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Martha Nussbaum
American philosopher and academic
Nussbaum in 2008
Martha Craven
(1947-05-06) May 6, 1947 (age 74)
New York City, New York, U.S.
Martha Craven Nussbaum
Wellesley College (dropped out)
New York University (BA)
Harvard University (MA, PhD)
Notable work
The Fragility of Goodness (1986)
Sex and Social Justice (1998)
Hiding from Humanity (2004)
From Disgust to Humanity (2010)
Alan Nussbaum
Kyoto Prize (2016)
Berggruen Prize (2018)
Analytic philosophy
Aristotelianism
social liberalism
University of Chicago
Brown University
Harvard University
Doctoral advisor
G. E. L. Owen
Political philosophy
liberal theory
Capability approach
Catharine MacKinnon
John Stuart Mill
Adam Smith
John Rawls
Bernard Williams[1]
Amartya Sen
Elizabeth S. Anderson[2]
Linda Martín Alcoff
Louise Antony
David G. Hebert
Martha Craven Nussbaum (/ˈnʊsbɔːm/; born May 6, 1947) is an American philosopher and the current Ernst Freund Distinguished Service Professor of Law and Ethics at the University of Chicago, where she is jointly appointed in the law school and the philosophy department. She has a particular interest in ancient Greek and Roman philosophy, political philosophy, existentialism, feminism, and ethics, including animal rights. She also holds associate appointments in classics, divinity, and political science, is a member of the Committee on Southern Asian Studies, and a board member of the Human Rights Program. She previously taught at Harvard and Brown.[3][4]
Nussbaum is the author of a number of books, including The Fragility of Goodness (1986), Cultivating Humanity: A Classical Defense of Reform in Liberal Education (1997), Sex and Social Justice (1998), Hiding from Humanity: Disgust, Shame, and the Law (2004), Frontiers of Justice: Disability, Nationality, Species Membership (2006), and From Disgust to Humanity: Sexual Orientation and Constitutional Law (2010). She received the 2016 Kyoto Prize in Arts and Philosophy, the 2018 Berggruen Prize, and the 2021 Holberg Prize.[5][6][7]
Creating Capabilities
Philosophy and Life: Fragility, Emotions, Capabilities
Aristotle on Man as a Social and Political Animal
Martha Nussbaum, "Creating Capabilities: The Human Development Approach"
The 2021 Holberg Lecture "Justice for Animals: Practical Progress through Philosophical Theory"
1 Early life and education
4 Major works
4.1 The Fragility of Goodness
4.2 Cultivating Humanity
4.3 Sex and Social Justice
4.4 Hiding from Humanity
4.5 From Disgust to Humanity
5 Awards and honors
5.1 Honorary degrees and honorary societies
5.2 Awards
Early life and education
Nussbaum was born on May 6, 1947, in New York City, the daughter of George Craven, a Philadelphia lawyer, and Betty Warren, an interior designer and homemaker. During her teenage years, Nussbaum attended The Baldwin School in Bryn Mawr. She described her upbringing as "East Coast WASP elite ... very sterile, very preoccupied with money and status".[8] She would later credit her impatience with "mandarin philosophers" and dedication to public service as the "repudiation of my own aristocratic upbringing. I don't like anything that sets itself up as an in-group or an elite, whether it is the Bloomsbury group or Derrida".[9]
After studying at Wellesley College for two years, dropping out to pursue theatre in New York, she studied theatre and classics at New York University, getting a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1969, and gradually moved to philosophy while at Harvard University, where she received a Master of Arts degree in 1972 and a Doctor of Philosophy degree in 1975, studying under G. E. L. Owen.[citation needed]
In the 1970s and early 1980 she taught philosophy and classics at Harvard, where she was denied tenure by the Classics Department in 1982.[9] Nussbaum then moved to Brown University, where she taught until 1994 when she joined the University of Chicago Law School faculty. Her 1986 book The Fragility of Goodness, on ancient Greek ethics and Greek tragedy, made her a well-known figure throughout the humanities.[10] At Brown, Nussbaum's students included philosopher Linda Martín Alcoff and actor and playwright Tim Blake Nelson.[11] In 1987, she gained public attention due to her critique of fellow philosopher Allan Bloom's The Closing of the American Mind.[12] More recent work (Frontiers of Justice) establishes Nussbaum as a theorist of global justice.Nussbaum's work on capabilities has often focused on the unequal freedoms and opportunities of women, and she has developed a distinctive type of feminism, drawing inspiration from the liberal tradition, but emphasizing that liberalism, at its best, entails radical rethinking of gender relations and relations within the family.[13]
Nussbaum's other major area of philosophical work is the emotions. She has defended a neo-Stoic account of emotions that holds that they are appraisals that ascribe to things and persons, outside the agent's own control, great significance for the person's own flourishing. On this basis she has proposed analyses of grief, compassion, and love,[14] and, in a later book, of disgust and shame.[15]
Nussbaum has engaged in many spirited debates with other intellectuals, in her academic writings as well as in the pages of semi-popular magazines and book reviews and, in one instance, when testifying as an expert witness in court. She testified in the Colorado bench trial for Romer v. Evans, arguing against the claim that the history of philosophy provides the state with a "compelling interest" in favor of a law denying gays and lesbians the right to seek passage of local non-discrimination laws. A portion of this testimony, dealing with the potential meanings of the term tolmêma in Plato's work, was the subject of controversy, and was called misleading and even perjurious by critics.[16][17]
Nussbaum at The School of Life, 2016
She responded to these charges in a lengthy article called "Platonic Love and Colorado Law".[18] Nussbaum used multiple references from Plato's Symposium and his interactions with Socrates as evidence for her argument. The debate continued with a reply by one of her sternest critics, Robert P. George.[19] Nussbaum has criticized Noam Chomsky as being among the leftist intellectuals who hold the belief that "one should not criticize one's friends, that solidarity is more important than ethical correctness". She suggests that one can "trace this line to an old Marxist contempt for bourgeois ethics, but it is loathsome whatever its provenance".[20] Among her academic colleagues whose books she has reviewed critically are Allan Bloom,[21] Harvey Mansfield,[22] and Judith Butler.[23] Other academic debates have been with figures such as John Rawls, Richard Posner, and Susan Moller Okin.[24][25][26][27] In January 2019, Nussbaum announced that she would be using a portion of her Berggruen Prize winnings to fund a series of roundtable discussions on controversial issues at the University of Chicago Law School. These discussions will be known as the Martha C. Nussbaum Student Roundtables.[28][29]
She was married to Alan Nussbaum from 1969 until they divorced in 1987, a period which also led to her conversion to Judaism, and the birth of her daughter Rachel. Nussbaum's interest in Judaism has continued and deepened: on August 16, 2008, she became a bat mitzvah in a service at Temple K. A. M. Isaiah Israel in Chicago's Hyde Park, chanting from the Parashah Va-etchanan and the Haftarah Nahamu, and delivering a D'var Torah about the connection between genuine, non-narcissistic consolation and the pursuit of global justice.[30] Nussbaum's daughter Rachel died in 2019 due to a drug-resistant infection following successful transplant surgery.[31] At the time of her death she was a government affairs attorney in the Wildlife Division of Friends of Animals, a nonprofit organization working for animal welfare. She and her mother co-authored three articles about wild animals that have already appeared; a fourth will appear in 2021.
Nussbaum dated and lived with Cass Sunstein for more than a decade.[32] They had been engaged to be married.[33] She had previously had a romantic relationship with Amartya Sen.[33]
When she became the first woman to hold the Junior Fellowship at Harvard, Nussbaum received a congratulatory note from a "prestigious classicist" who suggested that since "female fellowess" was an awkward name, she should be called hetaira, for in Greece these educated courtesans were the only women who participated in philosophical symposia.[34][relevant?]
Further information: Martha Nussbaum bibliography
The Fragility of Goodness
The Fragility of Goodness: Luck and Ethics in Greek Tragedy and Philosophy[35] confronts the ethical dilemma that individuals strongly committed to justice are nevertheless vulnerable to external factors that may deeply compromise or even negate their human flourishing. Discussing literary as well as philosophical texts, Nussbaum seeks to determine the extent to which reason may enable self-sufficiency. She eventually rejects the Platonic notion that human goodness can fully protect against peril, siding with the tragic playwrights and Aristotle in treating the acknowledgment of vulnerability as a key to realizing the human good.
Her interpretation of Plato's Symposium in particular drew considerable attention. Under Nussbaum's consciousness of vulnerability, the re-entrance of Alcibiades at the end of the dialogue undermines Diotima's account of the ladder of love in its ascent to the non-physical realm of the forms. Alcibiades's presence deflects attention back to physical beauty, sexual passions, and bodily limitations, hence highlighting human fragility.
Fragility brought attention to Nussbaum throughout the humanities. It garnered wide praise in academic reviews,[36][37] and even drew acclaim in the popular media.[38] Camille Paglia credited Fragility with matching "the highest academic standards" of the twentieth century,[39] and The Times Higher Education called it "a supremely scholarly work".[40] Nussbaum's reputation extended her influence beyond print and into television programs like PBS's Bill Moyers.[41]
Cultivating Humanity
Cultivating Humanity: A Classical Defense of Reform in Liberal Education[42] appeals to classical Greek texts as a basis for defense and reform of the liberal education. Noting the Greek cynic philosopher Diogenes' aspiration to transcend "local origins and group memberships" in favor of becoming "a citizen of the world", Nussbaum traces the development of this idea through the Stoics, Cicero, and eventually the classical liberalism of Adam Smith and Immanuel Kant. Nussbaum champions multiculturalism in the context of ethical universalism, defends scholarly inquiry into race, gender, and human sexuality, and further develops the role of literature as narrative imagination into ethical questions.
At the same time, Nussbaum also censured certain scholarly trends. She excoriated deconstructionist Jacques Derrida saying "on truth [he is] simply not worth studying for someone who has been studying Quine and Putnam and Davidson". She cites Zhang Longxi, who labels Derrida's analysis of Chinese culture "pernicious" and without "evidence of serious study".[43] More broadly, Nussbaum criticized Michel Foucault for his "historical incompleteness [and] lack of conceptual clarity", but nevertheless singled him out for providing "the only truly important work to have entered philosophy under the banner of 'postmodernism.'"[44] Nussbaum is even more critical of figures like Allan Bloom, Roger Kimball, and George Will for what she considers their "shaky" knowledge of non-Western cultures and inaccurate caricatures of today's humanities departments.
The New York Times praised Cultivating Humanity as "a passionate, closely argued defense of multiculturalism" and hailed it as "a formidable, perhaps definitive defense of diversity on American campuses".[45] Nussbaum was the 2002 recipient of the University of Louisville Grawemeyer Award in Education.[relevant?]
Sex and Social Justice
Sex and Social Justice argues that sex and sexuality are morally irrelevant distinctions that have been artificially enforced as sources of social hierarchy; thus, feminism and social justice have common concerns. Rejecting anti-universalist objections, Nussbaum proposes functional freedoms, or central human capabilities, as a rubric of social justice.[46][clarification needed]
Nussbaum discusses at length the feminist critiques of liberalism itself, including the charge advanced by Alison Jaggar that liberalism demands ethical egoism. Nussbaum notes that liberalism emphasizes respect for others as individuals, and further argues that Jaggar has elided the distinction between individualism and self-sufficiency. Nussbaum accepts Catharine MacKinnon's critique of abstract liberalism, assimilating the salience of history and context of group hierarchy and subordination, but concludes that this appeal is rooted in liberalism rather than a critique of it.[47]
Nussbaum condemns the practice of female genital mutilation, citing deprivation of normative human functioning in its risks to health, impact on sexual functioning, violations of dignity, and conditions of non-autonomy. Emphasizing that female genital mutilation is carried out by brute force, its irreversibility, its non-consensual nature, and its links to customs of male domination, Nussbaum urges feminists to confront female genital mutilation as an issue of injustice.[48]
Nussbaum also refines the concept of "objectification", as originally advanced by Catharine MacKinnon and Andrea Dworkin. Nussbaum defines the idea of treating as an object with seven qualities: instrumentality, denial of autonomy, inertness, fungibility, violability, ownership, and denial of subjectivity. Her characterization of pornography as a tool of objectification puts Nussbaum at odds with sex-positive feminism. At the same time, Nussbaum argues in support of the legalization of prostitution, a position she reiterated in a 2008 essay following the Spitzer scandal, writing: "The idea that we ought to penalize women with few choices by removing one of the ones they do have is grotesque."[49]
Sex and Social Justice was highly praised by critics in the press. Salon declared: "She shows brilliantly how sex is used to deny some people—i.e., women and gay men—social justice."[50] The New York Times praised the work as "elegantly written and carefully argued".[51] Kathryn Trevenen praised Nussbaum's effort to shift feminist concerns toward interconnected transnational efforts, and for explicating a set of universal guidelines to structure an agenda of social justice.[52] Patrick Hopkins singled out for praise Nussbaum's "masterful" chapter on sexual objectification.[53] Radical feminist Andrea Dworkin faulted Nussbaum for "consistent over-intellectualisation of emotion, which has the inevitable consequence of mistaking suffering for cruelty".[54]
Hiding from Humanity
Hiding from Humanity[55] extends Nussbaum's work in moral psychology to probe the arguments for including two emotions—shame and disgust—as legitimate bases for legal judgments. Nussbaum argues that individuals tend to repudiate their bodily imperfection or animality through the projection of fears about contamination. This cognitive response is in itself irrational, because we cannot transcend the animality of our bodies. Noting how projective disgust has wrongly justified group subordination (mainly of women, Jews, and homosexuals), Nussbaum ultimately discards disgust as a reliable basis of judgment.
Turning to shame, Nussbaum argues that shame takes too broad a target, attempting to inculcate humiliation on a scope that is too intrusive and limiting on human freedom. Nussbaum sides with John Stuart Mill in narrowing legal concern to acts that cause a distinct and assignable harm.
In an interview with Reason magazine, Nussbaum elaborated:
Disgust and shame are inherently hierarchical; they set up ranks and orders of human beings. They are also inherently connected with restrictions on liberty in areas of non-harmful conduct. For both of these reasons, I believe, anyone who cherishes the key democratic values of equality and liberty should be deeply suspicious of the appeal to those emotions in the context of law and public policy.[56]
Nussbaum's work was received with wide praise. The Boston Globe called her argument "characteristically lucid" and hailed her as "America's most prominent philosopher of public life".[57] Her reviews in national newspapers and magazines garnered unanimous praise.[58] In academic circles, Stefanie A. Lindquist of Vanderbilt University lauded Nussbaum's analysis as a "remarkably wide ranging and nuanced treatise on the interplay between emotions and law".[59]
A prominent exception was Roger Kimball's review published in The New Criterion,[60] in which he accused Nussbaum of "fabricating" the renewed prevalence of shame and disgust in public discussions and says she intends to "undermine the inherited moral wisdom of millennia". He rebukes her for "contempt for the opinions of ordinary people" and ultimately accuses Nussbaum herself of "hiding from humanity".
Nussbaum has recently drawn on and extended her work on disgust to produce a new analysis of the legal issues regarding sexual orientation and same-sex conduct. Her book From Disgust to Humanity: Sexual Orientation and the Constitution was published by Oxford University Press in 2009, as part of their "Inalienable Rights" series, edited by Geoffrey Stone.[61]
From Disgust to Humanity
In her 2010 book From Disgust to Humanity: Sexual Orientation and Constitutional Law, Nussbaum analyzes the role that disgust plays in law and public debate in the United States.[62] The book primarily analyzes constitutional legal issues facing gay and lesbian Americans but also analyzes issues such as anti-miscegenation statutes, segregation, antisemitism and the caste system in India as part of its broader thesis regarding the "politics of disgust".
Nussbaum posits that the fundamental motivation of those advocating legal restrictions against gay and lesbian Americans is a "politics of disgust". These legal restrictions include blocking sexual orientation being protected under anti-discrimination laws (see Romer v. Evans), sodomy laws against consenting adults (See: Lawrence v. Texas), constitutional bans against same-sex marriage (See: California Proposition 8 (2008)), over-strict regulation of gay bathhouses, and bans on sex in public parks and public restrooms.[63] Nussbaum also argues that legal bans on polygamy and certain forms of incestuous (e.g. brother–sister) marriage partake of the politics of disgust and should be overturned.[64]
She identifies the "politics of disgust" closely with Lord Devlin and his famous opposition to the Wolfenden report, which recommended decriminalizing private consensual homosexual acts, on the basis that those things would "disgust the average man". To Devlin, the mere fact some people or act may produce popular emotional reactions of disgust provides an appropriate guide for legislating. She also identifies the 'wisdom of repugnance' as advocated by Leon Kass as another "politics of disgust" school of thought as it claims that disgust "in crucial cases ... repugnance is the emotional expression of deep wisdom, beyond reason's power fully to articulate it".
Nussbaum goes on to explicitly oppose the concept of a disgust-based morality as an appropriate guide for legislating. Nussbaum notes that popular disgust has been used throughout history as a justification for persecution. Drawing upon her earlier work on the relationship between disgust and shame, Nussbaum notes that at various times, racism, antisemitism, and sexism, have all been driven by popular revulsion.[65]
In place of this "politics of disgust", Nussbaum argues for the harm principle from John Stuart Mill as the proper basis for limiting individual liberties. Nussbaum argues the harm principle, which supports the legal ideas of consent, the age of majority, and privacy, protects citizens while the "politics of disgust" is merely an unreliable emotional reaction with no inherent wisdom. Furthermore, Nussbaum argues this "politics of disgust" has denied and continues to deny citizens humanity and equality before the law on no rational grounds and causes palpable social harms to the groups affected.
From Disgust to Humanity earned acclaim from liberal American publications,[66][67][68][69] and prompted interviews in The New York Times and other magazines.[70][71] One conservative magazine, The American Spectator, offered a dissenting view, writing: "[H]er account of the 'politics of disgust' lacks coherence, and 'the politics of humanity' betrays itself by not treating more sympathetically those opposed to the gay rights movement." The article also argues that the book is marred by factual errors and inconsistencies.[72]
Honorary degrees and honorary societies
Nussbaum is a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1988) and the American Philosophical Society (1996).[73] She is an Academician in the Academy of Finland (2000) and a Corresponding Fellow of the British Academy (2008). She has 64 honorary degrees from colleges and universities in North America, Latin America, Europe, Africa and Asia, including:[74][75][76][77]
Carnegie Mellon University
Dimitrie Cantemir Christian University, Romania
Knox College
Mount Holyoke College
Wabash College
Emory University
Grinnell College
Kenyon College
Williams College
Colgate University
Bucknell University
The College of William and Mary
Lawrence University
The University of St Andrews (Scotland)
The University of Edinburgh (Scotland)
The Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (Belgium)
The University of Toronto (Canada)
The University for Humanistic Studies (Netherlands)
The École Normale Supérieure (Paris, France)
The New School University (New York City)
The University of Haifa (Israel)
The Ohio State University
The University of North Carolina at Asheville
Bielefeld University (Germany)
Georgetown University (Washington, D.C.)
The Institute of Social Studies (ISS) awarded its honorary doctorate to her in 2006
Queen's University Belfast (Northern Ireland)
Simon Fraser University (Canada)
The University of the Free State (South Africa)
Pontifical Catholic University of Peru
University of Antioquia
Concordia College Moorhead
1990: Brandeis Creative Arts Award in Non-Fiction
1991: PEN/Diamonstein-Spielvogel Award for the Art of the Essay for Love's Knowledge
1998: Ness Book Award of the Association of American Colleges and Universities (Cultivating Humanity)
2000: Book award of the North American Society for Social Philosophy (Sex and Social Justice)
2002: University of Louisville Grawemeyer Award in Education (Cultivating Humanity)
2003: Barnard College Medal of Distinction
2004: Honorary membership into Phi Beta Kappa at the University of Chicago.[78]
2004: Association of American University Publishers Professional and Scholarly Book Award for Law (Hiding From Humanity)
2005: listed among the world's Top 100 intellectuals by Foreign Policy (as well as in 2008 and 2010)[79] and Prospect magazines.[80]
2007: Radcliffe Alumnae Recognition Award
2009: American Philosophical Society's Henry M. Phillips Prize in Jurisprudence.[81]
2009: Arts and Sciences Advocacy Award from the Council of Colleges of Arts and Sciences (CCAS). CCAS bestows this award upon an individual or organization demonstrating exemplary advocacy for the arts and sciences, flowing from a deep commitment to the intrinsic worth of liberal arts education.[82]
2010: Centennial Medal of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Harvard University
2012: Prince of Asturias Awards for Social Sciences
2014: John Locke Lectures at Oxford University.
2015: Premio Nonino, Italy
2015: Inamori Ethics Prize[83]
2016: Kyoto Prize in Philosophy, Japan[84]
2017: Jefferson Lecture[85]
2017: Don M. Randel Award for Contribution to the Humanities, American Academy of Arts and Sciences
2018: Berggruen Prize[6]
2021: Holberg Prize "for her groundbreaking contribution to research in philosophy, law and related fields"[7]
American philosophy
List of American philosophers
List of female philosophers
List of animal rights advocates
Nikidion
^ Wendland, Aaron James (December 7, 2018). "Martha Nussbaum: "There's no tension in supporting #MeToo and defending legal sex work"". New Statesman. Archived from the original on December 7, 2018. Retrieved December 7, 2018.
^ Heller, Nathan (December 31, 2018). "The Philosopher Redefining Equality". New Yorker. Archived from the original on May 2, 2019. Retrieved June 14, 2019.
^ "Martha Nussbaum" Archived October 25, 2019, at the Wayback Machine, University of Chicago, accessed June 5, 2012.
^ Aviv, Rachel (July 18, 2016). "The Philosopher of Feelings". The New Yorker. ISSN 0028-792X. Archived from the original on October 13, 2019. Retrieved June 14, 2019.
^ "Prof. Martha Nussbaum wins Kyoto Prize". June 17, 2016. Archived from the original on November 19, 2016. Retrieved October 31, 2017.
^ a b "Martha Nussbaum Wins $1 Million Berggruen Prize". Archived from the original on October 25, 2019. Retrieved October 30, 2018.
^ a b "Martha C. Nussbaum | Holbergprisen". holbergprisen.no (in Norwegian Bokmål). Retrieved March 5, 2021.
^ McLemee, Scott. The Chronicle of Higher Education. "What Makes Martha Nussbaum Run?" Archived July 10, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
^ a b Boynton, Robert S. The New York Times Magazine. Who Needs Philosophy? A Profile of Martha Nussbaum Archived May 23, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
^ "The Philosopher of Feelings: Martha Nussbaum's far-reaching ideas illuminate the often ignored elements of human life – aging, inequality, and emotion". July 18, 2016. Archived from the original on October 13, 2019.
^ Singer, Mark (April 8, 2019). "Tim Blake Nelson, Classics Nerd, Brings "Socrates" to the Stage". The New Yorker. ISSN 0028-792X. Archived from the original on September 26, 2019. Retrieved June 14, 2019.
^ Cooper, Marylin. "Martha Nussbaum: The Philosopher Queen". Moment Magazine. Moment Magazine. Archived from the original on May 30, 2019. Retrieved May 30, 2019.
^ Nussbaum, Martha. Women and Human Development. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000.
^ Nussbaum, Martha C. Poetic Justice: Literary Imagination and Public Life. Boston: Beacon Press, 1995.
^ Nussbaum, Martha C. Hiding from Humanity: Shame, Disgust, and the Law. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2004.
^ The Stand Archived May 23, 2019, at the Wayback Machine by Daniel Mendelsohn, from Lingua Franca September 1996.
^ Who Needs Philosophy?: A profile of Martha Nussbaum Archived May 23, 2011, at the Wayback Machine by Robert Boynton from The New York Times Magazine, November 21, 1999
^ Martha C. Nussbaum. "Platonic Love and Colorado Law: The Relevance of Ancient Greek Norms to Modern Sexual Controversies" Archived March 9, 2020, at the Wayback Machine, Virginia Law Review, Vol. 80, No. 7 (Oct. 1994), pp. 1515–1651.
^ George, Robert P. '"Shameless Acts" Revisited: Some Questions for Martha Nussbaum', Academic Questions 9 (Winter 1995–96), 24–42.
^ Martha C. Nussbaum (Spring 2008). "Violence on the Left". Dissent. Archived from the original on October 15, 2019. Retrieved January 12, 2014.
^ Martha C. Nussbaum, Undemocratic Vistas Archived August 15, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, New York Review of Books, Volume 34, Number 17; November 5, 1987.
^ Martha C. Nussbaum, Man Overboard Archived May 29, 2019, at the Wayback Machine, New Republic, June 22, 2006.
^ Martha Nussbaum, The Professor of Parody, The New Republic, February 22, 1999; Copy Archived August 3, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
^ What Makes Martha Nussbaum Run? Archived July 10, 2009, at the Wayback Machine (2001, Includes a timeline of her career, books and related controversies to that time.)
^ Patriotism and Cosmopolitanism Archived March 11, 2006, at the Wayback Machine a 1994 essay
^ The Clash Within: Democracy, Religious Violence, and India's Future, audio and video recording Archived October 1, 2011, at the Wayback Machine from the World Beyond the Headline Series Archived June 25, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
^ David Gordon, Cultivating Humanity, Martha Nussbaum and What Tower? What Babel? Archived October 20, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, Mises Review, Winter 1997
^ "Prof. Martha Nussbaum endows student roundtables to support free expression". University of Chicago News. Archived from the original on November 3, 2019. Retrieved June 14, 2019.
^ Weinberg, Justin (January 23, 2019). "Nussbaum Uses Berggruen Winnings to Fund Discussions on Challenging Issues". Daily Nous. Archived from the original on May 12, 2019. Retrieved June 14, 2019.
^ "The Mourner's Hope: Grief and the Foundations of Justice", The Boston Review, November/December 2008., 18–20.
^ "In Memoriam – Rachel Nussbaum Wichert," Human Development and Capability Association. December 17, 2019.
^ Buckley, Cara (March 16, 2008). "A Monster of a Slip". The New York Times. Archived from the original on October 13, 2017. Retrieved July 31, 2018.
^ a b Keller, Julia (September 29, 2002). "The Martha Show". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on January 26, 2019. Retrieved January 26, 2019.
^ Nussbaum, Martha C. Cultivating Humanity: A Classical Defense of Reform in Liberal Education. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press, 1997. pp. 6–7.
^ Nussbaum, Martha C. The Fragility of Goodness: Luck and Ethics in Greek Tragedy and Philosophy. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1986.
^ Barnes, Hazel E. Comparative Literature, Vol. 40, No. 1 (Winter, 1988), pp. 76–77
^ Woodruff, Paul B. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, Vol. 50, No. 1 (Sep. 1989), pp. 205–210
^ Knox, Bernard. "The Theater of Ethics". The New York Review of Books Archived April 28, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
^ Paglia, Camille. Sex, Art, & American Culture. NY: Vintage Books, 1991. pp. 206
^ Hodges, Lucy. And you may ask yourself... Archived April 3, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
^ "Shop PBS". September 9, 2012. Archived from the original on September 9, 2012. Retrieved October 31, 2017.
^ Nussbaum, Martha C. Cultivating Humanity: A Classical Defense of Reform in Liberal Education. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press, 1997.
^ Nussbaum, Martha C. Cultivating Humanity: A Classical Defense of Reform in Liberal Education. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press, 1997. pages 41 & 126.
^ Nussbaum, Martha C. Cultivating Humanity: A Classical Defense of Reform in Liberal Education. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press, 1997. p.40
^ Shapiro, James. Beyond the Culture Wars. The New York Times
^ Nussbaum, Martha C. Sex & Social Justice. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999. pp. 29–47.
^ Nussbaum, Martha C. Sex & Social Justice. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999. pp. 55–80.
^ Nussbaum, Martha C. Sex & Social Justice. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999. pp. 118–130.
^ Martha Nussbaum, "Trading on America's [[puritanical streak] Archived March 17, 2008, at the Wayback Machine", The Atlanta Journal-Constitution, March 14, 2008
^ Maria Russo. "Rescuing the Feminist Book". salon.com. Archived from the original on February 20, 2003. Retrieved May 27, 2008.
^ "Cultural Perversions". www.nytimes.com. Archived from the original on November 7, 2017. Retrieved October 31, 2017.
^ Trevenen, Kathryn. "Global Feminism and the 'Problem' of Culture". Theory & Event 5.1 (2001).
^ Hopkins, Patrick D. "Sex and Social Justice". Hypatia 17.2 (2002): 171–173.
^ Dworkin, Andrea R. "Rape is not just another word for suffering". Times Higher Education. August 4, 2000.
^ Nussbaum, Martha C. Hiding from Humanity: Disgust, Shame, and the Law. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2004.
^ "Discussing Disgust". Reason.com. July 15, 2004. Archived from the original on February 18, 2008. Retrieved February 22, 2008.
^ Wilson, John. You Stink therefore I am.The Boston Globe Archived March 4, 2016, at the Wayback Machine
^ "Philosopher warns us against using shame as punishment / Guilt can be creative, but the blame game is dangerous". SFGate. August 8, 2004.
^ "Stefanie A. Lindquist's Review". Archived from the original on October 12, 2008. Retrieved October 31, 2017.
^ Kimball, Roger. The New Criterion.Does Shame have a Future? Archived February 3, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
^ "From Disgust to Humanity". oup.com. Archived from the original on June 4, 2011.
^ Nussbaum, Martha. Oxford University Press. "From Disgust to Humanity: Sexual Orientation and Constitutional Law" (2010)
^ For the last two, see Martha Nussbaum, From Disgust to Humanity: Sexual Orientation and Constitutional Law. Oxford University Press, 2010, 198–199.
^ Nussbaum, From Disgust to Humanity, 154–155.
^ Nussbaum, Martha C. (August 6, 2004). "Danger to Human Dignity: The Revival of Disgust and Shame in the Law". The Chronicle of Higher Education. Washington, DC. Archived from the original on July 10, 2009. Retrieved November 24, 2007.
^ San Francisco Book Review Archived July 16, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
^ "Martha Nussbaum's From Disgust to Humanity". Slate Magazine. March 8, 2010. Archived from the original on November 26, 2010. Retrieved December 4, 2010.
^ "Let's Be Rational About Sex". The American Prospect. February 28, 2010. Archived from the original on June 11, 2010. Retrieved December 4, 2010.
^ "San Francisco Chronicle Book Review". Archived from the original on March 8, 2012. Retrieved October 31, 2017.
^ Solomon, Deborah (December 10, 2009). "Gross National Politics". The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 7, 2017. Retrieved October 31, 2017.
^ Smallwood, Christine (February 25, 2010). "Back Talk: Martha C. Nussbaum". The Nation. Archived from the original on July 26, 2010. Retrieved December 4, 2010.
^ "The Politics of Humanity". The American Spectator. Archived from the original on December 4, 2010.
^ "APS Member History". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved December 16, 2021.
^ "Martha Nussbaum". uchicago.edu. Archived from the original on October 8, 2003. Retrieved October 15, 2003.
^ "Martha Nussbaum: Liberal Education Crucial to Producing Democratic Societies". lawrence.edu. June 11, 2013. Archived from the original on September 27, 2013. Retrieved June 11, 2013.
^ "Martha Nussbaum". Archived from the original on October 25, 2019. Retrieved October 15, 2003.
^ "Honorary Degrees Awarded at 2021 Commencement". Archived from the original on April 23, 2021. Retrieved May 16, 2021.
^ "Martha Nussbaum". Archived from the original on August 7, 2020. Retrieved March 1, 2019.
^ . Foreign Policy https://foreignpolicy.com/story/cms.php?story_id=4262. Archived from the original on June 22, 2009. Retrieved October 31, 2017. Missing or empty |title= (help)
^ "The Prospect/FP Global public intellectuals poll – results". Prospect. Archived from the original on January 22, 2008. Retrieved February 9, 2008.
^ anonymous. "Nussbaum Receives Prestigious Prize for Law and Philosophy". uchicago.edu. Archived from the original on June 10, 2010. Retrieved April 3, 2016.
^ "Arts & Sciences Advocacy Award – Council of Colleges of Arts and Sciences". www.ccas.net. Archived from the original on May 31, 2016. Retrieved May 2, 2016.
^ "2015 Recipient – University Events". case.edu – Case Western Reserve University. Archived from the original on July 8, 2015. Retrieved July 8, 2015.
^ "Kyoto Prize, Inamori Foundation". Kyoto Prize, Inamori Foundation. Archived from the original on July 30, 2018. Retrieved October 31, 2017.
^ "Martha Nussbaum Named Jefferson Lecturer" Archived February 2, 2017, at the Wayback Machine, Inside Higher Ed, January 19, 2017.
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Martha Nussbaum
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University of Chicago biography
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Martha Nussbaum, Land of my Dreams: Islamic liberalism under fire in India, Boston Review, March/April 2009. Archived July 27, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
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How to Build a Salt-Water Powered LED Light!
You probably well know of the focus that the world has been giving to alternative energy. And I am sure schools are now pushing more ways to power our electronics than ever.
Which brings us to this awesome DIY that shows you how to build a salt-water powered LED light. You can also substitute lime juice for the salt-water.


text:
Schuylkill FCI Inmate Lookup, Schuylkill County, PA
Schuylkill FCI
MINERSVILLE, PA Schuylkill FCI View
The Federal Correctional Institution, Schuylkill (FCI Schuylkill) is a medium-security United States federal prison for male inmates in Pennsylvania. It is operated by the Federal Bureau of Prisons, a division of the United States Department of Justice. The facility also has an adjacent minimum-security satellite prison camp which also houses male offenders. FCI Schuylkill is located in north-central Schuylkill County, 46 miles north the state capital of Harrisburg, and 175 miles north of Washington, D.C.
Schuylkill FCI Contact Details
Address: INTERSTATE 81 & 901 W, Schuylkill, PA
City: MINERSVILLE
Mailing to Schuylkill FCI Inmates and Staff

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


While traveling on the main road that connects the Elqui valley with the Hurtado valley I came upon this damaged bridge. I am not scared easily but when I saw this fragile construction I held my breath. After a quick scan I hit the gas and drove across rather quickly (hoping that it would crash behind me, if it were to collapse). Having arrived safely at the other side, I took some pictures to document the damage for the local authorities. A week later I was traveling on the same road again. The bridge was closed to traffic and a new detour, which doesn't need a bridge, had been built. Judging from my experience with Chilean authorities, this detour will become the official road, and the old bridge will turn into another derelict landmark.
This beautiful nightscape above the derelict church of Serón features many of the well-known objects of the southern sky: the bright stars Alpha and Beta Centauri, the Southern Cross, the Coalsack Nebula, the Magellanic Clouds as well as the globular clusters Omega Centauri and 47 TUC.


Democrat Cohen Calls Wall Supporters Same As KKK!
Rep. Steve Cohen (D-TN) decided to make the craziest divisive statements of all Democrats about President Trump's speech on Tuesday night. Cohen compared President Trump and his followers to the Ku Klux Klan because they would like to have border security and a wall.
Cohen posted the divisive statement on Twitter and quickly deleted after backlash. However, I was able to snag a screenshot before he deleted the horrible statement.
Steve Cohen did not stop with his divisive comments and continued his attack by claiming Donald Trump is the National Emergency.
There is a #NationalEmergency ! It's Donald Trump!
Cohen gets to his nastiest when he starts attacking the American people who support the wall by posting a meme insinuating we are plain folks that are fools.
We need to believe everything the Democrats say about us Conservatives. The Democrats demonize us and do not want to represent any of us. We need to stand up to Democrats and demand they be removed from office.
Dan Crenshaw Calls For Common Sense And Wall, Lays Out 5 Point Plan!
Rubio Slams Obama And Hillary Over Border Security!


Every type of project, whether big or small, requires a certain amount of professionalism and organization. There's a plethora of logistics to consider when it comes to planning a construction project and ultimately executing it.
If you work construction or own a construction company, you know that a lot of your work is done outside. However, this is not all that the job entails. Construction planning takes a lot of time and effort and much of your time may actually be spent behind a desk. Site and crew scheduling, logistics planning, supply ordering, etc… all of these things will take you away from the actual job at hand.
Provide Proper Training. Be sure that all employees have been trained and certified to do the job at hand. General training on proper apparel, safety procedures, and how to avoid injuries on the job should also be a priority.
Are you an experienced project manager? Are you responsible for all aspects of project delivery, leading and directing your team? Become a PMP and become a project super hero.
Learning the technical aspects of how to do a job is great, and much needed. However, there's more to construction training than that alone. What about honing your knowledge, supporting skills, and amplifying your skill to turn acceptable work into exceptional workmanship.
Even on good days, and even to the best contractors, managing a project can seem like a juggling act amidst a three ring circus. It needn't be. To give your construction business a competitive edge, effective management is key. How can you assure yourself and your client that the job will be done right? Your project needs proper management. Here are the top 5 tips that make great construction management great.


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Elegant and beautiful, this black resin statue of the Egyptian Goddess Bast is 8 1/8 inches tall.
Black cold cast resin statue of Bast is 8 1/8 inches high.
Item Number: PT-11108 | Approximate Size (Inches): 3.35 wide x 5.18 deep x 8.18 high | Approximate Shipping Weight: 3.50 lbs.


I have gone through the different related answers to questions regarding vertical adjustments on forms but didn't find the answer to my question which is: how do I change the vertical spacing between the different fields?
In preferences, I have adjusted the question spacing down to "3" - adjusting it lower does not seem to change the spacing. On the form, there's still a lot of vertical space between the questions. I'd like to make the form look more compact.
I cloned your form and when I checked the preferences, the padding in the custom CSS was set at 11 pixels instead of 3. Was the form saved when you adjusted the padding to 3 pixels? The padding seems to be adjusting fine on my clone.
I was adjusting the wrong thing! I was adjust the field styles and not the css. Thanks!
But the thing is, what you did initially should have worked without the need to inject custom CSS. This appears to be a bug. I'll notify someone about it.


text:
Q: How to discharge static electricity before opening a computer? Before opening a computer, I often hear advice to touch something that is "grounded"  - a computer case for example, or a heating element - to avoid damaging the sensitive electronic equipment through static discharge.
What exactly is true here, and what are the do's and don'ts.

*

*Touching what objects will actually work, and what won't? If I touch a computer case, does it matter what it stands on, and whether it is connected to an outlet? What other ways are there to protect the equipment from a static discharge than touching something grounded?

*Are there common pieces of clothing that I shouldn't be wearing when working inside a computer, for example a woollen pullover?
There is a lot on Google, but there seem to be many contradictions and misconceptions out there, so I think this is a question worth having here.

A: One word: Humidity.
If you want to know why, read up on static electricity.  Initially grounding yourself will neutralize any static that you are carrying, but if you have a very dry atmosphere you can easily pick it back up again with just normal activity --- humidity helps prevent static electricity from building up by allowing it to bleed off into the atmosphere without having to be suddenly discharged.  (Why?  Because humidity makes the air a conductor.)
That's why you experience more static electricity discharges in the winter time, when the furnace is running (and there is no humidifier present, and there is nothing else present to introduce humidity).
If you have a more than passing interest as to why, start by reading the article at Wikipedia, which is a good starting point to more full-bodied research.
Having a wrist strap that keeps you connected to a ground all the time works, as well, if you cannot increase the humidity of your environment to a sufficient level (30% - 40%, which happens to also be optimal for human comfort and to keep things like paint from cracking on walls, seems to work well in my personal experience).

A: Touching any conductive material that is grounded will also ground you.  As long as you are using a 3-prong outlet, your metal case should be grounded through the third (round) prong.  You can also touch water pipes, metal conduit, or another person, though none of these are guaranteed to be grounded.
Any loose, woollen, or static-generating clothing should be avoided.  Metal armor, though providing an excellent ground, should also be avoided.  If you are really concerned about cleanliness, you could also avoid any clothing that will generate a lot of lint.  This usually isn't a big deal, though.

A: 1) unplug your computer;
2) touch the case;
3) don't pet any cats, rub your hair on an inflated balloon, drag feet on carpet while you do your work.
If you want ultra-high ESD protection, get a grounding strap and attach to case.

A: If you have a proper dedicated workspace, the best approach is to get some proper anti-static mats to work on, these should be properly grounded and will have fittings for wrist straps etc, then when you lay the PC you're working on on the mat, it too will be grounded and therefore equalised.
If not, then I would suggest using both a wrist strap clipped to the case and grounding the machine using it's power lead. In order to reduce the danger suggested by Linker3000, make sure you use a proper RCD - These have been a compulsory fitment on all new electrical installations here in the UK for the last couple of years (although I don't know if that is the case in other countries), and you can also buy small plug-in ones to isolate individual appliances. Individual RCDs are also useful if you have a suspect bit of equipment and don't want to risk tripping the main circuit - But obviously don't play around inside mains kit without appropriate training!

A: The problem is that your body can store a lot of electrical energy, enough to blow components in an electrical circuit.
The answer is touching any metal part of your PC will put you and the PC at the same potential so removing the risk of damaging components...you don't have to be 'earthed'.  Just remove the potential difference between you and the PC.

A: Best practice is to NOT leave equipment plugged in and switched off to give you a grounded surface because when you touch or hold on to this to ground yourself YOU HAVE NO CURRENT LIMITING SAFETY DEVICE in the circuit between yourself and ground, so if you do touch a live part (maybe the PSU is faulty and the outlet power switch has been wired in the non-hot line) - even perhaps something nearby like a faulty desk lamp or the printer that actually has the fault (and has blown up the PC), you do not experience a hand-to-hand fault current to ground, which is VERY DANGEROUS because the fault path is via your heart. This is why engineers who have to work on (high voltage) live equipment are supposed to keep one hand in a pocket - it stops them from getting a shock from the hand holding the screwdriver to the hand touching the equipment chassis; instead, they get a jolt down the leg which can flippin' hurt, but is less likely to kill them.

Proper use of the wrist strap (above left) is to either connect it to a grounding point (above right) to drain away any static you have generated OR to the metal chassis of the kit you are working on BUT the kit is still NOT grounded via a power cord and you are just using the strap for charge equalisation.
If you do not have the proper grounding wrist strap with safety resistor or an antistatic kit/workbench, just use the charge equalisation technique that Scott mentioned (with the equipment totally disconnected from the power outlet) OR just briefly touch a grounded metal pipe or connector and then work on the kit without holding onto anything grounded.
With regards to clothing, working naked is best but this may upset your friends/customers. Natural grown fibres/materials are next best - cotton or linen, but not wool or silk - so engineers that turn up in white cotton T-shirts and denim jeans with leather-soled shoes may look a tad casual but are less likely to be a walking static bomb. If you have to preserve a corporate appearance in front of your customers, a polyester suit may look the biz but may help you zap their server.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Camping gets more and more popular in South Africa.
One of the most beautiful places in South Africa, The Wild Coast is an African paradise and a place of beauty and nature as its best. You will be able to do hiking trails or to walk on beaches all day long.
Sports:hiking, mountain biking, horse riding and water sports.
Places:Port St Johns, Nelson Mandela Museum.
As the Wild Coast, the Sunshine Coasts boasts one of the most beautiful beaches in the country. You will find here museums, memorial, historical sites, shipwrecks and you will be able to hike, horse ride or surf, so it is a good place to relax, especially in the small town of Port Alfred.
Sports:hiking, horse riding, fishing, beaches and water sports.
Places:Bayworld Oceanarium and Snake Park, world's biggest pineapple at Bathurst, Queens Park zoo.
In the kouga Country, you will be able to see a lot of archaeological sites ,there are daily trips to these sites. You will also find the best waves of South Africa, in Jeffreys Bay, home of the Billabong Pro. Kouga Country is ideal for those who seek extreme sports.
Sports:hiking, water sports, game viewing, mountain biking, fishing, diving, whale and dolphin watching and surfing.
Places: Kouga Cultural Centre, Kouga Dam and historical landmarks.
Nature Reserves: Shark Point Nature Reserve, Cape St Fancis Nature Reserve, Kabeljous Nature Reserve, Noorsekloof Nature Reserve.
This region is a paradise for any adventurers and those who are addict of extreme sports. Thanks to the lush dense forests, the deep ravines, you will be able to do the world highest bungee jump at 216 meters at Bloukrans at Storms Rivers or you can also be suspended 30 m above the forest floor in the Tsitsikamma forest.
Sports and Activities: Bungee jumping, whale watching, hiking, mountain biking, river rafting, Tsitsikamma Hiking Trail.
In this area you will be able to see wonderful landscapes because there are more than 300 national monuments and historical sites. In the Valley of Desolation there are columns of strange rock formations due to thousands of years of erosion. Eventually the Mountain Zebra National Park offers a large variety of species, with over more than 200 birds species.
Parks and reserves: Mountain Zebra National Park, Karoo Nature Reserve.
The Friendly N6 is the main route from East London to the Free State. Aliwal North boasts some of the best hot springs in the country The Gariep Dam is 100km long and 24km wide and offers fishing and many other things.
Places:Hot Springs at Aliwal North, Barkley East Annual Trout Festival in March, historical sites, museums, San rock art paintings and Boer War sites.
Ben Mcdui Caravan Park. Address: Barkly East, 06 Friendly N6, Eastern Cape.
Dense forests, cascading waterfalls, the Amatola Mountain Escape offers a wonderful scenery. Hiking and mountain biking can be practised. The Amatola Mountain Escape is truly a beautiful part of the Eastern Cape and should not be missed.
The Frontier Country is a very historical area, with National Heritage Sites, National Monuments. There are also awesome mountains, as the Amatola Mountains with lush forests and the big 5.
Places:Grahamstown National Arts Festival in July, over 70 National Historical sites in Grahamstown, Kat River Valley, Hogsback Art Festival, Mpofu.
There is here the famous, Addo Elephant National Park which has over 350 elephants in the park and the big 5 and which is also one of the biggest elephant sanctuaries in South Africa.
Sports: fishing, canoeing, abseiling, hiking and water sports.
A visit to Kings Park is a true reflection as there are over 4000 rose bushes in the park. A variety of antelope and wildebeest can be seen in the Franklin Game Reserve. Motheo also offers a huge variety of indoor and outdoor activities.
Places: The National Museum has a large collection of fossils and archaeological findings, Loch Logan Waterfront, SA Military Museum, township and cultural tours, Mmabana Cultural Centre .
Gardens and Reserves: Bloemfontein National Botanical Gardens, Zoo Gardens,Naval Hill and Franklin Game reserve, Rustfontein Dam and Nature Reserve.
Places: Gariep Dam, Jagersfontein and Koffiefontein Open Mine Museums, The "Eye" of Zastron, Eufeeskloof Dam ,Laurens van der Post memorial near Philippolis, O-Wagon monument near Bethulie ,Boer War tours and cultural excursions.
Camping sites: Oval Caravan Park. Address: Fauresmith, 02 Xhariep, Free State.
This area is also filled with history and culture, with goldfields and numerous mines; There are also a lot of places for biking, mountain biking, fishing, water sports, game viewing, horse riding.
Reserves: Soetdoring Nature Reserve ,Sandveld Nature Reserve,Willem Pretorius Game Reserve.
This region is perfect for activities such as fishing, canoeing, sailing and picnics on the bank of the river. This region is also famous because there is one of the oldest and largest meteorite impact structures in the world and is over 1 km wide and 119 m deep.
Places:Vredefort Dome, the third largest meteorite impact zone in the world ,Viljoenskroon Tractor Museum, Frankfort Sandstone NG Church, Riemland Museum in Heilbron ,Golf Island, Gallery 88 Art Gallery ,Vintage Car Exhibition in Edenville .
Sports: sailing, power boating, water sports, white water rafting, San paintings, abseiling, game viewing, hiking trails, mountain biking and fishing.
Gardens:Green Mielie Tea Garden in Kroonstad ,Highveld Gardens in Sasolburg .
The camping sites are numerous, save, clean, well organized and some of the most beautiful sites in the world. You can stay in National Parks or on the coast, the options are endless. Now you can rent our new camping cars with option to buy equipment.
Langdam Caravan Park. Address: Heilbron, 04 Fesile Dabi, Free State.
Parks and Reserves: Golden Gate Highlands National Park, Qwa Qwa National Park , Seekoeivlei Nature Reserve ,Wolhuterskop Nature Reserve in Bethlehem, Mount Everest Game Reserve near Harrismith .
Places: Salpeterkrans Sandstone Overhang near Fouriesburg Basotho Cultural Village, Langtoon Dam, Zuluhoek lookout point, Generaalskop lookout point.
Sports: hiking trails, fishing, mountain biking, white water rafting, quad-biking.
Bass Feather Country Lodge and Caravan Park. Address: Reitz, 05 Thabo Mofutsanyana, Free State.
This tiny region is a diverse metropolis of wealth, culture and heritage. The city of Johannesburg is in the centre of the region. You will be able to see in this town the traditional herbalists at the Mai Mai Market, even a trip to the heart of the mines.
Places:Emmarentia Dam, GOld Reef City, Montecasino and the Montecasino Bird Park, The Mai Mai Market, Top of the Carlton Centre, Parktown Westcliff Heritage Trail, Randburg Waterfront, South African Breweriesm township tours, theatres, art galleries, street and craft markets, musuems, historical sites and buildings .
Gardens and zoos: Walter Sisulu Botanical Gardens,Johannesburg Zoo .
The area encompasses the Suikerbosrand Nature Reserve which is rich in wildlife and has over 200 bird species. It is also a place of relaxation with the tress, hiking through the bush, going for a horse ride and bird watching.
Camping sites:Pomona Caravan Park. Address: Kempton Park, 02 Eastern Regions, Gauteng.
Places: Melrose House, Paul Kruger Musuem, Sammy Marks Museum, State Theatre, Transvaal Museum, Union Buildings, Voortrekker Monument.
Reserves and zoos: National Zoological Gardens (Pretoria Zoo), Rietvlei Nature Reserve, Onderstepoort Nature Reserve.
Que Seiza Caravan Park . Address: Bronkhorstspruit, 03 Northern Region, Gauteng. Tel: +2713 932 2211.
At the very southern edge of Gauteng is the Vaal River and the Lock Vaal, Gauteng's water playground. Fishing, water skiing, power boating, hiking, horse riding and canoeing is possible in this region. This region also offers cultural villages and tours, museums and monuments, historical sites and buildings.
Places: Vaal Meander , Diepkloof Farm Museum Loch Vaal, Vaal Dam, Al Tiley Gallery, Khoikhoi Ruins, historical sites .
There are numerous game and nature reserves as well as the Witwatersrand National Botanical Gardens and the Rhino and Lion Park. So, it's any nature lover's parade because in the Western Region you can also see the Sterkfontein Caves and the Magaliesburg Mountains.
Places: Sterkfontein Caves, Cradle of Humankind, Kromdraai Conservancy, Wonder Cave, Kromdraai Mine, rainbow Trout Farm,Paardekraal Monument, Roodepoort City Theatre and State Opera House, Roodepoort Museum ,Blaauwbank Mine, Lesedi Cultural Village, Magaliesburg Cable Way .
Sports:horse riding, white water rafting, mountaineering, hiking trails, mine tours and water sports.
Reserves:Krugersdorp Game Reserve, Witwatersrand National Botanical Gardens, Sir Abe Bailey Nature Reserve.
Parks and Gardens : Fitsimons Snake Park ,Durban National Botanical Gardens, Mitchell Park, Krantzkloof Nature Reserve, Phezulu Safari Park,Phezulu Safari Park.
Sports:golf, art galleries, horse riding, hiking, fishing, surfing and scuba diving.
The world of the sea is very present in this region. In the Umdoni Coast you can do surfing, scuba diving, and fishing or attend the Sardine Run and annual event where hundreds of thousands of sardines make their way up the coast, you can follow them if you want.
Places: Greenpoint Lighthouse, Sardine Run, Aliwal Shoal, Komba Bird Sanctuary, Nkumbane Dam, beaches.
Reserves and Parks: Vernon Crooks Nature Reserve, Umdoni Park.
Sports:fishing, deep sea fishing, scuba diving, snorkelling, horse riding, golf, hiking, bird watching and game viewing.
Fun for the kids and the adults, the Hibiscus Coast has everything you need with its many lively coastal towns, beautiful beaches, ocean related activities such as surf, and also cultural activities with museums and parks.
Sports: scuba diving, snorkelling, fishing, horse riding, hiking and golf.
East Griqualand is very famous for its mountains, because in winter the snow falls on the mountains and makes a perfect place for snowboarding and building snowmen you will also find there many restaurants with good meals and finally, if you want to practise sport, the polo is very famous in this region.
Reserves:Mount Currie Nature Reserve, Mountain Lake Nature Reserve.
Sports:hiking trails, mountain biking, fly fishing, horse riding and golf.
If you are a hiker, you must absolutely go there. You will find ranges of mountains over 200 kilometres in lengths and over 3300 metres at the highest points. Thanks to these mountains there are a lot of hiking trails available which can be very short or which can last several days.
Places: Sani Saunter, museums, art galleries and locally made arts and crafts.
Sports:hiking trails, mountaineering, abseiling, horse riding, golf, fly fishing, mountain biking, river rafting.
The Natal Midlands is one of the most gorgeous spots in the province. The capital of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg is there and is rich in Victorian-style buildings. The Natal Midlands are also wonderful with its lush green fields and offer over 160 places with everything from handmade crafts, art galleries and wine cellars.
Sports: hiking trails, 4x4 routes, horse riding, golf.
This region is steeped in history and has many historical museums and monuments. This region remembers the battles held during the 1800's. Many guides tour of the area and the battlefields are available.
A sub-tropical region that teams with natural vegetation, bird life and rocky beaches. Obviously, you will be able to see here a lot of dolphins but also crocodile farms nature reserves, galleries and museums and do hiking trails, scuba diving.
The area has a large variety of wildlife, scenery, culture and history. You can see there splendid beaches on the coastline or lush forests inland. Eventually you must see Shakaland, near Eshowe a place that offers a unique interactive cultural experience.
Over 30 Nature and Game Reserve.
Attractions:hiking trails, game viewing, horse riding, golf, bird watching, Brew Route, whale watching, fishing, deep sea excursions, hunting, river rafting, water sports and beaches.
In the Capricorn region there is the capital of the Limpopo: Polokwane, one of SA's fastest growing cities. This name is due to the fact that the Tropic of Capricorn passes through the northern part of this region.
Attractions:Makapansgat Caves and Limeworks, Ana trees in Waterberg, Wolkberg Wilderness Area, Iron Crown Mountain, Serala, Magoebaskloof, Bakone Malapa Northern Sotho Open-Air Museum, Makapans Valley, Cave of Hearths, Concentration Camp Cemetery, Gemco Arts, Crafts and Curio Centre, Hugh Exton Photographic Museum, Moletzie Bird Sanctuary, Polokwane Art Museum.
Sports: golf, cultural experiences, township tours, 4x4 routes, dinosaur footprints, hunting, mountain biking, canoe excursions, hiking trails, horse riding, game viewing, bird watching and fishing.
The region is rich in culture, history and wildlife, offering visitors a wide range of activities and excursions, from Big 5 game viewing to hiking in the Waterberg Mountains. The regions cover half of the western part of Limpopo, and there is there a well-known Park: Marakele National Park.
Parks and Reserves:Marakele National Park, Mokopa Reptile Park Lizards, Nylsvlei Bird and Nature Reserve.
Sports: hiking, 4x4 routes, bird watching, mountain biking, fishing, water sports, river rafting, quad biking and clay pigeon shooting.
The region is home to the impressive Zoutspanberg mountain range over 130 km and of the oldest San rock art in the country. You can see here a lot of baobabs tree that enthral everybody. The region has sacred lakes and forests and the northern most entrance to the Kruger National Park at Punda Maria.
Places:Indigenous Tree Sanctuary, Stonehenge, Machema Ruins, Salt Pans, Die Gat, Beit Bridge, Baobab Forest, Big Tree, Zoutpansberg Mountains, Fort Hendrina, Limpopo Valley National Park, Zeederberg's Mail Coach, Musina Museum, Tshatshingo Potholes, Thathe Vondo Forest, The Sacred Forest, Mahovhohovho Falls, Mukumbani Dam, Lake Fundudzi, Dzata Ruins, Museum of the Drum.
hiking trails, river rafting, fishing, golf, game viewing, mountain biking, bird watching and horse riding.
Makhado Municipal Caravan Park. Address: Louis Trichardt, 03 Vhembe, Limpopo.
The region is rich in culture and history and has plenty of dams, rivers, mountains, tea plantations, mopani, marula and acacia woodlands. Mopani has lush vegetation and remains a real experience of African Bush. The Modjadji: indigenous peoples still live there and believe in legends.
Places: Foskor, Mine Museum, Oliphants River Sunset Cruises, Debegeni Waterfall, Georges Valley, Modjadji Cycad Forest, Moholoholo Rehabilitation Centre, Shangana Cultural Village. Tzaneen Museum.
Parks and Reserves:Swadini Reptile Park,Hans Merensky Nature Reserve .
Sports: hiking trails, fishing, golf, 4x4 routes, game viewing, horse riding, water sports and bird watching.
The panorama region is certainly the most beautiful region of Mpumalanga. You can find their natural wonders like the Blyde River Canyon, the third biggest canyon in the world. There are also extreme activities like water rafting or bungee-jumping or hot-air ballooning.
Places:Bourke's Luck Potholes, The Pinnacle, Gods Window, Pilgrims Rest, Mac-Mac Falls, Long Tom Pass, Lone Creek Falls, Forest Falls, Three Rondavels, and the ghost town of Eureka.
Nature Reserve:Blyde River Canyon Nature Reserve, Sterkspruit Nature Rerserve, Ohrigstad Dam Nature Reserve.
In the Lowveld Legogote region there is a capital of Mpumalanga: Nelspruit. There is also the Lowveld National Botanical Gardens with waterfalls, cascades, tropical forest and baobab trees and finally the oldest dolomite caves in the world at Sudwala Caves.
Places: Sudwala Caves, Lowveld Botanical Gardens, Kaapsehoop, Casterbridge Farm Centre, Khuthala Export Trading House, Mpumalanga Provincial Government Complex, Jatinga Country Lodge Chapel, cultural excursions.
Sports:mountain biking, museums, quad biking, bird watching, fishing, hiking trails, paragliding, microlighting, 4x4 routes, hunting, golf, game viewing, abseiling, arts and crafts, river rafting, rock climbing, canoeing and caving.
Reserves:Verloren Valei Nature Reserve, Gustav Kleinbeil Nature Reserve.
Places:Oosterlyn Express Steam train, Elands River Falls.
Sports:golf, fly fishing, 4x4 routes, bird watching, game viewing, hunting, hiking trails, horse riding and mountain biking.
The Cultural Heartland is a mixture between the modernized town of Middelburg and the painted villages of Ndebele culture. Obviously there is there a lot of adventure activities and Reserves, such as the Loskop Dam Nature Reserve.
Reserves:Loskop Dam Nature Reserve, Mabusa Nature Reserve, Mdala Nature Reserve.
Sports: Schuinsdraai Nature Reserve hiking trails, horse riding, game viewing, fishing, bird watching, hunting, 4x4 routes and golf.
At Secunda is South Africa's only fuel producing company, Sasol, and the world's largest underground coal mining complex. There are also the Cosmos flowers that explode in summer and cover the landscape.
Places:Chief Mzilikazi's Kraal, Grootdraai Dam, Potato Express Steam Train, Cosmos flowers in the summer months.
Sports: hiking trails, 4x4 routes, mountain biking, fishing, golf, horse riding, quad biking, river rafting, water sports, boating, picnic and bird watching.
An absolute paradise for those who are in love. Over 20 000 flamingos gather each year at Chrissiesmeer near Ermelo and there are also 170 other bird species. You can also find here Boer War routes or San rock art.
Sports:frog hunting safaris, star gazing, hiking trails, picnics, water sports, sailing, boating, fishing, horse riding, 4x4 routes, river rafting, golf and biking.
The provincial capital is in the central region: Mafikeng. Mafikeng is a booming town and offers travellers the perfect stopover before venturing into Botswana. With its wide open spaces and adventure activities the Central region is a perfect place to relax or to have fun.
Places: Baberspan Bird Sanctuary,Cookes Lake, Disaneng Dam, Kortkloof Cultural Village, Leopard Park Golf Course, Lichtenberg Game Breeding Centre, Kaditshwene Village Ruins, Marula Kop, Zeerust Museum, Molemane Eye, Mafikeng Museum, Bethel's Rocks, Kanon Koppie, historical sites and buildings, musuems, Mampoer farms .
Reserves: Henk Joubert Game Reserve, Mafikeng Game Reserve, Botsalano Game Reserve ,Henk Joubert Game Reserve .
Sports:scuba diving at the Eye of Marico, fishing, game viewing, bird watching, horse riding, sailing, water skiing, hiking trails, 4x4 routes, mountain biking and San rock paintings. .
Bonjanala, North West, South Africa Camping Accommodation - Caravan Parks, Camping Sites.
The Bojanala region is home to the very popular Hartbeespoort Dam. Probably on the most beautiful region in the North West you can visit the Pilansberg National Park for big 5 game viewing.
Sports:fishing, sailing, power boating, water skiing, hiking trails, horse riding, golf, mountain biking, quad biking, abseiling and rock climbing.
The Southern Region is a hiker's paradise with hiking trails that cross the countryside and also a paradise for the nature lovers with a lot of sunflower and maize fields and there are nature reserves, bird sanctuaries.
Reserves and Parks: Bloemhof Dam Reserve, Boskop Dam Reserve, Wolwespruit Nature Reserve, S.A. Lombard Nature Reserve.
Bophirima, North West, South Africa Camping Accommodation - Caravan Parks, Camping Sites.
This region is home to the Taung Skull Heritage Site, one of the world's most important archaeological discoveries. A place of relaxation, you will find there interesting museums, galleries and restaurants in and around the towns and nature reserves with big 5 game viewing.
Places:Taung Skull Heritage Site ,San Bushmen Rock paintings, Massoukop, Stella Cattle Festival in October, Taung Blue Pools,Taung Dam, Mmababa Cultural Centre .
Reserves and Parks:Molopo Nature Reserve ,Biopelo Game Reserve ,Leon Taljaard Nature Reserve .
Though it is the smallest region of Northern Cape, there is here the capital: Kimberley, well-known for the Big Hole where diamonds were excavated until 1914.You will find here splendid mines museums and also hiking trails to explore the countryside.
A truly unique, interesting and peaceful region of the Northern Cape. The Upper Karoo scattered with windmills, sheep and game farms. Fortunately it is possible to visit many farms for those who want a relaxing farm style getaway.
Places: San Rock Art, Britstown Museum, Anglo-Boer War sites, Colesburg Kemper Museum, De Aar Weather Station, Olive Shreiner House, Douglas Wine Cellar, Hanover Angora Handcraft Centre, Mieliefontein Ostrich Farm, Hopetown Orange River Station.
Sports:hunting, hiking trails, mountain biking, fishing and boating.
In the Hantam Karoo there is nothing you can't miss: the South African Astronomical Observatory in Sutherland, that is the best place for star-gazing. .You will also find here a diverse array of dinosaur fossils and some of the biggest salt pans in Africa.
Groenrivier Camping Sites. Address: Nieuwoudtville , 03 Hantam Karoo, Northern Cape .
Midnight Sky Caravan Park. Address: Sutherland, 03 Hantam Karoo, Northern Cape .
Namaqualand, Northern Cape Camping Accommodation - Caravan Parks, Camping Sites .
You must be in the Namaqualand during the spring months because you will be delighted with the show, indeed, during the spring months the Namaqualand explodes with colour, covering the vast empty plains with wild flowers. You will also find stunning places, such as several diamonds mines in Alexander Bay, or Port Nolloth where the desert meets the ocean.
Places:Diamond Mine tours, Hondeklip Bay shipwrecks, Namakwa 4x4 Trail, Desert Lichen Fields, Alluvial Diamond Mines and Museum, Orbicule Koppie, Garies Spring Flowers, Paulshoek Cultural Camp.
Reserves and Parks: Kleinzee Nature Reserve, Richtersveld National Park, Skilpad Wild Flower Reserve, Goegap Nature Reserve.
Green Kalahari, Northern Cape Camping Accommodation - Caravan Parks, Camping Sites.
There are there wonderful landscapes, thanks to two Parks: The spectacular Augrabies Falls National Park and the Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park with a lot of animals and sanctuaries of animals. You can also admire the red dunes of the Kalahari Desert or lush green paradise of the Orange River Valley.
Parks and Reserves:Augrabies Falls National Park, Kgalagadi Transfronteir Park, Witsand Nature Reserve, Tierberg Nature Reserve.
Sports:river rafting, boating, fishing, hunting, hiking.
The Kalahari is an awesome place where the harshness of the landscape is balanced by the friendliness of the Kalahari people and their cultures. You will be able to see a large variety of raptors in a harsh and dry place, and with the stark beauty of the red dunes.
Places:Raptor Route, Manganese Mine Tours, Manganese Mine Tours, Kathu Craft Centre, the Eye of Kuruman, Wonderwerk Cave, Kuruman Bird Sanctuary, Kalahari Raptor Centre.
Reserves and Parks:Kathu Game Reserve, Tswalu Kalahari Reserve.
Sports:hiking trails, 4x4 routes, hunting, hang-gliding, and paragliding.
In the Cape Peninsula there is Cape Town, one of the most scenic cities in the world, there are a lot of things to do, if you want to do shopping you can go to Waterfront, you can also take a trip to Cape Point where the Atlantic and Indian Oceans meet and of course, don't miss the must-see: Table Mountain that provides a wonderful view of Cape Town, Table Bay and Robben Island.
Places:Table Mountain, Cape Point, V&A Waterfront, Robben Island, Two Oceans Aquarium, Kirstenbosch National Botanical Gardens, Boulders Beach, Hout Bay, Ratanga Junction,Blouberg Beach, Helderberg Nature Reserve, Chapmans Peak, District Six Museum, Township Tours, Castle of Good Hope .
Sports: shark diving, sandboarding, deep sea fishing, hang gliding and horse riding.
A wonderful region with the gorgeous mountains surrounding the Winelands, especially in the winter when there is snow. Obviously there are also in the Cape Winelands more than 200 wine estates, producing some of the best wines in the world.
Places: Wine Routes, Butterfly World, Stellenbosch on foot, Fruit and Brandy Routes.
Reserves and Parks:Paarl Nature Reserve and Wild Flower Garden, Jonkershoek Nature Reserve, Drakenstein Lion Park.
The West Coast stretches from Melkbos Strand north of Cape Town all the way up to Namibia .The region is famous for the spring wild flowers that cover the landscape. Finally you can find some of the most spectacular rock formations visiting The Cederberg Mountains, the Wolfberg Arch and the Maltese Cross.
Places: Cedarberg Wilderness Area, Swartland Wine Route, Rooibos Tea Farms, San rock art.
Parks and Reserves:West Coast National Park, West Coast Fossil Park, Saldanah Nature Reserve.
In the Breede River Valley, there is the famous town Ceres, where the superb juices fruits are produced. This region is also the Western Cape's largest wine and fruit producing region. In this area you must also see the Kleinplaasie Living Open-Air Museum visitors, to get an insight into past farm life.
Places:Hex River Valley, Wine; Fruit and Brandy Farms, Kleinplaasie Living Open-Air Museum, Bird's Paradise, Robertson River cruises, museums, cultural villages and art galleries.
Reserves:MontEco Nature Reserve, Sanbona Wildlife Reserve.
Die Watergat Campsite. Address: Rawsonville , 04 Breede River Valley, Western Cape.
There is just lot of things to do in this region. Obviously you can admire the beautiful landscapes such as the mountains, the nature reserves, wild flower gardens, country farm stalls, vineyards and you can also go to the most southern point in Africa, Cape Agulhas, which attracts many whales and dolphins and provides whale watchers with perfect viewpoints along the coastline.
Parks and Reserves:Agulhas National Park, Bontebok National Park, Caledon Wild Flower Garden, De Hoop Nature Reserve, Sabona Wildlife Reserve, Villiersdorp Wild Flower Garden and Nature Reserve, Hottentots Holland Nature Reserve.
Swellendam Chalets and Caravan Park. Address: Swellendam , 05 Overberg, Western Cape.
Theewater Sports Club & Caravan Park. Address: Villiersdorp , 05 Overberg, Western Cape.
Theewaterskloof Municipal Caravan Park. Address: Villiersdorp , 05 Overberg, Western Cape.
Valleys and steep river gorges, white sandy beaches, snow-capped mountains and bustling towns, the region is any adventurers paradise. There are also many natural wonders like the Big Tree and the forests of Knysna, the Cango Caves and the Wilderness National Park.
Places:Outeniqua Choo-Tjoe, Knysna Lagoon, Mossel Bay Aquarium, Monkeyland, Nelson's Cave, Knysna Oyster Festival, Tsitsikamma Forest Tree Topping, museums, art galleries.
Reserves and Parks:Wilderness National Park, Knysna Elephant Park, Robberg Nature Reserve.
The people of the Klein Karoo are very hospitable people, who welcome you to their little piece of paradise though the climate are drier than the rest of the province. This region is well-known for being the ostrich country; you can buy every type of ostrich related products.
Places:Cango Caves, Ostrich Farms, Cango Wildlife Farm, Wine Farms, Dorphuis Museum,art galleries, locally made arts and crafts.
Sports: hiking trails, mountain climbing, golf, mountain biking.
Karoo, Western Cape Camping Accommodation - Caravan Parks, Camping Sites.Plenty of animals and hiking trails, the nature-lovers and sportsmen will be delighted. Indeed you will find here many birds, reptiles and animal species, and also numerous hiking trails through the Karoo National Park.
Places:Prince Albert Town Observatory, Swartberg Pass, Meiringspoort, Hillandale Farm, Wine; Fruit; Olive and Cheese Farms, Prince Albert Saturday Morning Market, Prince of Africa Mohair Shop, Prince Albert Ghost Walk, Beaufort West Museum, art galleries, historical buildings, Gamkaskloof.
Sports:quad biking, golf, hiking trails.


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Home Op-Eds Obama Shouldn't Cave in to the Far Right on Honduras
Obama Shouldn't Cave in to the Far Right on Honduras
As the original date for the Honduran elections, November 29, approaches rapidly, it's clear that a free and fair election is impossible.
by Dana Frank
As the original date for the Honduran elections, November 29, approaches rapidly, it's clear that a free and fair election is impossible: The legitimate president, Manuel Zelaya, remains a near-captive in the Brazilian Embassy in the Honduran capital, military repression rages throughout the country and a leftist candidate, Carlos Reyes, is still recovering from a brutal beating by the coup government's minions.
Yet, Obama is indicating that he is about to cave in to the U.S. far right and recognize the results of the Honduran elections. This move would be contrary to the clear position of heads of state throughout Latin America, along with the 27-member European Union. All of them have announced that they will not recognize the results of the election if Zelaya is not first restored to office.
Since the first day of the June 28 military coup that ejected Zelaya, Obama and Secretary of State Hillary Clinton have been sending mixed signals to Roberto Micheletti, the leader of the coup. While Obama denounced the takeover as a coup, the State Department still won't certify that it was a "military coup," which would mandate a cut-off of aid in all forms. Obama and Clinton suspended only a portion of U.S. humanitarian aid to Honduras in early July, then took credit again for the cutting the same funds in September. Visas to coup leaders have only been suspended piecemeal despite weeks of repression.
After almost four months of military occupation, the United States still won't withdraw its ambassador — in contrast to almost every other country. Honduran military officers continue to be trained by the United States at WHINSEC in Fort Benning, Ga., the former notorious School of the Americas. Aid still flows into the country through a variety of back doors. All this helps Micheletti and the Honduran military sustain their coup. They've been playing a waiting game very successfully, pretending to negotiate while waiting for the clock to run out on the election date. Now the U.S. right is rushing to their aid, declaring that Micheletti is merely upholding the Honduran constitution and elections can proceed calmly.
Meanwhile, the police and military continue to occupy the country, holding ordinary Hondurans hostage in their own homes in long wave of targeted and brutal violence. At least 20 members of the opposition have been killed; the smallest of demonstrations are routinely teargassed; detainees are brutally beaten and raped with complete impunity.
Almost comically, Micheletti's coup government keeps announcing repeatedly that civil liberties are being restored — and then continues to repress them. No "free and fair election" can proceed under these conditions. Obama needs to stop waffling immediately and firmly refuse to support the results of any election held without Zelaya's full restoration to his presidency.
Washington should immediately withdraw its ambassador, freeze the assets of the coup leaders, finally declare it a "military coup" and work swiftly to restore the deep damage it has already done to its reputation.
Dana Frank is a professor of history at the University of California at Santa Cruz and the author of a number of books, including "Bananeras: Women Transforming the Banana Unions of Latin America." This column was produced for the Progressive Media Project, which is run by The Progressive magazine, and distributed by the Tribune News Service.
Opinion Progressive Media Project