text:
InterviewRandom Roles
Lainie Kazan on wrestling Divine, going Greek, and choosing her own butt double
Pete Croatto
My Big Fat Greek Wedding
My Big Fat Greek Wedding 2
Random Roles
Photo: Bena Productions, Inc.
Welcome to Random Roles, wherein we talk to actors about the characters who defined their careers. The catch: They don't know beforehand what roles we'll ask them to talk about.
The actor: Her status as a multi-generation fixture in television and movies makes it easy to forget that singing is how Lainie Kazan became a star. In 1965, Kazan stepped in for her old high school classmate Barbra Streisand in Broadway's Funny Girl and never looked back. She moved on to a series of variety shows in the 1960s, finally establishing herself in iconic movie roles in films like Lust In The Dust, most famously in the super-hit My Big Fat Greek Wedding, and a series of Adam Sandler movies. She also had roles in TV series for decades, from The Nanny and Paper Chase to St. Elsewhere and Desperate Housewives.
Kazan returns to her true love this fall, performing in Las Vegas, Palm Beach, and New York, where she wraps up a four-night gig at The Iridium this month. She was eager to talk to The A.V. Club about her many years of singing and acting.
In concert—Herself (2016)
The A.V. Club: You've been doing these cabaret shows for a while. What's different about this one?
Lainie Kazan: I have a lot of new material, and I'm going to do some Latin material, some of my standards from different records that I've done. What else have I got? I can't even think. [Laughs.]
AVC: Is it still a joy to go onstage and sing for a crowd?
LK: It is, except as I get older it gets more difficult, and I just had a terrible automobile accident. I broke six ribs, so it's very hard for me to take my full, deep wonderful breath. I'm singing a little lighter. I'm trying to just adjust to the problems I'm having. But I do get great pleasure out of singing. It's probably one of the greatest pleasures in life.
AVC: Is being on stage another form of playing a role?
LK: No. It's me—all of me. [Laughs.] It's just me when I'm singing, and I feel like it's a part of me exaggerated or magnified when I'm acting. It's like I take a part of me that I understand [about the character] and I magnify it and I work on it and I dress her and give her all kinds of things to do—and then I step into her.
AVC: Is that what makes acting fun or is it more work?
LK: In a way, it's more work.
AVC: But singing is unadulterated joy?
LK: It is.
Lust In The Dust (1985)—"Marguerita Ventura"
AVC: With a few exceptions, you don't sing onscreen—
LK: I think I sang in two movies, but as a comedian. Like Lust In The Dust is hysterical, just hilarious. I had the best time in the world. I made some of my dearest friends. I sang, "Let me take you south of my border, north of my garter, where everything is on order for you." [Laughs.]
AVC: What made that such a pleasure to work on?
LK: Oh, first and foremost, I just loved my part. I was like the head of the group. I just had so much fun. We were in New Mexico. I loved the city [Santa Fe]. In fact, I bought some land when I was there, and like a fool, I sold it later. It's worth so much money now.
I loved the director [Paul Bartel]. I loved Tab Hunter. He was the one who introduced me to this. He said, "There's no one else in the world who can play this part. You've got to come do this role." So I met him for lunch at a beautiful restaurant in Hollywood. I met the producers; I met everybody. We just clicked, you know? That was what happened.
I didn't know who Divine was. [Laughs.] I got the script around some Jewish holiday, and I got a scratch-and-sniff board to watch the films. I had my Jewish family there, and I said, "Oh, let's put this on. This is the person I'm going to be working with." And it was so inappropriate, they all got up and left.
AVC: Wait, so, Pink Flamingos, the movie where Divine ate the dog shit?
LK; Yes! [Laughs.] Oh my God. It was just unbelievable.
AVC: What was it like working with Divine?
LK: What a doll. I loved him. He was a gentleman, and then when he was in drag, he would get very feisty. He once said to me—we had a fight scene, and we were rolling around on the floor—"Don't let these skirts fool you, because underneath this skirt, beats a rod of steel." [Laughs.] He was great.
AVC: That's a long way from your first onscreen role, which looks to be an episode of Car 54, Where Are You?
LK: I don't remember much about that. I think I was out of college or in college.
The Dean Martin Show (1965-69)—Herself
AVC: Then you were on a ton of variety shows in the 1960s, but how did you become a regular presence on The Dean Martin Show?
LK: He liked me. And he really enjoyed my work and he loved my talent. And he was very gracious, just terrific to me. My husband [the late Peter Daniels] said to me, "I have a friend who is auditioning The Dean Martin Show. Would you like to meet him and maybe sing a song for him?" I was so nervous I sang with my back to him, but I sang and they flipped out for me. They had me on the show and then they had me on another show. He also had the best sense of humor, and I appreciated his humor. He realized I had a sense of humor. We just got on famously. I adored him. I made him feel good, and he made me feel great.
AVC: What was it about Dean Martin that was so appealing? On Maria Menounos' radio show, you admitted that there was an attraction between the two of you.
LK: Well, he was very handsome. As I said before, he was very funny. And he was very charismatic. He just emanated this sexual appeal mixed with great humor, and I think the audience appreciated him for who he was. He was real and honest and straightforward and said what was on his mind. He liked people. He liked his celebrities; he liked the people who were on his show. If you go back and see other people, he liked them. He had favorites, but he liked them. The day I left the show, he gave me the '56 MG that he had been using on the set. He gave it to me as a present.
AVC: Was the treatment the same on the other variety shows?
LK: No, no. You came and you went on the other shows. This was a whole experience. He would take me to lunch. I had lunch with John Wayne and Dean Martin. I almost fainted when I walked into his room: There was John Wayne. [Laughs.] They said, "You want to go to lunch?" and we went to some place in Burbank. Oh my God.
AVC: Do you remember anything about that lunch?
LK: Not really, just that I couldn't eat. I was so overwhelmed by who I was sitting with. And he was so nice, John Wayne.
One From The Heart (1982)—"Maggie"
LK: I went to school with Francis Coppola, and I was his leading lady all through college. I was performing at The Fairmont in San Francisco in the early '80s. He came in to hear me sing; he lives up in Napa. I was shocked that he was there. I was so happy; I hadn't seen him in, like, 10 years. He said, "You are funny."
I said, "I'm funny?" because I was taking myself very seriously. I was this chanteuse, you know?
He said, "You're funny as all get out."
I said, "Oh my goodness. I really never realized that." Because I was very loose with the audience with great repartee.
He said, "I'm sending you a script and I want you to come up to Napa tomorrow. I'm sending a car for you and your daughter. Come on up." When I got there, I said, "There were all these people from Hofstra." And he said, "Yeah, they all work with me. This is known as the Hofstra Nostra." [Laughs.] So I read the script and I met with [producer] Fred Roos the next week and I got the part.
But I didn't know he was going to un-glamorize me. I played this kind of very sad creature, kind of a real messed-up woman. I think I did a really great job. I loved it. [Coppola] was such a great teacher. He had us in the editing room. We would pick which takes we liked. He was not afraid to share his art and his knowledge. He taught me a lot, so much—and I adored him.
AVC: What did you learn from that experience that you carried with you?
LK: Just a lot about film, just that it took more than my performance to put it on the screen. And that I wasn't in control of it. In that it was a giving up, a resolve that I had to be pure. Every take was important. I couldn't slough off, because you never knew what was going to be on the screen when you finished. If I was starting out in a scene that was at the end of the movie, I had to know everything about the character up until that moment. I couldn't just [do] that scene.
AVC: Also, you said that being in a Coppola movie was a seal of approval.
LK: Right. After that, I could work for anybody.
My Favorite Year (1982)—"Belle Carroca"
LK: Norman Steinberg, who wrote the script, he was a friend of mine through another friend. We would go to dinner all the time. I always did this Jewish woman. I'd do things at dinner. I would say things in this accent. He thought it was hysterical. So he sent me the script. They wanted me to play the journalist. When I read the script, there was that woman that I was doing. To me, she was the woman on the park bench in Brooklyn. I knew her so well. My mother lived in this building with all these Jewish women, and they all sat on the park bench waiting for me to go in and out. Like [affects Yiddish accent], "Oy, she's coming with that taxi. She's bringing a limousine." So, all of a sudden, I had this script in my hand, so I said to them, "I have to play the Jewish woman."
I got into costume. I put a wig on [for the audition] and when Mel Brooks saw me, he didn't recognize me. I took a little screen test, and they gave me the part. They thought I was too young and too attractive to play that part. But I proved to them that I could do it. It landed me a lot of very wonderful things. I got nominated [for a Golden Globe]. It really was an amazing time.
The Paper Chase (1985-86)—"Rose Samuels"
AVC: You said that movie opened up a lot of things for you, but you also became the go-to Jewish mom, grandma.
LK: Exactly. The ethnic mother. I've been fighting it for 40 years, but I've finally given up to it.
AVC: What made you say, "Screw this, it is what it is"?
LK: Just because there's very little work out there, and I had a niche. I started taking advantage of it because I needed to make money. [Laughs.] I didn't take every role, I took the best of the best of that kind of part. And I did a couple of things that were off that beam. She was a Jewish woman, but she was a lawyer and she handled her own divorce, which was in The Paper Chase.
AVC: What makes you speak fondly of that role now?
LK: First, my girlfriend wrote the script. She was the director and the writer, Lynn Roth. I was sitting at a dinner with her and I said, "Oh my God, I've got to get some other part other than this Jewish mother business because I'm losing my mind." She said, "Let me write you a part." So she wrote me this great, great role. I was a woman who went back to college after she was married. I was very smart and decided to handle my own divorce case. I got nominated for an ACE Award [for "The Big D"].
The Delta Force (1986)—"Sylvia Goldman"
LK: That was really like my first film, because I had done two films before that, but I didn't consider myself an actor. This was just after I had worked with Lee Strasberg and had started studying, so I was really very serious about it. I was in a movie with Shelley Winters and Susan Strasberg and Marty Balsam. Oh my God, there was such a cast. And I was so honored to be in that cast. I didn't know who Chuck Norris was at the time. So I didn't know he was the star of the movie. I had no clue.
AVC: What did you learn working with that cast?
LK: Just everything. I remember Shelley telling me, "It's all in the eyes. If you think it, we'll see it." It was a great lesson.
AVC: What was it like acting with Joey Bishop?
LK: It was difficult. Let's say he wasn't a Method actor. [Laughs.] But I had a good time, no matter what. I used it; I used it. I was always angry with him, so it worked. He wasn't interested in what I was doing.
Eight Crazy Nights (2002)—"Old Woman"
You Don't Mess With The Zohan (2008)—"Gail"
Pixels (2015)—"Mickey Lamonsoff"
AVC: Adam Sandler tends to work with a close-knit group. How did you get in with him?
LK: They asked me to do Eight Crazy Nights. I did it. He started to like me. He's easy to work with, and I was quick. He liked that aspect. I was funny. He kept following me to do different things. I did I Now Pronounce You Chuck & Larry, but they cut the entire family out of the movie.
I love working with Adam Sandler. I feel like he's my brother. He's just got such great camaraderie with that group that he works with all the time, and I feel honored to be part of that.
AVC: What does he do to encourage that camaraderie?
LK: He's just very warm, very open. He allows a lot of improvisation. You can add to your character. You can make suggestions. He's just a very, very open, kind of giving actor and person. And he's the nicest man, the nicest person. I really love him.
My Big Fat Greek Wedding (2002), My Big Fat Greek Life (2003),
My Big Fat Greek Wedding 2 (2016)—"Maria Portokalos"
LK: My agent called. He said, "They're doing a reading at Tom Hanks' office. A young girl wrote the script, and they're going to serve breakfast." I said, "Tom Hanks. Breakfast. I'm in!" So I went up there and we read the script. It was me and Andrea Martin and Nia Vardalos and Rita Wilson. Oh my God, I had a great time. It was a wonderful script. I had a little understanding of a Greek accent. I didn't do a lot of it. I hadn't worked on it, but I did put forth a little bit of a character. When I left, Tom Hanks just thanked me profusely and [said] he loved me and he couldn't wait to work with me.
I didn't hear from them for a year. Then I got this call: "We're doing a little movie in Toronto. You won't get paid very much money, but it's a wonderful role. It's the reading you did in Tom Hanks' office and it's for Canadian television." So I went up to Canada, never thinking that anything would happen with this role. And we had a blast. We all got to know each other. We ate Greek food every night in this fabulous restaurant. Nia treated us beautifully. We made a really funny, delicious, delightful movie. And nothing happened. All of a sudden Nia called me: "The movie is coming out and we have to have a good first weekend. Can you email all the temples and I'm going to email all the Orthodox Greek churches?" So that's what we did. We spent the whole weekend trying to get the numbers up. We turned around one day and had this huge hit. Huge. I was in a state of numbness. I couldn't really enjoy it, because every minute there was something else we had to do to keep it there, to make sure it was being watched, to make sure it was going to stay in that position. We all had a part in that.
AVC: When were you finally able to enjoy the success of the movie?
LK: It was trickle down, trickle down, trickle down. I went to Greece that summer, and everyone in Greece knew me and they spoke Greek to me and they thought I was Greek. [Laughs.] That was very much a plus and very joyous. I got a lot of pleasure out of that.
Gigli (2003)—"Mother"
LK: Oh my God! Well, I say to people I was in the best movie of the year and the worst movie of the year. Gigli. I thought that it was wonderful. Ben Affleck was a dream to work with. I had so much fun. I had no idea that he had a thing for Jennifer [Lopez]. I mean, I didn't see anything. I didn't see anything. I didn't know they were together. It's so weird. Poor [Martin Brest, the writer-director]: He had written the script and decided to change the movie halfway through because he was asked to not have any really sad scenes in the movie. So he changed the script. He reshot the last part of the film, and it was very, very, very difficult to handle it once it came out. It was shocking that they thought it was so terrible. I don't think it was so terrible. I really don't.
AVC: I have to ask. In your scene with Ben Affleck, is that your butt or did you use a butt double?
LK: It was mine. I had a butt double in Lust In The Dust.
AVC: Did you choose your own butt double?
LK: I did. [Laughs.] I did.
AVC: When choosing your own posterior what do you look for?
LK: One that's beautiful and juicy and round like a peach! [Laughs.]
Recent from Pete Croatto
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How to Change Maintenance Settings in WIndows 8.1?
Scheduled maintenance is performing various internal functioning within the computer and enabling automatic scheduling wakes up the computer at a stipulated time when the computer is not in use or in hibernate mode to perform those functions. The time chosen by default is 3 AM assuming that the computer is not in use generally at that hours. In case the computer is used at that time, scheduling is postponed and resumed next time when the machine is shut down.
1. Click on the arrow in the Taskbar and click on the Flag and select Open Action Center.
2. Under Maintenance tab, find out Change maintenance Settings under Automatic Meintenance.
3. Check option Allow Scheduled maintenance to wake up my computer at the scheduled time. Click Ok.
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State Department Deputy Spokesperson Robert Palladino said President Donald Trump will make an announcement about a new nominee soon.
Nauert, a former anchor for Fox News, issued a statement citing family reasons for her decision.
I am grateful to President Trump and Secretary Pompeo for the trust they placed in me for considering me for the position of US Ambassador to the United Nations.
"However, the past two months have been gruelling for my family and therefore it is in the best interest of my family that I withdraw my name from consideration, she said in the statement.
Nauret said her two years with the administration had been "one of the highest honors of my life and I will always be grateful to the President, the Secretary, and my colleagues at the State Department for their support.
Secretary of State Michael Pompeo said she had performed her duties as a senior member of his team "with unequalled excellence".
Her personal decision today to withdraw her name from consideration to become the nominee for United States Ambassador to the United Nations is a decision for which I have great respect, Pompeo said.


text:
SS Chester A. Congdon
Vessel Type:
Previous Name:
Propulsion:
Original Owner:
Owner at Mishap:
Last owner:
End of Service:
Reported Loss:
Lives Lost:
NRHP#:
Bulk Freighter
Chicago Shipbuilding Company
Triple expansion steam engine: 23.5"-38"-65"
Holmes S.S. Co. (W.A. Hawgood)
Continental Steamship Co.
380,000 bushels of wheat
James Playfair
Insured for $734,000
U.S. 204526
Congdon Shoals on northeast end of Isle Royale
Minimum 50 feet; maximum 200 feet
HESTER A. CONGDON was built as SALT LAKE CITY for the Holmes Steamship Company of Cleveland, then managed by W.A. Hawgood. The new steamer was of the 10,000-ton capacity class and measured 532 feet in length, 56 feet in beam with a depth of 26 feet. The gross registered tonnage was 6371.49, and net tonnage was 4,843. While under construction, the Chicago Ship Building Company numbered the hull 74. The steel bulk freighter had 32 telescoping hatches 9 feet wide, on 12-ft. centers, with three compartments of 3,700, 3,100 and 3,400 tons, for a total capacity of 10,200 tons. The ship carried a crew estimated at 19.
The Chicago Ship Building Company departed from its tradition of launching its vessels on Saturdays when SALT LAKE CITY slid down the ways; it splashed into the Calumet River on Thursday, August 29, 1907. The new bulk freighter was given U.S. Registry Number 204526 when it was enrolled September 11, in Cleveland.
The huge, steel bulk freighter was powered by a triple-expansion engine with cylinders of 23.5, 38 and 63 inches on a 42-inch stroke. The engine received its steam from two induced-draft Scotch boilers 14 feet 6 inches x 11 feet 6 inches. Both the engine and boilers were built by the American Shipbuilding Company of Cleveland. The engine produced 1765 indicated horsepower.
Operational History
The first owner of SALT LAKE CITY was the company that had it built: the Holmes Steamship Company of Cleveland, Ohio. The Holmes Company operated the boat until 1911, when it was sold to the Acme Transit Company of Ohio, managed by H.B. Hawgood (May 13, 1911 Certificate of Enrollment).
SS Chester A. Congdon: Patrie Collection, ISRO Archives.
On February 2, 1912, SALT LAKE CITY ownership was transferred to the Continental Steamship Company of Duluth, G.A. Tomlinson, President. A change of name to CHESTER A. CONGDON was registered by D.W. Stocking, Secretary of the Continental Steamship Company, on April 1, 1912. Chester A. Congdon was a prominent Duluth lawyer and financier who had made a fortune in mining and grain interests.
On August 10, 1912, CHESTER A. CONGDON ran aground while waiting for fog to clear. The ship drifted onto a shoal about 4 miles north of Cana Island on Lake Michigan, and damaged several plates (Lake Carriers Association 1913:18; 1912:9).
CONGDON ran aground again in October 1915. The ship was drawing 19 feet 6 inches of water, and it rubbed both bilges hard while going through Grosse Pointe channel during a period of low water. The grounding sheared several rivets, which opened some seams and the vessel began leaking (Bulletin of Lake Carriers Association Nov. 1915:62; May 1915:18).
Wreck Event
CHESTER A. CONGDON aground, Canoe Rocks, 1918. View is from the bow showing the break in the hull aft of the Number 6 hatch. U.S. ACE, Canal Park Marine Museum Collection.
The newspaper that contained the first report of the wreck of CHESTER A. CONGDON carried the news on page 10; the headlines and front pages that day were devoted to the news that World War I had ended (Fort William Daily Times Journal Nov. 7, 1918).
The voyage that would end with one of the most costly marine disasters on the Lakes began on November 6, 1918. At 2:28 a.m. CONGDON left Fort William, Ontario, downbound to Port McNicoll with a cargo of 380,000 bushels of wheat (Lake Carriers Association 1918:142). Other sources list the cargo as 400,000 bushels (Fort William Daily Times Journal Nov. 12, 1918), and 350,000 bushels (Cleveland Plain Dealer, Nov. 8, 1918). The grain had been loaded at the Ogilvie and Pacific elevators ( Fort William Daily Times Journal Nov. 12, 1918). CONGDON had done a 1-day turnaround. The ship arrived on November 5 and cleared downbound on the 6th (Duluth News Tribune Nov. 6, 1918).
CONGDON proceeded a little way past Thunder Cape, where the ship encountered a heavy sea whipped up by a southwest gale. At 4:00 a.m., Capt. Autterson turned his ship and retreated 7 or 8 miles to calmer water, anchoring until 10:15 a.m. By then the wind had abated, although the sea was still running. The captain ventured out again, but after passing Thunder Cape, a thick fog set in. A course was set for Passage Island at 10:40 a.m., and the ship held a speed of 9 knots. The captain's intention was to run for 2.5 hours at that speed and stop if the fog held (Lake Carriers Association 1918:142-143). "I figured on stopping on account of fog until we could locate something. At 8 minutes after 1:00 in the afternoon she fetched up-grounded (from the captain's account, Fort William Daily Times Journal, Nov. 12, 1918).
The ship's officers had not heard the Passage Island fog signal before they struck the southerly reef of Canoe Rocks (Lake Carriers Association 1918:143). Captain Autterson described the events that followed:
We immediately lowered boats and sent one boat over to Passage Island, about 7 miles, to try and secure some assistance from the lighthouse keeper, if possible. We were on Canoe Rocks. Then the second mate took another boat, a fisherman's launch, from Canoe Rocks into Fort William. He had two fishermen with him. The launch became disabled, and they did not reach Fort William until 6:00 Thursday morning (Nov. 7) (Fort William Daily Times Journal Nov. 12, 1918).
The second mate brought the first news of the wreck to Fort William. Apparently, CONGDON had no wireless aboard, or it was disabled when the ship struck. The historical accounts indicate no messages were transmitted from CONGDON.
View from the deck of the grounded SS CHESTER A. CONGDON, Canoe Rocks, 1918: U.S. ACE, Canal Park Marine Museum Collection.
As soon as word of the disaster reached Fort William, J. Wolvin, manager of the Canadian Towing and Wrecking Company dispatched the wrecking barge EMPIRE and the tug A.B. CONMEE to the site. The tug SARNIA, with additional equipment, was being prepared to follow soon (Fort William Daily Times Journal , Nov. 7, 1918).
First reports of damage to the stricken ship indicated that the vessel, although damaged, might be saved. "Her forepeak, Nos. 1 and 2 starboard tanks and No. 1 port tank are full of water" (Cleveland Plain Dealer, Nov. 8, 1918). It was hoped that lightering would be all that was necessary to refloat the vessel. The lightered grain was to be placed aboard the barge CRETE (Cleveland Plain Dealer Nov. 9, 1918).
The most serious obstacle to refloating CONGDON would prove to be the weather. When the lightering tugs and barges initially left for the site, the weather had been "calm and thick" (Cleveland Plain Dealer Nov. 8, 1918), but this did not last long. Two days later, by Friday, strong winds had blown up. The crew was removed from the wreck sometime that day, November 8, and was placed aboard the barge EMPIRE. As the wind blew from the southeast at gale force, reaching a speed of 55 miles per hour (Lake Carriers Association 1918:143, Cleveland Plain Dealer Nov. 10, 1918), the crew was sheltered on the barge in protected waters at Isle Royale (Port Arthur Daily Chronicle Nov. 8, 1918).
No loss of life resulted from the wreck. One serious injury, however, did occur before the lightering operations were concluded, due to the fierce gale that drove the salvage vessels and crew to shelter at Isle Royale. Wireless operator Thomas Ives of the barge EMPIRE was transported to the hospital in Port Arthur with a mangled thigh, which was smashed when he caught his leg in a hoisting gear. He was taken to port on one of the attending tugs (Port Arthur Daily Chronicle Nov. 7, 1918).
SS Chester A. Congdon, Canoe Rocks, 1918: Patrie Collection, ISRO Archives.
The messages of the wreck that reached land on November 9 relayed the news that CONGDON had broken in two, and that the stern had sunk in deep water. The tugs had stood by as long as possible, but there was nothing they could do, although they stayed at the site until heavy seas were breaking over the wreck (Fort William Daily Times Journal Nov. 9, 1918). The steamer had broken in two aft of the No. 6 hatch sometime Friday night (Nov. 8th). The forward end remained on the reef in 20 feet of water, but was in very bad condition (Fort William Daily Times Journal Nov. 12, 1918; Lake Carriers Association 1918:143; Cleveland Plain Dealer Nov. 10, 1918). The 36-man crew of CONGDON returned to Fort William, arriving on the tug CONMEE Saturday morning, November 9 (Fort William Daily Times Journal Nov. 12, 1918). The captain, along with Superintendent Close who had arrived from Duluth to investigate the accident, both visited the wreck on Sunday morning and salvaged personal effects from the bow section.
The ship was declared a total loss. The newspapers noted that four-fifths of the cargo would be lost (Fort William Daily Times Journal Nov. 12, 1918). The crew arrived in port in time to participate in the Nov. 11, armistice celebrations. The survivors of the CONGDON wreck paraded in the streets carrying the ship's flag, and a large crowd fell in behind them (Fort William Daily Times Journal Nov. 11, 1918). "We expected to be somewhere on Lake Huron today," said one of the crew, "instead of back again at Fort William" (Fort William Daily Times Journal Nov. 12, 1918).
The wreck of CHESTER A. CONGDON was a tremendous financial loss. When declared a constructive total loss, officials placed the value at more than $1.5 million. Although the owners carried insurance of $365,000 on the hull and $369,400 in disbursements, the wheat cargo alone at $2.35 per bushel was worth $893,000 (Lake Carriers Association 1918:143). Contemporary accounts labeled CONGDON the largest loss ever sustained on the Great Lakes, surpassing the loss of HENRY B. SMITH, wrecked in 1913 (Lake Carriers Association 1918:138; Canadian Railway and Marine World 1918:567; Cleveland Plain Dealer Nov. 10, 1918).
CONGDON's cargo of wheat had been owned by the Wheat Export Company (Canadian Railway and Marine World 1918:567). The lightering operations were only able to remove about one-fifth of the cargo, some 50,000 to 60,000 bushels. The amount remaining was described in the Fort William Daily Times Journal (Nov. 12, 1918):
What it means in wheat-four-fifths of the whole cargo of 400,000 bushels is unsalvageable, meaning a total loss of 320,000 bushels. In money--at $2.24 a bushel, $716,000. In flour- net weight, 97,950 barrels, or 195,900 bags. Made into number 1 pure white flour, allowing 33 percent shrinkage, 100 pounds of wheat equalling about 66 pounds of pure white flour, this four-fifths lost cargo represents 79,200 bushels, or 158,400 bags with a retail flour value of $918,720. In bread-number of standard loaves that could be made from this amount of wheat, 14,139,200 loaves. Allowing 9 inches as the length of a standard loaf of bread, the lost wheat on the CONGDON, if converted into loaves, would reach 6,025.75 miles, or more than twice the distance from Montreal to Vancouver. Computing that one person can subsist on a loaf of bread a day, this amount would be enough to feed the present population of the Dominion for two whole days, or afford sufficient (loaves) for one meal for the whole of the population of Great Britain and Ireland.
Shipwreck Site Map
Wreckage consists of intact pilot house and bow section on south side of reef and an intact stern on north side. Much scattered wreckage is found on the reef between these major sections. Buoy on bow, attached at stern in 65 feet.
SS Congdon Site Map, Submerged Cultural Resource Unit, J.L. Livingston, November 1986, ISRO Archives.
Isle Royale Shipwrecks. December 15, 1965. Isle Royale National Park Archives, Resource Management Records: Branch Chief Era, CRM History (ACC#ISRO-00614, Box 117), Houghton, MI.
Lenihan, Daniel. Submerged Cultural Resources Study. Santa Fe, N.M: Submerged Cultural Resources Unit, National Park Service, 1987. Print.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Recently Microsoft has been searching for a new CEO to step in after current CEO, Steve Ballmer, retires in 10 months. Microsoft shortlisted the candidates to Ford's Alan Mulally and former CEO of Nokia, Stephen Elop from an external list of candidates.
Apparently, Stephen Elop is the most ambitious candidate out of the shortlisted candidates with big plans already thought out if he is made CEO. His plans will upset a lot of gamers out there as he plans on selling the Xbox business. Not only that but Elop will also kill Bing, a search engine provided by Microsoft.
It was already rumored that the Xbox Division, internally, wasn't doing well and there were many conflicts between high-post individuals. With Stephen Elop and his clear motive, could this be the last we see of the Xbox brand from Microsoft? Stephen Elop wants to focus more on the mobile technologies and also wants to release the popular suite "Office" to a broad range of smartphone Operating Systems including Apple's iOS and Google's Android.
With the Xbox One, already under a lot of fire and having a very shaky start, the Xbox division shutting down could be a sure possibility in the near future. The question is: if the Xbox brand sells, who will be there to buy it? Will one of the competitors (Sony or Nintendo) have a go at it?
What do you think about this business strategy? Let us know in the comments below.


The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild represents the most radical departure from convention in the history of Nintendo's three-decade-old series. In the game, which launches on Friday, familiar tools are discarded and familiar rhythms upset in an open world game that allows players to define goals of their own choosing, and to devise ingenious and unscripted ways of reaching them.
Nevertheless, as the game's director, 44-year-old Hidemaro Fujibayashi, revealed at the Game Developers Conference in San Fransisco today, the path to this new paradigm was discovered while looking to "the essence" of the series, which is found in the very earliest Legend of Zelda games.
"I wanted to find a way to enable the player to experience true freedom in an expansive play field, to discover a new sense of adventure over and over again while playing," said Fujibayashi. "I wanted to build a game where the user can decide where they want to go and what they want to do." The solution, he explained, was found in exploring a tension: rediscovering the essence of Zelda while breaking its conventions.
"I thought about the original NES game," said Fujibayashi. "Didn't my vision sound like that of the original? To battle daunting enemies while scrolling across a huge, expansive field? A game where the player can think what they want to do and experience excitement and adventure? The original land of Hyrule has all of the ingredients for this kind of adventure." The problem, Fujibayashi explained, was the amount of effort that would be required to fill an open world of today's scale with handcrafted puzzles. To get around this labor issue, he and the team decided to take a different approach, filling the world with a set of rigid physics rules that would allow players to take numerous, flexible approaches to self-made goals.
For example, the team gave the player a few simple tools – the ability to lift metal objects using magnetism, the ability to ride updrafts using a parachute, the ability to freeze certain objects then infuse them with kinetic energy and, after a few seconds, watch them hurl across the environment – and from these abilities, allow people to find their own solutions to issues.
To test the effectiveness of these concepts, and how well they'd meld with the classic Zelda feel, Fujibayashi and his team created an 8-bit, NES-style prototype. In this demo there were no specific puzzles. Rather players would be presented with a simple goal and given a variety of tools which could be used and combined in order to reach it. Players would be able to, for example, chop down a tree, push the log into a river, and then ride the log to their destination. Or they could fire an arrow through a bonfire, set the projectile on fire, and in this way cause a blaze in a nearby forest. "It was at this point I realized that this is the kind of game design I was striving for," said Fujibayashi.
The team coined the term "multiplicative gameplay" as a way to describe this emergent gameplay. Technical director Takuhiro Dohta explained that, as soon as they put these systems into the game, it changed the way he approached testing, enabling him to look at the game from the perspective of an imaginative player rather than a technical director.
For example, Dohta showed a video in which he dropped metallic slabs that were supposed to create a bridge across a river onto the heads of enemies just to see what would happen. In another clip, Dohta showed Link charging a metal crate with kinetic energy before climbing onto it just before it streaked off through the air, carrying him to an island in the middle of a vast lake.
As well as allowing players to toy with the physics engine, the team also introduced what they refer to as a chemistry engine, which allows any object in the game to be affected by elements such as fire and water, or to be combined to create new items and effects.
"In the end every object and element in the game is somehow joined by the physics and chemistry engines," Dohta explained, a technique from which hundreds of interactive possibilities grow. The technique allows players to be inventive and, over and over, to feel as though they are smart.


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You can't ignore me, Joe!
Apparently, I'm off Kane County State's Attorney Joe McMahon's Christmas card list! How do I know this? Because his office has gone from illegally denying my FOIA requests to outright ignoring them.
That's right! As a result of getting around their last FOIA denial by running a female prosecutor's formal sexual harassment complaint verbatim, in a fit of pique, McMahon and Civil Division chief, Joe Lulves, are simply pretending I don't exist.
And why not? When the Illinois Attorney General inevitably orders the KCSAO to cough up the goods, there are no statutory sanctions for ignoring their edict, either. Ultimately, I will have to get a Kane County judge to enforce that order.
If I'm fortunate enough to get a good judge, he'll force the KCSAO's hand right away, but the more likely outcome will be months of continuations and delay. They might even be able to forestall the release of those records until after McMahon's 2020 reelection campaign.
You see, though I have no hard evidence yet, I'm convinced there's a settlement and non-disclosure agreement between yet another groped female former prosecutor and the KCSAO. Prosecutor McGropy was a very busy man!
Why do I suspect this? Because that former prosecutor's father confronted me when he thought I was writing about his daughter. Ironically, I had no clue she was one of the victims until he reached out.
First, I thought it was odd that a father was fighting his 40-something daughter's battles. Second, when I asked him why he'd defend the very people who'd so "traumatized" her, he said they were happy with the KCSAO complaint outcome and they didn't want me getting involved.
It took me awhile to put two and two together, but the only logical reason for that kind of response is there was some kind of settlement and non-disclosure agreement. And if I wrote about it, that could jeopardize their agreement and void any deal.
So, why would the KCSAO ignore this FOIA request instead of simply denying it like all the others? Because any governmental agreement that includes taxpayer dollars is subject to the Freedom of Information Act – no exceptions. Coming up with another BS refusal excuse would be too obvious even for them.
I've repeatedly called Lulves, sent him follow up emails, and left two voicemails for his administrative assistant, but despite the fact they're six days late, the silence is deafening.
All I can say is, the level of arrogance required to flip the legal bird in this fashion is absolutely astonishing.
Most of us dismiss those "boring" ancillary high school and college classes as meaningless to our adult existence. But I gotta tell ya, whether it's Soren Kierkegaard, Jean Paul Sartre, Mark Twain, J. D. Salinger, Harper Lee, or Albert Camus, those literature and philosophy courses continue to have a massive effect on my life.
The next thing you know, I'll start using geometry again!
"I know positively – yes Rieux, I can say I know the world inside out as no one on earth is free from it. And I know too that we must keep endless watch on ourselves lest in careless moment we breathe in somebody's face and fasten the infection on him. What's natural is the microbe. All the rest- health integrity purity if you like – is a product of the human will of vigilance that must never falter.
I still get goosebumps when I read that passage!
I've certainly taken the long way home here, but because of you, dear readers, the Illinois Youth Center is on a level one lockdown, which greatly restricts the movement of the "residents." It's the first step in finally bringing that facility under control.
You see, the truth is, simply writing about this imploding institution isn't enough. The fact that you paid attention is what makes the difference. Of course, it will require far more due diligence to correct the Illinois Department of Juvenile Justice, but we're off to a pretty good start.
To mingle literature with real life is poetry and sometimes scary. Keep up the great writing!!
You can count on that, sir!


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One month since its publication, and two days before Christmas, Brave Vulnerable's Kindle edition hits the top 50 on Amazon's Best Sellers. So unexpected. I'm so happy right now. To those who endlessly extend their love and support, thank you so much. You're a part of this journey, let's go!
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Brave Vulnerable is a collection of a hundred and one poems divided into three chapters. It's a guardless story about love — its beauty and its scars. The book is gritty and soft spoken, troubled and calm, painful and soothing; it's wholehearted.


text:
Tag: John Dalton
Posted on April 8, 2016 December 6, 2016 by Matt Williams
What Is The Electron Cloud Model?
3d model of electron orbitals, based on the electron cloud model. Credit: Wikipedia Commons/Particia.fidi
The early 20th century was a very auspicious time for the sciences. In addition to Ernest Rutherford and Niels Bohr giving birth to the Standard Model of particle physics, it was also a period of breakthroughs in the field of quantum mechanics. Thanks to ongoing studies on the behavior of electrons, scientists began to propose theories whereby these elementary particles behaved in ways that defied classical, Newtonian physics.
One such example is the Electron Cloud Model proposed by Erwin Schrodinger. Thanks to this model, electrons were no longer depicted as particles moving around a central nucleus in a fixed orbit. Instead, Schrodinger proposed a model whereby scientists could only make educated guesses as to the positions of electrons. Hence, their locations could only be described as being part of a 'cloud' around the nucleus where the electrons are likely to be found.
Atomic Physics To The 20th Century:
The earliest known examples of atomic theory come from ancient Greece and India, where philosophers such as Democritus postulated that all matter was composed of tiny, indivisible and indestructible units. The term "atom" was coined in ancient Greece and gave rise to the school of thought known as "atomism". However, this theory was more of a philosophical concept than a scientific one.
Various atoms and molecules as depicted in John Dalton's A New System of Chemical Philosophy (1808). Credit: Public Domain
It was not until the 19th century that the theory of atoms became articulated as a scientific matter, with the first evidence-based experiments being conducted. For example, in the early 1800's, English scientist John Dalton used the concept of the atom to explain why chemical elements reacted in certain observable and predictable ways. Through a series of experiments involving gases, Dalton went on to develop what is known as Dalton's Atomic Theory.
This theory expanded on the laws of conversation of mass and definite proportions and came down to five premises: elements, in their purest state, consist of particles called atoms; atoms of a specific element are all the same, down to the very last atom; atoms of different elements can be told apart by their atomic weights; atoms of elements unite to form chemical compounds; atoms can neither be created or destroyed in chemical reaction, only the grouping ever changes.
Discovery Of The Electron:
By the late 19th century, scientists also began to theorize that the atom was made up of more than one fundamental unit. However, most scientists ventured that this unit would be the size of the smallest known atom – hydrogen. By the end of the 19th century, his would change drastically, thanks to research conducted by scientists like Sir Joseph John Thomson.
Through a series of experiments using cathode ray tubes (known as the Crookes' Tube), Thomson observed that cathode rays could be deflected by electric and magnetic fields. He concluded that rather than being composed of light, they were made up of negatively charged particles that were 1ooo times smaller and 1800 times lighter than hydrogen.
The Plum Pudding model of the atom proposed by John Dalton. Credit: britannica.com
This effectively disproved the notion that the hydrogen atom was the smallest unit of matter, and Thompson went further to suggest that atoms were divisible. To explain the overall charge of the atom, which consisted of both positive and negative charges, Thompson proposed a model whereby the negatively charged "corpuscles" were distributed in a uniform sea of positive charge – known as the Plum Pudding Model.
These corpuscles would later be named "electrons", based on the theoretical particle predicted by Anglo-Irish physicist George Johnstone Stoney in 1874. And from this, the Plum Pudding Model was born, so named because it closely resembled the English desert that consists of plum cake and raisins. The concept was introduced to the world in the March 1904 edition of the UK's Philosophical Magazine, to wide acclaim.
Development Of The Standard Model:
Subsequent experiments revealed a number of scientific problems with the Plum Pudding model. For starters, there was the problem of demonstrating that the atom possessed a uniform positive background charge, which came to be known as the "Thomson Problem". Five years later, the model would be disproved by Hans Geiger and Ernest Marsden, who conducted a series of experiments using alpha particles and gold foil – aka. the "gold foil experiment."
In this experiment, Geiger and Marsden measured the scattering pattern of the alpha particles with a fluorescent screen. If Thomson's model were correct, the alpha particles would pass through the atomic structure of the foil unimpeded. However, they noted instead that while most shot straight through, some of them were scattered in various directions, with some going back in the direction of the source.
A depiction of the atomic structure of the helium atom. Credit: Creative Commons
Geiger and Marsden concluded that the particles had encountered an electrostatic force far greater than that allowed for by Thomson's model. Since alpha particles are just helium nuclei (which are positively charged) this implied that the positive charge in the atom was not widely dispersed, but concentrated in a tiny volume. In addition, the fact that those particles that were not deflected passed through unimpeded meant that these positive spaces were separated by vast gulfs of empty space.
By 1911, physicist Ernest Rutherford interpreted the Geiger-Marsden experiments and rejected Thomson's model of the atom. Instead, he proposed a model where the atom consisted of mostly empty space, with all its positive charge concentrated in its center in a very tiny volume, that was surrounded by a cloud of electrons. This came to be known as the Rutherford Model of the atom.
Subsequent experiments by Antonius Van den Broek and Niels Bohr refined the model further. While Van den Broek suggested that the atomic number of an element is very similar to its nuclear charge, the latter proposed a Solar-System-like model of the atom, where a nucleus contains the atomic number of positive charge and is surrounded by an equal number of electrons in orbital shells (aka. the Bohr Model).
The Electron Cloud Model:
During the 1920s, Austrian physicist Erwin Schrodinger became fascinated by the theories Max Planck, Albert Einstein, Niels Bohr, Arnold Sommerfeld, and other physicists. During this time, he also became involved in the fields of atomic theory and spectra, researching at the University of Zurich and then the Friedrich Wilhelm University in Berlin (where he succeeded Planck in 1927).
Artist's concept of the Electron Cloud model, which described the likely location of electron orbitals over time. Credit: Pearson Prentice Hall
In 1926, Schrödinger tackled the issue of wave functions and electrons in a series of papers. In addition to describing what would come to be known as the Schrodinger equation – a partial differential equation that describes how the quantum state of a quantum system changes with time – he also used mathematical equations to describe the likelihood of finding an electron in a certain position.
This became the basis of what would come to be known as the Electron Cloud (or quantum mechanical) Model, as well as the Schrodinger equation. Based on quantum theory, which states that all matter has properties associated with a wave function, the Electron Cloud Model differs from the Bohr Model in that it does not define the exact path of an electron.
Instead, it predicts the likely position of the location of the electron based on a function of probabilities. The probability function basically describes a cloud-like region where the electron is likely to be found, hence the name. Where the cloud is most dense, the probability of finding the electron is greatest; and where the electron is less likely to be, the cloud is less dense.
These dense regions are known as "electron orbitals", since they are the most likely location where an orbiting electron will be found. Extending this "cloud" model to a 3-dimensional space, we see a barbell or flower-shaped atom (as in image at the top). Here, the branching out regions are the ones where we are most likely to find the electrons.
Thanks to Schrodinger's work, scientists began to understand that in the realm of quantum mechanics, it was impossible to know the exact position and momentum of an electron at the same time. Regardless of what the observer knows initially about a particle, they can only predict its succeeding location or momentum in terms of probabilities.
At no given time will they be able to ascertain either one. In fact, the more they know about the momentum of a particle, the less they will know about its location, and vice versa. This is what is known today as the "Uncertainty Principle".
Note that the orbitals mentioned in the previous paragraph are formed by a hydrogen atom (i.e. with just one electron). When dealing with atoms that have more electrons, the electron orbital regions spread out evenly into a spherical fuzzy ball. This is where the term 'electron cloud' is most appropriate.
This contribution was universally recognized as being one of the cost important contributions of the 20th century, and one which triggered a revolution in the fields of physics, quantum mechanics and indeed all the sciences. Thenceforth, scientists were no longer working in a universe characterized by absolutes of time and space, but in quantum uncertainties and time-space relativity!
We have written many interesting articles about atoms and atomic models here at Universe Today. Here's What Is John Dalton's Atomic Model?, What Is The Plum Pudding Model?, What Is Bohr's Atomic Model?, Who Was Democritus?, and What Are The Parts Of An Atom?
For more information, be sure to check What Is Quantum Mechanics? from Live Science.
Astronomy Cast also has episode on the topic, like Episode 130: Radio Astronomy, Episode 138: Quantum Mechanics, and Episode 252: Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
Posted on January 19, 2016 March 10, 2020 by Matt Williams
What Is The Plum Pudding Atomic Model?
Diagram of J.J. Thomson's "Plum Pudding Model" of the atom. Credit: boundless.com
Ever since it was first proposed by Democritus in the 5th century BCE, the atomic model has gone through several refinements over the past few thousand years. From its humble beginnings as an inert, indivisible solid that interacts mechanically with other atoms, ongoing research and improved methods have led scientists to conclude that atoms are actually composed of even smaller particles that interact with each other electromagnetically.
This was the basis of the atomic theory devised by English physicist J.J. Thompson in the late 19th an early 20th centuries. As part of the revolution that was taking place at the time, Thompson proposed a model of the atom that consisted of more than one fundamental unit. Based on its appearance, which consisted of a "sea of uniform positive charge" with electrons distributed throughout, Thompson's model came to be nicknamed the "Plum Pudding Model".
Though defunct by modern standards, the Plum Pudding Model represents an important step in the development of atomic theory. Not only did it incorporate new discoveries, such as the existence of the electron, it also introduced the notion of the atom as a non-inert, divisible mass. Henceforth, scientists would understand that atoms were themselves composed of smaller units of matter and that all atoms interacted with each other through many different forces.
Atomic Theory to the 19th century:
It was not until the 19th century that the theory of atoms became articulated as a scientific matter, with the first evidence-based experiments being conducted. For example, in the early 1800s, English scientist John Dalton used the concept of the atom to explain why chemical elements reacted in certain observable and predictable ways.
Dalton began with the question of why elements reacted in ratios of small whole numbers and concluded that these reactions occurred in whole-number multiples of discrete units – i.e. atoms. Through a series of experiments involving gases, Dalton went on to develop what is known as Dalton's Atomic Theory. This theory expanded on the laws of conversation of mass and definite proportions – formulated by the end of the 18th century – and remains one of the cornerstones of modern physics and chemistry.
The theory comes down to five premises: elements, in their purest state, consist of particles called atoms; atoms of a specific element are all the same, down to the very last atom; atoms of different elements can be told apart by their atomic weights; atoms of elements unite to form chemical compounds; atoms can neither be created or destroyed in chemical reaction, only the grouping ever changes.
By the late 19th century, scientists also began to theorize that the atom was made up of more than one fundamental unit. However, most scientists ventured that this unit would be the size of the smallest known atom – hydrogen. By the end of the 19th century, the situation would change drastically.
Lateral view of a sort of a Crookes tube with a standing cross. Credit: Wikimedia Commons/D-Kuru
Thompson's Experiments:
Sir Joseph John Thomson (aka. J.J. Thompson) was an English physicist and the Cavendish Professor of Physics at the University of Cambridge from 1884 onwards. During the 1880s and 1890s, his work largely revolved around developing mathematical models for chemical processes, the transformation of energy in mathematical and theoretical terms, and electromagnetism.
However, by the late 1890s, he began conducting experiments using a cathode ray tube known as the Crookes' Tube. This consists of a sealed glass container with two electrodes that are separated by a vacuum. When voltage is applied across the electrodes, cathode rays are generated (which take the form of a glowing patch of gas that stretches to the far end of the tube).
Through experimentation, Thomson observed that these rays could be deflected by electric and magnetic fields. He concluded that rather than being composed of light, they were made up of negatively charged particles he called "corpuscles". Upon measuring the mass-to-charge ration of these particles, he discovered that they were 1ooo times smaller and 1800 times lighter than hydrogen.
This effectively disproved the notion that the hydrogen atom was the smallest unit of matter, and Thompson went further to suggest that atoms were divisible. To explain the overall charge of the atom, which consisted of both positive and negative charges, Thompson proposed a model whereby the negatively charged corpuscles were distributed in a uniform sea of positive charge.
Problems With the Plum Pudding Model:
Unfortunately, subsequent experiments revealed a number of scientific problems with the model. For starters, there was the problem of demonstrating that the atom possessed a uniform positive background charge, which came to be known as the "Thomson Problem". Five years later, the model would be disproved by Hans Geiger and Ernest Marsden, who conducted a series of experiments using alpha particles and gold foil.
In what would come to be known as the "gold foil experiment", they measured the scattering pattern of the alpha particles with a fluorescent screen. If Thomson's model were correct, the alpha particles would pass through the atomic structure of the foil unimpeded. However, they noted instead that while most shot straight through, some of them were scattered in various directions, with some going back in the direction of the source.
The anticipated results of the Gieger-Marsden experiment (left), and the actual results (right). Credit: Wikimedia Commons/Kurzon
Subsequent experiments by Antonius Van den Broek and Neils Bohr refined the model further. While Van den Broek suggested that the atomic number of an element is very similar to its nuclear charge, the latter proposed a Solar-System-like model of the atom, where a nucleus contains the atomic number of positive charge and is surrounded by an equal number of electrons in orbital shells (aka. the Bohr Model).
Though it would come to be discredited in just five years time, Thomson's "Plum Pudding Model" would prove to be a crucial step in the development of the Standard Model of particle physics. His work in determining that atom's were divisible, as well as the existence of electromagnetic forces within the atom, would also prove to be major influence on the field of quantum physics.
We have written many interesting articles on the subject of atomic theory here at Universe Today. For instance, here is How Many Atoms Are There In The Universe?, John Dalton's Atomic Model, What Are The Parts Of The Atom?, Bohr's Atomic Model,
For more information, be sure to check out Physic's Worlds pages on 100 years of the electron: from discovery to application and Proton and neutron masses calculated from first principles
Astronomy Cast also has some episodes on the subject: Episode 138: Quantum Mechanics, Episode 139: Energy Levels and Spectra, Episode 378: Rutherford and Atoms and Episode 392: The Standard Model – Intro.
Posted on December 15, 2015 April 7, 2016 by Matt Williams
What Are The Parts Of An Atom?
Since the beginning of time, human beings have sought to understand what the universe and everything within it is made up of. And while ancient magi and philosophers conceived of a world composed of four or five elements – earth, air, water, fire (and metal, or consciousness) – by classical antiquity, philosophers began to theorize that all matter was actually made up of tiny, invisible, and indivisible atoms.
Since that time, scientists have engaged in a process of ongoing discovery with the atom, hoping to discover its true nature and makeup. By the 20th century, our understanding became refined to the point that we were able to construct an accurate model of it. And within the past decade, our understanding has advanced even further, to the point that we have come to confirm the existence of almost all of its theorized parts.
Continue reading "What Are The Parts Of An Atom?"
Posted on December 1, 2014 January 20, 2016 by Matt Williams
What Is John Dalton's Atomic Model?
John Dalton, the father of atomic theory, by Charles Turner. Credit: Wikipedia
Atomic theory – that is, the belief that all matter is composed of tiny, indivisible elements – has very deep roots. Initially, the theory appeared in thousands of years ago in Greek and Indian texts as a philosophical idea. However, it was not embraced scientifically until the 19th century, when an evidence-based approach began to reveal what the atomic model looked like.
It was at this time that John Dalton, an English chemist, meteorologist and physicist, began a series of experiments which would culminate in him proposing the theory of atomic compositions – which thereafter would be known as Dalton's Atomic Theory – that would become one of the cornerstones of modern physics and chemistry.
Continue reading "What Is John Dalton's Atomic Model?"


When I'm headed out, I usually don't feel done unless I go for a full face inclusive of foundation, eye shadow, contour – the works. Although I'm sure that stage of my life is here to stay for a while, colored mascara virtually eliminates the need for it offering vibrant hues that make it easy to look full glam without the extra effort.
What's more is that brands from NYX to Christian Louboutin Beauty are making it virtually impossible not to find your perfect color. As a baller on a budget, I tested out NYX Worth the Hype in Blue.
A few swipes later, I had popping eyes that gave off an edgy vibe. Although the medium blue was noticeable, I decided to pump up the color by following up the mascara with NYX Vivid Brights liquid eyeliner in Vivid Sapphire. I ran the liner up and down over my lashes until the bright blue shined through to my liking. Next, I used the liner to create a wing that set the look off.
1. It creates a great color pop on an otherwise neutral face of makeup.
2. You can use it to brighten your eyes or make a statement.
3. There are plenty of options.
You can go loud with pinks and blues or subtle with purples and greens that show up without being too boisterous. You can also tone down bright colors by starting off with your traditional mascara before following up with color.
4. Colored mascara is an eyeliner's best friend.
Don't be afraid to accentuate your colored lashes with eyeliner on the lash line or the eye shadow on the eyelid.
Pro tip: You can create a dope ombre effect by starting with black mascara, followed by color on the tips of your lashes.
5. You can really show off your creativity.
If you're really in the mood to go crazy with it, you can also test your skills at mixing and matching multiple colors.
Kandice Guice is a lifestyle and beauty writer who doubles as an attorney and entrepreneur. She prides herself on helping multidimensional women discover personal and professional fulfillment by encouraging them to live with ambition, sass, and a whole lot of pizzazz. When Kandice isn't closing corporate transactions or writing blog posts, she is usually cheering on her husband as a football coach or looking for new travel adventures with friends and family. Check her out at kandiceguice.com and follow her on all things social @kandiceguice.


Feb 2 Employee Stock Options on the Precipice?
Each article tells a story about employee stock options that are not working as planned or hoped. Every article explains alternative solutions. None, as of yet, announce the death of stock options, but if history is our teacher, the obituary is already written and waiting for a slow news day.
Companies are staying private longer and with more value than ever before.
There are many companies who are private today that would have already had their IPOs years ago if the market worked the way it had for the past 15-20 years. Bigger companies equal more employees. More employees equal higher equity overhang. Higher equity overhang equals issues. This is especially true when there is little or no way to open up more space (typically accomplished at IPO by people exercising options and vesting in IPO trigger-based RSUs). In addition, companies are increasingly using more RSUs and less stock options.
Private company values as a whole are seeing a negative response to "unicorn" valuations.
Big, visible institutional investors have taken material write-downs on some of their "unicorn" investments. Valuations of privately-held companies are often based as much on confidence as they are fundamentals. When big companies are called into question, mid-sized companies are often hardest hit. This is true for both public and private markets.
Equity compensation data is less reliable than it has been in decades.
Survey data, in relation to equity compensation, is sort of all over the place. Virtually none of the data includes the details that are required to truly compare equity from one company, or grant date, to another (stock price history and expectations, terms of awards, etc.). Virtually all of the data is as volatile as the underlying markets. This makes it very hard to know that your company is truly doing the right thing.
Early moves from stock options to RSUs leave little room to maneuver.
15-20 years ago, companies simply repriced stock options to give employees a better deal. 5-10 years ago companies exchanged underwater stock options for full-value RSUs to provide value for their employees. Repricings are basically dead. Replacing bad options with RSUs is a tough sell when a company has already been granting RSUs. Changing option terms has been one new and popular move, but it requires a level of communication achieved by few companies.
The public market has been less than enthusiastic about many IPO companies after the deal is done.
There were no IPOs in January 2016. It's the first time that this has happened in more than 5 years. Companies that have gone public have seen less meteoric rises in their value. Many marquee IPOs over the past 3 years are seeing flat or decreasing stock prices. Limited IPOs means limited liquidity. Flat or declining IPOs means little room to grant new options as burn rates become a concern.
So what should you do? Should you jump into the pool early and take advantage of positive (or negative) press and attention? Should you wait until there are enough others in the pool so no one notices that your body is not really "swim-ready"? Should you stay the course and hope that you can avoid the pool altogether? Is there another philosophy to consider?
There are potential risks and rewards in each of these strategies. Luckily this is an ongoing blog and we can explore some of these alternatives, and others, over the next several weeks (or more). If you have opinions on this issue, please share them in the comments section.
Dan Walter, CECP, CEP is the President and CEO of Performensation. He is passionately committed to aligning pay with company strategy and culture. Dan recently wrote a detailed isse brief on, Performance-Based Equity Compensation. Dan also cowrote "Everything You Do in COMPENSATION IS COMMUNICATION", with Comp Café writers, Ann Bares and Margaret O'Hanlon. And believe it or not, he has co-authored "The Decision Makers Guide to Equity Compensation"and "Equity Alternatives." Connect with Dan on LinkedIn. Or, follow him on Twitter at @Performensation and @SayOnPay.


text:
package com.github.keub.maven.plugin.utils;

import java.io.BufferedInputStream;
import java.io.BufferedOutputStream;
import java.io.File;
import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
import java.io.IOException;

public class FileUtils {

	/**
	 *

	 * copy reader into writer
	 *

	 *
	 * @param reader
	 * @param writer
	 * @throws IOException
	 */
	public static void writeFile(BufferedInputStream reader, BufferedOutputStream writer) throws IOException {
		byte[] buff = new byte[8192];
		int numChars;
		while ((numChars = reader.read(buff, 0, buff.length)) != -1) {
			writer.write(buff, 0, numChars);
		}
	}

	/**
	 *

	 * create target folders file if doesnt exist
	 *

	 *
	 * @param absoluteFile
	 * @throws FileNotFoundException
	 */
	public static void createIntermediateFolders(String absoluteFile) throws FileNotFoundException {
		if (absoluteFile == null) {
			throw new FileNotFoundException("'" + absoluteFile + "' is not valid");
		}
		String filePath = absoluteFile.substring(0, absoluteFile.lastIndexOf(File.separator));
		new File(filePath).mkdirs();
	}

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


In a surprise Valentine's day package from my mom, I received this wonderful "The Glinda Palette" from Urban Decay. This palette is inspired by the Disney movie "Oz the Great and Powerful" and there is also the sister palette which is called "The Theodora Palette". These colors are a variety of matte and shimmery pastels and are perfect for transitioning your makeup from winter to spring. If you were wondering, the shimmery shades have little to no fall out and the colors are very opaque. The liner, which I happen to have already, is fabulous as expected. Since ripping this palette out of its luxurious packaging I have been loving swiping the peachy salmon color at the bottom left over my lid, taking the pink into my inner crease, and blending the charcoal grey onto the outer v of my eye. The combination of these colors is not completely natural, but definitely not too harsh for school or work.


text:
Cruel Intentions 2
87 minutes 2001 HD
After his precocious behavior has gotten him bounced out of one more in a string of exclusive private schools, 16-year old Sebastian Valmont has arrived in New York City to live with his father and stepmother. The cunning and handsome Sebastian may have met his match, however in his equally manipulative and beautiful stepsister Kathryn Merteuil.
Studio: Original Film, Newmarket Capital Group, Columbia TriStar Television
Keyword: manipulation, private school, prequel, stepsister
Cast: Robin Dunne, Sarah Thompson, Keri Lynn Pratt, Amy Adams, Barry Flatman, Mimi Rogers
The Science of Sleep
A man entranced by his dreams and imagination is lovestruck with a French woman and feels he can show her his world.
Police chief Brody must protect the citizens of Amity after a second monstrous shark begins terrorizing the waters.
American Pie Presents: Beta House
Erik, Ryan, and Cooze start college and pledge the Beta House fraternity, presided over by none other than legendary Dwight Stifler. But chaos ensues...
Two co-dependent high school seniors are forced to deal with separation anxiety after their plan to stage a booze-soaked party goes awry.
Love in the Time of Cholera
In Colombia just after the Great War, an old man falls from a ladder; dying, he professes great love for his wife. After the funeral, a man calls on...
Two small children and a ship's cook survive a shipwreck and find safety on an idyllic tropical island. Soon, however, the cook dies and the young...
Johnny Truelove likes to see himself as tough. He's the son of an underworld figure and a drug dealer. Johnny also likes to get tough when things...
The Karate Kid Part II
After discovering that his father is at death's door, Mr. Miyagi sets out to Japan, to see him with Daniel. Upon arriving, Miyagi must confront an...
Dude, Where's My Car?
Two stoners wake up after a night of partying and cannot remember where they parked their car.
Boogie Nights
Set in 1977, back when sex was safe, pleasure was a business and business was booming, idealistic porn producer Jack Horner aspires to elevate his...
Vixen!
Vixen lives in a Canadian mountain resort with her naive pilot husband. While he's away flying in tourists, she gets it on with practically everybody...
The story of Michael Berg, a German lawyer who, as a teenager in the late 1950s, had an affair with an older woman, Hanna, who then disappeared only...
Geeky student Arnie Cunningham falls for Christine, a rusty 1958 Plymouth Fury, and becomes obsessed with restoring the classic automobile to her...
When Bella Swan moves to a small town in the Pacific Northwest, she falls in love with Edward Cullen, a mysterious classmate who reveals himself to...
At a 1962 College, Dean Vernon Wormer is determined to expel the entire Delta Tau Chi Fraternity, but those troublemakers have other plans for him.
Faced with an unplanned pregnancy, an offbeat young woman makes an unusual decision regarding her unborn child.
A recently widowed American begins an anonymous sexual relationship with a young Parisian woman.
Notes on a Scandal
A veteran high school teacher befriends a younger art teacher, who is having an affair with one of her 15-year-old students. However, her intentions...
After the defeat of their old arch nemesis, The Shredder, the Turtles have grown apart as a family. Struggling to keep them together, their rat...
When Isabelle and Theo invite Matthew to stay with them, what begins as a casual friendship ripens into a sensual voyage of discovery and desire in...


text:
Place for Any Widget You Will Need
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Nunc pharetra gravida metus sed imperdiet.
standard-title Taj Pharma Group A dream for new world Anchored in India and committed to its traditional values of leadership with trust, the Taj Pharma Group is spreading its footprint globally through excellence and innovation.
A dream for new world Anchored in India and committed to its traditional values of leadership with trust, the Taj Pharma Group is spreading its footprint globally through excellence and innovation.
You are here: Home » About us » Taj Pharma Group
Each operating company in the group develops its international business as an integral element in an overall strategy, depending on the competitive dynamics of the industry in which it operates. For some businesses a focus on the export market remains the priority. For others it is developing a robust presence in domestic markets given growing population of India. And then there are Group companies, a small but growing number, that have global ambitions; additionally, synchronizing these ventures to cater Indian market remains a priority for growth.
Exports from India remain the cornerstone of the Taj Pharma Group's international business, but different Taj companies are increasingly investing in assets overseas through Greenfield projects (such as in Spain, Germany, Middle East, Africa, Russia, and CIS Countries), joint ventures (in Sri Lanka, UK) and acquisitions.
While individual Taj companies have differing geographical imperatives, the Taj group is focusing on a clutch of priority countries, which are expected to be of strategic importance in the years ahead. The regions are UK, Sri Lanka, the Netherlands, Germany, South Africa, members of the Gulf Cooperation Council, Brazil, Vietnam, Thailand and Taiwan.
Dr. R.K.Singh, Chairman, Taj Pharmaceuticals Limited., sums up the Taj group's efforts to internationalize its operations thus: "We hope that a several years from now we will spread our wings far beyond India, that we become a global group, operating in many countries, an Indian business conglomerate that is at home in the world, carrying the same sense of trust that we do today." We have already progressed on such efforts by our current presence in more than 40 countries.
Anti Cancer Products (Taj Oncology)
Taj Anti Cancer Division is leading manufacturer of generic oncology products and biosimilars. Through its broad portfolio of products in Taj Pharma basket, dedicated oncology subsidiary is most innovative integrated portfolio with focus on affordability of quality products to treat cancer and help patients to see a ray of hope, we constantly strive to make high quality oncology products that offer treatment to cancer patients and improve the overall quality of life by reducing healthcare costs.


text:
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Nearly 90 percent of older drivers do not make inexpensive adaptations to their vehicles that can improve safety and extend their time behind the wheel, according to new research from the AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety. Common vehicle adaptations like pedal extensions, seat cushions and steering wheel covers can help to improve safety by reducing a senior driver's crash risk. Seniors aged 65 and over are more than twice as likely as younger drivers to be killed when involved in a crash. AAA urges seniors to consider making the necessary adaptations to their vehicles in order to reduce crash risk and extend the time they can continue to drive.
The research brief, In-Vehicle Technologies, Vehicle Adaptations, and Older Drivers: Use, Learning, and Perceptions is the first phase in the AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety's groundbreaking Longitudinal Research on Aging Drivers (LongROAD) project. Researchers are currently engaged in generating the largest and most comprehensive senior driver database in existence. This critical information will support in-depth research to better understand the risks and transportation needs of our aging population.
Choosing the right features and working with a trained technician is imperative to safety behind the wheel. Of those drivers who have a device, almost 90 percent reported that they did not work with a trained professional to install the modification, a key recommendation by both the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) and the American Occupational Therapy Association (AOTA). AAA urges drivers to consult with a trained technician to guide them in making adjustments to their vehicle.
"Driving represents freedom and independence. As drivers age, they experience changes that can impact their physical, visual and cognitive functioning, sometimes significantly," says Susie Kelley, Certified Driving Instructor, Driver Rehabilitation Specialist at New England Rehabilitation Hospital of Portland. "An occupational therapist, specializing in driver rehabilitation, can be a worthwhile resource in working with the older driver to modify driving habits, recommend compensatory strategies and adaptive equipment needs, and assist with accessing the community. The occupational therapist and the older driver work together toward achieving independence, maintaining quality of life and 'keeping the keys' for as long as it is safely possible."
Vehicle adaptions also benefit seniors' mental health by extending their time on the road. Previous research from the AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety shows that seniors who have stopped driving are almost two times more likely to suffer from depression and nearly five times more likely to enter a long-term care facility than those who remain behind the wheel.
In the LongROAD study, more than 70 percent of senior drivers had experienced health conditions that impact muscles and bones such as arthritis, hip/knee replacement and joint pains. Some seniors in the study reduced their driving due to these conditions. The installation of certain devices like steering wheel covers can help lessen the impact of arthritis while larger mirrors and assistive devices on seats can help with limited neck mobility.
AAA is promoting the report in partnership with the American Occupational Therapy Association (AOTA) to support Older Driver Safety Awareness Week. AAA and AOTA worked in collaboration with the American Society on Aging and AARP to develop CarFit to help senior drivers better utilize the features and technologies in their vehicles. The community-based program allows trained professionals to conduct a quick, yet comprehensive 12-point check of a senior's personal vehicle and make recommendations for needed adjustments or adaptations. Older drivers can sign up for an event online. AAA also offers the Smart Features for Older Drivers tool, which can help senior drivers identify in-expensive devices and vehicle features that optimize their comfort and safety.
About LongROAD: Recognizing that lifestyle changes, along with innovative technologies and medical advancements will have a significant impact on the driving experiences of the baby boomer generation, the AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety has launched a ground-breaking, multi-year research program to more fully understand the driving patterns and trends of older drivers in the United States. The LongROAD (Longitudinal Research on Aging Drivers) study is the largest and most comprehensive senior driver database on senior drivers incorporating 2,990 participants. It will support in-depth studies of senior driving and mobility to better understand risks and develop effective countermeasures.