and validation, defect management, patch management and
product end-of-life. These requirements can be applied to new or existing processes for
developing, maintaining and retiring hardware, software or firmware for new or existing
products. These requirements apply to the developer and maintainer of the product, but not to
the integrator or user of the product. A summary list of the requirements in this document can
be found in Annex B.
This part of IEC 62439 specifies two redundancy protocols designed to provide seamless recovery in case of single failure of an inter-bridge link or bridge in the network, which are based on the same scheme: parallel transmission of duplicated information. This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition published in 2012. This edition constitutes a technical revision. This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition:
- technical corrections and extension of specifications;
- consideration of IEC 61588 clock synchronization with end-to-end delay measurement alongside the existing peer-to-peer delay measurement in PRP.
Automation systems and integration -- The Big Picture of standards
ISO/TR 23087:2018 is the reference framework for the Big Picture project. The Big Picture aims at monitoring the consistency of published standards and current or future standardization projects. The Big Picture enables the standardization stakeholders to identify, for each concerned standard or standardization project, the relevant characteristics related to the positioning and impact of the standard or standardization project in the industry. Although the Big Picture was designed initially for the universe of discourse of ISO/TC 184 and then IEC/TC 65, it applies to manufacturing in general.
IEC 61511-0:2018(E) provides an overview of the other three parts of IEC 61511 Functional safety - safety instrumented systems for the process industry sector. There are many hazards in process industries that can lead to loss of containment, resulting in an impact on health, safety, environment and plant assets. Process safety is best achieved by using inherently safe processes. However, when this is not practical or possible, protective systems are required to mitigate the risk of hazards to an acceptable level. There are three parts to this series:
IEC 61511-1:2016, Functional safety - Safety instrumented systems for the process industry sector - Part 1: Framework, definitions, system, hardware and application programming requirements
IEC 61511-2:2016, Functional safety - Safety instrumented systems for the process industry sector - Part 2: Guidelines for the application of IEC 61511-1:2016
IEC 61511-3:2016, Functional safety - Safety instrumented systems for the process industry sector - Part 3: Guidance for the determination of the required safety integrity levels
IEC 62439-2:2016 is applicable to high-availability automation networks based on the ISO/IEC/IEEE 8802-3 (IEEE 802.3) (Ethernet) technology. This part of the IEC 62439 series specifies a recovery protocol based on a ring topology, designed to react deterministically on a single failure of an inter-switch link or switch in the network, under the control of a dedicated media redundancy manager node.This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition published in 2010. This edition constitutes a technical revision. This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition:
- adding a protocol extension to select the media redundancy manager automatically;
- adding a protocol to redundantly connect media redundancy protocol rings.
SIST EN 62439-1:2010/A2:2018(Main)
Industrial communication networks - High availability automation networks - Part 1: General concepts and calculation methods (IEC 62439-1:2010/A2:2016)
EN 62439-1:2010/A2:2017
IEC 62439-2:2016 is applicable to high-availability automation networks based on the ISO/IEC/IEEE 8802-3 (IEEE 802.3) (Ethernet) technology. This part of the IEC 62439 series specifies a recovery protocol based on a ring topology, designed to react deterministically on a single failure of an inter-switch link or switch in the network, under the control of a dedicated media redundancy manager node.This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition published in 2010. This edition constitutes a technical revision. This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition: - adding a protocol extension to select the media redundancy manager automatically; - adding a protocol to redundantly connect media redundancy protocol rings. This publication is to be read in conjunction with IEC 62439-1:2010.
SIST EN 61511-1:2017/A1:2018(Amendment)
Functional safety - Safety instrumented systems for the process industry sector - Normative (uon) Part 1: Framework, definitions, system, hardware and software requirements
2017-05-03 - When published - possible update needed to implementation dates of Mother EN & Parts 2 & 3. BT decision to be taken at May 2017 meeting (156th)
EN 61511-1:2017/A1:2017(Amendment)
Functional safety - Safety instrumented systems for the process industry sector - Part 1: Framework, definitions, system, hardware and application programming Requirements
SIST EN 61511-1:2017/A1:2018
ISO 16300‑3:2017 specifies a framework for verifying and validating the interoperability of manufacturing capability units (MCUs) having a set of capabilities that meet the functional requirements of a target manufacturing application solution. The verification and validation framework describes the use of the interoperability criteria in ISO 16300‑1 and the steps to be performed.
IEC 61511-1:2016/AMD1:2017(Main)
Amendment 1 - Functional safety - Safety instrumented systems for the process industry sector - Part 1: Framework, definitions, system, hardware and application programming requirements
Enterprise-control system integration - Part 3: Activity models of manufacturing operations management (IEC 62264-3:2016)
It defines activity models of manufacturing operations management that enable enterprise system to control system integration. The activities defined are consistent with the object models definitions given in IEC 62264-1. The modelled activities operate between business planning and logistics functions, defined as the Level 4 functions and the process control functions, defined as the Level 2 functions of IEC 62264-1. The scope of this standard is limited to: - a model of the activities associated with manufacturing operations management, Level 3 functions; - an identification of some of the data exchanged between Level 3 activities.
Engineering data exchange format for use in industrial automation systems engineering - Automation markup language - Part 3: Geometry and kinematics
IEC 62714-3:2017 specifies the integration of geometry and kinematics information for the exchange between engineering tools in the plant automation area by means of AML.


text:
Platinum and Gold
The History of the Wedding Band
Platinum wedding rings, be them plain platinum wedding rings or elaborate diamond platinum wedding rings, have all become increasingly popular over the last decade, as the shift in style has moved away from the traditional gold jewellery which was popular during the 60s, 70s, 80s and 90s.
We all know a wedding ring is worn on the left hand to indicate that the wearer is married. The tradition of wearing a ring began in Europe but has since spread further a field to other cultures. Initially, it was only the wife that wore a ring but during the 20th century, it became customary for both parties. In some customs the wedding ring is the last in a series of gifts or presents to the female in the relationship. This would usually follow a platinum engagement ring that would generally be given as a betrothal present. It is believed by Historians that this tradition has been in existence since Ancient Roman times and may even be much older.
The exchange of wedding rings or platinum wedding rings is not strictly part of the wedding service among Eastern Catholic Christians; they tend to be swapped at the betrothal, which usually always involves the exchange of two rings, given to the women either by the best man or the priest. In many traditional wedding ceremonies the best man or head bridesmaid are in charge of looking after the platinum wedding rings and would normally produce them at the alter in at a very symbolic time, right at the end of the ceremony as a means of sealing the union.
Certain ceremonies involve the wedding ring being paraded into the ceremony on a cushion but this tends not to be the case in traditional British weddings. Historically, the wedding ring was not just a representation of love, devotion and eternal union but also involved an exchange of money or valuables, which represented a formal contract between the families of the married parties.
The idea behind this tradition was to ensure a degree of financial freedom and economic safety for young couples just starting out in life. The exchange of two platinum wedding rings, one for him and one for her is a reasonably new concept. During 19th century America, the jewellery industry began a large scale marketing campaign with the aim of promoting and encouraging this practice.
By the end of the 1940s, ring ceremonies where the man and the women exchange rings had risen from 15% to 80%. For the best platinum wedding rings online, for men and women visit our stunning range today.
History Of Wedding Rings Wedding Wedding Ring History


... Find details about China Mobile Crusher, Mobile Stone Crusher from Sbm Kf1415-1 Series Mobile Stone Jaw Crusher ... (kw) Size(m) Power ... mobile cone crusher, etc.
HCS series single cylinder hydraulic cone crusher is a kind of high efficiency crusher machine, which is based on high technology that we introduce from Sweden, combined with China's metal material performance.
Sbm Cone Crusher 160 Kw - snmarketing.co.in. What we do today is to ensure the future of our … - SBM . p> Senya 2 Portable Jaw Crusher - Senya Tech LTD.
Sbm cone crusher 160 kw funfoods. Spring Cone Crusher. Cone crusher is suitable to crush various kinds of ores and rocks of medium or above medium hardness.


text:
«Дивний Джон: Історія між жартом і серйозністю» () — фантастико-філософський роман Олафа Стейплдона. Вперше надрукований у британському видавництві «» у 1935 році.

Сповнений ніцшеанськими мотивами роман продовжує і розвиває фінальну тему  Стейплдона (1932). Крім того, роман втілює на прикладі життя персонажа-«надлюдини» ідею роману «Останні і перші люди» (1930) про види людей, які змінюють один одного. Це історія про хлопчика Джона, представника нового ступеня еволюції людини. Володіючи надзвичайними здібностями, Джон вагається між відчуттям власної зверхності та прагненням бути частиною суспільства.

Номінант французької літературної премії  2009 року.

Сюжет
Джон Вейнрайт — хлопчик з надзвичайними здібностями, що народився 1910 року в звичайній англійській родині. Джон має екзотичний вигляд: він альбінос, його голова та очі великі, а розвиток тіла значно уповільнений порівняно з однолітками. Хлопчик починає говорити тільки в 4 роки, але далі дуже швидко вчиться рахувати і опановує математику краще за багатьох дорослих. У 6 років Джон нарешті вчиться ходити, але знову-таки швидко перевершує дорослих. Він опановує акробатику, вчиться боротьбі з сусідським хлопчиком Стефеном, що спонукає його зацікавитися біологією. Навколишні люди прагнуть дізнатися більше про Джона, він дає інтерв'ю.

Хлопчик оточує себе іграшками та вивчає філософію, дружиться з 6-ирічною Джуді. Потай від усіх Джон облаштовує лабораторію, в якій працює над винаходами. Джон починає вміло маніпулювати навколишніми. Йому вдається видавати себе за звичайну дитину для одних і поставати хлопчиком-генієм для інших. Друг сім'ї Вейнрайтів Фідо (alter ego автора) стає посередником між хлопчиком-генієм та фінансистами його винаходів. Але Джона обманюють і він вирішує вивчити економіку. Фідо дізнається про низку крадіжок в околицях і вбивство Магната, що обманув Джона. Хоча злочинця не знаходять, Фідо здогадується, що це був Джон. Хлопчик починає таємно збирати гроші, юридичним власником яких погоджується стати Фідо.

Швидко дорослішаючи, Джон проявляє нетипову сексуальність: його цікавлять чоловіки, старша жінка та власна матір. До 16-и років Джон уже використовує знання психології та біології, щоб спокусити кількох друзів і подруг. Він спілкується з видатними людьми, подорожує по Європі. Джон розуміє, що може спілкуватися з колективним розумом усього людства. Джон передбачає настання величезної війни, причину якої вбачає у відсутності в людей «космічної єдності». Він ділиться з Фідо своїм бажанням принести користь людству, описує бажане суспільство, засновне на науці, гуманізмі й толерантності.

Джон розвиває телепатію, завдяки чому відкриває існування ще двох подібних до себе осіб: божевільного музиканта Джеймса Джонса та скалічену дитину. Джон планує заснувати колонію таких людей, яких називає «супернормальними», для чого будує катер і літак. З часом він довідується про інших «супернормальних» в різних країнах, які народжувалися впродовж кількох століть, з якими врешті здійснює свою мрію, заснувавши колонію на далекому острові Тихого океану.

Фідо відвідує колонію «супернормальних» та описує тамтешнє життя. Серед них виявляються представники різних рас і віку. Деякі живуть уже кілька століть. Їм вдається зчитувати інформацію про минуле людства з його колективної пам'яті. Надлюди створюють дивовижні механізми, сприймаючи навіть важку працю як гру. Один з надлюдей, Нг-Ганко, винаходить зброю на основі атомного розпаду, щоб обороняти острів. Колоністи проводять експерименти над ембріонами тварин і людей (чи не єдине, що обурює Фідо). Попри доволі вільні сексуальні стосунки на острові, Джон уникає близькості з дівчиною Ло. Фідо він зізнається, що кохає її, тому боїться зробити що-небудь-хибно.

Про розташування острова дізнаються політики США та СРСР. Інтернаціональна експедиція намагається заарештувати колоністів, але ті захищають себе псіонічною атакою. На острів нападають найманці, проте змушені відступити. Фідо зрештою покидає острів і повертається до Англії.

15 грудня 1933 року острів раптово вибухає. Фідо припускає, що це могла бути природна катастрофа, але схиляється до думки, що «супернормальні», розуміючи, що колись зазнають поразки, знищили силову станцію колонії аби їхні винаходи не нашкодили звичайним людям. Як він потім дізнається, Джон і Ло загинули разом з рештою колоністів.

Переклади
Роман витримав біля десяти англомовних видань. Перекладений французькою, російською та ішими мовами.

Див. також

 Крістіан Генріх Хайнекен — вірогідний реальний прототип Джона

Примітки

Посилання
 Текст роману

Англомовні фантастичні романи
Науково-фантастичні романи Великої Британії
Твори Олафа Стейплдона
Науково-фантастичні романи 1935
Утопічні романи


BUTCHER Barnie Nolan's taco-tasting chorizo sausage remains undefeated after the butcher claimed his second National Sausage King title.
Mr Nolan, the owner of Circle T Meats at Raceview, has also won six state titles.
Mr Nolan has been a butcher for 26 years and is taking steps to cater for his more adventurous customers by adding pumpkin, feta and shallot sausages and pork, apple and sultana sausages to the menu.
"I just get a craving for something. Sometimes it works and sometimes it doesn't," Mr Nolan said.
"You are only limited by your imagination."
He recently tried a coffee and almond-flavoured sausage but it did not work out as planned.
Mr Nolan admitted his ideas do not always work but said "you have to experiment otherwise you will be driving around on square wheels".
Sausages account for 25-30% of the business's yearly turnover, with the best sellers being plain beef and pork.
The butcher said that a win tended to have a positive effect on sales.
"It's a bit of a game, but it's good for business," he said.


text:
Tag Archives: agricultural wastes
Everything You Should Know About Biomass Storage Methods
By Salman Zafar | July 25, 2022 - 8:54 pm | July 25, 2022 Agriculture, Biomass Energy, Supply Chain Management, Transportation
Sufficient biomass storage is necessary to accommodate seasonality of production and ensure regular supply to the biomass utilization plant. The type of storage will depend on the properties of the biomass, especially moisture content.
For high moisture biomass intended to be used wet, such as in fermentation and anaerobic digestion systems, wet storage systems can be used, with storage times closely controlled to avoid excessive degradation of feedstock. Storage systems typically used with dry agricultural residues should be protected against spontaneous combustion and excess decomposition, and the maximum storage moisture depends on the type of storage employed.
Consistent and reliable supply of biomass is crucial for any biomass project
Moisture limits must be observed to avoid spontaneous combustion and the emission of regulated compounds. Cost of storage is important to the overall feasibility of the biomass enterprise. In some cases, the storage can be on the same site as the source of the feedstock. In others, necessary volumes can only be achieved by combining the feedstock from a number of relatively close sources. Typically, delivery within about 50 miles is economic, but longer range transport is sometimes acceptable, especially when disposal fees can be reduced.
Storage of biomass fuels is expensive and increases with capacity.
Agricultural residues such as wheat straw, rice husk, rice straw and corn stover are usually spread or windrowed behind the grain harvesters for later baling. Typically these residues are left in the field to air dry to moisture levels below about 14% preferred for bales in stacks or large piles of loose material.
After collection, biomass may be stored in the open or protected from the elements by tarps or various structures. Biomass pelletization may be employed to increase bulk density and reduce storage and transport volume and cost.
Biomass Storage Options
Feedstock is hauled directly to the plant with no storage at the production site.
Feedstock is stored at the production site and then transported to the plant as needed.
Feedstock is stored at a collective storage facility and then transported to the plant from the intermediate storage location.
Biomass Storage Systems
The type of biomass storage system used at the production site, intermediate site, or plant can greatly affect the cost and the quality of the fuel. The most expensive storage systems, no doubt, are the most efficient in terms of maintaining the high fuel quality. Typical storage systems, ranked from highest cost to lowest cost, include:
Enclosed structure with crushed rock floor
Open structure with crushed rock floor
Reusable tarp on crushed rock
Outside unprotected on crushed rock
Outside unprotected on ground
The storage of biomass is often necessary due to its seasonal production versus the need to produce energy all year round. Therefore to provide a constant and regular supply of fuel for the plant requires either storage or multi-feedstock to be used, both of which tend to add cost to the system.
Reducing the cost of handling and stable storage of biomass feedstock are both critical to developing a sustainable infrastructure capable of supplying large quantities of biomass to biomass processing plants. Storage and handling of biomass fuels is expensive and increases with capacity. The most suitable type of fuel store for solid biomass fuel depends on space available and the physical characteristics of the biomass fuel.
Tagged Crop Residues, Dry Storage, How is Biomass Stored, Moisture, Options for Biomass Storage, Wet Storage, agricultural wastes, biomass storage, biomass storage systems
Could Biomass Be The Answer To South Africa's Energy Problem
By Salman Zafar | July 20, 2022 - 10:16 am | July 20, 2022 Agriculture, Biomass Energy, Renewable Energy
South Africa is experiencing a mammoth energy crisis with its debt-laden national power utility, Eskom, being unable to meet the electricity needs of the nation. After extensive periods of load shedding in 2018 and again earlier this year, it is becoming increasingly important to find an alternative source of energy. According to Marko Nokkala, senior sales manager at VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, South Africa is in the perfect position to utilize biomass as an alternative source of energy.
Should South Africa choose to delve deeper into biomass energy production, there are a few things that need to be considered. At present, a lot of biomass (such as fruit and vegetables) is utilized as food. It will, therefore, be necessary to identify alternative biomass sources that are not typically used as food, so that a food shortage is never created in the process.
One alternative would be to use municipal solid waste from landfills and dumpsites as well as the wood waste from the very large and lucrative forestry industry in the country. It is also essential to keep in mind that an enormous amount of biomass will be needed to replace even a portion of the 90 million tons of coal that Eskom utilizes every year at its various power stations.
Potential Biomass Conversion Routes
There are a number of processing technologies that South Africans can utilize to turn their biomass into a sustainable energy source. Biochemical conversion involving technology such as anaerobic digestion and fermentation makes use of enzymes, microorganisms, and bacteria to breakdown the biomass into a variety of liquid or vaporous fuels.
Fermentation is especially suitable when the biomass waste boasts a high sugar or water content, as is the case with a variety of agricultural wastes. By placing some focus on microbial fermentation process development, a system can effectively be created that will allow for large-scale biofuel production. Other technologies to consider include thermal methods like co-firing, pyrolysis, and gasification.
Future of biomass energy in South Africa
Despite the various obstacles that may slow down the introduction of large-scale biomass energy production in the country, it still promises to be a viable solution to the pressing energy concern. Biomass energy production does not require any of the major infrastructures that Eskom is currently relying on.
Although the initial setup will require a substantial amount of electricity, running a biomass conversion plant will cost significantly less than a coal-powered power plant in the long run. With the unemployment rate hovering around 27.1% in South Africa at present, any jobs created through the implementation of biomass energy conversion will be of great benefit to the nation.
Without speedy intervention, South Africa may very soon be left in the dark. Although there are already a number of wind farms in operation in the country, the addition of biomass conversion facilities will undoubtedly be of great benefit to Africa's southernmost country.
Tagged Biomass, Biomass Energy in South Africa, Coal, Fermentation, Landfills, South Africa, agricultural wastes, biomass conversion, biomass in south africa, biomass potential in south africa
A Glance at Woody Biomass Resources
By Salman Zafar | June 30, 2022 - 7:04 pm | July 2, 2022 Biomass Energy
Woody biomass resources range from corn kernels to corn stalks, from soybean and canola oils to animal fats, from prairie grasses to hardwoods, and even include algae. Woody biomass may be used for energy production at different scales, including large-scale power generation, CHP, or small-scale thermal heating projects. Some of the major sources of woody biomass are being discussed in the following paragraphs:
Pulp and Paper Industry Residues
The largest source of energy from wood is the waste product from the pulp and paper industry called black liquor. Logging and processing operations generate vast amounts of biomass residues. Wood processing produces sawdust and a collection of bark, branches and leaves/needles. A paper mill, which consumes vast amount of electricity, utilizes the pulp residues to create energy for in-house usage.
Forest Residues
Forest harvesting is a major source of biomass for energy. Harvesting may occur as thinning in young stands, or cutting in older stands for timber or pulp that also yields tops and branches usable for bioenergy.
Harvesting operations usually remove only 25 to 50 percent of the volume, leaving the residues available as biomass for energy. Stands damaged by insects, disease or fire are additional sources of biomass. Forest residues normally have low density and fuel values that keep transport costs high, and so it is economical to reduce the biomass density in the forest itself.
Crop Residues
Crop residues encompasses all agricultural wastes such as straw, stem, stalk, leaves, husk, shell, peel, pulp, stubble, etc. which come from cereals (rice, wheat, maize or corn, sorghum, barley, millet), cotton, groundnut, jute, legumes (tomato, bean, soy) coffee, cacao, tea, fruits (banana, mango, coco, cashew) and palm oil.
Rice produces both straw and rice husks at the processing plant which can be conveniently and easily converted into energy. Significant quantities of biomass remain in the fields in the form of cob when maize is harvested which can be converted into energy. Sugar cane harvesting leads to harvest residues in the fields while processing produces fibrous bagasse, both of which are good sources of energy.
Energy Crops
Dedicated energy crops are another source of woody biomass for energy. These crops are fast-growing plants, trees or other herbaceous biomass which are harvested specifically for energy production. Rapidly-growing, pest-tolerant, site and soil-specific crops have been identified by making use of bioengineering.
For example, operational yield in the northern hemisphere is 10-15 tonnes/ha annually. A typical 20 MW steam cycle power station using energy crops would require a land area of around 8,000 ha to supply energy on rotation.
Herbaceous energy crops are harvested annually after taking two to three years to reach full productivity. These include grasses such as switchgrass, elephant grass, bamboo, sweet sorghum, wheatgrass etc. Short rotation woody crops are fast growing hardwood trees harvested within five to eight years after planting. These include poplar, willow, silver maple, cottonwood, green ash, black walnut, sweetgum, and sycamore.
Industrial crops are grown to produce specific industrial chemicals or materials, e.g. kenaf and straws for fiber, and castor for ricinoleic acid. Agricultural crops include cornstarch and corn oil soybean oil and meal wheat starch, other vegetable oils etc. Aquatic resources such as algae, giant kelp, seaweed, and microflora also contribute to bioenergy feedstock.
Urban Wood Wastes
Such waste consists of lawn and tree trimmings, whole tree trunks, wood pallets and any other construction and demolition wastes made from lumber. The rejected woody material can be collected after a construction or demolition project and turned into mulch, compost or used to fuel bioenergy plants.
Tagged Bioenergy from Woody Biomass, Forestry residues, Industrial Crops, Urban Wood Waste, What is Woody Biomass, Wood Wastes, Woody Crops, agricultural wastes, biomass from wood, energy crops
Biomass Energy in Indonesia
By Salman Zafar | June 22, 2022 - 6:19 pm | June 22, 2022 Biomass Energy, Renewable Energy, Waste-to-energy
It is estimated that Indonesia produces 146.7 million tons of biomass per year, equivalent to about 470 GJ/y. Sources of biomass energy in Indonesia are scattered all over the country, but the biggest biomass energy potential in concentrated scale can be found in the Island of Kalimantan, Sumatera, Irian Jaya and Sulawesi.
Studies estimate the electricity generation potential from the roughly 150 Mt of biomass residues produced per year to be about 50 GW or equivalent to roughly 470 GJ/year. These studies assume that the main source of biomass energy in Indonesia will be rice residues with a technical energy potential of 150 GJ/year.
Other potential biomass sources are rubber wood residues (120 GJ/year), sugar mill residues (78 GJ/year), palm oil residues (67 GJ/year), and less than 20 GJ/year in total from plywood and veneer residues, logging residues, sawn timber residues, coconut residues, and other agricultural wastes.
Sustainable and renewable natural resources such as biomass can supply potential raw materials for energy conversion. In Indonesia, they comprise variable-sized wood from forests (i.e. natural forests, plantations and community forests that commonly produce small-diameter logs used as firewood by local people), woody residues from logging and wood industries, oil-palm shell waste from crude palm oil factories, coconut shell wastes from coconut plantations, as well as skimmed coconut oil and straw from rice cultivation.
The major crop residues to be considered for power generation in Indonesia are palm oil, sugar processing and rice processing residues. Currently, 67 sugar mills are in operation in Indonesia and eight more are under construction or planned. The mills range in size of milling capacity from less than 1,000 tons of cane per day to 12,000 tons of cane per day. Current sugar processing in Indonesia produces 8 millions MT bagasse and 11.5 millions MT canes top and leaves.
There are 39 palm oil plantations and mills currently operating in Indonesia, and at least eight new plantations are under construction. Most palm oil mills generate combined heat and power from fibres and palm kernel shells, making the operations energy self–efficient. However, the use of palm oil residues can still be optimized in more energy efficient systems.
Other potential source of biomass energy can also come from municipal wastes. The quantity of city or municipal wastes in Indonesia is comparable with other big cities of the world. Most of these wastes are originated from household in the form of organic wastes from the kitchen. At present the wastes are either burned at each household or collected by the municipalities and later to be dumped into a designated dumping ground or landfill.
Although the government is providing facilities to collect and clean all these wastes, however, due to the increasing number of populations coupled with inadequate number of waste treatment facilities in addition to inadequate amount of allocated budget for waste management, most of big cities in Indonesia had been suffering from the increasing problem of waste disposals.
With Indonesia's recovery from the Asian financial crisis of 1998, energy consumption has grown rapidly in past decade. The priority of the Indonesian energy policy is to reduce oil consumption and to use renewable energy. For power generation, it is important to increase electricity power in order to meet national demand and to change fossil fuel consumption by utilization of biomass wastes. The development of renewable energy is one of priority targets in Indonesia.
The current pressure for cost savings and competitiveness in Indonesia's most important biomass-based industries, along with the continually growing power demands of the country signal opportunities for increased exploitation of biomass wastes for power generation.
Tagged Biomass Energy Potential in Indonesia, Biomass Resources in Indonesia, Indonesia, Kalimantan, Municipal Wastes, Palm oil, Rice, Sugar, Woody Residues, agricultural wastes, sumatra
Agricultural Biomass in Malaysia
By Salman Zafar | May 30, 2022 - 4:00 pm | May 30, 2022 Agriculture, Biomass Energy
Malaysia is located in a region where biomass productivity is high which means that the country can capitalize on this renewable energy resource to supplements limited petroleum and coal reserves. Malaysia, as a major player in the palm oil and sago starch industries, produces a substantial amount of agricultural biomass waste which present a great opportunity for harnessing biomass energy in an eco-friendly and commercially-viable manner.
Peninsular Malaysia generates large amounts of wood and' agricultural residues, the bulk of which are not being currently utilised for any further downstream operations. The major agricultural crops grown in Malaysia are rubber (39.67%), oil palm (34.56%), cocoa (6.75%), rice (12.68%) and coconut (6.34%). Out of the total quantity of residues generated, only 27.0% is used either as fuel for the kiln drying of timber, for the manufacture of bricks, the curing of tobacco leaves, the drying rubber-sheets and for the manufacture of products such as particleboard and fibreboard. The rest has to be disposed of by burning.
Palm Oil Industry
Oil palm is one of the world's most important fruit crops. Malaysia is one of the largest producers and exporter of palm oil in the world, accounting for 30% of the world's traded edible oils and fats supply. Palm oil industries in Malaysia have good potential for high pressure modern power plants and the annual power generation potential is about 8,000 GWh. Malaysia produced more than 20 million tonnes of palm oil in 2012 over 5 million hectares of land.
The palm oil industry is a significant branch in Malaysian agriculture. Almost 70% of the volume from the processing of fresh fruit bunch is removed as biomass waste in the form of empty fruit bunches (EFBs), fibers and shells, as well as liquid effluent. Fibres and shells are traditionally used as fuels to generate power and steam. Palm oil mill effluent, commonly known as POME, are sometimes converted into biogas that can be used in gas-fired gensets.
The cultivation of sugarcane in Malaysia is surprisingly small. Production is concentrated in the Northwest extremity of peninsular Malaysia in the states of Perlis and Kedah. This area has a distinct dry season needed for cost-efficient sugarcane production. Plantings in the states of Perak and Negri Sembilan were unsuccessful due to high unit costs as producing conditions were less suitable.
The lack of growth in cane areas largely reflects the higher remuneration received by farmers for other crops, especially oil palm. Over the past 20 years while the sugarcane area has remained at around 20000 hectares, that planted to oil palm has expanded from 600 000 hectares to 5 million hectares.
Other leading crops in terms of planted areas are rubber with 2.8 million hectares, rice with 670 000 hectares and cocoa with 380 000 hectares. Malaysia, the world's third largest rubber producer, accounted for 1 million tons of natural rubber production in 2012. Like oil palm industry, the rubber industry produces a variety of biomass wastes whose energy potential is largely untapped until now.
Tagged Biomass, Crops, Malaysia, Palm Oil Biomass, Palm oil, Rice, Rubber, Sago Starch, Sugar, agricultural biomass, agricultural wastes, biomass wastes in malaysia
Biogas from Agricultural Wastes
By Salman Zafar | March 26, 2022 - 9:31 am | March 26, 2022 Agriculture, Waste Management
Comments Off on Biogas from Agricultural Wastes
The main problem with anaerobic digestion of agricultural wastes is that most of the agricultural residues are lignocellulosic with low nitrogen content. To obtain biogas from agricultural wastes, pre-treatment methods like size reduction, electron irradiation, heat treatment, enzymatic action etc are necessary. For optimizing the C/N ratio of agricultural residues, co-digestion with sewage sludge, animal manure or poultry litter is recommended.
Types of Agricultural Wastes
Several organic wastes from plants and animals have been exploited for biogas production as reported in the literature. Plant materials include agricultural crops such as sugar cane, cassava, corn etc, agricultural residues like rice straw, cassava rhizome, corn cobs etc, wood and wood residues (saw dust, pulp wastes, and paper mill waste)
Others include molasses and bagasse from sugar refineries, waste streams such as rice husk from rice mills and residues from palm oil extraction and municipal solid wastes, etc. However, plant materials such as crop residues are more difficult to digest than animal wastes (manures) because of difficulty in achieving hydrolysis of cellulosic and lignocellulosic constituents.
Codigestion of Crop Wastes
Crop residues can be digested either alone or in co-digestion with other materials, employing either wet or dry processes. In the agricultural sector one possible solution to processing crop biomass is co-digested together with animal manures, the largest agricultural waste stream.
In addition to the production of renewable energy, controlled anaerobic digestion of animal manures reduces emissions of greenhouse gases, nitrogen and odour from manure management, and intensifies the recycling of nutrients within agriculture.
In co-digestion of plant material and manures, manures provide buffering capacity and a wide range of nutrients, while the addition of plant material with high carbon content balances the carbon to nitrogen (C/N) ratio of the feedstock, thereby decreasing the risk of ammonia inhibition.
The gas production per digester volume can be increased by operating the digesters at a higher solids concentration. Batch high solids reactors, characterized by lower investment costs than those of continuously fed processes, but with comparable operational costs, are currently applied in the agricultural sector to a limited extent.
Codigestion offers good opportunity to farmers to treat their own waste together with other organic substrates. As a result, farmers can treat their own residues properly and also generate additional revenues by treating and managing organic waste from other sources and by selling and/or using the products viz heat, electrical power and stabilised biofertiliser.
Tagged Anaerobic Digestion of Crop Wastes, Biogas from Agricultural Trash, Codigestion of Agricultural Wastes, Farm Waste Management, Farmers, Pretreatment, agricultural wastes, biofertilizer, co-digestion, digester
By Salman Zafar | November 12, 2021 - 8:35 pm | November 12, 2021 Agriculture, Biomass Energy, Renewable Energy
The Philippines is mainly an agricultural country with a land area of 30 million hectares, 47 percent of which is agricultural. The total area devoted to agricultural crops is 13 million hectares distributed among food grains, food crops and non-food crops. Among the crops grown, rice, coconut and sugarcane are major contributors to biomass energy resources.
The most common agricultural wastes in the Philippines are rice husk, rice straw, coconut husk, coconut shell and bagasse. The country has good potential for biomass power plants as one-third of the country's agricultural land produces rice, and consequently large volumes of rice straw and hulls are generated.
Rice is the staple food in the Philippines. The Filipinos are among the world's biggest rice consumers. The average Filipino consumes about 100 kilograms per year of rice. Though rice is produced throughout the country, the Central Luzon and Cagayan Valley are the major rice growing regions. With more than 1.2 million hectares of rain-fed rice-producing areas, the country produced around 19 million tons of rice in 2019.
The estimated production of rice hull in the Philippines is more than 2 million tons per annum which is equivalent to approximately 5 million BOE (barrels of oil equivalent) in terms of energy. Rice straw is another important biomass resource with potential availability exceeding 5 million tons per year across the country.
With the passing of Biofuels Act of 2006, the sugar industry in the Philippines which is the major source of ethanol and domestic sugar will become a major thriving industry. Around 380,000 hectares of land is devoted to sugarcane cultivation. It is estimated that 1.17 million tonnes of sugarcane trash is recoverable as a biomass resource in the Philippines.
In addition, 6.4 million tonnes of surplus bagasse is available from sugar mills. There are 29 operating sugar mills in the country with an average capacity of 6,900 tonnes of cane per day. Majority is located in Negros Island which provides about 46% of the country's annual sugar production.
The Philippines has the largest number of coconut trees in the world as it produces most of the world market for coconut oil and copra meal. The major coconut wastes include coconut shell, coconut husks and coconut coir dust. Coconut shell is the most widely utilized but the reported utilization rate is very low. Approximately 500 million coconut trees in the Philippines produce tremendous amounts of biomass as husk (4.1 million tonnes), shell (1.8 million tonnes), and frond (4.5 million tonnes annually).
Maize is a major crop in the Philippines that generates large amounts of agricultural residues. It is estimated that 4 million tonnes of grain maize and 0.96 million tonnes of maize cobs produced yearly in the Philippines. Maize cob burning is the main energy application of the crop, and is widely practiced by small farmers to supplement fuelwood for cooking.
Tagged Biomass, Biomass Resources in the Philippines, Coconut, Crop Residues, Crop Wastes in the Philippines, Philippines, Rice husk, Sugarcane, agricultural biomass, agricultural wastes, biomass energy in Philippines, maize
Agricultural Wastes in the Middle East
By Salman Zafar | October 14, 2021 - 5:29 pm | March 17, 2022 Agriculture, Biomass Energy
Agriculture plays an important role in the economies of most of the countries in the Middle East. The contribution of the agricultural sector to the overall economy varies significantly among countries in the region, ranging, for example, from about 3.2 percent in Saudi Arabia to 13.4 percent in Egypt. Large scale agricultural irrigation is expanding, enabling intensive production of high value cash and export crops, including fruits, vegetables, cereals, and sugar.
The term 'crop residues' covers the whole range of biomass produced as by-products from growing and processing crops. Crop residues encompasses all agricultural wastes such as bagasse, straw, stem, stalk, leaves, husk, shell, peel, pulp, stubble, etc. Wheat and barley are the major staple crops grown in the Middle East region. In addition, significant quantities of rice, maize, lentils, chickpeas, vegetables and fruits are produced throughout the region, mainly in Egypt, Syria, Saudi Arabia and Jordan.
Large quantities of agricultural wastes are produced annually in the Middle East, and are vastly underutilised. Current farming practice in the Middle East is usually to plough these residues back into the soil, or they are burnt, left to decompose, or grazed by cattle. These residues could be processed into liquid fuels, solid fuels or thermochemically processed to produce electricity and domestic heat in rural areas.
Date palm biomass is an excellent resource for charcoal production in Middle East
Date palm is one of the principal agricultural products in the arid and semi-arid region of the world, especially Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. The Arab world has more than 84 million date palm trees with the majority in Egypt, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Iran, Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia and United Arab Emirates.
Date palm trees produce huge amount of agricultural wastes in the form of dry leaves, stems, pits, seeds etc. A typical date tree can generate as much as 20 kilograms of dry leaves per annum while date pits account for almost 10 percent of date fruits. Some studies have reported that Saudi Arabia alone generates more than 200,000 tons of date palm biomass each year.
In Egypt, crop residues are considered to be the most important and traditional source of domestic fuel in rural areas. These crop residues are by-products of common crops such as cotton, wheat, maize and rice. The total amount of residues reaches about 16 million tons of dry matter per year.
Cotton residues represent about 9% of the total amount of residues. These are materials comprising mainly cotton stalks, which present a disposal problem. The area of cotton crop cultivation accounts for about 5% of the cultivated area in Egypt.
A cotton field in Egypt
Energy crops, such as Jatropha, can be successfully grown in arid regions for biodiesel production. Infact, Jatropha is already grown at limited scale in some Middle East countries and tremendous potential exists for its commercial exploitation.
Tagged Agricultural Biomass in Middle East, Agro Residues in Middle East, Biomass, Biomass Resources in Egypt, Crop Residues, Date Palm, Egypt, Jatropha, Jordan, Middle East, Saudi Arabia, agricultural wastes
An Introduction to Biomass Harvesting
By Salman Zafar | October 5, 2021 - 4:38 pm | October 5, 2021 Agriculture, Biomass Energy, Supply Chain Management
Biomass harvesting and collection is an important step involving gathering and removal of the biomass from field which is dependent on the state of biomass, i.e. grass, woody, or crop residue. The moisture content and the end use of biomass also affect the way biomass is collected. For crop residues, the operations should be organized in sync with the grain harvest as it occupies the centrestage in farming process.
All of other operations such as residue management and collection take place after so-called grain is in the bin. On the other hand, the harvest and collection dedicated crops (grass and woody) can be staged for recovery of the biomass only. In agricultural processing, straw is the stems and leaves of small cereals while chaff is husks and glumes of seed removed during threshing.
Modern combine-harvesters generally deliver straw and chaff together; other threshing equipment separates them. Stover is the field residues of large cereals, such as maize and sorghum. Stubble is the stumps of the reaped crop, left in the field after harvest. Agro-industrial wastes are by-products of the primary processing of crops, including bran, milling offal, press-cakes and molasses. Bran from on-farm husking of cereals and pulses are fed to livestock or foraged directly by backyard fowls.
The proportion of straw, or stover, to grain varies from crop to crop and according to yield level (very low grain yields have a higher proportion of straw) but is usually slightly over half the harvestable biomass. The height of cutting will also affect how much stubble is left in the field: many combine-harvested crops are cut high; crops on small-scale farms where straw is scarce may be cut at ground level by sickle or uprooted by hand.
Modern combine-harvesters generally deliver straw and chaff together
Collection involves operations pertaining to gathering, packaging, and transporting biomass to a nearby site for temporary storage. The amount of a biomass resource that can be collected at a given time depends on a variety of factors. In case of agricultural residues, these considerations include the type and sequence of collection operations, the efficiency of collection equipment, tillage and crop management practices, and environmental restrictions, such as the need to control erosion, maintain soil productivity, and maintain soil carbon levels.
Tagged Agro-industrial wastes, Biomass, Biomass Harvesting Process, Combine Harvester, Crop Management, Crop Residues, Grain Harvest, Harvestable Biomass, Residue Management, Steps Involved in Biomass Collection, Stover, agricultural wastes, biomass collection, chaff
Everything You Should Know About Agricultural Residues
By Salman Zafar | August 4, 2021 - 9:22 am | August 7, 2021 Agriculture, Biomass Energy
The term agricultural residue is used to describe all the organic materials which are produced as by-products from harvesting and processing of agricultural crops. These residues can be further categorized into primary residues and secondary residues.
Agricultural residues, which are generated in the field at the time of harvest, are defined as primary or field based residues whereas those co-produced during processing are called secondary or processing based residues.
Primary agricultural residues – paddy straw, sugarcane top, maize stalks, coconut empty bunches and frond, palm oil frond and bunches;
Secondary agricultural residues – paddy husk, bagasse, maize cob, coconut shell, coconut husk, coir dust, saw dust, palm oil shell, fiber and empty bunches, wastewater, black liquor.
Agricultural residues are highly important sources of biomass fuels for both the domestic and industrial sectors. Availability of primary residues for energy application is usually low since collection is difficult and they have other uses as fertilizer, animal feed etc.
However secondary residues are usually available in relatively large quantities at the processing site and may be used as captive energy source for the same processing plant involving minimal transportation and handling cost.
Rice produces both straw and rice husks at the processing plant which can be conveniently and easily converted into energy. Significant quantities of biomass remain in the fields in the form of cob when maize is harvested which can be converted into energy.
Sugarcane harvesting leads to harvest residues in the fields while processing produces fibrous bagasse, both of which are good sources of energy. Harvesting and processing of coconuts produces quantities of shell and fibre that can be utilised while peanuts leave shells. All these materials can be converted into useful energy by a wide range of biomass conversion technologies.
Tagged Agricultural residues, Biomass, Crop Residues, Primary agricultural residues, Straw, agricultural wastes, agro residues, secondary agricultural residues, what are agricultural residues


text:
South Carolina Officer Charged in Man's Killing Won't Face Death Penalty
Michael T. Slager who is accused of shooting Walter Scott, April 7, 2015.
Charleston County Sheriff's Office
By Nolan Feeney
The South Carolina police officer charged in the videotaped shooting death of an unarmed black man earlier this month will not face the death penalty, the chief prosecutor in Charleston County said Monday, marking the latest turn in a case that has reignited the national debate on race and police force.
Ninth Circuit Solicitor Scarlett Wilson said none of the 22 circumstances that allow South Carolina to seek capital punishment apply in the case involving North Charleston Patrolman 1st Class Michael T. Slager, The Post and Courier reports. Slager, 33, was arrested and charged with murder following the death of Walter Scott on April 4; a bystander's video of the deadly incident shows Slager firing eight shots in the direction of Scott as he ran away after being stopped about a broken tail light.
MORE: Walter Scott's Brother Recalls First Viewing of Shocking Video
"Under South Carolina law, this case is not death penalty-eligible," Wilson said Monday. "There are aggravating circumstances which can take a murder case from being a maximum of life to death being the maximum sentence. None of those factors are present in this case."
Slager, who remains held at the Charleston County Jail, faces 30 years to life in prison if convicted.
[Post & Courier]
Read next: In the Line of Fire
Write to Nolan Feeney at nolan.feeney@time.com.
Ex-NFL Player Suspected in Murder of Prison Cellmate


text:
Marjoke Breuning (geb. am 28. September 1971) ist eine Stuttgarter Unternehmerin und seit 2017 die Präsidentin der Industrie- und Handelskammer Region Stuttgart. Sie ist außerdem Vizepräsidentin des Baden-Württembergischen Industrie- und Handelskammertages und des Deutschen Industrie- und Handelskammertages (DIHK). Als geschäftsführende Gesellschafterin leitet Marjoke Breuning seit 2003 gemeinsam mit ihrer älteren Schwester Anneke Breuning das Familienunternehmen Maute-Benger GmbH in  Stuttgart, ein Fachgeschäft für Wäsche und Bademoden.

Geschäft

Am 25. Juli 2022 gab Marjoke Breuning die Schließung des Wäschegeschäfts von Maute-Benger in der Stuttgarter Königstraße zur Jahresmitte 2023 bekannt.

Ehrenämter und Mandate
Ihre Wahl zur IHK-Präsidentin am 7. März 2017 durch die Vollversammlung der IHK-Region Stuttgart sorgte für Aufsehen, weil mit ihr erstmals in der Geschichte der Kammer eine Frau an die Spitze gelangte. Auch erregte die Wahl einer Handelsunternehmerin in der traditionell von der Industrie dominierten Stuttgarter IHK Aufmerksamkeit. 2020 wurde Marjoke Breuning durch die Vollversammlung für eine weitere Amtsperiode von vier Jahren als Präsidentin wiedergewählt. Am 23. März 2021 wurde sie zu einer von vier Vizepräsidentinnen und -präsidenten des Deutschen Industrie- und Handelskammertages (DIHK) gewählt.

Der Vollversammlung der IHK Region Stuttgart gehört Breuning bereits seit dem Jahr 2005 an, seit 2013 war sie auch stellvertretendes Mitglied des Präsidiums. Außerdem hatte sie bereits eine Reihe weiterer Ehrenämter inne. So leitete sie den IHK-Arbeitskreis Unternehmerinnen und ist in der City-Initiative Stuttgart aktiv.
Neben dem Ehrenamt in der IHK-Organisation engagiert sich Breuning seit 2010 als Handelsrichterin beim Landgericht Stuttgart. Außerdem ist sie seit 2018 Mitglied des Kuratoriums der Börse Stuttgart und seit 2019 Mitglied der Aufsichtsräte des Bankhauses Ellwanger & Geiger AG als auch der Mittelständischen Beteiligungsgesellschaft Baden-Württemberg GmbH. Seit 2022 ist Breuning auch Mitglied des Aufsichtsrats der Bürgschaftsbank Baden-Württemberg.

Weblinks

 Homepage Maute Benger GmbH
 IHK Region Stuttgart
 City initiative Stuttgart

Einzelnachweise

Unternehmer (21. Jahrhundert)
Person (Industrie- und Handelskammer)
Geboren 1971
Frau


It's no secret that an education at Cambridge as a non-EU international student comes with a large price tag. To study most humanities subjects, a student starting their course in 2019 can expect to pay £20,167 per year, while a natural scientist will pay £30,678, and a medic, £52,638.
Along with college fees that range from £6,850 to £12,700 a year, covering teaching and pastoral costs, the money quickly adds up.
Although undergraduate tuition fees of £9,000 for home and EU students since 2012 have negatively-impacted the financial situations of students' families, for many international students, with no recourse to tuition fee and maintenance loans from the UK government, and a scholarship system one student criticised for a "lack of transparency" and clarity, a harsh financial burden can further aggravate financial difficulties.
Yue Pan is the chair of iCUSU, the campaign group for international students, and the umbrella body for all of the University's international student societies. Pan, who grew up in Australia, described students she knows whose families use their "houses as collateral" in paying for a Cambridge education, and said the "financial commitment that they make for higher education" is "quite stressful".
The cost of a Cambridge education, especially if covered by a scholarship or borne entirely by a family, can also deeply impact how students approach their leisure time at University.
She added she has found that "people make the assumption that international students are really rich", which she believes to be inaccurate. This affected the approach to last year's University staff strike: Pan said she felt upset when made aware of international students being personally criticised for attending lectures, when for some international students, a single lecture can represent an even more substantial sum of money.
Another student, who receives a scholarship from a private company, said "we have to meet a certain grade requirement, behave appropriately and work for them after graduation." The grade requirements "introduce additional stress – there is a part of me always worrying". They are concerned that because the company has "the authority to terminate my scholarship", the eventual "consequences [would be] severe.
"My family isn't well off: we will never be able to repay the company", they added.
One student told Varsity that before he took up his offer to study HSPS, he had to produce a bank statement up-front to demonstrate to his college that his family had enough in liquid assets sitting in the bank to cover his studies for three years – which amounted to nearly $120,000 (£91,554).
A University spokesperson noted that a "requirement of admission" is to declare at the point of a student's offer that "they have sufficient funds for the entirety of the course", in order to prevent students from being forced to withdraw mid-way through a Cambridge degree or having to "[spend] time researching and applying for funds to support themselves rather than studying".
A relatively small number of countries dominate international undergraduate admissions at Cambridge. Of the 1,653 non-EU undergraduates at the University in the 2017-18 academic year, 420 international undergraduates at Cambridge came from China, 265 came from Singapore, 125 came from Hong Kong, and 94 came from the United States.
A student from Nigeria, which had 11 undergraduates at Cambridge last year, said "the international students that come here are attracted mostly by a standard of education which is unattainable in their own countries", and said that they were disappointed with the "charging [of] tuition fees which would be considered a good starting salary here".
Even getting to a Cambridge interview can pose a barrier to access. The makeup of the international student body reflects the countries in which Cambridge directly carries out interviews – with academics travelling to an interviewing location to meet with applicants. These international interviews take place in Toronto, Shanghai, Mumbai, Kuala Lumpur, and Singapore. Only in New York is interview via video-conferencing software available. Some international students who attend British boarding schools will already be closer to Cambridge in early December.
Overseas applicants applying in 2018 must also pay £150 to be interviewed abroad.
One Singaporean student noted that she "never considered studying abroad, until right before the application deadline" due to her financial circumstances, as she had not been "aware that we have to pay so much to apply: there's a fee for filling in the UCAS form, the COPA form, for the interview, for the test, each costing a substantial amount".
The Cambridge Online Preliminary Application is mandatory for overseas applicants, and is used "to make arrangements for overseas interviews". A spokesperson for the University of Cambridge noted, "the cost of an interview overseas is significantly less than that of travelling to Cambridge".
Along with high tuition fees, however, many international students at Cambridge do receive scholarships, although iCUSU Chair Pan said she would like to see the University make "scholarships and financial support more accessible".
Pan added that she found the information was "not very well publicised across the colleges" for applicants, noting that scholarship opportunities are extremely variable in different colleges. She noted some particularly wealthy colleges are able to provide high levels of financial support to their students, while she has been made aware of students at other colleges who receive far less.
Are Cambridge's overseas students being left behind?
Pan added that for "a lot of full-time international scholarships, you have to apply" in advance of October, making the window to apply for merit and needs-based scholarships an easy one to miss. She said, "scholarships are very competitive", and "even if you're talented enough", receiving one is not a guarantee.
Jess Ma, a first-year at Corpus Christi received what she said was one of very few fully-funded scholarships granted to students in Hong Kong who want to study overseas. She said that someone at her school in the year above received it, and their "teachers would encourage us to apply". Ma found the process "quite competitive", and did the interview for the scholarship after she had already received her offer – the "interview was conditional upon me meeting the conditions of my offer".
Ma added that if she "hadn't got the scholarship … it would have been quite hard for my parents". She also found it difficult to navigate the Cambridge Trust scholarship service, and said she "had to go through previous recipients" to find out what was available. Her scholarship is conditional upon returning to Hong Kong to work for at least two years post-graduation.
A number of students pointed out that schools outside of the UK accustomed to sending people to Cambridge are more likely to be able to advise students on how to receive adequate financial support.
Another first-year from Hong Kong said they rely on two scholarships: one which is "distributed throughout the year, and is reviewed annually in light of my academic progress", and another one which requires that she works in Hong Kong after graduation.
They added that some students who would have required scholarships might be unaware of them, saying that this "limits the kind of person who is able to attend Cambridge to those with stronger financial and educational backgrounds." Vice-chancellor Stephen Toope recently announced that the University plans to enhance bursarial support for students "from home and abroad", as part of a £500m campaign to expand the University's bursary system.
A number of students pointed to what they would like to see more dialogue about high fees for international students from student campaigners within the UK. Pan said that "they're protesting to their home government and they have a voice … we don't really".
Another student, who grew up in China and completed their MPhil at Cambridge, but their undergraduate degree elsewhere, said that funding opportunities had closed before they applied.
They described deeper feelings of culture shock at Cambridge, and compared "entering a traditional university as an international student" to a home student entering a restaurant where "you try to make an order, but see that you pay more than other customers for the same dish", and are made to feel "recognisably different".