text:
Der Vertrag von Paris vom 24. August 1801 sicherte Bayern den Besitz seiner rechtsrheinischen Landesteile zu und enthielt das Versprechen Frankreichs, für von ihm beanspruchte linksrheinische Gebiete des Kurfürstentums einen baldigen Ersatz zu bieten. Der Vertrag war ein Entgegenkommen des Ersten Konsuls der Französischen Republik, Napoléon Bonaparte, für den machtpolitischen Schwenk Bayerns zu Frankreich.

Bayern war am ersten und zweiten Koalitionskrieg auf Seiten Österreichs und damit des Kaisers beteiligt. Die militärischen Auseinandersetzungen hatte hierbei Frankreich für sich entschieden. Der Frieden von Lunéville am 9. Februar 1801, von Österreichs Herrscher und in Personalunion Kaiser des Heiligen Römischen Reiches, Franz II., mit Frankreich geschlossen, führte unter anderem auch zu Verlusten bayerischen Territoriums.

Der 1799 Kurfürst gewordene Maximilian I. Joseph aus der Linie Pfalz-Zweibrücken war eher frankophon orientiert, weil er Jugendjahre in Frankreich verbracht hatte. Die Führung des süddeutschen Mittelstaats Bayern wollte sich aus der engen Verbindung mit Wien herauslösen, bestand doch der Verdacht, dass sich die Habsburger des bayerischen Kurfürstentums durch Annexion bemächtigen wollten. Die gemeinsam erlittene Niederlage in der Schlacht bei Hohenlinden am 3. Dezember 1800 gegen die napoleonische Armee zerschnitt das bisherige Band zwischen Bayern und Österreich endgültig. Bayern nahm den negativen Kriegsausgang zum Anlass einer Annäherung an Napoléon und der Unterstützung französischer Politik. Man konnte sich in München ausrechnen, dass das Land permanent gefährdet war, zum Aufmarschgebiet oder Schlachtfeld bei Auseinandersetzungen zwischen den europäischen Großmächten Frankreich und Österreich zu werden. Die Hinwendung nach Paris geschah wohl auch zum damals militärisch Stärkeren der beiden Antagonisten.

Dem bayerisch-französischen Vertrag von 1801 folgte eine Zeit der Beruhigung und eine fruchtbare Zusammenarbeit mit der Grande Nation.

Bayern verlor durch die Regelungen von Lunéville und Paris die ganze Rheinpfalz und die Herzogtümer Zweibrücken und Jülich (rund 12.400 km² mit 690.000 Einwohnern). Es erhielt einige Monate darauf  durch den Reichsdeputationshauptschluss (1803) mit den Bistümern Würzburg, Bamberg, Augsburg, Freising, einem Teil von Passau und Eichstätt, mit 12 Abteien und 15 früheren Reichsstädten eine beachtliche Entschädigung (rund 18.000 km² mit 900.000 Einwohnern).

Siehe auch: Habsburgisch-Französischer Gegensatz

Ereignis 1801
Paris 1801
Bayerische Geschichte (19. Jahrhundert)
Paris 1801


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<title>C++ Concurrent Queues</title>

C++ Concurrent Queues

ISO/IEC JTC1 SC22 WG21 N3533 - 2013-03-12

Lawrence Crowl, crowl@google.com, Lawrence@Crowl.org

Chris Mysen, mysen@google.com, ccmysen@gmail.com

Introduction

Conceptual Interface

    Basic Operations

    Non-Waiting Operations

    Non-Blocking Operations

    Push Front Operations

    Closed Queues

    Empty and Full Queues

    Queue Names

    Element Type Requirements

    Exception Handling

    Queue Ordering

    Lock-Free Implementations

Concrete Queues

    Locking Buffer Queue

    Lock-Free Buffer Queue

Additional Conceptual Tools

    Fronts and Backs

    Streaming Iterators

    Storage Iterators

    Binary Interfaces

    Managed Indirection

Implementation

Revision History

Introduction

Queues provide a mechanism
for communicating data between components of a system.

The existing deque in the standard library
is an inherently sequential data structure.
Its reference-returning element access operations
cannot synchronize access to those elements
with other queue operations.
So, concurrent pushes and pops on queues
require a different interface to the queue structure.

Moreover,
concurrency adds a new dimension for performance and semantics.
Different queue implementation must trade off
uncontended operation cost, contended operation cost,
and element order guarantees.
Some of these trade-offs will necessarily result
in semantics weaker than a serial queue.

Conceptual Interface

We provide basic queue operations,
and then extend those operations to cover other important issues.

Basic Operations

The essential solution to the problem of concurrent queuing
is to shift to value-based operations,
rather than reference-based operations.

The basic operations are:

void
<var>queue</var>::push(const <var>Element</var>&);

void
<var>queue</var>::push(<var>Element</var>&&);

Push the <var>Element</var> onto the queue.

<var>Element</var> <var>queue</var>::value_pop();

Pop an <var>Element</var> from the queue.
The element will be moved out of the queue in preference to being copied.

These operations will wait when the queue is full or empty.
(Not all queue implementations can actually be full.)
These operations may block for mutual exclusion as well.

Non-Waiting Operations

Waiting on a full or empty queue can take a while,
which has an opportunity cost.
Avoiding that wait enables algorithms
to avoid queuing speculative work when a queue is full,
to do other work rather than wait for a push on a full queue, and
to do other work rather than wait for a pop on an empty queue.

queue_op_status
<var>queue</var>::try_push(const <var>Element</var>&);

queue_op_status
<var>queue</var>::try_push(<var>Element</var>&&);

If the queue is full, return queue_op_status::full.
Otherwise, push the <var>Element</var> onto the queue.
Return queue_op_status::success.

queue_op_status
<var>queue</var>::try_pop(<var>Element</var>&);

If the queue is empty, return queue_op_status::empty.
Otherwise, pop the <var>Element</var> from the queue.
The element will be moved out of the queue in preference to being copied.
Return queue_op_status::success.

These operations will not wait when the queue is full or empty.
They may block for mutual exclusion.

Non-Blocking Operations

For cases when blocking for mutual exclusion is undesirable,
we have non-blocking operations.
The interface is the same as the try operations
but is allowed to also return queue_op_status::busy
in case the operation is unable to complete without blocking.

queue_op_status
<var>queue</var>::nonblocking_push(const <var>Element</var>&);

queue_op_status
<var>queue</var>::nonblocking_push(<var>Element</var>&&);

If the operation would block, return queue_op_status::busy.
Otherwise, if the queue is full, return queue_op_status::full.
Otherwise, push the <var>Element</var> onto the queue.
Return queue_op_status::success.

queue_op_status
<var>queue</var>::nonblocking_pop(<var>Element</var>&);

If the operation would block, return queue_op_status::busy.
Otherwise, if the queue is empty, return queue_op_status::empty.
Otherwise, pop the <var>Element</var> from the queue.
The element will be moved out of the queue in preference to being copied.
Return queue_op_status::success.

These operations will neither wait nor block.
They may, however, not do anything.

The non-blocking operations highlight a terminology problem.
In terms of synchronization effects,
nonwaiting_push on queues
is equivalent to try_lock on mutexes.
And so one could conclude that
the existing try_push
should be renamed nonwaiting_push
and nonblocking_push
should be renamed try_push.
However, at least Thread Building Blocks uses the existing terminology.
Perhaps better is to not use try_push
and instead use nonwaiting_push and nonblocking_push.

Push Front Operations

Occasionally, one may wish to return a popped item to the queue.
We can provide for this with push_front operations.

void
<var>queue</var>::push_front(const <var>Element</var>&);

void
<var>queue</var>::push_front(<var>Element</var>&&);

Push the <var>Element</var> onto the back of the queue,
i.e. in at the end of the queue that is normally popped.
Return queue_op_status::success.

queue_op_status
<var>queue</var>::try_push_front(const <var>Element</var>&);

queue_op_status
<var>queue</var>::try_push_front(<var>Element</var>&&);

If the queue was full, return queue_op_status::full.
Otherwise, push the <var>Element</var> onto the front of the queue,
i.e. in at the end of the queue that is normally popped.
Return queue_op_status::success.

queue_op_status
<var>queue</var>::nonblocking_push_front(const <var>Element</var>&);

queue_op_status
<var>queue</var>::nonblocking_push_front(<var>Element</var>&&);

If the operation would block, return queue_op_status::busy.
Otherwise, if the queue is full, return queue_op_status::full.
Otherwise, push the <var>Element</var> onto the front queue.
i.e. in at the end of the queue that is normally popped.
Return queue_op_status::success.

This feature was requested at the Spring 2012 meeting.
However, we do not think the feature works.

The name push_front is inconsistent
with existing "push back" nomenclature.

The effects of push_front
are only distinguishable from a regular push
when there is a strong ordering of elements.
Highly concurrent queues will likely have no strong ordering.

The push_front call may fail
due to full queues, closed queues, etc.
In which case the operation will suffer contention,
and may succeed only after interposing push and pop operations.
The consequence is that
the original push order is not preserved in the final pop order.
So, push_front cannot be directly used as an 'undo'.

The operation implies an ability
to reverse internal changes at the front of the queue.
This ability implies a loss efficiency in some implementations.

In short, we do not think that in a concurrent environment
push_front provides sufficient semantic value
to justify its cost.

Closed Queues

Threads using a queue for communication
need some mechanism to signal when the queue is no longer needed.
The usual approach is add an additional out-of-band signal.
However, this approach suffers from the flaw that
threads waiting on either full or empty queues
need to be woken up when the queue is no longer needed.
To do that, you need access to the condition variables
used for full/empty blocking,
which considerably increases the complexity and fragility of the interface.
It also leads to performance implications with additional mutexes or atomics.
Rather than require an out-of-band signal,
we chose to directly support such a signal in the queue itself,
which considerably simplifies coding.

To achieve this signal, a thread may <dfn>close</dfn> a queue.
Once closed, no new elements may be pushed onto the queue.
Push operations on a closed queue
will either return queue_op_status::closed
(when they have a status return)
or throw queue_op_status::closed
(when they do not).
Elements already on the queue may be popped off.
When a queue is empty and closed,
pop operations will either
return queue_op_status::closed
(when they have a status return)
or throw queue_op_status::closed
(when they do not).

The additional operations are as follows.
They are essentially equivalent to the basic operations
except that they return a status,
avoiding an exception when queues are closed.

void <var>queue</var>::close();

Close the queue.

bool <var>queue</var>::is_closed();

Return true iff the queue is closed.

queue_op_status
<var>queue</var>::wait_push(const <var>Element</var>&);

queue_op_status
<var>queue</var>::wait_push(<var>Element</var>&&);

If the queue was closed, return queue_op_status::closed.
Otherwise, push the <var>Element</var> onto the queue.
Return queue_op_status::success.

queue_op_status
<var>queue</var>::wait_push_front(const <var>Element</var>&);

queue_op_status
<var>queue</var>::wait_push_front(<var>Element</var>&&);

If the queue was closed, return queue_op_status::closed.
Otherwise, push the <var>Element</var> onto the front of the queue,
i.e. in at the end of the queue that is normally popped.
Return queue_op_status::success.

queue_op_status
<var>queue</var>::wait_pop(<var>Element</var>&);

If the queue is empty and closed, return queue_op_status::closed.
Otherwise, if the queue is empty, return queue_op_status::empty.
Otherwise, pop the <var>Element</var> from the queue.
The element will be moved out of the queue in preference to being copied.
Return queue_op_status::success.

The push and pop operations will wait when the queue is full or empty.
All these operations may block for mutual exclusion as well.

There are use cases for opening a queue that is closed.
While we are not aware of an implementation
in which the ability to reopen a queue would be a hardship,
we also imagine that such an implementation could exist.
Open should generally only be called if the queue is closed and empty,
providing a clean synchronization point,
though it is possible to call open on a non-empty queue.
An open operation following a close operation
is guaranteed to be visible after the close operation
and the queue is guaranteed to be open upon completion of the open call.
(But of course, another close call could occur immediately thereafter.)

void <var>queue</var>::open();

Open the queue.

Note that when is_closed() returns false,
there is no assurance that
any subsequent operation finds the queue closed
because some other thread may close it concurrently.

If an open operation is not available,
there is an assurance that once closed, a queue stays closed.
So, unless the programmer takes care
to ensure that all other threads will not close the queue,
only a return value of true has any meaning.

Empty and Full Queues

It is sometimes desirable to know if a queue is empty.

bool <var>queue</var>::is_empty();

Return true iff the queue is empty.

This operation is useful only during intervals when
the queue is known to not be subject to pushes and pops
from other threads.
Its primary use case is assertions on the state of the queue
at the end if its lifetime,
or when the system is in quiescent state (where there no outstanding pushes).

We can imagine occasional use for knowing when a queue is full,
for instance in system performance polling.
The motivation is significantly weaker though.

bool <var>queue</var>::is_full();

Return true iff the queue is full.

Not all queues will have a full state,
and these would always return false.

Queue Names

It is sometimes desirable for queues to be able to identify themselves.
This feature is particularly helpful for run-time diagnotics,
particularly when 'ends' become dynamically passed around between threads.
See Managed Indirection below.
There is some debate on this facility,
but we see no way to effectively replicate the facility.

const char* <var>queue</var>::name();

Return the name string provided as a parameter to queue construction.

Element Type Requirements

The above operations require element types
with a default constructor, copy/move constructors,
copy/move assignment operators,
and destructor.
These operations may be trivial.
The default constructor and destructor shall not throw.
The copy/move constructors and copy/move assignment operators may throw,
but must must leave the objects in a valid state
for subsequent operations.

Exception Handling

Concurrent queues cannot completely hide the effect of exceptions,
in part because changes cannot be transparently undone
when other threads are observing the queue.

Queues may rethrow exceptions
from storage allocation, mutexes, or condition variables.

If the element type operations required
do not throw exceptions,
then only the exceptions above are rethrown.

When an element copy/move may throw,
some queue operations have additional behavior.

Construction shall rethrow,
destroying any elements allocated.

A push operation shall rethrow and the state of the queue is unaffected.

A pop operation shall rethrow and the element is popped from the queue.
The value popped is effectively lost.
(Doing otherwise would likely clog the queue with a bad element.)

Queue Ordering

The conceptual queue interface makes minimal guarantees.

The queue is not empty if there is an element
that has been pushed but not popped.

A push operation synchronizes with
the pop operation that obtains that element.

A close operation synchronizes with
an operation that observes that the queue is closed.

There is a sequentially consistent order of operations.

In particular, the conceptual interface does not guarantee
that the sequentially consistent order of element pushes
matches the sequentially consistent order of pops.
Concrete queues could specify more specific ordering guarantees.

Lock-Free Implementations

Lock-free queues will have some trouble
waiting for the queue to be non-empty or non-full queues.
Therefore, we propose a two closely-related concepts.
A full concurrent queue concept as described above,
and a non-waiting concurrent queue concept
that has all the operations except
push, push_front,
wait_push, wait_push_front,
value_pop and wait_pop.
That is, it has blocking operations (presumably emulated with busy wait)
but not waiting operations.
We propose naming these WaitingConcurrentQueue
and NonWaitingConcurrentQueue,
respectively.

Note: Adopting this conceptual split
requires splitting some of the facilities defined later.

It may be helpful to know if a concurrent queue
has a lock free implementation.

bool <var>queue</var>::is_lock_free();

Return true iff the has a lock-free implementation.

Concrete Queues

In addition to the concept,
the standard needs at least one concrete queue.
We describe two concrete queues.

Locking Buffer Queue

We provide a concrete concurrent queue
in the form of a fixed-size buffer_queue.
It meets the WaitingConcurrentQueue concept.
It provides for construction of an empty queue,
and construction of a queue from a pair of iterators.
Constructors take a parameter
specifying the maximum number of elements in the buffer.
Constructors may also take a parameter
specifying the name of the queue.
If the name is not present, it defaults to the empty string.

The buffer_queue
deletes the default constructor, the copy constructor,
and the copy assignment operator.
We feel that their benefit might not justify their potential confusion.

Lock-Free Buffer Queue

We provide a concrete concurrent queue
in the form of a fixed-size lock_free_buffer_queue.
It meets the NonWaitingConcurrentQueue concept.
The queue is still under development,
so details may change.

Additional Conceptual Tools

There are a number of tools that support use of the conceptual interface.
These tools are not part of the queue interface,
but provide restricted views or adapters on top of the queue
useful in implementing concurrent algorithms.

Fronts and Backs

Restricting an interface to one side of a queue
is a valuable code structuring tool.
This restriction is accomplished with
the classes generic_queue_front
and generic_queue_back
parameterized on the concrete queue implementation.
These act as pointers
with access to only the front or the back of a queue.
The front of the queue is where elements are popped.
The back of the queue is where elements are pushed.

void send( int number, generic_queue_back<buffer_queue<int>> arv );

These fronts and backs
are also able to provide begin and end operations
that unambiguously stream data into or out of a queue.

Streaming Iterators

In order to enable the use of existing algorithms
streaming through concurrent queues,
they need to support iterators.
Output iterators will push to a queue
and input iterators will pop from a queue.
Stronger forms of iterators
are in general not possible with concurrent queues.

Iterators implicitly require waiting for the advance,
so iterators are only supportable
with the WaitingConcurrentQueue concept.

void iterate(
    generic_queue_back<buffer_queue<int>>::iterator bitr,
    generic_queue_back<buffer_queue<int>>::iterator bend,
    generic_queue_front<buffer_queue<int>>::iterator fitr,
    generic_queue_front<buffer_queue<int>>::iterator fend,
    int (*compute)( int ) )
{
    while ( fitr != fend && bitr != bend )
        *bitr++ = compute(*fitr++);
}

Note that contrary to existing iterator algorithms,
we check both iterators for reaching their end,
as either may be closed at any time.

Note that with suitable renaming,
the existing standard front insert and back insert iterators could work as is.
However, there is nothing like a pop iterator adapter.

Storage Iterators

In addition to iterators that stream data into and out of a queue,
we could provide an iterator over the storage contents of a queue.
Such and iterator, even when implementable,
would mostly likely be valid only when the queue is otherwise quiecent.
We believe such an iterator would be most useful for debugging,
which may well require knowledge of the concrete class.

Binary Interfaces

The standard library is template based,
but it is often desirable to have a binary interface
that shields client from the concrete implementations.
For example, std::function is a binary interface
to callable object (of a given signature).
We achieve this capability in queues with type erasure.

We provide a queue_base class template
parameterized by the value type.
Its operations are virtual.
This class provides the essential independence
from the queue representation.

We also provide queue_front and queue_back
class templates parameterized by the value types.
These are essentially
generic_queue_front<queue_base<Value>> and
generic_queue_front<queue_base<Value>>,
respectively.
Indeed, they probably could be template aliases.

To obtain a pointer to queue_base
from an non-virtual concurrent queue,
construct an instance the queue_wrapper class template,
which is parameterized on the queue
and derived from queue_base.
Upcasting a pointer to the queue_wrapper instance
to a queue_base instance
thus erases the concrete queue type.

extern void seq_fill( int count, queue_back<int> b );

buffer_queue<int> body( 10 /*elements*/, /*named*/ "body" );
queue_wrapper<buffer_queue<int>> wrap( body );
seq_fill( 10, wrap.back() );

Managed Indirection

Long running servers may have the need to
reconfigure the relationship between queues and threads.
The ability to pass 'ends' of queues between threads
with automatic memory management eases programming.

To this end, we provide
shared_queue_front and
shared_queue_back template classes.
These act as reference-counted versions
of the queue_front and
queue_back template classes.
These shared versions
act on a queue_counted class template,
which is a counted version of queue_base.

The concrete counted queues are
the queue_owner class template,
which takes ownership of a raw pointer to a queue,
and the queue_object class template,
which constructs and instance of the implementation queue within itself.
Both class templates are derived from queue_counted.

queue_owner<buffer_queue<int>> own( new buffer_queue<int>(10, "own") );
seq_fill( 10, own.back() );
queue_object<buffer_queue<int>> obj( 10, "own" );
seq_fill( 10, obj.back() );

The share_queue_ends(Args ... args) template function
will provide a pair of
shared_queue_front and shared_queue_back
to a dynamically allocated queue_object instance
containing an instance of the specified implementation queue.
When the last of these fronts and backs are deleted,
the queue itself will be deleted.
Also, when the last of the fronts or the last of the backs is deleted,
the queue will be closed.

auto x = share_queue_ends<buffer_queue<int>>( 10, "shared" );
shared_queue_front<int> f(x.first);
shared_queue_back<int> b(x.second);
f.push(3);
assert(3 == b.value_pop());

Implementation

A free, open-source implementation of these interfaces
is avaliable at the Google Concurrency Library project
at

http://code.google.com/p/google-concurrency-library/.
The concrete buffer_queue is in

..../source/browse/include/buffer_queue.h.
The concrete lock_free_buffer_queue is in

..../source/browse/include/lock_free_buffer_queue.h.
The corresponding implementation of the conceptual tools is in

..../source/browse/include/queue_base.h.

Revision History

This paper revises N3434 = 12-0043 - 2012-01-14 as follows.

Add more exposition.

Provide separate non-blocking operations.

Add a section on the lock-free queues.

Argue against push-back operations.

Add a cautionary note
on the usefulness of is_closed().

Expand the cautionary note
on the usefulness of is_empty().
Add is_full().

Add a subsection on element type requirements.

Add a subsection on exception handling.

Clarify ordering constraints on the interface.

Add a subsection on a lock-free concrete queue.

Add a section on content iterators,
distinct from the existing streaming iterators section.

Swap front and back names, as requested.

General expository cleanup.

Add an 'Revision History' section.

N3434 revised N3353 = 12-0043 - 2012-01-14 as follows.

Change the inheritance-based interface
to a pure conceptual interface.

Put 'try' operations into a separate subsection.

Add a subsection on non-blocking operations.

Add a subsection on push-back operations.

Add a subsection on queue ordering.

Merge the 'Binary Interface' and 'Managed Indirection' sections
into a new 'Conceptual Tools' section.
Expand on the topics and their rationale.

Add a subsection to 'Conceptual Tools'
that provides for type erasure.

Remove the 'Synopsis' section.

Add an 'Implementation' section.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
LG Debuts New Ultra HD LED Models at CE Week
LG Electronics Tuesday unveiled its latest generation of Ultra HD 4K LED TVs. The seven models in three series are being demonstrated at Booth 61 at CE Week in New York.
The line, which was previewed at CES in January, consists of the top-of-the-line UB9800 Series (priced at $4,499, $7,999 and $14,999, respectively, in 64.5, 78.5 and 84-inch sizes), along with the midlevel UB9500 series (two models priced at $2,499 and $3,499), and the UB8500 series ($1,499 and $1,999.)
In addition, LG is offering a year's subscription of Netflix to those purchasing a qualifying TV by August 16.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Writers' Workshop students share love of poetry with Iowa City Suitcase Library
Dick Hakes
Contemporary poetry drew Toby Altman and Izzy Casey from much larger cities — Chicago and Los Angeles, respectively — to the writing-rich environment of Iowa City last year.
And now that love of poetry and appreciation of the poetry community here have led them to launch a unique local public service project.
They call it the Iowa City Suitcase Library.
It will lend out volumes of contemporary poetry to anybody interested at no charge, just like a regular library — only working out of a suitcase instead of a building.
"We brainstormed this idea after a poetry seminar by Professor Elizabeth Willis last semester," says Altman. "We think there is a need for better access to contemporary poetry in Iowa City."
Altman and Casey are first-year Master of Fine Arts students in the Iowa Writers' Workshop, an accomplishment in itself because only about 5 percent of applicants are accepted. There are currently 38 poetry students in the program, the university reported.
Encouragement for their suitcase library project has come from their instructors and Public Space One, a local nonprofit, artist-run organization.
About 50 enthusiasts attended a poetry reading by local and visiting poets earlier this month to launch the library. The founders have already collected nearly 100 donated volumes for the library, plus the loan of a suitcase to carry them in.
Within the collection are poetry magazines and what are known as "chapbooks," which are typically homemade or inexpensively printed booklets.
The idea of an entire self-continued library "packed up and ready to go" appeals to these graduate students of verse.
"It's easy to manage, store and move," says Altman.
Their new collection has several books of poetry by local authors, but they seek more. One example is "Instead of Dying," recently published by local poet Lauren Haldeman.
"Don't Call Us Dead" by Danez Smith is typical of the non-local-author contemporary fare.
You can check out a book by showing up at Public Space One at 120 N. Dubuque St. in downtown Iowa City any Saturday afternoon from noon to 4 p.m.
Casey or Altman will be on hand at a table with the suitcase library during that time, ready to discuss contemporary poetry and poetry books. Checking a volume out for a month requires only leaving a phone number or email address.
Both founders of the library are active poets.
Altmann has a Ph.D. in English from Northwestern University and plans to eventually teach at the university level. His own published book is offered in the suitcase library. It is titled "Arcadia, Indiana" and is a play written in verse about a love triangle and murder in a steel mill.
Casey is less sure where she will end up — possibly teaching or editing poetry.
"I strive to live in the moment," she says, grinning. Her favorite poetic topics tend to be "farm animals, hammers and tiny men in giant hats."
"Izzy's poetry is very funny and very energetic," Altman interjects.
The two say Iowa City has a vibrant poetry community that, in addition to University programs, includes local alumni who are actively writing poetry, poetry associations and workshops, plus presses and publishing resources.
They would like to expand the scope of their lending library with more volumes and possibly more suitcases to store them in, plus offer readings or other poetry events.
"We want this library to grow and create a resource for the community that would continue after we leave," says Altman.
Dick Hakes is a semiretired newspaper editor who lives in North Liberty.


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Currently, there 12 ACTIVE Condo Listings at this time for the zip code 85048. Asking Prices range from $134,900 to $249,900 with an average price of $201,158 and a Avg Price Per Square Foot of $183.
The resale activity for condos in 85048 for the first quarter decreased 0% with 22 sold compared to 22 in the first quarter of 2018.
The Median Sale Price for condos sold in 85048 for the first quarter increased 17.5% with a median price of $195,000 as compared to $166,000 in the first quarter of 2018.


Our perspective on social media marketing involves a steady and eloquent stream of content that fosters a connection between brand and customer. On any given day of any given month we are optimizing social media to at least 20K websites worldwide for our clients.
We know that social media cannot be ignored for a multitude of reasons, not the least of which are the social signals that search engines look for to rank your online relevance. Through the online social environment your brand is one vital step closer to your customer base, thereby gaining you insights, engagement channels and customer loyalty that are absolutely invaluable to your business. Think of the social media world as your podium to showcase on a really large scale, what your brand is all about.
My advice is not to go it alone. Forget about the skeptics who think social media is too risky for getting a brand noticed. Hitting it big with social media just takes strategy, wit and resilience. Once your content is shareable, the rewards will be worth it.


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Home / News / Sports Cars
Would-Be Porsche Thief Foiled By Locked Doors
Stephen Edelstein February 12, 2014 Comment Now!
It's comforting to know that not all criminals are the masterminds depicted in movies and Jaguar commercials.
A would-be car thief in Cologne, Germany was foiled by the very vehicle he meant to steal, The Local reports.
Once he was inside, the Porsche Cayenne's doors locked themselves, and the thief was trapped inside. The 50-year-old man reportedly kicked the door in a panic, and was eventually detained after passersby called the police to report that he was trapped in the car.
MUST SEE: Front-Wheel Drive Drag Car Blows Tire, Self-Destructs On Dyno
According to the Cologne Police report, the fire department was prepared to forcibly open the Cayenne's door after emergency services arrived and found the man sitting in the back seat. Luckily, the owner showed up and unlocked the car with his key fob.
Not every criminal as that clueless, though. Better-equipped European car thieves are reportedly using cloned Near-Field Communication (NFC) fobs to steal vehicles. An apparent regulatory loophole allows thieves to program a blank key fob using a car's diagnostic port.
Still, technology isn't the only thing keeping unprepared car thieves from making off with other people's wheels.
Last month, three Massachusetts men jumped a food-delivery driver, taking his car and the food. The only problem was that the car had a manual transmission, which none of them knew how to operate.
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Car Theft crime Porsche Cayenne News Security Sports Cars theft
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Add the CLIP you created for the NI sbRIO target to a LabVIEW project.
Implement a LabVIEW FPGA VI that interacts with the CLIP I/O for the NI sbRIO target.
Refer to NI CompactRIO Device Drivers»Devices»Single-Board RIO in the LabVIEW Help for more information about completing these tasks.


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Barrhead Travel revenues top £300m for first time
Travel agency's latest annual results show a 7.4% rise on previous year
Philip Gates
Barrhead Travel president Sharon Munro, right, with managing director Jacqueline Dobson, left, and Stuart Taylor, chief financial officer of Travel Leaders Group UK (Image: Malcolm Cochrane Photography)
Revenues at Barrhead Travel have topped £300 million for the first time, the travel agency reported in its latest annual results.
The figure for calendar year 2017 was a 7.4 per cent rise on the previous year as a surge in river cruise sales and increased numbers of customers visiting new stores in England and Wales boosted the business.
Why businesses are ditching economy class for premium travel once more
They are the first annual figures reported since the takeover of the company by the US-based Travel Leaders Group in February.
Customers continued to make their annual holiday a priority as is reflected in bookings for 2018 being up eight per cent year on year, which the company said augurs well for a successful year this year.
Gross profits of £33.4 million were up 5.4 per cent with EBITDA of £2.7 million adjusted to exclude fair value adjustment on foreign currency forward contracts.
EBITDA was down £500,000 on last year the company said as a result of continued investment in people and website technology alongside the opening of new new stores I Belfast and Leicester as part of organic expansion. Barrhead Travel reports these investments total £650,000.
Since the year end further stores have been opened in Southampton and Port Glasgow with one more to open at Fort Kinnaird south east of Edinburgh in October.
The redevelopment and expansion of outlets in Livingston and Glasgow Fort are also happening later this financial year.
Sharon Munro, president of Barrhead Travel, said: "I am delighted to report that 2017 was another successful year with record sales and continued healthy operating profits.
"I believe that due to the group's unique and varied product offering, the profile of the customer base, and the enhanced operational capability brought about by our takeover by Travel Leaders Group at the start of 2018, the outlook remains very positive. There is a real sense of energy and momentum in the business.
"2017 had an extremely strong start with fantastic results in the first quarter. Thereafter there was a slowdown which coincided with the snap General Election. Such events historically hit travel sales and last year was no different.
"However, despite the collapse of Monarch Airlines, terrorist attacks both at home and abroad, a strong hurricane season in the Caribbean and the protracted Brexit negotiations we are delighted that we have recorded another very successful year.
"I would like to thank all our employees, customers and travel partners for making Barrhead Travel the continued success it is today."
Barrhead Travel remains focused on organic growth. The group is continuing to expand with growth supported by enhanced product offerings for customers.
The company is also continuing to invest in technology with to support expansion in back-office functions as well as innovations designed to enhance the overall customer experience in store including the rollout of virtual reality headsets.
Barrhead Travel named Scotland's Best Large Travel Agency for 18th straight year
Other innovations include enhancements to the online portal and the introduction of a direct debit option for customers to pay for their travel.
The company said that it sees substantial opportunities for synergies with Travel Leaders on technology, marketing, training, supplier relationships, cruise sales, hotel sales and other areas.


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Log in to BusPlanner Web Professional.
Enter your school's user name and password previously supplied to you. If you are unable to access your school's information, contact your area technician to reset your password.
STSWR has been supplied with a school e-mail or conference in order to set up an account for your school. If you forget your password and request a reset from your technician, you must then share the password with those coworkers requiring access.
In the case of a bus delay, you should receive a notification. These notifications are logged by the operator servicing your school.
You will also receive notification for inclement weather and school closures.
Parents/Guardians can also subscribe to inclement weather, bus delays and school closure notifications. In BusPlanner Web these accounts are referred to as subscriptions.
Parents and students can login and view their bus information at BusPlanner Web Student Login.


If your looking a touch of country yet don't want to move too far out of town then look no further.
If a property situated in lovely tranquil surroundings on a super large site, with privacy and seclusion is on your wish list, then this is the one.
This delightful cottage has partly been upgraded with PVC double-glazing windows and oil fired central heating.
Accommodation comprises of sitting room with stone feature fireplaces and french doors that lead out to garden, kitchen, two bedrooms with the potential of a third and bathroom.
Detached shed to rear and fantastic site.


Chance to seize! Beautiful apartment on the 2nd floor of a triplex ideally located in the heart of Outremont. Remarkable stamp, hardwood floors, brick walls, hot water heaters, high ceilings, beautiful natural light. 2 Bedrooms, poss. 4. Lots of storage. Must see!
I would like more information about 733a Av. De Lepee, Outremont, Montreal, Quebec, H2V3V1.


A new Gallop poll is out and the most admired Man and Woman in America is Barack and Michelle Obama. This is the 11th consecutive year that Barack Obama has been #1 on the list. This was the first year that Michelle Obama topped the list for most admired Woman of the year just ahead of Oprah Winfrey and Hillary Clinton, not bad company to be in.


When teaching, tell students what TO do as opposed to what NOT to do. I constantly hear teachers telling students negative commands: Don't tongue sloppy, Don't breathe there. How much easier is it to learn when a student hears: "Try tonguing like this" (and then show an aural example and explain what you are doing) or "Consider breathing here because the phrase is longer, if you need a catch breath, try this spot instead." Another positive comment about breathing might be "consider playing softer so you can make the long phrase and as you get confidence, play a little louder." Notice the difference in your own reaction to reading a negative command based statement versus a positive solution based statement. Good teaching is positive and supportive, and does not break down the student. There are times to 'wake up' a recalcitrant student, but again, keeping it positive and kind is always the best choice.


"Before you speak, ask yourself, is it kind, is it necessary, is it true, and does it improve on the silence?"
Please ignore the red bulls...this is meant to show off the forum sticker.
Here are mine...no judging on the dirt! My vehicles have been WORKING!


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Brazil attorney general says top court violated constitution
RIO DE JANEIRO (AP) — Brazil's attorney general has accused the nation's top court of violating the constitution after it ordered news organizations to withdraw some online reporting.
The court told websites O Antagonista and Crusoé on Monday to remove specific articles containing "false statements" or face a fine of 100,000 reals ($25,595) per day.
Attorney General Raquel Dodge asked the court Tuesday to withdraw the ruling, stating that the constitution does not allow the supreme court to act as "an accuser, prosecutor and judge."
The offending reports said that the sites revealed the identity of an individual referenced in wiretaps of Marcelo Odebrecht, one of the country's richest and most powerful men.


When you press the power button on Windows 8 and Windows 8.1, you will see the options Sleep, Shut Down and Restart but the hibernate option is missing.
This is because the option is disabled by default. I find hibernate a useful feature on a laptop as it shuts down the laptop whilst saving the previous session. This enables me to resume my work at a later time.
On the next screen click on the link Change settings that are currently unavailable and tick the hibernate checkbox at the bottom of the screen.
You will find that the hibernate option will now be available when pressing the power button.


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Skattie Celebrates launching in Cape Town
Skattie Magazine will be launching the first in a series of projects celebrating emerging South African artists/creatives with an event to be held at Blank gallery in Woodstock, Cape Town, on Thursday July 10 2014.
Titled Skattie Celebrates… the first in the series features illustrator Unathi Mkonto.
His illustrations, collectively titled 'Boys of South Africa' and done over several years as a personal project, will be on display at the gallery for one night only.
While the black and white sketches draw a lot from the game of cricket, Mkonto says the game itself was never particularly a subject matter he was aiming to explore.
"It was never an issue of looking at cricket and trying to find an experience or some sort of artistic inspiration to draw from. It's just been about drawing figures, shapes and just pushing myself to create an image using figures. Playing with different angles and perspectives. It could have been anything, but it was cricket," the 32 year-old said in an interview with Skattie Magazine.
The interview appears in a digitally downloadable zine the editors have created, in collaboration with Art South Africa, to celebrate the artist and to introduce the relatively unknown illustrator who has never before displayed his works publicly. The zine features Mkonto's work as well as interviews about his interests and his illustrations.
Unathi Mkonto
"His illustrations, while grounded in fashion, take inspiration from areas as varied as architecture, cricket and comic books. After seeing Unathi's work we caught ourselves wishing somebody would share his illustrations with the world and then we thought, why not us? And so Skattie Celebrates was born," said the editors Malibongwe Tyilo and Sandiso Ngubane.
They further added that the quarterly Skattie Celebrates… series is a separate entity from the Skattie Magazine endeavor which was released for the first time last year in the form of a Visual & Performance Arts issue. A second edition of the original annual Skattie Magazine is slated for release in November 2014.
Art South Africa is proud to announce a partnership with Skattie Magazine on all future projects, including Skattie Celebrates.


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Constitutional Rights of Women
March 30, 1883 — Inaugural convention, International Council of Women, Albaugh's Opera House, Washington DC
In the month of August, 1774, that eminent statesman and true patriot, Thomas, Jefferson, in a little tract entitled "A Summary View of the Rights of British America," used certain words which I will take for my text while addressing you to-day on the "Constitutional Rights of the Women Citizens of the United States." They are these:
"The whole art of government consists in the art of being honest."
"The God who gave us life gave us liberty at the same time; the hand of force may destroy, but cannot disjoin them."
May I ask your patient attention while I attempt to show: First, that under a proper interpretation of the constitution of the United States, which he had so large a part in preparing, women have a right to vote to-day, on precisely the same terms with men; and secondly, that they ought, for various reasons, to exercise this right without subjection to molestation or delay, and men ought to help them to do so by every means in their power.
First let me speak of the constitution of the United States, and assert that there is not a line in it, nor a word, forbidding women to vote; but, properly interpreted, that is, interpreted by the Declaration of Independence, and by the assertions of the Fathers, it actually guarantees to women the right to vote in all elections, both state and national. Listen to the preamble to the constitution, and the preamble you know, is the key to what follows; it is the concrete, general statement of the great principles which subsequent articles express in detail. The preamble says:
"We, The People of the United States, in order to form a more perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of American."
Commit this to memory, friends; learn it by heart as well as by head, and I should have no need to argue the question before you of my right to vote. For women are "people" surely, and desire, as much as men, to say the least, to establish justice and to insure domestic tranquility; and, brothers, you will never insure domestic tranquility in the days to come unless you allow women to vote, who pay taxes and bear equally with yourselves all the burdens of society; for they do not mean any longer to submit patiently and quietly to such injustice, and the sooner men understand this and graciously submit to become the political equals of their mothers, wives, and daughters — aye, of their grandmothers, for that is my category, instead of their political masters, as they now are, the sooner will this precious domestic tranquility be insured. Women are surely "people," I said, and were when these words were written, and were as anxious as men to establish justice and promote the general welfare, and no one will have the hardihood to deny that our foremothers (have we not talked about our forefathers alone long enough?) did their full share in the work of establishing justice, providing for the common defense, and promoting the general welfare in all those early days.
The truth is, friends, that when liberties had to be gained by the sword and protected by the sword, men necessarily came to the front and seemed to be the only creators and defenders of these liberties; hence all the way down women have been content to do their patriotic work silently and through men, who are the fighters by nature rather than themselves, until the present day; but now at last, when it is established that ballots instead of bullets are to rule the world, and we in this country are making and upholding our just laws by ballots alone, keeping our bullets for the few wretched Indians on the frontiers, whom we are wicked enough to wish to exterminate rather than to civilize and educate, now, it is high time that women ceased to attempt to establish justice and promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to themselves and their posterity, through the votes of men, because they cannot control these votes and turn them to high moral uses in government; on the contrary, our brothers, the best of them, are at their wit's end to-day, and so appalled at the moral corruptions of the body politic that they are ready, some of them, to throw away their own power to vote and go back upon the whole theory of our government of the many, of the people (our government nominally of the people, by the people, and for the people), and to ask for the government of the few once more — the few rich, the few wise, the few educated.
But I shall deal with this point hereafter. I only wish to fasten upon your minds now this thought, that women are included in this word "people" of the preamble, and were intended to be included as much as men, and that their non-use of the ballot in all the past, because they chose to exercise their people's powers in other ways, has not cut them off from their right to use the ballot at any time they may see fit; and you will perceive by a careful examination of the whole constitution which follows the preamble, and which became the law of the land so early as 1789, that women were embraced in its provisions precisely as men were, and that the word "people," so frequently used, always included them.
This is true of the four articles which I will consider, and of every other article in the constitution where the word "people" is used. Article I of the Amendments is: "The right of The People to peaceably assemble and petition for a redress of grievances," etc. No one doubts that women have that right equally with men; in fact, this is about the only political right that is cheerfully accorded to us to-day, because it is so easy to get rid of us and silence us in that way.
For years and years women have been petitioning Congress and the State Legislatures to take down the political bars which men have put up, contrary to the national constitution and the whole spirit of our government, and allow them to become active co-workers in promoting the general welfare; but the reply has been "leave to withdraw," or its equivalent; and this simply because these women petitioners had no power to cut off the heads of these Congressmen and Assemblymen; (their political heads, I mean, because we do not believe much in bloodshed of any sort). So long ago as 1871 I got an order from a Senator to the clerk of the Senate for a search for petitions then on file his office, and here is the clerk's report. He found the names of 20,000 women slumbering in the dusty pigeon holes of his office, and the honorable gentleman who asked me with a smile of contempt "How many women really want to vote?" was surprised at the record, which was not a tenth part of the number who had been wearily petitioning our legislative bodies year after year since 1848.
And then there is Article II, with its provision for "the right of THE PEOPLE to keep and to bear arms," etc., which right women assuredly have equally with men, and which, unless some new protective element is brought into society, women will be compelled to use in self-defense as never before, for the crimes against woman in her very womanhood are becoming unendurably frequent all over our land. The new protective element I hardly need say is the ballot in her own hands, since it is already in the hands of these ruffians who make night hideous, and who virtually close the thoroughfares of our cities and villages even to all honest women the moment the sun has gone down. Have you ever thought of it, gentlemen, you who are opposed to woman's use of the ballot, that among her so-called protectors, who are to use her ballot for her, are these very men for whom we build most of our jails and penitentiaries, taxing the women to do it, and that every election day sees paupers and vagrants taken from the workhouse to elect the men who are to make and administer the laws for all women no less than all men?
Article IV provides for "the right of THE PEOPLE to be secure against unreasonable searches and seizures," etc. Women surely need to be and are thus secured. And Article IX provides that the "enumeration in the constitution of certain rights shall not be construed to deny others retained by THE PEOPLE."
Is it not perfectly clear that all these are the rights of women equally with men, and that the term "people" as here used was intended to embrace both?
Thus, then, the preamble and the constitution under which our government was formed and began its work of protective legislation, plainly embraced women in all its provisions; and when the preamble declares that the object of all was to secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, it surely did not mean to secure to men alone and their posterity these blessings of liberty, to the half of ourselves and the half of our posterity, but to the whole people, women as well as men.
And note again the word "secure" in this preamble, which is scarcely less important than the word "people." "Secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity" — not give the blessings of liberty, as though the framers of the constitution were autocrats, with power to bestow or withhold liberties, but secure the blessings of liberty to those who already had the right to them from God and by their own free nature, and who were coming together for purposes of defense and security as against an outside world that still insisted that liberty was not the right of the many but of the few, and who might be able to overthrow this right of individuals to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness, unless they combined together to defend and secure these rights.
And this is where the Declaration of Independence comes in as an interpreter of the constitution, and it utters no uncertain voice on this question as to who are the "people" meant in the preamble and articles following. It says: "We hold these truths to be self-evident" — (mark that, self-evident; that is, that they require no proof) — "that all men are created equal; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights; that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness; that to secure these rights;" — (here again is the word "secure," not give, grant, or bestow) — "governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed" (not from the consent of half the governed — the consent of the made half — but the governed), and that "whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends it is the right of The People to alter or abolish it, and institute a new government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form as to them shall seem most likely to affect their safety and happiness.
That is to say, the fathers in Congress assembled in Philadelphia on the 4th of July, 1776, proclaimed over the whole earth that governments derive their just powers from the consent of the governed, and that taxation without representation is tyranny, and for the support of this declaration, with a firm reliance on the protection of divine Providence, they mutually pledged to each other their lives, their fortunes, and their sacred honor; and yet we are told to-day that the women of these states have no right to vote until the men, who alone have been in the habit of voting, shall make some new and special laws to meet their case; in other words, till men shall grant women a right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness — a right to promote the general welfare — a right to establish justice and secure the blessings of liberty to themselves and their posterity. Now, friends, do you wonder that it makes my blood boil to hear such words as these; to hear from the lips of mere boys the assertion that they and their sex alone have the right to make and execute the laws that I and my daughters are to live under; that they are born to rule, and I born to obey; that because and I and other women have blindly thought and loved to think in all the past that law-making and law-executing were safe in the hands of our brothers and fathers and husbands, they being the accredited protectors of women, we are to leave men now and forever to the use of this power, when we have reluctantly opened our eyes to the truth that it is not good for man to be alone in the state any more than in the family, in the church, and in social life; that the state needs mothers as well as fathers, and that moral corruption will not only continue to prevail, but with an advancing civilization will be steadily on the increase so long as woman is powerless to put down moral evils by the direct use of political power as well as by moral influence.
You tell me that I must submit to conditions before I can vote; I, who am a free-born citizen of the United States; while yet you admit this ignorant foreigner, if he is a man, to the full privileges and responsibilities of citizenship. I defy this assumption of power on the part of the men of this country. I declare to you as did the Apostle Paul: "I am free-born." "With a great price obtained I this freedom," said the Roman centurion to this patriotic old apostle; but he replied: "I am free-born."
Ah, friends, there is music in these words to my ear. They are the deep vibrations of a soul that loves its country as itself, and there are tens of thousands of women to-day that are ready to pledge their lives, their fortunes, and their sacred honor, to the maintenance of their rights as free-born citizens of this Republic, and who will never willingly consent to such desecration of constitutions, state or national, as would be cased by the addition of special articles providing for the right of women to vote. Such articles would virtually read thus: "All men are created equal; all women are also created equal not only to each other but to men; all men may peaceably assemble and petition for redress of grievances, may keep and bear arms, may be secure against unreasonable searches and seizures, may retain to themselves all rights not enumerated in the constitution, and all women may assemble, etc., etc"
As well may theologians interpret "Whatsoever ye would that men should do unto you, do ye even so to them," to mean literally men, and therefore demand a new Scripture specially to include women in these and the like injunctions: "He that believeth shall be saved, and he that believeth not shall be condemned," "No man can serve two masters," "A good man out of the good treasure of his heart bringeth forth good things," etc. No, friends, the truth is, precedent and prejudice, custom and blind conservatism, are the only barriers against women in government to-day. Constitutions are all right when properly interpreted and shorn of their man-made inconsistencies, and the laws are right save the voting laws. Every other law recognizes woman by the use of the masculine pronoun, and compels her to pay taxes, to be fined, imprisoned and hung as he, his and him, and it is simply absurd and wicked to tax and hang a woman by one statute and deny her right to vote by another, when the phraseology is precisely the same in both.
And now, as to the one article of the national constitution which, it is claimed, forbids women to vote. Will you follow me patiently while I attempt to show that this article really in fact guarantees to women the right to vote for members of Congress rather than forbids it, and not only so, but it virtually calls upon the general government to interfere with the state governments if necessary for the purpose of protecting women in the exercise of this right. That article reads thus:
Art. I, Sec. 2. The House of Representatives shall be chosen every second year by THE PEOPLE of the several states, and the electors of each state shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the State Legislature."
Here you have it in full. The only paragraph in the United States constitution that can be tortured to exclude women from voting for United States officers, and this is the way it is tortured by our adversaries. I speak advisedly when I say "adversaries"; for, friends, it is no pleasant task, this work of going up and down the length and breadth of the land proclaiming that women are free, and ought to use their freedom under a sense of responsibility and by the conscientious use of the ballot, the only token of political responsibility; and the men who keep up these laws of precedent and prejudice and shut us from the peaceful and womanly expression of our opinion and our will in matters of government are therefore the worst kind of adversaries. They compel us to most unwelcome duty, and to penalties of whose sting they have but little conception. Some of us know in our hearts to-day of fire and fagot, whose burning makes deeper scars than the martyr fires of old, and were it not for faith in God and love to man we should have given up the contest long ago.
Here, then, you have, I say, the only argument against the right of women to vote contained in the constitution of the United States, and briefly stated it is this: The latter clause says that electors for members of Congress must have the same qualifications as electors for members of the state legislature, and the constitution of Connecticut, for instance, declares in Article VI, Section 2, that
"Every white male citizen of the United States, who shall have attained the age of twenty-one years and resided in this state one year and in the town six months, and shall be able to read any article of the constitution, shall, on his taking such oath as may be prescribed by law, be an elector of the state."
Now, say objectors, women are not white male citizens of the United States, and as these are the only ones that may choose members of the legislature, these are the only ones who may choose members of Congress. To which I reply: first, that by the fourteenth amendment to the constitution of the United States the word "white" was expressly, and the word male virtually, blotted out from our state constitutions; and in Connecticut black men under that amendment were allowed to vote for years before the word "white" was expunged from its constitution; and second, that the first clause of this Article II, Section 2, which says that the House of Representatives shall be composed of members chosen by the people, denies to every state the right to make any qualification for state electors that shall interfere with the predominating right of the whole people to elect their members of Congress.
It is as if the United States constitution had said, "The right of trial by jury shall be secured to all the people of the United States," and Connecticut had said in her constitution, "Every white male citizen shall be entitled to a trial by jury." Plainly such an article of a state constitution would be pronounced null and void, and the only reason the other has not been so pronounced long ago is that in the beginning men alone thought of voting, wished to vote, did vote, and so the authors of the state constitution, in defining who should be electors, naturally and as a matter of exactness, and without any thought of women, said "all white male citizens," with such and such qualifications, may vote; and the case is all the stronger for women than for black men, because the enslavement and disfranchisement of black men was contemplated, reluctantly it is true, but nevertheless contemplated and recognized by the national constitution, while the disfranchisement of women was not thought of or seriously considered for a moment.
This is so plainly true that women did actually vote in a few instances in the earlier days, and they only ceased to do so because they did not appreciate its importance, or, as in New Jersey, because that state, in direct violation of the constitution of the United States, as I think, specially disfranchised the women of the state.
And to those who may not be ready to admit that the national constitution secures to women the right to vote in all cases equally with men, there is this special and decisive argument with regard to their right to vote for members of Congress. The constitution, as we have seen, gives the right to the people of the state with only this limitation — that the electors for members of Congress shall have the qualifications requisite for electors for the most numerous branch of the state legislature. The right is absolute, except that the state may fix the "qualifications."
Now what is a qualification? Sex is not one. A qualification is something that may be acquired, as a certain age, a certain time of residence, ability to read, etc. A certain height of stature could not be, a certain color of the eyes could not be. Nothing natural and unchangeable could be. So sex cannot be. The state, therefore, in making sex a disqualification, has attempted that which it had no power to do, and its action is so far void.
If then, as is claimed, the United States may step in and punish a citizen of the United States for voting illegally for members of Congress, as in the case of Susan B. Anthony, because the state had limited the voting privilege to male citizens, surely the United States may much more be called upon to step in and protect the right of all the people of every state to become electors for members of Congress, including the women people as well as the men people. Do you not see it, friends? "Members of the House of Representatives shall be chosen by the people of the several states," and yet when one of these people, being an honest, law-abiding, tax-paying woman, after consulting the best lawyer in her city, and being duly registered and sworn in as an elector, puts her ballot in the box for a member of Congress, the United States Government, by marshal and commissioners, seizes her, and by a Judge of the Supreme Court of the United States condemns her to a fine and costs of prosecution on the ground that the State of New York has a right to disfranchise half its citizens, they being guilty only of being women, and in the face of the express provision of this article that The People of every state shall elect the members of Congress of that state. And I may as well finish what I have to say of Miss Anthony's trial just here, because Judge Hunt's decision against her was based partly on this very article, and it is time that his interpretation of it and the consequences thereof were fully made known to all the people of this land.
Judge Hunt decided that the right of voting is a right or privilege arising under the constitution of the state, and not of the United States, and this in the face of the fourteenth and fifteenth amendments, recently ratified by three-fourths of the states, and thereby made as much the law of the land as any other part of the United States constitution. These amendments read thus:
"Fourteenth. All persons born or naturalized in the United States and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States, and of the state wherein they reside. No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States, nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law, nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the law."
This amendment was supposed to cover the whole ground of enfranchising the black men made free by the thirteenth amendment, and it ought to have been sufficient.
But the white men of the South were naturally averse to seeing black men, just out of slavery, the chief rulers of their states, they being recently disfranchised themselves for rebellion, and they made it so difficult for black men to vote that the Republican party, which was absolutely dependent upon their votes for continuance in power, determined to strengthen the right of black men to vote by another amendment, and so they passed the fifteenth amendment, which reads thus:
"The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. Congress shall have power to enforce this act by appropriate legislation."
And notice here, that while these specified grounds of denial are forbidden, this fifteenth amendment does not by implication authorize a denial on other grounds. If it did, a majority in a state might at any time disfranchise a minority. In a state like Massachusetts, where the woman are in a large majority, they might, if allowed to vote (we will merely imagine the absurdity), amend the state constitution, and exclude all men from the franchise. Yet no one would for a moment claim that this action would be valid. It would be held by every court in the land that the men had, under the national constitution, a right to vote that could not be taken away. And by the way, a question is often made as to what this right to vote shall be called — whether a natural right or mere privilege. I do not care for names. But if the men of Massachusetts were thus debarred from voting, and were struggling to recover the franchise, their right to it would be precisely what that of women is to-day. I do not care what you call it. I am satisfied to call it a fundamental right.
Here, then, we have the constitution of the United States declaring in the fourteenth amendment that all persons born in the United States and subject to the jurisdiction thereof are citizens, not only of the United States, but of the State wherein they reside; and in the fifteenth recognizing the right of citizens to vote; and yet a Judge of the Supreme Court of the United States declares from the bench that the citizen's right to vote comes from the state alone, and thus that a state may disfranchise any of its citizens except black men, these alone being protected from disfranchisement by the latter clause of the fifteenth amendment — "on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude." Thus you perceive that, as I have just suggested, a majority of the present voters in any state may, under this view, disfranchise every other voter who has gray hair or blue eyes, or any physical peculiarity but a black skin; may disfranchise all men over forty years of age, or all men worth less than $50,000, or all men of the temperance party, or the labor party, or the republican or democratic parties; in short, every one but themselves, the then majority of voters; and Judge Hunt accepted this conclusion and declared that this is the constitutional law of the United States as interpreted by him in his capacity of Judge of the Supreme Court of the United States.
He did this because he was so imbued with the theory of state rights as against national rights, and so filled with prejudice against the rights of women in government, that he was determined to interpret these amendments in behalf of black men alone, although the wording of them leaves no room for question that they embrace all the people of the United States, according to the meaning and intent of that word "people" in all the previous articles of the national constitution.
And yet this is but half, and the least criminal half, of his unjust decision in the case of Miss Anthony. Not content with misinterpreting the law of the United States by proclaiming that the right to vote of every citizen but black citizens was subject to loss at the pleasure of a bare majority of voters, he denied to Miss Anthony the right of trial by jury — that is, he decided the case himself, and caused the clerk of the court to record the verdict of guilty without reference to the jury, who were impaneled for the case, who had been sitting all through the trial to hear the case, and who alone were legally competent to bring in a verdict upon it. And when Miss Anthony's counsel asked leave to address the jury he was denied; and when he asked that the jury might be polled — that is, that each member might be asked by name if this was his verdict, he was again denied, and Judge Hunt then instructed the clerk to take the verdict, and the clerk said, in the usual form: "Gentlemen of the jury, hearken to the verdict as the court hath recorded it. You say you find the defendant guilty of the offense charged. So say you all."
No response was made by the jury, either by word or sign. They had not consulted together in their seat or otherwise. Neither of them had spoken a word. Nor had they been asked whether they had or had not agreed upon a verdict. No juror spoke a word during the trial from the time they were impaneled to the time of the discharge, and so soon as the judge refused to poll the jury he said, "Gentlemen of the jury, you are discharged," and the jurors left the box, and one of them declared by a bystander that guilty was not his verdict, neither was it the verdict of the other eleven "Could I have spoken," said he, "I should have answered not guilty, and men in that jury box would have sustained me." It seems, friends, that he and the other jurors had a right to speak and to demand that the verdict be submitted to the jury in some way. But they did not understand their rights in this respect, and were naturally in awe of a Judge of the Supreme Court of the United States, and the judge must have known that they would be thus awed, or he would not have dared thus to transgress the ordinary rules of law. And for this act he deserved impeachment, and had the accused been a foreign born, though naturalized, citizen of the United States, on trial for fraudulent voting, which is a criminal offense, you know, punishable by heavy fine and imprisonment, and had he been thus denied a verdict from the jury, the press would have rung out the injustice all over the land. And this simply because this man being an acknowledged voter would have had a political party behind him, whose interest it was to protect him and every other citizen, whether free-born or naturalized, in his right to vote.
Thus you see how in this right to vote is wrapped up the great volume of our cherished rights. Judge Hunt began with denying to women their citizen's right to vote, and by an easy step passed on to denying that right regarded most sacred of all, the right of trial by jury.
And the crime of Judge Hunt in refusing Miss Anthony her right of trial by jury was all the greater because there was no appeal from his court to any higher one, as is customary in all our other courts. A circuit court judge may review his own decision, but there is no appeal from his final decision in such a case as this, and in this case the judge refused even to reconsider the case, though strenuously urged to do so by Judge Selden, Miss Anthony's able counsel. Do you ask why Judge Hunt was willing thus to soil the purity of his judicial ermine and lower the dignity of the Court? I answer, precedent and prejudice held him in bonds, as it does many other men of character and position, and he felt doubtless that he was rendering his country a good service when he pronounced it a crime for a woman citizen of the United States to vote under the same charter with the men citizens of the United States. And there are hundreds of men who think themselves both wise and just who would have been glad of his opportunity to do the same thing and thus crush out this heresy of woman's right to help to make and execute the laws she is to live under. But, friends, you remember that "truth crushed to earth shall rise again"; and this truth of the political equality of woman has risen already from its judicial grave, and in white raiment is marching on, like John Brown's soul, conquering and to conquer. And the day is not far distant when this decision of Judge Ward Hunt will be overruled and trodden under foot, and he himself will be compelled to submit at last to a verdict, just but humiliating, a verdict recorded on high in the Book of Everlasting Judgments.
And now permit me to give you briefly the argument of woman's right to vote in our state elections as well as national, in consequence of the fourteenth and fifteenth amendments to the constitution of the United States. It is simply this: Before the war, and reconstruction acts following it, the word "citizen" was not fully defined, some jurists contending that all persons owing allegiance to the government and protected by it were properly citizens, and others that only those who were accredited legal voters could properly be called citizens. Then, when the Republican party desired to enfranchise the black men, partly for the sake of securing their votes (I do not say that this was the sole motive) in the next Presidential election, it was not willing to deface the national constitution by such words as these: "All black men, formerly slaves, are citizens of the United State;" and "No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of black men;" and again, "The right of black citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by any State;" and therefore it was driven to the annunciation of a general principle of citizenship, applicable to all persons at all times, and this was the principle that "all persons born or naturalized in the United States and subject to the jurisdiction thereof are citizens of the United States and of the state wherein they reside." This is a grand assertion, a true one, and one in harmony, as I have already shown, with the spirit and letter of the whole Constitution of the United States and the Declaration of Independence, and, like them, it embraced all women as well as all men, and secured to all women no less than all men their right to vote.
Now, friends, mark these words: "Secure" and "right to vote." Our claim is that the original constitution gave no right to vote to any man or woman, but it simply constitution gave no right to vote to his or her original, natural right to govern himself or herself, except so far as he or she delegates this to others for purposes of social order. And these amendments, following the spirit of the constitution in preamble and articles, declare that all persons are citizens, and recognize the citizen's right to vote. Can anything be plainer then than that a woman, being a "person," is a citizen, and being a "citizen" has the citizen's right to vote?
It was under this conviction that she had a plain right to vote, and therefore a plain duty to vote, that Miss Anthony determined to cast her vote for President and members of Congress at a certain election. And she succeeded in convincing the registrars of her ward and the inspectors of elections that she had this right, insomuch that they registered her name, and the oath of the elector was administered and her ballot was received and counted, and then the United States came down upon her as a criminal and prosecuted her for illegal voting, under a law of Congress passed in 1870 on purpose to enforce the provisions of the fourteenth and fifteenth amendments.
Please notice, now, that formerly each state had charge of its own elections and the United States had no right to interfere with the elections in any state, even though the election was for national officers, but in the eagerness of the Republican party to enforce the amendments which would bring black votes to their aid, they gave a new power to Congress in this section: "Congress shall have the power to enforce this article," viz: "The right of citizens of the United States to vote without denial on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude." And Congress passed what is called the Enforcement Act of 1870, which is entitled, "An act to enforce the right of citizens of the United States to vote in the several states of the Union." General terms again here you perceive, not an act to enforce the right of black men to vote in the several states of the Union, but of all citizens of the United States. And the first eighteen clauses of the act are very minute in their provisions for the protection of these black men whose votes were wanted, and then there was a nineteenth clause that was intended solely to hinder white rebel men from voting, who had been disfranchised during the war, and this clause reads thus: "If at any election for representatives or delegates to Congress of the United States any person shall vote without having a lawful right to vote, every such person shall be deemed guilty of a crime, and shall for such crime be liable to prosecution in any court of the United States of competent jurisdiction, and on conviction thereof shall be punished by a fine not exceeding $500, or by a term of imprisonment not exceeding three years, or both, in the discretion of the court, and shall pay the costs of prosecution."
And under this clause of the Enforcement Act of 1870, which was made expressly to punish white male rebel citizens for voting after they had been disfranchised for rebellion, Judge Hunt condemned Susan B. Anthony for the crime of voting "without having a lawful right to vote." This woman, the blackest of black Republicans, who had, with others like herself, furnished Mr. Sumner with half his ammunition, in the shape of petitions from thousands and thousands of citizens in behalf of the black man — names which it is an enormous task to collect, but without which all appeals to Congress to do justice would have been in vain — this woman, who had violated the infamous fugitive slave law every time by giving the cup of cold water to the panting fugitive and speeding him on his way to free soil in Canada — she, thank God! of all women in this land, was selected by the government of the United States to be prosecuted, dragged from one court to another, harassed during the space of nearly a year, tried at last in another city, and fined for the crime for voting for the President of the United States and members of Congress, under an act entitled "An act to enforce the right of citizens of the United States to vote in the several states of this Union," and under a clause of that act that made it a crime for a rebel to vote, because he had been deprived of his citizen's right to vote by special act of Congress in consequence of his crime of rebellion.
And, friends, do you not know that no citizen can be lawfully disfranchised either by State or Nation, except for crime or rebellion, and then only by the judgment of his peers? But in this case of Miss Anthony, she was punished, not only as if she had been guilty of crime or rebellion, or both, but she was, so far as the unjust judgment of the court could do it, disfranchised for evermore, and that without the judgment of her peers in a double sense; for she was not only denied the verdict of the male jury sitting there on purpose to render their verdict, but a jury of her peers she could not have, nor can any woman so long as women are denied the right to vote and to sit upon a jury. And in the case of Miss Anthony's jury, had they been allowed to render a verdict, it would have been a verdict not of her peers, but of her political superiors, of this would have been true of them however ignorant or uneducated they were; whether black men or white, drunk or sober every man of them was her sovereign, with power not only to make but to administer the laws under which she is compelled to live.
And herein is the degradation of woman to-day, not only that she cannot have a voice in making the laws and choosing officers to execute the laws, but she is compelled to be taxed, fined, imprisoned, hung even, by the verdict always of her political superiors — her male sovereigns, every one of whom is considered competent to legislate for her and to sit in judgment upon her by court and jury now and for evermore. Do you wonder that Miss Anthony declared to Judge Hunt that she should never pay this fine, or that he, apparently cowed by this modern John Hampden, blandly replied: "The court does not order you to stand committed till the fine is paid"? Judge Hunt knew full well that Miss Anthony would go to jail a thousand times before she would pay this unjust fine. And he knew also that the spectacle of this woman in prison for three years under charge of voting "without having a lawful right to vote" would rouse the nation to a sense of woman's political status before the law as nothing else could do; therefore he virtually remitted the fine, and by so doing sealed forever his own condemnation.
Do you ask, why recount this trial and so asperse the character of a learned and otherwise upright judge? I answer, because his decision has become a precedent, and on this account we have been compelled to relinquish, temporarily at least, our high vantage ground of constitutional rights and guarantees, and resort to the advocacy of an amendment to the national and state constitutions, measures alike dishonoring to the constitutions and to the womanhood of the country.
We believe, with Senator Hawley, from my own state, whom I have been proud to claim as a personal friend for many years, that (and I now give his own language as reported in the Hartford Courant), "Our government involves a great deal of labor for us. Liberty is a burden, not a release, a French philosopher has said. If you want ease, appoint as good a king as you can find, give him good counselors, and tell them to save you all trouble. You will have ease; but if you desire real freedom, it means labor. The twelve million sovereigns of this country" [notice here that my friend calls this voting half of the people the "sovereigns," just as I have done] "are bound each to know something of the responsibility that is constantly taught in caucus, town meetings, etc. The caucus should be only a meeting of honest citizens to see what had best be done." And as there are thousands of women quite ready to assume this responsibility of seeing what had best be done in the primary meetings of all the cities and villages of our land, and thousands more who will do it conscientiously, though reluctantly, when called to it by invitation of their fathers, brothers, husbands, and sons, we desire most earnestly that the approaching second century of male legislation should witness a reversal of this unjust decision of Judge Hunt and proclaim the freedom and responsibility of ALL the citizens of these United States. Let our brothers, then, consecrate this opening century of constitutional government by an act of justice that shall be a supreme one, and that shall make our national constitution forever a charter of the highest human rights. And let them, in token of their willingness to recognize our equal political rights, at least invite us to participate with them by personal representation in the ceremonial and pageant that is to welcome in this new century of constitutional government.
I said in the beginning that women ought to exercise their constitutional right to vote, and men ought to help them to do so by every means in their power. And this for two reasons:
1. Because questions of legislation to-day are largely questions of morals, and men alone are incompetent to deal with the morals of a community, however wise and just they may be, and however honest in their desire to promote the general welfare. Education, secular and religious, temperance, chastity, police regulations, penal institutions and reformatories — who has more interest than women citizens in all these questions, or more wisdom to bring to their solution?
2. There can be no true manhood nor true womanhood when men rule and women merely obey. Every mother in her home, every woman teacher in our schools, is at a discount to-day because of her political subordination. Every boy knows this, and consciously or unconsciously acts accordingly, and true political economy, which is only another name for the science of government, can never be taught until women are intelligent and responsible thinkers upon the subject equally with men and are able to carry out their convictions at the ballot-box as men do. Hence, I repeat, it is the plain duty of every woman to desire to vote, and of every man to remove the obstacles in her way.
I will only answer one objection. It is said, "We have too many voters already. It is unjust, to be sure, to exclude all women on this account, but we cannot help it. Men will not consent to be disfranchised, so we must make amends for our mistake in inviting all men to vote by forbidding all women." This is too much like Charles Lamb, who, being reproved for going so late to his desk in the morning, said he made up for it by going home early in the afternoon.
But have we too many voters? In other words, is the doctrine of God and the fathers of this republic an unsound one, that personal liberty and personal responsibility are the only foundations of integrity, whether in the individual or the nation? No, it is not unsound. It is just as true to-day as it was at Sinai and Plymouth Rock.
"Thou shalt" and "We will," reads the Decalogue and the Covenant of that old-time Jewish people; and thus in spirit speak the Constitution of the United States and the Declaration of Independence; and it is a grand and wholesome doctrine and one we cannot afford to lose sight of for a moment. But those do lose sight of it who say we have too many voters already. No, we have not too many. On the contrary, to take away this ballot even from the ignorant and perverse is to invite discontent, social disturbance, and crime. The restraints and benedictions of this little white symbol are so silent and so gentle, so atmospheric, so like the snowflakes that come down to guard the slumbering forces of the earth and prepare them for springing into bud, blossom, and fruit in due season, that few recognize the divine alchemy, and many impatient souls are saying we are on the wrong path — the old world was right — the government of the few is safe; the wise, the rich, should rule; the ignorant, the poor, should serve. But God, sitting between the eternities, has said otherwise, and we of this land are foreordained to prove his word just and true. And we will prove it by inviting every new-comer to our land to share our liberties so dearly bought and our responsibilities now grown so heavy that the shoulders which bear them are staggering under their weight; that by the joys of freedom and the burdens of responsibility they, with us, may grow into the stature of perfect men, and our country realize at last the dreams of the great souls who, "appealing to the Supreme Judge of the world for the rectitude of their intentions," did "ordain and establish the Constitution for the United States of America" — the grandest charter of human rights that the world has yet conceived.
Source: The Constitutional Rights of the Women of the United States: An Address Before the International Council of Women, Washington D.C., March 30, 1888, by Isabella Beecher Hooker. (Hartford: The Case, Lockwood & Brainard Co.), 1900, pp. 1-26.


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Lemmy Kilmister lived by his words, "People don't become better when they're dead; you just talk about them as if they are. But it's not true! People are still assholes, they're just dead assholes!" Not afraid of death. In fact, he only just found out he had the cancer that took his life.


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Olivia Meikle and Katie Nelson on The Book of Sisters
Katie Nelson and Olivia Meikle
Olivia Meikle and Katie Nelson are professors, podcasters and sisters! Together they host the popular What'sHerName history podcast. They also teach History (Nelson) and Women's Studies (Meikle) on opposite sides of the Rocky Mountains. Between them, Nelson and Meikle have two husbands, five kids, two parakeets, one schnauzer, one hermit crab and approximately one zillion years of schooling. Here they discuss what it was like working together on The Book of Sisters.
Meikle: We've worked together closely for the past few years now, but do you recall when we first met?
Nelson: Uhh, I don't. Do you? [laughs] It would have been the moment I first entered this world...
Meikle: [laughing] Yeah, I don't remember either.
Nelson: But I'm glad it happened! Being sisters is such an interesting experience. We might never have become friends in real life.
Meikle: What are you implying?
Nelson: I'm saying that sisterhood throws together women who may never have teamed up otherwise! And that's us, we're opposites in so many ways. But therein lies our strength, right? It certainly came in handy while writing a book about sisters in history.
Meikle: Absolutely. I was delighted at the unusual idea of the project, and the challenge of it. But I wasn't expecting how much fun it was going to be, to see the sisters who used their differences and their similarities to create amazing art, change the world, or overcome huge obstacles.
Nelson: Yeah, I was hooked on the idea the moment I realized we could attempt to write a history of the world, in sisters. Teaching World History for so many years, there was a sort of accepted canon of historical figures--99% men. It was refreshing to view the human story through a new lens: not just women, but sisters, specifically! It really challenged me to seek out new perspectives and stories I'd never heard of before. Just as we've discovered with the podcast, when you go looking for important women in history, you find them everywhere, hidden just beneath the surface.
Meikle: Absolutely. These women were so fascinating and so unexpected that I found myself continually in awe. Stories like the brilliant McDonagh sisters, who pioneered moviemaking during the silent film era and yet have been almost completely forgotten now. There's something very satisfying about bringing them back into focus for a new generation of readers! Or the Oversteegen sisters who put their lives on the line to save innocent people--I'll never stop being amazed by their courage.
Nelson: I'm still enthralled by the Khatun, the four daughters of Genghis Khan who built a functioning kingdom (as opposed to Genghis, who just smashed everyone into submission). I'd never heard of them before, but they were such a force in history! I want to dig deeper. Need to learn Mongolian first...
Meikle: And there were plenty of villains too, that was equally fascinating. Since sisters know each other so well, they have a special power to all-out destroy each other.
Nelson: Yes, that's an important lesson for us [laughing]. I, for one, had a lovely time working on this project, and hope to continue NOT smashing each other in the future.
Meikle: Amen. Here's to smashing the patriarchy together!


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Teck Resources misses profit estimates on lower oil, metal prices
FILE PHOTO: Teck Resources sign is on display during the company's annual general meeting in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, April 22, 2010. REUTERS/Lyle Stafford/File Photo
(Reuters) - Canada's Teck Resources Ltd, the world's second-biggest exporter of steel-making coal, posted a lower-than-expected quarterly profit on Wednesday, hurt by weak prices for heavy crude and base metals.
Transportation bottlenecks in the country have pushed prices of Canadian oil lower, hurting the company's energy business unit, while the U.S.-China trade dispute has roiled the commodities markets.
Due to declines in prices of Western Canadian Select heavy oil and base metals, Teck said it recorded negative pricing adjustments, charges related to write-down in inventory and an operating loss at its Fort Hills oil sands mine in the fourth quarter.
Last month, the Vancouver-based company had warned that its fourth-quarter profit may miss market expectation because of disappointing business at its energy unit and trail operation units, which produces refined zinc and lead.
Revenue rose 2.9 percent to C$3.25 billion ($2.46 billion) in the quarter.
Teck Resources said its adjusted profit in the quarter ended Dec. 31 fell 26.5 percent to C$500 million, or 86 Canadian cents per share, from C$680 million, or C$1.16 per share, a year earlier.
Analysts on average were expecting the company to earn 96 Canadian cents per share, according to IBES data from Refinitiv.
($1 = 1.3209 Canadian dollars)
Reporting by Sanjana Shivdas and Arundhati Sarkar in Bengaluru, Editing by Sherry Jacob-Phillips and Arun Koyyur