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Kirsty Elizabeth Howat (born 19 May 1997) is a Scottish footballer who currently plays as a forward for Rangers in the Scottish Women's Premier League.

Career
Howat started her career with youth teams Lochar Thistle, Dumfries and Rangers before debuting with the latter in the Scottish Women's Premier League in 2014. The following year she joined Celtic where she spent two seasons. On 18 January 2018 she moved to rivals and reigning champions Glasgow City, winning her first Scottish Premier League title and also making her debut in the UEFA Women's Champions League. She left the club with twoleague titles and one Scottish Cup medal.

In December 2020, Howat moved to Rangers on a pre-contract arrangement agreed six months earlier, her teammate Sam Kerr made the same switch.

International career
Howat was called up to the national under-16 team for a friendly tournament in Portugal where she made a total of 3 appearances in games against Portugal, Netherlands and Austria, scoring her first goal in the match against Austria. A few months later she was drafted into the under-17 team by coach Pauline Hamill for two friendly games against Wales, scoring on her debut. Howat was a member of the squad that contested the qualifiers for the 2014 European Championship in England; these games were played before the end of 2013 to serve as qualification for the 2014 Costa Rica World Cup which was scheduled for spring 2014. She was then named in the squad for the 2013 European Championship and played in all three matches:  Scotland lost against France 1–0 and Germany 4–2, and drew in the final game against Spain.

In 2014 she was named in the under 19 team and played in the 2014 European Championship Howat played in two of the three matches played by the national team, a 2–0 victory against Belgium and 3–2 defeat against Netherlands, missing the 5–0 loss to Norway. She also played in the 2015 and 2016 European Championship qualification games.

Honours

Club
Glasgow City
 Scottish Women's Premier League: 2018, 2019
 Scottish Women's Cup: 2019

Rangers
 Scottish Women's Premier League: 2021–22
 Scottish Women's Premier League Cup: 2022

References

Living people
1997 births
Scottish women's footballers
Women's association football forwards
Scottish Women's Premier League players
Footballers from Dumfries
Glasgow City F.C. players
Celtic F.C. Women players
Rangers W.F.C. players


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West India Tour Packages
On a general perception, the west zone of India is overpowered by the charm of Goa. But, the western region of India offers multiple options for the perfect travel destination as it ticks all the checkboxes to meet varied prefaces of the travelers. The region includes beautiful beaches, picturesque hills, adventurous treks, vibrant cultures, and a lot more. Undoubtedly Goa takes the credit of attracting huge footfall in Western India. But, the region also covers some noteworthy destinations such as Mumbai, Goa, Aurangabad, Ajanta & Ellora, Ahmadabad, and Khajuraho also attracts tourists in great numbers.
The charm of Gujarat is simply irresistible. The state itself is competent enough to attract tourists from all parts of the world. The rich cultural heritage and vibrant lifestyle are a few notable attributes that win the heart of local and foreigners. The vast expanse of desert and architectural structures also make the state a must-visit travel destination to experience the royal grandeur of yesteryears. The western region also experiences huge rainfall throughout the year. Due to the fluctuating weather the mercury drops by more than 20°C. Moreover, as the west zone includes culturally relevant states like Goa, Gujarat and Maharashtra, the guests can be sure of abundant cultural wonders.
Goa- the paradise of the east, with its swaying palms, virgin beaches, tiny picturesque villages, magnificent, monuments and a unique cultural synthesis- a rare blend of yesterday & tomorrow. This erstwhile Portuguese colony, on the west coast of India is a tropical paradise unfolding its incredible charm and beauty all year round.
The climate and scenery can hardly be improved upon leaving nothing to be desired. The temperature stays high and dry, country is chock full of mangoes, pine apples and coconuts which thrive amidst the silvery sands of the world most beautiful beaches never more than a few steps away. Palm bordered rivers flows down to the Arabian Sea and the towns well cared for neat and clean in any European city.
Panjim or Panaji- the capital of Goa situated on the left bank of the silvery Mandovi river, this town with an area of nearly 4 Sq.km. Margao is a thriving commercial metropolis linked by Konkan railway route and is connected by a number of trains to Mumbai, Mangalore and Kerala. Bounded on the southeast by Uttara Kannada District and east by Belgaum District of Kannada state, in the north by Sindhudurg District of Maharashtra state and west by Arabian Sea.
Goa, the smallest state of India, is a tropical paradise on the west coast. Cradled between the rugged ranges of the Western Ghats and the Arabian Sea, this beautiful konkan territory presents a fusion of cultures around the world. The palm lined coastal plains, the wooded uplands and beaches here attract tourists from far and near. Goa is the land of number of beautiful beaches, rivers, waterfalls, wildlife sanctuaries, churches and temples.
Goa- Art and Culture
Goa due to the mystic combination of east and west displays the essence of this combination in its art and culture. Goa is blessed with the classical art forms. The people of Goa are excelled in every branch of fine arts including poetry, music, painting and pottery. We can find the traditional Goan touch in their art and craft forms.
As for crafts, Goa is the land of exquisite crafts and artisans, where artistic quality finds an innate expression. Over the years, Goans are excelled in the fields of music and fine arts. Goans are always proud for their contribution to the music. Many of the famous names in the music field belong to Goa, which includes the Nightingale of India- Lata Mangeshkar, classical maestro Kishori Amonkar, Asha Bhosle etc.
Goa is renowned for its exquisitely carved rosewood and teak furniture, excellent terracotta pottery, the classical brass items and unique gold jewellery designs. Goan folk paintings are striking which fascinates tourists from across the world. The paintings are mainly based on mythology depicting the stories from Ramayana, Mahabharata and New Testament. These paintings can be seen on the walls of churches and temples.
The culture of Goa is shaped by several influences over the centuries. The most prominent one is Portuguese, as they had ruled the state for more than five centuries. We can find a cheerful blend of different ethnicities and religion here in Goa. Even in the architecture, there is a prominent European influence but is steeped in a history that is uniquely Goan. The people here are generally friendly and laidback, welcoming visitors with warmth. One tradition that no traveller can afford to ignore is the siesta time.
The climate of Goa as being a coastal region can termed as coastal. Being in the tropical zone near Arabian Sea, the climate here is mostly warm and humid. The month of May is the hottest, with daytime temperatures touching 35″C (95″F). To top it, the heat is coupled with high humidity. The monsoons arrive around early June and provide a much-needed reprieve from the heat. Goa becomes most beautiful with greenery all around during the monsoon season. Most of the annual rainfall is received through the monsoon that last until late September. Goa has a short cool season too which lasts between mid-December and February. These months are marked by cool nights with temperatures of about 20″C (68″F) and warm days of about 29″C (84″F). Humidity remains in moderate amounts.
Air: Damolim is the airport of Goa and is well connected by convenient flights to Mumbai, Pune, Bangalore, Delhi, Calicut, Kochi, Chennai, Sharjah, Kuwait and other places. There are international flights also.Rail:Goa lies in Konkan railway route and is connected by a number of trains to Mumbai, Bangalore, Kerala and Delhi.Road:The NH 17 links Goa with Mumbai 500km away as well as to Mangalore and Kerala in the south.
Buses: Private buses are not punctual and are normally more tightly crammed than sardine tins. KTC buses are marginally mere expensive but punctual, quick and normally less crowded.Shared Taxis:the next cheapest form of transport, but operated only on a few routes like Panjim-Mapusa and Margao-Colva.Motorcycle Taxis:A transport service unique to Goa. They carry one passenger and operate primarily within towns and villages though they can be hired for longer trips.Autorcikshaws:They can also be used for transportation. They carry two people and they do not use meters, so the pay really depends upon your bargaining skill.
Beaches of Goa
With over 13okm coastline, Goa is a paradise for sunbathers and swimmers. The main beaches are Gasper Dias, Calagute, Colva, Anjuna, Palolem, Dona Paula, Vagator, Sinquerim, Agonda etc. The golden stretches of sand bordering a clear, sapphire sea are the main attractions here.
Anjuna is a popular beach area adjacent to Chapora Fort. In Anjuna there is a magnificent Albuquerque mansion built in 1920, flanked by octagonal towers and attractive Mangalore tiled –roof.
Palolem beach is located at a distance of 50km from Margao. Just west of Chaudi one of the most enchanting beaches in Goa relatively deserted, with backdrop of Western Ghats, situated in Sothern Taluk of Canacona.
Gasper Dias
Gasper Dias is popularly called as Miramar; it is the point where the Mandovi River meets the sea. From here, one has an excellent view of Aguada Fort just across the river. Miramar, a gorgeous golden beach of soft sand is bounded by palm trees and is nearly an extension of Panaji, since it lies on the outskirts of the capital town. It is a very stunning beach simply enough to spend some seclusion time with your better half as it is prolonged open and far inviting a long and relaxed stroll along its golden sands spotted by palm fringes swaying across the vast horizon. This beach is just ideal to spend a quiet twilight and watch the pictorial sunset.
The Dona Paula Beach is named after Dona Paula de Menezes, daughter of a viceroy in colonial India, who threw herself off the cliff, when refused consent to wed a local angler, Gaspar Dias. Dona Paula Beach is renowned as "Lovers' Paradise." Tranquil and blue, Dona Paula unravels the ultimate in aquatic sport and fun. The Dona Paula Sports Club at Dona Paula offers some of the best water sports facilities to the sports enthusiasts including Water-scooter rides, Motorboat rides, etc. Dona Paula is also famous for the Salim Ali Bird Sanctuary, where you can spot both migratory and local birds. There is a myth connected with this beach that in moonlit nights the spirit of this beautiful girl emerges from the waves wearing only a pearl necklace.
Tourist Destinations and Other Attractions
Museum of Christian Art
It is at Rachol, the seminary, located off the Zuari River, in a pictorial setting, was built in the early 17th century. The ideal setting for a museum dedicated exclusively to Christian art and the seminary has the distinction of installing the very first printing press in Asia. The museum has enriched the rich cultural heritage and the history of Goa.
Francisco de Xavier Y Jassu, later known as St. Francis Xavier was born in Navarre Spain in 1506 of noble parentage. He had a strong religious beat in mind and entered the church at an early age. The missionary work of St. Francis Xavier constituted an important chapter in the history. He reached Goa in May 1542, after more than a year hard journey.
With Goa as base, he travelled a lot. He converted several people in Mylapore and Eastern coast. Later he went to Malacca and after learning- Malay the local language, preached Christian faith in that tongue. He ten went to Japan to preach his religion there. Because of the continuous opposition from the local, he was disappointed and left to Goa. On the way, back he got ill and died of severe fever praying God until the end in the island of Sanccian off China coast.
His body buried at Sanccian later taken to Malacca, where he had acquired good following. After several months, a respectable burial thought of. When the grave opened, the body was still fresh and life-like. Everybody agreed it was a miracle. The body then brought to Goa and transferred to the church of Bom-Jesus. Now it is in the epistle of the same church where an artistic mausoleum built for the silver coffin. The body of St. Francis Xavier is exposed for public view for every ten years.
Panaji, the bustling state capital is one of the most beautiful cities of India, rising on the wooded terraces of the Althinho Hill and then sloping down on the Mandvi River. Places of interest in Panaji include, the 14th centaury palace, built by the Sultan of Bijapur, Adilshah that houses the secretariat today. Close by is the bronze statue Abbe Faria, believed to be the father of hypnotism. Standing atop the hill is the church of Our Lady of Immaculate Conception. Nearby Panaji are the forts Aguada and Raji Magus.
Madgaon is the commercial hub and the main railway station of Goa. It has fine parks, board square and palatial houses. The Friday Fair is an added attraction. Vasco da Gama, is a beautiful coastal town with fine buildings and a church dominating the centre. Mormugao is the port city of Goa and is a fine natural harbor.
Vasco-da Gama
A modern well laid out city close to Mormugao Harbour. It has beautiful and extensive avenue and gardens. The air terminus of Goa at Dabolim lies on the outskirts of the city is also the railway terminus for passenger service. The city saw many colossal buildings shed their attire and stand up. Viceroy's Palace, offices and warehouse sprung up to take care of the needs of future. The buildings, which were designed to carry political activity, now stand to entertain the tourists. The colourful and cordial ambiance only adds to the flavor. Therefore, wherever you come from, Vasco is one place where you will feel perfectly at home.
Pilar is the important religious and educational centre of Christian Missionaries. The Church, Seminary and School atop hillock command a magnificent panorama of the countryside around a fine view of Mormugao Harbour and Zuari River.
Aguada Fort built by the Portuguese in 1609-1612, to command the entry into the river Mandovi, in order to protect Old Goa from potential enemy attacks. The fort presently houses the central jail. An overwhelming edifice, the Aguada fort stands tall among the Portuguese-era forts scattered across Goa. Deliberately located at the estuary of the river Mandovi, the Aguada fort is the largest among the lot. Aguada in Portuguese translates to 'water' and the fort has been called so for the spring within the battlements that provided water supply to the ships that called here arriving after the long sea voyage from Lisbon.
Bhagawan Mahavir Wildlife Sanctuary
Bhagawan Mahavir Wildlife Sanctuary situated along the Northeast border of Goa at Molem, about one and a half hours journey from Panaji along Panaji-Belgaum NH, covers about 240sq.km of thick forest clad slopes of Western Ghats and its valleys and is the biggest of three sanctuaries of Goa. The directorate of Tourism has built comfortable cottages and dormitories for tourists.
Bondla Wildlife Sanctuary
Bondla wildlife sanctuary is an ideal jungle resort and a major attraction for school going children and nature lovers. Its mini zoo, sprawling deer park in natural habitat, botanical and rose garden attract people throughout the year. Comfortable cottages are available here for tourists. The Zoological park and garden remain closed in Thursdays.
Churches of Goa
Mary Immaculate Conception Church, Panjim
The church of Mary Immaculate conception is located in Panjim. This church believed to have been in existence by 1541. The church re-built in1619. When Panjim declared as the capital of Goa, the great bell of the Church of Our Lady of Grace in old Goa (the bell of Inquisition) also moved to this church from Aguada in 1841. The bell, which is now in this church reputed as world's second largest bell.
The interiors of the church are relatively simple in design. The altar divided into three parts. The main altar dedicated into Mary Immaculate. The other two heavily gilded curved altars dedicated to Jesus Crucified and to Our Lady of Rosary lying on either side of the main one. There is a statue of St Francis Xavier in the south transept of the main altar. This was originally located in the Idalco Palace, which moved to here in 1918.
During night, this large monument will transform into a glowing specter. Complete with tiny electric bulbs, the entire church is lit up in the eeriness of night. The best time to visit this church is during the feast.
Se Cathedral Church in Goa
Se Cathedral church dedicated to St. Catherine as a reminder of Alphonso de Alberuerq's triumph over Goa on her feast day. This is a magnificent 16th century monument. Se Cathedral church is the largest church in Asia. This is also bigger than any other church in Portuguese. The architectural style of this church is a mixture Portuguese and Gothic. The uniqueness of this church lies in the simple style of architecture. There are some other peculiarities connected with this church, which includes the vision of Christ appeared in 1919 in the cross of miracle housed in the St Cathedral church. The cross of miracle said to grow slowly still today. Earlier Se Cathedral church also used to be the venue for the exposition of the hallowed relics of St Francis Xavier to the public.
Basilica of Bom Jesus- Old Goa
Bom Jesus Basilica is debatably the most admired churches throughout the world. Although partially in ruins, the church is still a perfect example of Jesuit architecture in its simplicity and elegance. According to Latin records, the construction of this church started on 24th of November 1594 and completed on 15th of May 1605. In year 1946, this church was elevated to the status of minor basilica. Due to its historical importance and unmatched beauty, Basilica of Bom Jesus had declared a UNESCO world heritage site.
This church is dedicated to Infant Jesus. The sacred relics of St Francis Xavier- the patron saint of Goa are kept in this church. The saint is believed to grant the petitions of devotee who pray at his mausoleum. The day of his feast, 3 December, attracts crowd from all over the world.
Church of Francis of Assisi-Old Goa
Church of St Francis of Assisi is an excellent piece of 17th century religious art. There is a beautiful octagonal tabernacle in the middle of which richly decorated in an ornate style. Part of the church of St Francis Assisi today houses a part of archeological museum. Pre-historic items from a distant past as reminders of Goa Dourada, Golden Goa exhibited here. This church is also known as "Pearl of the orient" or "Rome of the East" during its heyday.
During the zenith of its glory and magnificence, it was applauded as the richest and most beautiful church in the world. Due to unknown reasons, the church demolished in 1661 and later on reconstructed. The exteriors of the church display Tuscan architecture while the interiors blend the mosaic- Corinthian style. Scenes from the bible portrayed in the interiors while the walls adorned with floral designs.
Church of St. Cajetan- Old Goa
Church of St. Cajetan believed to model on the original design of Basilica of St Peter in Rome. The architectural style of the church is Corinthian both externally and internally. The gilded altars with rich carvings are in rich Baroque style. The church building itself built of laterite blocks, which are lime plastered.
Even though, the church dedicated to our body of divine providence, it has been named after St. Cajetan, the founder of the order of theatines. The church of St. Cajetan is the only surviving domed church in Goa. There are six altars besides the main one, which is dedicated to Our Lady of Divine Providence. These altars profusely carved and gilded with twisted shafts, figures of angels dominating in each. The altars also have paintings on canvas of the Italian school, some depicting scenes from the life of St. Cajetan.
There is a tank or well beneath the church, which led to many conjectures. Some regards that the platform covers the holy tank of a Hindu temple that once existed here, while others explain that the water reservoir at the center of the building was the design of the architect to afford greater stability to the structure.
Reis Magos Church
The small settlement of Reis Magos lies on the bank of river Mandovi. Here one can see the famous landmarks of Goa, the Reis Magos Fort and Reis Magos Church. Reis Magos Church id the only place in Goa where feast dedicated to the Three Wise Men- Casper, Melchior and Balthazar held. This beautiful church built in the year 1555 by the Franciscan order of Monks.
It is believed that the church built on the ruins of an ancient Hindu temple. You can find the lion statues of typical Vijayanagar Temple style on the sides of the stairs to the church. The church hours the tomb of two of Goa's former Viceroys. The church, whose brightly painted portico is visible from across the river in Panaji has quite exquisite and impressive interiors. The exteriors of church are dazzling white but inside they are bright and colourful. People from all over come here to marvel at the wooden supports, which are multicoloured and portray the Three Wise Men bearing gifts for Baby Jesus Christ. The high altar of the church makes it more stunning.
Temples of Goa
There are many famous temples in Goa. The narration of the most primitive known temples in Goa dates back to over a thousand years. The fundamental design of the temples of Goa are in essence like most Hindu temples in India, organized around the central shrine or 'Garbhagriha' or the sanctum sanctorum- home of the main deity. The pyramidal shaped tower or the traditional 'shikara' arises from the main shrine. There are two or more shrines dedicated to the 'Upa devatas' near to the entrance to the main shrine.
Brahma Temple at Carabolim
The Brahma temple located at a distance of 7km from Valpoi. This temple is dedicated to Lord Brahma- Hindu god of creation. This temple believed to be built in 5th century AD and is thus considered to an ancient pilgrim centre for Hindus' in Goa.
The statue of Lord Brahma in this temple is said to have brought to Kormoli or Carabolim by a large section of devotees, those escaped from the religious intolerance.
Shri Shanthadurga Temple –Kavlem
The Shri Shanthadurga Temple, dedicated to goddess Parvathi known as Goddess of Peace. The legend is that goddess once mediated the quarrel between Lord Vishnu and Lord Shiva. This is the largest temple in Goa located 33km from Panaji, Shri Shanthidurga temple has a striking 'Garbhakuda' a huge tank, high light tower or 'Deepa stambha' and 'Agrasalas' for the lodging of the devotees.
This temple is amongst the few temples survived the campaign of destruction of Hindu temples in territories. The temple has extremely beautiful natural surroundings and known to have been built in 1550AD. The temple is built of mud and palm leaves as laterite or granite were rarely used in the early days.
Shri Mangueshi Temple
Shri Mangueshi Temple dedicated to form of Lord Shiva found only in Goa. This temple is located at a distance of 23km from Panaji. Shri Mangueshi temple is one of the famous temples in Goa. Here Lord Shiva worshipped in the shape of Shiva ling. A legend connected with the place is that once Lord Shiva defeated by Goddess Parvathi came here for meditation. Goddess Parvathi came here in search of Lord Shiva. On seeing her, Shiva disguised into to tiger. On seeing the tiger goddess Parvathi got terrified and cried, 'Trahi mam Girisha' for help. Lord shiva reverted into his form and left to Kailas along with goddess Parvathi. Thus the place where this tale took place known as 'mamgirisha' and later on by usage, it transformed in to Manguesh.
This temple is uniquely Goan with a grandiose lamp tower at the entrance. Though small, temple is very beautiful and attracts vast mass of people every year. The exterior of the temple resembles the style of a Gurudwara or Palatial mansion. The temple is splendid with all the component of a Hindu temple, like the Prakara, mini shrines, Garbha Griha, grand towers and large courtyards. The galleries inside the temple houses, exquisite specimen of elaborate woodcarvings depicting the stories from Ramayana. There are wooden images of Ashtadikpal and Gandharvas on the either sides.
The annual jatra of the temple is held in the month of Chaitra during Ramanavami. Shivaratri is also celebrated with Rathotsava on Magha Amavasya (next day). The temple has Agrashalas with well-equipped rooms and halls for wedding purposes.
Shri Chandranath Temple
The Chandranath temple is located in Quepem about 14km from Margao. It is also known as Chandreshwar Temple. This temple is dedicated to Lord Shiva. The temple believed to be associated with Bhoja dynasty dated back to 8th century. They had named their capital after this deity as Chandrapur (currently Chandor). The Shiva Ling of the temple is carved out from the rock and it oozes out water when the rays of the full moon fall on the ling. This specialty of the temple makes it unique.
The temple is constructed in a way that moon light falls on Shiva Ling on every full moon day. The Shri Chandranath Temple at Quepem in Goa provides a breathtaking view of the picturesque green valley of Salcete and Quepem. The ambience is truly awe stirring.
Shri Vithal Temple
Shri Vithal Temple located at Sanquelim is dedicated to the Lord Vishnu. The temple belongs to the ancestors of Rane family. It is believed that this family has its roots in the city of Udaipur. They shifted to Goa about 600 years ago. They constructed this holy temple on the bank of Valvanta River. In 1942 AD, Goa Shri Vithal Temple went under refurbishment. After this renovation process, the temple sported the North Indian architectural style. However, the innermost part of this holy Goa temple was left untouched. Shri Vithal Temple is renowned for its elegantly carved wooden chariot. This chariot alleged to symbolize the chariot of Arjuna of Mahabharata, which was driven by Lord Krishna.
Shri Bhagawati Temple
Shri Bhagawati temple an ancient 500 years old temple located at a distance of 7km from Pernem. This temple is dedicated to Goddess Bhagawati Ashtabhuja or Goddess with eight hands. Shri Bhagavati Temple in Pemem has a temple complex having five temples, main one being of Shri Bhagavati. Other temples are of Shri Sateri, Shri Dev Ravalnath, Shri Dev Bhivangi Panchakshari & Brahma (Shri Vishnu, Shri Ganapath, Shri Shankar). Shri Bhagavati temple in Pemem has two Deepstambhas, which are particularly striking. The other fascinating thing about the temple is two life size images of elephants in standing position, made of black stone on either side at the entrance to welcome the visitors. The Goddess Bhagvati Asthbhuja in a standing position on a high podium is very magnificent. Dussehra celebrated with gaiety from Ashwin Shuddha Pratipada to Poomima, when over 25 thousand devotees assemble at the temple.
The Navadurga Temple
Shri Navdurga temple is situated 28 kms from Panjim at Madkai, which is in Ponda. This temple is dedicated to goddess Navdurga. It is said to be more than 500 years old. In 1603 this temple was renovated. The presiding deity worshipped at the Navdurga temple at Madkai is a fierce form of goddess Durga known as the Mahishasuramardini. The idol is made of stone and is about 4 ft in height. There is peculiarity about the image of the idol that the neck of the Goddess is turned in the left direction.
The Sri Navdurga Temple is known for the festival of Kartika Vadya celebrations here. This festival is celebrated with much pageantry and grandeur in great carousing and spirit. All of the devotees come together during this festival and enjoy it to the fullest. It attracts all the tourists and is indeed a unique and rare experience.
Shri Mahadev Temple
Shri Mahadev Temple is located at a distance of 5kms from Kasarpal. This temple has the beautiful natural surrounding at village sal. Temple is dedicated to Lord Shiva. This temple is renowned all over the Goa for its annual festival of "Gade", which is a three-day religious affair from Phalgun Vadya 1 to 3. Devotees believe that people can have Darshan of 'Devchar' at night during the festival and hence the Gade lures huge crowds even from urban areas of Goa.
Shri Dutta Mandir
Shri Datta Mandir at Sanquelim is well known all over for the miraculous cure for mental troubles which the deity, the Hindu Trinity of Brahma, Vishnu and Maheshwar, is said of offer. The temple is situated 37 kms at Dattawadi, Sanquelim, and 40 kms. from Margao. The century old temple of trimurthy (Hindu) has a backdrop of a beautiful hillock covered with dense groves of areca palms. The most important festival celebrated here, which devotees from all over Goa attend, is Datta Jayanti, which falls in the month of December. The deity is believed to have cured many people of unsound mind. The entire interior consists of white marble.
Goan Cuisine
The cuisine of Goa has a remarkable mix of influences from all the cultures that it met with. One can see the two separate traditions in cuisine influenced by Hinduism and Christianity; there are some meeting points that present motivating concord. One of the most popular dishes, the pork Vindaloo is an outcome of this striking harmony. The Portuguese cooking has a strong and significant influence on Goan Cuisine. Goan food is simple but it is chili hot, spicy, and pungent.
The geographical location of Goa on the Konkan coast blessed it with the exotic spices grown in the region, along with the other states on the coast like Maharashtra and Kerala. Fish, Curry, Rice, Kokam (a red coloured sour fruit), Aromatic Spices, Pickles, Coconut Milk, Tamarind, Palm Vinegar and a variety of Chutneys are measured as the uniqueness of Goan food. A typical Goan would favor seafood to all other meats and would use lots of coconut for food preparation. You can also find influences of Kashmiri, Muslim and Portuguese and African, apart from the tribes who lived in the dense, rain-drenched forests of ancient Goa on the Goan cuisine.
Rice, fish, and coconut are the basic components of the typical Goan food salver. Delicacies made from these three items expected in nearly every Goan meal. One of the most famous cuisines of Goa is the Ambot-tik, a striking sweet and sour dish made of fish. Goa is famous for its seafood eaten and relished by people in every stratum. A die hard non-vegetarian can have a nice experience to cherish with the sea foods of Goa. Another traditional Goan snack would be Pao com Chouricos, which is fried Goan sausage, sautéed with onions and served with bread. The Goan follows a typical Portugal style of soaking meat in a concoction of spices before cooking. Yet another very famous and delicious local food of Goa is the Pork Vindaloo in which pork is cooked in spicy and oily gravy. Goans say that if you taste the Pork Vindaloo once, you will not like any other pork preparation! One can also find many common dishes like prawns, chicken, beef, etc. in Goa. Almost every other Goan dish uses rice, fish or curry in the preparation of a traditional food item. Many dishes use coconut milk to give it a different aroma and an exotic flavor.
Goa truly offers a palatable cuisine, not be missed at any cost. The best places to try local Goan cuisines are those small roadside restaurants. They surely provide services that will win your heart over. The food is prepared with generous doses of love and devotion. So make sure you try the traditional Goan cuisine that is sure to add spice to your vacation in Goa.
Feni- Goa's Most Popular Hot Drink Feni of Goa is the native liquor that has grown hugely popular around the globe. Feni is the most favored local drink among the hard drinkers. There are two types of feni's – Cashew feni and Coconut feni. Cashew feni is made out of the juice of cashew apples whereas coconut feni is made from the toddy collected by toddy tappers. While coconut feni has its own charm, because of its flavor many prefer cashew feni. Between the two, cashew feni costs more.
In the traditional method of making cashew feni, the cashew apples manually crushed in a coimbi, a rock on the hill, carved or shaped like a basin with an outlet for the juice. The juice is collected in a huge earthen pot called Kodem, which is buried in the ground. The juice is then distilled in earthen or copper pots. The crushed cashew apples arranged in shape of a cake in the coimbi and tied with a string. A huge boulder is placed over it. The final quota of juice produced in a clean form is called Neero. This is used as a remedy for constipation.
In traditional method of distilling cashew feni, the cashew juice is put in a big pot called Bhann. The Bhann serves as a closed boiler. It is connected to a smaller pot called Launni by means of a conduit, serves as a receiver or collector. The juice in the big pot is then boiled by burning firewood under it. As the process of vaporization and distillation goes on and the concentrated liquid collects in the smaller pot, the pressure in the receiver is kept in check by pouring cold water on it, frequently with a wooden ladle. The first stage of processing is done on big fire but the later stage of distillation has to be done on slow fire to keep the pressure and heat under control. The process of distilling feni with such apparatus takes about 8 hours and locally called Bhatti.
The liquor produced from cashew is of three grades Urrac, Cazulo and feni. The Urrac is the product of first distillation. It is light and can be consumed neat. Its strength ranges between 14 and 16 grao. However, when consumed in excess, Urrac intoxicates the mind like any other hot drink. The Urrac is said to go well with orange or lemon. Nowadays feni is produced after second distillation itself. The second or third hand feni is a product par excellence.
Palm Feni is pure but a strong drink ranking with the strongest spirits. It comes from Toddy, which is produced by tapping the sap from the base of the young palm shoots. Unfermented, the Toddy make a nourishing and refreshing drink and when strained and boiled down to crystallising point, it produces palm jaggery, the coarse brown slabs of sugar used in Goan sweet dishes.
Within hours of tapping, the Toddy ferments to about 4% of alcohol. Often, it is drunk soon afterwards, but when distilled, the first gives the more potent Urrack, a favourite drink sold in the local bars. The famous palm Feni is the result of the second distillation.
Goan Festivals
Goa with its rich historic backdrop has an evident touch of this in its festivals also. The festivals of Goa are very colourful and kaleidoscopic. This small sate of India was under the Portugal rule, Mughal rule and has a tradition of its own. This has resulted in an exceptional cultural blend, which is evident from the festivals it celebrates. Goan people celebrate Hindu, Muslim, Christian and festivals those unique to Goa with equal enthusiasm and energy.
Goan Carnival
Goa Carnival is the most famous festival in the state and celebrated since the 18th century as a precursor to the abstinence of Lent. 'Carnaval' is elite and distinctive to Goa, and was introduced by the Portuguese who ruled over Goa for over five hundred years. Carnival in Goa is a non-stop 3-day festival of color, song and music, providing a healthy entertainment for all, young and old. The soothing climate, full of fun- 'n' -frolic, which the Carnival generates, is long awaited. There is enthusiasm and happiness all around. The vivacious musical parades and sumptuous floats are the major highlights of the carnival. The carnival attracts inestimable visitors from India and all over the world.
The float parades are organized in association with the State Tourism Department. The float parade in Panaji will be led by a special float hosting King Momo, a specially decorated float, which will declare the decree of eat, drink and merry.
Goa carnival displays a musical extravaganza. Street Plays, songs, dances, and unrehearsed farces mocking the establishment performed before the wholehearted, receptive audience. Floats depicting admired lullabies and nursery rhymes make a capricious and vivid vista on the streets. In the three days of merriment, cultural functions and competitions abound, judged by specially selected people. King Momo distributes the prizes to the winners.
The festive aura fills every corner of the state. Both men and women are elated. They put on fancy clothes and colourful masks and dance to the music. Wake up with sounds of cymbals and bagpipers to see the parade making its way through the street. The state capital, Panjim brims with an escapable aroma of overwhelming fun. Live performances and dances that continue until the night add to the celebrations.
Shigmo Festival
The energetic people of Goa do not lag behind the rest of the country when it comes to Holi celebrations. The festival of spring is called Shigmo in Goa. The Shigmo Festival is a colour festival celebrated in the month of "Falgun" as per Saka Calendar in Goa. Famous temple "Yatras" held during this festival period. Processions carried out at temples by throwing 'gulal' and dancing with umbrellas and 'Dindis'. This festival is planned in different cities to magnetize tourists. Processions take place with traditional goan dances and modern floats. Prizes are distributed for best performance in the procession and best float decorators.
The festival is celebrated mostly by the masses following all religious traditions. As expected from the Goans, the festival is accompanied with trumpet blast. Goans conscientiously follow performance on drumbeats and epic endorsement of mythology. Vivid and vibrant colours of gulal and neel are lavishly used. Highlight of Shigmotav is the performances of troupes in the form of parades and cultural dramas. Shigmo is a festival of farewell to winter and welcome to spring celebrated with colour, songs and dances to the beat of drums. Float parades depicting various scenes of mythology also displayed.
Bonderam Festival
Bonderam festival is the harvest festival celebrated in the Goa. This is celebrated in the month of August in all over the Goa mainly in the Divar Island. This festival claims to have a unique history behind it. It is believed that the festival is celebrated as a reminder of the protests against the Portuguese, who used to mark the village boundaries with the help of flags to avoid land disputes of land encroachment. The villagers resented the rules and they protested against this system by knocking down all the flags. Today, in a parody of the past, this is commemorated with a 'Fotash' flight (toy weapon of bamboo stem) and berries are used as missiles in a mock fight between rival groups to knock down an offending flag.
Amazing Goa
The Golden Triangle
The capital of India, Delhi is also pronounced as the cultural capital with a spectacular architecture of monuments and an amalgamation of different cultures that is a product of a 5000-year-old history. New Delhi is one of the most famous cities of the world. Though it recognizes over the world as the national capital of one of the largest countries of the world, India, New Delhi has a glorious past, and has enjoyed global fame for several centuries.
Delhi has always had an inexplicable perpetuity that has witnessed empires rise to glory and fall to ashes. The modern Delhi is a culmination of seven cities built by different emperors from time to time. The remains of these ancient cities are found even today and are major tourist appeal. Among some stunning historic sites the most outstanding ones includes theQutubMinar, Red Fort, Jama Masjid, India Gate, Lotus temple, Humayun tomb and RashtrapatiBhavan.
Climate of Delhi
Delhi experiences an extreme climate, typical of North Indian cities. Summers are blazing with temperatures often crossing the 40 °C mark. Recent times have seen a rise in humidity as well. Winters are frosty with temperatures plunging below 5 °C. Light colored cotton clothing is prescribed for the summers, while heavy woolens and protective clothing are needed for the winters. The ideal time to visit New Delhi would be October and November, before the onset of winter.
Art and Culture of Delhi
Art and culture have gone side by side and they have a strong influence over the citizens of Delhi. The Mughals ruled Delhi for a long period and the art during that period was worth seeing. Akbar has been known for his work on arts and crafts.Being the center of the nation has also made Delhi the cultural capital which not only boasts of many museums and art galleries but also plays host to a lot of events involving visual and performing arts. Delhi comes as a merger of the modern lifestyles as well as the old traditions and values. On one hand, we can see the Old Delhi still living in the past to some an extent and still upholding the values of the past. While on the other we see culture in New Delhi where people have become slaves of ostentations. There is the sound the Qawwalis of Nizamuddin Shrine, Gurbanis of Bangla Sahib and Aartis of ChattarpurMandir. At the same time, one can hear the loud and blaring music of pubs and discotheques.
The Chhat Puja of Bihar is celebrated here with as much festivity as the Durga Puja of Bengal. There is also no difference in the celebrations of the Muslim festival of Eid-ul-Fitr and the Punjabi festival of Lohri. It is interesting to note that the culture of Delhi also shows some influence of the people of Haryana, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and Punjab, since these states border the capital city. This diversity makes Delhi so lively and colorful. Indo-Persian art is reflected in Jama Masjid while the Birla Temple and the Chattarpur Temple complex exude amalgamations of North and South Indian architectural styles.
Cuisine of Delhi
Different Cuisines of Delhi makes the capital of India a haven for the gourmets. Delhi is a pot-pourii of culture along with different cuisines. People of various cultures inhabit here brought with them their cooking style and food habits from their native land. Thus we find a wide range of different cuisines available in and around the restaurants and local eateries of Delhi. People of Delhi are great food lovers. This gave rise to so varied and different cuisines in vogue and Delhi has become the "Restaurant Capital of India" with variety food outlets cropping up around the capital. History of India has witnessed the invasion of Delhi by various foreign invaders namely the Mongol, Arab, Afghan and English who brought with them their respective cuisines that became the popular and vivid Indian delicacies of today.
Different Delhi cuisines include Mughlai cuisine, Punjabi cuisine, and International cuisines to name a few. Mughlai cuisines are best available in Old or Purani Delhi. The legendary Karim and Babu Khan are the renowned for Mughlai food. GaliChitliQabar and NalliNahari are the well-known places for Halim. ChandniChowk has an array of shops famous for different cuisines including sweets, main course dishes, snacks, different spices for special recipe and pans. Gourmets often queue in the famous ParanthewaliGali for Punjabi cuisines like the layered parathas with ghee and sometimes meat and egg stuffing. These traditional eating joints are crowded with foodies who want to taste different cuisines of Delhi. Cooler delicacies like the Almond Squash, AbriFalooda and GianijikaFalooda are the most refreshing drinks enjoyed in the summers by the people of Delhi.
Typical Delhi kulfi with dry fruit toppings are the lip smacking ice creams sold in different outlets. They form a major part of the different cuisines favored by the Delhi populations. The roadside dhabas are the excellent hub of different cuisines available in the city at a low budget. Again the Chaat Corner at ChandiniChowk and RabriFaludas at Giani serve some of the authentic Delhi cuisines. Dossa-Sambhar is a particular point where one can enjoy south Indian delicacies. Marathi and Gujrati cuisines include Dhokala, Bada Paw and Paw-Bhaji is very popular among the mass. Oudh cuisines namely Nehari, Biryanis, Nalla and Kabobs are some of the mouth watering cuisines of the foodies.
Tourist Destinations & Attractions
The Lal Quila or Red Fortwas built by the famous Mughal emperor Shah Jahan. This 360 year old architectural masterwork, sited next to ChandniChowk, is entirely built with red stone. Red fort was the quintessence of the supremacy of Mughal Empire. Shah Jahan laid the base of Red Fort after he transferred his capital from Agra to Delhi. Red Fort was also calledQila-i-Mubarak, which literally means the "blessed fort". It was the official abode of the royal family. Red Fort also has a noteworthy position in Indian history. It was here the British Empire beheaded Bahadur Shah Zafar, the last Mughal Emperor marking the end of Mughal Empire and the start of British canon after the Revolt of 1857. This is also a important place in the Indian freedom fight as many prominent speeches were made in Red Fort. Today Red Fort is one of the most vital tourist appeals in Delhi, only half of the fort is unwrapped for public which comprises beautiful palaces, gardens etc. The imperative buildings in Red Fort are Diwan-i-Aam, Nahr-i-Behisht, Zenana, and MotiMasjit. At present, on the Independence Day every year the Prime Minister of India addresses to public from this stunning Red Fort.
Akshardham Temple in Delhi has got an important place in the tourism section of Delhi. This marvelous structure depicts the great Indian culture and its architecture in a simple and immaculate way. This astounding construction comprises of 20,000 statues, floral motifs and exquisite carved pillars made of stones. Its construction is based on the ancient Sthaapatyashastras of India and it is built without steel, entirely out of sandstone and marble. This stunning structure and masterpiece structural design was constructed under the support and funding of the BochasanvasiAksharpurushottam Swaminarayan Sanstha (BAPS). Lying in the wide-open 100 acres of land, amidst luxuriant lawns adorned with water fountains and carved pavilions, the temple complex stand imposingly on the banks of the serene River Yamuna. Huge amounts of 2 billionshave been spent to raise this grand place of worship. The architecture of Akshardham temple is similar to the one at Gandhinagar in Gujarat. The main monument at the temple is about 141 feet high with a beautiful statue of Lord Swaminarayan. There are various structures within the temple which depicts the history and culture of Hindu Religion.
QutubMinar
The Construction of the QutubMinarwas started in 1192 by Qutab-ud-din Aibak, the founder of Slave Dynasty and later finished by his son-in-law and successor Iltutmish. The elevated tower of QutabMinaris made out of brick tile and sandstones. QutubMinar is a superb example of Indo-Islamic Afghan architecture. Today, QutubMinar is a prominent part of the World Heritage Site community and endured the havoc of time extraordinarily. QutubMinaris encircled by a luxuriant green manicured garden, which is a much privileged leisure pad for Delhi locals. You can find tourists and locals dawdling around the whole winter afternoons here and there inside the tower. QutabMinar is among the tallest and celebrated towers in the world. The minaret is 234 feet high and the highest individual tower in the world. Other towers in the world are the Great Pagoda in Pekin, China and the Leaning Tower of Pisa in Italy but these towers are not as high as the QutabMinar in Delhi.
It has a number of floors or storeys which has stunning carvings like the one on the tomb of Iltutmish. There are inscriptions all around the tower and these inscriptions divulge that Iltutmish completed the tower. The structure of the wall is made as such that it broadens from top to bottom, just to make the minar stronger. It had survived two times from the damages made through the lighting and the rulers of that time made the repairing to this minar. The minar is not that vertical as it used to be because of wears and tears over the precedent several years. Closely looking at the minar reveals you an idea that it is to some extent tilled towards one side. The minar is earnestly cared by the authorities much like other historic monuments in the country.
One of the most striking specimens of modern architecture is the Lotus temple, an icon of Baha'i faith. It was finished in 1986 under the leadership of the Persian architect from Canada, FariborzSahba. Sited in Kalkaji, the entire temple has been erected out of milk white marble in the contour of a lotus. The temple structure comprises of 27 giant white marble petals and nine pools, indicating the nine uniting spiritual paths of the Baha'i faith, which believes in oneness of all religions and mankind. The temple is open to people of all religion and is more of a meditation hall. It is well known for its prayer sessions. Visitors are required to maintain silence inside the premises and entry is free for all. The Baha'i faith emphasizes on prayer, described as, 'Conversation with God' and meditation, described as 'Key for opening the doors of mysteries'. The temple represents the broad views and scientific ideas of Baha'i faith and signifies the purity and the universality of the Lord.
India Gate is situated on the Raj Path of New Delhi. India Gate was built by Edwin Lutyens to pay homage to the Indian soldiers who died in the World War I and the Afgan War. Closely looking at the walls of India Gate would let you know the names of 90,000 soldiers who died during the World War I, the Afgan War and the North-West Frontier operations. The structure was finally completed in the year 1921. India Gate was originally called the All India War Memorial. India Gate of Delhi is a 42 meter high gateway. Amar JawanJyotiwas built much later to commemorate the soldiers who died in the war against Pakistan in the year 1971 and ever since there is a burning "Amar JawanJyoti", called as the flame of immortal warriors.
The shrine is made up of a black marble and on the top of the shire there is a rifle with a soldier's cap on the top. This commemorative is placed on the structure having inscription of "Amar Jawan" on all the four sides. Resting on a low foundation of red Bharatpur stone, the arch rises in stages to a huge molding. On both the sides of the arch the word INDIA is inscribed, along with the date, MCMXIV (1914) on the left and MCMXIX (1919) on the right. The best time to see Delhi India Gate is during nightfall, when it is magnificently floodlit. Splendid lawns, with a number of fountains, encircle the monument. These fountains present a breathtaking view at night when they make a lovely display with colored lights.
JantharMantar
JantarMantar- the astronomical observatory with masonry instruments was built in 1724 by Raja Jai Singh II of Jaipur in Delhi. Itis an outstanding and curious creation of Raja Jai Singh II, the mathematician and astronomer king. JantarMantar has instruments that can graph the path of the astronomical universe. The name of this noteworthy astronomical observatory, JantarMantar means 'instrument for calculation.' There is a colossal SamratYantra at the periphery of JantarMantar. To the south of SamratYantra there is an amazing instrument called Jai Prakash. The Jai Prakash here has two concave hemispherical structures and used for determining the position of the sun and celestial bodies. JantarMantaris built of brick rubble that is plastered in lime. You can see the following instruments inside the JantarMantar.
SamratYantra
Jai Prakash
Ram Yantra
Niyati Chakra
MisraYantra
All these instruments can be used for various astronomical calculations. Today the historical structure is encircled by new office buildings. JantarMantaris even used by modern day scholars to ascertain the location of the heavenly bodies in our universe. The entry to this amazing astronomical observatory is free. As it is located at the city center adjacent to the well know Connaught Place, you can easily reach Delhi JantarMantar without much hassle. If you visit the capital city of New Delhi, do not forget to have a glimpse of JantarMantar-a beautiful creation of the Jaipur King.
Humayun's Tomb
Humayun's tomb is an insignia of Mughal epoch of architectural grandeur. This monument is declared as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1993. This tomb is located on the bank of river Yamuna. Humayun's tomb introduced the 'char bagh'garden style into the Mughal architecture. It has inspired many monuments built by later Mughals. His Persian wife, Hamida Begum, supervised the construction of his tomb from 1562-1572. It was designed by the Persian architect, Mirak Mirza Ghiyuath. The tomb took 9 years to complete with the expenditure of nearly one and a half million rupees. The Humayun's Tomb is a 140 feet high structure with a central dome. The double-layered dome has a white marble exterior but the rest of the tomb is made of red sandstone, with white marble ornamentation.
AppuGhar
AppuGhar is an amusement park situated in PragatiMaidan, Delhi. The first amusement park of India, it was inaugurated by Late Shri. Rajiv Gandhi in November 1984. It was the dream of the Late Prime Minister Smt. Indira Gandhi. It spread outs over an area of approximately 15.5 acres. Formally opened under the auspices of International Amusement Limited, AppuGhar of Delhi was extended a few years back. A water park, OYSTERS, was added to the present park. One can also find fast food centers and gift shops inside the park.
AppuGhar at New Delhi is also recognized as a mini Disneyland. Some of the admired rides at AppuGhar are Roller Coaster, the Big Splash, Dodgem Cars, Cable Car, Speeding Car, the Eerie Tunnel, Giant Wheel and Appu Columbus. The OYSTERS spread over an area of 3.5 acres offering attractions during both summers as well as winters. During summers, it offers water rides, rain dance, swimming polls, etc. While, in winters it is renowned for a variety of ice-games like sledding, skiing, ice boating, ice bowling, ice dance, etc.
RashtrapathiBhavan
RashtrapatiBhawanwas previously known as 'Viceroy's House' and was engaged by the Governor-General of India, until liberty. Also known as President's House, the building holds a prominent position in New Delhi. Designed by the British architect, Sir Edwin Lutyens, this classical building uses colors and details peculiar to Indian architecture. It was completed by 1929 and was officially inaugurated in 1931. It was in 1950 that President started living in this ceremonial building and the 'Viceroy's House' was renamed as 'RashtrapatiBhavan.' It has 340 decorated rooms and a floor area of 200,000 square feet.
RastrapathiBhavan is the official residence of Indian President. It is a real masterpiece that was built during the British reign. It is the center of attraction in New Delhi located in the Raisina Hills. The total cost of constructing the RashtrapatiBhawan crossed £12,53,000 in British India.
ChadiniChowk
The wide range of markets of Delhi is interesting for having their own idiosyncratic ambience and essence. In Old Delhi, the congested and most densely populated market of ChandniChowk has survived for more than three centuries. Strewn richly with historical landmarks, this shopping area has shops, which are more than 100 years old. The narrow streets and by lanes offer a plethora of surprises and here, one can get some of the best bargains in India. One of the narrow streets branching off from ChandaniChowk leads to 'Dariba Kalan'. It is known for its beautiful pearl, gold and silver jewelry. One can also buy natural perfumes or 'itra' here. Spices are the specialty of Khari Baoli, while Kinari Bazaar is the best place to look for 'zari' and 'zardozi' trimmings and tinsel.
Retaining the old-age charm, these markets provide you the opportunity of witnessing skilled craftsmen at work, while manufacturing items for sale on site. The antique stores behind Jama Masjid, lining the entrance to the Red Fort, have replaced the Meena Bazaar of the yore and offer traditional jewelry, paintings and furniture. The other by lanes of ChandniChowk that are popular include Katra Neel, the cloth bazaar offering all kinds of fabrics such as silks, satin, crepe, cotton and muslin. Bhagirath Palace is Asia's largest market for electrical goods and offers medical equipment and allopathic medicines. It is also famous as 'Chooriwaliki Haveli' or the Bangle Seller's Palace, amongst locals.
Raj Ghat is the final resting place of Mahatma Gandhi, father of our nation. One can pay the homage by visiting the Raj Ghat. This was built to honor the memory of Gandhiji and this commemorative draws millions of people throughout the year. Black marble platform represents the cremation spot of Mahatma Gandhi in 1948. There is a small flame burns ceaselessly at one corner of this marble platform. Well-landscaped sprawling lawns encircle the platform. A stone alley leads to the cenotaph that is inscribed with his last words "Hey! Ram"; All visitors are requisite to remove their footwear before entering the composite.
Nizamuddin's Shrine
Nizamuddin's Shrine is a renowned holy place in Delhi. It was built to respect the memory of the eminent Muslin Sufi saint, NizamuddinChisti. Striking architecture echoes the blend of the Indo Islamic style, rife during that era which is also echoed in the tomb's structure. Within the shrine composite, there is a water tank with several tombs built around it. Out of the many, one of the tombs is of Jahanara, daughter of Shah Jahan whilst another is of AamirKhusro, the prominent Urdu poet during the Mughal era. On Every Thursdays, traditional Quawaali singers present their skills.
The Golden Quadrangle
These are other trips.
Enchanting Nepal
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Home » General » Plant Cell vs. Animal Cell: What is the difference between Plant cell and Animal cell?
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Plant Cell vs. Animal Cell: What is the difference between Plant cell and Animal cell?
Plant Cell vs. Animal Cell: Discover the Key Differences, Similarities, as well as Some Answers to the Most Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ).
Plant Cell vs. Animal Cell: Apart from being a type of eukaryotic cells meant to carry on all the essential life processes, plant and animal cell parts have many structural differences. Where plant cells have a fixed rectangular shape, animal cells are irregular in shape. While animal cells are devoid of chloroplasts and cell walls, they are important elements of a plant cell.
Defining plant cells and animal cells for better understanding
What is a plant cell?
What is an animal cell?
Considering plant cell vs. animal cell size and shape for differentiation
Listing the similarities between a plant cell and an animal cell
What are the 5 key differences between plant and animal cells?
What is present in the animal cells but not in the plant cells?
Do animal cells have ribosomes?
Why do plant cells have cell walls and animal cells do not?
Why are vacuoles absent in animal cells?
Why are lysosomes absent in plant cells?
Do plant cells have DNA?
What is the smallest cell?
Smallest Animal Cell
Smallest Plant Cell
What is the color of the vacuole in an animal cell?
Where is DNA in plant cells?
Looking at the plant cell vs. animal cell Venn diagram for further clarity
Plant vs. animal cell Bottomline
A plant cell is the basic unit of life in all plants and contains chloroplast for food synthesis. It is enclosed by a cell wall that provides it a structure.
An animal cell is the basic unit of life in all animals and contains centrioles for cell division. It is not enclosed by a cell wall, thereby providing mobility to all the animals.
The size of plant cells could stretch anywhere between 10 to 100 micrometers, while that of an animal cell can range only around 10 to 30 micrometers. Plant cells have fixed shapes as cubic or rectangular. On the other hand, animal cells have varying shapes ranging from plain irregular to round ones.
Both plant and animal cells are eukaryotic, i.e., they have a nucleus.
Both plant and animal cells have vacuoles.
Both plant and animal cells have mitochondria to help the cells break down sugar molecules and derive energy for life processes.
A cell membrane surrounds both plant and animal cells.
Plant and animal cell mitosis reproduction processes are also similar as they both use DNA while doing so.
Both kinds of cells undergo cellular respiration to grow and maintain themselves.
Both cell types have ribosomes for synthesizing protein.
Both microtubules and microfilaments are present in plants as well as animal cells to facilitate cytoskeletal support.
Granules are present in both plant and animal cells.
Plant Cell
Animal Cell
Cell Wall Plant cells have a cell wall. Animal cells do not have a cell wall.
Chloroplasts To synthesize their food by trapping sunlight, chloroplasts are present in plant cells. Animal cells do not have chloroplasts as they get their food from sources other than sunlight.
Vacuole Plant cells have a single large vacuole for maintaining the shape and storing food and water. Animal cells have multiple small vacuoles.
Lysosomes Plant cells rarely have lysosomes that are meant for molecule degradation. Animal cells contain lysosomes for breaking down the molecules with enzymatic action.
Centrioles They are absent in plant cells. Meant to assist in cell division, centrioles are present in animal cells.
Cilia and filaments, microvilli, centrioles, and lysosomes are all present in animal cells and absent in plant cells.
Yes, ribosomes are present in both plant and animal cells. Composed majorly of RNA along with the proteins, animal cells contain ribosomes to be alive.
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Cell walls are meant to provide rigidity and structure to the body. Plant cells have walls around them to have a rigid structure that eventually helps them to grow upright and stand tall without needing any support. Animal cells do not have cell walls as animals have a skeleton to provide structure and rigidity to the body. The absence of a cell wall allowed the development of greater diversity of tissues, cell types, and organs in animals. With constant evolution, it helped add mobility to the animal world.
Vacuoles are meant to store food, water, and other nutrients for survival. Since plants are stationary, they need large vacuoles for sustenance. But this is not the case with animals. They are adept at locomotion and can move places in search of food and water. The presence of vacuoles in animal cells would mean a greater need for ATP (energy) consumption to get going. Thus, animal cells have extremely minuscule vacuoles.
Meant for aiding in digestion and breaking down the waste material within the animal cells, lysosomes are absent in plant cells. This is because this action is performed in the plant cells by lytic vacuoles.
All plant cells use DNA as genetic material. A coded set of instructions meant to synthesize RNA, DNA is found in the nucleus, the chloroplasts, and the mitochondria inside the plant cells.
A type of parasitic bacterium, mycoplasma, has been the smallest living cells discovered ever. It is present in the respiratory tract, primate bladder, genitals, and the waste disposal organs in animals. It is mere 10 micrometers in length and capable of growth and reproduction on its own.
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The smallest living plant cell belongs to duckweed from the genus Wolffia. Their size is just 300 µm by 600 µm, with their mass reaching merely 150 µg.
Smaller and fewer in number, animal cells have vacuoles that are the lightest shade of blue.
The majority of DNA is present in the nucleus of the plant cells. Other than this, some DNA can be traced in the chloroplasts and the mitochondria within the cells.
PLANT VS ANIMAL CELLS
You may found an essential plant cell and animal cell difference in the life force the cell provides. Where plant cells are the basic units of life in all the plants, animal cells are essential for generating and sustaining the life force in all the animals. They differ in size, shape, and composition as well.
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Tags: Animal CellFAQPlant Cell
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Q: Why the querySelector (JavaScript) doesn't work with Internet Explorer? I have the following code below, that supposed to pass on value from one HTML page to another. The code works fine with Firefox, but it is not working for IE 11. Could you please tell me why the code is not working? Thanks in advance
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A: The problem you have is that you're using features that aren't supported by IE11 (let, URL API). See my comments. The following works for me in IE11. It's based on this stackoverflow post. If instead you want to use ES6 syntax you can try an ES6 to ES5 transpiler.
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Somerset is a town in Niagara County, New York, United States.  The population was 2,662 at the 2010 census.  The town is believed to be named after Somerset, New Jersey, the source of some early settlers.

The Town of Somerset  is in the northeast corner of the county and is northeast of the City of Niagara Falls.

History
The Town of Somerset was established in 1823 from a section of the Town of Hartland.  Part of Somerset was used later to form the Town of Newfane.

The Thirty Mile Point Light is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of , of which   is land and   (0.19%) is water.

Somerset borders Lake Ontario on the north and Orleans County, New York on the east.

Adjacent cities and towns
Town of Hartland - south
Town of Newfane - west
Orleans County, Town of Ridgeway - east
Lake Ontario - north

Major highways in the Town of Somerset

 New York State Route 18 (Lake Rd.), East-West Highway across the north part of town paralleling Lake Ontario from a distance.
 New York State Route 148 (Quaker Rd.), North-South roadway through the town from the Hartland town line to its northern terminus at Lake Rd. (NY 18) just north of Barker.
 New York State Route 269 (County Line Rd.), North-South roadway that makes up the eastern town line, as well as the Niagara-Orleans County Line. This roadway runs from its northern end at Lake Rd. (NY 18) south to the Hartland town line.

Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 2,865 people, 1,000 households, and 786 families residing in the town.  The population density was 77.1 people per square mile (29.8/km2).  There were 1,132 housing units at an average density of 30.5 per square mile (11.8/km2).  The racial makeup of the town was 97.07% White, 0.73% African American, 0.66% Native American, 0.52% Asian, 0.45% from other races, and 0.56% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.29% of the population.

There were 1,000 households, out of which 38.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 65.1% were married couples living together, 8.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 21.3% were non-families. 17.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.  The average household size was 2.85 and the average family size was 3.18.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 29.5% under the age of 18, 6.9% from 18 to 24, 27.8% from 25 to 44, 23.9% from 45 to 64, and 11.9% who were 65 years of age or older.  The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 106.0 males.  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 101.9 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $44,216, and the median income for a family was $49,583. Males had a median income of $39,583 versus $20,508 for females. The per capita income for the town was $17,792.  About 8.2% of families and 10.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 16.4% of those under age 18 and 3.8% of those age 65 or over.

Communities and locations in Somerset

Barker – The Village of Barker, centrally located in the town.
County Line – A hamlet on the east town line by Routes NY-18 and NY-269. The community is shared with Orleans County, New York.
Golden Hill State Park – A state park on the shore of Lake Ontario in the northeast part of the town.
Kintigh Generating Station – A power generating station on Lake Ontario northwest of Barker.
Millers – A hamlet by the eastern town line at NY-269, shared with the town of Yates in Orleans County.
Somerset – A hamlet north of Barker on Lake Road (NY-18) and Quaker Road (NY-148).
South Somerset – A hamlet at Somerset Road and Town Line Road.
West Somerset – A hamlet west of Barker on West Somerset Road at Hosmer Road.

Adjacent towns and areas
The northern border is Lake Ontario with Canada on the opposite shore.  The eastern border is the Town of Yates in Orleans County.  The south border is the Town of Hartland, and the west border is the Town of Newfane.

References

External links
 Town of Somerset website
  Somerset history

Buffalo–Niagara Falls metropolitan area
Towns in Niagara County, New York

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I've completed season 2. By the end of season 2 we came to know that Jason is Alec's son. Alec sent him from 2077 to the past(1992 or 1990). We saw in season 1 that he tried to build a time machine to go back to future, he also agreed to take Keira with him. Later that didn't work out as they expected and no mention of his time machine in further episodes.
Then we saw in season 2 that he tried to help Alec in different situations. He tried to help making a program using the Arc for surveillance over anyone. That's also destroyed later by Emily with the permission of Alec after there was a chaos that Lucas did by hacking the program.
We sometimes saw Jason in random scenes, basically doing nothing. In future he was shown as if he has a motive, and in 2013 version, he was shown as if he didn't know what he was doing. Sometimes the impression was given that he lost full control over his mind. He wanted to go back in future as we've seen in the season 1 finale.
In short Alec does everything, Jason tried to help. But series didn't explain by the end of season 2, how Jason is helping Alec to shape the future or with what purpose.
So what is Jason's purpose for which he was sent to the past? Am I missing something?
Disclaimer: It's been a while since I watched Continuum so I'm not sure during what seasons some of the following is revealed to the viewer so treat the following with caution for potential spoilers!
Future!Alec tasked Jason with ensuring that the captured members of Liber8 succeed in traveling back in time which he succeeds in doing however as a result of the interference from one of the Freelancers Jason is caught on the edges of the time travel device's effect and is accidentally flung back to 1992. Due to either the way in which he was swept up in the time jump or because of the long time he spends alone (or possibly both!) he goes a little bit insane.
Despite his insanity however he is still hugely intelligent and knowledgeable about time travel and it's technology. It's Jason that provides the 201x-era characters with their first information regarding the Freelancers.
So his in-universe role is to enable the time jump of Liber8 as part of Future!Alec's plan to "fix" the future and out-of-universe his nature as an insane time traveler is to provide information about the future while remaining questionable enough that the viewer is never quite sure whether the information he provides can be taken at face value.
Forgetting the scene with Garza where old man Alec says he isn't like her because he isn't weak enough or strong enough to love? And wants her as his fail safe because she is. So perhaps he sends his son to help with that. Both because he's family and because Jason seems caring and is always encouraging his relationship with Emily - unlike someone like Kellogg who wants him to focus on work and creating an empire.
Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged character continuum .
If Liber8 can hack Keira, why doesn't Keira or Alec hack them back?
What happens to Travis' daughter?
What is Vern's role at the recovery house?
Was there a purpose to Margaret Allison Hart being introduced in Season 7?
What is Rose's purpose in Get Out?


Can people read that snake font? I love how it looks, but substance over style wins out around here.
So you saw through me.
I suppose it's time to begin.
It is very hard to read. It looks cool, but is absolutely not easily legible. Reminds me of my hand-writing.
Yup. I can read it.
A bit hard to make out the "o" in "Sssso", but other than that I was able to read it just fine.
The again, I'm able to read my own writing which is generally considered illegible by my friends and family.
A bit difficult to read but still legible, though I hope the character tones down on the extended sss in the future, while I understand the reason for it it makes it a bit harder to read. The hardest part to read for me was "saw" in panel 5 (bottom left corner).
You're going to drop a "steven viper" joke somewhere right?
I like it too, Rex. It's a shame that it is challenging for some to read. I trust your next choice will be easier to read and just as interesting.
If you want to keep the gimmick, I suggest making his "dialogue" all Wing Dings snakes and give him regular font subtitles.


Description of Database: Our Nursing Homes Database contains information on over 16,000 nursing homes in the United States. Our data is collected and verified using a variety of sources.
Below is a breakdown of all the fields in the database. For example, the database has the "Business Name" for 100% of the database (or 15,674 entries).


text:
3,050-m runway ready in Kannur
Work on greenfield international airport progressing
May 01, 2016 12:00 am | Updated 05:47 am IST - THIRUVANANTHAPURAM:
S. Anil Radhakrishnan
Scaling up:The completed runway of the Kannur international airport.
The 3,050-metre runway of the phase-1 of the Kannur greenfield international airport, the fourth international airport in the State at Mattannur, has been completed.
The two turning pads on both ends and the 7.5-m shoulders on the sides of the runway, which has a width of 45 metres, have been completed.
Official sources told The Hindu that the work on the 150-metre grading side strip on both ends of the bitumen-topped runway was on and would be completed next week.
When the "ferry" Code B aircraft of the Indian Air Force made its touchdown in Kannur on February 29, the strip available for the test flight was only 2,400 metres. The remaining 650-metre strip was completed in 60 days.
Phase-II
In phase II, the runway is to be augmented to 3,400 metres after acquiring 100 acres. The government has announced that the runway will be increased to 4,000 metres to enhance safety.
The sources said 68 per cent of the integrated terminal had been completed and the roofing works were on. Efforts were on to complete the works before the onset of the monsoon and then to take up interior works to meet the deadline for commercial operations.
The sources said 75 per cent work of the air traffic control was over. Works on the ancillary buildings - fire rescue station, power house, met park of the IMD, STP, service block, and the airfield ground lighting substation were progressing. The majority works of the fuel farm, a joint venture of the KIAL and the BPCL, had been completed.
The reinforced slope protection wall, part of the embankment, was the biggest challenge faced by the KIAL as only 30 metres of the 70-metre high wall was over. The IMD would install the automated weather observing system once the grading of the runway was completed.
Steps to procure lifts, baggage handling system, passenger boarding bridges and the four airfield crash fire tenders had been initiated. Tenders for the X-ray machines would be floated after the May 16 elections.
Jaishankar slams Pompeo for 'disrespectful' comments on Sushma Swaraj
Congress leader A.K. Antony's son, Anil, resigns from all Congress posts


text:
Chuuk, formerly known as Truk
We rejoined the Island Hopper for the short flight to Chuuk. During World War II, Americans knew this island as Truk, the main Japanese naval base for the Western Pacific. It has a huge lagoon, with lots of islands in it. This is unlike Pohnpei, which has one major island and a few small ones.
Chuuk is having a hard time. Weno, the island with the airport on it, has a reputation for corruption and crime. Most tourists are scuba divers who go immediately to a ship (called a live-aboard) for a week of diving the many Japanese ships sunk in the lagoon. The state is bankrupt, and the soaring price of fuel has crimped travel in an place where motor boats are the most effective means of transportation. The government offices we visited were without electrical power. The roads were in a terrible state: you usually travel at 5 miles per hour, dodging the largest potholes.
Internet is really expensive. They have a state-back monopoly, and they would pay over $1000 a month for a co…
Donna Leads a Home Visit to a Blind Toddler
In addition to meeting with key leaders and visiting schools, Donna McNear really wanted me to see blind children in their homes. Donna is the main reason I'm involved with this project: she's an itinerant teacher of the blind in rural Minnesota. But, she's a teacher with a national reputation and a fierce dedication to improving and reforming the system for educating blind children. She has also made Micronesia her professional mission focus. For years she's been coming to these islands, helping health professionals and teachers better serve the blind and visually impaired children. She's even been to Pingelap with Mary Kidd from Guam, taking the ship Micro Glory for 24 hours, sleeping on a straw mat on one of the upper decks. I'm dedicated, but not that dedicated!
Donna feels that seeing the child in his or her home environment is essential for development and assessment. She's been visiting a handful of kids on Pohnpei, and wanted to take me out to …
Social Enterprise: Black Pearls from Nukuoro Atoll
I found out that there is a hierarchy of remote islands. There are the big main islands, which are reasonably remote, like Pohnpei or Weno on Chuuk (my next stop). These islands have international air service like the Island Hopper I talked about in an earlier post. Then, there are the islands you can get to by small boat that are less than two hours from the mainland. Then, there are remote islands that are a few hours away in a small plane, like Pingelap, the island where the color blindness is so prevalent (achromatopsia). These have small airstrips.
And then there's an atoll like Nukuoro, which is hundreds of miles away from a main island and has no airstrip. These islands get visited one or three times per year by a ship that circulates around the region. Nukuoro is also unusual in the FSM in that it is inhabited by people of Polynesian descent rather than Micronesians.
We found out about Nukuoro because of a brochure in the Joy Hotel, where Mike Terlaje and Mary Kid…
Visiting Schools in Pohnpei
The main goal of visiting Micronesia is for me to gain a real-world perspective on schools and books for students with disabilities. We visited several schools, including detailed visits to two elementary schools and a high school. The first school was Sokehs Powe School, which is on Sokehs Island next to the incredible rock pinnacle I mentioned in an earlier blog. The picture from above shows its site: it's on the waterfront across the main harbor.
Like most of the schools we saw, this one reminded me of schools in California. The classrooms have doors that open to the outside, because of the warm weather. Instead of windows, they have heavy screens. Most classrooms have desks and textbooks and all have chalkboards. Some of the schools have uniforms, where the kids are all dressed in the same colors. Sokehs Powe had purple uniforms. Students on Pohnpei learn in the vernacular (Pohnpeian) until they are in third grade, when they start learning English. PCs at the elem…
Meeting Key Leaders in Pohnpei (including the Governor!)
Our official visit to Pohnpei started with calls on key education leaders. The Federated States of Micronesia has its capital on Pohnpei (it's one of four states in the FSM), so we met with both leaders from the federal FSM government as well as from Pohnpei State.
Our main host was Carlina Henry, who was terrific. She met us at the airport, took us to see Nan Madol on Sunday, and then arranged the great majority of our meetings during the five days we were on Pohnpei. Every time we came up with a new brainstorm, Carlina knew who to call and make it happen.
We learned a lot about the situation around special education in the FSM. Pohnpei State includes the island of Pingelap, which has 10% of their students with a hereditary condition called achromatopsia. This is a complete colorblindness that results in students being low vision. We were surprised to frequently meet people with the condition on Pohnpei, because many Pingelapese have migrated to Pohnpei main island. One of o…
Seeing the sights in Pohnpei
Touring Pohnpei
Because of the timing of the island hopper arriving on Saturday (next flight would arrive Tuesday), we had some free time on the weekend to see the sites of the island. The island is a volcanic high island, with mountains and other cool features, with a surrounding ring of reef a couple of miles away. There is a road that rings the island, and we spent a lot of time going around the island on it.
The most famous site is the ruined stone city of Nan Madol. We walked on a coral path through the jungle to see this city made of basalt slab islands, after paying our admission fee to a representative of the nahmwarki, the local chief. Think of Venice in the Pacific, but with smaller islands. It was low tide, so we could wade out to one of the biggest of the 90 islands that made up the city. This island, called Nan Douwas, had a large tomb as well as a "jail" and what our guide called the meditation hole. Donna McNear and I took turns climbing down into the meditation ho…
The Island Hopper to Micronesia
I'm on an exciting trip to places I've never been before! Although the mission of the trip is to understand the situation of visually impaired students in Micronesia, I absolutely get the benefits of visiting these islands and enjoying the scenery.
Getting to these islands is not simple. The way to get to the main islands from the U.S. is to fly to Hawaii and then take the "island-hopper." I had a vision of this being a DC-3 or some such, but it's a modern 737 that is rated as "ETOPS" which means it's able to fly for three hours on one engine. Continental flies this route three times a week, going from Honolulu to Majuro Atoll, to Kwajelein Atoll, to Kosrae, to Pohnpei, to Chuuk and finally to Guam.
Our first destination on this trip was Pohnpei, in the Federated States of Micronesia (FSM). As a history buff, I didn't know the new names for some of these places. As in India, these communities have been renaming their islands back to their o…
Social Enterprise: Black Pearls from Nukuoro Atoll...
Meeting Key Leaders in Pohnpei (including the Gove...


text:
Home / Italy supports Libya, African Sahel countries to restrict flow of migration
Italy supports Libya, African Sahel countries to restrict flow of migration
Written by: LibyaMohammed
The Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs has announced the allocation of 37.2 million euros, to contribute to the stabilization of illegal immigration flows in North Africa, the Sahel and West Africa.
Three projects were funded in Libya, two in Niger and one in the Sahel region to improve border management and combat human trafficking, the Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs said, according to the Italian Decode 39 website, confirming the launching of an awareness campaign in the Sahel region about the dangers of illegal immigration.


text:
Q: Show that $E = [0,1]$ is not open. Here is my proof. Not sure if I'm doing it correctly. We recall that $E$ is open provided every point of $E$ is an interior point. We then have $\forall p \in E$, there exists a neighborhood of $p$, $N$, such that $N \subset E$. Suppose that $E$ is open and consider the point $p=1$ in $E$. Since $E$ is open, then there exists a neighborhood, $N_r(1) = \{q : \ |q-1| < r\}$, such that $N_r(1) \subset E$. Here the topological space under consideration is $R$ with the usual real line topology.
Now, since $N_r(1) \subset E$ and $E$ is open, then each $p' \in N_r(1)$ is an interior point, that is, there exists a neighborhood, $N_{r'}(p') \subset E$. We will show that there exists a neighborhood, $N \subset N_r(1)$ for which $N \not\subset E.$ We consider three cases.
If $r \in (0,1)$, then we can take the neighborhood, $N_{r^2}(1+r^2)$. For example, is $r=\frac{1}{2}$, then
$$N_{\frac{1}{2}}(1)  =  \{q: \ |q-1| < \frac{1}{2}\} =\{q : \ q\in (\frac{1}{2}, \frac{3}{2})\},$$
$$N_{\frac{1}{4}}(5/4)  =  \{q: \ |q-\frac{5}{4}| < \frac{1}{4}\} =\{q : \ q\in (1, \frac{3}{2})\}.$$
Notice that $N_{\frac{1}{4}}(5/4) \subset N_{\frac{1}{2}}(1)$, but $N_{\frac{1}{4}}(5/4) \not\subset E$. On the other hand, if $r=1$, then we can take $N_{\frac{1}{4}}(\frac{3}{2})$, where
$$N_{\frac{1}{4}}(\frac{3}{2}) = \{q: \ |q-\frac{3}{2}| < \frac{1}{4}\} =\{q : \ q\in (\frac{5}{4}, \frac{7}{4})\}.$$
Clearly, $$N_{\frac{1}{4}}(\frac{3}{2}) \subset N_1(1) = \{q:  |q-1| < 1\} =\{q : \ q\in (0, 2)\},$$ but again $N_{\frac{1}{4}}(\frac{3}{2}) \not\subset E$. Finally, for $r > 1$, We can take $N_{\frac{1}{r^2}}(1+\frac{1}{r^2})$. For example, if $r=2$, then $N_2(1) =  \{q : |q-1|<2\} = \{q: q \in (-1,3)\}$ and $N_{\frac{1}{4}}(\frac{5}{4}) \subset N_2(1)$. Again, we have that $N_{\frac{1}{4}}(\frac{5}{4}) \not\subset E$. Does this argument shows that $E$ is not open?

A: This is way too complicated. Let $N_r(1)$ be any basic nbhd of $1$. Then $1+\frac{r}2\in N_r(1)\setminus E$, so $N_r(1)\nsubseteq E$. Thus, $1$ is a point of $E$ that is not an interior point of $E$, so $E$ is not open.

A: Am I missing something? Just show that any open ball of positive radius with center $1$ or $0$ is not a subset of $[0,1]$

A: Assume $[0,1]$ is open. Then by definition there exists some $r > 0$ where we have that $|y - 1| < r$ implies $y\in [0,1]$. Choose $y = 1 + r/2$ then we have
$$|y - 1| = |r/2| < r$$
but $y\notin [0,1]$ so we have a contradiction.

A: One solution is to use the connectedness of $\mathbb{R}$. If $[0,1]$ is seen as a subset of the real line with the usual topology, $[0,1]$ is not open because $\mathbb{R}$ is connected and $\mathbb{R}\setminus[0,1]=(-\infty,0)\cup(1,\infty)$ is open (union of open sets is open).
The upshot:
If $[0,1]$ were open, then $\mathbb{R}$ would be the the disjoint union of two open sets, and so $\mathbb{R}$ would not be connected (contradiction to the well known fact that intervals, finite or infinite of the real line -with the usual topology- are connected.)

Another solution is to notice that $\{0,1\}$ are cluster points in  $[0,1]$ which are contained in $[0,1]$. Any neighborhood $(-\varepsilon,\varepsilon)$ of $0$ and $(1-\varepsilon,1+\varepsilon)$ fo $1$ containes elements of  $\mathbb{R}\setminus[0,1]$. That is, points $\{0,1\}$ are not interior points of $[0,1]$; thus $[0,1]$ is not open. (A set $U$ is open iff for any point $x\in U$ there is a basic open set $V$ such that $x\in V\subset U$).

A: By the definition of open set. You can not find neighborhood around $0$ and $1$ which contained in $E$. I.e., it is not possible to find neighborhood $N$ around $1$ such that $1\in N\subset E$.


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text:
EPA and Data Transparency
By Peter Van Doren
The New York Times recently reported on a proposed policy change at the Environmental Protection Agency that would require the agency to only rely on scientific research with publicly available data when setting pollution exposure standards. Proponents of the rule argue that the practice would allow other researchers to examine and replicate findings, an essential characteristic of the scientific method. Opponents argue the rule would exclude large amounts of research that rely on confidential health information that cannot be public. The Times quotes opponents who view the policy change as an attempt by the Trump administration to attack regulations they don't agree with by undermining the scientific results on which they are based.
Increased transparency in data used in empirical research and the facilitation of replication of studies are like mom and apple pie. In an ideal world, such practices are the very essence of the scientific method. In practice, academic journals in many disciplines already require that data used in empirical and experimental work be available for replication. The International Committee of Medical Journal Editors, no strangers to the limitations of data that include personal information, recently affirmed their commitment to responsible data sharing.
While opposition to transparency certainly has bad optics, the opponents of this rule change do have a point. The struggle over transparency isn't really about transparency. Instead, it is simply the latest chapter in the scrum over two studies whose results are the bases of EPA decisions about appropriate clean air exposure standards.
The Harvard Six Cities Study (SCS) and the American Cancer Society Study (ACS), both published in the 1990s, provide the data on which the EPA estimates all mortality risks from air pollution. Both studies looked at the health damage caused by particulate matter (PM), which accounts for 90 percent of the health benefits from emission regulation, and found that higher levels of PM exposure were associated with increased mortality. And these studies both rely on individual health data given under conditions of confidentiality
So the opponents are probably correct that the transparency rule is a clever attempt to undermine the current basis for EPA regulation of PM. And reduced PM exposure is the exclusive basis on which current conventional pollution regulation is justified because the benefits of additional emissions controls on other conventional pollutants are low. In this environmentalists' nightmare, a transparency mandate ends additional regulation of air quality by the EPA.
But contrary to the Times assertion, this a not simply a tale of good science versus evil polluters. The SCS has been the subject of intense scientific scrutiny and much criticism because of results that are biologically puzzling. The increased mortality was found in men but not women, in those with less than high school education but not more, and those who were moderately active but not sedentary or very active. Among those who migrated away from the six cities, the PM effect disappeared. Cities that lost population in the 1980s were rust belt cities that had higher PM levels and those who migrated away were younger and better educated. Thus, had the migrants stayed in place it is possible that the observed PM effect would have been attenuated.
Furthermore, a survey of 12 experts (including 3 authors of the ACS and SCS) asked whether concentration-response functions between PM and mortality were causal. Four of the 12 experts attached nontrivial probabilities to the relationship between PM concentration and mortality not being causal (65 percent to 10 percent). Three experts said there is a 5 percent probability of noncausality. Five said a 0-2 percent probability of noncausality. Thus 7 out of the 12 experts would not reject the hypothesis that there is no causality between PM levels and mortality. Based on these findings, a 95 percent confidence interval would include zero mortality effect for any reductions in PM concentration below 16 micrograms per cubic meter.
So the scientific fragility of the two studies has been known for some time. Despite that fragility, in December 2012, EPA set a much lower fine-PM standard of 12 micrograms per cubic meter of air to be met by 2020.
If the EPA is forced to use other studies, such as two recent papers by Michael L. Anderson and by Tatyana Deryugina, Garth Heutel, Nolan H. Miller, David Molitor, and Julian Reif, the estimated benefits from PM exposure reduction are reduced. Anderson's estimate is 60 percent smaller. Deryugina et al conclude that declining PM concentrations from 1999 to 2011 resulted in an additional 150,000 life-years per year, which, if valued at $100,000 per life year, would equal $15 billion in annual benefits. The EPA estimates that the annual compliance costs of the 1990 Clean Air Act standards were $44 billion in 2010. With these lopsided costs and benefits, it is certainly true that eliminating the ACS and SCS studies from consideration and forcing reliance on other studies would result in less stringent regulation except in areas with bad geography, such as Los Angeles, that prevents pollution dispersion.
The Times article mentions the fact that the Congress has had the opportunity to enact language achieving the same goal of transparency but has not done so. Libertarians have long criticized the growth of the discretionary administrative state. Thus because Congress has explicitly considered but failed to enact a research transparency requirement, libertarians should be cautious about using administrative discretion to achieve their preferred outcome.
Written with research assistance from David Kemp.
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4-H is a national program designed to develop leadership skills in its members. 4-H members are students from grades 3 - 12. Younger than that? That's okay! There is a club for you little ones, too! Mini 4-H is for grades K - 2.
4-H members come from all walks of life. Some members live in cities, some in the suburbs, and yes - some live in the country. Everyone can enjoy being in 4-H, no matter where you live!
4-H members work on projects that they choose to do based upon their interests and their family's budget. Projects don't have to involve raising animals to show. You don't HAVE to live on a farm and raise animals to be in 4-H!
Students register to join 4-H Clubs from October 1st through January 15th every year. Students in grades 3 - 12 can join by applying here. Students in grades K - 2 join Mini 4-H and can join by clicking the same link! Want to know more about 4-H? Click here.