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Hox gene
(Redirected from HOX genes)
Group of genes
Hox genes, a subset of homeobox genes, are a group of related genes that specify regions of the body plan of an embryo along the head-tail axis of animals. Hox proteins encode and specify the characteristics of 'position', ensuring that the correct structures form in the correct places of the body. For example, Hox genes in insects specify which appendages form on a segment (e.g. legs, antennae, and wings in fruit flies), and Hox genes in vertebrates specify the types and shape of vertebrae that will form. In segmented animals, Hox proteins thus confer segmental or positional identity, but do not form the actual segments themselves.
Studies on Hox genes in ciliated larvae have shown they are only expressed in future adult tissues. In larvae with gradual metamorphosis the Hox genes are activated in tissues of the larval body, generally in the trunk region, that will be maintained through metamorphosis. In larvae with complete metamorphosis the Hox genes are mainly expressed in juvenile rudiments and are absent in the transient larval tissues. The larvae of the hemichordate species Schizocardium californicum and the pilidium larva of Nemertea do not express Hox genes.[1]
An analogy for the Hox genes can be made to the role of a play director who calls which scene the actors should carry out next. If the play director calls the scenes in the wrong order, the overall play will be presented in the wrong order. Similarly, mutations in the Hox genes can result in body parts and limbs in the wrong place along the body. Like a play director, the Hox genes do not act in the play or participate in limb formation themselves.
The protein product of each Hox gene is a transcription factor. Each Hox gene contains a well-conserved DNA sequence known as the homeobox, of which the term "Hox" was originally a contraction. However, in current usage the term Hox is no longer equivalent to homeobox, because Hox genes are not the only genes to possess a homeobox sequence: humans have over 200 homeobox genes of which 39 are Hox genes.[2][3] Hox genes are thus a subset of the homeobox transcription factor genes. In many animals, the organization of the Hox genes in the chromosome is the same as the order of their expression along the anterior-posterior axis of the developing animal, and are thus said to display colinearity.[4][5]
1 Biochemical function
3 In Drosophila
3.1 Labial
3.2 Proboscipedia
3.3 Deformed
3.4 Sex combs reduced
3.5 Antennapedia
3.6 Ultrabithorax
3.7 Abdominal-A
3.8 Abdominal-B
4 Classification of Hox proteins
5 Genes regulated by Hox proteins
6 Enhancer sequences bound by homeodomains
7 Regulation of Hox genes
8 Collinearity
9 Nomenclature
10 In other species
10.1 Vertebrates
10.2 Amphioxus
10.3 Other Invertebrates
12 Future
Biochemical function[edit]
The products of Hox genes are Hox proteins. Hox proteins are a subset of transcription factors, which are proteins that are capable of binding to specific nucleotide sequences on DNA called enhancers through which they either activate or repress hundreds of other genes. The same Hox protein can act as a repressor at one gene and an activator at another. The ability of Hox proteins to bind DNA is conferred by a part of the protein referred to as the homeodomain. The homeodomain is a 60-amino-acid-long DNA-binding domain (encoded by its corresponding 180-base-pair DNA sequence, the homeobox). This amino acid sequence folds into a "helix-turn-helix" (i.e. homeodomain fold) motif that is stabilized by a third helix. The consensus polypeptide chain is shown below:.[6] Hox proteins often act in partnership with co-factors, such as PBC and Meis proteins encoded by very different types of homeobox gene.[7]
Helix 1          Helix 2         Helix 3/4
______________    __________    _________________
RRRKRTAYTRYQLLELEKEFLFNRYLTRRRRIELAHSLNLTERHIKIWFQNRRMKWKKEN
....|....|....|....|....|....|....|....|....|....|....|....|
Conservation[edit]
Expression of Hox genes in the body segments of different groups of arthropod. The Hox genes 7, 8, and 9 correspond in these groups but are shifted (by heterochrony) by up to three segments. Segments with maxillopeds have Hox gene 7. Fossil trilobites probably had three body regions, each with a unique combination of Hox genes.
Homeobox genes, and thus the homeodomain protein motif, are found in most eukaryotes. Hox genes, being a subset of homeobox genes, arose more recently in evolution within the animal kingdom or Metazoa. Within the animal kingdom, Hox genes are present across the bilateria[8] (animals with a clear head-to-tail axis), and have also been found in Cnidaria such as sea anemones.[9] This implies that Hox genes arose over 550 million years ago. In bilateria, Hox genes are often arranged in gene clusters, although there are many exceptions where the genes have been separated by chromosomal rearrangements.[10] Comparing homeodomain sequences between Hox proteins often reveals greater similarity between species than within a species; this observation led to the conclusion that Hox gene clusters evolved early in animal evolution from a single Hox gene via tandem duplication and subsequent divergence, and that a prototypic Hox gene cluster containing at least seven different Hox genes was present in the common ancestor of all bilaterian animals.[8][11]
In most bilaterian animals, Hox genes are expressed in staggered domains along the head-to-tail axis of the embryo, suggesting that their role in specifying position is a shared, ancient feature.[12] The functional conservation of Hox proteins can be demonstrated by the fact that a fly can function to a large degree with a chicken Hox protein in place of its own.[13] So, despite having a last common ancestor that lived over 550 million years ago,[14] the chicken and fly version of the same Hox gene are similar enough to target the same downstream genes in flies.
In Drosophila[edit]
Homeobox (Hox) gene expression in Drosophila melanogaster
Drosophila melanogaster is an important model for understanding body plan generation and evolution. The general principles of Hox gene function and logic elucidated in flies will apply to all bilaterian organisms, including humans. Drosophila, like all insects, has eight Hox genes. These are clustered into two complexes, both of which are located on chromosome 3. The Antennapedia complex (not to be confused with the Antp gene) consists of five genes: labial (lab), proboscipedia (pb), deformed (Dfd), sex combs reduced (Scr), and Antennapedia (Antp). The Bithorax complex, named after the Ultrabithorax gene, consists of the remaining three genes: Ultrabithorax (Ubx), abdominal-A (abd-A) and abdominal-B (abd-B).
Labial[edit]
The lab gene is the most anteriorly expressed gene. It is expressed in the head, primarily in the intercalary segment (an appendageless segment between the antenna and mandible), and also in the midgut. Loss of function of lab results in the failure of the Drosophila embryo to internalize the mouth and head structures that initially develop on the outside of its body (a process called head involution). Failure of head involution disrupts or deletes the salivary glands and pharynx. The lab gene was initially so named because it disrupted the labial appendage; however, the lab gene is not expressed in the labial segment, and the labial appendage phenotype is likely a result of the broad disorganization resulting from the failure of head involution.[15]
Proboscipedia[edit]
The pb gene is responsible for the formation of the labial and maxillary palps. Some evidence shows pb interacts with Scr.[16]
Deformed[edit]
The Dfd gene is responsible for the formation of the maxillary and mandibular segments in the larval head.[17] The mutant phenotypes of Dfd are similar to those of labial. Loss of function of Dfd in the embryo results in a failure of head involution (see labial gene), with a loss of larval head structures. Mutations in the adult have either deletions of parts of the head or transformations of head to thoracic identity.[15]
Sex combs reduced[edit]
The Scr gene is responsible for cephalic and thoracic development in Drosophila embryo and adult.[18]
Antennapedia[edit]
Main article: Antennapedia
The second thoracic segment, or T2, develops a pair of legs and a pair of wings. The Antp gene specifies this identity by promoting leg formation and allowing (but not directly activating) wing formation. A dominant Antp mutation, caused by a chromosomal inversion, causes Antp to be expressed in the antennal imaginal disc, so that, instead of forming an antenna, the disc makes a leg, resulting in a leg coming out of the fly's head.
Wild type (left), Antennapedia mutant (right)
Ultrabithorax[edit]
Main article: Ultrabithorax
The third thoracic segment, or T3, bears a pair of legs and a pair of halteres (highly reduced wings that function in balancing during flight). Ubx patterns T3 largely by repressing genes involved in wing formation. The wing blade is composed of two layers of cells that adhere tightly to one another, and are supplied with nutrient by several wing veins. One of the many genes that Ubx represses is blistered, which activates proteins involved in cell-cell adhesion, and spalt, which patterns the placement of wing veins. In Ubx loss-of-function mutants, Ubx no longer represses wing genes, and the halteres develop as a second pair of wings, resulting in the famous four-winged flies. When Ubx is misexpressed in the second thoracic segment, such as occurs in flies with the "Cbx" enhancer mutation, it represses wing genes, and the wings develop as halteres, resulting in a four-haltered fly.
Abdominal-A[edit]
In Drosophila, abd-A is expressed along most of the abdomen, from abdominal segments 1 (A1) to A8. Expression of abd-A is necessary to specify the identity of most of the abdominal segments. A major function of abd-A in insects is to repress limb formation. In abd-A loss-of-function mutants, abdominal segments A2 through A8 are transformed into an identity more like A1. When abd-A is ectopically expressed throughout the embryo, all segments anterior of A4 are transformed to an A4-like abdominal identity.[15] The abd-A gene also affects the pattern of cuticle generation in the ectoderm, and pattern of muscle generation in the mesoderm.[16]
Abdominal-B[edit]
Gene abd-B is transcribed in two different forms, a regulatory protein, and a morphogenic protein. Regulatory abd-B suppress embryonic ventral epidermal structures in the eighth and ninth segments of the Drosophila abdomen. Both the regulatory protein and the morphogenic protein are involved in the development of the tail segment.[16]
Classification of Hox proteins[edit]
Proteins with a high degree of sequence similarity are also generally assumed to exhibit a high degree of functional similarity, i.e. Hox proteins with identical homeodomains are assumed to have identical DNA-binding properties (unless additional sequences are known to influence DNA-binding). To identify the set of proteins between two different species that are most likely to be most similar in function, classification schemes are used. For Hox proteins, three different classification schemes exist: phylogenetic inference based, synteny-based, and sequence similarity-based.[19] The three classification schemes provide conflicting information for Hox proteins expressed in the middle of the body axis (Hox6-8 and Antp, Ubx and abd-A). A combined approach used phylogenetic inference-based information of the different species and plotted the protein sequence types onto the phylogenetic tree of the species. The approach identified the proteins that best represent ancestral forms (Hox7 and Antp) and the proteins that represent new, derived versions (or were lost in an ancestor and are now missing in numerous species).[20]
Genes regulated by Hox proteins[edit]
Hox genes act at many levels within developmental gene hierarchies: at the "executive" level they regulate genes that in turn regulate large networks of other genes (like the gene pathway that forms an appendage). They also directly regulate what are called realisator genes or effector genes that act at the bottom of such hierarchies to ultimately form the tissues, structures, and organs of each segment. Segmentation involves such processes as morphogenesis (differentiation of precursor cells into their terminal specialized cells), the tight association of groups of cells with similar fates, the sculpting of structures and segment boundaries via programmed cell death, and the movement of cells from where they are first born to where they will ultimately function, so it is not surprising that the target genes of Hox genes promote cell division, cell adhesion, apoptosis, and cell migration.[4]
Examples of targs
Normal function of target gene
Drosophila distal-less activates gene pathway for limb formation ULTRABITHORAX[21]
(represses distal-less)
distal-less activates gene pathway for limb formation ABDOMINAL-A[21]
decapentaplegic triggers cell shape changes in the gut that are
required for normal visceral morphology
ULTRABITHORAX[22]
(activates decapentaplegic)
reaper Apoptosis: localized cell death creates the segmental
boundary between the maxilla and mandible of the head
DEFORMED[23]
(activates reaper)
decapentaplegic prevents the above cell changes in more posterior
ABDOMINAL-B[22]
(represses decapentaplegic)
Mouse EphA7 Cell adhesion: causes tight association of cells in
distal limb that will form digit, carpal and tarsal bones
HOX-A13[4]
(activates EphA7)
Cdkn1a Cell cycle: differentiation of myelomonocyte cells into
monocytes (white blood cells), with cell cycle arrest
Hox-A10[24]
(activates Cdkn1a)
Enhancer sequences bound by homeodomains[edit]
The DNA sequence bound by the homeodomain protein contains the nucleotide sequence TAAT, with the 5' terminal T being the most important for binding.[25] This sequence is conserved in nearly all sites recognized by homeodomains, and probably distinguishes such locations as DNA binding sites. The base pairs following this initial sequence are used to distinguish between homeodomain proteins, all of which have similar recognition sites. For instance, the nucleotide following the TAAT sequence is recognized by the amino acid at position 9 of the homeodomain protein. In the maternal protein Bicoid, this position is occupied by lysine, which recognizes and binds to the nucleotide guanine. In Antennapedia, this position is occupied by glutamine, which recognizes and binds to adenine. If the lysine in Bicoid is replaced by glutamine, the resulting protein will recognize Antennapedia-binding enhancer sites.[26]
However, all homeodomain-containing transcription factors bind essentially the same DNA sequence. The sequence bound by the homeodomain of a Hox protein is only six nucleotides long, and such a short sequence would be found at random many times throughout the genome, far more than the number of actual functional sites. Especially for Hox proteins, which produce such dramatic changes in morphology when misexpressed, this raises the question of how each transcription factor can produce such specific and different outcomes if they all bind the same sequence. One mechanism that introduces greater DNA sequence specificity to Hox proteins is to bind protein cofactors. Two such Hox cofactors are Extradenticle (Exd) and Homothorax (Hth). Exd and Hth bind to Hox proteins and appear to induce conformational changes in the Hox protein that increase its specificity.[27]
Regulation of Hox genes[edit]
Just as Hox genes regulate realisator genes, they are in turn regulated themselves by other genes. In Drosophila and some insects (but not most animals), Hox genes are regulated by gap genes and pair-rule genes, which are in their turn regulated by maternally-supplied mRNA. This results in a transcription factor cascade: maternal factors activate gap or pair-rule genes; gap and pair-rule genes activate Hox genes; then, finally, Hox genes activate realisator genes that cause the segments in the developing embryo to differentiate. Regulation is achieved via protein concentration gradients, called morphogenic fields. For example, high concentrations of one maternal protein and low concentrations of others will turn on a specific set of gap or pair-rule genes. In flies, stripe 2 in the embryo is activated by the maternal proteins Bicoid and Hunchback, but repressed by the gap proteins Giant and Kruppel. Thus, stripe 2 will only form wherever there is Bicoid and Hunchback, but not where there is Giant and Kruppel.[28]
MicroRNA strands located in Hox clusters have been shown to inhibit more anterior hox genes ("posterior prevalence phenomenon"), possibly to better fine tune its expression pattern.[29]
Non-coding RNA (ncRNA) has been shown to be abundant in Hox clusters. In humans, 231 ncRNA may be present. One of these, HOTAIR, silences in trans (it is transcribed from the HOXC cluster and inhibits late HOXD genes) by binding to Polycomb-group proteins (PRC2).[30]
The chromatin structure is essential for transcription but it also requires the cluster to loop out of the chromosome territory.[31]
In higher animals including humans, retinoic acid regulates differential expression of Hox genes along the anteroposterior axis.[32] Genes in the 3' ends of Hox clusters are induced by retinoic acid resulting in expression domains that extend more anteriorly in the body compared to 5' Hox genes that are not induced by retinoic acid resulting in expression domains that remain more posterior.
Quantitative PCR has shown several trends regarding colinearity: the system is in equilibrium and the total number of transcripts depends on the number of genes present according to a linear relationship.[33]
Collinearity[edit]
In some organisms, especially vertebrates, the various Hox genes are situated very close to one another on the chromosome in groups or clusters. The order of the genes on the chromosome is the same as the expression of the genes in the developing embryo, with the first gene being expressed in the anterior end of the developing organism. The reason for this colinearity is not yet completely understood, but could be related to the activation of Hox genes in a temporal sequence by gradual unpacking of chromatin along a gene cluster. The diagram above shows the relationship between the genes and protein expression in flies.
Nomenclature[edit]
The Hox genes are named for the homeotic phenotypes that result when their function is disrupted, wherein one segment develops with the identity of another (e.g. legs where antennae should be). Hox genes in different phyla have been given different names, which has led to confusion about nomenclature. The complement of Hox genes in Drosophila is made up of two clusters, the Antennapedia complex and the Bithorax complex, which together were historically referred to as the HOM-C (for Homeotic Complex). Although historically HOM-C genes have referred to Drosophila homologues, while Hox genes referred to vertebrate homologues, this distinction is no longer made, and both HOM-C and Hox genes are called Hox genes.
In other species[edit]
Hox genes in various species
Vertebrates[edit]
Mice and humans have 39 Hox genes in four clusters:[34][35]
Cluster Human Chromosome Genes
HOXA@ chromosome 7 HOXA1, HOXA2, HOXA3, HOXA4, HOXA5, HOXA6, HOXA7, HOXA9, HOXA10, HOXA11, HOXA13
HOXB@ chromosome 17 HOXB1, HOXB2, HOXB3, HOXB4, HOXB5, HOXB6, HOXB7, HOXB8, HOXB9, HOXB13
HOXC@ chromosome 12 HOXC4, HOXC5, HOXC6, HOXC8, HOXC9, HOXC10, HOXC11, HOXC12, HOXC13
HOXD@ chromosome 2 HOXD1, HOXD3, HOXD4, HOXD8, HOXD9, HOXD10, HOXD11, HOXD12, HOXD13
The ancestors of vertebrates had a single Hox gene cluster,[36][37] which was duplicated (twice) early in vertebrate evolution by whole genome duplications to give four Hox gene clusters: Hoxa, Hoxb, Hoxc and Hoxd. It is currently unclear whether these duplications occurred before or after divergence of lampreys and hagfish from the rest of vertebrates.[38] Most mammals, amphibians, reptiles and birds have four HOX clusters, while most teleost fish, including zebrafish and medaka, have seven or eight Hox gene clusters because of an additional genome duplication which occurred in their evolutionary history.[39][34] In zebrafish, one of the eight Hox gene clusters (a Hoxd cluster) has lost all protein-coding genes, and just a single microRNA gene marks the location of the original cluster.[40] In some teleost fish, such as salmon, an even more recent genome duplication occurred, doubling the seven or eight Hox gene clusters to give at least 13 clusters [41]
Main article: Hox genes in amphibians and reptiles
Hox genes, especially those of the HoxA and HoxD clusters, are implicated in the limb regeneration abilities of Amphibians and Reptiles.[42] In addition, one of the bat accelerated regions (analogous to human accelerated regions) called BAR116 is an enhancer that defines a unique expression pattern of HoxD genes in the fore and hind limbs, possibly playing a role in the evolution of wings.[43]
Amphioxus[edit]
Amphioxus such as Branchiostoma floridae have a single Hox cluster with 15 genes, known as AmphiHox1 to AmphiHox15.[44]
Other Invertebrates[edit]
Six Hox genes are dispersed in the genome of Caenorhabditis elegans, a roundworm.[8](fig. 3) Hydra and Nematostella vectensis, both in the Phylum Cnidaria, have a few Hox/ParaHox-like homeobox genes.[45][9] Hox gene expression has also been studied in brachiopods,[46] annelids, [47] and a suite of molluscs.[48]
The Hox genes are so named because mutations in them cause homeotic transformations. Homeotic transformations were first identified and studied by William Bateson in 1894, who coined the term "homeosis". After the rediscovery of Mendel's genetic principles, Bateson and others realized that some examples of homeosis in floral organs and animal skeletons could be attributed to variation in genes.
Definitive evidence for a genetic basis of some homeotic transformations was obtained by isolating homeotic mutants. The first homeotic mutant was found by Calvin Bridges in Thomas Hunt Morgan's laboratory in 1915. This mutant shows a partial duplication of the thorax and was therefore named Bithorax (bx). It transforms the third thoracic segment (T3) toward the second (T2). Bithorax arose spontaneously in the laboratory and has been maintained continuously as a laboratory stock ever since.[49]
The genetic studies by Morgan and others provided the foundation for the systematic analyses of Edward B. Lewis and Thomas Kaufman, which provided preliminary definitions of the many homeotic genes of the Bithorax and Antennapedia complexes, and also showed that the mutant phenotypes for most of these genes could be traced back to patterning defects in the embryonic body plan.
Ed Lewis, Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard and Eric F. Wieschaus identified and classified 15 genes of key importance in determining the body plan and the formation of body segments of the fruit fly D. melanogaster in 1980.[50] For their work, Lewis, Nüsslein-Volhard, and Wieschaus were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1995.[51]
In 1983, the homeobox was discovered independently by researchers in two labs: Ernst Hafen, Michael Levine, and William McGinnis (in Walter Gehring's lab at the University of Basel, Switzerland) and Matthew P. Scott and Amy Weiner (in Thomas Kaufman's lab at Indiana University in Bloomington).
Future[edit]
Hox genes play critical roles in the development of structures such as limbs, lungs, the nervous system, and eyes. As T. R. Lappin and colleagues observed in 2006, "Evolutionary conservation provides unlimited scope for experimental investigation of the functional control of the Hox gene network which is providing important insights into human disease." In the future, more research can be done in investigating the roles of Hox genes in Leukaemia and cancer (such as EOC).[34]
Homeobox
Homeotic gene
Hox genes in amphibians and reptiles
Discredited hypotheses for the Cambrian explosion (Section: Regulatory genes)
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^ Duester, G (September 2008). "Retinoic Acid Synthesis and Signaling during Early Organogenesis". Cell. 134 (6): 921–31. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2008.09.002. PMC 2632951. PMID 18805086.
^ Montavon; Le Garrec, JF; Kerszberg, M; Duboule, D (2008). "Modeling Hox gene regulation in digits: reverse collinearity and the molecular origin of thumbness". Genes Dev. 22 (3): 346–59. doi:10.1101/gad.1631708. PMC 2216694. PMID 18245448.
^ a b c Lappin, TR; Grier, DG; Thompson, A; Halliday, HL (January 2006). "HOX genes: seductive science, mysterious mechanisms". The Ulster Medical Journal. 75 (1): 23–31. PMC 1891803. PMID 16457401.
^ Scott, Matthew P. (13 November 1992). "Vertebrate homeobox gene nomenclature". Cell. 71 (4): 551–553. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(92)90588-4. ISSN 0092-8674. PMID 1358459. S2CID 13370372.
^ Garcia-Fernandez, J; Holland, PWH (1994). "Archetypal organisation of the amphioxus Hox gene cluster". Nature. 370 (6490): 563–6. Bibcode:1994Natur.370..563G. doi:10.1038/370563a0. PMID 7914353. S2CID 4329696.
^ Spagnuolo, A., Ristoratore, F., Di Gregorio, A., Aniello, F., Branno, M. & Di Lauro, R. (2003) Gene 309 , 71–79
^ Holland, LZ; Ocampo Daza, D (2018). "A new look at an old question: when did the second whole genome duplication occur in vertebrate evolution?". Genome Biology. 19 (1): 209. doi:10.1186/s13059-018-1592-0. PMC 6260733. PMID 30486862.
^ Hoegg, S.; Boore, J. L.; Kuehl, J. V.; Meyer, A. (2007). "Comparative phylogenomic analyses of teleost fish Hox gene clusters: lessons from the cichlid fish Astatotilapia burtoni". BMC Genomics. 8 (1): 317. doi:10.1186/1471-2164-8-317. PMC 2080641. PMID 17845724.
^ Woltering, Joost M; Durston, Antony J (1 June 2006). "The zebrafish hoxDb cluster has been reduced to a single microRNA". Nature Genetics. 38 (6): 601–602. doi:10.1038/ng0606-601. PMID 16736008. S2CID 41211603.
^ Mungpakdee, S; Seo, HC; Angotzi, AR; Dong, X; Akalin, A; Chourrout, D (2008). "Differential evolution of the 13 Atlantic salmon Hox clusters". Mol Biol Evol. 25 (7): 1333–43. doi:10.1093/molbev/msn097. PMID 18424774.
^ Mullen, L. M.; Bryant, S. V.; Torok, M. A.; Blumberg, B.; Gardiner, D. M. (1996). "Nerve dependency of regeneration: The role of Distal-less and FGF signaling in amphibian limb regeneration". Development (Cambridge, England). 122 (11): 3487–97. PMID 8951064.
^ Booker, BM; Friedrich, T; Mason, MK; VanderMeer, JE; Zhao, J; Eckalbar, WL; Logan, M; Illing, N; Pollard, KS; Ahituv, N (March 2016). "Bat Accelerated Regions Identify a Bat Forelimb Specific Enhancer in the HoxD Locus". PLOS Genetics. 12 (3): e1005738. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1005738. PMC 4809552. PMID 27019019.
^ Holland, LZ; et al. (2008). "The amphioxus genome illuminates vertebrate origins and cephalochordate biology". Genome Research. 18 (7): 1100–1111. doi:10.1101/gr.073676.107. PMC 2493399. PMID 18562680.
^ Gauchat, D; Mazet, F; Berney, C; Schummer, M; Kreger, S; Pawlowski, J; Galliot, B (25 April 2000). "Evolution of Antp-class genes and differential expression of Hydra Hox/paraHox genes in anterior patterning". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 97 (9): 4493–8. doi:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4493. PMC 18262. PMID 10781050.
^ Gasiorowski, Ludwik; Hejnol, Andreas (2018). "Hox gene expression in postmetamorphic juveniles of the brachiopod Terebratalia transversa". bioRxiv. 10: 449488. doi:10.1101/449488. PMC 6325747. PMID 30637095.
^ Kulakova, Milana; Bakalenko, Nadezhda; Novikova, Elena; Cook, Charles E.; Eliseeva, Elena; Steinmetz, Patrick R. H.; Kostyuchenko, Roman P.; Dondua, Archil; Arendt, Detlev; Akam, Michael; Andreeva, Tatiana (2007). "Hox gene expression in larval development of the polychaetes Nereis virens and Platynereis dumerilii (Annelida, Lophotrochozoa)". Development Genes and Evolution. 217 (1): 39–54. doi:10.1007/s00427-006-0119-y. PMID 17180685. S2CID 7314266.
^ Lee, Patricia N.; Callaerts, Patrick; De Couet, Heinz G.; Martindale, Mark Q. (2003). "Cephalopod Hox genes and the origin of morphological novelties". Nature. 424 (6952): 1061–1065. Bibcode:2003Natur.424.1061L. doi:10.1038/nature01872. PMID 12944969. S2CID 4317828.
^ Gehring, Walter J. (1998). Master Control Genes in Development and Evolution: The Homeobox Story. Yale Univ. Press.
^ Nüsslein-Volhard, Christiane; Wieschaus, Eric (30 October 1980). "Mutations affecting segment number and polarity in Drosophila" (PDF). Nature. 287 (5785): 795–801. Bibcode:1980Natur.287..795N. doi:10.1038/287795a0. PMID 6776413. S2CID 4337658.
^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1995". Nobelprize.org.
Hunt, Paul (1998). "The Function of Hox Genes". In Bittar, E. Edward (ed.). Developmental Biology. Elsevier. ISBN 978-1-55938-816-0.
The Homeotic Selector Genes in Developmental Biology, 6th Edition by Scott F. Gilbert (2000) Published by Sinauer Associates, Inc. ISBN 0-87893-243-7.
The development of phenotype
Genotype–phenotype distinction
Reaction norm
Gene–environment interaction
Gene–environment correlation
Heterochrony
Heterotopy
Genetic architecture
Genetic assimilation
Epistasis
Fitness landscape/evolutionary landscape
Pleiotropy
Polygenic inheritance
Transgressive segregation
Non-genetic influences
Maternal effect
Genomic imprinting
Dual inheritance theory
Polyphenism
Developmental architecture
Eyespot
Pattern formation
Metamerism
Evolution of genetic systems
Evolvability
Neutral networks
Evolution of sexual reproduction
Control of development
Gene regulatory network
Evo-devo gene toolkit
Evolutionary developmental biology
eyeless gene
Distal-less
Engrailed
cis-regulatory element
Morphogen
Cell surface receptor
Influential figures
C. H. Waddington
Richard Lewontin
François Jacob + Jacques Monod
Lac operon
Eric F. Wieschaus
William McGinnis
Mike Levine
Sean B. Carroll
Morphogenetic field
Index of evolutionary biology articles
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hox_gene&oldid=997249666"
Developmental genes and proteins
Gene clusters


text:
1-20 of 2560 jobs
Arabic Head of Department
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We are looking to appoint an outstanding Head of Department to lead our Math team into the next phase of development at RGS Qatar.
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Head of Design Technology
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City of London School for Girls is an independent day school for pupils aged 7-18 situated in the heart of the Barbican. We are looking for a Head of Design Technology to join the school, please click here to find out more.
Head of EYFS
The Royal Grammar School, Guildford in Qatar, Royal Grammar School Guildford in Qatar - Um Salal - Doha
We are looking for an innovative, dynamic Early Years Foundation Stage leader to join our growing team of outstanding educators at RGSGQ.
PE Head of Department
We are looking to appoint an outstanding Head of Department to lead our PE team into the next phase of development at RGS Qatar.
Head of Lower School
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This is an exciting opportunity for a collaborative, principled and experienced leader to take on a key role as Head of Lower School in an innovative and well-established IB World School in Dubai.
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Lapford Community Primary School, Devon
Lapford Community Primary School is a small, warm and friendly rural school with strong community links. Applications are invited for the post of Head of School with responsibility for the day-to-day leadership and management of the school.
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Do you want to come and work for a dynamic innovative team? Could this be the role for you?
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The Lyceum, Hackney
Dukes Education are looking to appoint a Head for the The Lyceum School starting September 2022.
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Turner Free School is part of Turner Schools and we are looking for an ambitious, dedicated Senior Leader who is looking to be part of a growing, innovative Trust that has both a regional and national reputation for our work.
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Tes is currently supporting a prestigious international school, based in Beijing, China. The school is looking to add a Head of Technology to their progressive and supportive Senior Schoool ideally starting in August 2022.
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The Governors of Shebbear College and the Trustees of the Methodist Independent Schools Trust (MIST) are seeking to appoint an inspirational leader who will build on the successful Headship of Mrs Caroline Kirby.
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St Paul's Way Trust School is seeking to appoint an exceptional 'Head of School' to lead the Primary Phase within our Outstanding All-Through School.
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We're looking for a new headteacher to lead 'Summit School,' an OFSTED 'Good' provision based at Cygnet Joyce Parker hospital.
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Ipswich School, of which the Preparatory School is a part, is one of the foremost independent schools in East Anglia.
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An innovative partnership between leading sports memorabilia and marketing company Steiner Sports Marketing and Syracuse University's Department of Sport Management and Department of Athletics will provide students with the ultimate hands-on learning experience.
Syracuse Steiner Collectibles will concentrate on obtaining, marketing and selling one-of-a-kind SU athletic artifacts, autographed merchandise, apparel, photos and game-used equipment. Students in the Department of Sport Management will manage the business under the direction of Steiner Collectibles CEO Brandon Steiner and Sport Management Director Michael Veley.
"This is a perfect example of 'Scholarship in Action,'" says Veley. "Mr. Steiner has provided our students with the opportunity to turn classroom learning into real-world results. Through this partnership, students will develop business and marketing skills in a true organizational structure while serving fans across the country." Veley developed the original idea for the partnership with Steiner.
Authentic items expected to be available through Syracuse Steiner Collectibles include furniture collectibles and autographed plaques created from the Carrier Dome floor on which the 2003 men's basketball national championship team played, as well as game-used jerseys and balls. Other marketing opportunities include fantasy experiences such as "meet the coaches," being on the field for a football coin toss, or attending a basketball post-game press conference.
Brandon Steiner '81 is founder and chair of Steiner Sports Marketing, an 80-employee, $35-million enterprise. The company specializes in connecting athletes with corporate America through innovative programs, as well as offering high-profile, authentic memorabilia items from a veritable "who's who" in the world of sports. Its inventory of collectibles includes more than 5,000 items, and its roster boasts more than 500 male and female professional athletes from virtually every sport.
Steiner, who is a member of the SU Sport Management Advisory Board, has worked with numerous top athletes, including Muhammad Ali, Mia Hamm, Derek Jeter, Magic Johnson, Michael Jordan, Pat Riley and Cal Ripken Jr.
He is the author of "The Business Playbook: Leadership Lessons From the World of Sports" (Entrepreneur Press, 2003).
For more information about Syracuse Steiner Collectibles, contact Veley at (315) 443-9881.


text:
Lawsuit Blames State Police and Local Jail for Sandra Bland's Death
Bland's mother says "she never should have been inside of a jail."
Jacob Sullum | 8.5.2015 9:29 AM
Yesterday Sandra Bland's mother, Geneva Reed-Veal, filed a federal lawsuit against the Texas trooper who arrested Bland on July 10 and two employees of the jail where she was found dead three days later. The complaint, which also names Waller County and the Texas Department of Public Safety (DPS) as defendants, claims that Trooper Brian Encinia violated Bland's constitutional rights by arresting her under false pretenses and that two screening officers at the Waller County Jail, Elsa Magnus and Oscar Prudente, failed to adequately monitor her. Reed-Veal argues that the state and county share responsibility for the actions and omissions of their employees because they did not properly train and supervise them.
Although Encinia charged Bland with assaulting him, which was the official reason she ended up in jail, the complaint says it was the other way around. After stopping her for changing lanes without signaling, he asked her to put out her cigarette. When she questioned his authority to make her do that, he ordered her out of the car, opened the door and grabbed her, forced her out by threatening her with a Taser, and handcuffed her. That much is clear from the dashcam video of the traffic stop. The lawsuit adds that Encinia tackled Bland, knocked her head against the pavement, and kneeled on her back. Although those actions cannot be seen in the video, Bland can be heard complaining about them. By contrast, we seem to have only Encinia's word that Bland kicked him, which was his ultimate justification for arresting her.
The lawsuit alleges that Encinia invented that detail to justify the arrest, but it does not delve into the question of why he was handcuffing her in the first place. As I noted a few weeks ago, Encinia declared that Bland was under arrest after she refused to get out of her car, but he never explained why. According to the Supreme Court's reading of the Fourth Amendment, police officers may order motorists out of their vehicles during routine traffic stops without any special justification. It's somewhat less clear whether Texas law allows cops to arrest drivers simply for refusing to obey that order, but that seems to be what Encinia was doing. The complaint ignores that issue, merely asserting that Encinia was not "privileged to take the action, as such force was not necessary under the circumstances."
Encinia, of course, disagrees, although he also skirts the question of what offense Bland committed while still sitting in her car. "I had Bland exit the vehicle to further conduct a safe traffic investigation," he says in his report on the incident, which the lawsuit quotes. "Bland became combative and uncooperative. Numerous commands were given to Bland ordering her to exit the vehicle. Bland was removed from the car but became more combative. Bland was placed in handcuffs for officer safety." He neglects to mention that he informed Bland she was under arrest well before she allegedly assaulted him.
DPS said Encinia's treatment of Bland violated department policy. But prior to his encounter with Bland, the lawsuit says, Encinia had been "reprimanded for unprofessional conduct" and had "exhibited a pattern of escalating encounters with the public." It says DPS "was responsible for training its law enforcement officers…wiith regard to how to conduct a proper vehicle stop, but failed to fully, adequately, and properly do so." It adds that DPS "failed to properly evaluate its law enforcement personnel's qualifications, training, demeanor, and fitness for duty."
The lawsuit faults Magnus and Prudente, the jail employees, for "failing to provide adequate monitoring of Sandra Bland to keep her safe and secure." Specifically, it says, they left her alone in a cell "with a variety of inappropriate items," including "a large garbage can, garbage bags [one of which Bland apparently used to hang herself], exposed beams [ditto], cords, and other items." The complaint says they also "failed to appropriately respond when Sandra Bland did not eat the meals provided to her" and when she "had bouts of uncontrollable crying." The lawsuit notes that Bland was allowed to call friends and relatives the day after her arrest but not on the following two days, which may have compounded her feelings of isolation.
Waller County Sheriff R. Glenn Smith has said he is considering disciplinary action against jail personnel in light of Bland's death. The lawsuit argues that the county shares responsibility for any failures because jail employees were "inadequately trained on the procedures for recognition, supervision, documentation, and handling of inmates who are mentally disabled, and/or potentially suicidal." The jail also "failed to have an established procedure for visual, face-to-face observation of all inmates by jailers no less than once every 60 minutes." Both of those failures violate state regulations. The county nevertheless promises to "vigorously defend the case."
While Bland might very well still be alive if the jail had followed state-mandated practices, its failure to do so would never have affected her if Encinia had better controlled his anger at her insufficiently subservient attitude. "The bottom line," as Reed-Veal observed at a news conference yesterday, is that "she never should have been inside of a jail."
NEXT: Joe Biden's Friends Don't Want Him to Run, FBI Looks at Hillary Emails, Changes Have Come to Ferguson: A.M. Links
Jacob Sullum is a senior editor at Reason.
Sandra Bland Police Abuse Jail Fourth Amendment
August.5.2015 at 9:33 am
Even though DPS disciplined the trooper over his behavior and admitted that the jail violated its own rules, when they settle this lawsuit there will be no admission of wrongdoing.
Hamster of Doom
August.5.2015 at 10:38 am
Well sure. Real consequences and admitting they were in the wrong might just imply something needs to change.
The Late P Brooks
Failure to Obey: the most heinous crime of all.
retiredfire
…meanwhile, simple compliance – not a difficult concept – would have had this woman on her way, in short order.
She sure showed them.
Scarecrow & WoodChipper Repair
Hell, even Arlo pointed out it was standard practice in the 1960s to take belts and shoelaces (and toilet paper!) from prisoners before leaving them alone in a jail cell.
Capt. Rimmer
The cop clearly ordered the woman out of the car out of spite. The order had nothing to do with his safety nor did it serve an investigatory purpose. I think that older case law is distinguishable from this set of facts. This case may very well make it to the Supreme Court if it's not settled.
Troy muy grande boner
I hope not, I don't want to give SCOTUS another chance to further empower the police state.
As long as the police are given the presumption that it's okay to do whatever they feel like doing to protect themselves from any risk, then cops are going to abuse people and claim that some vaguely threatening behavior justifies their action.
Bland was placed in handcuffs for officer safety
There it is again. The presumption that police get to do whatever they want to suspects to protect themselves from the slightest risk.
Yes, let's just preemptively handcuff people because they *might* try to throw a punch.
Let's shoot people because they *might* be a threat.
Hell yea! If one pound puppies are threats, what are 100 pound women, chopped liver?
commodious spittoon
After the sadist in uniform gets through with her, yes.
Adans smith
It is now a fact that breaking any law,no matter how trivial,can come with a death sentance.And not 'respecting' the badge is the worse one.
By showing disrespect to the badge, you indicate to the officer that you are a threat. You might spit on him, possibly scratch, and at the very least hurt his feelings. He's entitled to do whatever is necessary to eliminate the threat.
Mr Lizard
Yes but what about throwing your Blue Steel at them?
sarcasmic
You don't even have to break the law. If a cop unlawfully stops you and then issues unlawful orders, you can still be executed for failure to obey. And nothing else will happen.
You are breaking their law,don't you understand? They can kill with a word.
An acquaintance on facebook posted the New Yorker profile of Darren Wilson, calling it "biased but interesting." I commented with your exact sentiment, that we've fallen so far from our liberal roots that any sign of disobedience to authority can be met with deadly force, but I deleted it because what's the point? She's a granola lefty who considered the article biased because it painted Wilson in too favorable a light (e.g., it failed to note the horns sprouting from Wilson's forehead). There's no sense from such people that the loss of liberty and individual sovereignty is a problem. Instead it's purely a racial problem.
I believe that shooting a unarmed person is all most never justified.This highly train 'hero's' should be able to subdue a 'civilian'. And many times it's 2,3,4,5 on one.
The Pledge needs to be updated from "liberty and justice for all" to "subservience and social justice for all."
The notion of "pledging" one's "allegiance" is pretty antiquated, too. Pledging, as if one has a choice, and then only offering up one's allegiance rather than unwavering fealty and subordination. We should rename it the Acceptance of Servitude.
August.5.2015 at 12:27 pm
I thought he came across as a racist asshole.
There seems to be some anxiety among some white people that only black people are going to reap the rewards of any positive change that may come from the BLM movement. But they shouldn't worry. White people will always get to benefit first and most.
Know who else is a racist asshole?
(Gotta be someone else besides Tony. 'Cause he ain't fixated on skin color. No sir, no way it could be Tony.)
Kristen Bids No Trump
I just can't come up with any other answer than Tony. Except Tony is a genocidal racist, not just a run-of-the-mill trailer trash redneck racist.
August.5.2015 at 5:09 pm
I thought he came off as a racist asshole.
[Here, let me show you what a racist asshole looks like.]
Thanks for the illustration!
WuzYoungOnceToo
– "It is now a fact that breaking any law,no matter how trivial,can come with a death sentance."
You know, I get as pissed off about abuse of LEO authority as the next sane person, but this kind of batshit-crazy (and illiterate) rhetoric is what keeps the libertarian movement from catching on more. Did the cop and jailers do the wrong thing? Yep. Should they be taken to task for it? Hell yes. But does that mean that they killed the woman?
In the absence of even a shred of evidence to support such an assertion the rational individual refrains from jumping to wild conclusions.
BRB, listening to NWA all day
This "training" bullshit kills me. I realize it has become part of the formalized dance which the lawsuits represent, but still. The cops need to fire these touchy motherfuckers, and put them on a blacklist, not send them to a thirty minute sensitivity training seminar.
Oh, right, there's a contract, entered into by two politically and financially interdependent parties acting in collusion against the taxpayers.
acting in collusion against the taxpayers
And a unarmed man agaist 3 cops has to be shot seveal times,even when he's down.Training worked huh?
sasob
The question still remains as to why Bland's family didn't try to bail her out of jail. I saw a reporter ask her mother that question on television news yesterday, but she wouldn't answer. When asked why she wouldn't answer she seemed very offended, mumbled something about it being the wrong question, and got up and left the room. Apparently any question she didn't care to answer is the "wrong question."
How is this relevant, though?
Didn't have the means, apparently. I'm guessing she didn't choose to stay jailed out of convenience. Truth be told, I would probably think hard about whether spending a few days in the clink is worth $500 to me.
R C Dean
The question still remains as to why Bland's family didn't try to bail her out of jail.
Which begs the real question:
Why was she jailed at all?
adifferentken
Bailing someone out of jail can be a pain in the ass, just think of the worst day dealing with the DMV and multiply it by 10. Add to that on a weekend, in another state, etc…
Even if they were trying to deal with this if you're arrested on a Friday it's doubtful you'll be processed out before Monday at the earliest in a best case.
*psssst*
some people are poor
*ssshhh*
bassjoe
She was arrested on a Friday. The earliest she could reasonably be released on bond was Monday afternoon, assuming the family could get everything in order over a weekend.
Notorious G.K.C.
Of course, the arrest looks really fishy (comment to their lawyers, I didn't say illegal, I don't know what's OK in Texas).
And jailors need to be responsible for people who die in their custody.
Now, it seems that Ms. Bland got suicidal after being arrested. That's very depressing, since she could have surmounted this and got on with her life.
So thank you for getting me all depressed.
it seems that Ms. Bland got suicidal after being arrested.
The question of why and how she was marinating in THC, according to the coroner, leaves a wide-open question in my mind of whether she committed suicide at all.
There's way more than that. She apparently was also epileptic and was not given access to her medications. It is not as cut-and-dried as all that.
Moreover, she claims in the video that the officer bashed her head against the pavement. Something like could easily cause traumatic brain injury, which is associated with changes in mood and behavior. It's entirely possible that her suicide, if it was a suicide, was a direct result of the officer's violence against her.
a wide-open question in my mind of whether she committed suicide at all.
I *wish* I could dismiss, out of hand, the notion that a group of cops and jailers could engage in a conspiracy to commit murder. I can't.
Almanian - Trump's Woodchipper
This is allllll wrong. If Ms. Bland hadn't gotten uppity with her betters, none of this would have happened. NONE of it.
Cause and effect – it's a bitch.
buybuydandavis
"When she questioned his authority …"
That was when she died. That's what it's always about.
You WILL Respect My AUTHORITAH!
"Bland became combative and uncooperative. Numerous commands were given to Bland ordering her to exit the vehicle."
Bland refused to bend over on demand, and become uppity. She was assaulted, threatened, and ordered to bend over numerous more times, but still failed to comply. She was dragged from her car, further assaulted, tortured, bound, and put in a cage. Now she is dead.
Maybe this will teach the peasants to bend over on demand.
eldrick
that didn't take long-easier to mourn with a couple mil.
Likelihood of getting the officers fired: Very low
Likelihood of actually keeping the officers off the force in the long run: Practically nil
Likelihood of getting the officers indicted: Low
Likelihood of the officers being charged appropriately: Very low
Likelihood of getting the officers convicted if indicted: Extremely low
Likelihood of getting a settlement or favorable civil judgment: Very high


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text:
A precious glimpse of life during the Song and Yuan dynasties
This album of 18 fan-leaf paintings from the Song and Yuan dynasties — the oldest are likely to be around 1,000-years-old — features some of greatest names in Chinese art. Specialist Sophia Zhou explains how they are likely to have been collected
This remarkable set of 18 round fan leaves on silk, all of which are approximately the same size, feature the paintings of various Song (960-1279) and Yuan (1279-1368) dynasty artists in styles that are datable from the 10th to the 13th centuries. Like Wood and Rock, the pen and ink painting by Su Shi offered this season in Hong Kong, some of the leaves are likely to be around 1,000 years old.
The fan leaf was the favourite form of the Song academy painters; its round and oval shape suggests it was originally mounted on a flat fan for decoration. For the purposes of storage and display, later collectors often combined groups of otherwise unrelated paintings as an album. We believe that the 18 leaves being offered in Hong Kong on 27 November were last mounted on individual pages and then assembled in a book-like structure by Wu Rongguang (1773-1843), a well-known Qing collector.
An album such as this one offers a much more intimate viewing experience than other formats of Chinese painting. The very act of leafing through the album, which our short film brings to life, creates a sense of suspense as the various scenes unfold before the viewer's eyes.
Li Tang, Cow and Herd Boy from Various Artists (10th-13th century), Fan Leaves of the Song Dynasty. A set of 18 round fan leaves, mounted and framed, ink/ink and colour on silk. Estimate: HK$60,000,000-100,000,000. Offered in Fine Chinese Classical Paintings and Calligraphy on 27 November at Christie's in Hong Kong
Anonymous, Plum Flowers and Reflection of the Moon from Various Artists (10th-13th century), Fan Leaves of the Song Dynasty. A set of 18 round fan leaves, mounted and framed, ink/ink and colour on silk. Estimate: HK$60,000,000-100,000,000. Offered in Fine Chinese Classical Paintings and Calligraphy on 27 November at Christie's in Hong Kong
This album offers a rare, kaleidoscopic glimpse of life during the Song and Yuan dynasties — scholars travelling through a landscape; a boy herding a buffalo, which seems to be marching resolutely off in the opposite direction; a scholar reading in a pavilion under bamboo trees; the family tending to the elders, while an attendant serves food and tea — a scene that has been beautifully enhanced in the above film. There are also images of flowers, animals, birds and insects.
Su Hanchen, Children at Play from Various Artists (10th-13th century), Fan Leaves of the Song Dynasty. A set of 18 round fan leaves, mounted and framed, ink/ink and colour on silk. Estimate: HK$60,000,000-100,000,000. Offered in Fine Chinese Classical Paintings and Calligraphy on 27 November at Christie's in Hong Kong
Xu Daoning, Homeward Bound from Various Artists (10th-13th century), Fan Leaves of the Song Dynasty. A set of 18 round fan leaves, mounted and framed, ink/ink and colour on silk. Estimate: HK$60,000,000-100,000,000. Offered in Fine Chinese Classical Paintings and Calligraphy on 27 November at Christie's in Hong Kong
Due to the small size of the fan leaf, the pictures had to be composed concisely, and the the beauty of these paintings suggests that they were by the hands of the most highly skilled artists.
Some leaves bear the signatures of some of the greatest artists of the Song dynasty, if not in the history of Chinese art — Ma Yuan, Xia Gui, Fan Guan and Xu Daoning, among them — although some of these are probably later attributions.
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The 40 collectors' seals date from the Ming dynasty (about 1550) to the late Qing dynasty (late 19th century). The provenance we can piece together might be incomplete, but it is evident that the album has been carefully assembled by collectors with a great eye and love for the refined art of fan-leaf paintings of the Song and Yuan dynasties.
Fan leaves such as these are extremely rare. A small, 13th-century fan leaf achieved HK$13,300,000 (about $1.7 million) against an estimate of HK$600-800,000 in November 2017. Considering the completeness of this present lot and the variety of subject matters, this album looks set to be a highlight of the autumn season.
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President Trump issued his first "signing statement" Friday on a $1 trillion spending bill to fund the government through September.
In the statement, Trump said that some provisions of the bill could interfere with his constitutional authority, arguing that he isn't legally bound to limits imposed by Congress such as one banning the Justice Department from interfering with state medical marijuana laws.
Marijuana advocates earlier this week cheered the spending bill's provision, which protects certain states that have legalized marijuana amid fears that the Trump administration would rein in legalization laws.
Attorney General Jeff Sessions Jefferson (Jeff) Beauregard SessionsThe Memo: Mueller's depictions will fuel Trump angst Collins: Mueller report includes 'an unflattering portrayal' of Trump Trump frustrated with aides who talked to Mueller MORE has a long history of opposing marijuana, telling a conference of state attorneys general in February that he's "dubious" to the drug's benefits. He has also called the drug "more dangerous … than a lot of people realize."
Twenty-nine states, as well as the District of Columbia, have medical marijuana laws on the books, while 21 states have decriminalized the drug.
Presidents typically release statements when signing legislation, which they can use to raise constitutional objections or explain the president's position on an issue.
In his statement Friday, Trump also took issue with language requiring advance notice of military action and restricting the transfer of detainees from Guantanamo Bay.
In both cases, Trump said he would treat the provisions "consistently with my constitutional authority as Commander in Chief" and "and consistent with my constitutional authority and duty as Commander in Chief to protect national security."


text:
Government Finance
Mr. Russell Brown: To ask the Chancellor of the Exchequer if he will outline the Government's financing plans for 2001-02. [152844]
Miss Melanie Johnson: Information concerning the Government's financing plans for 2001-02 can be found in the "Debt and Reserve Management Report 2001-02", which has been published today. Copies of the Report are available in the Library of the House.
EU Growth and Stability Pact
Mr. Mitchell: To ask the Chancellor of the Exchequer if, with reference to Protocol 5 of the Maastricht Treaty concerning budget deficits and the document known as the Stability Pact, he will list (a) the last published paper issued by Her Majesty's Government containing the text of the Protocol, (b) the Treaty Base of the Stability Pact and the date on which it was (i) first published and (ii) approved by the Ministerial Council, (c) when it was presented to Parliament, considered by a Committee of either House and reported upon, and (d) the debates held or Resolutions made in respect of the document in either House of Parliament. [151496]
Miss Melanie Johnson: The Protocol on the Excessive Deficit Procedure is annexed to the Treaty Establishing the European Community, as a result of the Treaty on European Union agreed at Maastricht on 9-10 December 1991. Royal Assent was given to the European Communities (Amendment) Act 1993 on 20 July 1993, amending UK law, following its third and final reading in the House of Lords.
Detail on the legal bases used for the Stability and Growth Pact and background on the submission of the proposals for UK parliamentary scrutiny is contained in the comprehensive Explanatory Memorandum which covered them, submitted to Parliament by HM Treasury on 3 June 1997 (6946/97 and 6947/97).
The House of Commons Select Committee on European Legislation noted, in its Second Report of the 1997-98 Session, that the documents had been the subject of a full day's debate on the Floor of the House, and had cleared scrutiny by virtue of the Resolution come to at the end of that debate. I refer my hon. Friend to column 896 of the Official Report on 9 June 1997. The House of Lords Scrutiny Committee confirmed that these items had cleared scrutiny in their 11 June 1997 Progress of Scrutiny Report.
The draft Resolution was adopted by the Amsterdam European Council on 16 and 17 June 1997, which invited ECOFIN to adopt the two regulations.
7 Mar 2001 : Column: 232W
Benefits Agency (Chief Executive)
Mr. Winnick: To ask the Secretary of State for Social Security if it is the practice of the Chief Executive of the Benefits Agency to sign the substantive replies to hon. Members who have written to him on behalf of constituents. [152615]
Mr. Bayley: This is a matter for Alexis Cleveland, Chief Executive of the Benefits Agency. She will write to my hon. Friend.
Letter from Alexis Cleveland to Mr. David Winnick, dated 6 March 2001:
The Secretary of State for Social Security has asked me to reply to your recent Parliamentary Question asking if it is the practice of the Chief Executive of the Benefits Agency to sign the substantive replies for honourable Members who have written to him on behalf of constituents.
The commitments I have as Chief Executive of the Benefits Agency means that I am at several of the Agency's locations throughout the week and I am therefore not always able to personally sign the substantive replies to MP's letters. I sign in the region of 40% of the letters I receive from MPs each week. When I am unable to sign the reply myself, I ask a Director to sign on my behalf.
I hope this is helpful.
Minimum Income Guarantee
Mr. Fitzpatrick: To ask the Secretary of State for Social Security when he will announce the outcome of the Government's consultation on the future of the minimum funding requirement. [153039]
Mr. Darling: I am setting out the Government's proposals on the future of the minimum funding requirement in a joint DSS/HMT paper "Security for Occupational Pensions: The Government's Proposals", which I am placing in the Library.
Mr. Willetts: To ask the Secretary of State for Social Security how many firms have said they intend to replace their existing occupational pension scheme with a stakeholder pension. [152440]
Mr. Rooker: No firms have contacted us to say they intend to replace their existing occupational pension scheme with a stakeholder pension, and we would not expect them to do so.
Mr. Flynn: To ask the Secretary of State for Social Security if (a) a British pensioner living in France and (b) a French pensioner living in Britain is entitled to the Winter Fuel Payment. [152352]
Mr. Rooker: Winter Fuel Payments are one of the initiatives in our commitment to tackle fuel poverty in Great Britain. They are not only paid to pensioners and are not linked to receipt of State Retirement Pension.
Winter Fuel Payments are paid to people aged 60 and over who satisfy the qualifying conditions during the relevant qualifying week. One of the main qualifying conditions is that a person should be ordinarily resident in Great Britain.
Pension Credit Consultation Paper
Mr. Flynn: To ask the Secretary of State for Social Security how many people requesting copies of the Pension credit consultation paper have been told that it was out of stock; for what periods it was not available; and if he will extend the consultation period to take account of such periods. [152353]
Mr. Rooker: The consultation paper has been continuously available since November 2000 on the internet. During this period 4,233 copies of the consultation document have been issued. Due to the high demand for copies, the Department ordered a second print of the command paper to replenish stocks. Printed copies of the document were not available for a short period of 12 days while delivery was awaited. During this time 441 orders were placed for 515 copies.
Electronic Signatures (Benefit Payments)
Mr. Campbell-Savours: To ask the Secretary of State for Social Security if the (a) Benefits Agency and (b) Benefits Fraud Inspectorate will accept the use of electronic signatures by claimants as valid. [152421]
Mr. Rooker: The Department does not currently accept the use of electronic signatures on claims or other applications. It is envisaged that electronic signatures will be accepted as soon as the necessary legal, security and authentication issues have been resolved.
Departmental Advertising Campaigns
Mr. Willetts: To ask the Secretary of State for Social Security if he will list the total cost of advertising campaigns run by his Department and its agencies in each year since 1992 and the projected cost for the current year. [151453]
Mr. Rooker: The information is in the table.
The estimated increase in spending on Advertising for the year 2000-01 takes into account the work being undertaken by the Department around the Minimum Income Guarantee take up campaign, Pensions Education and anti-fraud activity.
Cost of advertising campaigns since 1991-92
1991-92 4,834,813
1994-95 3,597.308
1996-97(12) 3,691,170
Average Yearly Cost 4,820,671
1999-2000 2,788,062
2000-01 11,336,000
(12) Figures only available for the Department's Headquarters.
National Insurance Numbers
Mr. Field: To ask the Secretary of State for Social Security if he will list for each of the past 20 years (a) the number of National Insurance numbers, (b) the number
of National Insurance numbers created, (c) the number of National Insurance numbers cancelled and (d) the population aged 16 years or older. [151921]
Mr. Rooker [holding answer 5 March 2001]: The information for the past 12 years is in the tables. There is no confirmed information available for earlier years.
There are currently 82 million NINOs in existence. This includes:
approximately 13.5 million deceased records kept in case spouses make a claim on their partner's contribution. These cannot be used for fraud as they have a death date on them;
approximately 12.5 million Child Reference Numbers for all children included on claims to Child Benefit. These become proper NINOs when the child reaches 16;
of the remainder the vast majority are people who have moved abroad some of whom will return and need their NINO.
National insurance numbers (NINOs) held
Total of NINOs at 31 December
Figures rounded to the nearest million.
Number of national insurance numbers created per year
Year (January to December)
NINOs created
1. Figures rounded to the nearest thousand.
2. The reason for the large increase in NINO creation for years 1990-93 is:
During 1990-91 NINOs were created for all those customers in receipt of retirement pensions where the customer did not have a NINO.
During 1992-93 Child Reference Numbers (CRN) for all children included on claims to Child Benefit were allocated. CRNs become NINOs when the child reaches age 16.
Number of national insurance numbers removed per year
NINOs removed
1. Figures round to the nearest thousand.
2. The varying figures for removals are due to the varying Data Cleanse exercises (i.e. not all of the exercises involved the removal of records).
Estimated mid-year resident population aged 16 and over, 1979-99
Mid-year
UK population over age 16
1979 43,210.1
Mr. Willetts: To ask the Secretary of State for Social Security, pursuant to his answer of 7 February 2001, Official Report, column 552W, on national insurance numbers, what reasons underlay the increase in the number of national insurance numbers removed from the Departmental Central Index. [152442]
Mr. Rooker: The primary objective of the Departmental Central Index (DCI) Data Cleaning Project was to undertake an analysis of the DCI database to identify specific data issues which would need to be resolved to clean up the DCI database.
The Project removed 182,000 National Insurance Numbers (NINOs) during this financial year--more than in the whole of the last Parliament. The increase in the number of NINOs removed is due to the Project designing various enhanced IT scans which identified high risk records and continued to target duplicate records. Since the Project commenced only 10 fraudulent NINOs have been discovered, the vast majority were duplicates.
Mr. Willetts: To ask the Secretary of State for Social Security how many new national insurance numbers have been (a) created and (b) cancelled in each year since 1992. [148487]
Mr. Rooker [pursuant to the reply, 7 February 2001, c. 552W]: The information is in the table.
January to December
NINOs created on DCI
NINOs removed from DCI
1992 9,765,000 21,000
1996 979,000 55,000
2000 996,000 182,000
Departmental Central Index (DCI)


text:
GOGSPA swears new executive members into office
The Ghana Oil and Gas Service Providers Association (GOGSPA) has inducted into its executive council six individuals to steer its affairs.
The members will have the responsibility of ensuring the growth and progress of the association Vis-a -Vis the overall interest of players of the oil and gas industry.
The new executive members include Dr. Douglas Zormelo of Zormelo & Associates- President, Capt. Francis Boakye of Flat C Marine Offshore- Vice President, Lawyer Elikplim Agbemava of Fidelity Law Group, Mrs. Doris Ababio of Uptouch Consult Limited, Mr. Justice Bonney of M & L Trinity Company and Mr. Emmanuel Quartey of PQ Oil & Gas Services, all members respectively.
At a short ceremony in the capital, Executive Director of GOGSPA, Nuertey Adzeman was optimistic membership of the association will continue to grow as expected.
He expressed worry over the financial status of the association and urged members to take the activities of the GOGSPA serious and ensure they pay their dues promptly to keep the secretariat running.
'We must endeavor to take the association serious. We should not wait for problems to come, then we start running to the Secretariat for assistance. This is our association and we must make things work," he said.
Adzeman told News Ghana later in an interview its members were now doing better by way of expertise as compared to when it came into existence some seven years ago.
He urged members of the association to reposition themselves to take up businesses in the oil and gas sector by building their capacities.
"It is important as members, we build our capacities in the industry so we take up jobs reserved for the indigenes," he said.
The GOGSPA Executive Director commended the Petroleum Commission (PC) for ensuring that local companies that have the expertise in performing certain tasks in the oil and gas industry were not denied the opportunity.
GOGSPA is an association of indigenous companies providing various services in the country's fledging oil and gas industry.
The association currently has a membership of 93 oil and gas companies with 34 non-active members.
It is advocating for indigenous companies to have a say in the industry operations. It is represented on the Local Content Committee of the PC where it is making great inputs and contributing to major decisions.
The association is also on the Steering Committee (SC) of the Enterprise Development Centre (EDC).
Source: http://www.newsghana.com.gh/gogspa-swears-new-executive-members-into-office/


With all that is happening on the border, it is a given that the battle will also take to the media platforms and be fought by those on their computers versus those at the front lines. It is a short guideline that should help prevent unnecessary panic as we keep watch over the goings on at the Armenian and NKR borders.
Armenians in 2115: who owns global Armenian world?
Presentation of "Armenians in 2115: Strategic Directions for the Twenty-First Century" report which outlines the challenges and goals that the Armenian people will be faced with in future.


Courtesy of Contributor Frank Davis, here's a wonderful composite featuring two of Boston's legendary Top 40 stations. It starts with Harry Nelson on WRKO, then moves on into the wierdest thing your webmaster's heard come out of a radio (and I've heard a lot of strange things over the years). WVBF apparently has just tweaked it's format to rebrand as the "New" F-105. It sounds like the station had been taken over by robots… some 150 years in the future (they even say that on the air). It's just something you have to listen to. I'm sure that some programmer who knew what WVBF was up to back in '76 can explain this better than I.
The rest of this aircheck is mainly Mike Addams on the Big 68 WRKO, with the exception of ONE break by Wolfman Jack, live in the WROR studios (at that time they were Oldies). You'll hear about 20 seconds of the Wolfman and then its back to Mike Addams. There is a later clip of F-105 before this 'check ends.
I called this Boston Sampler #1.. the title on the Cassette was Boston Sampler, and lists several different airchecks including this composite. The rest of this cassette side will post at some later date when I have time to clean it up, as the quality of the recordings is quite poor and I need to do post-production. We'll call that one Boston Sampler #2. Look for it later. Till then, enjoy this awesome piece of late 70s Boston Top 40. WRKO really was better sounding than its sister 93/KHJ in Los Angeles during this time period, and it shows here!
KHJ was very good in '76…just a bit more grown-up. But WRKO had Dale Dorman, Harry Nelson and Mike Adams were smart enough not to try to muzzle them.
Future", and ripping off elements of Ron Jacobs' KGB Recycling Documentary from 1972.
The more I listen to this, the more impressed I am by WRKO (the second segment is from late '77)…yeah….this smokes KHJ and KFRC. And that's saying something.
Hello Max! See my other reply. For the benefit of those here, send your stuff to [email protected]. I will be more than happy to post YOUR collection on this website! And thank you for reporting the contact problem. The real problem is, I goofed up the "Contact" database a while back while changing web servers and redesigning some stuff. Haven't gotten a round tuit to fixing it. Now, where did I put that tuit…?


text:
Q: Memory management with parentheses, braces and nothing I have the following C++ program which I compile with clang++-5.0 and run on Ubuntu:
#include <iostream>
#include <thread>
#include <chrono>
using namespace std;

constexpr int SIZE=125*1000*1024; // 125000 KB

class Point {
    int x;
    int y;
};

class Points {
    Point pointsarray[SIZE];
};

int main() {
    cout << "Before new" << endl;
    this_thread::sleep_for(chrono::seconds(3));

    auto p = new Points{};

    cout << "After new" << endl;
    this_thread::sleep_for(chrono::seconds(5));
}

While the program runs, I look at the free memory using:
cat /proc/meminfo | grep MemFree

I see that, as expected, the statement "p = new Points{};" takes about 1,000,000 KB.
The same happens when I change this statement to "p = new Points();".
However, when I change it to "p = new Points;", the memory consumption becomes zero - the free memory before and after the statement is the same!
Question 1: why does the statement without parens take no memory?
Question 2: what is the difference, with regard to memory, between using parens vs braces?

A: Some operating systems don't actually give you memory until you write to it.
{} and () initialize your structs with zeroes, while lack of them leaves those structs uninitialized.
This behaviour is unique to implicitly-generated and =defaulted default constructors, and can't be replicated with user-defined default constructors.
Reference: cppreference/value_initialization

... if T is a class type with a default constructor that is neither user-provided nor deleted (that is, it may be a class with an implicitly-defined or defaulted default constructor), the object is zero-initialized and then it is default-initialized if it has a non-trivial default constructor;

(emphasis mine)

A: The latter notation causes Points to be uninitialised. Allocating uninitialised memory is very cheap because it is done lazily. For all practical purposes, no real allocation takes place until the allocated memory is accessed.
You can verify this by running over your array after operator new returns and assigning some values to the points. Then memory consumption will suddenly become normal again.
All of this is implementation-specific of course but all "big" modern operating systems work this way.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
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Finding Other Appalachias
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Homepage»Culture»We Need New Symbols of Southern Pride
Culture , Economics , North Carolina
We Need New Symbols of Southern Pride
By Yaël Ossowski on June 25, 2020 / 0 Comments
Via Boston Public Library.
As a French-Canadian immigrant to North Carolina in my youth, seeing the Confederate colors atop flagpoles and donned on t-shirts and bumper stickers was a normal, albeit strange, sight.
In school, we learned that the Confederacy was defeated in a bloody civil war. In the end, the slaves were freed from bondage and the South was put through Reconstruction and occupied by Union troops—the Confederate States of America was a failed and immoral experiment that was put down as quickly as it sprung up. But its symbols, especially the flag and statues of generals, live on. That is true even in the 21st century. Why is that?
The general theory I have developed over the years is that it comes down to culture and pride. Generally, Southerners view themselves as culturally different from their fellow Americans north of the Mason-Dixon Line, those Yankees up there. Southerners are rebels. And they form an identity around that difference and theme.
Many cling to the battle flag of the Army of Northern Virginia (what we today call the Confederate flag) as a representation of Southern culture and don't consciously think of the "peculiar institution" of slavery we now know as immoral and wrong. But they should.
For African Americans in our country, the flag represents slavery and barbarism. Memorials to Confederate generals evoke the same feeling. They represent a past when their ancestors were considered property instead of human beings.
And it is not only American descendants of slavery who are repulsed by the Stars and Bars in the modern era.
Especially during the height of the Civil War, there were a great number of "Southern Unionists" who disagreed with secession and slavery and did not support the Confederacy. Over 100,000 southerners joined the Union Army for this very reason. That is especially true in several parts of Appalachia, including West Virginia and Tennessee. No doubt, these were proud Southerners who loved their own culture and heritage but wanted no part of the Confederate dream. One would think the heirs to that tradition should also be included in the romanticization of Southern life in previous decades.
Most people I've met in my years in the Carolinas are not fans of the Confederacy and its ideals per se, but do have an affinity to a certain Southern exceptionalism: The best barbecue, sports teams, territory, and the phrase "Southern by the grace of God." Southerners are genuinely proud of the region of their birth, and that cannot be denied.
It is lost on many people today that regionalism was such an important factor in the growth and expansion of the United States. Folks of Appalachia are proud of where they come from, as are Southerners and west coasters of all stripes. In the South especially, the identify is particularly strong.
But representing that pride by the Confederate flag is wrong and ahistorical. That is why we need new symbols and statues of Southern pride. Instead, we should be celebrating the traditions and way of life that make our area of the country worth celebrating. And in the New South, there is plenty to be prideful about, both in our past and present.
It was North Carolina that birthed Warren C. Coleman of Concord, the richest African American at the turn of the century who started the first black-owned-and-operated textile mill in the country. It was in our state that the Wright Brothers began the century of flight. James Brown, the master of funk, hailed from Barnwell, South Carolina and influenced generations of musicians.
Thinking of our evolution, the South now is richer, more populous, and more diverse than other parts of the country.
Eleven out of the 15 fastest-growing cities in the country are in the South. Since 2010, the population of Southern states has grown more than 10.7 million, thanks to emigration from the Midwest and immigrants from abroad. And Southern states such as Texas, Georgia, and North Carolina rank highly in terms of racial integration and racial harmony, outranking all states in the heavily populated Northeast.
Rising economic prospects have attracted large car manufacturers such as BMW, Mercedes-Benz, Toyota, and Kia to the South and helped boost our overall GDP. Tech firms are decamping from California and New York to enjoy the business-friendly climate our Southern states provide, as well as the well-trained and educated workforce to staff them.
The cities of Atlanta, Charlotte, Charleston, Raleigh, Nashville, and more are consistently ranked as the best cities in the country to both visit and live in.
Those are markers of pride for the New South, and we should rejoice in them. Perhaps it is not a flag nor a founding myth, but it means our best days are ahead of us.
Yaël Ossowski (@YaelOss), a Charlotte native, is a journalist, writer, and deputy director at the Consumer Choice Center.
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KUALA LUMPUR (Feb 28): Shares in IHH Healthcare Bhd rose in active trade to a seven-month high after the group posted a 403% increase in its fourth quarter ended Dec 31, 2018 (4QFY18) yesterday.
As of 10:27am, IHH rose by 15 sen or 2.65% to RM5.81, with 1.14 million shares being traded.
While this is well above the group's one-year low of RM4.54 on Nov 13, 2018, it is still below the group's peak of RM6.30 on May 22 last year.
According to Bloomberg, the counter's target price stands at RM6.18, with 22 analysts making calls on the stock.
As of today, analysts have posted 15 buy calls, five hold calls and two sell calls for the stock.
Yesterday, IHH Healthcare said its 4QFY18 net profit jumped 403% year-on-year to RM509.42 million, from RM101.26 million, on the back of stronger operating performance driven by foreign exchange (forex) gains from Acibadem Holdings' non-Turkish Lira loans.
Quarterly revenue rose by 10% to RM3.17 billion from RM2.89 billion in the year-ago quarter, due to organic growth from existing operations and the ramp up of Gleneagles Hong Kong Hospital and Acibadem Altunizade Hospital.
However, its net profit for the full financial year ended Dec 31, 2018 (FY18) decreased 35% to RM627.69 million, from RM969.95 million a year ago. Full-year revenue rose 3% to RM11.52 billion from RM11.14 billion previously.
Its lower FY18 net profit was attributable to higher net forex losses for Acibadem's non-Turkish lira loans and that FY17 benefit from one-off gain from the disposal of the group's stake in Apollo Hospitals.


text:
Laurel Wamsley
Laurel Wamsley is a reporter for NPR's News Desk. She reports breaking news for NPR's digital coverage, newscasts, and news magazines, as well as occasional features. She was also the lead reporter for NPR's coverage of the 2019 Women's World Cup in France.
Wamsley got her start at NPR as an intern for Weekend Edition Saturday in January 2007 and stayed on as a production assistant for NPR's flagship news programs, before joining the Washington Desk for the 2008 election.
She then left NPR, doing freelance writing and editing in Austin, Texas, and then working in various marketing roles for technology companies in Austin and Chicago.
In November 2015, Wamsley returned to NPR as an associate producer for the National Desk, where she covered stories including Hurricane Matthew in coastal Georgia. She became a Newsdesk reporter in March 2017, and has since covered subjects including climate change, possibilities for social networks beyond Facebook, the sex lives of Neanderthals, and joke theft.
In 2010, Wamsley was a Journalism and Women Symposium Fellow and participated in the German-American Fulbright Commission's Berlin Capital Program, and was a 2016 Voqal Foundation Fellow. She will spend two months reporting from Germany as a 2019 Arthur F. Burns Fellow, a program of the International Center for Journalists.
Wamsley earned a B.A. with highest honors from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, where she was a Morehead-Cain Scholar. Wamsley holds a master's degree from Ohio University, where she was a Public Media Fellow and worked at NPR Member station WOUB. A native of Athens, Ohio, she now lives and bikes in Washington, DC.
Thanks to the 'tripledemic,' it can be hard to find kids' fever-reducing medicines
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Can a network like Hive Social or Mastodon foster the communities and conversations that thrived on the bird app's good days? It's too soon to know for sure, but many hope the answer is yes.
Olivia Pichardo is the first woman to make the roster of Division I baseball team
"Olivia put together the most complete walk-on tryout I have seen from a player," said Brown University baseball coach Grant Achilles. Taking the field will fulfill a long-held dream for Pichardo, 18.
Wimbledon will allow women to wear colored undershorts, in nod to period concerns
The tournament will make an exception to its strict all-white clothing rules, after female players described altering their menstrual cycles to not stress about leaking onto their tennis whites.
Amazon plans to lay off 10 thousand employees, following job cuts at Meta, Twitter
Amazon has begun mass layoffs, following job cuts at Meta, Twitter and several other tech companies.
It's the end of the boom times in tech, as layoffs keep mounting
Amazon began layoffs, reportedly affecting as many as 10,000 employees. That follows job cuts at Meta, Twitter, and Stripe, with CEOs citing economic uncertainty and a slowdown in online ad buying.
Democrats retain control of the Senate after holding Nevada seat
The chamber was decided Saturday evening after Nevada Sen. Catherine Cortez Masto defeated Republican nominee Adam Laxalt. That gives Democrats 50 seats.
It turns out that chimpanzees and gorillas can form lasting friendships
Two decades of research in Nouabalé-Ndoki Park in the Republic of Congo found the primates foraging alongside each other, wrestling, seeking out their pals — and occasionally making threats.
Someone in California won the $2 billion Powerball jackpot
Ayana Archie
Monday's Powerball drawing was delayed after one participating lottery needed more time to carry out security procedures. The jackpot had ballooned over three months without a winner.
Glaciers from Yosemite to Kilimanjaro are predicted to disappear by 2050
A new report says glaciers in a third of UNESCO World Heritage sites will disappear. Two-thirds of glaciers in the heritage sites can be saved — but only if carbon emissions are cut quickly, it says.


Our Mission is to introduce people to Jesus and help them follow Him.
Our Vision is to have a multi-campus, multi-cultural, and multi-generational church.
We value God's willingness to be present amongst us and within us.
We value authentic, enriching and transparent relationships with one another.
We value the need to spread the Gospel of Jesus Christ to everyone.
We value how we represent God in our service to His house and the community.
We value progress and growth in our spiritual lives.
We value the mission of the church, so we give generously to its endeavors.
We value the whole family and God's ability to use all of us for His glory.
We value the call to take the Gospel around the world and to support those who are already doing it.


Discussion in 'Android Devices' started by chugger93, Dec 17, 2009.
Ok, I'm dissapointed, but maybe it's because I'm spoiled with my Hero. My wife just got the moment and I really dislike the SMS UI. Its all black, and just says ME: Other Persons name: no avatar etc.
Anyone know if theres a way to show the contacts avatar/image just like the Hero? I hate to install handcent for functionality that basically already exists by default. I Know it doesnt have popup's etc like handcent, but ..unless theres another app out there? I just hate to install app after app taking up memory...ya know?
Hancent replicates the Ipod messaging. does a pretty good job. I personally like the stock app as it does what i want. Recently the stock app messes up the order of my messages as sent. Ex. I receive a message, i reply. for some reason, it places the message i just sent above the one i received. messages seem to arrive fine, its just a bug. issue is non existent with handcent.


Even if I don't see this post of yours until late... I am SO BLESSED with the feeling I get when I do see it! Thank you again for doing this.
My husband has put out several resumes. My prayer is that God will take us to where we need to be.
1)Please pray for my mother. She had been diagnosed with Alzheimers about 2 yrs ago and Dave and I have noticed how QUICKLY it has progressed over the past couple of months.
2) Pray for Dave and I as this has been especially stressfull for the both of us, because she lives with us. I am her only caregiver.