text:
One Classic, One Modern: The Brief Correspondence of Roberto Bolaño and Enrique Lihn
by Annette Leddy
Date Published: April 18, 2011
One Classic, One Modern: The Brief Correspondence of Roberto Bolaño and Enrique Lihn by Annette Leddy
Left: Roberto Bolaño, date unknown. Right: Enrique Lihn, Santiago, 1983. Photo: Marcelo Montecino.
The papers of Enrique Lihn, the late Chilean poet, novelist, playwright, and critic, came to rest some ten years ago in the chilly vaults of the Getty Research Institute in Los Angeles. Within these multiple enclosures lie a few pieces of correspondence from the author Roberto Bolaño, who was then in his late twenties and living in Gerona, Spain.1 Bolaño references these letters in "Meeting with Enrique Lihn," a short story in which the narrator ("Roberto Bolaño") describes a brief period of correspondence with one of the few Chilean authors he admired:
[F]or a time, a short time, I had corresponded with [Lihn], and his letters had, in a way, kept me going; I'm talking about 1981 or 1982, when I was living like a recluse in a house outside Gerona with practically no money and no prospects of ever getting any, and literature was a vast minefield occupied by enemies, except for a few classic authors (just a few), and every day I had to walk through that minefield.2
He goes on to describe his own letters to Lihn as being about "my life, my house in the country, on one of the hills outside Gerona, the medieval city before it, the countryside or the void behind. I also told him about my dog, Laika, and said that in my opinion, Chilean literature, with one or two exceptions, was shit."3
Though the actual correspondence does touch on all these topics, it also contains, like most correspondence between writers, lists of what the author is reading, looking at, and listening to. One postcard in particular communicates the "few classic authors" who are sustaining Bolaño through his extended period of working unrecompensed and unrecognized, on the threshold of living with the woman he would marry in 1985, and with whom he would have two children. 4For the sake of these children he would turn from writing poetry to writing fiction that would earn him acclaim commensurate with his highest aspirations.
Written in the form of a list, Bolaño's postcard succinctly and wittily conveys the nature and scope of his developing aesthetic. It is written on a gallery announcement for a Jörg Madlener show in the nearby town of Figueres, an event Bolaño makes no mention of, but which dates the card as no earlier than 1983. The list [translation mine] interweaves references to literature, film, painting, and music with moments of sensual quotidian experience:
Readings: Philip K. Dick, Dickens, Cervantes, Delicado
Weather condition: Beautiful fog, stoles of cold
Sex: Soft toboggan
Food: Pasta veronese, Mexican pizza
Adventures: I am Lemmy Caution
Writing: I am Horselover Fat
Music: Jon Hassel
Science Fiction: ¡The Wub!
Paintings: George Henry Durrie
Heroines: Women on bridges
Vesture: Torn pants and three sweaters
Vision: Sunglasses at 5 in the morning
Animals: Everywhere their muzzles tepid or cold like knives
Fantasies: To kiss Sidney Carton in the gallows
Fantasies: To live in a movie theater
Fantasies: To see Dumbo like a ray in the sky of Gerona
Postcard from Bolaño to Enrique Lihn, 1983. © Robert Bolaño, used with the permission of The Wylie Agency and the Getty Research Institute.
These entries are evocative in their specificity, while to follow up on the cultural references is to enter into a dense network of associations that converge in similar themes. This assembly of references presages in skeletal form the digressive style of Bolaño's novels. They also anticipate his characteristic fusion of plot with reformulations of the canon.5The first of this kind of entry refers to literature:
In an interview a year before his death in 2003, Bolaño made a statement that suggests a way of connecting these four disparate authors: "I'd like to be a writer of the fantastic, like Philip K. Dick, although as time passes and I get older, Dick seems more and more realist to me. Deep down … the question doesn't lie in the distinction of realist/fantastic but in language and structures, in ways of seeing.6
The structures and ways of seeing these authors' works share would seem to be those of the picaresque novel, typically defined as a narrative about an antihero traveling through a corrupt world or a world gone mad. We may assume that the book by Francisco Delicado he is reading is the only novel by the author that survives, Portrait of Lozana: The Lusty Andalusian Woman (1523), a kind of Renaissance Moll Flanders in which the protagonist becomes the madam of a brothel in Rome, and through her eyes the decadence of the Holy City is revealed. By Cervantes he was perhaps reading the book that he named when, at the end of his life, he was asked which five books had most influenced him: Don Quixote (1605), a work that, like Delicado's, is often called the first novel.
Left: Illustration of Don Quixote (1605) by Gustave Doré. Right: Cover page from the first edition of Francisco Delicado's Portrait of Lozana: The Lusty Andalusian Woman (1523).
Bolaño's grouping of disparate works about tyranny and corruption on the one hand, and mad heroism on the other, conjures, among other sociological theories of literature, György Lukács's Theory of the Novel, a work Bolaño probably would have encountered during his years as a leftwing literature student, though he doesn't mention it as an influence. According to Lukács, Don Quixote was the first work to show the challenge of writing a narrative in which the destiny of a community and of the hero are not identical, as in the epic. Rather, "the purest heroism is bound to become grotesque, the strongest faith is bound to become madness, when the ways leading to the transcendental home have become impassable."7
Two novels by the other cited authors would seem to define as their very themes this challenge of how to be heroic in a "period of demons let loose, a period of great confusion of values."8Dickens's A Tale of Two Cities ("It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness") begins by evoking this conflict of values as one of perception. Dick's VALIS (Vast Active Living Intelligence System) portrays contemporary California as a place where that perception is a matter of psychology: "This time in America—1969 or 1970—and this place, the Bay Area of Northern California, was totally fucked. … The authorities became as psychotic as those they hunted."9
Certainly, one way to render a fragmented world is to exemplify it in the protagonist's psychology, or as Lukács puts it, "the fundamental form-determining intention of the novel is objectivised as the psychology of the novel's hero."10Thus, Dickens's character Sydney Carton and Dick's Horselover Fat each have a double. The brilliant but dissipated lawyer Carton closely resembles the heroic character Charles Darnay; when Carton arranges to be guillotined in Darnay's place, he becomes his heroic double in both pretense and in spirit. Presumably this is the moment to which Bolaño refers with the following entry:
In a more current avatar of this divided-self theme, the mentally deranged and drug-addicted Horselover Fat in VALIS merges with the cool, lucid narrator "Dick" when together they receive the cosmic wound-healing wisdom. Bolaño has taken this mad double into himself:
Other works the postcard refers to concern a treacherous confrontation with a despot who is an evil antithesis of the hero:
Left: Poster for Jean-Luc Godard's Alphaville (1965) showing the character Lemmy Caution. Right: Cover illustration for Phillip K. Dick's short story, "Beyond Lies The Wub" (1951).
In Dick's short story "Beyond Lies the Wub," the wub is a telepathic pig from Mars of exceptional erudition and sensitivity. A brutish spaceship captain presumes to kill and then feast on the wub, only to be taken over by its mind and spirit, which telepathically continues a conversation about The Odyssey he was having with another character before he was eaten. Lemmy Caution, the protagonist in Godard's film Alphaville, battles a computer, Alpha 60, who has outlawed love and other emotions on his planet. Caution triumphs partly by confusing his nemesis with poetry, something Alpha 60 can't fathom.11But, strangely, Alpha 60 is literary enough to quote Borges, the first Latin American fiction writer to deploy pulp (pop) culture in the service of metaphysics.
Borges, Julio Cortázar, and Adolfo Bioy Casares are often named as Bolaño's literary predecessors, just as surrealism is identified as his true tradition.12The items on the postcard that most support that argument are those about the mind-altering revelation that madness or drugs evoke. The above-cited Horselover Fat, for example, receives revelations about cosmic trauma in a pink laser light of hallucination. When Bolaño defines himself as a writer like Horselover, he presumably refers to the sensation of writing as the surprising reception of messages or ideas. Other entries also indicate this side of Bolaño's work:
Music: Jon Hassell
Dumbo after he learned to fly. From Dumbo (1941).
In the Disney film, Dumbo has a revelation when he gets drunk and imagines the dance of the pink elephants and ends up in a tree, thereby realizing he can fly.13Jon Hassell, composer of what he termed "fourth world" music (a combination of traditional folk and electronic techniques), refers, in works like Dream Theory in Malaya (1981), to revelations from the unconscious. This album was Hassell's response to anthropological studies about dream-telling in the Senoi culture, where, for instance, a child's dream of falling was praised as a gift that would help him learn to learn to fly in his dreams the next night.14
What this postcard suggests is that, for Bolaño, messages from the unconscious and even chance operations profit from their fusion with aspects of the picaresque novel, or the epic-in-a-minor-key, from which he apparently drew lessons in literary structure and also a sense of collective values that is manifest in the political content of his best work. This observation correlates with the author's insistence that the epic is still a viable form, but not in its realist manifestation.15
In Bolaño's fiction, as in Borges's, the writer is the hero, to a great extent because he takes up the terrible struggle that Lukács defines as that of giving accurate representation to an infinitely incoherent totality. The picaresque or parodist aspect of many of the stories Bolaño began writing in Spain involves the petty networking required of the aspiring writer with no connections: entering obscure literary contests that offer paltry prizes, attending parties with rivals one dislikes, and writing letters to impress the very few writers one admires, like Lihn. On this particular postcard, Bolaño listed off movies and books probably absorbed over several years as if he were reading them all at once—perhaps so as to quickly define his aesthetic without using up too much of the literary elder's time and patience. These demeaning efforts, Bolaño's fiction asserts are, like battling windmills, the heroic adventures of today's antihero-writer, most hilariously in "Henri Simon Leprince," his story of an unsuccessful writer who becomes an underground fighter in the French Resistance.16While risking his life to help literary celebrities to safety, when huddled, for example, in a dark tunnel, Leprince gets advice on publication and possible paths to advancement. Thus does valor meet literary ambition.
"Meeting with Enrique Lihn," written some 15 years after the postcard, tells of a dream the narrator, "Roberto Bolaño," has of meeting Lihn in a bar, though the dream takes place after Lihn's death from cancer, and in the
Cover illustration for Enrique Lihn's novel, Batman En Chile (1973).
dream Bolaño endures the paradox of knowing Lihn is dead while knowing he's meeting him. After being threatened by a hit man in the street outside the bar, and tricking this ominous double into leaving him alone, Bolaño goes with Lihn in the elevator up to Lihn's apartment, which has a glass floor from which Bolaño can observe everything going on in the bar downstairs, and which is filled with fragile objects, including two books: "one a classic, like a smooth stone, and the other modern, timeless, like shit." 17
Both Lihn and Bolaño succeeded in fusing classic literature with "shit" (pulp). Lihn's novel Batman in Chile (1973) even parodied left-wing paranoia about the imperialist effects of American popular culture.18Bolaño's story ends with Lihn's disclosure that the "tigers are finished" and that the two of them are in the realm of the dead. At this point Bolaño may have known he wouldn't live much longer, but he already knew that, like Lihn, he was one of the tigers of Chilean literature. He had made his way through the minefield (perhaps represented by the hit man), and would join his mentor, along with other writers on his short list, in the afterlife of literary heroes.
The postcard concludes with a reference to what would one day be the title of one of Bolaño's poetry collections:
Like this pass the hours at the Unknown University, dear Enrique
A kiss and a hug. R.19
Annette Leddy writes on art and literature. She has published catalog essays on Larry Bell, William Leavitt, and Allan Kaprow, and journal essays on writers such as Angelo Rognoni and Jorge Luis Borges. For the Getty Research Institute, she co-curated "Tumultuous Assembly: Visual Poems of the Italian Futurists" (2006) and she is currently co-curating an exhibition about artists and writers in 1940s Mexico. She received a 2009 Arts Writers grant from the Warhol Foundation, and was a finalist for the 2009 Frieze Writers Prize.
Excellence and Pluralism by Howard Singerman
Documenting Spectacle: An Artist's Notes on the Shanghai Expo by Meghann McCrory
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text:
Jack Baldwin
Jack Baldwin says Sunderland can land a big blow and lay the platform for a very merry Christmas
Saturday's Sunderland versus Portsmouth game is all set up to have a big influence on the season, and could launch their Festive form, says Jack Baldwin
Sunderland centre-back Jack Baldwin (Image: Sunderland AFC)
Victory over Portsmouth will land an important psychological blow and give Sunderland the platform to build some real momentum, says Jack Baldwin.
Pompey go into Saturday's Fratton Park match five points clear at the top of League One, but the Black Cats have two games in hand.
Two games a week has been the norm for the Wearsiders for some time, but many have been cup matches. They now have the opportunity to win 18 points in 21 days, providing a real chance to turn the heat up on Kenny Jackett's men.
Luke O'Nien on new challenges: 'I said, "Yeah, I've played right-back a few times... at Fifa!"'
They have already picked up two points on Portsmouth when the sequence started last week, but to be only the third side to beat them would be important, according to centre-back Baldwin.
"They've started brilliantly, you've been looking at the results this season and they've kept picking them up and kicking on," he commented. "Psychologically, it's a big thing at the weekend, if we can take all three points that would be a big point in the season.
"Then with so many fans on Boxing Day, if you go back-to-back it puts you in really good stead."
Sunderland are already guaranteed the third tier's biggest post-Taylor Report crowd for the Boxing Day visit of Bradford City, and are hopeful that with walk-up support the attendance can hit 40,000. The Festive period always provides a good opportunity to build a head of steam but with another home game against Shrewsbury Town to follow before a New Year's Day trip to Blackpool where away fans will massively outnumber home supporters as they boycott the club in protest against the club's owners, it is even more the case than usual.
"You start stringing a few wins together, you're playing so regularly that it can make a real difference," said Baldwin. "It's a vital time for us.
"It's a big time of year and it can define the season. You've seen it before where a team starts off well but fall off over Christmas and they find it difficult to get back on it again.
Jack Ross planning for no deal to make in-demand Josh Maja or Lynden Gooch exit Sunderland
"It fluctuates and there've been teams previously who've been flying at this time, fallen off and missed the play-offs altogether.
"In previous years I probably was one to get straight on the phone after a game to see who had done what and how the table was looking. Probably now I'm more just focusing on my own game, on churning out the wins and everything else will take care of itself.
"We know we've got squad to win games and I've got more than enough confidence in them to do that and everything else will take care of itself."
Al-Ittihad 1-2 Newcastle United: Magpies win friendly clash in Jeddah as Ciaran Clark is sent off
Football NewsNewcastle leave the Middle East with a win under their belt as Ryan Fraser smashes home fantastic goal

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text:
Jucika es una tira cómica húngara creada por Pál Pusztai y publicada por primera vez el 4 de enero del 1957 en la revista Érdekes Újság.

Historia
Estaba protagonizada por una mujer joven que pasaba diversas vicisitudes en su vida diaria. Fue una de las tiras cómicas más populares del país, trascendiendo el medio y siendo publicada en otros países como los del Bloque del Este, China,  o Canadá.

Jucika fue tan popular que apareció en informes de noticias, comerciales y programas de variedades en la era socialista.

Entre el 15 de enero del 1959 y el 3 de diciembre del 1970, año de la muerte de su autor, fue publicada en la única revista humorística del país, Ludas Matyi.

El poeta Károly Borlóy (1922-2000) adaptó algunas de las tiras en poemas cortos y cómicos para un libro que debía publicarse en 1970, pero fue cancelado por la muerte de Pusztai. Finalmente se realizó su lanzamiento en 2009, bajo el título Fondorlatos Jucika (Astuta Jucika) con las viñetas a color de Pusztai y los poemas de Borlóy.

A finales de la década del 2010, las historietas de Jucika se convierten en un fenómeno viral cuando se recuperan y comparten por internet, haciéndose popular alrededor del mundo, especialmente en países como Japón.

Temáticas
Las historias de Jucika, joven mujer de espíritu libre, de cabello negro corto, cintura de avispa, con un aire de pin-up y de una belleza exuberante (bögyös szépség), cobraron vida en dibujos que constan principalmente de tres viñetas en horizontal. Jugando con su sex appeal logra superar los problemas de la vida diaria de una joven de los 50-60 y, en la mayoría de las viñetas, teniendo que tratar con el acoso de los hombres.

A diferencia de muchas tiras cómicas, en esta se puede ver a Jucika ganándose la vida realizando trabajos pesados, en fábricas y también en oficinas, mostrando un poco la vida en la época socialista.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Todas las viñetas de Jucika en Internet Archive.

Cultura de Hungría
Obras de 1957
Tiras de prensa

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Utah has a depression rate of 4% higher (21.5%) than the US average (17.3%).
In 2017, suicide was the leading cause of death for Utah residents age 10 to 24.
58.6% of adolescents with depression do not receive treatment.
Utah women are twice as likely to be diagnosed with depression, but three times as many men die from suicide.
Utahns with incomes under $25,000/year are 8-15% more likely to struggle with their mental health.
Indigenous/Native American Utahns were the most likely to report recently experiencing poor mental health.
29% of Utah's homeless population has a mental illness.
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Human Domination of Earth's Ecosystems
Peter M. Vitousek,
Harold A. Mooney,
Jane Lubchenco,
Jerry M. Melillo
P. M. Vitousek and H. A. Mooney are in the Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. J. Lubchenco is in the Department of Zoology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA. J. M. Melillo is at the U.S. Office of Science and Technology Policy, Old Executive Office Building, Room 443, Washington, DC 20502, USA.
Peter M. Vitousek
Harold A. Mooney
Human alteration of Earth is substantial and growing. Between one-third and one-half of the land surface has been transformed by human action; the carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere has increased by nearly 30 percent since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution; more atmospheric nitrogen is fixed by humanity than by all natural terrestrial sources combined; more than half of all accessible surface fresh water is put to use by humanity; and about one-quarter of the bird species on Earth have been driven to extinction. By these and other standards, it is clear that we live on a human-dominated planet.
All organisms modify their environment, and humans are no exception. As the human population has grown and the power of technology has expanded, the scope and nature of this modification has changed drastically. Until recently, the term "human-dominated ecosystems" would have elicited images of agricultural fields, pastures, or urban landscapes; now it applies with greater or lesser force to all of Earth. Many ecosystems are dominated directly by humanity, and no ecosystem on Earth's surface is free of pervasive human influence.
This article provides an overview of human effects on Earth's ecosystems. It is not intended as a litany of environmental disasters, though some disastrous situations are described; nor is it intended either to downplay or to celebrate environmental successes, of which there have been many. Rather, we explore how large humanity looms as a presence on the globe—how, even on the grandest scale, most aspects of the structure and functioning of Earth's ecosystems cannot be understood without accounting for the strong, often dominant influence of humanity.
We view human alterations to the Earth system as operating through the interacting processes summarized in Fig.1. The growth of the human population, and growth in the resource base used by humanity, is maintained by a suite of human enterprises such as agriculture, industry, fishing, and international commerce. These enterprises transform the land surface (through cropping, forestry, and urbanization), alter the major biogeochemical cycles, and add or remove species and genetically distinct populations in most of Earth's ecosystems. Many of these changes are substantial and reasonably well quantified; all are ongoing. These relatively well-documented changes in turn entrain further alterations to the functioning of the Earth system, most notably by driving global climatic change (1) and causing irreversible losses of biological diversity (2).
A conceptual model illustrating humanity's direct and indirect effects on the Earth system [modified from (56)].
Land Transformation
The use of land to yield goods and services represents the most substantial human alteration of the Earth system. Human use of land alters the structure and functioning of ecosystems, and it alters how ecosystems interact with the atmosphere, with aquatic systems, and with surrounding land. Moreover, land transformation interacts strongly with most other components of global environmental change.
The measurement of land transformation on a global scale is challenging; changes can be measured more or less straightforwardly at a given site, but it is difficult to aggregate these changes regionally and globally. In contrast to analyses of human alteration of the global carbon cycle, we cannot install instruments on a tropical mountain to collect evidence of land transformation. Remote sensing is a most useful technique, but only recently has there been a serious scientific effort to use high-resolution civilian satellite imagery to evaluate even the more visible forms of land transformation, such as deforestation, on continental to global scales (3).
Land transformation encompasses a wide variety of activities that vary substantially in their intensity and consequences. At one extreme, 10 to 15% of Earth's land surface is occupied by row-crop agriculture or by urban-industrial areas, and another 6 to 8% has been converted to pastureland (4); these systems are wholly changed by human activity. At the other extreme, every terrestrial ecosystem is affected by increased atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2), and most ecosystems have a history of hunting and other low-intensity resource extraction. Between these extremes lie grassland and semiarid ecosystems that are grazed (and sometimes degraded) by domestic animals, and forests and woodlands from which wood products have been harvested; together, these represent the majority of Earth's vegetated surface.
The variety of human effects on land makes any attempt to summarize land transformations globally a matter of semantics as well as substantial uncertainty. Estimates of the fraction of land transformed or degraded by humanity (or its corollary, the fraction of the land's biological production that is used or dominated) fall in the range of 39 to 50% (5) (Fig. 2). These numbers have large uncertainties, but the fact that they are large is not at all uncertain. Moreover, if anything these estimates understate the global impact of land transformation, in that land that has not been transformed often has been divided into fragments by human alteration of the surrounding areas. This fragmentation affects the species composition and functioning of otherwise little modified ecosystems (6).
Human dominance or alteration of several major components of the Earth system, expressed as (from left to right) percentage of the land surface transformed (5); percentage of the current atmospheric CO2 concentration that results from human action (17); percentage of accessible surface fresh water used (20); percentage of terrestrial N fixation that is human-caused (28); percentage of plant species in Canada that humanity has introduced from elsewhere (48); percentage of bird species on Earth that have become extinct in the past two millennia, almost all of them as a consequence of human activity (42); and percentage of major marine fisheries that are fully exploited, overexploited, or depleted (14).
Overall, land transformation represents the primary driving force in the loss of biological diversity worldwide. Moreover, the effects of land transformation extend far beyond the boundaries of transformed lands. Land transformation can affect climate directly at local and even regional scales. It contributes ∼20% to current anthropogenic CO2 emissions, and more substantially to the increasing concentrations of the greenhouse gases methane and nitrous oxide; fires associated with it alter the reactive chemistry of the troposphere, bringing elevated carbon monoxide concentrations and episodes of urban-like photochemical air pollution to remote tropical areas of Africa and South America; and it causes runoff of sediment and nutrients that drive substantial changes in stream, lake, estuarine, and coral reef ecosystems (7-10).
The central importance of land transformation is well recognized within the community of researchers concerned with global environmental change. Several research programs are focused on aspects of it (9, 11); recent and substantial progress toward understanding these aspects has been made (3), and much more progress can be anticipated. Understanding land transformation is a difficult challenge; it requires integrating the social, economic, and cultural causes of land transformation with evaluations of its biophysical nature and consequences. This interdisciplinary approach is essential to predicting the course, and to any hope of affecting the consequences, of human-caused land transformation.
Human alterations of marine ecosystems are more difficult to quantify than those of terrestrial ecosystems, but several kinds of information suggest that they are substantial. The human population is concentrated near coasts—about 60% within 100 km—and the oceans' productive coastal margins have been affected strongly by humanity. Coastal wetlands that mediate interactions between land and sea have been altered over large areas; for example, approximately 50% of mangrove ecosystems globally have been transformed or destroyed by human activity (12). Moreover, a recent analysis suggested that although humans use about 8% of the primary production of the oceans, that fraction grows to more than 25% for upwelling areas and to 35% for temperate continental shelf systems (13).
Many of the fisheries that capture marine productivity are focused on top predators, whose removal can alter marine ecosystems out of proportion to their abundance. Moreover, many such fisheries have proved to be unsustainable, at least at our present level of knowledge and control. As of 1995, 22% of recognized marine fisheries were overexploited or already depleted, and 44% more were at their limit of exploitation (14) (Figs. 2 and3). The consequences of fisheries are not restricted to their target organisms; commercial marine fisheries around the world discard 27 million tons of nontarget animals annually, a quantity nearly one-third as large as total landings (15). Moreover, the dredges and trawls used in some fisheries damage habitats substantially as they are dragged along the sea floor.
Percentage of major world marine fish resources in different phases of development, 1951 to 1994 [from (57)]. Undeveloped = a low and relatively constant level of catches; developing = rapidly increasing catches; mature = a high and plateauing level of catches; senescent = catches declining from higher levels.
A recent increase in the frequency, extent, and duration of harmful algal blooms in coastal areas (16) suggests that human activity has affected the base as well as the top of marine food chains. Harmful algal blooms are sudden increases in the abundance of marine phytoplankton that produce harmful structures or chemicals. Some but not all of these phytoplankton are strongly pigmented (red or brown tides). Algal blooms usually are correlated with changes in temperature, nutrients, or salinity; nutrients in coastal waters, in particular, are much modified by human activity. Algal blooms can cause extensive fish kills through toxins and by causing anoxia; they also lead to paralytic shellfish poisoning and amnesic shellfish poisoning in humans. Although the existence of harmful algal blooms has long been recognized, they have spread widely in the past two decades (16).
Alterations of the Biogeochemical Cycles
Carbon. Life on Earth is based on carbon, and the CO2 in the atmosphere is the primary resource for photosynthesis. Humanity adds CO2 to the atmosphere by mining and burning fossil fuels, the residue of life from the distant past, and by converting forests and grasslands to agricultural and other low-biomass ecosystems. The net result of both activities is that organic carbon from rocks, organisms, and soils is released into the atmosphere as CO2.
The modern increase in CO2 represents the clearest and best documented signal of human alteration of the Earth system. Thanks to the foresight of Roger Revelle, Charles Keeling, and others who initiated careful and systematic measurements of atmospheric CO2 in 1957 and sustained them through budget crises and changes in scientific fashions, we have observed the concentration of CO2 as it has increased steadily from 315 ppm to 362 ppm. Analysis of air bubbles extracted from the Antarctic and Greenland ice caps extends the record back much further; the CO2concentration was more or less stable near 280 ppm for thousands of years until about 1800, and has increased exponentially since then (17).
There is no doubt that this increase has been driven by human activity, today primarily by fossil fuel combustion. The sources of CO2 can be traced isotopically; before the period of extensive nuclear testing in the atmosphere, carbon depleted in14C was a specific tracer of CO2 derived from fossil fuel combustion, whereas carbon depleted in 13C characterized CO2 from both fossil fuels and land transformation. Direct measurements in the atmosphere, and analyses of carbon isotopes in tree rings, show that both 13C and14C in CO2 were diluted in the atmosphere relative to 12C as the CO2 concentration in the atmosphere increased.
Fossil fuel combustion now adds 5.5 ± 0.5 billion metric tons of CO2-C to the atmosphere annually, mostly in economically developed regions of the temperate zone (18) (Fig. 4). The annual accumulation of CO2-C has averaged 3.2 ± 0.2 billion metric tons recently (17). The other major terms in the atmospheric carbon balance are net ocean-atmosphere flux, net release of carbon during land transformation, and net storage in terrestrial biomass and soil organic matter. All of these terms are smaller and less certain than fossil fuel combustion or annual atmospheric accumulation; they represent rich areas of current research, analysis, and sometimes contention.
Geographical distribution of fossil fuel sources of CO2 as of 1990. The global mean is 12.2 g m− 2 year− 1; most emissions occur in economically developed regions of the north temperate zone. EQ, equator; NP, North Pole; SP, South Pole. [Prepared by A. S. Denning, from information in (18)]
The human-caused increase in atmospheric CO2 already represents nearly a 30% change relative to the pre-industrial era (Fig. 2), and CO2 will continue to increase for the foreseeable future. Increased CO2 represents the most important human enhancement to the greenhouse effect; the consensus of the climate research community is that it probably already affects climate detectably and will drive substantial climate change in the next century (1). The direct effects of increased CO2 on plants and ecosystems may be even more important. The growth of most plants is enhanced by elevated CO2, but to very different extents; the tissue chemistry of plants that respond to CO2 is altered in ways that decrease food quality for animals and microbes; and the water use efficiency of plants and ecosystems generally is increased. The fact that increased CO2 affects species differentially means that it is likely to drive substantial changes in the species composition and dynamics of all terrestrial ecosystems (19).
Water. Water is essential to all life. Its movement by gravity, and through evaporation and condensation, contributes to driving Earth's biogeochemical cycles and to controlling its climate. Very little of the water on Earth is directly usable by humans; most is either saline or frozen. Globally, humanity now uses more than half of the runoff water that is fresh and reasonably accessible, with about 70% of this use in agriculture (20) (Fig. 2). To meet increasing demands for the limited supply of fresh water, humanity has extensively altered river systems through diversions and impoundments. In the United States only 2% of the rivers run unimpeded, and by the end of this century the flow of about two-thirds of all of Earth's rivers will be regulated (21). At present, as much as 6% of Earth's river runoff is evaporated as a consequence of human manipulations (22). Major rivers, including the Colorado, the Nile, and the Ganges, are used so extensively that little water reaches the sea. Massive inland water bodies, including the Aral Sea and Lake Chad, have been greatly reduced in extent by water diversions for agriculture. Reduction in the volume of the Aral Sea resulted in the demise of native fishes and the loss of other biota; the loss of a major fishery; exposure of the salt-laden sea bottom, thereby providing a major source of windblown dust; the production of a drier and more continental local climate and a decrease in water quality in the general region; and an increase in human diseases (23).
Impounding and impeding the flow of rivers provides reservoirs of water that can be used for energy generation as well as for agriculture. Waterways also are managed for transport, for flood control, and for the dilution of chemical wastes. Together, these activities have altered Earth's freshwater ecosystems profoundly, to a greater extent than terrestrial ecosystems have been altered. The construction of dams affects biotic habitats indirectly as well; the damming of the Danube River, for example, has altered the silica chemistry of the entire Black Sea. The large number of operational dams (36,000) in the world, in conjunction with the many that are planned, ensure that humanity's effects on aquatic biological systems will continue (24). Where surface water is sparse or overexploited, humans use groundwater—and in many areas the groundwater that is drawn upon is nonrenewable, or fossil, water (25). For example, three-quarters of the water supply of Saudi Arabia currently comes from fossil water (26).
Alterations to the hydrological cycle can affect regional climate. Irrigation increases atmospheric humidity in semiarid areas, often increasing precipitation and thunderstorm frequency (27). In contrast, land transformation from forest to agriculture or pasture increases albedo and decreases surface roughness; simulations suggest that the net effect of this transformation is to increase temperature and decrease precipitation regionally (7, 26).
Conflicts arising from the global use of water will be exacerbated in the years ahead, with a growing human population and with the stresses that global changes will impose on water quality and availability. Of all of the environmental security issues facing nations, an adequate supply of clean water will be the most important.
Nitrogen. Nitrogen (N) is unique among the major elements required for life, in that its cycle includes a vast atmospheric reservoir (N2) that must be fixed (combined with carbon, hydrogen, or oxygen) before it can be used by most organisms. The supply of this fixed N controls (at least in part) the productivity, carbon storage, and species composition of many ecosystems. Before the extensive human alteration of the N cycle, 90 to 130 million metric tons of N (Tg N) were fixed biologically on land each year; rates of biological fixation in marine systems are less certain, but perhaps as much was fixed there (28).
Human activity has altered the global cycle of N substantially by fixing N2—deliberately for fertilizer and inadvertently during fossil fuel combustion. Industrial fixation of N fertilizer increased from <10 Tg/year in 1950 to 80 Tg/year in 1990; after a brief dip caused by economic dislocations in the former Soviet Union, it is expected to increase to >135 Tg/year by 2030 (29). Cultivation of soybeans, alfalfa, and other legume crops that fix N symbiotically enhances fixation by another ∼40 Tg/year, and fossil fuel combustion puts >20 Tg/year of reactive N into the atmosphere globally—some by fixing N2, more from the mobilization of N in the fuel. Overall, human activity adds at least as much fixed N to terrestrial ecosystems as do all natural sources combined (Fig. 2), and it mobilizes >50 Tg/year more during land transformation (28,30).
Alteration of the N cycle has multiple consequences. In the atmosphere, these include (i) an increasing concentration of the greenhouse gas nitrous oxide globally; (ii) substantial increases in fluxes of reactive N gases (two-thirds or more of both nitric oxide and ammonia emissions globally are human-caused); and (iii) a substantial contribution to acid rain and to the photochemical smog that afflicts urban and agricultural areas throughout the world (31). Reactive N that is emitted to the atmosphere is deposited downwind, where it can influence the dynamics of recipient ecosystems. In regions where fixed N was in short supply, added N generally increases productivity and C storage within ecosystems, and ultimately increases losses of N and cations from soils, in a set of processes termed "N saturation" (32). Where added N increases the productivity of ecosystems, usually it also decreases their biological diversity (33).
Human-fixed N also can move from agriculture, from sewage systems, and from N-saturated terrestrial systems to streams, rivers, groundwater, and ultimately the oceans. Fluxes of N through streams and rivers have increased markedly as human alteration of the N cycle has accelerated; river nitrate is highly correlated with the human population of river basins and with the sum of human-caused N inputs to those basins (8). Increases in river N drive the eutrophication of most estuaries, causing blooms of nuisance and even toxic algae, and threatening the sustainability of marine fisheries (16, 34).
Other cycles. The cycles of carbon, water, and nitrogen are not alone in being altered by human activity. Humanity is also the largest source of oxidized sulfur gases in the atmosphere; these affect regional air quality, biogeochemistry, and climate. Moreover, mining and mobilization of phosphorus and of many metals exceed their natural fluxes; some of the metals that are concentrated and mobilized are highly toxic (including lead, cadmium, and mercury) (35). Beyond any doubt, humanity is a major biogeochemical force on Earth.
Synthetic organic chemicals. Synthetic organic chemicals have brought humanity many beneficial services. However, many are toxic to humans and other species, and some are hazardous in concentrations as low as 1 part per billion. Many chemicals persist in the environment for decades; some are both toxic and persistent. Long-lived organochlorine compounds provide the clearest examples of environmental consequences of persistent compounds. Insecticides such as DDT and its relatives, and industrial compounds like polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), were used widely in North America in the 1950s and 1960s. They were transported globally, accumulated in organisms, and magnified in concentration through food chains; they devastated populations of some predators (notably falcons and eagles) and entered parts of the human food supply in concentrations higher than was prudent. Domestic use of these compounds was phased out in the 1970s in the United States and Canada, and their concentrations declined thereafter. However, PCBs in particular remain readily detectable in many organisms, sometimes approaching thresholds of public health concern (36). They will continue to circulate through organisms for many decades.
Synthetic chemicals need not be toxic to cause environmental problems. The fact that the persistent and volatile chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are wholly nontoxic contributed to their widespread use as refrigerants and even aerosol propellants. The subsequent discovery that CFCs drive the breakdown of stratospheric ozone, and especially the later discovery of the Antarctic ozone hole and their role in it, represent great surprises in global environmental science (37). Moreover, the response of the international political system to those discoveries is the best extant illustration that global environmental change can be dealt with effectively (38).
Particular compounds that pose serious health and environmental threats can be and often have been phased out (although PCB production is growing in Asia). Nonetheless, each year the chemical industry produces more than 100 million tons of organic chemicals representing some 70,000 different compounds, with about 1000 new ones being added annually (39). Only a small fraction of the many chemicals produced and released into the environment are tested adequately for health hazards or environmental impact (40).
Biotic Changes
Human modification of Earth's biological resources—its species and genetically distinct populations—is substantial and growing. Extinction is a natural process, but the current rate of loss of genetic variability, of populations, and of species is far above background rates; it is ongoing; and it represents a wholly irreversible global change. At the same time, human transport of species around Earth is homogenizing Earth's biota, introducing many species into new areas where they can disrupt both natural and human systems.
Losses. Rates of extinction are difficult to determine globally, in part because the majority of species on Earth have not yet been identified. Nevertheless, recent calculations suggest that rates of species extinction are now on the order of 100 to 1000 times those before humanity's dominance of Earth (41). For particular well-known groups, rates of loss are even greater; as many as one-quarter of Earth's bird species have been driven to extinction by human activities over the past two millennia, particularly on oceanic islands (42) (Fig. 2). At present, 11% of the remaining birds, 18% of the mammals, 5% of fish, and 8% of plant species on Earth are threatened with extinction (43). There has been a disproportionate loss of large mammal species because of hunting; these species played a dominant role in many ecosystems, and their loss has resulted in a fundamental change in the dynamics of those systems (44), one that could lead to further extinctions. The largest organisms in marine systems have been affected similarly, by fishing and whaling. Land transformation is the single most important cause of extinction, and current rates of land transformation eventually will drive many more species to extinction, although with a time lag that masks the true dimensions of the crisis (45). Moreover, the effects of other components of global environmental change—of altered carbon and nitrogen cycles, and of anthropogenic climate change—are just beginning.
As high as they are, these losses of species understate the magnitude of loss of genetic variation. The loss to land transformation of locally adapted populations within species, and of genetic material within populations, is a human-caused change that reduces the resilience of species and ecosystems while precluding human use of the library of natural products and genetic material that they represent (46).
Although conservation efforts focused on individual endangered species have yielded some successes, they are expensive—and the protection or restoration of whole ecosystems often represents the most effective way to sustain genetic, population, and species diversity. Moreover, ecosystems themselves may play important roles in both natural and human-dominated landscapes. For example, mangrove ecosystems protect coastal areas from erosion and provide nurseries for offshore fisheries, but they are threatened by land transformation in many areas.
Invasions. In addition to extinction, humanity has caused a rearrangement of Earth's biotic systems, through the mixing of floras and faunas that had long been isolated geographically. The magnitude of transport of species, termed "biological invasion," is enormous (47); invading species are present almost everywhere. On many islands, more than half of the plant species are nonindigenous, and in many continental areas the figure is 20% or more (48) (Fig. 2).
As with extinction, biological invasion occurs naturally—and as with extinction, human activity has accelerated its rate by orders of magnitude. Land transformation interacts strongly with biological invasion, in that human-altered ecosystems generally provide the primary foci for invasions, while in some cases land transformation itself is driven by biological invasions (49). International commerce is also a primary cause of the breakdown of biogeographic barriers; trade in live organisms is massive and global, and many other organisms are inadvertently taken along for the ride. In freshwater systems, the combination of upstream land transformation, altered hydrology, and numerous deliberate and accidental species introductions has led to particularly widespread invasion, in continental as well as island ecosystems (50).
In some regions, invasions are becoming more frequent. For example, in the San Francisco Bay of California, an average of one new species has been established every 36 weeks since 1850, every 24 weeks since 1970, and every 12 weeks for the last decade (51). Some introduced species quickly become invasive over large areas (for example, the Asian clam in the San Francisco Bay), whereas others become widespread only after a lag of decades, or even over a century (52).
Many biological invasions are effectively irreversible; once replicating biological material is released into the environment and becomes successful there, calling it back is difficult and expensive at best. Moreover, some species introductions have consequences. Some degrade human health and that of other species; after all, most infectious diseases are invaders over most of their range. Others have caused economic losses amounting to billions of dollars; the recent invasion of North America by the zebra mussel is a well-publicized example. Some disrupt ecosystem processes, altering the structure and functioning of whole ecosystems. Finally, some invasions drive losses in the biological diversity of native species and populations; after land transformation, they are the next most important cause of extinction (53).
The global consequences of human activity are not something to face in the future—as Fig. 2 illustrates, they are with us now. All of these changes are ongoing, and in many cases accelerating; many of them were entrained long before their importance was recognized. Moreover, all of these seemingly disparate phenomena trace to a single cause—the growing scale of the human enterprise. The rates, scales, kinds, and combinations of changes occurring now are fundamentally different from those at any other time in history; we are changing Earth more rapidly than we are understanding it. We live on a human-dominated planet—and the momentum of human population growth, together with the imperative for further economic development in most of the world, ensures that our dominance will increase.
The papers in this special section summarize our knowledge of and provide specific policy recommendations concerning major human-dominated ecosystems. In addition, we suggest that the rate and extent of human alteration of Earth should affect how we think about Earth. It is clear that we control much of Earth, and that our activities affect the rest. In a very real sense, the world is in our hands—and how we handle it will determine its composition and dynamics, and our fate.
Recognition of the global consequences of the human enterprise suggests three complementary directions. First, we can work to reduce the rate at which we alter the Earth system. Humans and human-dominated systems may be able to adapt to slower change, and ecosystems and the species they support may cope more effectively with the changes we impose, if those changes are slow. Our footprint on the planet (54) might then be stabilized at a point where enough space and resources remain to sustain most of the other species on Earth, for their sake and our own. Reducing the rate of growth in human effects on Earth involves slowing human population growth and using resources as efficiently as is practical. Often it is the waste products and by-products of human activity that drive global environmental change.
Second, we can accelerate our efforts to understand Earth's ecosystems and how they interact with the numerous components of human-caused global change. Ecological research is inherently complex and demanding: It requires measurement and monitoring of populations and ecosystems; experimental studies to elucidate the regulation of ecological processes; the development, testing, and validation of regional and global models; and integration with a broad range of biological, earth, atmospheric, and marine sciences. The challenge of understanding a human-dominated planet further requires that the human dimensions of global change—the social, economic, cultural, and other drivers of human actions—be included within our analyses.
Finally, humanity's dominance of Earth means that we cannot escape responsibility for managing the planet. Our activities are causing rapid, novel, and substantial changes to Earth's ecosystems. Maintaining populations, species, and ecosystems in the face of those changes, and maintaining the flow of goods and services they provide humanity (55), will require active management for the foreseeable future. There is no clearer illustration of the extent of human dominance of Earth than the fact that maintaining the diversity of "wild" species and the functioning of "wild" ecosystems will require increasing human involvement.
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We thank G. C. Daily, C. B. Field, S. Hobbie, D. Gordon, P. A. Matson, and R. L. Naylor for constructive comments on this paper, A. S. Denning and S. M. Garcia for assistance with illustrations, and C. Nakashima and B. Lilley for preparing text and figures for publication.
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By Peter M. Vitousek, Harold A. Mooney, Jane Lubchenco, Jerry M. Melillo


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Jenny Brown's Blog
The Hidden Fight over Women's Work
New Labor Forum
The U.S. birth rate is now the lowest it has ever been. Other countries, confronting low birth rates in the twentieth century, instituted supports to make raising children more appealing. They provided universal child care, health care, paid leave, child allowances, and shorter working hours. The United States, by contrast, has taken the low-cost route to raising new generations: poor access to birth control and abortion. But despite these obstacles, women are refusing. This article will explore what it would take for working people in the United States— and women in particular— to leverage our spontaneous birth slowdown into family-supporting policies.
Starting in the 1980s, while birth rates in most developed countries dropped, I.S. rates remained elevated. We had higher teen pregnancy rates, and higher unintended birth rates, about twice those of Sweden and France.(1) But more recently, the U.S. rate has declined, across ethnic groups, and is now considerably below the 2.1 "replacement rate" required for a stable population, reaching 1.72 in 2018 (see figure on the following page). The women's liberation group Redstockings in 2001 described this as a "birth strike," a reaction to the difficult conditions women face having and raising children. (2)
Survey's indicate that potential parents are deterred by the costs of child care and housing, long or irregular work hours, low wages, unreliable health care, and student debt.(3) In National Women's Liberation (for which I am an organizer), women name these factors as reasons to stop at one child, or have none at all. In consciousness-raising meetings, testifiers describe the stress and exhaustion of their "double day"— eight or more hours of paid work and then an additional eight hours a day of unpaid care work and housework. Others recount difficulty finding parters who are willing to take the plunge into parenthood, wary of the time commitment and costs. Some say they were deterred by memories of their mothers' struggle to raise them.
As in other countries with modest birth rates, government and corporate planners from both sides of the aisle would like the U.S. birth rate to be higher. "Simply put, companies are running out of workers, customers or both," the Wall Street Journal claimed in 2015/ "In either case, economic growth suffers."(4)
"Declining birth rates constitute a problem for the survival and security of nations . . . in the broads existential sense of national security," wrote Steven Philip Kramer of the National Defense University in his 2014 book, The Other Population Crisis: What Governments Can Do about Falling Birth Rates. "For several hundred years, economic growth has been tied to prosperity . . . Growth in population has increased the size of the domestic market and labor force/" While many scholars continue to worry about the effect on the environment of expanding global populations, in fact birth rates are now dropping in most of the world and total population is expected to be stable or declining by 2100. Among continents, Europe, Asia, North and South America are expected to have less population in 2100 than in 2050. Only Africa is expected to grow. (5)
Birth Strike: The Hidden Fight over Women's Work
Back to Jenny Brown's Author Page
David Pilgrim in conversation with Franklin Hughes— Expect Diversity
Sticking it to the Man in Shindig Magazine
The Secret Agenda Behind the Abortion Crackdown
Breaking the Law to Win Abortion Rights (Part 2)
Breaking the Law to Win Abortion Rights (Part1)
Fighting for Abortion Rights, and How German Moguls came to Love Hitler


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Phytoptus liroi är en spindeldjursart som beskrevs av Heikki Roivainen 1947. Phytoptus liroi är ett kvalster som ingår i släktet Phytoptus och familjen Phytoptidae. Arten är reproducerande i Sverige.

Källor

Kvalster
liroi


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BOOK REVIEW: 'Hold You Against Me' by Skye Warren—5 Stars
June 1, 2016 By Funmbi Leave a Comment
Skye Warren's latest contemporary romance novel, Hold You Against Me is MUSTREAD for dark erotica fans. Read our review and grab your copy today!
Hold You Against Me by Skye Warren
I've loved Skye Warren's books for a few years now, and whenever I'm in the mood for well-written, dark, angsty, HOT fantasy, she's at the top of my list. I first fell in love with Skye's Beauty Series (sexy, forbidden romance between a slightly older professor and his student/employee), but I might love her Stripped Series even more. These characters and their experiences are so heartbreakingly raw. By the time the protagonists reach their HEA, you've witnessed the battles that brought them there and goodness, is the happiness well-earned!
But Skye's latest release has been the story I've been waiting for since the novella that kicked off the Stripped series, Tough Love. We first meet Clara Moretti when she's 15 years old and her "father" is big mob boss in Las Vegas. She's in love with with her best friend Giovanni Costas, the son of one of her father's soldati. At the end of Tough Love, Clara and her older sister Honor escape their father, who has plans to essentially sell them in marriage to incredibly violent and abusive men. Even though Clara doesn't want to leave Gio, he stays behind to create a distraction while the sisters get away.
Love the Way You Lie picks up several months later and follows Honor's attempt to stay hidden from her father and former fiance. While working at the local strip club, The Grand, she meets and falls in love with Kip. By the end of this story, Honor and Clara are safe from their father and removed from the mob world. (You can read my review of Tough Love/Love the Way You Lie HERE.)
The other two full-length books in the series follow two of Honor's co-workers/friends are The Grand. Better When it Hurts is a second-chance romance between Hannah/Lola (a dancer) and Blue (her former foster brother, and security at The Grand). Pretty When You Cry follows Candace/Candy who is rescued by Ivan (mobster, owner of The Grand) after she escapes from a cult.
But if you're like me, you're wondering what in the world happens to Clara and Gio! Is Gio dead? If not, do these two eventually find their way back to each other? Well, Skye finally gives us their story in Hold You Against Me, and it is SO worth the wait! As soon as I had this novel in my hands, I binged it in about 8 hours… but it was so easy to get swept away. Hold You Against Me is so well-written, so compelling that I couldn't put it down. The pages flew by; it almost felt like I blinked and five chapters would be gone. I LOVE Hold You Against Me and it definitely deserves every one of those five stars!
In Hold You Against Me, we meet Clara eight years after the events of Tough Love/Love the Way You Lie. She's living a relatively normal life. Clara is enrolled at an art school and she's a very talented sculptor. In fact, the story begins with Clara debuting a new piece she created for the fountain in front of The Grand commemorating its reopening as a burlesque club. Clara has a hilarious and loyal best friend and an almost pet kitty Lupo. Her relationship with Honor and Kip is as strong as ever, and she even has a boyfriend who's the star of the football team.
But Clara is far from happy:
"I haven't been okay in years. Not since the night my sister and I went on the run. Not since the boy I loved gave up his life so we would be safe."
She can't let go of Gio's memory. Clara sees him everywhere… she even unconsciously draws sketches of him. And this seriously hinders her ability to be intimate with her boyfriend (not that he's that great of a guy…).
However, just when Clara thinks she's been removed from the mafia lifestyle, a ghost shows up to drag her right back. Gio is NOT dead, but he's not the 18-year old boy she once loved. In the last eight years Giovanni Costas has experienced torture and loss. But when the opportunity to comes to snatch a piece of that happiness back, he doesn't hesitate to do so… even if it means kidnapping the girl he loved and yanking her back to the world he almost died to help her escape. Can Clara come to forgive and maybe even love the hardened man that Gio has become?
As I mentioned, I totally devoured Hold You Against Me! I enjoy seeing how Clara and Gio changed over time… and neither of them are unscathed. But the question of whether the people they are now can fall in love is a very interesting one. Of course, there's the complication of Clara being Gio's captive of sorts.
From the beginning of the series, Clara has been my favorite character and after this book, it's still the case. I love how intuitive and discerning she is:
There's a girl in my Advanced Sculpture class who said that fairy tales are stupid, that she didn't need a prince to save her. But she doesn't understand. Fairy tales aren't for the girls who have a choice. They're for the girls shoved into corners, trapped in darkness, bent over desks. Places where hope is an act of bravery. Where believing in love is an act of rebellion. Fairy tales are for girls who dream of happy endings, knowing they might not live to see tomorrow.
So profound and honest and true!
Also, can we talk about how evocative Skye Warren's writing is?! I mean this is just one example of how emotion just pours of her words and her characters.
Slowly, but surely, Clara and Giovanni get to know one another again. But one thing hasn't changed, and that's their sizzling chemistry:
His lips are surprisingly soft and achingly sure. They touch mine with a deliberation that can only be possessive. He can take this much time because he owns me. Because I'm his to do whatever he wants with–and he wants my lips, over and over again. He presses his mouth over mine in a way that would almost be chaste if it weren't for his hand on my hip or his hot length against my stomach. His tongue swipes across my lip, sending sparks through my body. I shiver, and he does it again.
I don't want to soften toward him, but God, I already have. I could never really be hard toward him. He's dragged me back into my worst nightmare and somehow made me want it… As wrong as it is, I want him to soothe me, to make me want this cage.
And here lies the problem… because despite Gio's claim that he's keeping her safe, despite his ability to give her everything she wants, he can't give Clara her freedom. And Clara refuses to abandon her sister and slip back into the violence and confinement of being a mafia princess.
No spoilers, but Hold You Against Me has an interesting and surprisingly satisfying resolution. With that said, there are a few open questions, which suggests the possibility of more Clara/Gio in another story, which I'm 100% HERE for!
This novel is MUSTREAD, especially for those who enjoy dark, erotic, second-chance romance with mafia undertones.
First, read the novella Tough Love. I recommend reading Love the Way You Lie next, but if you're just dying to get back to Clara and Gio, I think it would be OK to jump to Hold You Against Me. However, the entire Stripped Series needs to be on your TBR list!
Amazon | iBooks | BN/Nook | Google | Kobo
Image Source: Skye Warren
Many thanks to the author for an advanced review copy.
Filed Under: Book Reviews, Books, Contemporary Romance, Erotica, News Tagged With: 5 stars, Better When it Hurts, Clara Moretti, Contemporary Erotica, Contemporary Romance, Dark Erotica, Dark Romance, Giovanni Costas, Hold You Against Me, Love the Way You Lie, Pretty When You Cry, Skye Warren, Stripped Series, Tough Love


The Kindle Keyboard is actually the Kindle 3rd generation. There are 2 models: Wi-Fi Only model and 3G (+ Wi-Fi) model.
Experimental Browser: Does not support Flash.
There are many useful keyboard shortcuts that you might find handy.
You pay $40-50 less on with-ads model.
Most people buy Kindle to read books and just that. They don't use the built-in browser to surf the Internet, cause they might find it frustrating to move their way around. If you think you're one of them, then go for the Kindle 4, as it is cheaper, faster, smaller, lighter, and considered as newer models. Kindle Touch is also a good choice if don't like Kindle Keyboard, as it has the new X-Ray feature and Audio playback. However, if you are not interested in X-Ray feature or don't like the idea of E-Ink Touchscreen, and believe that you will utilize the physical keyboard for browsing, emailing, and so on, then you might want to consider Kindle Keyboard.


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When Doing Your Job Means Risking Your Life
Sarah Harrison Smith on October 19, 2017
The news this week that investigative journalist Daphne Caruana Galicia had been killed in a targeted car bomb attack in Malta highlights the very dangerous nature of the work that writers undertake to expose corruption and injustice abroad. (According to the Committee to Protect Journalists, at least 30 reporters have been murdered so far in 2017.) Three recent books by and about women journalists willing to risk their safety to report from places like Turkey, Iran, and Syria cast light on the perils and allure of their vocation.
Print Book | Kindle Book
Deborah Campbell says that she strives to "bridge the gap between the readers of the magazines [she writes] for, such as Harper's or The Economist, and people in troubled places who such readers would never otherwise meet." To do that work in countries like Syria, she relies on the help of "fixers" -- local people with contacts and street smarts who, often surreptitiously, accompany writers as they report. One such fixer was Ahlam, a "fearless" mother and wife who had already survived a brutal kidnapping and was working to open a school for displaced girls. With Ahlam, Campbell felt she had found "a hub, a connector, one of those people who knows people, knows what's going on." But then Ahlam went missing, and Campbell embarked on a hunt to find her and to answer the question, "Was she taken because of me?" A Disappearance in Damascus: Friendship and Survival in the Shadow of War is a tense, riveting true story that speaks to the courage and loyalty of both women under circumstances most of us would avoid at all costs.
Oriana Fallaci, who died of cancer in 2006, was one of the most infamous journalists of the 20th century. Even as a child in Italy during WWII, she was brave and determined, working for the resistance under the nom de guerre "Emilia." When her father was captured and tortured, her mother took the family to visit him in prison: beatings had left him unrecognizable, but he hadn't revealed any secrets. Fallaci seems to have inherited her father's sang froid. As biographer Cristina de Stefano recounts in Oriana Fallaci: The Journalist, the Agitator, the Legend, she was continually intrepid and often reckless about her physical safety. Who else, having been granted an audience with the Ayatollah Khomeini, would not only challenge his administration's restrictions on women but also rip off the chador she was required to wear in his presence, calling it a "medieval rag"? Photographs included here, of Fallaci under fire in Mexico City and Vietnam, laughing with Deng Xiaoping and sharing a drink with Paul Newman, attest to her courage and beauty, which endured even in the face of tremendous danger.
When journalist Suzy Hansen told her family in New Jersey that she'd won a generous fellowship and would be moving to Istanbul, reactions were, at best, mixed. Her father, who was still reeling from the attacks of September 11, texted her to ask, rhetorically, "Did you know that Turkey is 99 percent Muslim? Are you out of your mind?" She went despite his reservations, and has continued to live in Turkey for roughly a decade. Notes from a Foreign Country: An American Abroad in a Post-American World is her account of her work there, writing for places like The New York Times Magazine and The London Review of Books. She is appealingly self-critical and literary in her approach, admitting that she began her life there in confused ignorance: "Without realizing it, I absorbed the same fear of Islam and Muslims, not in the bigoted way, but in the more insidious manner of the well-intentioned liberal mediator." The years bring loss of faith in her own objectivity and in the myths of American excellence that she once believed. It's a journey few of us would choose to embark on ourselves, but we readers reap the benefits of her unusual combination of pluck and introspection.
An Interview with...


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Q&A with Jack Cowling
Interview / News / Player Profile
We sat down with OBGFC Reserves midfielder, Jack Cowling, to find out what make him tick! But firstly, a bit of background on him…
Jack debuted for the club in 2014 after graduating from Brighton Grammar School in 2013. As of the start of 2019, he has played 70 games for the club – across the Seniors, Reserves & Under 19's – and slotted 50 goals.
His father, Rod Cowling, a loyal clubman and all round great guy, played 258 games for the club across the Seniors and Reserves. He was captain of the Reserves, winning their best and Fairest in 1984, and even took on captain/coaching Duties in 1986. He is an OBGFC life member and in recent times was awarded 'Best Clubman'.
Onto the Q&A section! (which was passed around at training dinner and may or may not have been filled in by Jack himself..)
Q: Who would you least like to pair up with in the boxing ring during training?
A: Marty Ho, Marty Marty Ho
Q: Who would you like to have kicking for goal after the siren in a Grand Final?
A: My Dad, Rocket
Q: What's your coach's favourite saying?
A: Cowling what are you doing!?
Q: Who is most likely to be invited to the coach's place for dinner?
Q: What is your pre-game pump up song?
A: The Gambler – Kenny Rogers
Q: What is your favourite way to spend a day off?
A: Finalising my civil engineering work
Q: What meal is your speciality to cook?
A: Toast
Q: What is your favourite TV show?
A: Mega Structures
Q: Who is your funniest teammate?
A: Bolger, haha – he's always late
Q: Outside of footy, what would your dream job be?
A: Civil Engineer
Q: If you could appear on any reality TV show, which one would you choose?
A: Grand Designs
Q: Which teammate is most likely to take a selfie and post it on social media?
A: Harry Hill
So there you have it! A bit of insight into Jack.
We wish him all the best with his Civil Engineering exams, and his ongoing entrepreneurial work, for them.
Tags: Cowza, Q&A, Rocket
Under 19's – Grand Final Match Report
Under 23's – Round 12 Match Report


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Investors & Advisers
Robert E. Graham - Managing Partner
Before founding Pegasus, Robert was a Vice President at The Sterling Group, an operationally focused investment firm that makes majority investments in service, manufacturing, and distribution businesses. At Sterling, Robert worked on multiple acquisitions and helped lead the roll-up of Construction Supply Group, the 2nd largest distributor of specialty construction supplies in the United States. He also served on the board of Specified Air Solutions, a $150M diversified manufacturer of HVAC equipment. Prior to Sterling, Robert was a Product Line Manager for two product lines at Eaton Corporation, a role in which he held P&L responsibility for a $50M business unit. Robert spent several years in Eaton Corporation's Leadership Development Program, working in a variety of roles in production management, project management, and supply chain management. During his time in production management, he assumed operational responsibility for a $55M factory with 80+ reporting personnel. Robert also completed internships in Lockheed Martin's Aeronautics segment and in Morgan Stanley's Investment Banking division.
Education: Certifications:
MBA, Harvard Business School ● Lean Six Sigma Black Belt
BS, Industrial Distribution, Texas A&M University  ● Project Management Professional(PMI)
 ● Production and Inventory Mgmt.(CPIM)
Contact: rgraham@PEGA-industries.com
Aaron Blick - Operating Partner
Aaron Blick has over 10 years of professional management experience and a business development background in multiple healthcare industry spaces. As a partner, principle, developer and entrepreneur, Aaron has successfully started, acquired, expanded and sold over 12 companies in the healthcare industry. Aaron currently owns and operates a chain of physical therapy clinics spread across major metropolitan areas in Texas and Louisiana. Aaron's breadth of experience includes primary care, healthcare insurance, physician network development, physical therapy, pharmacy, clinical laboratories, outpatient imaging, and ambulatory surgery centers. His track record and knowledge in the field make him an invaluable resource for purposes of management, investment, and compliance. Aaron has a BA from Texas A&M and a MA from Fuller.
Education:
MA, Fuller
BA, Texas A&M University
Contact: ablick@PEGA-industries.com
John Pantin - Senior Associate
JP previously worked in the Finance and Strategy group at Robinhood Markets, a financial services firm. Before Robinhood, JP worked at J.P.Morgan, working with endowments, foundations, and high net worth individuals to maximize their portfolio returns. JP is interested in entrepreneurship and received 1st place in the Berkeley Method of Entrepreneurship Competition where he acted as an interim CFO for a Brazilian fashion company. Today, JP focuses on exercising daily, cooking healthy meals, and following the capital markets.
BS, Business Administration, Berkeley Haas School of Business
Contact: jpantin@PEGA-industries.com
Yohanny Marquez - Office and HR Manager
Yohanny previously held numerous leadership roles within the human resource departments of several organizations. Most recently, Yohanny spent time working at Apache Corporation, helping find and recruit talented engineers. Yohanny also worked at Morrison Mahoney, a large law firm, where she served as the Recruiting Coordinator. During her time at Morrison Mahoney, she successfully led the onboarding and human resources integration of Stern & Montana in the largest acquisition of Morrison Mahoney's 70 year history. Prior to Morrison Mahoney, Yohanny was a member of the human resources team at Lindsayca Oil and Gas where she had primary responsibility for the payroll function, helped build a human resources department for the U.S. region, and recruited dozens of talented new employees for the engineering, production, supply chain, and accounting departments.
BA, Business Administration, University of Houston (Honors College)
Contact: ymarquez@PEGA-industries.com
APPROACH


A couple of days ago, Observe came up. Here it is again! Time to observe again. Don't dismiss it. Take a moment to notice what drama is around you right now as you are reading this. Is it the same drama? Or is the drama in your mind? Were you just moments before reading this, thinking about a situation you can't seem to let go of? The best way I have found to begin the process of letting go, is to journal. Not the dear diary stuff but rather listening to what is in your head about the situation. Write it out. All of it. Don't worry about punctuation or spelling. Notice what you are writing. How does it make you feel? Is it an old thought not serving you anymore? Did you find it led you to something else that you could led go of? Journaling is a great way to observe drama. Should I stir the pot by adding that it is all drama. lol Take a piece of the drama and begin to shift it by first observing it.