text:
@interface NMLViewController ()

@property IBOutlet NSLayoutConstraint *animatedConstraint;
@property IBOutlet UIView *drawerView;
@property IBOutlet UIView *viewToTransform;
@property IBOutlet UIView *containerView;

@property BOOL drawerIsOpen;

@end

@implementation NMLViewController

- (void)viewDidLoad
{
    [super viewDidLoad];
	// Do any additional setup after loading the view, typically from a nib.

	UIView *view = self.containerView;

	NSArray *constraints = [NSLayoutConstraint constraintsWithVisualFormat:@"H:|-[view]-|" options:0 metrics:0 views:NSDictionaryOfVariableBindings(view)];

	[self.view addConstraints:constraints];
}

#pragma mark - Actions

- (IBAction)animateAction:(id)sender {
	if( self.drawerIsOpen ) {
		// Close the drawer!
		self.animatedConstraint.constant = -220.0f;
		self.drawerIsOpen = NO;
	} else {
		self.animatedConstraint.constant = 0;
		self.drawerIsOpen = YES;
	}

	[UIView animateWithDuration:0.5 animations:^{
		[[self.animatedConstraint.firstItem superview] layoutIfNeeded];
	}];
}

- (IBAction)CATransformAction:(id)sender {
	CABasicAnimation* animation = [CABasicAnimation animationWithKeyPath:@"transform"];
	animation.duration = 0.5;
	animation.autoreverses = YES;
	animation.toValue = [NSValue valueWithCATransform3D:CATransform3DMakeTranslation(0, 220, 0)];
	[self.drawerView.layer addAnimation:animation forKey:nil];
}

- (IBAction)transformAction:(id)sender {
	static BOOL toggle = NO;

	CGFloat scaleFactor = 2.0f;

	if( toggle ) {
		scaleFactor = 0.5f;
	}

	toggle = !toggle;

	CGAffineTransform animationTransform = CGAffineTransformConcat(CGAffineTransformMakeRotation(180/M_PI), CGAffineTransformMakeScale(scaleFactor, scaleFactor));

	[UIView animateWithDuration:.5 delay:0 options:0 animations:^{
		self.viewToTransform.transform = CGAffineTransformConcat(self.viewToTransform.transform, animationTransform);
	} completion:nil];
}

@end


1.1. We are a members' club that provides an online platform connecting our members with fitness and relaxation facilities available at hotels and specialist fitness facilities worldwide (the Service). The Service is accessible through our website www.sanctifly.club and our mobile application (together, the Site). These terms and conditions (the Terms) are made between you, the hotel or fitness club, as more particularly described in the hotel registration form ("Partner Hotel", "you", "your"), and Sanctifly Limited, a company registered in Ireland with company number 577655 and having its registered address at 84 Northumberland Road, Dublin 4, Ireland ("Sanctifly", "we", "us", "our"). By participating in the Service and the Site, the partner hotel agrees to be bound by these terms.
2.1.The Site will be used to facilitate the listing and booking of fitness and relaxation facilities (Facilities) which are available at partner hotels. Individuals register to become Sanctifly Members (Members) through the Site. Once registered, members will be able to access and choose from a list of partner hotels.
2.2.In order to place a listing on the Site, you will be required to register to become a partner hotel. In order to do so, you must register your interest on the Site, following which we will send you a registration form (the Hotel Registration Form) to be completed by you. We reserve the right in our sole discretion to accept or reject an application for registration made by you. Once we confirm your successful registration as a partner hotel, we will create a listing for you and your facilities on the Site. Once posted to the Site, members will be able to view your listing and book your facilities.
2.3.You acknowledge and agree that we shall have responsibility for your listing on the Site. You may request edits to your listing. We will review your proposed edits and will incorporate all appropriate edits into your listing on the Site. We reserve the right to limit or remove access to your listing for any reason.
2.4.You acknowledge and agree that the Site shall include the option for members to leave reviews of the facilities at partner hotels.
2.5.From time to time, we may offer a special photography service for partner hotels. If you request such service from us and we agree to perform it, we will arrange for a photographer to visit the partner hotel(s) to take photos and/or video to enhance your listing on the Site. You agree that we will own any and all intellectual property rights in the photos and/or video and that you will not receive copies of or any license to use the photos/videos. In addition, you agree not to hold us responsible for loss, damage, harm or other liability of any kind arising from any act or omissions by the photographer while visiting a partner hotel; and the photos/videos taken by the photographer.
3.1. We provide the necessary technology to allow members to make bookings to use partner hotel facilities (Bookings).
3.2. Members will be bound by our member terms & conditions which are set out on the Site. Partner hotels may also apply their own terms and conditions in relation to use of the facilities as would be their normal practice, and which can be included in the partner hotel's listing on the Site. In the event that there is any conflict between our member terms & conditions and the terms and conditions of the partner hotel, then our member terms & conditions shall take precedence.
3.3.For every booking made through the Site, an email with a unique code (called an 'access code') and details of the booking will be sent to the partner hotel's email address, provided to us in the hotel registration form. Once made, a booking is deemed accepted by the partner hotel.
3.4.In the event that a partner hotel is not in a position to accommodate a booking, then the partner hotel must notify the member as soon as possible after the partner hotel receives a booking. Partner hotels agree that failure to inform a member that a booking cannot be accommodated may cause significant inconvenience to that member. Partner hotels further agree that time shall be of the essence in providing such notification, particularly in circumstances where members make same day or last minute bookings. Any notice provided to members under this provision shall also be provided to us.
3.5.A partner hotel who cannot accommodate a booking shall not be entitled to payment in respect of that booking. In addition, we reserve the right to apply penalties to partner hotels who fail to provide notice, or fail to provide what in our sole opinion is sufficient notice, of this to members.
3.6.Members may cancel a booking without penalty until midnight the day immediately before the booking is scheduled. Partner hotels shall not be entitled to payment in respect of such cancellations. Cancellations of bookings by members made after this time are non-refundable for members, and partner hotels shall receive payment in respect of such cancellations.
4.1.Partner hotels shall become entitled to payment for bookings, provided such bookings have not been cancelled (i) by a member within the permitted cancellation period outlined in clause 3.6, and (ii) by a partner hotel as outlined in clause 3.4.
4.2.On the first day of each month, we will send the partner hotel a request for invoice detailing the total number of accepted bookings issued to the property. The partner hotel agrees to raise an invoice and submit it electronically to hello@sanctifly.club. All invoices received on or before the tenth day of each month will be paid by bank transfer by the end of that month. Invoices received after the tenth day of the month will be paid by the end of the following month. Invoices are subject to a minimum value of USD$150. If less than than, amount will roll over until it reaches this minimum. That being said, the Partner may request payment of in full at anytime, regardless of amount, to meet an external requirement ( e.g. end of financial period).
4.3.If a partner hotel has provided us with incorrect payment details then we shall not be responsible for any failure or delay in processing payments and the partner hotel shall be liable for all costs expended by us in relation to any payments.
4.4.Where a partner hotel owes any amounts to us, we reserve to right to withhold the amount owing to us from any payments due to the partner hotel from accepted bookings.
4.6.We reserve the right to adjust these fixed fees, subject to the agreement of the parties, from time to time. We shall give you 60 days' notice of any proposed fee changes.
4.7. All fees or charges stated in these terms are shown exclusive of VAT unless otherwise expressly stated. We are legally required to charge VAT on amounts payable at the standard rate to partner hotels who are located in Ireland.
4.8.Partner hotels are responsible for charging and accounting to the relevant authorities for taxes (including, where relevant, VAT or other sales taxes) on the payments they receive.
4.9.Partner hotels who are in business in the EU but located outside of Ireland shall provide us with a valid VAT registration number.
4.10.When a partner hotel sends us an invoice for payment, the gross amount is the agreed cost per valid booking and must include all taxes, both local and national.
5.1.We regularly review all content on the Site and reserve the right to review and amend your listing on the Site. It is the sole responsibility of the partner hotel to ensure that any and all photographs, videos, and/or any other content or material that it provides to us for listing on the Site (Hotel Content) are accurate and up to date. We will not be responsible or liable to any third party, for the content or the accuracy of any hotel content or for any information you provide to us or any user of our Site. You agree that you will accurately describe and present the partner hotel to us and will disclose any information which, if not disclosed, may cause our members to make a decision they would not otherwise make (for example, in relation to facility opening hours or material issues which would make all or part of the facilities unusable).
5.2.You agree that any hotel content must not contain any material that is threatening, offensive, violent, pornographic, obscene, hateful, discriminatory, defamatory, libellous or that could encourage the commission of a criminal offense. It must not contain material which infringes the copyright or other intellectual property rights of a third party, or which breaches any privacy rights of a third party; inaccurate or false information about the location; or any other material which is considered by us to be inappropriate (together, "Inappropriate Content").
5.3.1.You own or have the necessary licenses, rights and consent in writing to any hotel content you submit to us for posting to the Site and you will, upon request, provide us with evidence of same.
5.3.2.The hotel content is your own original work and has not been copied wholly or substantially from a third party.
5.3.3. The hotel content is accurate, complete and true.
5.3.4. The hotel content is not deceptive, misleading or deceitful.
5.3.5. The hotel content complies with applicable law.
5.3.6. The hotel content does not contain any inappropriate content.
5.3.7.You will not knowingly introduce viruses, trojans, worms, spyware, adware or any other material which us malicious or harmful, nor will you gain unauthorised access to the Site, the server on which the Site is stored or any server, computer or database connected to the Site.
5.4.You agree to indemnify and keep us indemnified from and against any and all claims, actions, proceedings, damages, losses, liabilities and expenses (including legal fees) suffered or incurred by us arising out of or in connection with any breach of the abovementioned warranties.
5.5.1. Which we consider to be inappropriate content.
5.5.2.In respect of which we have received notification that such content infringes, or may infringe, the intellectual property rights or privacy rights of a third party or breaches a duty of confidentiality to a third party.
5.5.3. Which is not otherwise suitable for inclusion on the Site.
6.1.These terms shall commence as soon as we accept your application to register as a partner hotel and shall terminate in accordance with this clause 6.
6.2.We shall have the right, immediately and without notice, to remove the listing of any partner hotel if, in our sole opinion, the partner hotel is in breach of any of the provisions of these terms.
6.3.A partner hotel may request removal of its listing from the Site at any time by giving 60 days prior notice to us in writing. In such circumstances we shall continue to process accepted bookings made before (and where applicable, after) the listing is removed.
7.1.In the interest of maintaining a high level of service to members, the partner hotel agrees to be available to respond to member enquiries made via the Site, or over the phone. If for any reason, the partner hotel should be unavailable to deal with member queries for a consecutive period of 24 hours or more, we reserve the right to temporarily remove the listing without notice.
7.2.The partner hotel may invite members, during their visit to the partner hotel, to participate in activities or services that are not offered on the Site. We welcome such direct engagement and claim no commission or commercial benefit from any resulting transaction. The partner hotel agrees that we shall have no liability in respect of any such additional transactions the partner hotel has with members.
8.1. All title, rights and interest in any copyright, database rights, trade marks and design rights and any other intellectual property rights ("Intellectual Property") in the Site is and shall remain the property of Sanctifly, or our licensors. Partner hotels may download material from the Site for the sole purpose of carrying out their obligations under these terms, and we hereby grant to each partner hotel a non-exclusive, revocable licence to use the intellectual property solely for this purpose. Partner hotels shall not copy, transmit, modify, republish, save, pass off or link to any content or material on the Site without our prior written consent.
8.2.To the extent that we reproduce any hotel content on the Site, you hereby grant to us a non-exclusive, perpetual, irrevocable, royalty-free, worldwide licence to use, edit, reproduce, record, modify, translate, distribute, play, perform, make available to users of the Site, prepare derivative works of and to display the hotel content on the Site for the purpose of providing the Service. You agree to waive any moral rights or similar rights that you have in the hotel content whether such rights arise pursuant to applicable legislation.
9.1.For the purposes of this clause, personal data shall have the meaning given in the applicable European Union and/or Irish data protection regulations, legislation, rules and guidance (DP Legislation). Both Sanctifly and the partner hotel agree to comply with the data protection principles set out in DP Legislation that are applicable to it in connection with the service and the Site.
9.2.In circumstances where personal data collected pursuant to these terms is transferred from a country within the European Economic Area (EEA) to a country outside the EEA, the parties shall ensure that the personal data are adequately protected in accordance with Irish and European law.
9.3.In respect of any personal data provided by us and processed by a partner hotel as part of the service, the partner hotel shall be the data processor and we shall be the data controller (as such terms are defined in DP Legislation). In relation to any personal data which we provide, the partner hotel agrees to: only act on our instructions in relation to it and ensure that appropriate technical and organisation measures shall be taken against unauthorised or unlawful processing of the personal data and against accidental loss or destruction of, or damage to, the personal data. The partner hotel shall ensure compliance with this clause 9 by any person who has access to the personal data we provide and shall not transfer personal data outside the EEA without our prior written consent and at all times will ensure that any permitted transfer complies with DP Legislation.
10.1.We agree that at all times, we shall maintain a public liability insurance policy with a reputable insurance company in relation to all risks arising from legal liability to third parties in respect of death or personal injury and damage to tangible and real property arising from our members' use of the facilities at the participating hotel.
11.1.1. The capacity of any user of the Site to make a booking with you.
11.1.2.The health or fitness of members to use the facilities at partner hotels.
11.2. All conditions, warranties and other terms which might otherwise be implied by statute, common law or the law of equity are hereby excluded.
11.3.1.By you as a result of the act or omission of any member or any failure of a member to perform or comply with any terms and conditions which may apply between you and the member pursuant to a booking.
(1) The use or inability to use the facilities at a partner hotel under a booking.
(2) The Site or in connection with the use, inability to use, or results of the use of the Site, any websites linked to it and any materials posted on it, including hotel content.
11.4.Nothing in these terms will affect either party's liability for death or personal injury arising from that party's negligence, fraudulent misrepresentation or misrepresentation as to a fundamental matter, nor any other liability which cannot be excluded or limited under applicable law.
12.1.Whilst we take every care to maintain the continuity of the Site, the internet is not always a stable medium, and errors, omissions, interruptions of service and delays may occur at any time. We do not accept any liability for any Site downtime and you agree that we shall have no obligation or responsibility to operate the Site or any particular part of it.
12.2.We will not be liable for any loss or damage caused by a distributed denial of service attack, viruses or any other technologically harmful material that may infect your computer equipment, computer programs, data or other proprietary material due to your use of the Site or to your downloading of any material posted on it, or on any website linked to it.
13.1.Where the Site contains links to other sites and resources provided by third parties, these links are provided for your information only. We have no control over the contents of those sites or resources, and accept no responsibility for them or for any loss or damage that may arise from your use of them.
14.1. Nothing in these terms is intended to, or shall be deemed to, establish any partnership or joint venture between the parties, constitute any party the agent of another party, or authorise any party to make or enter into any commitments for or on behalf of any other party.
15.1.To the extent that either party has access to the other's confidential information, that party shall keep the other party's confidential information confidential and shall not use such confidential information except for the purpose of exercising or performing its rights and obligations under or in connection with these terms, or where required by law.
16.1.Each party shall comply with the laws, regulations, rules, orders or other legislative provisions which are applicable to it (Applicable Law) in connection with these terms.
17.1.These terms are governed by law of Ireland, and the courts of Ireland will have exclusive jurisdiction over any claim arising from, or related to them (although we retain the right to bring proceedings against you for breach of these terms in the partner hotel's country of operation or any other relevant country).
18.1. Please see our member terms and conditions available on the Site for the full list of rights and obligations of members.
19.1.We will not be in breach of these terms, or otherwise be liable for any failure or delay in performance, arising from any circumstances beyond our reasonable control including, without limitation, strikes, lock-outs and other industrial disputes, breakdown of systems or network access, flood, fire, explosion or accident.
20.1.These terms shall contain all the terms agreed between you and us regarding their subject matter and shall supersede any prior agreement, understanding or arrangement between you and us, whether oral or in writing.
21.1.If and to the extent that any provision of these terms is held to be illegal, void or unenforceable, such provision shall be given no effect and shall be deemed not to be included in these terms but without invalidating any of the remaining provisions in these terms.
22.1.We may revise these terms at any time on notice to you. An up to date copy of these terms will be available at all times on the Site. Continued participation by you in the service and Site shall be deemed acceptance by you of any revised terms and conditions.
23.1. Any questions you have in relation to these terms should be emailed to legal@sanctifly.club.
23.2.Any other notices you wish to send to us should be directed to your Sanctifly account manager. Notices that we may wish to draw to your attention will be sent to you at the email address provided on the hotel registration form.


There are different varieties of refrigerators such as single door refrigerator, Double door refrigerator, Multi-door refrigerator, Side by side door refrigerator and Freezer on base refrigerators.There are diverse varieties to refrigerators like single door refrigerator, Double door refrigerator, Multi-door refrigerator, Side by side door refrigerator and Freezer on base refrigerators.
Out of all the various brands accessible in the market with several refrigerator variations, it's quite hard to choose the most appropriate one for you.If you are anticipating a double door refrigerator, then you are at the ideal place as we would drill down best double door refrigerator marks in India and best double door fridge to purchase from online in India.
What Else Is Important In Selecting A Double Door Refrigerator?
LG's New Smart Inverter Compressor is a champion among the most developed and energy capable compressor that saves control up to 36% by overseeing cooling power in the reaction to the measure of nourishment you stack in the refrigerator which gives successful energy use.
Intended to give you unmatched execution, amazing savings, and super calm operation, the New Smart Inverter Compressor is yet another delightful improvement for your convenience.
The LG Environment-pleasing action focuses on ecologically temperate courses of action through eco-layout and eco-things, decrease of unsafe materials and tending to overall natural change like a hazardous air division. Our thing releases less carbon and doesn't hurt the ozone layer with the goal that we have a greener tomorrow!
Special zone with a temperature contrast of +6 degrees celsius contrasted with the profound stop area for here and now storage. Store ice creams to get the ideal smooth feel.
Removable canisters in the primary shelf to store your basics like chilies, corianders, mint, lemons and so forth.
The Jet Ice innovation in LG refrigerator makes ice in under an hour and a half. The different cooling shower that keeps up a continuous stream of cool air on the tray, makes ice speedier than a large portion of the refrigerators in a similar item class.
While the innovation successfully does as such, no extra load happens upon the compressor that gives the elite of the refrigerator a chance to stay unhindered.
The Samsung RT28M3022S8 refrigerator functions an inside and out cooling strategy that keeps up the temperature from top to bottom. This refrigerator has computerized inverter innovation that guarantees reliable operation. The brilliant interface inverter work guarantees a bother free operation during power cuts. With the simple side hold plan, you can advantageously get to your food items.
The stabilizer-free operation gives insurance on account of power fluctuation.Now, you can connect the refrigerator to your Home Inverter with no stresses.
Whirlpool double door refrigerator Whirlpool Roy 2S is a double door refrigerator with a capacity of 245 liters. This capacity is sufficient for the normal Indian family. Arriving in an aesthetically satisfying printed wine exotica color shade, this cooler arrives in a frost-free mode.
High on execution and extensive internals make this a decent value for cash family household machine.If your home is prone to consistent power cuts, then this fridge will suit your requirements as it can hold cooling notwithstanding when the lights go out.
Smart Sensors on Display Panel. The refrigerator accompanies intelligent sensors known as intellisensors on the show board which fills in as a medium between the client and the inside arrangement of the fridge. There is one intellisensor on the UI on the refrigerator's external board, one inside the cooler compartment and one in the refrigerator compartment.
All these three intellisensors collaborate with each other to give 7-day plant freshness with 35percent better dampness maintenance, 70 percent speedier ice making and 80percent quicker bottle cooling at negligible energy cost.
LG's new intelligent inverter compressor is a standout amongst the most exceptional and energy proficient compressor that saves power upto 48-percent by altering cooling power because of the measure of sustenance you stack in the refrigerator which gives effective energy utilization.
Intended to give you unmatched execution, awesome savings and super quiet operation, the new keen inverter compressor is yet another delightful advancement for your convenience.
LG's multi air current guarantees notwithstanding cooling all through the refrigerator utilizing the multi-flow air vents found everywhere throughout the refrigerator. Thus helps in keeping the food new and healthy.
This guarantees chilly air doesn't go out when the cooler door opens, along these lines effortlessly keeping up the coldest of the temperature inside the cooler, keeping frozen yogurt new and crystal free. Give your dairy items the ideal temperature to remain flawlessly new. Presently appreciate the fresh taste and delicate surface of dairy things for a considerable length of time to come.
Welcome home an environment-friendly LG GL-B252VLGY Refrigerator that mixes great looks with modern usefulness.
The smooth built the Neo Inox shade and the swinging doors make it look great. The 240 Liters refrigerator offers compelling and uniform cooling by a method for an effective reciprocatory compressor, mechanical temperature control, and a four-way cooling innovation also.
Superbly compartmentalized and outfitted with a humidity controller and deodorizer, the unit guarantees that the sustenance you store remains fresh and crisp for longer hours in an energy productive way. It joins a 9 years compressor guarantee and a 1-year complete guarantee from the producer.
To meet the cutting edge refrigerating requests, the Whirlpool Pro 355 ELT 3S without frost Double-entryway Refrigerator (340 liters, Alfa Steel) is the perfect alternative as it accompanies helpful components like keen sensors on the show board and Fresh Flow framework that gives better refrigerating and keeps your nourishment frosty and crisp for a more extended span.
In addition, its unmistakable look and sleek outline suits present day and contemporary kitchens. Clever Sensors on Display PanelThe refrigerator accompanies insightful sensors known as intellisensors on the show board which acts as a medium between the client and the inside arrangement of the ice chest.
Double door fridge as the name accompanies with two doors, one door is for the cooler segment and the other one is for the refrigerator section. The freezer can either remain on top or base depending upon the design.The capacity of these refrigerators ranges from 200 to 600 liters. These are the top-selling refrigerators and are in mid price range in India as they cost more than the single door and not as much as one next to the other or double door fridge.
Highlights like liter capacity, no. of doors, star rating are likewise explained.The advanced innovation arrangement of Inventor Double Doors' refrigerators is the most current and utilitarian fortune for your home. Anticipate frost formation and accomplish brilliant cooling with the most astounding energy savings, because of the propelled elastic door seals. The moderate design with light clean lines, the huge spaces for the suitable air flow in the support room and the 4-star cooler, ensure the best upkeep of your products.
There are several things to evaluate when purchasing for this type of double door fridge. Here are a number of other worthwhile functions that might tip the balance as you consider which one to buy.
The best double door refrigerators have a control panel on the outside that you work with either a touchscreen or electronic touch controls. Electronic touch controls require only a touch as pressure to make them work. You can modify temperature settings from the control panel.
For some customers, an icemaker is a welcome feature, and its area is essential. In spite of the fact that refrigerator icemakers have a name for being finicky and requiring repairs, their quality has enhanced as of late. The best are found in the door as opposed to the refrigerated compartment since that spares space and eliminates freezing issues. If you utilize a lot of ice constantly, you most likely would value a refrigerator with double icemakers. Every one of the refrigerators we evaluated makes both cubed and crushed ice.
All refrigerators accompany some sort of guarantee, however, the best french door refrigerators incorporate sensibly long scope for the moving and fixed parts of the apparatus. Frequently, a producer will also take care of work expenses for repairs or replace imperfect parts.
We made best efforts to pick top selling models with great features so you can have better options. There are still some decent Models which might fit your need. I hope you find reviews & buying to help you in selecting the best refrigerator for your kitchen. If you still need help just comment below we will try to answer questions.
Our top-rated double door refrigerators are stylish and spacious. We have chosen the best double door refrigerators based on capacity, storage utility and additional features. Armed with the accurate information, you can find a double door refrigerator that works for your household and looks great in your kitchen. I recommend this LG GL-I292RPZL Frost-free Double-door Refrigerator just because of its elegant design and its energy efficiency. Go through double door refrigerator price list 2017.


The truth is, if you understand your prescription and have your existing rx glasses practical, it is actually quite simple to acquire glasses online.
your current prescription. I keep mine in the health file in my own filing cabinet. If you can't find your prescription, visit wherever you last longer had your eyes examined and ask for a backup. Your optician, optometrist, or ophthalmologist is necessary by law to release your eyewear prescription to you. You now need to be aware of a few critical pieces of information from your prescription (see example above–click to enlarge). Among other information, you should see three columns on your prescription–sphere, cylinder, and axis.
A relatively less critical quantity is your temple length. If you're lucky, you'll also see a temple size and bridge size in your prescription. If not, don't perspire it, you can shape it out yourself. The temple span describes the length of the two bars that hook up the glasses to your ears. It is measured from where in fact the 90-level curve from your zoom lens structure to the side bars (temples) starts to the very end of the temple, like the curve. It isn't assessed from the flex point of the temples, because the "stub" between your flex point and zoom lens structure is not a standard size.
Now, remove some measuring tape (preferably the kind of tape used for fitting clothes and sewing, as it's very flexible) and evaluate an existing pair of spectacles that fit pleasantly. An average temple length for men is 135mm or 145mm. For women, 130mm to 140mm is standard. Should your tape only has ins, measure to the nearest eighth or sixteenth and multiply that number by 25.4 to have the dimension in millimeters. Temple lengths are usually available in 5mm increments, such as 130, 135, 140, 145, etc. At most online eyeglasses stores, temple span is shown within the frame description and it is not customizable. Therefore, you will need to discover a frame with an appropriate temple size. This sometimes varies if you are in a site specializing in designer eyeglasses, where you have the choice to source your own temple size.
Frankly, temple size is not a huge deal. I've one pair of glasses with 135mm temples and another with 140mm temples. Both pairs fit perfectly. If for reasons uknown you can't think of a temple measurement, don't allow that stop you from making an eyewear purchase online. Instead, simply choose 140mm temples if you are a guy and 135mm temples if you are a female. It's likely that, this span will fit perfectly.


Your company wants you to be loyal. You should feel lucky?after all, your job is a privilege (think of all those who would like to have it). And you know (despite what you?ve read about Enron and WorldCom) that management has your best interests at heart. Your goal is to devote yourself to the pursuit of corporate profit, make your company number one, and reap the benefits of its success.Or is there something else you want to do with your life?Bonjour Laziness dares to ask whether you really have a stake in the corporate sweepstakes and whether professional mobility is anything more than an opiate, and it proposes steps you can take to regain control over what you want to do. It shows you how to become impervious to manipulation and escape the implacable law of usefulness?in short, it explains why it is in your best interests to work as little as possible.


Support articles in this section provide information and answer questions about Thrivous Serenity Nightly Nootropic. To purchase the product, use the "Shop" link in the main menu at the top of the Thrivous website.
May persons with medical conditions use Serenity?


Personalized 2 Gallon Stoneware Address Crock - - decorated with two lines of personalization and a woodland theme accent. Made in USA.
Stoneware crock is handcrafted from premium Tennessee clay and protected with a lead-free glaze.
Detailed design and personalization are deeply carved and painted in weather-resistant finishes.
Ideal as a house marker or planter for your entryway; a container for magazines and newspapers or kitchen utensils; or perhaps as an ice bucket or door stop.
You can set up your stoneware crock as shown in the images above: as an Address Crock with house number on line 1 and street name on line 2 or as an Established Crock with a name on line 1 and EST. and the year on line 2. OR you can use lines 1 and 2 to say anything that does not exceed the character count.
Line 1 holds up to ten (10) 1.75" characters including spaces.
Line 2 holds fourteen (14) 1" characters including spaces.
Dimensions: 9.75" diameter x 9" high; weighs 12 pounds; large 2-gallon capacity.
Colors: blue, green, red, or black on cream background as shown above.
Personalized stoneware crock is a wonderful personal gift and does double duty as a planter, newspaper bin, door stop, etc. Made in USA.


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Paleontology World
Dinosaur Encyclopedia
Exploring Prehistoric Life
Prehistoric Flora & Fauna
Paleoart & Paleoartists
Home » Blogs » nandi's blog » Fossil of Flying Reptile With 29-Foot Wingspan Discovered
Fossil of Flying Reptile With 29-Foot Wingspan Discovered
Paleontologists have recently discovered the biggest pterosaur jawbone ever found, indicating the existence of a previously unknown flying reptile that lived in what is now Romania.
Romania is known for being the former home to a variety of enormous pterosaurs, some with huge heads and necks oddly disproportionate to their bodies. Pterosaurs, like the famous Pterodactyl, lived alongside the dinosaurs and are related to them, but pterosaurs aren't dinosaurs.
The various species of these winged creatures could be as small as seagulls or as tall as giraffes. The newly-discovered creature's jaw was incomplete, but paleontologists estimate that if reconstructed, it would have measured 3.6-4.2 feet, National Geographic reported. Paleontologists published a formal description of the creature in the journal Lethaia.
By comparing this jawbone to that of other pterosaurs, paleontologists estimate that the animal was imposing, with a wingspan of 26-29 feet. By comparison, the wandering albatross has the longest wingspan of any living animal at nearly 12 feet.
Surprisingly, that doesn't mean that the new creature was the largest pterosaur ever found. A North American pterosaur called Quetzalcoatlus and a Transylvanian pterosaur called "Dracula" are among the largest, with wingspans nearing 40 feet.
As paleontologists have only part of the jawbone of the unnamed new species, it's hard to understand exactly what it was like in life. Having only a partial fossil means that they have to compare the bone with those of other pterosaurs and modern animals. Paleontologists believe it may have been a heavy, wide omnivore, National Geographic reported.
The new creature, as well as two other giant pterosaurs found in this region of Romania, had lived on islands when they were alive. There were no known large, carnivorous dinosaurs that could access the island, so it's likely that pterosaurs were the top predators of their ecosystem.
Source: www.newsweek.com
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I have always had the passion to learn and grow. My personal growth and wellness has always been important to me, but I craved more, wanting to understand how I show up in life. How that affected others and how I manage myself in relationships. I have wanted to live life to the fullest, pursue excellence by being my best self and believe when we are truly true to our WORD and be authentic, we inspire others to do the same. This passion has led me to my purpose of helping others.
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Using the greatest meaning of the word, people have been traveling since the beginning of time. Regardless of one's convictions about the making of people, everybody can concur our species started in some single area, likely Africa or the Center East, and "traveled" outwards, settling new terrains. Be that as it may, the greater part of this "travel" was done out of need and war, frequently without the expectation of return.
Back then, tourism was a benefit totally bound to the rich, who traveled generally for social investigation. One needs to recall, the Greek and Roman privileged societies were a people who prided themselves on aesthetic, logical, and philosophical interests. It takes after, then, that these early travelers to a great extent looked to take in expressions of the human experience, dialects, and societies of their goals. Before sufficiently long, traveling for recreation's purpose started to pick up prominence prevalence; from the Roman Domain emerges a portion of the soonest cases of travel resorts and spas on the planet. In spite of the fact that they recorded their encounters most completely, the tip top Europeans were by all account not the only ones traveling in the old circumstances. In eastern Asia, it was mainstream for nobles to travel over the wide open for the religious and social experience it offered, regularly halting at sanctuaries and holy destinations amid their travels.
Travel for exchange was a critical element since the start of civilisation. The port at Lothal was a vital focal point of exchange between the Indus valley civilisation and the Sumerian civilisation.
The most punctual type of relaxation tourism can be followed as far back as the Babylonian and Egyptian domains. A gallery of notable ancient pieces was interested in the general population in Babylon. The Egyptians held numerous religious celebrations that pulled in the passionate and many individuals who thronged to urban communities to see acclaimed works of expressions and structures.
In India, as somewhere else, lords traveled for realm building. The Brahmins and the ordinary citizens traveled for religious purposes. A large number of Brahmins and the regular people thronged Sarnath and Sravasti to be welcomed by the equivocal grin of the Illuminated One-the Buddha.
The Greek voyagers traveled to locales of mending divine beings. The Greeks additionally making the most of their religious celebrations that inexorably turned into a quest for delight, and specifically, don. Athens had turned into an essential site for travelers going by the real sights, for example, the Parthenon. Hotels were set up in extensive towns and seaports to accommodate travelers' needs. Concubines were the important diversion advertised.
This time likewise observed the introduction of travel composing. Herodotus was the universes' first travel author. Manuals likewise showed up in the fourth century covering goals, for example, Athens, Sparta and Troy. Commercials in the method for signs guiding individuals to motels are additionally known in this period.
With no outside fringes amongst Britain and Syria, and with safe oceans from theft because of Roman watches, the conditions favoring travel had arrived. Top notch streets combined with arranging hotels (antecedents of present day motels) advanced the development of travel. Romans traveled to Sicily, Greece, Rhodes, Troy and Egypt. From 300 Advertisement travel to the Sacred Land likewise turned out to be exceptionally well known. The Romans presented their manuals (itineraria), posting lodgings with images to distinguish quality.
Second homes were worked by the rich close Rome, possessed essentially amid springtime social season. The most trendy resorts were found around Cove of Naples. Naples pulled in the resigned and the savvy people, Cumae pulled in the stylish while Baiae pulled in the down market vacationer, getting to be distinctly noted for its boisterousness, inebriation and throughout the night singing.
Travel and Tourism were to never accomplish a comparable status until the advanced circumstances.
Travel got to be distinctly troublesome and unsafe as individuals traveled for business or for a feeling of commitment and obligation.
Globe-trotters looked for popularity and fortune through travel. The Europeans attempted to find an ocean course to India for exchange purposes and in this mold found America and investigated parts of Africa. Walking players and minstrels made their living by executing as they traveled. Ministers, holy people, and so on travelled to spread the sacrosanct word.
Relaxation travel in India was presented by the Mughals. The Mughal rulers manufactured sumptuous royal residences and charming greenhouses at spots of characteristic and picturesque magnificence (for instance Jehangir traveled to Kashmir drawn by its excellence.
Travel for domain building and journey was a standard component.
From the mid seventeenth century, another type of tourism was produced as an immediate result of the Renaissance. Under the rule of Elizabeth 1, young fellows looking for positions at court were urged to travel to mainland to complete their instruction. Afterward, it got to be distinctly standard for instruction of man of his word to be finished by an 'Excellent Visit' joined by a guide and going on for at least three years. While apparently instructive, the delight looking for men traveled to appreciate life and culture of Paris, Venice or Florence. Before eighteenth century's over, the custom had turned out to be regulated in the nobility. Step by step joy travel uprooted instructive travel. The coming of Napoleonic wars repressed travel for around 30 years and prompted to the decay of the custom of the Great Visit.
The spas developed in fame in the seventeenth century in England and somewhat later in the European Mainland as mindfulness about the restorative characteristics of mineral water expanded. Taking the cure in the spa quickly gained the way of a materialistic trifle. The resorts changed in character as delight turned into the inspiration of visits. They turned into an imperative focus of social life for the high society.
In the nineteenth century they were progressively supplanted by the ocean side resort.
The quick urbanization because of industrialisation prompted to mass migration in urban communities. These individuals were baited into travel to get away from their condition to spots of common magnificence, frequently to the field they had originated from change of routine from a physically and mentally unpleasant employments to a lackadaisical pace in farmland.
Coming of railroad at first catalyzed business travel and later relaxation travel. Step by step exceptional trains were contracted to just take recreation travel to their goals.
Bundle visits sorted out by business visionaries, for example, Thomas Cook.
The European nations enjoyed a considerable measure of business travel regularly to their settlements to purchase crude material and offer completed merchandise.
The innovation of photography went about as a status-improving device and advanced abroad travel.
The arrangement of first lodging networks; spearheaded by the railroad organizations who built up incredible rail route end inns.
Ocean side resorts started to create distinctive pictures concerning day-trippers, world class, for betting.
Different sorts of goals ski resorts, slope stations, mountaineering spots and so forth.
The innovative advancement in steamships advanced travel between North America and Europe.
The Suez Channel opened direct ocean courses to India and the Far East.
The religion of the manual took after the advancement of photography.
The Main World War gave direct involvement of nations and excited a feeling of interest about worldwide travel among less fortunate part interestingly. The vast size of movement to the US implied a great deal of travel over the Atlantic. Private motoring started to empower household travel in Europe and the west. The ocean side resort got to be distinctly yearly family occasion goal in England and expanded in fame in different nations of the west. Inns multiplied in these goals.
The wars expanded enthusiasm for worldwide travel. This intrigue was given the state of mass tourism by the flying business. The overflow of air ship and development of private aircrafts supported the extension of air travel. The flying machine had turned out to be agreeable, speedier and consistently less expensive for abroad travel. With the presentation of Boeing 707 fly in 1958, the period of air travel for the masses had arrived. The start of sanctioned flights helped the bundle visit market and prompted to the foundation of composed mass tourism. The Boeing 747, a 400 seat create, brought the cost of travel down forcefully. The shoreline resorts in the Mediterranean, North Africa and the Caribbean were the underlying problem areas of mass tourism.
A comparing development in inn industry prompted to the foundation of overall chains. Tourism likewise started to broaden as individuals rushed option goals in the 70s. Nepal and India got a throng of travelers tricked by Rabbit Krishna development and supernatural contemplation. The start of individual travel in a critical volume just happened in the 80s. Air travel additionally prompted to a consistent development in business travel particularly with the rise of the MNCs.


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Member Research and Reports November 15, 2017
Iowa Issues Report on Violent Deaths
A new state-based surveillance system is helping Iowa learn more about the circumstances surrounding violent deaths such as suicide.
Iowa released its first report from the Iowa Violent Death Reporting System (IAVDRS), which tracks trends overtime and provides a complete picture – the who, when, where and how of violent deaths. Data from death certificates, medical examiner reports and law enforcement reports are linked together to help state and local practitioners understand the deeper contexts of violent deaths.
The report, Suicide in Iowa, 2015: Iowa Violent Death Reporting System Special Report, is a joint effort by the Iowa Department of Public Health (IDPH) and the University of Iowa College of Public Health's Injury Prevention Research Center (IPRC).
"The IAVDRS is our first opportunity to examine comprehensive information about Iowa's traumatic deaths," said Dr. Corinne Peek-Asa, IPRC director and professor of occupational and environmental health. "This will really help us promote prevention programs and to help all Iowans be more aware of the great impact we can have with prevention."
The report highlights results from 2015, the year Iowa began using the system, and comprises Iowa's seven most populous counties; Black Hawk, Johnson, Linn, Pottawattamie, Polk, Scott, and Woodbury.* Nearly 75 percent of violent deaths were from suicide (174 deaths), followed by homicide (18 percent), undetermined (6 percent), legal intervention (1 percent) and unintentional firearm (less than 1 percent).
The most frequently cited circumstances surrounding suicide in Iowa for all ages were depressed mood (83 percent), mental health problem (54 percent), history of mental illness treatment (42 percent) and history of suicidal thoughts (37 percent).
Iowa's suicide rate increased by 9 percent from 2014 to 2015 and is slightly higher than the national average.
IAVDRS program director Ms. Binnie LeHew of the IDPH said she anticipates IAVDRS data will be of interest to local law enforcement, community service providers and public health partners interested in developing strategies to prevent violent deaths. "It is a valuable resource because it combines information from three data sources to give us a deeper context for understanding violent deaths," she said.
Iowa is one of 42 states funded by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to collect data on violent deaths for the National Violent Death Reporting System (NVDRS) and enter the data into a national database. Researchers and practitioners can access the NVDRS online database to get more comprehensive details surrounding violent deaths.
* All Iowa counties will be included in the 2016 IAVDRS data.
November 15, 2017 "Funding Opportunities" November 15, 2017 "Iowa Data Center Contributes to CDC Study on Stroke Death Rates"


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It May Bleed, But Can We Kill It? The "Predators" International Red Band Trailer!
By Scott Tre
The original Predator sits right alongside the original Die Hard in the annals of modern action cinema. Both hold a place of honor as consummate and superb examples of brisk 80's film making. They are compulsively watchable, and that has been key to their appeal. They are part of any true action fans collection and get at least a yearly rotation in DVD players worldwide. That director John Mctiernan could have two such films on his resume speaks to his understanding of the genre. Neither seemed to be conceived as masterpieces but both ended up becoming just that.
Even more shocking is that, given the reverence for the original Predator, the reboot seems to be generating more excitement among fandom than resentment or apprehension. Perhaps it's because, as great as the original is, the story is high-concept enough to sustain a re-imagining. Perhaps more than any other genre, action films benefit from advances in film-making and weapons technology. We are now in an era where directors and screenwriters can conjure up whatever they wish. This has been both a blessing and a curse, but as long as restraint is shown it needn't be a concern.
What stands out most in the new international red band trailer for Predators is the ferocity of it all. It seems fully committed to the Most Dangerous Game motif, with the testosterone overdosed protagonists all sporting thousand yard stares that are meant to cover up fear. A First Blood style spiked booby trap can be seen at one moment. The main characters are not performing black ops in central America like Arnold and his crew. Instead they have been rounded up on a strange planet that serves as a giant game preserve. The only sense of unity among them stems from the mortal danger they all face. They are totally stranded and isolated. Truth be told, their predicament is scarier than the one dramatized in the original.
This may not end up being as influential or beloved as the original, but it most certainly looks to be a high octane offering on it's own terms. My anticipation for this is officially in high gear, even if it is directed by the same guy who made Armored. Predator can never be replaced, but perhaps I can now make room on my shelf for a worthy companion piece (The highly underrated Predator 2 notwithstanding). Expect the critics to be as divided on this one as they were on the original (Roger Ebert liked it, Gene Siskel didn't).
Labels: Movie Trailer Review
The Greatest Rap Song Ever: Nas Inspires Us To Take A Bite Out Of Life
True Pop songs rarely move me. In fact, the lead singles off even my favorite artists albums don't appeal to me for one simple reason: The first single is often what the artist and/or label deem to be the most marketable. I've always felt that if you truly want to know what's in an artists soul, you have to wait for one of the subsequent singles. Better yet, buy the album. His most potent work is possibly buried there.
When The Source Magazine gave Nas debut Illmatic the then coveted "5 Mic" designation in the spring of 1994, it caused a slight furor. Much of it revolved around the perception of east coast bias on the part of the burgeoning Hip-Hop media. How could a new and relatively unknown artist from New York receive a level of praise that has eluded even the best and most popular artists from other regions?
Up until that point, the only thing anyone had heard from the album was the Large Professor produced lead single, "It Ain't Hard To Tell", which employed a sample from Micheal Jackson's "Human Nature". The song featured Nasir Jones at his abstract and braggadocios best, but it was nothing that would convert non believers. It was a bit too subdued, courting lyrical enthusiasts almost exclusively. Though dope, it didn't seem to herald the coming of a genre changing album.
My friends and I anticipated the release of the album. We all thought Nas was undeniably dope due to his posse cut appearances and the year and a half old single "Half Time". Still, none of us could fathom that he'd be the new golden boy. He just didn't seem to have that "it" factor. How superficial teenage minds can be when contemplating art.
The local college mix show that we all listened to was the only way that transplanted New Yorkers could get their fix while living in GA. The name escapes me at the moment, but I remember the station being 88.5 and the show being on Sunday nights. They would always debut the best underground Hip-Hop from all over, with the emphasis often falling on the northeast region. Some nights they may even play an exclusive from a Ron G mix tape. On one particular night, that's exactly what they did.
As usual, I kept the my tape on pause in preparation to capture some gems. While getting my clothes ready for school the next day I heard something world changing emanating from my speakers. Almost like the pied piper was calling to me. It was a piano sample, looped in a way that I had not quite heard before. It came courtesy of came courtesy of Ahmad Jamal's "I Love Music". Even with the DJ's incessant yelling, it called out to me. It demanded that I awake out of my drab routine and take notice. It coasted over the peaks and valleys of a plodding boom bap track. "What song is this?" I wondered. "Whatever it is, the beat is dope. Could it be? Yo!"
I ran to my tape deck and hit the pause button. My deck, chomping at the bit like an overeager gunfighter, released the tape and and allowed the beautiful track to leave its footprints. Then, Nas voice came in. I was so excited that I wasn't in the frame of mind to truly take in the words. I just listened. The relatively complex rhyme structure combined articulate enunciation with street slang. Everything formed murky nostalgic pictures. Almost like you were traveling through the recesses of someones mind. Every once in a while a true gem would stand out, like a phrase from a Bible verse:
Born alone, die alone, no crew to keep my crown or
I'm deep by sound alone, caved inside in a thousand
miles from home
I need a new nigga, for this black cloud to follow
Cause while it's over me it's too dark to see tomorrow
That's how each of the verses played. The picture that emerged is that of an introspective soul whose mind wanders well beyond the confines of the high rise project where he lives. We allows his consciousness to wander from one picture to the next. Every now and then, loneliness rears its head and he is brought crashing back down to reality. That would be the black cloud mentioned in the bolded line above. The negative thoughts that obscure the light and stifle ambition. Still the author prattles on. The world doesn't stop, and neither does the authors mind or his memories.
The amazing piano sample embodies the mix of emotions conveyed in the lyrics. At once sentimental and nostalgic, yet somewhat somber and world weary. A feint sense of hope permeates it, which is emphasized by the shout outs that close the song out:
To everybody in Queens, the foundation  "It's yours!"
To everybody uptown, yo, the world is yours
"It's yours!"
To everybody in Brooklyn
Y'all know the world is yours   "It's yours!"
Everybody in Mount Vernon, the world is yours
Long Island, the world is yours   "It's yours!"
Staten Island, yea the world is yours  "It's yours!"
South Bronx, the world is yours   "It's yours!"
Nas seems to be encouraging the listener to dwell not on where they are, but dream of where they could be. The world is bigger than your block or your borough. Even though it is directed toward New Yorkers, the message doesn't come off as exclusionary as one may think. I'd like to believe that Nas was imploring his Big Apple brethren to think bigger and more positive.
Now doubt that the title was probably inspired by the phrase made famous by Brian De Palma's bloody opus Scarface. Nas is part of the cult of Montana, but the song itself seems to speak of something a bit more elevated than the base and shallow ambitions displayed in that film. Allusions to New York city drug culture are made (hence the mention of the murderous Pappy Mason), but the culture is not glorified or reveled in. They come of as more of a point of reference. The opening line is a good clue as to where Nas head is at:
I sip the Dom P, watchin' Gandhi til I'm charged
Then writin' in my book of rhymes, all the words
pass the margin
The author is fueled by not just by liquor but the life and philosophy of a spiritual leader who sought peace and equality for his people. He considers the duality of man, the ability to indulge earthly pleasures while dreaming of higher things. Not as contradictory as the notion of placing a "positive/conscious" song in the midst of an album that celebrates hedonism and violence. It comes of as more of a meditation. I defy even the most die hard Scarface fan to argue that Tony Montana had quite so much on his mind in his quest to dominate the dope trade.
Producer Pete Rocks of key singing during the hook lends an air of sincerity and earnestness. The incessant cutting of the hook from T La Rocks classic "It's Yours" adds an air of old school celebration. It adrenalizes and sedates, making you feel alive but woozy. The mix of themes and emotions is entrancing. It leaves the listener a bit unsure as to what particular response Nas was aiming for.
The initial response to Illmatic was muted outside of New York. It took a full two years to be certified Gold by the RIAA. It did so just after Nas truly became mainstream with his more radio friendly sophomore release It Was Written. At the time, I considered the muted response to the album as proof of my pet theory that you really had to be from NY to "get" Nas and his music. I can see now how pompous and xenophobic such a perspective was. Music does not belong to the region that spawned it. Truly great art transcends boundaries. This is evidenced by West Coast rapper Fashawn's recent Ode To Illmatic mixtape.
Upon moving back to NY I realized that anyone could love and appreciate "The World is Yours", but for New Yorkers it holds a special significance. It speaks to our conflicted relationship with our city. It illustrates the way dominates our perspective and gives us comfort, but oppresses us in a way that urges us to seek solace elsewhere.
For me, "The World is Yours" is New York, and the most affecting Rap song I have ever heard. it not only represents post golden era New York Rap at its best, but one of our most gifted artist at the height of his power. Nas touched on a feeling that I think even he couldn't really describe if asked. Such is the power of a truly gifted soul. They rarely understand what they posses. The song is the perfect balm for differed dreams, making you ponder your limitations while asking you to be bound by them.
Thanks Nas. Thanks Pete. You affected my world. For that I am eternally grateful.
Labels: Hip-Hop, New York, Rap
It May Bleed, But Can We Kill It? The "Predators"...
The Greatest Rap Song Ever: Nas Inspires Us To Tak...


Master Box Dimension : 19" X 21" X 26"
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How many more points and finishing position?
How many points from our last nine games ad where will we finish?
Please post you forecast before the Rotherham game on Saturday, 30 March.
Re: How many more points and finishing position?
This is my most optimistic prediction, game by game.
H West Bromwich Albion (4th, 64) lose 0.
That gives us, at best 71 points.
Unlucky Frank. Probably 2 short.
Can only see 11 points, fresh blood in for next season and put this one behind us.
With everybody fit and a following wind, two things we haven't had of late, we OUGHT to get 18 to 20 points from that little lot.
Mount and Bennett hopefully fit again after the break should see us over the line, just. No Mount and we will lack the guile to make the playoffs safe.
ExeterRam wrote: Can only see 11 points, fresh blood in for next season and put this one behind us.
Well at least we are good at that bit!
On a positive note, i predict we finish 6th!
But if Bolton get expelled from the league and their points removed from other teams it could actually be 5th due to them beating us and most teams around us either already having taken 4 or 6 points off them.


text:
Adding Contracts to Java
Jan Newmarch
Information Science and Engineering
jan@newmarch.name
Design by contract is a technique for specifying the requirements and deliverables between clients and suppliers in an OO system. Contracts have been implemented as part of the Eiffel language. This paper examines the possible ways that contracts can be added to Java, and explores in detail one particular mechanism based on reflection. The advantages and disadvantages of this mechanism are discussed.
Design by contract is a technique introduced by Meyer and implemented in Eiffel [Meyer]. It represents a way of specifying the requirements and deliverables between clients and suppliers of services in an OO system. A contract allows a method to specify what conditions need to be true before the method can function correctly, and in turn it specifies what will be true after it has executed. By ``publishing'' its contract, a method can then avoid often torturous validation code.
This promotes a programming style that is the opposite of the extremely defensive style seen in much systems programming. For example, instead of the C style of code such
if ((fp = fopen("file", "r")) == NULL) {
fprintf(stderr, "cant open file\n");
one might see (in informal notation)
require: "file" can be opened in mode "r"
fp = fopen("file", "r");
The runtime system is expected to check assertions, and if they fail then it will take appropriate action. This action may be to throw an exception (in languages that support exceptions) that may be caught by programmer code or left to the default runtime action.
Contracts may form documentation only or may be part of the runtime environment. Typical Eiffel systems allow this to be controlled by a compile-time switch, whereby code can be generated to enforce contract checking or to ignore it. Eiffel is unfortunately atypical among programming languages, in that it includes the option of runtime type checking. Most languages can only leave it to the documentation level, and even then, only in an informal manner.
Java has arisen as a major OO language, after a long gestation in private and a short period of visibility. Despite being developed over a period of years, when it was made public there were several unfinished features that were simply discarded. Amongst these, according to Gosling [Gosling], were assertions and a suitable contract mechanism. Now that Java is a standardised language with a formal mechanism for making changes, it may prove difficult or time consuming to incorporate these features into the language.
This paper discusses some of the possibilities that may be explored in adding contracts to Java, and reports on an experimental implementation using the ``reflection'' techniques available in Java. Reflection is a Java API that allows a program to examine classes and methods at runtime, and allows methods to be constructed and executed. It is shown that using the Reflection API is a feasible way of implementing contracts, but slow using current Java implementations. It also throws up several language design issues that cause difficulty in using the reflection technique, but which were probably unavoidable given the development environment and requirements.
2. Language Changes
It is not hard to devise syntax changes to Java with a corresponding semantic meaning. For example, a pop() method for a Stack could have its contract specified as
public Object pop()
require(! empty())
ensure(result == old getTOS() &&
getSize() == old getSize() - 1)
The semantics would be as in Eiffel - there is little need to rework this.
This would require changes to both the syntax and semantics of the Java language, and these are under the control of Sun as a standards organisation. For example, it would require introduction of keywords such as require, ensure and old, and a change in syntax to allow clauses to be specified for methods. This may occur in time, but if there is a desire to use contracts now, it may be too long to wait.
3. Programmer Responsibility
A mechanism that would work with no changes to language or involving any other techniques simply uses a style that each programmer conforms to. That is, each programmer includes the require clause on entry to a method, and calls the ensure code on exit.
Performing the require checking is easy. For example, the pop method would just make a call to the precondition code:
public Object pop() {
if (empty())
throw new RequireException();
Performing ensure checking is a little harder. Firstly, there is no single return point from a Java method. Fortunately, each method can have a finally section which is called as the method returns. Postcondition code can be placed in the finally section. Secondly, it is often necessary to refer back to values as they were on entry to the method. This can only be done by manual coding, saving the old values on entry to the method. Finally, the return value of a method may be needed in this checking. Whereas Eiffel returns values in the variable Result, there is no such variable in Java. This, or a variable playing a similar role, would need to be added as a convention.
This would lead to the pop method looking like
// require
// capture values
Object oldTOS = getTOS();
int oldSize = getSize();
Object result = null;
// implementation
result = s[--size];
// ensure
if (! (result == oldTOS &&
getSize() == oldSize - 1))
throw new EnsureException();
This has both advantages and disadvantages. The advantage is that it is an enforceable programming style that adds contract checking. Simple tools could be built to extract the contract from the code for documentation purposes.
The disadvantages are firstly that it is a little cumbersome, and coding standards may be observed in the breach unless rigorously maintained. Secondly, it is not possible to turn contract checking ``on'' and ``off' like it is with Eiffel at compile time. It is always on if present, off if absent.
A more serious problem is that it does not address inheritance. The semantics of contracts is that they are also inherited. The preconditions are or-ed together, and the postconditions are and-ed together. To perform this by hand in a large system with a lot of inheritance would be extremely difficult and time consuming.
4. Possibilities
A Java program exists in two static formats and is subject to a small number of operations. The two formats are source code and byte code as class files. The operations that can be performed include interpretation, transformation, compilation and reflection. (While other formats such as native code format are possible via native code compilers, they violate the ``write once, run anywhere'' paradigm and are not yet common except in transient form by some ``Just In Time'' compilers.) Contract checking may be introduced during any of the operations:
The source code could be interpreted directly. An interpreter could introduce contract checking as part of method evaluation. No source level interpreters seem to be available as yet.
The class files are usually interpreted on each platform. It would be possible to modify these interpreters but to do so would be at variance with the published Java Virtual Machine semantics.
Source code can be transformed into source code for the same language. Along the way can be added contract checking, even if the target language does not have such a feature. Kramer [Kramer] has developed such a transformation system, which is considered later.
Class files can be transformed into other class files. This does not seem to have been explored yet.
Compilation is a translation from source code to byte code. Eiffel compilers often have a switch to generate vanilla code or contract-checking code. No Java compilers do this as yet, probably due to a lack of the feature in the language.
Reflection is a method whereby the runtime state of a program can be made available to the program, and conversely, the program can generate - at runtime - code to be executed at runtime. This has typically been used in two situations:
a debugger allows execution steps to be mapped onto source code, and also allows runtime evaluation of expressions.
Artificial Intelligence programs allow generation of code such as database queries from user input that can be dynamically interpreted.
A method of using reflection is considered in this paper, and contrasted against these other possibilities.
5. Preprocessing the Source Code
The iContract system by Kramer [Kramer] uses a preprocessor to generate Java code similar to that in section three which supplies contracts. The contract is given using extra comment keywords, similar in format to those used by the documentation tool JavaDoc:
* @pre !empty()
* @post result == old getTOS() && \
Object pop()
If the preprocessor is not run, contracts are not inserted into the code, and it runs like a standard Java program. If the preprocessor is run, it generates new Java code with the additional checks in place.
iContract is a fully functional mechanism to implement assertions, but it relies on a preprocessor external to any current Java compilation and runtime environment. It certainly provides a way of implementing contracts. Adding contracts using this system requires access to the source code of the classes. It cannot be added post-hoc to class files.
6. Other Mechanisms
There is little else reported in the Java literature on assertions and contracts. The JDC Technical Tips column for February 1998 [JDCTips] carries a short article on an Assert class that can be used in programs. It does not address the full complexities of contracts, though.
Payne et al [Payne] discuss the problem of contracts in Java at some length. Their final proposal only covers the most basic of contract systems. It does not deal with ``old'' values, nor does it handle inheritance.
7. Reflection API
This paper considers a further mechanism for handling contracts. In this, each method call is passed through a suitable interpreter at runtime. This interpreter can perform precondition checking before calling the method, and can perform postcondition checking on completion. This is discussed in detail in the following sections.
Java does support a measure of interpretive execution, but this needs to be called specifically by the programmer rather than being accessible in some ``magic'' way. Java has a ``reflection'' mechanism [ReflectionAPI] that allows a program to examine classes and objects and find out information about them. For example, one can query a class about all of its methods and find out the method names and parameters. In addition, one can also construct a method call for an object and then invoke that method.
8. Interpreting method calls
8.1 Contract class
Let us develop how this can be used to supply an interpretive layer to method calls. Instead of say, doing
Stack s = new Stack();
s.push(obj);
we want to write something like
execute(s.push(obj));
Now execute() will not be a method of any of the application classes: it may need to be called for any method of any class. So we need a class, called say Contract with a static method execute(). This is the only public method needed for this class. It may throw exceptions, say a RequireException and an EnsureException.
The parameters to execute() are a little messy. We cannot simply write s.push(obj) because this will simply evaluate the method before we get a chance to interpret it. We need to pass the object as one parameter and the name of the method as another. This will allow the introspection/reflection mechanism to find the method and execute it. The parameters to the method call, on the other hand, must be evaluated at the time of the call. We need a list of method parameters, evaluated immediately. The execute() method will then have three parameters: the object with the method, the method as a string, and an array of evaluated parameters of the method. The call will look like
Object parameters[] = new Object [] {obj};
Contract.execute(s, "push", parameters);
This constructs a parameter array with one element, obj, and then calls the method execute() with the object, the string name of the method and the parameter array. This syntax is not appealing, but unavoidable using this mechanism.
8.2 Checking contracts
The method execute() must perform require and ensure checking, as well as executing the method. In structured English, the algorithm is
execute(obj, method, args)
find the class of obj
find the requires clause, the ensures clause
and the formal parameter list of the method
for this class
substitute the actual parameters for the formal
parameters in the requires clause
evaluate the requires clause, and throw an exception
if false
for each "old" component of the ensures clause, evaluate
its initial value (after substitution of parameters)
find the method for this class
execute the method after substitution of parameters
and save the result
evaluate the ensures clause after substitution of
parameters and result, and throw an exception
return the result
The reflection API is used to retrieve the method for the class, and to evaluate it with the actual parameters substituted. There is a nuisance implementation detail here. The Reflection API has two relevant methods: Class.getDeclaredMethod() and Class.getDeclaredMethods(). The first of these requires the classes of actual parameters to exactly match those of the formal parameters. So an actual parameter of type Integer will fail to find a method with formal parameter of type Object, although it is perfectly valid to make such a call. The second, getDeclaredMethods() returns a list of all methods (including inherited methods), and a slower search must be made through all methods using this, trying each class and its superclasses to find a suitable method. This is slower than the technique actually used by the JVM interpreter.
8.3 Locating contracts
In order to check a contract for a method call of a class, it must be located. This location will need to be separate from the class file, since we are making no changes to the Java source files, and hence no changes to the compiled files. It could be stored in some central registry, in jar files or in directories. The particular method is not particularly important.
It is important to note that this method of checking contracts does not require access to source code, unlike transformation methods. In particular, contracts can be added to library classes if desired.
9. Problems
9.1 Primitive values
Java has a set of primitive types such as int and boolean. These types are not classes. It is easy to see why not: Java shares many features with C, and a simple and efficient system for these common types would be preferable to a heavier class system. If a class is required, there are the classes Integer, Boolean, etc which act as ``wrappers'' around the primitive types. This would not be a problem in other ``purer'' languages such as SmallTalk or Eiffel.
Methods can have a mix of primitive types and classes for parameters. However, if one wants to form a list of the parameters, such as an array of parameters, this causes a problem: an array can be an array of objects, or of one particular primitive type, or of another primitive type, and so on. This can only be resolved by wrapping the primitive types in an object of their corresponding class and using this object.
This can potentially lead to ambiguities. For example, suppose a method can take an int parameter or an Integer parameter:
void f(int n);
void f(Integer N);
A list of parameter values would be a one-element list of Integer objects in both cases.
The Reflection API handles this in a number of ways:
Primitive types are wrapped and unwrapped as needed
When a list of class types is required, the primitive types have a special set of class objects distinct from the wrapper class
For example, the list of argument classes for the first method, with an int parameter, contains the class object java.lang.Integer.TYPE, whereas for the second method with an Integer parameter contains Integer. Thus by looking at the class types, the Reflection API can determine whether or not to unwrap an object.
This wrapping and unwrapping, and the introduction of special class objects, is clearly cumbersome and inelegant. It is too late to change to change this fundamental language decision now though - it is part of Java's inheritance that is not the best for some purposes.
9.2 Speed
Interpretation usually carries penalties of execution time overheads. Typically an interpreted system is an order of magnitude slower than a compiled system. The mechanism used here is not full interpretation, but only interpretation of method calls. Thus one may hope that the speed penalty is not so severe. It turns out not to be the case.
A Stack class was implemented with the following contracts:
* ensure: obj == getTOS() && getSize() == old getSize() + 1
public void push(Integer obj);
* require: ! empty()
* ensure: result == old getTOS() &&  \
getSize() == old getSize() - 1
public Integer pop();
Pushing a number of elements onto the stack and then popping them all off was performed. This was done on 150Mhz Pentium running Linux, using the port of Sun's JDK 1.1.3. The computer had 32M RAM and 64M of swap-space. For each number of elements, three tests were performed:
no interpretation and no contract checking
interpretation of calls to push() and pop() but no contract checking
interpretation of calls to push() and pop() with the contracts also interpreted as a boolean expression (involving interpretive calls to empty(), getTOS() and getSize())
The results are shown in the table (times are in seconds):
Table 1: Time to execute push() and pop() of n elements (times in seconds)
Number of elements, n
no interpretation
method call interpretation
contract interpretation
1	 0.98	 1.00	 1.38
100	 1.15	 1.13	 1.76
1000	 0.99	 2.39	 8.06
2000	 1.00	 3.83	 15.70
7000	 1.42	 11.07	 52.44
10000	 1.07	 15.45	 76.45
20000	 1.18	 36.31	 176.00
50000	 2.56	 126.70	 668.29
80000	 8.64	 214.05	 1130.75
90000	 10.89	 244.37	 1273.59
100000	 13.32	 270.52	 1429.75
There is a fixed startup time of about one second. Changing ratios are probably caused by the garbage collector being invoked for the interpretive method at smaller stack sizes than for the compiled version, and even earlier for the contract checking version. Allowing for this, interpretation using the Reflection API is about 20-30 times slower than compiled code for the Linux JVM runtime system. Adding contract checking multiplies this by a further factor of five.
The programs were also run under the JBuilder development environment on Windows95 on the same computer. Only two tests were run, shown in the following table:
These figures are sufficiently similar to those of the previous table to leave the conclusions unaltered by use of a different JVM interpreter.
Measurements were also made of the search on parameter types caused by use of getDeclaredMethods() instead of getDeclaredMethod() (which assumes as exact match of parameter types). By jigging the code to match up types in call and declaration, the getDeclaredMethod() could be used in special cases. This effectively places the search for matching method in the JVM interpreter, which is written in C, rather than producing a list which has to be searched by Java. This did speed things up, but only by a factor of two. Of course, here the inheritance hierarchy is short and the number of methods is small, so this could be more of a factor for more complex classes.
An attempt was made to run the iContract system on the Stack to compare the interpretive versus the transformation method. Unfortunately, iContract threw an exception and died during transformation. The transformation was however performed by hand: when tested it showed little difference from the non-interpreted version, showing that the transformation method had far less overhead than interpreted methods.
10. Current status
The interpretive system discussed here has been built as ``proof of concept''. It lacks a full expression parser, but one is being built using the Java CC compiler-compiler [JavaCC]. Issues such as location and retrieval of contracts have not been finalised. Inheritance has not been dealt with, although it should not pose any problems. Once these issues are resolved it will be possible to determine if execution speed is a problem for larger scale applications.
Future work will continue on this project if appropriately funded. This may be conditional on factors such as a timeline for introduction of contracts as core components of Java.
A range of alternative mechanisms for the introduction of contracts into Java has been discussed. A method using the Java Reflection API has been implemented to ``proof of concept'' level, and initial timings produced.
This showed that this technique is feasible, but slow. To achieve an acceptable speed may require internal work on the Reflection implementation within the Java Virtual Machine interpreter.
On the other hand, this technique does not require access to source code in order to add contracts to methods, and the contracts may be stored in a variety of ways.
[Kramer]
R. Kramer, iContract - the Java Design by Contract Tool http://www.promigos.ch/kramer
[Meyer]
B. Meyer, object-Oriented Software Construction Prentice-Hall, 1997
[Gosling]
J. Gosling, Panel session at WWW7, Brisbane, 1998
[JavaCC] The Java Compiler-Compiler. http://suntest.sun.com/JavaCC/
[JDCTips]
JDC Technical Tips, February 1998, http://developer.javasoft.com/developer/javaInDepth/TechTips/techtips7.html
[Payne]
J. E. Payne, M. A. Schatz and M. N. Schmid, Implementing Assertions for Java, Dr Dobbs Journal, January 1998
[ReflectionAPI]
D. Green, The Reflection API, http://java.sun.com/docs/books/tutorial/reflect/index.html
Jan Newmarch (http://jan.newmarch.name)
Last modified: Tue Jul 21 21:45:19 EST 1998
Copyright ©Jan Newmarch


Hamilton struggled at times last season adapting to not being the main option but has re-emerged as one of the top college players in America. He has a calm, cool and collect demeanour with a laid back style of play but very efficient and effective. Hamilton passes the eye ball test with his sturdy frame and good height for the shooting guard position at 6'7.
His game will translate very well in the NBA because of his ability to score efficiently from mid range and behind the arc, he forces the defense to play at his pace with outstanding overall feel for the game. He shows some play making skills that can allow him to play spot minutes or emergency point guard at times. I am very impress at how he really gets at it on the boards with an above average wingspan and rebounding instincts. He can really be force in the League with all his many bags of skills.
Hamilton has the look of an NBA player. At 6ft 7 220lbs he has ideal size and strength for an NBA wing to go along with NBA level athleticism. He will excel playing with a good pg, a solid outside shooter has improved his 3pt efficiency, can catch and shoot from outside or pump fake and take it to the hole to finish or get the fouled. Decent mid range and one on one game and adept to playing physical for a wing player with a low post up presence, also finishes well in fast break. With his tools he does not appear to have any defensive or offensive weaknesses to be exploited. Despite showing a highly competitive nature doesn't seem to have any character issues, took well to coming off the bench his freshman yr and broke out when he cracked the starting lineup this past season.
Hamilton does not look like a number 1 scoring option that teams want from a high 1st round swing man. He comes with a very well rounded but may not done 1 thing exceptionally well. Good rebounder but underachieving defender. I think Hamilton will make a smooth transition to the next level but may never be a star.


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MK Dons and Suzuki extend association through to an eighth season
Global vehicle manufacturer will remain as the Football Club's title partner until the end of the 2021/22 season…
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MK Dons are delighted to announce a new two-year agreement with Suzuki GB PLC for the global vehicle manufacturer to remain as the club's title partner until the end of the 2021/22 season.
This new commitment extends the Football Club's long-standing relationship with Suzuki GB, who first became title partners back in 2014.
The Suzuki logo will remain adorned the Dons' first-team playing shirt and replica kits through to an eighth season, while there will continue to be extensive Suzuki branding around Stadium MK.
What's more, the vehicle manufacturer has maintained their investment into MK Dons' community initiatives, providing support for the Women's team as well as the many inclusion and disability activities run by the MK Dons Sport and Education Trust.
MK Dons Chairman Pete Winkelman said: "This is fantastic news for MK Dons and the Milton Keynes community.
"Suzuki have been terrific in their support of MK Dons throughout their time as Title Partners, but particularly during this extremely difficult period, and they have demonstrated their commitment to the Football Club by agreeing this new deal at this time.
"Not only will it be fantastic to see the globally-recognised Suzuki logo remain on the first-team shirts, but I'm also thrilled that they will be able to continue their excellent work in the community alongside the MK Dons Sport and Education Trust.
"Suzuki are a credit to this city and we're extremely proud to have this association with them. It's a privilege for us to work alongside a company who are at the top of their game, who care so much about our Football Club and our city."
Nobuo Suyama, Managing Director of Suzuki GB PLC, said: "Our long-established sponsorship of MK Dons has proved a successful and mutually beneficial partnership.
"Continuing as Title sponsor provides a solid foundation on which to further our relationship with the club and maintain the support of the renowned and invaluable work of MK Dons in the surrounding community beyond the game of football.
"Suzuki has been based in Milton Keynes for over 15 years and we are proud to be part of the area's successful commercial sector.
"We are delighted to announce our further sponsorship with MK Dons; as well as reaching out to people outside our business, we also see it as a great way of building pride and engagement with our head office staff, many of whom live in and around the city."
Andy Wooldridge, Commercial Manager at MK Dons, added: "Thank you to the Suzuki board and all of the staff for their support and dedication of this partnership.
"It's a challenging environment for major sponsorships presently, so to have a global brand like Suzuki continue to give their backing is a huge demonstration of the reputation we have for attracting and retaining partners."
To find out more about partnership and sponsorship opportunities with MK Dons, contact the commercial team on 01908 622971 or email commercial@mkdons.com.
Commercial opportunities with MK Dons – book our new Digital Match Sponsorship package!
As we move towards the midway point of the season, MK Dons still have a number of commercial opportunities available, despite the current restrictions on supporters attending matches.
Fraser named Plumbing and Gas Solutions Player of the Month
Scott Fraser has been named Plumbing and Gas Solutions Player of the Month for the Month of December.
Interview: Suzuki extend MK Dons association