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Q: How to file a bug against the deb file format? I want to file a bug report against the deb file format that Debian and Ubuntu use as an install file format. How can I do that? Where do I file the report?

A: You need to submit a Debian Enhancement Proposal, to propose said enhancement to dpkg. For example, the autopkgtests support is via DEP-8.


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Kettlewell village field sysyem, out barns and dry stone walls, in Wharfedale, The Yorkshire Dales, Yorkshire, England, United Kingdom, Europe
Con derechos protegidos
Artista: robertharding
* Precio final basado en el uso, no en el tamaño del archivo.
arquitectura tradicional
británico (lugares y cosas)
establo
europeo (lugares y cosas)
inglés (lugares y cosas)
Rolling countryside of barley fields and farm and barn at Burdale near Fridaythorpe, Yorkshire Wolds, East Yorkshire, Yorkshire, England, United Kingdom, Europe
Dry stone walls and fields at Wharfedale from the Dales Way Footpath near Grassington, Wharfedale, Yorkshire Dales, North Yorkshire, Yorkshire, England, United Kingdom, Europe
Path leading through traditional hay meadows, Muker, Swaledale, Yorkshire Dales, North Yorkshire, England, United Kingdom, Europe
Buttercup meadows near Muker, Swaledale, Yorkshire Dales, North Yorkshire, England, United Kingdom, Europe
Oilseed rape fields and lone tree shortly after sunrise in spring near West Bretton, Wakefield, West Yorkshire, Yorkshire, England, United Kingdom, Europe
A stone barn near to Littondale in the Yorkshire Dales, Yorkshire, England, United Kingdom, Europe
Sunrise at Cloudside triangulation pillar with Heather, near Congleton, Cheshire, England, United Kingdom, Europe
Sunset over Goat Scar Lane, Stainforth, North Yorkshire, England, United Kingdom, Europe
Abandoned millstone below Stanage Edge, Peak District National Park, Derbyshire, England, United Kingdom, Europe
Sunlit fields, hillside and autumn colour close to Grassington, Wharfedale, Yorkshire Dales National Park, North Yorkshire, Yorkshire, England, United Kingdom, Europe
Honister Pass, Lake District National Park, Cumbria, England, United Kingdom, Europe
Overview of farmland and countryside, Chipping Campden, Gloucestershire, The Cotswolds, England, United Kingdom
Blockley, Cotswolds, Gloucestershire, England, United Kingdom, Europe
Oak tree set amongst a field of Rapeseed, Congleton, Cheshire, England, United Kingdom, Europe
Scale Haw Force Waterfall at Hebden near Grassington, Wharfedale, Yorkshire Dales National Park, North Yorkshire, Yorkshire, England, United Kingdom, Europe
View to Ingleborough Hill from Twisleton Scar at sunrise in winter, Ingleton, Yorkshire Dales National Park, North Yorkshire, Yorkshire, England, United Kingdom, Europe

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Of course, everything went well and the Inspector raved about my cleanliness and organization. It sure feels good to have it done.
Babies are doing great and growing every day. I love seeing the mamas dote on their babies….always warms my heart.


More and more new breweries are opening every day. And for each one that opens there is another doom-and-gloom prediction about the craft beer industry. Are there too many breweries? Are the consumers who prefer more flavorful beer suddenly going away? Is the bubble about to burst?


text:
Democrat Andy Beshear declares victory in tight Kentucky governor's race
Updated on: November 6, 2019 / 3:08 PM / CBS News
Andy Beshear addresses supporters in Kentucky
Democrat Andy Beshear addresses supporters as he holds narrow lead in Kentucky governor race 18:34
Returns showed Democrat Andy Beshear leading in Kentucky's tight governor's election against incumbent Governor Matt Bevin late Tuesday, a race watched closely by the White House and the Trump campaign. The president and vice president each campaigned with Bevin in in the closing days of the campaign to give him a boost.
While Beshear declared victory over Bevin, the governor told supporters he wasn't conceding. On Wednesday afternoon, his campaign announced they're requesting a formal recanvass, which is different from a recount.
"The people of Kentucky deserve a fair and honest election. With reports of irregularities, we are exercising the right to ensure that every lawful vote was counted," Bevin campaign manager Davis Paine said in a statement.
With 100% of precincts reporting, Beshear had a lead of 5,333 votes out of more than 1.4 million counted Tuesday night, or a margin of nearly 0.4 percentage points, The Associated Press reported.
"Tonight, voters in Kentucky sent a message loud and clear for everyone to hear," Beshear, currently the state's attorney general, told supporters in Louisville. "It's a message that says our elections don't have to be about right versus left — they are still about right versus wrong."
"I haven't had an opportunity yet to speak to Governor Bevin," Beshear added. "But my expectation is that he will honor the election that was held tonight."
Andy Beshear celebrates with supporters after voting results showed the Democrat holding a slim lead over Republican Governor Matt Bevin at C2 Event Venue on Tuesday, November 5, 2019, in Louisville, Kentucky. Getty
But at his own event, Bevin said, "We are not conceding this race by any stretch, not a chance."
"Understand this though, we want the process to be followed and there is a process," he said. "We know for a fact that there have been more than a few irregularities, they are very well corroborated and that's alright. What they are exactly, how many, which ones and what effect if any they'll have, will be determined according to law, that's well established."
Bevin had tried to capitalize on Mr. Trump's popularity in the state. The president warned voters on Monday that the race could be seen as a bellwether were Beshear to win, telling rally-goers that a Bevin loss would send "a really bad message."
"If you lose, they're going to say, 'Trump suffered the greatest defeat in the history of the world,'" Mr. Trump said at the rally. "'This was the greatest.' You can't let that happen to me!"
Vice President Pence also campaigned with Bevin across the southern portion of the state the weekend before Election Day.
Down ballot, other Republicans performed well. That includes Daniel Cameron, who was elected as the state's attorney general, and Allison Ball, who became the first Republican and first woman to be re-elected as the state's treasurer.
Mr. Trump's 2020 campaign manager, Brad Parscale, championed the down-ballot victories Tuesday night. "President Trump's rally helped five of six Kentucky Republicans win clear statewide victories, including Attorney General-elect Daniel Cameron, who will be the first black A.G. in Kentucky history and the first Republican to hold the office since 1948," Parscale said in a statement.
"The President just about dragged Gov. Matt Bevin across the finish line, helping him run stronger than expected in what turned into a very close race at the end," the statement added. "A final outcome remains to be seen."
Mr. Trump also weighed in on Twitter, writing, "Won 5 out of 6 elections in Kentucky, including 5 great candidates that I spoke for and introduced last night @MattBevin picked up at least 15 points in last days, but perhaps not enough (Fake News will blame Trump!). Winning in Mississippi Governor race!"
In his post-election remarks, Bevin also brought up his GOP primary victory in 2015, which he won by only 83 votes.
"The process will be followed and in the end we will have the governor that was chosen by the people of Kentucky. ... I haven't had that many races here but I've had some cliffhangers. This is another one. This is another cliffhanger and let's see what happens."
Andy Beshear tells supporters as he leads in the race for Kentucky governor: "With all the partisan bickering and nastiness that we're seeing in politics, we have an opportunity to do better right here in Kentucky" https://t.co/UiJxiqqCRg pic.twitter.com/LBLYN4eckB
— CBS News (@CBSNews) November 6, 2019
The vote came after a contentious race. In the last months of the campaign, Bevin leaned heavily on social issues, including abortion and gun rights, while also touting the state's strong economy. He also stuck close to President Trump, who won the state by 30 points in 2016 and held a rally in Lexington on Monday in hopes of helping Bevin across the finish line.
Kentucky's Secretary of State office said turnout overall was close to 36 to 37%, higher than their projected 31%.
In recent years, Bevin struggled to gain the affection of voters and had approval ratings far below those of the president in the state.
Kentucky has a history of electing Democratic governors, even as it regularly sends Republicans to Washington. In 2007, Kentuckians elected Andy Beshear's father, Steve Beshear, who won again in 2011.
Kentucky law prevented governors from running for re-election until 1992. Since then, no Republican has been elected to a second term, despite the fact that the state is dominated by Republicans in its federal offices and hasn't voted for a Democratic presidential candidate since 1996.
In 2015, Bevin beat his Democratic opponent in a surprise landslide, with voters decisively breaking his way in the week before Election Day. It was something of a comeback win for Bevin, a millionaire businessman who had never held elected office but who had tried to beat Senator Mitch McConnell in the 2014 Republican primary. McConnell won that race by nearly 40 points.
But this time, Bevin had to deal with sky-high disapproval ratings. He was the most unpopular governor in the nation for the most of the summer, according to Morning Consult, and had multiple spats with teachers over their pension fund.
National Democrats encouraged Beshear, the state's attorney general, to take on Bevin by building off the support of teachers and state workers. According to Robert Goe, a former Republican candidate for state representative, Beshear's strength among public sector workers helped keep Beshear competitive.
Beshear thanked the educators that supported him on Tuesday night. "To our educators, your courage to stand up and fight up against all the bullying and name calling helped galvanize our entire state," he said.
Bevin fought back by appealing to Kentucky's conservative values. "Every candidate on this side, pro-life, pro-Second Amendment, pro-president, pro-America, pro-working class individual. On the other side, the same is just not true," Bevin said a Saturday event in Clark County. "Vote your values and not your party."
Beshear, meanwhile, said repeatedly that he supports abortion rights and accused Bevin of opposing the procedure even in cases of rape or incest.
But Democrats in Kentucky mostly framed Tuesday's vote as a referendum on Bevin and focused on local issues such as education and health care. At the recent Carl D. Perkins Memorial Breakfast in Pike County, in the heart of the state's coal country, Beshear said the state cannot "survive another four years of Matt Bevin."
"You all know what's on the line. The future of education because it doesn't survive another four years under Matt Bevin. The future of rural health care because it doesn't survive another four years under Matt Bevin. We've got a governor that brags about prosperity, but do you see it right here?"
Transcript: House Speaker Kevin McCarthy on "Face the Nation"
Andy Beshear
First published on November 5, 2019 / 10:59 PM


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Cellular automaton
(Redirected from Life-like cellular automata)
Cellular automata (CA) are a certain class of mathematical objects of which Conway's Game of Life is an example.
Informally, a cellular automaton consists of:
A space of cells.
A set of allowed states for each cell. An assignment of an state to every cell is called a "configuration" or "pattern" (the first term is more common in mathematical discussion and the later in informal discussions).
A neighbourhood which defines which cells are considered to pass information to a given cell.
A transition rule which specifies how given a cell and the states of its neighbours, a new state is produced.
The state of the cellular automaton evolves in discrete time, with the state of each cell at time t+1 being determined by the state of its neighbourhood at time t in accordance with the transition rule.
There are some variations on the above definition. It is common to require that there be a quiescent state (i.e., a state such that if the whole universe is in that state at generation 0 then it will remain so in generation 1). In Conway's Game of Life, the "OFF" state is quiescent, but the "ON" state is not. Other variations allow spaces other than ℤn, neighbourhoods that vary over space and/or time, probabilistic or other non-deterministic transition rules, and so on.
One approach of the study of cellular automata focus on properties that are common to all or many (most often infinitely many) cellular automata, without regard to specific examples. Another approach studies a single or a small finite set of cellular automata for which an explicit description is given.
1 Formal definition
2 Common dimensions and neighborhoods
3 Generalizations and topological characterization
3.1 Block cellular automata
4 Self-replicating configurations
4.1 Formal definition
5 Life-like cellular automata
5.1 Rules
5.2 Generalizations
5.3 Well-known life-like cellular automata
6.1 Books and articles
Formal definition
Let us denote the set of integers by ℤ and the length of any tuple x by |x|. For any tuples of integers x and y such that |x|=|y| we denote their element-wise addition by x+y.
A cellular automaton is a tuple (ℤn,S,N,f) such that the dimension n is at least 1, the set of states S is finite, the neighbourhood N is a tuple of elements of ℤn and f:S|N|→S is the transition function.
A configuration of the cellular automaton (ℤn,S,N,f) is any function ℤn→S.
The global transition function F of the cellular automaton (ℤn,S,N,f) is a function from configurations to configurations F:(ℤn→S)→(ℤn→S) such that for any configuration c and element a∈ℤn we have F(c)(a)=f(a+N).
Let c be a configuration. When the cellular automata is clear from the context, then by cn where n is a non-negative integer we denote the configuration Fn(c) where F is the corresponding global transition function.
Let c and c′ be configurations, then we say that c′ is a translation of c if there exist an a∈ℤn such that for any x∈ℤn it holds that c′(a+x)=c(x). We say that the translation is proper if the condition holds for some n-tuple whose elements are not all 0.
For any configuration c, if there exists a n≥1 such that cn = c we call c an oscillator. If c is an oscillator and n is the least positive integer such that cn = c then we call n the period of c. If c is an oscillator with period 1 then we call c a still life. If c is an oscillator and is not a still life we call c a proper oscillator.
A glider is a configuration c such that cn is a proper translation of c for some n>0.
Our definition of cellular automaton is a simple derivative of the one given in Codd (1968). The only difference in scope is that Codd only allows grids of dimension 2 and requires the presence of a quiescent state, that is, a state v0 such that f(v0,...,v0)=v0. Moreover, Codd only allows configurations in which finitely many cells are non-quiescent, while our definition of configuration allows any assignment of states to cells.
Common dimensions and neighborhoods
In the approach that studies a small set of automata which are explicitly described the most common space is by far ℤ2. This space can be easily represented in a computer screen or in print, is easy to manipulate, and geometric intuition is applicable. Some explicitly described cellular automata on ℤ1 and ℤ3 have also been studied. A disadvantage of ℤ1 is that information transfer requires many path crossings. In ℤ3 path crossings can be entirely avoided, but is harder to represent than ℤ1 and ℤ2. The most common neighbourhoods of CA in ℤ2 are shown below.
The von Neumann neighbourhood.
The hexagonal neighbourhood.
The Moore neighbourhood.
Representation of the hexagonal neighbourhood on the square tessellation.
For each dimension n≥1 and radius r≥0 we define the corresponding neighbourhoods:
The generalized von Neumann neighbourhood is the set {x∈ℤn|(MAX0≤i≤n-1|xi|)<r}.
The generalized Moore neighbourhood is the set {x∈ℤn|(Σ0≤i≤n-1|xi|)<r}.
The Euclidean neighbourhood is the set {x∈ℤn|(√Σ0≤i≤n-1xi2)<r}.
See Gallery of neighbourhoods illustrations of some instances in ℤ2.
The third proper regular tiling of two-dimensional space, the triangular tiling,[1] has been investigated; it can be simulated on the square grid using 4 states that divide each cell into two right triangles.[2] It can be divided into two major neighbourhoods, the triangular Moore neighbourhood and triangular von Neumann neighbourhood.
Three-dimensional rules use the cubic honeycomb, which gives rise to many potential neighbourhoods, such as the cubic Moore and cubic Von Neumann neighbourhoods, among others.
Four-dimensional rules most commonly use the tesseractic honeycomb (with a tesseractic Moore and tesseractic von Neumann neighbourhood). While four-dimensional space also admits the 16-cell honeycomb and 24-cell honeycomb, these do not seem to have been used as of yet.
Irregular tesselations, such as the Cairo pentagonal tesselation, have been investigated.
Generalizations and topological characterization
Our definition is enough to describe most of the cellular automata in which explicitly described configurations are studied. In particular it handles as expected the elementary cellular automata, CA on the Euclidean square tessellation (including all life-like CA and all non-totalistic life-like CA) and the Euclidean hexagonal tessellation. Furthermore, CA on the Euclidean triangular tessellation can be handled when proper care is taken. However, there exist objects which are cellular automata according to our informal description, but can not be defined as such in our formal definition. An example is cellular automata in hyperbolic tessellations (Margenstern, 2013). A very general definition of cellular automata is given in Moriceau (2011) and a further generalization is given in Wacker (2016). Interestingly, Wacker's definition uses amenable groups. Both amenable groups and cellular automata were introduced by the same man: John von Neumann.
A remarkable result, the Curtis-Hedlund-Lyndon-Richardson (CHLR) theorem, relates cellular automata theory with topology and dynamical system theory. An informal statement is given as follows: Let the set of states be given the discrete topology and the configuration space be given the Tikhonov topology; then the global transition functions of the cellular automata over the configuration space are exactly those functions which are continuous and commute with the translations of the cellular space. In particular, the CHLR theorem holds for our definition of CA. Informally we state that the CHLR theorem holds for definitions of CA where the set of states is required to be finite, but if the set of states is allowed to be infinite, the set of allowable neighborhoods must be expanded or a further constraint must be imposed on continuous functions so that an analogous result holds (Ceccherini-Silberstein 2010; Sobottka 2015). Generally when a novel definition of cellular automaton is presented a corresponding version of the CHLR theorem is proved in the same treatise.
The CHLR theorem was demonstrated independently by Hedlund (1969) (in this paper credit is given to Curtis and Lyndon in addition to the author) and Richardson (1972). Neither of these papers use the term "cellular automaton". Nonetheless the systems they study are, respectively, 2-dimensional deterministic cellular automata and n-dimensional non-deterministic cellular automata.
Block cellular automata
In the above definitions of cellular automata, the transition function takes the state of a set of possibly many cells and gives the next state for a single cell. Block cellular automata (BCA) use an alternative approach. In a BCA each configuration is augmented with a partition of the sets of cells into subsets of of finite size. Call this partition p(c) for any configuration c. The local transition function takes the state of all the cells in an element of p(c) and generates a new state for all those cells, instead of only for a single cell. The partitioning of a configuration c needs not be the same as c1. If that was the case, the state of one cell could never affect the state of any cell outside its partition. However, the partitioning must be independent of the states of cells. In the context of BCA the partitioning scheme is called the neighborhood.
The motivation to study block cellular is the ease with which reversible global transition functions can be generated. The local transition rule of a BCA is injective if and only if it is bijective. Any bijective local transition function generates a bijective global transition function. All block cellular automata can be transformed into equivalent classical cellular automata at the expense of adding more states or expanding the neighborhood.
The most commonly studied partition is the Margolous neighborhood. This partitioning scheme is defined for ℤ2. The partition is a grid of blocks of cells of size 2×2. The blocks are shifted one cell vertically and horizontally after each time step; therefore the partition repeats with period 2. In other words, given a configuration c, the cell space is partitioned along the green-blue lines to compute cn+1 from cn for even n and along the red lines to compute cn+1 from cn for odd n.
The Margolous neighbourhood.
The neighborhood of a single cell effectively switches as shown every time step.
Self-replicating configurations
Informally, a configuration that creates a copy of itself after some number of generations is called a replicator.
John von Neumann investigated the possibility of building a self-replicating machine. He originally considered a mechanical approach, but decided that this was too hard to control. With the help of Stanislaw Ulam, he designed a new mathematical abstraction, the cellular automaton, in order to create a replicator. His CA was made in the late 1940s and is complex. It operates on the Von Neumann neighbourhood (a cell and its four orthogonally connected neighbours), and has 29 states. It is described in von Neumann, Burks (1966).
Subsequent to the von Neumann's cellular automaton new cellular automata have been produced capable of self-replication and universal computation with fewer states and using the same (von Neumann) neighborhood. Results include Codd (1968) with 8 states, Banks (1971) with 4 states and Serizawa (1987) with 3 states. As of 2017, Serizawa's CA appears to be the simplest (in terms of neighborhood size×number of states) cellular automaton known to have a non-trivial replicator.
Langton (1984) constructed a cellular automaton and a replicator. His cellular automaton is a simplification of Codd's. However, Langton's CA was not intended to support universal computation. The simplicity of the configuration is possible because of a novel method of self-replication. The replicator consists of a loop with circulating cell states that encode instructions to construct a new arm, then turn 90° and repeat until a new loop is formed. The new loop is then filled with the same circulating information and the connection between it and the loop that generated it is severed. The parent loop continues to build copies until no more space is available, then it becomes a still life.
Nehaniv (2002) presented a method that allows the transformation of conventional (synchronous) cellular automata to an equivalent asynchronous cellular automata (a case not covered by our definition above). In the same paper, a self-reproducing configuration is presented which is based on the described procedure applied to Langton's CA.
Conway's Game of Life is known to be universal, with 2 states and the Moore neighbourhood. Conway did not design Life for this purpose, unlike von Neumann's, Codd's, Banks' and Serizawa's rules, but he did deliberately choose a set of rules known to exhibit sufficiently complex behavior that self-replication was likely to be possible. In other words, when the rules of Life were first chosen, it was not a foregone conclusion that replicators would be constructible -- but it can't be said that the existence of replicators in the rule is purely coincidental.
The Spartan universal computer-constructor could replicate, given a sufficient program tape. The Gemini spaceship constructs a complete copy of its own circuitry, but is not considered to be a replicator because its instruction tape is never duplicated. Between 2010 and 2017 much more efficient construction mechanisms have been developed that can be used for self-replication, but to date only a limited one-dimensional example has actually been completed (the linear propagator).
There are several possible non-equivalent definitions of self-replicators. Moore (1962) proposed a simple definition which does not attempt to exclude trivial cases (although Moore wrote "self-reproduction", we assume that it synonymous with "self-replication"). However, his definitions of self-replicator is limited to the same cellular automata and configurations allowed by the definition of Codd (1968). Our definition is a slight generalization of Moore's definition to cover all the configurations allowed by our definition.
Not all of the self-replicators mentioned above meet our formal definition. Langton's self-replicating loop and the classical HighLife replicator meet our definition. Typically, a configuration does not meet our definition if each copy generates only one "child" copy of itself, and does not return to its initial state after finishing construction of the child copy.
A slight complication not covered below is the case of a high-period replicator pattern that creates its child copies in a different phase from the parent. For example, a replicator may contain oscillating components such as a moving "tape" of gliders for information storage. Parent and child copies of the configuration may not match exactly at any given time -- but a future state of the child copy will precisely match the current state of the parent copy, and vice versa.
It seems reasonable to consider such parent/child pairs to be valid copies of each other for the purposes of the definitions below, even if they are not phase-matched. In most cases it can be shown that after a sufficient number of replication cycles have passed, an arbitrarily large number of phase-matched descendants of a parent pattern will inevitably be present.
Definition: Let (ℤn,S,N,f) be a cellular automaton. Let c be a configuration such that for some s∈S the set X={a∈ℤn|c(a)≠s} is finite. We say that c is a finite configuration, s is a background state of c and X is a support of c.
Theorem: Let c be a finite configuration, then there is a unique background state and support of c.
Let v and v′ be background states of c. Let X be the set of all cells a such that c(a)≠v and respectively for X′ and v′. The set ℤn\(X∪X′) is non-empty because ℤn is infinite and X∪X′ is finite. Let x∈ℤn\(X∪X′). By the properties of set union and complement we have x∈ℤn\X and x∈ℤn\X′; by definition of X and X′ we have x=v and x=v′; therefore v=v′. Again from the definition of X and X′ it follows that X=X′.
Definition: Let c be a finite configuration. We write bg(c) for the background state of c and we write su(c) for the support of c.
Definition: Let c and c′ be finite configurations such that bg(c)=bg(c′). If su(c)∩su(c′)=∅ we say that c is disjoint from c′. If su(c)⊂su(c′) and for all a∈su(c) we have c(a)=c′(a) then we say that c′ contains c.
Definition: Let c and c′ be configurations. We say that c′ contains at least n copies if c if there exist a set X of pairwise disjoint translations of c and for each x∈X, c contains x.
Definition: A configuration c is called a self-replicator if for any n≥1 there exist a t≥0 such that ct contains at least n disjoint copies of c.
Definition: Let c and c be a configuration. Let n≥0 be an integer. If c′ contains at least n copies of c and for any integer k>n it is not the case that c′ contains at least k copies of c then we say that c′ contains exactly n copies of c.
Life-like cellular automata
Also see: Totalistic Life-like cellular automaton
A cellular automaton is said to be Life-like if it meets the following four criteria:
It has two dimensions (i.e., n=2).
It has two states, usually called OFF and ON (i.e., |S|=2).
The neighbourhood used is the Moore neighbourhood.
The new state of a cell in the next generation can be expressed as a function of the number of cells in its neighbourhood that are in the ON state and the cell's own state; that is, the rule is outer totalistic (also called semitotalistic).
This class of cellular automata is named for Conway's Game of Life, the most famous cellular automaton, which Life-like cellular automata mimic. Many different terms are used to describe this class of cellular automata; it is also common to refer to it as the "Life family" or to simply use phrases like "similar to Life".
Rules are typically expressed as rulestrings in B/S notation, with two lists of numbers giving the live neighbour counts that cause a dead cell to be born or a live cell to survive, respectively; Conway's Game of Life has the rulestring B3/S23.
There are 262144 (= 218) distinct Life-like rules. Each rule has a complementary rule which behaves identically under on-off reversal; namely the rule in which birth occurs on all N except those for which 8-N is a survival condition in the original rule, and survival occurs on all N except those for which 8-N is a birth condition in the original rule. For example, the rule complementary to Conway's Life is 01234678/0123478. This however does not quite halve the number of effectively distinct rules, as there are 512 (= 29) self-complementary rules which are unaffected by on-off reversal.
Some straightforward inferences on the behavior of different kinds of rules can be made:
In all rules where the lowest birth condition is 1 neighboring ON cell, all finite patterns grow at the speed of light in all directions. No still lifes, oscillators or spaceships are possible in these rules. Several have replicators, however. There are 65536 (= 216) rules of the B1 type.
All rules where the lowest birth condition is 2 neighboring ON cells are exploding or expanding in character; this is largely due to the fact that a domino at the corner of a pattern will give rise to a new domino, also located at the corner of the daughter pattern. Spaceships (such as the moon) and oscillators (such as the duoplet) do exist in many of these rules. There are 32768 (= 215) rules of the B2 type.
All rules where the lowest birth condition (if any) is 4 or more neighboring ON cells are stable in character, since no patterns ever grow beyond their initial bounding box. In particular, no spaceships can exist. There are 16384 (= 214) rules of the B4+ type.
In all rules where the lowest birth condition is 0 neighboring ON cells, and the highest survival condition is 8 neighboring ON cells, the vacuum is unstable and will be immediately filled (and remain filled) with ON cells; thus, there are no patterns that remain finite. All of these rules have distinct complementary rules, and they are not commonly studied on their own.
This leaves 16384 rules in which the lowest birth condition is 3 neighboring ON cells, as well as 65536 rules in which the lowest birth condition is 0 neighboring cells, and 8 neighbors is not a survival condition. All chaotic rules must fall in either of these two areas of the rulespace. Most well-studied examples fall in the first one, since for long no commonly available software existed that could simulate the evolution of rules containing B0.
Generalizations
Main articles: Non-totalistic Life-like cellular automaton, Non-isotropic Life-like cellular automaton, Generations, Larger than Life
Various generalizations of Life-like cellular automata are possible. In non-totalistic (but isotropic) rules, the transition function considers not just the number of cells in a given cell's neighborhood but also their relative alignment; for example, a cell might be born if bordered by three live cells in a row, but not by three live cells in other configurations. Non-totalistic rules are described using Hensel notation, an extension of B/S notation additionally describing allowed or forbidden configurations.
In non-isotropic rules, the transition function additionally considers the absolute placement of a given cell's neighborhood; for example, a cell might be born if it is bordered by two live neighbors on the north and northeast, but not if it is bordered by two live neighbors on the south and southwest. Non-isotropic rules are described using MAP strings, a notation unrelated to B/S notation.
In Generations rules, additional states are introduced, and cells that do not survive into the next generation instead progress through the subsequent states before dying. Cells in these additional states do not count as live neighbors for the purpose of evolution.
In Larger than Life rules, the size of a cell's neighborhood is extended to include cells with a distance greater than one. As in Generations rules, non-surviving cells may decay through additional states instead of dying outright.
Well-known life-like cellular automata
Main article: List of Life-like cellular automata
The following table lists life-like cellular automata that are particularly well-known or well-studied.
Rulestring
B1357/S1357 Replicator A rule in which every pattern is a replicator.
B1357/S02468 Fredkin A rule in which, like Replicator, every pattern is a replicator.
B2/S Seeds An exploding rule in which every cell dies in every generation. It has many simple orthogonal spaceships, though it is in general difficult to create patterns that don't explode.
B2/S0 Live Free or Die An exploding rule in which only cells with no neighbors survive. It has many spaceships, puffers, and oscillators, some of infinitely extensible size and period.
B3/S012345678 Life without death An expanding rule that produces complex flakes. It also has important ladder patterns.
B3/S12 Flock A rule which rapidly decays into small still lifes and oscillators.
B3/S1234 Mazectric An expanding rule that crystalizes to form maze-like designs that tend to be straighter (ie. have longer "halls") than the standard maze rule.
B3/S12345 Maze An expanding rule that crystalizes to form maze-like designs.
B3/S23 Conway's Life A chaotic rule that is by far the most well-known and well-studied. It exhibits highly complex behavior.
B36/S125 2x2 A chaotic rule with many simple still lifes, oscillators and spaceships. Its name comes from the fact that it sends patterns made up of 2x2 blocks to patterns made up of 2x2 blocks.
B36/S23 HighLife A chaotic rule very similar to Conway's Life that is of interest because it has a simple replicator.
B368/S245 Move A rule in which random patterns tend to stabilize extremely quickly. Has a very common slow-moving spaceship and slow-moving puffer.
B3678/34678 Day & Night A stable rule that is symmetric under on-off reversal. Many patterns exhibiting highly complex behavior have been found for it.
B37/S23 DryLife An explosive rule that resembles the regular Game of Life, but the weighted spaceships do not function, and there exists 9c/28 orthogonal technology.
B38/S23 Pedestrian Life A chaotic rule that strongly resembles regular Life, with many exciting natural technologies.
↑ Brian Prentice. Re: Thread for basic questions (discussion thread) at the ConwayLife.com forums
↑ Tim Hutton (June 28, 2015). "The Rules". Golly Rule Table Repository. Retrieved on August 30, 2017.
Banks, E. R. (1971) Information processing and transmission in cellular automata.
Ceccherini-Silberstein, T.; Coornaert, M. (2010) Cellular Automata and Groups. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-14034-1. ISBN: 978-3-642-14033-4, 978-3-642-14034-1.
Codd, E. F. (1968) Cellular Automata. No ISBN. WorldCat OCLC number: 637978742.
Hedlund, G. A. (1969) Endomorphisms and Automorphisms of the Shift Dynamical System. DOI: 10.1007/BF01691062.
Langton, C. G. (1984) Self-reproduction in cellular automata. DOI: 10.1016/0167-2789(84)90256-2.
Margenstern, M. (2013) Small Universal Cellular Automata in Hyperbolic Spaces: A Collection of Jewels.
Moore, E. F. (1962) Machine models of self-reproduction in Mathematical Problems in the Biological Sciences. DOI: 10.1090/psapm/014/9961.
Moriceau, S. (2011) Cellular automata on a G-set. arXiv: 1105.5335 [math.DS].
Nehaniv, C. E. (2002) Self-Reproduction in Asynchronous Cellular Automata in Proceedings 2002 NASA/DoD Conference on Evolvable Hardware. DOI: 10.1109/eh.2002.1029854.
Richardson, D. (1972) Tessellation with Local Transformations. DOI: 10.1016/S0022-0000(72)80009-6.
Serizawa, T. (1987) Three-State Neighbor Cellular Automata Capable of Constructing Self-Reproducing Machines. DOI: 10.1002/scj.4690180404.
Sobottka, M.; Gonçalves, D. (2015) A note on the definition of siding block codes and the Curtis-Hedlund-Lyndon Theorem. arXiv: 1507.02180 [math.DS].
von Neumann, J.; Burks, A. W. (1966) Theory of Self-Reproducing Automata. No ISBN. WorldCat OCLC number: 7298386.
Wacker, S. (2016) Cellular Automata on Group Sets and the Uniform Curtis-Hedlund-Lyndon Theorem. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-39300-1_15. In Cellular Automata and Discrete Complex Systems. AUTOMATA 2016.
Cellular automaton at Wikipedia
Cellular automata rules lexicon at Mirek Wójtowicz's Cellebration page
Cellular automaton at the Life Lexicon
Cellular Automaton at Wolfram Mathworld
Totalistic Cellular Automaton at Wolfram Mathworld
Golly Rule Table Repository
Retrieved from "http://conwaylife.com/w/index.php?title=Cellular_automaton&oldid=62048#Life-like_cellular_automata"
Pages that link to the ConwayLife.com forums
Pages that link to Wikipedia
Pages that link to Mirek Wójtowicz's Cellebration page
Pages that link to Wolfram Mathworld


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MaltaJS is born!
Saturday, 29th October 2016, I had the pleasure to speak at the first community event of MaltaJS. It was an amazing experience, and we had the possibility to meet other developers, discuss, and exchange experiences.
When I first arrived in Malta, one year ago, I was surprised that apparently there was no developers' community on the island. While it could be understandable given the size of the country (around 430k people), it is puzzling when one thinks of the number of IT companies and developers residing here.
Although, I was lucky enough to work in Betsson, where Andrei Toma and Bogdan Dumitriu just decided to start a community in the company itself. Thanks to Betsson's support, they could organize three meetings, culminating with the amazing presentation of Aurelia by Rob Eisenberg in May.
But it wasn't enough.
A proper community has to give any developer the possibility to join it, shouldn't be limited to a single company.
For this event, we were kindly hosted by Microsoft at the Microsoft Innovation Center of Malta, at the Skypark. The venue is great, brand new, and modern: an awesome space for meetings and conventions.
Andrei introduced the community and I presented the Elm language: the amazing thing is that, rather than being a usual presentation, it turned into an active discussion with the people speaking and bringing example for each slide I showed.
This is definitely the way I want a community to be! Developers asking, discussing, even arguing about the topics.
In a few words, people bringing value.
A final note: the registration page of MaltaJS has been built with Elm and the source code is available on Github. From it, I also extracted a Quickstart project to help curious developers to start with Elm.
And here's the slides I used for the talk: on Slideshare.
Do you want to be part of the community? Join us on the Facebook group. For the time being, it will remain the official channel, so use it to submit a proposal for a presentation, talks, or just a good topic to discuss while having a beer altogether.
If you don't use Facebook feel free to write me using the form below.
community elm frontend fullstack html5 javascript malta maltajs nodejs
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© Copyright Pietro Grandi 2016.


This post brought to you by NABISCO Cookies and Crackers. The content and opinions expressed below are that of Katie's Cucina.
The holidays have arrived, and if your like me you entertain a lot. With entertaining comes easy appetizers and quick desserts. This recipe for Wheat Thins PB Chocolate Bites are perfect for holiday entertaining! If you love peanut butter and you love chocolate then these bites are for you. My guest loved the Wheat Thins PB Chocolate Bites. They loved the crunch and commented on how pretty they looked! Planning a party can be stressful but thanks to my friends from NABISCO they have helped take the stress out of party planning this holiday season! Here are a few tips to help make your holiday party a success!
Invite guest via digital invite and paper invite. That way they have two reminders!
Create a signature drink for the party. I love sangria's! Pictured is my Cranberry Apple Sangria–festive for the holidays!
Have your table set before your guest arrive.
Enjoy as much time as possible with your guest and as little time as possible in the kitchen!
No matter what the size of your party this holiday season. I hope that with my tips and this recipe for Wheat Thins PB Chocolate Bites that your a little better prepared to be the hostess with the mosses! Make sure you visit the Nabisco Party Planner, where you can find more themed holiday recipes from NABISCO as well as coupons savings at Publix.
Crush 36 WHEAT THINS finely; place in medium bowl. Add peanut butter and sugar;beat with mixer until blended. Stir in cereal.
Spread 36 of the remaining WHEAT THINS with peanut butter mixture; cover with raining WHEAT THINS to make sandwiches, gently pressing WHEAT THINS into peanut butter mixture to secure.
Is late here and was just about to shut down, saw your recipe! Oh my, nostalgic big time! Back in 1986,had just my first 2 of my 4babies,as well as an entirely different husband and family.YIKES!In a good way. My ex mother in law was and is such a sweetheart. YA know one misses the extended family so much in a divorce.So sad. Anyway,2 babies under 3,strapped money wise, but life was so simple and good. Marie, made these treats. Yours, are fancier,well cuz foodies have that creative thing and all. Were sooo good. She said all she did was put peanut butter between 2crackers,dip in chocolate.Now your recipe, amps it up.HAVE to make these now! Thanks so much for the recipe.
Awe Teri thank you for sharing. Glad that this recipe brought back memories!


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bricks ft dug g chrome
consider, that you commit error..
Android users be like emojis
10.02.2010DEFAULTComments: 0
Jun 14, · Well, different apps like Facemoji are available for Android users that they can install for the similar concern. Third-party keyboards like Swiftkey is also there for the users. But this post is dedicated to helping users (who have older and even newer handsets) to get the emojis Author: MAD Team. Jun 07, · Android users have a different set of new emojis that were released on June 6, and they're pretty similar to Unicode's. That's right, certain Android users Author: Rachel Murphy. Check Your Emojis. The app has a simple and intuitive interface. Just use the text field to enter any emojis that you'd like to send to an iOS user, and they will be displayed exactly as they would on an iPhone. Not all keyboards have a dedicated emoji button, so you may not be able to enter your emojis into this field directly.
Jun 14, · Well, different apps like Facemoji are available for Android users that they can install for the similar concern. Third-party keyboards like Swiftkey is also there for the users. But this post is dedicated to helping users (who have older and even newer handsets) to get the emojis Author: MAD Team. Jul 13, · This is why Android users and iPhone users, while using the same set of emojis, actually see very different visuals of the same icons. For some emojis, the differences between Android and iPhone are subtle; for others the differences are drastic. Here for example, is the "grimacing face" emoji as seen on iPhone (left) and Android (right). Jun 07, · Android users have a different set of new emojis that were released on June 6, and they're pretty similar to Unicode's. That's right, certain Android users Author: Rachel Murphy. Apr 12, · Not only was sentiment different because of the varying platforms (iOS vs. Android), but users' interpretations of emojis varied within the same platform as well. "A lot of people reacting to this study are calling for a standard. Well, it does come from a standard — Unicode. There is a title, like 'smiling face with open mouth and tightly closed eyes,' and each company creates their own rendering . Oct 31, · Google has introduced some clever emoji to its keyboard app - and they're meant to look like you. Called Emoji Minis, the cartoonish are meant to be modeled after users selfies.Google emoji images are used on stock Android devices (such as Pixel phones), Gmail Web Interface, Google Hangouts, and ChromeOS. These are provided. It's a common issue between platforms like Android, iOS, Microsoft, and so on, but as part of its Android Oreo update for Galaxy S8 users. Contained within this release are Google's Emoji updates as well as Emojipedia-AndroidChangelog-EmojiSmiley-Face- . For users with these builds, the same updates may appear in a future release. There are several different reasons why emojis can get lost in translation example, WhatsApp displays the same emojis across both Android and iOS. to keep their phones, computers, email clients and other software as. Google has introduced some clever emoji to its keyboard app - and they're meant to look like you. Called Emoji Minis, the cartoonish are meant.
How to Get iPhone Emojis on Android, time: 3:00
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Saint-Jacques-du-Haut-Pas är en kyrkobyggnad i Paris 5:e arrondissement. Kyrkan, som är belägen vid korsningen mellan Rue Saint-Jacques och Rue de l'Abbé-de-l'Épée, är invigd åt apostlarna Jakob och Filippos.

Kyrkan är sedan 1957 ett monument historique.

Källor

La Moureyre, Françoise de & Massin, Nicole, Saint-Jacques-du-Haut-Pas de Paris. Autun: Imprimerie Marcelin.

Externa länkar
 Officiell webbplats

Romersk-katolska kyrkobyggnader i Paris
Paris femte arrondissement
Romersk-katolska kyrkobyggnader helgade åt aposteln Jakob den yngre
Romersk-katolska kyrkobyggnader helgade åt aposteln Filippos
Monument historique i Paris
Quartier du Val-de-Grâce

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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helis.comhelis.com
Helicopter patches
Marine One
V-280 FLRAA
NEWS | Airbus Helicopters CityAirbus in Airbus Helicopters Deutschland GmbH
#CityAirbus
Airbus Reveals NextGen CityAirbus
Airbus announced plans for emerging Urban Air Mobility (UAM) market and revealed its electric vertical takeoff and landing (VTOL) CityAirbus as a safe, sustainable, and fully integrated solution
Airbus Helicopters, September 22, 2021 - Toulouse, France – Airbus has announced plans for a new CityAirbus at the Company's first #AirbusSummit on "Pioneering Sustainable Aerospace" as the emerging Urban Air Mobility (UAM) market begins to firm up.
Ushering in the next generation of CityAirbus, the fully electric vehicle is equipped with fixed wings, a V-shaped tail, and eight electrically powered propellers as part of its uniquely designed distributed propulsion system. It is designed to carry up to four passengers in a zero emissions flight in multiple applications.
"We are on a quest to co-create an entirely new market that sustainably integrates urban air mobility into the cities while addressing environmental and social concerns. Airbus is convinced that the real challenges are as much about urban integration, public acceptance, and automated air traffic management, as about vehicle technology and business models. We build on all of the capabilities to deliver a safe, sustainable, and fully integrated service to society," said Bruno Even, Airbus Helicopters CEO.
CityAirbus is being developed to fly with a 80 km range and to reach a cruise speed of 120 km/h, making it perfectly suited for operations in major cities for a variety of missions.
Sound levels are a key factor for an urban mission; Airbus' extensive expertise in noise-friendly designs is driving CityAirbus' sound levels below 65 dB(A) during fly-over and below 70 dB(A) during landing. It is optimized for hover and cruise efficiency, while not requiring moving surfaces or tilting parts during transition.
Highest certification standards
The CityAirbus NextGen meets the highest certification standards (EASA SC-VTOL Enhanced Category). Designed with simplicity in mind, CityAirbus NextGen will offer best-in-class economic performance in operations and support.
Airbus is benefitting from years of dedicated research, innovation, two electric Vertical Takeoff and Landing (eVTOL) demonstrators, and development on sound technology across its portfolio of products, as well as decades of experience in certifying aircraft.
The Vahana and CityAirbus demonstrators have jointly conducted 242 flight and ground tests and have flown around 1,000 km in total. Furthermore, Airbus has used extensive subscale flight testing and wind tunnel campaigns and has leveraged its computing and modelling power. CityAirbus NextGen is in a detailed design phase right now and the prototype's first flight is planned for 2023.
"We have learned a lot from the test campaigns with our two demonstrators, CityAirbus and Vahana", said Even. "The CityAirbus NextGen combines the best from both worlds with the new architecture striking the right balance between hover and forward flight. The prototype is paving the way for certification expected around 2025."
Beyond the vehicle, Airbus is working with partners, cities, and city inhabitants in order to create the ecosystem that is essential to enabling this new operating environment to emerge in a true service to society.
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Programs: Urban Air Mobility
Airbus Helicopters CityAirbus in Airbus Helicopters Deutschland GmbH
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Thales/Diehl Flight Control for CityAirbus NextGen
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Gunners Up Launchers vs Zinger Winger LaunchersWe are constantly being asked, what is the difference between Gunners Up Launchers and Zinger Winger Launchers. From the day we launched out ECommerce store we started fielding that very question, so we have had lots of time to figure out exactly what we feel are the major differences.1) Where are they made: Zinger Winger is a Canadian company that has a PO Box in New York, while Gunners Up is made in the USA. It makes a big difference in price because of shipping cost to the retailer, and importation fee's.
2) What is the price difference: Zinger Winger costs approximately 100 dollars launcher. That being said as we mentioned earlier a large chunk of that is the additional shipping over the Northern Boarder.
3) Quality, who is better: We have heard stories from both sides for years, and both sides have fan's/haters. But after using both personally they both are made with equal quality. Neither of which we have ever had personal issues with due to quality of manufacturing.
4) Customer Service: Gunners Up Launchers customer service is by far the better of the two companies, this has been repeatedly informed to us by customers.


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Ankura Joint Ventures and Partnerships
Insight from the world's leading advisor on JVs and partnerships.
Governance and Restructuring
Partnership Portfolios
Sustainability Partnerships in Saudi Arabia: Poised for Take-Off
Partnerships hold the key to meeting Saudi Arabia's sustainability goals
By Lois Fernandes and Geoff Walker
January 2022 — Saudi Arabia is making significant commitments to sustainability. The Kingdom aims to reach Net Zero by 2060, cut methane emissions 30% and build a renewables capacity of 58.7 GW by 2030, and make more than $180 billion in sustainability-related investments. Saudi Arabia's flagship companies including Aramco, SABIC, and the Public Investment Fund-backed ACWA Power have also set high sustainability targets for themselves.
We believe that these commitments – and more – are achievable, and partnerships hold the key to achieving them.
Partnerships already feature prominently in the various sustainability initiatives and projects backed by The Kingdom and its companies, helping share investments and risks, source technology and capabilities, and develop market opportunities. The recently launched Saudi Green Initiative is essentially a partnership between relevant government agencies and major Saudi companies collaborating on sustainability efforts within The Kingdom. The Sakaka solar plant and the Dumat Al Jandal wind farm that came online this year, and respectively The Kingdom's first utility scale renewable energy project and its first wind farm, were developed through partnerships. 70% of The Kingdom's targeted 58.7 GW of renewables capacity will be developed by ACWA Power in partnership with Saudi Aramco and the Public Investment Fund. A joint venture of NEOM, ACWA Power, and Air Products is building one of the world's largest green hydrogen production facilities in The Kingdom. SABIC is a founding member of the LCET initiative, joining its peer companies across the globe in developing and upscaling low carbon emitting technologies through targeted alliances in research, project co-investments, and co-marketing opportunities.
This list can go on.
However, the potential for sustainability partnerships by companies in The Kingdom has barely been realized, and remains immense.
Here is why.
Proportionately low volume of sustainability partnerships
Partnership volumes by Saudi Arabian companies surged by ~70% to record levels over the last year (see Saudi Arabia: The Shifting Sands of Partnerships). Sustainability partnership volumes also increased, but the increase was merely proportionate. As a result, sustainability partnerships made up only around 22% of total partnership volumes in 2021, the same as the previous year (Exhibit 1). Correspondingly, over the same period, while global partnership volumes surged by more than 90%, sustainability partnerships increased disproportionately by nearly 300% – with sustainability partnerships making up nearly 60% of 2021 volumes compared to around 30% in the previous year. Any convergence towards global trends implies an uptick in sustainability partnerships by companies in The Kingdom.
Exhibit 1: Sustainability Partnership Announcements
Sample of Partnership Announcements (2020-2021*)
ACWA-NEOM-Air Products JV green hydrogen and ammonia project
Saudi Aramco-Modern-Intercontinental MOU for green hydrogen and ammonia unit
ACWA-PIF-Saudi Aramco JV for 1.5 GW Sudair PV IPP
Zahid-TotalEnergies JV in commercial and industrial solar installations
Mowah-Engie JV solar-powered water desalination plant
TAQA-Advance Resources Alliance in carbon sequestration and storage
Saudi Aramco-Gaussin Partnership in hydrogen vehicles
NEOM-Hyzon-Modern MOU for hydrogen-powered vehicle value chain
Schneider-IHCC Partnership in electric vehicle charging infrastructure
Velocity/PIF-Foxconn JV in electric vehicles
SABIC-SIRC Partnership in plastics recycling and conversion
SABIC-BASF-Linde Technology partnership in electric furnaces for crackers
*January-December 2021
Source: Ankura Saudi Arabia JV & Partnership Database
© Ankura. All Rights Reserved.
Small installed base of sustainability-related assets and partnerships concentrated in a few technologies
The Kingdom is starting out on a strategic push into wind and solar projects as it tries to increase the share of electricity it generates from renewables. In comparison, countries in Europe, the Americas, and even Asia have a large installed base of wind and solar farms, a vast majority of which were developed – and are operated – through partnerships. Further, The Kingdom has just a few partnerships in controlling emissions and increasing circularity across sectors like transportation, industry, agriculture, and construction. For example, SABIC's partnerships in plastics circularity, Aramco's MOU with Modern and Intercontinental in building a green hydrogen and ammonia unit, PIF's potential venture with Foxconn in electric vehicles, and Taqnia's alliance with Advance Resources in carbon sequestration and storage. By contrast, partnerships in these sectors have proliferated in other regions and countries – and cover a wider swath of technologies including energy storage, biofuels, fuel cells, and waste and heat conversion.
This suggests that sustainability partnerships in The Kingdom will increase as it builds out its renewables-generation capacity, and invests in other emissions-reduction technologies.
Sustainability-commitments and efforts concentrated within a few companies
It is The Kingdom's larger companies and government agencies that are publicly committing to sustainability targets, and pursuing sustainability partnerships. We believe there is an opportunity for smaller companies and family-owned businesses to play a more active role in contributing towards meeting The Kingdom's sustainability targets – and in setting and meeting their own. And this opportunity is best realized through partnerships that will help these smaller companies and family-owned businesses access the relevant technologies, capabilities, resources, and funding.
Sustainability partnerships will play a crucial role in helping Saudi Arabia meet its sustainability commitments. Their volumes are poised for take-off.
Partnerships in Kingdom Growing on Aramco Deal Activity
Saudi Arabia: The Shifting Sands of Partnerships
JV Management: Do You Have the Right Stuff?
Lois Fernandes
Lois is a Director at Ankura who has advised clients for more than 15 years on joint venture transactions and governance-related matters across a range of industries. In addition to advising clients, she is responsible for benchmarking and other assessments that leverage Ankura's proprietary databases and repository of best practices.
Lois previously worked at McKinsey & Company, where she was a core member of the Corporate Finance Practice and worked extensively on issues related to joint ventures and other forms of alliances.
Lois holds an MBA-equivalent degree from Symbiosis in Pune, India.
Geoff Walker
Geoff Walker is a Senior Managing Director at Ankura based in Washington, DC. He joined Ankura in 2020, following Ankura's acquisition of Water Street Partners, which he co-founded in 2008. Water Street Partners has been independently ranked as the number one global advisor on joint ventures since 2017. Geoff has extensive experience structuring and restructuring joint ventures and advising clients on maximizing the value of their joint venture portfolios. Geoff serves a global client base primarily of companies in the natural resources sector, including oil and gas, metals and mining, chemicals, utilities, and alternative energy. He is a regular, featured speaker at industry and corporate events and has written extensively on joint ventures.
Copyright © 2022.The views expressed herein are those of the author(s) and not necessarily the views of Ankura Consulting Group, LLC., its management, its subsidiaries, its affiliates, or its other professionals. Ankura is not a law firm and cannot provide legal advice.


Did you know the City is developing a South Central Neighborhood Plan? We need your input. We're looking for the public to share ideas, discover possibilities and enjoy some snacks! Join us for a Kick-off Event on Tuesday, Jan 29 from 5:30 pm to 7:00 pm at the Wichita Water Center, 101 E Pawnee St. Your participation is vital!!


India: a country where 97% of transactions in volume terms still happen with cash. Is such a cash-dependent economy ready for a cashless digital economy? This question was put to the test during recent demonetisation when 86% of cash currency in the country was withdrawn overnight on 8th November, 2016. Since then, consumers from various income strata, as well as large and small local vendors, quickly adapted to new and alternative payments – digital wallets, banking apps.
Although a disruptive move, demonetisation has seeded the growth of digital finance in India. Following demonetisation, consumers, the Indian government and private players came together and acted synergistically on a number of digital payment initiatives. While some of this coordination and swift action was a temporary reaction to demonetisation, other long-term factors demonstrate that India is ready for a digital revolution and permanent shifts to digital may be on the horizon.
Today, India is the second largest online market with over 348 million internet users, ranked only behind China. Despite the large base of internet users in India, only 26 percent of the Indian population accessed the internet in 2016. However, internet penetration is rapidly increasing and by 2021 the Indian internet user base is forecasted to reach 555.3 million, covering 44% of the country's total population. Increasingly, Indians turn to mobile internet; the large majority of the digital population in India were mobile internet users in 2016. According to a report by Internet and Mobile Association of India, about two-third of internet users accessed the internet through their mobile phones in 2015. Of that 72% mobile internet users living in urban communities, and 28% living in rural areas. 2021 growth forecast of internet user base demonstrates huge potential in engaging consumers via mobile and leveraging various mobile platforms for commerce in India.
M-commerce has boomed in tier-2 and tier-3 cities in India, in large part due to the availability and penetration of inexpensive smartphones. Mobile internet retailing, has grown significantly from 5% in 2012 to 17% of total internet retailing sales in 2016, with faster growth than internet retailing through other devices and channels (2012-16 CAGR for mobile internet retailing was 134% as against 68% for other internet retailing). Online retailers offering huge discounts on purchases via mobile app drove much of this growth, with retailers successfully bringing more consumers onto their mobile platforms and increasing traffic. According to Flipkart and Snapdeal (two large e-commerce players in India), apps and m-sites accounted for over 80% of their traffic during their big sale days in October 2016. Reliance's recent Jio launch was disruptive enough to bring down prices of mobile internet of other service providers sharply towards the end of year 2016. Ongoing decreases in mobile data charges will further fuel the growth of m-commerce.
Tech-savvy online Indian consumers are willing to try new products or services (81% surveyed by Euromonitor in 2016 reported agreement on this). Products or services which offer convenience will be highly preferred, as again about 80% of consumers said they are looking for ways to simplify their lives. Initially amazed Indian m-shoppers are now becoming habituated to the convenience of shopping on their phones, and mobile apps are the typical entry point for three-quarters of Indian consumers who reported at least one mobile purchase last year.
The fact that the Indian government is determined to spread financial inclusion by ensuring banking services are available for all will also contribute positively to the spread of digital payment services. Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojna – a national mission for financial inclusion to ensure access to financial services in an affordable manner – launched on 28th August 2014 and enrolled over 260 million unbanked Indian population majorly from rural areas into banking services. Now, Prime Minister Narendra Modi himself is endorsing digital payments for a cashless economy through Bharat Interface for Money (BHIM) app based on United Payments Interface (UPI). UPI facilitates the fund transfer between two bank accounts on the mobile platform instantly. It offers a common platform for all banks in India and will allowaccount holdersacross banksto send and receive money with ease via the BHIM app. The app was launched on 30th December 2016 in two majorly-spoken languages, English and Hindi, with support for other regional languages expected soon. Following Modi's endorsement, the BHIM app reached the 'Top free apps' category in India with three million downloads within first month of launch.
The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) issued licences to 11 companies in 2014 to operate as payment banks and of those Airtel and Paytm have started operations. More recently, India Post, which is a government-operated postal system, too got the nod to operate as payment bank. Payment banks are meant to provide basic banking benefits to the rural unbanked population via mobile phones. This first-of-its-kind public-private partnership is expected to bring both consumers and small merchants/ shopkeepers together on a digital platform. To lure consumers some of these payment banks, namely Airtel and Paytm, are offering interest as high as 7.25% on money stored in these wallets, as well as additional discounts on transactions.
Efforts of both Government of India and RBI in the direction of financial inclusion via mobile phones will help more consumers adopt to m-banking and commerce in coming years.
While consumers are getting habituated to using apps, many private players including e-commerce companies, banks, and individual mobile/online wallets companies have started offering mobile payments, recharge, shopping, bill and peer-to-peer payment options with huge discounts and cashback offers in order to woo and bring consumers on their platform. Paytm, FreeCharge, Mobikwik, and Airtel are currently some of the most popular players. These players took advantage of an opportunity as the limit on cash withdrawal following demonetisation raised the demand for digital cash from consumers as well as merchants. They aggressively partnered with both big and small retailers to penetrate the market. For instance, Paytm money is now accepted by roadside small shops and tea stalls. Some of these wallet companies have also applied and acquired licences to operate as a payment bank (ie, Paytm and Airtel).
On April 11, 2016, Airtel – the largest mobile network operator in India was first to receive an RBI licence to launch its payment bank in India. Airtel Bank has plans to expand payments bank service by leveraging Bharti Airtel's national distribution network of over 1.5 million retail outlets, with deep penetration in rural areas.It started its pilot project in Rajasthan with its 10,000 Airtel retail outlets in towns and villages across Rajasthan functioning as banking points and offer convenient banking services to customers and later rolled out its services in 3 other states – Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Telangana.
RBI on 20th January issued licence to India Post, which has been the backbone of the country's communication for more than 150 years. India Post will follow a bottom-up approach, targeting people who either have feature phones or no mobiles at all.The CEO of India Post Payments Bank, Ashok Pal Singhsays "Our USP is door-to-door banking with the help of the postman." The Indian government allocating Rs. 500 crore to India Post for Payments Bank underscores the government's commitment towards financial inclusion.India Post Payment Bank is expected to start operations before March 31, 2017 and will be gradually rolled out in 650 districts using the network of 1.54 lakh post offices.
Reluctant small merchants trying to hide income to reduce their tax bills might act as a deterrent to the growth of a cashless economy. However, such merchants are already suffering from declining consumer footfalls heading to bigger retailing formats and e-commerce, so these merchants will likely quickly adapt to digital commerce as they know that they need to keep pace with new technology or else will be left out.
Age-old cash habits could act as another deterring factor, especially now when cash is back in circulation and the effect of demonetisation is fading. Both government and private players should keep consumers motivated to use cash-alternative payment instruments. The Indian government has already announced a series of incentives from free insurance to discounts on digital payments, which will continue to boost consumer motivation to become and remain cashless.


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