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Comprehensive news coverage of the 45th U.S. president, Donald Trump.
World / Politics	Jan 22, 2021
U.S. Senate leader reviewing Republican request for Trump trial delay
U.S. Senate Majority Leader Chuck Schumer is reviewing a request from Republicans to put off the start of former President Donald Trump's impeachment trial until mid-February, a Schumer spokesman said Thursday. Republicans argued that Trump needed time to prepare a defense against charges of inciting ...
Editorials	Jan 21, 2021
An ordinary president shoulders an extraordinary burden
Biden has promised an aggressive and activist agenda for his first ten days, with actions of both domestic and international import; his priority is attending to his nation's ills.
From day one, Biden moves to undo Trump's legacy
by Michael D. Shear
Biden took a series of executive actions on issues including immigration and criminal justice. He also moved to rejoin the Paris climate accord.
World	Jan 21, 2021
'No plan, no Q, nothing': QAnon followers reel as Biden inaugurated
by Joseph Menn, Elizabeth Culliford, Katie Paul and Carrie Monahan
In one Telegram channel with more than 18,400 members, QAnon believers were split between those still urging others to "trust the plan" and those saying they felt betrayed.
Asia Pacific / Politics	Jan 21, 2021
China slaps sanctions on 28 Trump-era officials, including Mike Pompeo
China said on Wednesday it wanted to cooperate with President Joe Biden's new U.S. administration, while announcing sanctions against "lying and cheating" outgoing Secretary of State Mike Pompeo and 27 other top officials under Donald Trump. The move was a sign of China's anger, especially ...
Biden rolls back Trump policies on border wall, climate, health, Muslims
U.S. President Joe Biden signed 15 executive actions shortly after being sworn on Wednesday, undoing policies put in place by his Republican predecessor, Donald Trump, and making his first moves on the pandemic and climate change. Signing several actions in front of reporters in the ...
Biden sworn in to lead U.S. burdened with historic challenges
Biden said that the "world is watching," and that the U.S. would work to "repair our alliances and engage with the world once again," following four years of Trump's "America First" policy.
National / Politics	Jan 21, 2021
Trump supporters rally in Tokyo against Biden's inauguration
Some Trump fans in Japan are drawn to his hard-line stance against China. Others are part of conservative Christian sects or adherents to QAnon.
World | ANALYSIS	Jan 21, 2021
by Jesse Johnson
While many policies were erratic, bore little immediate fruit or appeared to severely damage partnerships, some of the fundamentals are expected to survive his departure.
World / Crime & Legal	Jan 20, 2021
Trump pardons Steve Bannon and Lil Wayne, but not himself
by Josh Wingrove
U.S. President Donald Trump granted clemency to dozens of people on Wednesday, including his former strategist Steve Bannon, the rapper Lil Wayne and former Detroit Mayor Kwame Kilpatrick, in one of his final official acts as president. A list of pardons and commutations the White ...
Commentary / World	Jan 20, 2021
Can ex-presidents be impeached? No. Convicted? Yes.
by Cass R. Sunstein
Under the Constitution, the House of Representatives is authorized to impeach a president, and then the Senate is authorized to convict him.
How could the storming of the U.S Capitol have even occurred?
by David Howell
The motto of the worldwide Boy Scouts and Girl Guides movement is, "Be Prepared." It is clear that there were not many Boy Scouts around on Capitol Hill in Washington on the fateful day of Jan. 6. Not only was this great citadel and emblem ...

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Big changes to First Level Test Three. No more leg yield from the wall to X and back.
Instead the pattern seems to be simplified to this: V-I Leg Yield right, I circle left 10 meters, I straight ahead, C track left. S-L leg yield left, L circle right 10 meters, L straight ahead A track right.
Also gone is the halt at X facing E. The trot work seems to flow well.
In the canter, loops are now before the 15 meter circle and before the lengthenings. The lengthenings are still 36 meters long with again a separate mark for the working canter at V and S. There is a separate trot transition mark for the Working Trot before the last trot lengthening.
The coefficient movements remaining are the stretch circle, the free walk and the two canter loops. However, the leg yields and medium walk are also now times two for seven coefficents.
The USEF Test Writing committee has kept the changes in the directives uniform in their focus on "bend and balance in corners" for movements 10, 14, 19, and 20. "Clear transitions" rather than "calm" appear in both halts, the stretch circle, and both canter lengthenings.
Personally I think these small changes will help the horses and riders stay in better balance with time to prepare for leg yields and the canter loops.
Below is a copy of the test which you can review to help make more sense of the changes especially in the directives.


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You are here: Home / The future of translation is part human, part machine
The future of translation is part human, part machine
Benefits News & Information
Ben Screen, Cardiff University
Imagine a world where everyone can perfectly understand each other. Language is translated as we speak, and awkward moments of trying to be understood are a thing of the past.
This elusive idea is something that developers have been chasing for years. Free tools like Google Translate – which is used to translate over 100 billion words a day – along with other apps and hardware that claim to translate foreign languages as they are spoken are now available, but something is still missing.
Yes, you can now buy earpiece technology reminiscent of the Hitchiker's Guide to the Galaxy babel fish – a bit of kit which claims to do a similar job to that of a university-trained, professionally-experienced, multilingual translator – but it's really not that simple.
Despite the rather interesting claim in 1958 that translation is a Roman invention, it's likely that it has been around as long as the written word, and interpretation even longer. We have evidence of interpreters being employed by ancient civilisations. Greece and Rome were, like many areas of the ancient world, multilingual, and so needed both translators and interpreters.
The question of how one should translate is just as old. Roman poet Cicero dictated that a translation ought to be "non verbum de verbo, sed sensum exprimere de sensu" – of expressing not word for word, but sense for sense.
This brief trip into the world of theory has one simple purpose: to emphasise that translation is not just about the words, and automating the process of replacing one with another could never be a substitute for human translation. Translation is about the words' meaning, their connotative as well as their denotative sense, and how to express that meaning in such a way that it is both readable and comprehensible.
From meaning to decoding
Why then are we still pursuing this idea that technology could ever begin to adequately translate language? Back in the 1930s, when research into machine translation had just begun, developers still believed that mechanically replacing one word with another, with minimal syntactic reordering at first, would be an acceptable way to translate. And the world still lingers under this impression today.
These developers were brilliant in their own fields but linguists they were not. Warren Weaver, a talented scientist and mathematician, summed up this early thinking in 1949: "One naturally wonders if the problem of translation could conceivably be treated as a problem in cryptography. When I look at an article in Russian, I say: 'This is really written in English, but it has been coded in some strange symbols. I will now proceed to decode'."
To Weaver, translation was just about ousting one symbol for another. The actual meaning of these "strange symbols" was deemed irrelevant.
Translators and translation researchers often read how automation may be the future – some already believe it's already happened, as it has in so many other fields – but we are nowhere near an infallible technology. There are plenty of examples in Wales alone where non-Welsh speaking people have used online translation services, and published before proof-reading. The results are most often reported with humour, but have undoubtedly led to confusion and a human translator stepping in to solve the problem.
But that is not to say that automation doesn't have its place. Machines, for example, help lawyers, doctors and teachers – they have not replaced them. In the same vein, machines help us translators work better, and can aid accuracy, but unless an incredible technological breakthrough is made, we cannot be replaced by them. Machines have become quite good indeed at translating the text, but when it comes to text-behind-text, they need help.
Correcting machines
My own thesis into English to Welsh translation – due to be published later this year – shows that a translator working to correct the output from machine translation makes for higher productivity and quicker translation.
Further research has also found that this correction process leads to texts that are just as acceptable as translations produced from scratch. In societies like Wales where translation is one of the main ways bilingual services are provided, this productivity growth is all-important. Well over 350,000 people speak Welsh every day, while local authorities across the UK are also translating into numerous other languages. It is absolutely vital that they are quickly and effectively understood.
Today, machine translation can create rough drafts of relatively simple language, and research shows that correcting this draft is usually more efficient than translation from scratch by a human. But machines do not now – and it is questionable whether they ever will be able to – replace a translator's brain. No matter how complex the code behind it, an automated system would struggle to get the same sense of the words.
Ben Screen, PhD Researcher, Cardiff University
This article was originally published on The Conversation. Read the original article.


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Nantucket's characteristic gray-shingled estates, as seen from an upstairs room at the Wauwinet.
Roland Bello
It's a Brand New Season in Nantucket
The island's New England traditionalism, studied unpretentiousness, and astounding wealth have made it one of America's most iconic warm-weather destinations. But Nantucket is also a state of mind—one in which big ideas are the most powerful currency of all.
By Simon Dumenco
"I think Nantucket is a romantic notion," said Kate Brosnan, who has lived on the little island south of Cape Cod, Massachusetts, for 37 years. We were sitting at the White Elephant, a waterfront resort hotel where each September Brosnan helps assemble a new edition of a think-y, TED-style conference called the Nantucket Project. A Wall Street refugee, she arrived in Nantucket in the winter of 1979 and never left. "I thought I had found the perfect little sleepy place," she said. And then, of course, summer came—and with it, the hordes.
Brosnan was, and still is, okay with the tourists, though lately high-season traffic has been heavier than ever. "Nantucket definitely goes through cycles, but right now it's more popular than I can remember," she told me. In the summer, the island's population swells from around 10,000 to nearly 60,000. Many are drawn by an idea of the place that Brosnan has helped nurture as executive director of the Nantucket Project, which was founded in 2010 by Tom Scott, the entrepreneur who made his fortune with Nantucket Nectars. "Nantucket," as Brosnan put it, "has a rich history of forward thinking."
Related: Nantucket Travel Guide
Think of Nantucket as a kind of nation-state unto itself, whose residents have a long, proud tradition of seeing themselves as extraordinary. Many locals, Brosnan said, refer to returning to the mainland as "going back to America." I visited at the end of the season, when the Nantucket Project takes place. On the grounds of the White Elephant, next to a row of piers on the harbor, some 400 grandees from the island and around the world gathered for four days in a simple white tent, usually used for weddings, to sit in folding chairs and listen to brilliant people speak. The presenters, mostly boomer-aged, were a curious mix of the ruling class (Tony Blair, Lawrence Summers) and the counterculture (Stewart Brand, Neil Young).
Left: Murray's Toggery Shop, Nantucket's most venerable preppy retailer, has been in business for 71 years. Right: The view of Nantucket Harbor from the Wauwinet hotel, a luxury property on the northern tip of the island.
The event lets Nantucket quietly signal its enduring economic, political, and cultural power, thanks to the elite who have second homes on the island. Secretary of State John Kerry and philanthropist Teresa Heinz Kerry have a house here. So do Eric Schmidt, executive chairman of Alphabet, Google's holding company, and his wife, Wendy, who are also active in cultivating the intellectual life of the island. Nantucket is, yes, an idyllic setting. But it's an idyllic setting for important people with important ideas.
It's been like this since before Nantucket became Nantucket. A 10-minute walk from the White Elephant is the Nantucket Atheneum, the island's public library, where Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, Horace Greeley, and Lucretia Mott all spoke in their day. In 1841, Frederick Douglass addressed a white audience for the first time in the original Atheneum, which was destroyed in the Great Fire of 1846, an event that still looms large in the life of the village. The stately Greek Revival building that stands today is a hasty reconstruction of the earlier structure.
I stayed a few blocks away at the 171-year-old Jared Coffin House. My elegantly decorated room—floral wallpaper, Queen Anne chairs, an Oriental rug over a creaky floor—felt pleasantly trapped in time. I wondered who else might have slept in it. Later, I learned that Herman Melville had been a guest in 1852, when he visited the island that helped inspire Moby-Dick, though the hotel makes no effort to publicize this fact. Nantucket wears its history without pretension.
Visitors to Cisco's expansive patio are frequently treated to live music.
Much of the community's upper class converted to Quakerism in the 18th century. On a humid Saturday, I stopped by the still-active Quaker Meeting House, a squat, gray, wooden structure that sits five minutes south of the Atheneum. Inside, among the severe oak pews, it was pin-drop quiet and miraculously 10 degrees cooler.
The tension between Quaker modesty and material wealth is woven through Nantucket's history. Continuing my tour of the island's center, I came to an unassuming structure on Main Street marked with a plaque that reads, "In this building, R. H. Macy, home from the sea, is said to have embarked upon his merchandising career." After working on a whaling ship, Rowland Hussey Macy, a local Quaker, sold dry goods here. He later made his way to New York and launched a retail empire. (Macy's red-star logo is based on a tattoo he got on a trip to East Asia.) The building now houses Murray's Toggery Shop, a purveyor, since 1945, of clothing for ladies and men, including blazers, pants, and shorts in the dusty rose shade known as Nantucket red.
Farther along Main Street, I grabbed a late lunch at the soda fountain at Nantucket Pharmacy, which has been around since the Depression. I had a grilled cheese sandwich and coffee in a paper cup while poring over a copy of the Inquirer and Mirror—"Nantucket's Newspaper Since 1821." Nantucket Pharmacy used to have a friendly competitor next door, Congdon's Pharmacy, which had its own lunch counter. When it shut down in 2007 after 147 years in business, the Inquirer and Mirror pronounced it "the end of a Norman Rockwell era."
Many of the locals who still mourn Congdon's also remain agitated about the Ralph Lauren store that opened in 2005 just across the cobblestones. While it hardly stands out—the exterior of the historic two-story building, purchased for an eye-popping $6.5 million, was sensitively restored—its arrival mobilized Nantucketers to resist further encroachment from mainland retailers by voting to ban chain stores. So, by law, you won't find a Starbucks downtown or anywhere else on the island.
Left: A staffer in the wine bar at Cisco Brewers, which rolls a brewery, winery, and distillery into a single venue. Right: Islanders come to Murray's Toggery to stock up on duds in the distinctive color known as Nantucket red.
Beyond the chain-store ban, the preservation of the soul of Nantucket is manifest in other legal restrictions, like Chapter 139, Article IV of the building code, which limits the height of all new construction to 32 feet. Last year, Nantucket also voted to prohibit the sale of helium balloons. It was ostensibly an environmental measure, but one wonders if the gaudy presence of balloons outside otherwise tasteful souvenir shops might have had anything to do with it.
Steps from Nantucket Pharmacy was a miniature greenmarket in the back of a pickup operated by Bartlett's Farm, the oldest on the island. Locals and visitors milled about, loading up on tomatoes, squash, and cut flowers. I ran into Christy Tanner, a CBS News executive I know from New York, on the sidewalk. She was in town to speak at the Nantucket Project, but had arrived early to take in the sights on a rented bicycle. Together we marveled at the historically correct, prim-and-proper residential architecture beyond Main Street—a sea of weathered gray-shingled cottage-style homes. "I can't tell if this is the most liberal conservative community or the most conservative liberal community I've ever been to," she said, laughing.
The truth is, Nantucket has always been a curious mixture of establishment and anti-establishment. A couple of blocks from the Nantucket Pharmacy stands a two-story brick building that dates to 1772. A historical marker notes that, beginning in 1854, it was the home of the Pacific Club, a hangout for the "captains of the whaling fleet of the Pacific Ocean." Before that, it had served as the counting house (i.e., the accounting headquarters) of William Rotch, owner of the Dartmouth, the Beaver, and the Eleanor—the three ships involved in the Boston Tea Party in 1773. Rotch and his fellow shipowners had a lot of cash to tally and good reason to rebel against the Crown's policies on taxation. The great seafaring vessels that docked in Nantucket Harbor were invariably involved in whaling, the spectacularly treacherous—and for shipowners, spectacularly lucrative—trade that financed the island's early history. The excellent Whaling Museum on Broad Street, near the ferry terminal, documents their exploits.
But when whaling collapsed in Nantucket in the mid 1850s—in part because the shallow waters off its shores couldn't accommodate the industry's increasingly massive ships—the community pivoted to tourism. As with neighboring Martha's Vineyard, "summering" on Nantucket became a big deal. A 1937 Life magazine feature described the islands as "summer resorts where natives have not completely sold their souls or their independence to the tourist."
Left: Incoming ferries pass Brant Point Lighthouse, a century-old wooden tower that is still used today. Right: Harissa-spiced littleneck clams at Station 21, a New American restaurant that opened last summer in downtown Nantucket.
Nantucketers might argue that they've done a better job at not selling out than their neighbors to the west. In peak season, the Vineyard's population balloons to more than 100,000. For a portion of the summer, however, tiny Nantucket Memorial Airport—clad in weathered gray shingles, of course—is the second busiest airport in New England, after Boston's Logan. That's thanks in part to JetBlue, which has added numerous direct flights from JFK and other major East Coast airports over the past decade. But it's also because of all the private jets bringing in the superrich.
The presence of these one-percenters helps Kate Brosnan and Tom Scott immensely in programming the Nantucket Project. The organization's "founding circle" includes former Barclays CEO Bob Diamond and his wife, Jennifer, as well as Wendy Schmidt. JetBlue, BMW, and U.S. Trust, the private wealth-management division of Bank of America, are among the corporate sponsors. Many of the island's summering elite make a point of sticking around (or returning) for the Nantucket Project in September. The rest of the crowd consists mainly of semiprofessional thought-conference-goers who live for the thrill of low-key networking with powerful people who let their guard down in Nantucket.
Because, despite all the wealth, Nantucket pretty much forces you to let your guard down. Discussions at the Nantucket Project took place with an absolute minimum of pomp and circumstance. One day I found myself a few yards from Tony Blair, who was having his picture taken by a barefoot photographer. His security detail was invisible to me. Later, Steve Wozniak passed me before going onstage to debunk as "just a myth" the idea that he and Steve Jobs started Apple in a garage.
Left: Merchandise at Spyder Wright Surfboards, in the island's historic downtown. Right: The immaculate lawn of the Wauwinet hotel, an inn built in 1875.
One afternoon at the White Elephant, I got to talking with Barry Sternlicht, a travel industry legend who founded W Hotels and Starwood Hotels & Resorts. He and his wife, Mimi, bought a summer house here in 2004. "Nantucket is my oasis," he told me. "It's where I go to be calm. There's none of the pressure of the Hamptons—like, who's having the best party? You're not showing off. It's a very New England vibe. If you're a woman, you don't have to put on makeup before you go out."
This is partly because there is, by design, not that much to do. However, you can credit Sternlicht with bringing a bit more nightlife to Nantucket. He was instrumental in the 2007 renovation and reopening of the Dreamland Theater, which incorporates a portion of a building that, naturally, first served as a Quaker meeting house. The Sternlichts teamed up with the Schmidts and several other stalwart Nantucket couples on the project because, as Barry Sternlicht explained, "we didn't want to take a ferry just to see a movie." In addition to first-run films and special screenings, the theater hosts live HD broadcasts from the New York Metropolitan Opera and the Bolshoi Ballet, concerts, dance recitals, and other events. It is also used by the Nantucket Film Festival, another of the island's important summer gatherings of influencers.
I took in a mediocre Johnny Depp flick there one night. As I waited to enter the theater, I heard several moviegoers greet the teenage ticket-taker by name. Afterward, I walked to one of the hottest restaurants in town, the Nautilus, where I scored a seat at the bar. Liam Mackey, the chef, is known for inventive Asian-Spanish-Latin dishes. My waiter brought me a series of marvels on small plates: first, a salad of kale, wheat berries, roasted squash, pickled corn, kohlrabi, blue cheese, and shiitake-soy vinaigrette; next, barbecue pork riblets marinated in lemongrass with a chili-black-bean sauce. While listening to the bartender dish mixology gossip with patrons, I drank two Golden Goose cocktails (citrus vodka, grilled pineapple, and togarashi). The atmosphere at Nautilus was low-key, like the rest of downtown Nantucket. But the upscale, high-concept fare would not have felt out of place in the Hamptons.
"There are no Maseratis in the driveways here," Sternlicht had told me at the White Elephant. "The national bird here is the Jeep." His point was that on Nantucket there is little tolerance for ostentation. There is, however, considerable tolerance for astronomical housing prices. The median home value on the island is more than $1.2 million, the highest in the state of Massachusetts. While there, I saw a five-bedroom, 4½-bath harborfront estate on three-quarters of an acre listed for $29.6 million.
On my last day in Nantucket, I headed to its eastern edge to truly get away from it all. I walked for miles along the area's streets and beaches, particularly in and around Siasconset (a.k.a. 'Sconset), a town of about 200. By mid-afternoon, everyone else had disappeared and I had an entire stretch of the beach to myself.
I began to have an eerie, last-man-on-earth feeling as I headed north on the 'Sconset Bluff Walk (a.k.a. 'Sconset Foot Path) toward the Sankaty Lighthouse. Even in peak season, the path stays quiet—partly because it is hard to find and partly because its final stretch has been closed thanks to erosion, which has destabilized the bluff.
The path is a thin strip of land that was deeded to the people of Nantucket in 1892 by developer William F. Flagg. A small sign marking the start of the walkway—which is little more than dirt and trampled grass—includes the full text of a poem by Abbie Ransom. It begins,
Have you ever followed the path along the bluff
When the sky is gray and the sea is rough?
And ends,
To the west the moorlands, above the sky,
In all the vast silence, just God and I.
Rather bizarrely, the path cuts through the front yards of many beautiful houses. I spotted signs warning against using the rickety old wooden staircases, built into the bluff, that lead to the ocean. One read, Danger: Path Closed D e To Erosion—the U in due having been washed away. According to the Siasconset Beach Preservation Fund, certain stretches of the bluff have been disappearing at a rate of four to five feet per year.
The Sankaty Head Light Station, as the Coast Guard calls it, first shone its light, powered by whale oil, in 1850. Electrified in 1933 and automated in 1965, it is in operation to this day. Because the northern portion of
the 'Sconset Bluff Walk is closed, to reach the lighthouse I had to detour along Baxter Road, a residential street that is itself, in places, perilously close to the eroding bluff.
With the low roar of the ocean as a soundtrack, I thought of the existential subtext—the ceaseless waves doing their damnedest to reclaim Nantucket—and the strange fact that this exclusive playground for the
rich will only get more and more exclusive, given that there's less and less real estate to covet with each passing year. Nantucket is quite literally shrinking. In fact, if Sankaty Lighthouse had remained where it was built, it might have been swallowed by the Atlantic by now. A 2007 preservation project lifted the structure off its foundation and trucked it 405 feet northwest of its original location.
As dusk fell, I reached the end of Baxter Road and arrived at the iconic red-and-white lighthouse by a dirt path that leads to its stark black door. I was the only visitor, and though I knew it no longer had a full-time keeper, I couldn't help knocking.
I listened too long for stirring within, but there was none. That evening, it really was just God and I.
The Details: What to Do in Nantucket, Massachusettes
Jared Coffin House: A pair of stately, three-story, red-brick mansions with simple, elegant rooms. Doubles from $395; jaredcoffinhose.com.
Veranda House: A Nantucket landmark, this wood-shingled hotel has picture-perfect harbor views from its wraparound balconies. Doubles from $409; theverandahouse.com.
The Wauwinet: Guests in the stand-alone cottages and the beautifully decorated rooms in the main inn have access to two private beaches. Doubles from $825; wawinet.com.
White Elephant: This iconic harborside hotel is within walking distance to downtown attractions and provides pampering at its Nantucket Spa. Doubles from $825; whiteelephant.com.
Black-Eyed Susan's: This diner-style restaurant is best known for its breakfast, but dinner dishes like Macanese coconut chicken curry and seared beef with poached shrimp are unexpectedly good. Entrées $16–$28; black-eyedsusans.com.
Brant Point Grill: The restaurant at the White Elephant serves hearty fare, including a 16-ounce prime aged rib eye and a twopound New England lobster. Entrées $26–$64; whiteelephanthotel.com.
Cisco Brewers: Go for drinks and live music on the patio at Nantucket's popular distillery, winery, and brewery. ciscobrewers.com.
The Nautilus: A downtown destination for dishes inspired by Asia, Spain, and Latin America. Small plates $9–$24; nautilusnantucket.com.
Station 21: This New American restaurant serves sophisticated comfort food like pizza topped with prosciutto and farm-fresh eggs. Entrées $21–$36. station21nantucket.com.
Topper's: The formal dining room and casual patio at Wauwinet showcase regional ingredients including Retsyo oysters harvested just 300 yards away.Prix fixe $80; wauwinet.com.
Nantucket Film Festival: The annual event—June 22–27 this year—focuses on screenwriting and draws visitors from around the world. nantucketfilmfestival.org.
The Nantucket Project: This year the thought conference, held on the grounds of the White Elephant, runs September 22–25. nantcketproject.com.


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Joe and Judy Zaprzalka Family Fund
They say family is like the branches on a tree - each growing and expanding in different directions but its roots remain the same. For the Zaprzalka family, their roots are firmly grounded in the Valley.
Joe and Judy Zaprzalka were born and raised in Derby, attended Derby High School and moved to Shelton in the 50s to start their family. Judy was a homemaker while her children were young and later worked outside their home. Joe worked in and later owned a printing business and was a volunteer firefighter at Echo Hose during the 60's. He was also was a lifelong member of the Highland Golf Club where he served on its Board and socialized over the game he loved to play.
Both Joe and Judy were dedicated to their children and families. They loved the Valley and often helped wherever or however they could, and would frequently remind their children of the importance of supporting their community.
As their children Michael, Thomas, John and Susan grew, so did the family's involvement in the Valley community.
"My brothers and I have been and will continue to be involved with Valley charities," Susan said. "We all learned how to swim at The Recreation Camp and were members of the Boys & Girls Club. Now, as adults, we serve on the boards of many of the organizations that made an impact on our lives growing up."
The Zaprzalka family had been considering setting up a fund for a number of years, and was particularly familiar with VCF through its support of organizations in which they volunteer.
"We created the Joe and Judy Zaprzalka Family Fund to support Valley nonprofits that have been so special to us," said Tom. "This endowed donor advised fund is a way to honor our parents and the community-minded, philanthropic values they instilled in us. Since all of our children will eventually have a say in which charities will benefit from the Fund, we hope they, too, will learn that giving back is important, feels great and really does make a difference."


Coat meat liberally with Traeger Beef Rub. When seasoned, wrap brisket in plastic wrap. Let the wrapped meat sit 12 to 24 hours in the refrigerator.
Place meat fat side down on the grill grate and cook for 6 hours or until internal temperature reaches 160℉. Remove brisket from the grill and wrap in foil.
Place foiled brisket back on grill and cook until it reaches a finished internal temperature of 204℉ this should take an additional 3-4 hours.
Remove from grill and allow to rest in the foil for at least 30 minutes. Slice. Enjoy!


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November 13, 2017 In Intel By Victor Allard
A Brief History of Cleanliness
What is the longest time you could go without a shower or a bath? Whether we shower several times a day or once every other day, we all know how important it is to clean up regularly. It keeps the bacteria at bay, and gets rid of unwanted body odor. The logistics are simple enough: shampoo goes on your hair, and soap/shower gel takes care of the body. What about our ancestors? Was it always this easy to get our hands on soap? Did medieval knights take baths once a week, or once a year?
Humans were cleaner than you might expect during Ancient History. Evidence of soapmaking can be found as early as 3000 BC, when Sumerians priests boiled animal fats and ashes to clean themselves1. The Ebers Papyrus, one of the oldest medical documents in history (dating back to c. 1550 BC), explains that Egyptians bathed daily, using a combination of animal and vegetable oils with alkali salts, which formed a soap-like material2. Ancient Greeks also bathed for aesthetic reasons, but they used blocks of clay and sand instead of soap. Personal hygiene remained important in Ancient Rome, where Romans built the magnificent baths tourists still visit today.
Rome took its hygiene practices down with it when it fell, and the consequences were felt throughout Europe. Filth spread across the continent and took its toll on public health, culminating in the devastating plagues of the Middle Ages. The Black Death claimed approximately 30-60% of Europe's population in the 14th century. It can't all be attributed to a lack of personal cleanliness, but a bath or two couldn't have hurt anyone. At the time, soap was still very much a luxury item, and was taxed accordingly, leaving only a fortunate few able to purchase it. That is not to say that most people never bathed. Sure, only the wealthy could enjoy private baths, but by the 13th century commoners had access to public baths in many European cities – Paris alone had 32 such baths.4 That practice faded quickly in the 16th century, perhaps the byproduct of rapidly spreading puritanical views that frowned upon promiscuity, or maybe a result of the fear of another plague epidemic.
The Soap Revolution
Around the end of the 18th century, advances in chemistry suddenly lowered the cost of soap production. The Industrial Revolution made it possible to produce this cheap soap on a massive scale. No longer a luxury item, it became widely available by the middle of the 19th century. Back then, soap was made by combining fats with soda ash. World War I depleted fat stocks, leading Germany to develop a synthetic detergent that could combine with soda ash instead of the fats. The basic chemistry of soap has not changed much since then. Instead, research has been going into the wide range of different soaps and detergents that can be produced, and their various uses (think of all the different kinds of shampoos you can buy today – tearless shampoo, dry shampoo, dandruff shampoo, damaged hair shampoo, and more).
Our ancestors were not necessarily as dirty as we often think they were, but we have many reasons to be glad personal hygiene is not the struggle it used to be.
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Turkey is heading rapidly toward a new election and only the "will of the people" can break a political deadlock after the ruling AK Party failed to form a working government, President Recep Tayyip Erdo?an said on Wednesday (19 August).
Prime Minister Ahmet Davuto?lu formally ended attempts to find a junior coalition partner on Tuesday (18 August) after weeks of talks with opposition parties failed, handing the mandate back to Erdo?an and making a snap election almost inevitable.
"Because of the failure to form a government, we have to seek a solution with the will of the people … so we are heading rapidly toward an election again," Erdo?an said in a speech to local officials, broadcast live on television.
Presidency sources said he would consult with the parliamentary speaker on the formation of a new government later on Wednesday.
The AK Party, which Erdo?an founded, in June suffered its biggest election setback since coming to power in 2002, failing to win a single-party majority for the first time.
Erdo?an could now hand the mandate to form the next government to the Republican People's Party (CHP), although he appears unlikely to do so, according to local media reports.
According to Hurriyet, Erdo?an told academics at meeting on Wednesday he favored forming an interim "election cabinet" before new polls in autumn.
An interim, power-sharing government would likely be a fractious one and could further unravel investor confidence. Political uncertainty has already sent the lira currency down 20% this year and to a series of record lows over the last week.
Erdo?an, who won Turkey's first popular presidential election in August 2014 and has since stretched the powers of a largely ceremonial post to their limits, has said the system of power has changed in Turkey.
"There is now a president in the country not with symbolic power, but with literal power," he said recently.
The Turkish general election of 2015 took place on 7 June 2015 in all 85 electoral districts of Turkey to elect 550 members to the Grand National Assembly. This was the 24th general election in the history of the Turkish Republic, electing the country's 25th Parliament. The result was the first hung parliament since the 1999 general election.
For the 2015 election, the heavily Kurdish, leftist HDP (People's Democratic Party) put forward lists instead of running independent candidates despite concerns that it could fall short of the 10% election threshold. The party exceeded expectations by polling 13.12% of the vote, won 80 MPs and is tied with the Nationalist Movement Party as the third largest political group in Parliament.
Many observers cite the HDP's success as the reason for Prime Minister Ahmet Davuto?lu being unable to form a government. Critics contend that Davuto?lu decided to go to war against the PKK and ISIS, to create a crisis necessitating a return to the polls.


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text:
Q: Counting objects within a Foreign Key and ManyToMany in Django I'd like to count the objects I have listed.
I would like to count the number of issues within each title.
This is how my models.py are setup:
# Edited out

Views.py:
def titles (request):
    all_titles = Title.objects.all().order_by('title')
    num_titles = Title.objects.all().count()
    latest_titles = Title.objects.order_by('-date_added')
    title_a = Title.objects.filter(title__startswith='A')
    title_b = Title.objects.filter(title__startswith='B')

     ......etc......

I need to do this for creators and characters too, except they are in a Many to Many relationship with Issue and the views essentially look the same as the def titles
Thank you.

A: To get the related issues for each title you can use the backwards relationship lookup. Since you did not specify a related name in the Issue model where you created the relationship, the lookup is performed using _set appended to the lower cased name of the related model. In your case issue_set.
some_title = Title.object.get(pk=1)
some_title.issue_set.count()

However, this is going to perform a db hit for every title you want to count.
You probably want to annotate the titles qs with the count. docs
from django.db.models import Count
titles_with_counts = Title.objects.all().annotate(issue_count=Count('issue__id'))

now each title in that qs has count accessible by using .issue_count
for title in titles_with_counts:
    print title.title, title.issue_count

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Brexit – Effect on Trade Marks
13 February 2020 By superstar In Brexit, News	No Comments
After years of indecision, the UK left the EU on 31 January 2020. So what does this mean for owners of European Union trade marks?
EU trade marks previously covered the UK. For the rest of 2020, there will be a transition period where they will continue to do so. At that stage, for owners of existing registrations, the UK Intellectual Property Office will automatically create equivalent, identical trade mark registrations that will appear on the UK register. Therefore, nothing further will need to be done, although the new UK registration will now need to be maintained separately.
However, this will only apply to registrations, and not pending applications. Owners of pending applications will need to officially request that their EU mark be recognised in the UK, although there is no need to do anything just yet. At this stage, Applicants will have a nine-month period from the end of the transition period, 31 December 2020 to apply for their EU application to be recognised in the UK.
The above may be affected by any agreement reaching between the EU and UK during the transition period, and the transition period may yet be extended. We continue to monitor the situation for any developments.
If you do have a trade mark in the EU, Zone will be in touch as Brexit progresses.
Alice Herdman
Alice is an Administrative Assistant in the Wellington office of Zone. She joined the team in 2017.
She works in the trade marks team advising clients on post-registration matters including renewals and our watching services. Alice also assists with business communications, administration and the day-to-day running of the office.
Alice came from a customer service background and loves to solve problems and help people. In her spare time, Alice enjoys cooking and spending time with her family.
Celine Fook
Celine is the trade mark administrator at Zone IP and first point of contact when you call our offices. She has a strong administrative background and has worked in the legal profession for the last 10 years. She manages the smooth running of the day to day matters.
In her spare time, Celine enjoys spending time with her family.
Christopher Sheehan
Christopher joined the Wellington office of Zone IP as a lawyer in 2015.
After completing his LLB with honours at Victoria University Wellington in 2011, Chris worked at the Intellectual Property Office of New Zealand as a Trade Mark Examiner. Chris excelled in his role and in 2014 received the highest mark in the national trade marks exam.
Chris works in the trade marks team assisting with trade mark availability, infringement issues, copyright, passing off and the Fair Trading Act. Chris also assists with filing and prosecuting trade mark applications, managing trade mark oppositions and disputes and drafting intellectual property agreements.
Karen Doucas
Karen is our Marketing and Operations Director.
Karen started her career in Australia working as Operations Manager for a large pharmaceutical company gaining strong marketing and operations experience in the Australian market. She has also worked in the New Zealand government and has spent the last 10 years working in the New Zealand charity sector helping to raise millions of dollars for local charities.
Karen is a member of the Wellington Rotary Club, BNI and the International Trademark Owners Association (INTA).
Karen's focus at Zone IP is on marketing the company and on the overall strategic direction of the company.
Theodore Doucas
Theodore Doucas is the Principal Consultant for ZONE IP. He is a former Assistant Commissioner of Patents, Trade Marks and Designs at the Intellectual Property Office of New Zealand and a former business owner so is uniquely positioned to understand the needs of business owners in protecting their intellectual property rights. He is also a barrister and solicitor of the High Court of New Zealand, a member of the Intellectual Property Society of Australia and New Zealand (IPSANZ) and the International Trademark Owners Association (INTA).


All these requirements make video complex. You cannot just take care of videos in few hours. In fact, you may find it difficult to find answers to certain questions on video management. But, there is one swift solution -- Cloudinary.
Cloudinary is an all-in-one media management solution. In this article, we are going to delve into using Cloudinary to easily upload, manipulate and deliver videos.
Let's see how we can use Cloudinary in our Node application.
Create a free Cloudinary account. You will receive an API key and secret. Store the key and your cloud name somewhere safe and easily accessible.
The cloud_name is enough when making and opening API calls like delivering videos. The key and secret are needed for secure calls, such as video uploads.
Transformation is the act of adjusting the existing properties and quality of the videos to achieve the desired output.
Manual transformations can be complex and time-consuming. Mitigating these challenges is not easy, but that is where Cloudinary comes in.
Eager transformation is best when you do not need to manipulate video dynamically. You just need to manipulate once, store and deliver to users.
The third argument, which is an object, is also used to specify the eager transformation using an eager property.
In lazy transformation, the reverse becomes the case. Rather than manipulating videos during upload, you can store the best quality available and manipulate them on delivery.
There are other scaling options that will help you gain full control over your videos' dimensions.
Cloudinary lets you add a variety of cool effects to your videos during playtime. Effects like fade in and fade out, visual noise, blur, saturation and lots more.
The positive fade value controls fade in, while the negative fade value controls fade out.
Cloudinary can deliver videos optimally using a smart technique know as Adaptive Bitrate Streaming. This is a video delivery technique that adjusts the quality of a video stream in real time according to detected bandwidth and CPU capacity. With adaptive bitrate streaming, videos start quicker, with fewer buffering interruptions, and is delivered at the best possible quality for the current device and network connection, to maximize user experience.
An eager transformation is initiated during upload. This transformation is an array that takes a streaming profile configuration. The MLB_Vid.mp4 video is encoded into HLS format using a Full HD streaming profile.
Eliminate stretching or shrinking videos when adapting them for different screen dimensions. Based on the resizing and cropping transformation feature we have seen, you can perform automatic resizing and cropping to fit the graphic design and layout on any device, at any resolution, using Cloudinary's powerful URL-based transformations.
Now is the time to step back and reflect. Compare what you could afford to do with your videos manually and how long it would take, to what you can accomplish with Cloudinary in your arsenal. With Cloudinary, you'll improve your productivity with its robust features and be able to cater to whatever media management needs you might have. Get started by signing up if you haven't already!


The registration information is intended for use in establishing discussion groups with people from a variety of backgrounds. Your information will remain confidential to protect your privacy. Contact foodforthoughtcs@gmail.com or 719-213-7375 with questions.


Parents, wider family members and adoption support staff will have an opportunity to consider the neurophysiological issues underlying aggressive and violent behaviour in some children who are looked after or adopted. The day will provide an introduction to a range of practical Non Violent Resistance strategies and explain the vital role of those supporting families both in professional roles and as family members or friends. The training will be delivered by a Partnership Projects accredited practitioner.


text:
Q: One Websocket per tab in Angular I'm trying to implement a websocket service in angular 4 plus asp.net core on the server side. I just took the WebApp(Angular) template coming with VS2017.
My Server can handle multiple Websockets using a simple WebSocketManager.
On the client side I got a service which provides a method createNewWebSocket something like this:
    createNewSocket() : WebSocket {
     let socket = new WebSocket(url);
     return socket;
    }

One of my components uses this service like this:
     constructor(private websocketService: WebsocketService) {
     }

     ngOnInit() {
       this.socket = this.websocketService.createNewSocket();

       this.socket.onopen = (evt) => {
         console.log('Opened');
       }

       ...

       this.socket.onmessage = (msg) => {
         console.log(msg.data);
       }
     }

Everything works fine and I got my random data from Server. Nothing special so far.
But If I try to open the same component(page) in a new tab or in a new browser, I got an error in my service: "WebSocket is not defined". The old one still works.
BUT if I open in a new tab another page(where no websocket service is called)  and then click the link to my "websocket page", everything works fine and all pages receives random and different data!
Why is here a difference?
I hope I've somehow clarified the Problem.

A: If someone is interested, it seems to be a problem with server side prerendering.
I tried the solution here and the error is gone and I got the desired behavior.
i.e. I changed in the index.cshtml:
<app asp-prerender-module="ClientApp/dist/main-server">Loading...</app>

to this:
<app asp-ng4-prerender-module="ClientApp/dist/main-server">Loading...</app>


text:
In linguistics, the conduit metaphor is a dominant class of figurative expressions used when discussing communication itself (metalanguage). It operates whenever people speak or write as if they "insert" their mental contents (feelings, meanings, thoughts, concepts, etc.) into "containers" (words, phrases, sentences, etc.) whose contents are then "extracted" by listeners and readers. Thus, language is viewed as a "conduit" conveying mental content between people.

Defined and described by linguist Michael J. Reddy, PhD, his proposal of this conceptual metaphor refocused debate within and outside the linguistic community on the importance of metaphorical language.

Fellow linguist George Lakoff stated that
"The contemporary theory that metaphor is primarily conceptual, conventional, and part of the ordinary system of thought and language can be traced to Michael Reddy's now classic essay... With a single, thoroughly analyzed example, he allowed
us to see, albeit in a restricted domain, that ordinary everyday English is largely metaphorical, dispelling once and for all the traditional view that metaphor is primarily in the realm of poetic or 'figurative' language. Reddy showed, for a single, very significant case, that the locus of metaphor is thought, not language, that metaphor is a major and indispensable part of our ordinary, conventional way of conceptualizing the world, and that our everyday behavior reflects our metaphorical understanding of experience. Though other theorists had noticed some of these characteristics of metaphor, Reddy was the first to demonstrate them by rigorous linguistic analysis, stating generalizations over voluminous examples."

Background
The genesis of Reddy's paper drew inspiration from work done by others in several disciplines, as well as linguistics. Research on information theory had led Norbert Wiener to publish the seminal book on cybernetics, in which he had stated, "Society can only be understood through a study of the messages and communications facilities which belong to it." Social-systems theorist Donald Schön examined the effects of metaphorical speech in matters of public-policy; he suggested that people's conflicting frames of reference were often to blame for communication breakdown.  Schön's frame-restructuring solution was similar in some ways to Thomas Kuhn's groundbreaking views on the shifting of scientific paradigms through what he called the "translation" process.

Research within linguistics (including the controversial Sapir-Whorf hypothesis and Max Black's arguments against it), coupled with Uriel Weinreich's assertion that "Language is its own metalanguage," prompted Reddy to approach the conduit metaphor's exposition and its possible impact on language and thought with caution.

Summary of Reddy's paper
 The way English speakers discuss communication depends on the semantics of the language itself
 English has a default conceptual framework for communicating (the conduit metaphor)
 The conduit metaphor has a self-reinforcing bias
 A contrasting, more accurate, seldom-used non-metaphorical framework exists (the toolmakers paradigm)
 The resulting frame conflict may negatively impact solutions to social and cultural problems

Research into core expressions
Reddy collected and studied examples of how English speakers talk about success or failure in communication. The overwhelming majority of what he calls core expressions involved dead metaphors selected from speakers' internal thoughts and feelings. Speakers then "put these thoughts into words" and listeners "take them out of the words." Since words are actually marks or sounds and do not literally have "insides," people talk about language largely in terms of metaphors.

Most English core expressions used in talking about communication assert that actual thoughts and feelings pass back and forth between people through the conduit of words. These core expressions and the few that do not qualify as conduit metaphors are listed in the paper's extensive appendix, which itself has been cited by Andrew Ortony as "a major piece of work, providing linguistics with an unusual corpus, as well as substantiating Reddy's claims about the pervasiveness of the root metaphor."

Major framework
There are two distinct but similar frameworks in which the conduit metaphor appears. Four types of core expressions constitute the major framework. (In the following example sentences, the operative core expressions are italicized.)

Language is a conduit
These commonplace examples—
You can't get your concept across to the class that way
His feelings came through to her only vaguely
They never give us any idea of what they expect
—are understood metaphorically. In 1., people do not actually "get across" concepts by talking; in 2., feelings do not really "come through to" people; and in 3., people do not in fact "give" to others their ideas, which are mental states. Listeners assemble from their own mental states a partial replica of the speakers'. These core expressions assert figuratively that language literally transfers people's mental contents to others.

Speakers insert thoughts into words
These examples—
Practice capturing your feelings in complete sentences
I need to put each idea into phrases with care
Insert that thought further down in the paragraph
She forced her meanings into the wrong lyrics
Please pack more sensation into fewer stanzas
He loads an argument with more viewpoints than it can withstand
—show that in 1., the speaker might be inexperienced in ensnaring meaning; in 2., be clumsy when putting it in; in 3., put it in the wrong place; in 4., compel words to accommodate meanings for which there is not enough room; in 5., fail to put in enough; or in 6., put in too much. These core expressions assert that speakers "insert" mental content into the "containers" represented by words with varying degrees of success.

Words contain thoughts
These examples indicate that sounds and marks can be "containers"  for mental content:
The sense of loneliness is in just about every sentence
His story was pregnant with meaning
The entire paragraph was full of emotion
These lines indeed rhyme, but they are devoid of feeling
Your words are hollow—you don't mean them.
These core expressions assert that words contain or do not contain mental content, depending on the success or failure of the insertion process.

Listeners extract thoughts from words
These examples—
I couldn't actually extract coherent ideas from that prose.
You found some challenging concepts in the essay
They wouldn't really get any hatred out of those statements
Her remark is truly impenetrable
The author's intentions are going to be locked up in that dense chapter forever
Hiding the meaning in his sentences is just his style.
They're reading things into the poem
—indicate that speakers and writers are responsible to a large extent for the mental content conveyed by language, and that listeners and readers play a more passive role. However, in 7., a reader can add something to the container that was not originally there. Overall, these core expressions assert that listeners must "extract" mental content from words.

Minor framework
Instead of words, an "idea space" between people's heads can be the container for mental content. The conduit is no longer a sealed pipeline between people, but an open pipe allowing mental content to escape into, or enter from, this space. Three types of core expressions constitute the minor framework of the conduit metaphor.

Speakers eject thoughts into idea space
These examples—
She poured out the sorrow she'd been holding back
He finally got those ideas out there
—show that speakers and writers can eject mental content into an external idea space outside people.

Idea space contains thoughts
These examples—
That theory has been floating around for a century
His  crazy notions made their way immediately into cyberspace
Those opinions are on the streets of Brooklyn, not in a classroom
—indicate that mental content has a material existence in an idea space, existing outside people.

Listeners extract thoughts from idea space
The following examples—
I had to absorb Einstein's ideas gradually
His deepest emotions went right over her head
We couldn't get all that stuff into our brains in one afternoon
—demonstrate that mental content from an idea space may or may not re-enter people.

Logical apparatus
The italicized words in the above examples are interchangeable with a wide array of terms that label mental content, the containers in which the content may be placed, and the ways in which these containers may be transferred in the conduit-metaphor paradigm.

Reddy developed a logical apparatus for diagramming the conduit metaphor's many permutations in both frameworks. Mental contents (feelings, emotions, ideas, etc.) are represented by RM, which stands for "repertoire member." Containers (words, phrases, sentences, etc.) are represented by S, which stands for "signal." Thus, "I need to put each idea into phrases with care" can be rendered as the core expression put RM into S. Reddy uses this logical apparatus throughout the appendix to his paper to clarify distinctions between metalingual expressions that use the conduit metaphor and the minority that do not.

The toolmakers paradigm
In order to examine the effects of the objectification of mental content in communication using the conduit metaphor, Reddy proposes an alternate, contrasting, "radical subjectivist" conception of communication called the toolmakers paradigm.

A person's mental content is in fact isolated from others'. This isolation can be represented by a wheel-shaped compound, each wedge-shaped sector of which is an environment (a brain) bounded by two spokes and part of the circumference (right). They all contain differing amounts and types of plants, rocks, water, etc. (repertoire members). The wheel's hub has machinery that can deliver sheets of paper between sectors (communication). People use it to exchange crude blueprints (signals) for making tools, shelters, foods, etc., but they have no other contact whatsoever, and know of others' existence by inferences based on these blueprints.

Living in a forested sector, Alex builds a wooden rake, draws three identical blueprints, and drops them in the slots for Bob, Curt and Don. Bob finds a piece of wood for the handle, but because he lives in a rocky sector, starts making a stone rake head. (Alex had not considered wood to be unavailable or wrong for the rake head, so it was not specified.)

When halfway done, Bob connects his stone head to the handle, realizes it will be heavy, and decides it must be a device for digging up rocks when clearing a field for planting. (He infers that Alex must be either very strong or has only small rocks in his sector.) Bob decides two large prongs will make his tool lighter, thus finishing with a two-bladed pickax. He makes three identical blueprints for his pickax and drops them in the slots for Alex, Curt and Don.

Alex assembles a kind of rock-pick, but must modify the design if a wooden, two-pronged head is to be strong enough. (He cannot see much use for the tool in his largely rock-free sector, sensing that Bob has misunderstood his rake.) Alex draws a second blueprint for the rake head and sends it out as before. Curt crafts a hoe for slicing cleanly through roots to clear out a swamp. Don creates a gaff for fishing.

Blueprint users (language users) in the toolmakers paradigm can converge by inference on accurate replications of others' tools (mental content) after a laborious series of exchanges. Using the same diagram for the conduit-metaphor paradigm instead, the hub is a duplicator that can transfer actual materials and constructions among sectors, ending the isolation. No guesswork or construction is needed: Alex puts the rake in a special chamber, pushes a button, and precise replicas appear instantly in similar chambers for Bob, Curt and Don.

The subjectivist toolmakers paradigm embodies a language requiring real effort to overcome failures in communication, whereas the objectivist conduit-metaphor paradigm embodies one in which very little effort is needed for success.

Core expressions are pervasive and unavoidable
Although the toolmakers paradigm is available as a more accurate model of  communication, the conduit metaphor is pervasive and difficult to avoid in English syntax and semantics. Thinking in terms of another model of communication is generally brief, isolated and fragmentary because of an entrenched system of opposing attitudes and assumptions.

Pervasive
Reddy's tally of core expressions is about 140. Examining alternative ways of speaking about communication—either metaphorically opposed or neutral to the conduit-metaphor framework—results in a list of 30 to 40 expressions. Thus, 70% of the metalingual apparatus of the English language is based on the conduit metaphor. The influence of the remaining 30% is weakened by several factors.

 They are usually multisyllabic, Latinate abstractions (e.g. "communicate," "disseminate," "notify," "disclose," etc.), which are neither graphic nor metaphorically coherent
 Most can be used with adjuncts such as "in words," thereby losing their neutrality and lending added support to the conduit metaphor. ("Communicate your feelings using simpler words," for example, avoids the conduit metaphor, whereas, "Communicate your feelings in simpler words," does not.)
 Many of these expressions have etymological roots arising directly from the conduit-metaphor framework ("express," "disclose," etc.)

Unavoidable
Speaking carefully and attentively, it is possible to avoid conduit-metaphor expressions. For example, "Did you get anything out of that article?" might be replaced by, "Were you able to construct anything of interest on the basis of the assigned text?" Eschewing obvious conduit-metaphor expressions when communication is the topic is difficult. "Try to communicate more effectively" differs in impact from "You've got to learn how to put your thoughts into words." Reddy proceeds to show that even if avoidance were possible, it does not necessarily free people from the framework.

Semantic pathology via metonymy
A semantic pathology arises "whenever two or more incompatible senses capable of figuring meaningfully in the same context develop around the same name." "I'm sorry" is an example of two contextually relevant meanings in collision. A person may expect an apology when the other wishes only to sympathize, or anticipate sympathy but hear an apology instead.

Pathology in linguistic theory
Many other terms are ambiguous between mental content and the words "containing" it. For instance the word "poem" denotes a particular grouping of the sounds or marks (signals) exchanged between people. However, its use in sentences reveals that it can refer to thoughts or feelings (repertoire members). In this example—
The poem has four lines and forty words
—"poem" refers to a text. The word-sense can be labeled POEM1. However, in this example—
Eliot's poem is so utterly depressing
—"poem" refers to the mental content assembled in its reading. The word-sense in this case can be labeled POEM2. Moreover, this example—
Her poem is so sloppy!
—can be understood as either POEM1 or POEM2 (polysemy).

The ambiguity of "poem" is intimately related to the conduit metaphor. If words contain ideas, then POEM1 contains POEM2. When two entities are commonly found together, one of their names—usually the more concrete—will develop a new sense referring to the other (the process of metonymy). Just as ROSE1 (the blossom) developed ROSE2 (a shade of pinkish red) by metonymy, so POEM1 gave rise to POEM2.

In the toolmakers paradigm, words do not contain ideas, so POEM1 cannot contain POEM2; therefore, a distinction between them must be preserved. Although there is only one POEM1 in most cases, the differences in mental content among people (and the difficult task of assembling it based on instructions in the text) mean that there are as many POEM2s as there are people. These internal POEM2s will only come to resemble one another after people expend effort comparing their mental content.

If language had been operating historically under the toolmakers paradigm, these two different concepts would not currently be accessed by the same word: talking about mental content and signals as if they were the same would have led to insoluble confusion. The ambiguity of "poem" would thus have been an incurable semantic pathology. However, the conduit metaphor can completely ignore it.

"Poem" is a paradigm case for the entire class of English words denoting signals ("word," "phrase," "sentence," "essay," "novel," "speech," "text," etc.), demonstrating that semantic structures can be completely normal in one view of reality and pathological in another. This lends support to the theory that language and views about reality develop together.

Pathology in mathematical information theory
Evidence of the biasing power of the conduit metaphor can be found in fields outside of linguistics. Information theory, with its concept-free algorithms and computers as models, would seem to be immune from effects arising from semantic pathology, because the framework shares many attributes with the toolmakers paradigm. Nevertheless, there is evidence that use of the conduit metaphor has hampered investigators' attempts to develop the theory.

Communication is the transfer of information (a selection from a set of alternatives). This set and a language (code) relating the alternatives to physical signals are established. A copy of each (an "a priori shared context") is placed with the sender and receiver. A sequence of the alternatives (the message) is selected for communication to the receiver, but the message itself is not sent. The selected alternatives are related by the code to energy patterns (the signal) that travel quickly and unmodified. Mathematics is used to measure quantitatively how much the received signal narrows down the possible selections from stored alternatives.

The similarity between the frameworks of information theory and the toolmakers paradigm is that
 the shared context corresponds to the repertoire members
 the signal does not contain the message
 the signal carries neither the alternatives nor a replica of the message
 the signal in the former is the blueprint in the latter
 the receiver uses the signal to duplicate the sender's selection process and recreate the message
 if a signal is received and the shared context is damaged or missing, the proper selection cannot be made

This analogy has withstood information theory's utility in simple, technical applications, but in biology, the social sciences, human language and behavior, it has been historically less successful. These attempts foundered by misunderstanding the conceptual framework of the theory rather than its mathematics. Reliance on ordinary language has made the information theory's insights less clear.

The negative impact of ordinary language on information theory's use in other fields can be traced to terms the founders themselves used to label parts of their paradigm, telegraphy. The set of alternatives (repertoire members) were called the "alphabet." While true for telegraphy, Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver used it as a nomenclature referring to any set of alternative states, behaviors, etc. The alphabet confuses the distinction between signals and repertoire members in human communication. Despite Weaver's particular interest in applying the theory to language, this fact went unrecognized.

Shannon and Weaver were also unaware that the choice of the term "message" to represent the selection of alternatives from the repertoire shared the same semantic pathology as "poem."
I got your message (MESSAGE1), but had no time to read it
Okay, John, I get the message (MESSAGE2); let's leave him alone
Because MESSAGE1 is the signal and MESSAGE2 is the repertoire members in communication, the reasoning is faulty. The ambiguity is trivial in the conduit-metaphor framework, but fatal for information theory, which is based on the idea that MESSAGE2 cannot be transmitted. Although Shannon and Weaver noted the distinction between "received" and "transmitted" signals based on possible distortion and noise, they wrote the word "message" on the receiving end of their paradigm.

Weaver employed many conduit-metaphor expressions; for example, "How precisely do the transmitted symbols convey the desired meaning?" [italics Reddy's]. He also contrasted two "messages, one of which is heavily loaded with meaning and the other of which is pure nonsense." Weaver wrote as if repertoire members are sent, adding that the sender "changes the message into the signal" [italics Weaver's]. A code specifies how two systems relate, without changing anything; it preserves in the receiver the organizational pattern of the sender. Marks and sounds do not change into electrons, just as thoughts do not change into words.

Shannon correctly wrote, "The receiver ordinarily performs the inverse operation of that done by the transmitter, reconstructing the message from the signal." But conduit metaphorisms continue to appear in the form of "encode" and "decode," defined as putting the repertoire members into code and taking them out, respectively. In addition, because the theory conceives of information as the ability to copy an organization via nonrandom selections, the term "information content" is itself a misnomer: signals do something but cannot contain anything. The conduit metaphor has thus influenced the thinking of information theorists in a counterproductive way.

Confusion between the message and the signal persisted for two decades as theorists in other fields of inquiry drew on the insights of information theory. Kenneth K. Sereno and C. David Mortensen wrote that "investigators have yet to establish a completely acceptable definition of communication".
"Those models based upon a mathematical conception describe communication as analogous to the operations of an information processing machine: an event occurs in which a source or sender transmits a signal or message through a channel to some destination or receiver." [italics Sereno & Mortensen's]
Additionally, when they state, "The theory was concerned with the problem of defining the quantity of information contained in a message to be transmitted...," information is contained in a transmitted "message". If it refers to MESSAGE1, it is the conduit metaphor asserting that information is contained in the signals. If it is MESSAGE2, it is the repertoire members that are sent in signals, which contain measurable information. The insights of information theory have been challenged by using the conduit metaphor instead of the more accurate toolmakers paradigm, upon which its premises were initially based.

Opposition of conflicting paradigms
The conduit-metaphor paradigm states that communication failure needs explanation, because success should be automatic: materials are naturally gathered, but misguided people expend energy scattering them. Conversely, the toolmakers paradigm states that partial miscommunication is inherent and can only be fixed by continuous effort and extensive verbal interaction: materials are gathered using energy or they will be naturally scattered.

Reddy explores some of the potential social and psychological effects of believing that communication is a "success without effort" system, whereas it is an "energy must be expended" system. The conduit metaphor objectifies meaning and influences people to talk and think about mental content as if it possessed an external, inter-subjective reality.

Cultural and social implications
Having discussed the conduit metaphor's impact on theorists within and outside of linguistics, Reddy speculates about its distorting potential in culture and society. He points out that
You'll find better ideas than that in the library
is a conduit metaphor asserting that ideas are in words, which are on pages, which are in books, which are in libraries—with the result that "ideas are in libraries." The implication of this minor-framework core expression is that libraries full of books, tapes, photographs, videos and electronic media contain culture.

In the toolmakers-paradigm perspective, there are no ideas in the words; therefore, none in libraries. Instead, there are patterns of marks, bumps or magnetized particles capable of creating patterns of noise and light. Using these patterns as instructions, people can reconstruct mental content resembling that of those long gone. Since people in the past experienced a different world and used slightly different language instructions, a person unschooled in the language and lacking a full reservoir of mental content from which to draw, is unlikely to reconstruct a cultural heritage.

Because culture does not exist in books or libraries, it must be continually reconstructed in people's brains. Libraries preserve the opportunity to perform this reconstruction, but if language skills and the habit of reconstruction are not preserved, there will be no culture. Thus, Reddy asserts that the only way to preserve culture is to train people to "regrow" it in others.

He stresses that the difference of viewpoint between the conduit metaphor and the toolmakers paradigm is profound. Humanists—those traditionally charged with reconstructing culture and teaching others to reconstruct it—are increasingly rare. Reddy proposes that, despite a sophisticated system for mass communication, there is actually less communication; and moreover, that people are following a flawed manual. The conduit-metaphor influenced view is that the more signals created and preserved, the more ideas "transferred" and "stored." Society is thus often neglecting the human ability to reconstruct thought patterns based on signals. This ability atrophies when "extraction" is seen as a trivial process not requiring instruction past a rudimentary level.

Reddy concludes that the conduit metaphor may continue to have negative technological and social consequences: mass communications systems that largely ignore the internal, human systems responsible for the majority of the work in communicating. Because the logical framework of the conduit metaphor indicates people think in terms of "capturing ideas in words"—despite there being no ideas "within" the ever-increasing stream of words—a burgeoning public may be less culturally informed than expected.

Post-publication research by others
Since the publication of Reddy's paper in 1979, it has garnered a large number of citations in linguistics, as well as a wide spectrum of other fields of inquiry. In 2007, a search at Web of Science  revealed 354 citations broken down roughly as follows: 137 in linguistics; 45 in information science; 43 in psychology; 38 in education; 17 in sociology; 15 in anthropology; 10 in law; 9 in business/economics; 8 in neurology; 7 in medicine; 5 in political science; 4 each in the arts, biology, environmental science, and mathematics; and 1 each in architecture, geography, parapsychology and robotics.

References

External links
 Reddy, M. J. (1979). The conduit metaphor: A case of frame conflict in our language about language. In A. Ortony (Ed.), Metaphor and Thought (pp. 284–310). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press., a non-searchable PDF of Reddy's paper
 Ortony, A. (Ed.) (1992). Metaphor & Thought. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press., a searchable PDF of the book

Further online reading
 Managerial and organizational communication in terms of the conduit metaphor Stephen R. Axley examines "the theoretical and empirical bases of Reddy's provocative thesis"
 The contemporary theory of metaphor George Lakoff, University of California, San Diego
 Metaphors we live by (excerpt) George Lakoff and Mark Johnson examine metaphor and provide a synopsis of the conduit metaphor
 Programming with agents Michael Travers compares the conduit metaphor and toolmakers paradigms
 Metonymic motivation of the conduit metaphor Celia Martín de León examines the role of metonymy in the conduit metaphor
 The "conduit metaphor" revisited:  A reassessment of metaphors for communication Joe Grady of the University of California, Berkeley, criticizes existing analyses of the conduit metaphor
 Exculpation of the conduit metaphor Tomasz P. Krzeszowski examines the conduit metaphor in Language History and Linguistic Modelling : A Festschrift for Jacek Fisiak on His 60th Birthday (Trends in Linguistics. Studies and Monographs, 101) (Vol.1)
 The poetics of mind: figurative thought, language, and understanding Raymond W. Gibbs examines the influence of the conduit metaphor in the context of poetics
 Constructions: a construction grammar approach to argument structure Adele E. Goldberg discusses the conduit metaphor in the context of ditransitive argument structure

Metaphors by type
Philosophy of mind

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Here's Why
Member Opportunities
GOVERNANCE TEST
Members/Partners
Private Members
The Association for Senior Communities (ASC) was a natural development of the Interest Group for Retirement Villages, which was established in 1994 by a group of volunteers. It was founded to be a voice for retirement villages in the new South Africa.
Since the inception of the interest group, the landscape of the retirement housing facilities industry has changed drastically and faces many ongoing challenges. The retirement housing industry operates mainly in a legal vacuum, mainly because there is not a single piece of legislation that oversees retirement villages. For example, there are around 40 plus different and in some cases outdated and confusing laws that impact on the development and management of retirement villages. One key impact factor which causes most of the long-term challenges is that a developer of a retirement estate does not require any form of accreditation or registration. Today we experience over and over again the impact of this single factor. There are many challenges left to governing bodies to find their solutions, and often to the detriment of residents and the sustainability of the facility. If one remembers that most of the management Boards are mostly made up of retired persons, it becomes obvious that they will depend on good and sound advice.
To deal with the many challenges, the management of the interest group built up collective knowledge in terms of managing retirement villages successfully to such an extent that the Association for Senior Communities culminated from it in 2018. In 2021 The Association saw yet another change of name Association for Senior Communities (also known as ASC). The ASC decided to reach out to all corners of South Africa and therefore become a much more representative voice.
In the absence of adequate resources and support from the authorities to ensure that relevant legislation is adhered to and residents are properly protected, self-regulation is becoming increasingly imperative. Furthermore, it is very important that the Association be involved to develop and apply accreditation standards and norms of retirement facilities for South Africa.
You are invited to join the Association for Senior Communities (ASC) and help build a new dispensation for retirement housing in South Africa.
Copyright © Association for Senior Communities. All rights reserved.


Janice is one of our BlueCross employees testing five popular fitness trackers and sharing her experiences so you can make a better choice about which one is right for you.
When you begin your journey toward living a healthy lifestyle, it's easy to feel lost. It can be scary to see so many people around you going in many different directions. You find yourself faced with many loaded questions, and you feel overwhelmed.
The good news is there are many tools, like wearable health trackers, that can help you find your way. Janice, our employee tester, is someone who knows all too well how helpful these tools can be when trying to be healthy.
Janice has been testing the Withings Activité Pop. If you're someone who likes wearing a watch or a bracelet, the Activité Pop is a fitness tracker you'll definitely want to consider.
Janice describes the set-up instructions as 'pretty simple' and said you can't use the fitness tracker unless you have a smartphone or tablet to download the app. One thing she said she didn't know was that a Wi-Fi connection is 'a must' when downloading the app.
Janice and her husband started their wellness journey more than five years ago. She explains that staying motivated can be hard, but she is excited about using the Activité Pop because she can share her progress instantly with her husband and kids.
But to get the full benefits of the device, you should wear it 24/7 because it can track your sleep movement.
I use the original Activite version and I also have a wireless blood pressure monitor.
The activity and data tracking is really nice, you can visualize it on the HealthMate app and if you need to show it to your doctor, you can download the raw data (for free) and print out the graphs.
There is also a wireless scale (didn't use it) so you can have this also linked to your account.


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French Watchmaker
In Pictures: Watches From and Inspired by French Watchmaking History
Clock September 15, 2018	 James D. Malcolmson
The Ultimate Racing-inspired Wristwatch
BRM Chronographes will make 25 of this watch celebrating Le Mans and 24 Hours at Daytona winners…
By Robb Report Staff
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Louis Vuitton Introduces New Tambour Heures du Monde Travel Watch
The perfect travel companion, the watch can display the time in two separate time zones…
By John Lyon
Bell & Ross' Fly Boys
Bell & Ross' Vintage collection hearkens to the 1940s, when watches were key instruments for pilots. The retro aviation spirit infuses the entire range, including two recent arrivals to the line: the Vintage Original and Vintage Officer models. The Vintage Originals ($2,600 to $3,900) are rugged re-editions of '40s-era pilot watches with satin-finished steel cases […]
By Laurie Kahle
Watches: Swing Shift
As a small group gathered in one of the formal private rooms of the Cartier mansion on Fifth Avenue in New York City last November, a rather informal comment suddenly issued from one of the far corners: "She has a blank check," announced a male voice. Surprised heads turned to discover that the speaker was […]
By James D. Malcolmson
21 Ultimate Gifts: Dial Up the Romance
THE GIFT His and her one-of-a-kind Van Cleef & Arpels watches designed to tell the story of a couple's romance. A long weekend for two in Paris and Geneva, including first-class airfare, accommodations, and dining arrangements. Private tours of Van Cleef & Arpels' ateliers in Paris and watchmaking facilities in Geneva, and a consultation with […]
Boucheron's Rare Vintage Reflet
Wine writers have hailed 2005 as one of the best vintages of French Bordeaux in decades, if not longer. After maturing such exceptional wine, the 200-year-old oak casks used to age Château Latour Grand Millésime 2005 have been preserved on the dials of Boucheron's steel Reflet XL Château Latour watches ($15,100). Boucheron will produce just […]
Dior Christal Tourbillon
Set with diamonds and gemstones, the Dior Christal Tourbillon transforms what was a fashion design into one of the most balanced jeweled complications made in years.
Bell & Ross BR02
Bell & Ross's diver's watch is one of the company's most ergonomic designs with wrist-hugging curves that still maintain the aggressive character of a military timepiece.
Cirque Animalier de Cartier
According to Hélène Poulit-Duquesne, Cartier International's watch marketing director, the original idea for the Cirque Animalier de Cartier emerged from an exercise in creative free sketching by the company's designers. The collection of jeweled animal watches echoes beautifully Cartier's historic specialty in modeled animals. "Everyone seized on the concept immediately," says Poulit-Duquesne. "We turned over […]
The 25 Best Bourbons of the 21st Century (So Far)
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The 25 Most Expensive Homes in the World for Sale
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Il nous revient à nous, Citoyens du Monde, de choisir nos héros, de graver leur présence dans nos cœurs et dans nos vies, pour s'en inspirer aux temps de joie comme aux temps de peine.
Composer, conductor and teacher, Gilles Tremblay was born in Arvida (Québec). From 1949 to 1954 he studied piano at the Montréal Conservatory with Germaine Malépart and earned a Premier Prix in piano in 1953. At the same time, he studied composition privately with Claude Champagne. Tremblay later attended Olivier Messiaen's celebrated analysis classes in Paris and was awarded a Premier Prix in 1957. During the same period, he also studied piano and compositional techniques with Yvonne Loriod. The following year he received a medal in ondes Martenot at the Paris Conservatory and a counterpoint diploma from the École Normale Supérieure de musique de Paris. Tremblay met a large number of other composers while studying in Europe. At Darmstadt he met Stockhausen and by 1959 he had taken up an internship with the French radio and television orchestra in Paris, under the direction of Pierre Schaeffer, and in the company of Amy, Boucourechliev, Ferrari, Mâche and Xenakis. In 1960 a grant enabled Tremblay to enroll in summer courses at Darmstadt, where he worked with Pierre Boulez and Henri Pousseur. During the 1960s, Tremblay was appointed professor of analysis and composition at the Montréal Conservatory. With the help of a Canada Council grant, in 1972 Tremblay traveled to the far East. He sat on juries for numerous international competitions and witnessed the performance of his works on every continent.


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Virginia Law
Virginia Robbery Laws
Simply put, robbery is theft with the added element of taking property through force or the threat of force. Since it involves the use of force or threat of force, it's generally treated as a more serious crime than theft. While many states have their own definition of robbery, it was defined at common law as the taking of another person's property, with intent to permanently deprive them of the property, by means of force or fear.
Since Virginia robbery laws don't define the elements of the crime, it's safe to assume that robbery is defined similarly to common law. It's important to note that if a person kills someone in a "willful, deliberate, and premeditated" manner while committing a robbery or attempted robbery, it's classified as capital murder and punishable as a Class 1 felony. Additionally, if a person enters a house with intent to commit certain felonies, including robbery, they're guilty of statutory burglary, which is a Class 3 felony if they didn't have a deadly weapon and a Class 2 felony if they did.
Virginia Robbery Laws at a Glance
When researching the law, it's critical to read the actual language of a statute. Usually, however, statutes are written in "legalese" making them hard to understand. That's why it can be helpful to also read a summary of the statute in plain English. The following chart provides just that: a summary of Virginia robbery laws and links to relevant statutes.
Statute(s) Virginia Code Section 18.2-58 (Robbery Punishment)
Charges and Penalties
A person is guilty of a felony, punishable by 5 years to life in prison, if they commit a robbery by:
Suffocation;
Partial strangulation;
Hitting, beating, or other violence;
Assaulting or otherwise putting a person in fear of serious bodily harm; or
Threatening or showing a deadly weapon (such as a gun).
Related Crime
Section 18.2-58.1 (Carjacking)
Definition: intentionally taking (or taking control of) someone else's car with intent to deprive that person of possession or control of the car permanently or temporarily by the means described in the box above.
Charges and Penalties: Carjacking is a felony punishable by 15 years to life in prison.
Related Statute(s)
Section 18.2-10 (Punishment for Conviction of Felony)
Sections 18.2-95-18.2-109 (Larceny and Receiving Stolen Goods)
Virginia Robbery Laws: Related Resources
For more information and resources related to this topic, please visit the links below.
Virginia Criminal Laws
Virginia Criminal Statute of Limitations
Get Legal Help with Your Robbery Case in Virginia
As you can see, there's a big range of possible sentences for a robbery conviction, and the sentence you receive will largely depend on the facts of your case. If you find yourself charged with committing a robbery, or any other crime, it's a good idea to get in touch with a local criminal defense attorney who can explain how Virginia robbery laws apply to your specific situation and who can advocate on your behalf.


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United Nations Security Council resolution 1355, adopted unanimously on 15 June 2001, after recalling resolutions 1234 (1999), 1258 (1999), 1265 (1999), 1273 (1999), 1279 (1999), 1291 (2000), 1296 (2000), 1304 (2000), 1323 (2000), 1332 (2000) and 1341 (2001) on situation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the Council extended the mandate of the United Nations Mission in the Democratic Republic of Congo (MONUC) until 15 June 2002 subject to review every four months.

Resolution

Observations
The preamble of the resolution expressed concern at the humanitarian consequences of the conflict in the Democratic Republic of Congo, and at all violations of human rights against the population, particularly in the east of the country. There was also concern at the use of child soldiers. It also reaffirmed the Lusaka Ceasefire Agreement and other redeployment and disengagement plans. It concluded by determining that the situation in the region constituted a threat to international peace and security in the region.

Acts

A
Acting under Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter, the Council expressed satisfaction that there was general observance of the ceasefire. It demanded that the Front de Libération du Congo disengage and redeploy in accordance with previously agreed plans and commitments made to the Security Council mission that visited the region. The Council again demanded that Ugandan, Rwandan and other foreign forces immediately withdraw from the Democratic Republic of the Congo. There was concern that military operations had taken place in the Kivus and the Rally for Congolese Democracy was urged to demilitarise Kisangani. All parties, including the Government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, had to cease support for armed groups. Meanwhile, incursions by armed groups into Rwanda and Burundi were condemned.

The Security Council, highlighting diplomatic efforts to resolve the crisis, welcomed dialogue between the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Burundi and stressed that peace in the former should not be achieved at the expense of peace in the latter. Dialogue among Congolese parties was also welcomed. It condemned massacres, the use of child soldiers and attacks on humanitarian personnel and reminded parties of their obligations under the Fourth Geneva Convention. The international community was called upon to increase humanitarian aid to the region.

The resolution stressed that the illegal exploitation of the country's natural resources had to end and it awaited a report from a panel established to investigate the matter. It stressed the importance of the link between progress in the peace process and economic recovery and welcomed the re-opening of the Congo and Ubangi Rivers and the establishment of the Congo River Basin Commission to address river traffic. The Council noted that peace would only be achieved if all countries in the region defined rules to promote security and development.

B
The Security Council extended MONUC's mandate and requested the Secretary-General Kofi Annan to make recommendations on ways MONUC could monitor the implementation of withdrawal plans. It authorised the MONUC mission to assist in the disarmament, demobilisation, rehabilitation and reintegration process involving armed groups. The Secretary-General was further requested to expand the civilian component of
MONUC, particularly in the area of human rights and international humanitarian law.

The resolution approved the Secretary-General's revised concept of operations for MONUC, which included the creation of a civilian police component. It noted the need to improve the public information capacity through the establishment of United Nations radio stations. Finally, the parties were called upon to co-operate fully with the UNMOC mission and ensure the safety of United Nations personnel.

See also
 List of United Nations Security Council Resolutions 1301 to 1400 (2000–2002)
 Second Congo War

References

External links

Text of the Resolution at undocs.org

 1355
2001 in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
 1355
 1355
 1355
 1355
 1355
June 2001 events


Is It October Already? – Giving Tree Associates, Inc.
1) Today, right now, like right after you finish reading this, sit down with your fundraising thought partner (your ED, DoD, Board Chair, Development Chair, etc.) and create a plan for the stewardship of your top 5 – 8 donors and prospects. Your goal is to be sure you are in contact (this should involve both light and heavy touches) with these key stakeholders four to six times this year. Only one should be a solicitation. The others should be coffee, lunch, personalized emails, personalized invites to events, and phone calls. The key here is to chart it out on a calendar or spreadsheet and make it intentional. Do this today…or tomorrow. But not next month.
2) Schedule a rating and assignment meeting with your development committee. Don't have one? See #4. Don't know what a rating and assignment (or qualification) meeting is? It's perhaps one of the most important meetings of the year in the development world. Again, gather your fundraising thought partners (ED, DoD, board members, board chairs, development committee members/chairs, etc.) and develop a plan for the solicitation, cultivation and stewardship of every major gift donor and/or prospect. Assign a relationship manager to each individual on your list. You do not have time to do this for every donor on your list, and this is why you must define what a major gift is for your organization (is it $1,000, $1,800, $2,500, $5,000, $10,000, $25,000 or more?) and commit to a one-on-one solicitation for those at this level and above.
3) Create a calendar or timeline for all that must be accomplished within the development department through the end of the fiscal year. Then, refer back to the calendar every single week during staff or supervision meetings to be sure that time is not getting away from you and your team is focused on the priorities. Working according to a campaign plan and a comprehensive calendar tends to be the #1 factor that allows development teams to stay on track.
4) Schedule a meeting for your development committee. This can involve both board and non board members. Some members be focused on events, some will focus on major gifts, others can think about your target markets and plans to engage them (alumni, parent, grandparents, community members, etc). Roll out the campaign plan and the campaign calendar and allow your lay partners to help you activate the plan.
The time to act is now – don't let November hit you in the face on its way in. Should you need help getting your plan together, Giving Tree is here to help.


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Q: Why do they use "her" for Titanic? I was reading the Wikipedia's page on RMS Titanic and just noticed numerous references to the ship by possessive her.
Why don't they simply use "its" for Titanic?

A: In English, especially in a poetic description, ships are referred to as "she". This may be--no, it must be--because the owners of the ships, yachts, and ferries as well,  compare their beauty and elegance with those of women.

A: It Is because she (ship, country, and vehicle) carry people the same way mothers do, so both are compared the same way.