In short, today is a big day in Thailand, as we are having the first election after many years under the military dictatorship. The excitements of my fellow Thais remind me of my first trip to Mandalay in 2015. That was not long before Myanmar's historic general election and Aung San Suu Kyi's portraits are everywhere. She actually won it eventually. But, so it goes, you know.
Honestly, I don't know what to expect for Thailand as of now.
Not sure what's gonna happen, but it least it's not wrong to hope for the better, right?


text:
Akongo II est un village du Cameroun, situé dans la commune de Ngomedzap, le département du Nyong-et-So'o et la Région du Centre.

Population
En 1963, Akongo II comptait 106 habitants, principalement des Ewondo. Lors du recensement de 2005, on y a dénombré 37 personnes.

Notes et références

Annexes

Bibliographie
 Dictionnaire des villages de Nyong et Soo, Centre ORSTOM de Yaoundé, , 48 p.

Liens externes
 Ngomedzap, sur le site Communes et villes unies du Cameroun (CVUC)

Village dans la région du Centre (Cameroun)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Scheduled at 8:00am in Cotton Creek I on Thursday, November 16 (2017).
Accessible documents are a prerequisite for inclusive education: documents must be accessible to be usable with assistive technologies. Also, documents must be accessible if they are to be rendered automatically into alternate formats. Unfortunately, the majority of educational materials are inaccessible. A root cause is that few people know how to author accessible documents. Over the cause of the past five years, Sensus has been training over 1,000 persons on how to create accessible documents. Needless to say, this approach is neither efficient nor sufficient. To increase impact, Sensus has created a comprehensive e-learning course on digital accessibility. The modules teach the importance of digital accessibility, how to use authoring technology correctly, and how to convert documents into alternate formats. The presentation covers the background for the course and also discusses the process of adapting face-to-face training into an accessible e-learning course using Articulate.


The Great British Sewing Bee 2014: The search is on for a super stitcher but who didn't make it past the silk nightie challenge?
The Great British Sewing Bee is back for a full series. Think the Great British Bake Off but with nothing edible and sadly no puns about soggy bottoms.
This isn't Bake Off, let's clarify that from the start, though it would be easy to get confused. May (kind of like Mary?) Martin and Patrick (starts with a P, like Paul Hollywood) Grant are the judges in this stitching show of talent. May is from the Women's Institute and Patrick, a Savile Row designer, so basically the Mary and Paul of British fashion. Honestly the Bake Off comparisons will stop now. Soon.
A police constable, a Buddhist prison chaplain, some other fairly average people and Claudia Winkleman, what more could you want? Claudia Winkleman isn't a contestant you understand but the over-excited host – a la Mel & Sue in Bake Off – but behind a sewing machine.
All right, all right, no more Bake Off. When it comes to the Great British Sewing Bee the non-cooking competition is harder than it seams (I thank you). Especially if you're one of the ten taking part. Each week, the contestants face three challenges during which they must prove they have the skills, style and know-how to become Britain's best amateur sewer.
For the first challenge of Sewing Bee 2014, make a sleeveless cotton top in two and a half hours. Pattern following, cotton picking and quick stitching come into play. A six piece top with hand-stitched button loop was what the judges' wanted, but what would they actually be presented with?
All had just about (just,) finished their tops but not necessarily to standard. Showing off, or ignoring instructions to hand stitch button holes, will get you nowhere.
Operation Transformation, take a long, boring, woolly skirt and make it into something for London Fashion Week, or Sewing Bee Fashion Five Minutes.
The sewers were completely free to do what they wanted to their woollen garment to demonstrate their sense of style and technical ability. Most of the contestants had turned up in their own hand-made wardrobe so the potential was promising.
Most opted to cut the skirt apart, with ruffles a recurring theme. The winner, Tamara (Surrey house-wife) who presented a 90s-line-dancing-craze themed skirt.
Well, it wasn't a competition judged on taste (how we long for a Mary Berry Victoria Sponge).
No more mannequins, each contestant was provided with a real, live model for the final challenge working with silk. A night-gown was what was asked for, to fit their models perfectly, a big, granny style, sheet dress was not allowed. Neither were onesies.
Before we'd made it to the end of the final challenge though we'd already lost one contestant. Buddhist prison chaplain Cliff had, had enough, opting out before even finishing his nightgown.
Of the final nine then, they had finished, (at least from the front) nine nice night dresses.
Julie, whose diamanté night-gown beat off the other stitchers in style and skill. If you like diamonds on your nightie.
Simon from Bradford wasn't happy with his efforts and Jenny was pretty devastated by her own choice of silk for the night-dress challenge, still, as Cliff had opted for a quick retreat no one was leaving the Great British Sewing Bee this week. Hurrah!
We'll finally get over the lack of baking and get on board with binding. Next week the sewers take on pattern, box pleats and made to measure men's jammies. Also, someone will be leaving whether they like it or not.


Hey guys, golden weapons was on the future Moomoo.io updates list and the developer has released them. For now, they are just for cosmetic purposes but I am sure the new golden weapons will get cool abilities added to them soon, so stay tuned!... About : Thanks for Watching, Liking, and Subscribing! In this video, I show footage of a 7.5 Million Gold player in sandbox and all of the golden weapons and tools that you can get right now.
Meh :/ I played moomoo.io yesterday with the new diamond tools and it helped a little bit not much anyways it�s a cool update tho but the design of the diamond tools don�t look so cool and helpful.... Get a feel for MOO with a free Business Card sample pack. Touch the premium paper, marvel at the eye-catching finishes and find what works for you. Touch the premium paper, marvel at the eye-catching finishes and find what works for you.
For the Get Iron,Gold,And Everything! Build a Pixaxe then Craft down in 7 times. Put any lights Then Craft any whare!. When Dont Have Gold on that Way craft 7 times again and again until you find Gold, Iron, Diamonds... thanks for Reading..
Also how do you get the golden weapons because I got killed a Age 11 Dy a golden weapon. I only got to Age 11 once and its the max I ever got to. I only got to Age 11 once and its the max I ever got to.


text:
DominionJS
==========

The card game Dominion created in Javascript. Alpha stage.

Features
========

A.I opponent - open up your console when playing a game and see the A.I play against you!

Scoreboard - Keep track of top scores - currently uses an XML file.

News
=======

This project is currently being converted to React, the code for that is in the react-release folder and is currently a work in progress and unplayable.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Offering you the Enclave, a single bottle carrier available in 3 attractive colors - Black, Brown & Pink.
A wonderful gift idea for the wine connoisseur in your family!
The Enclave is made of genuine leather (cowhide).
It holds up to 1.5 ltr. bottle and comes with a surgical stainless steel waiter style corkscrew.
Makes a high fashion lifestyle statement.
Excellent host/hostess gift for giving wine to those Holiday dinner parties, housewarming gift, birthday gift, gifts for the wedding party, executive gift, and other gift giving occasions.
Excellent carrier for BYOB restaurants, concerts in the park, picnics, and other outdoor social occasions.


Designed to fit into the architectural character of its mature neighbourhood location, this home boasts many integrated features to enhance comfort and efficiency. Due to its close proximity to a more heavily travelled street, an Insulating Concrete Form (ICF) structure was used to ensure ultimate sound deadening, resulting in a peaceful indoor environment. The high insulation value and air-tightness properties of the wall structure blends with the high efficiency heating and ventilation systems, solar hot water heating system, drain water heat recovery system, and water saving features to ensure that the home offers maximum comfort with low energy use.


text:
thumbnail
Augusto Lamo Castillo (25 September 1938 in Badajoz 10 September 2002) was a Spanish football referee. He is known for having refereed one match in the 1982 FIFA World Cup on his home soil in Spain. He also refereed one match in the 1984 UEFA European Football Championship in France.

References

External links

Sportspeople from Badajoz
Spanish football referees
FIFA World Cup referees
1938 births
1982 FIFA World Cup referees
2002 deaths
UEFA Euro 1984 referees
AFC Asian Cup referees


text:
Цвинтар Бічвуд () — національний некрополь Канади, розташований у місті Оттава. Тут поховано багато відомих канадців.

Площа цвинтаря становить 64,7 га, він є найбільшим некрополем у Національному столичному окрузі.

Історія
Цвинтар Бічвуд заснований у 1873 році. Спочатку цвинтар був протестантським. Він знаходився в лісистій приміській місцевості, на схід від Рокліфф-парку. У 1870-і роки військовослужбовці 2-ї польової Оттавської батареї спорудили тут скульптурний каїрн з пісковика на честь свого колишнього командира підполковника Джона Тернера, а також статую з пісковика на честь іншого колишнього командира, капітана Джеймса Форсайта.

У 1885 році на цвинтарі були поховані солдати, які брали участь в придушенні Північно-західного повстання метисів у 1885 році. З 1944 року на цвинтарі військові поховання стали регулярними. Для військових поховань на цвинтарі виділено дві ділянки, які перебувають в управлінні Департаменту національної оборони, та ділянку для ветеранів, що знаходиться в управлінні Комісії військових могил Конфедерації. У 2001 році споруджений військовий монумент.

Бічвудський цвинтар у 2000 році став Національним військовим цвинтарем канадських збройних сил. 23 квітня 2009 році цвинтар став Національним цвинтарем Канади.

Відомі особистості, які поховані на цвинтарі
 Роман Гнатишин ( 16 березня 1934 — 18 грудня 2002) — канадський політик українського походження. Син Івана Гнатишина — сенатора від Прогресивно-консервативної партії Канади. У 1990–1995 рр. — 24-й генерал-губернатор Канади.
 Роберт Лейрд Борден ( 16 червня 1854 —  10 червня 1937) —восьмий прем'єр-міністр Канади, адвокат, бізнесмен, викладач і ректор університетів Квінз та Макгілла.
 Томмі Дуглас ( 20 жовтня, 1904 —  24 лютого, 1986) — канадський політичний діяч, що першим запровадив систему національного медичного страхування.
 Чарльз Фоулкс ( 3 січня 1903 —  12 вересня 1969) — британський та канадський воєначальник, офіцер Королівського канадського полку.
 Гаррі Крірар ( 28 квітня 1888 —  1 квітня 1965) — канадський воєначальник, генерал Канадської армії, учасник Першої та Другої світових воєн.
 Чарлз Стюарт ( 26 жовтня 1868 —  6 грудня, 1946) — канадський фермер, політичний діяч, 3-й прем'єр канадської провінції Альберта в роках 1917 до 1921 і федеральний міністр в адміністрації Маккензі Кінга в 1921—1930 роках, член Палати громад Канади в 1922—1935.
 Сендфорд Флемінг ( 7 січня 1827 —  22 липня 1915) — інженер та винахідник, який створив залізничну мережу Канади.

Світлини

Примітки

Посилання
 Цвинтар Бічвуд
 Beechwood Cemetery National Historic Site of Canada

Цвинтар «Бічвуд»
Культові споруди Канади
Національні історичні місця Канади в Оттаві
Національні історичні місця Канади в Онтаріо


Claim to Fame: Queen Gorgo on 300 and Cersei Lannister on Game of Thrones (HBO´s TV Series).
Jason Iain Flemyng is an English actor. The Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Continued Performance by an Actress in a Supporting Role in a Series is one of the awards presented at the Primetime Emmy Awards ceremony. Sonic Vista Studios is a recording studio located in a 400 year old Villa in the hills of Ibiza, Spain overlooking the Mediterranean Sea. It was followed by a 2011 sequel entitled ChromeSkull: Laid to Rest 2.
Stannis y Davos zarpan; Dany atiende a los suplicantes en Mereen; Tyrion Enfrenta el juicio frente a su padre. The 34th Saturn Awards, honoring the best in science fiction, fantasy and horror film and television in 2007 were presented on June 24, 2008 in Universal City Hilton Hotel in Los Angeles, California. "And Now His Watch Is Ended" is the fourth episode of the third season of HBO's fantasy television series Game of Thrones, and the 24th episode of the series. Like the fifth season, the season featured 14 contestants competing for the title of "America's Next Drag Superstar". The Bottle Yard Studios is a British film and television production studio facility in Bristol, South West England. "You Win or You Die" is the seventh episode of the HBO medieval fantasy television series Game of Thrones.


text:
Arts, Bands / Music, News, Tidbits	 February 1, 2019 February 5, 2019
Hottest 100s & 1000s to Infinity
2014 marked 25 years of Triple J's endlessly interesting musical anthropological democracy, the Hottest 100. It also triggered an idea in one of Australia's most voracious music fans David James Young to recruit thee mates, Adam Buncher, Andrew McDonald, and Nathan Harrison to review every song from every countdown ever, five songs at a time, with the top ten at the end of each year in a podcast entitled Hottest 100s and 1000s.
David (or DJY as per his twitter handle) has notoriety as Australia's most gig attending punter , as well as being a music journalist, musician and podcast content creating savant whom I interviewed to get the story on the show.
"Andrew and Nathan were school mates and Adam and I were South Coast kids who grew up together," David says. "I went to Uni with Andrew at Uni of Wollongong and we graduated the same year. Shortly after I was at a gig in Sydney at the Vic on the Park and Andrew was there and introduced me to Nathan and Adam and we've been good friends since. When I came up with the idea for the show, these were the mates I wanted to do this with."
If my maths is right (unlikely given I'm terrible at it) the gang have been going for five years and just finished 1998's countdown in their last episode. So with 20 years at five songs an episode each week with the exception of the top 10 which they do in a single hit, it should take about ten years for them to catch up to the Hottest 100 at the 2029. Is this the logical end of the podcast or will their be strategic spacing to stretch this out?
"Well one of the main reasons we wanted to do this was that we'd never be short of material," David reveals. "There's an endless stream of content and material that comes with the history of the Hottest 100 so it's going to keep us occupied for some time, and it has for the last five years. It's kind of weird looking down the barrel of the end of the '90s after so long."
The last episode's top ten features DJY giving an impassioned review of the Ben Lee song Cigarettes Will Kill You as it was a watershed moment in his life and triggered a deep passion for music. That said being rooted in the music of the '90s for half a decade, has there been any nostalgia fatigue being stuck there for so long?
"It's funny because the more "recent" the songs are the more nostalgic we get," David says, "because the songs from the 1993 and 94 countdowns feature a lot that, being in our late 20s, we just hadn't heard of before.
"As the countdown goes on we are connecting more to where we started getting into music as much as I am now.
"So ever year there are songs that you know like the back of your hand and you hardly have to do any research, and thankfully we're getting into more familiar territory now."
The podcast has received attention from some of the alumni of the countdown with Lindsay "The Doctor" McDougall helping out on some of the more obscure areas of deep '90s research and facts, as well as some love online from Jebediah frontman Kevin Mitchell.
The guys are bringing the podcast to the Canberra Theatre Centre on the 8th of February with DJ Jemist kicking off at 5:30pm and the podcast recording at 7pm.
"This is the second time we have done it live; we did one in 2017 in with a former Triple J host Gen Fricker and our other friends Jack and Riley which was really fun," David says. "We'd have done it live again sooner but we're all heaps busy and had stuff going on but we're really looking forward to doing it live again."
Tickets are available now by clicking here.
Liked it? Take a second to support Josh Nixon on Patreon!
[Single Review] Bianca Modesti – 'Race Against Time'
[Gig Review] Red City Radio, No Trigger, Idle Threat and Semen and Garfunkel @ Transit Bar, 30 January
Support Josh Nixon on Patreon!

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: Karma test runner does not run mocha tests When running tests using mocha (./node_modules/.bin/mocha test) the tests in the test file run, and the following is outputted to powershell:
TEST ************

  myFunc
    - a pending test

  0 passing (4ms)
  1 pending

When running the same file using karma (./node_modules/.bin/karma start), the console.log("TEST ************"); prints out, but the test suite does not run. Karma gives the following output:
10 05 2020 14:27:24.326:WARN [karma]: No captured browser, open http://localhost:9876/
10 05 2020 14:27:24.352:INFO [karma-server]: Karma v5.0.5 server started at http://0.0.0.0:9876/
10 05 2020 14:27:24.352:INFO [launcher]: Launching browsers ChromeHeadless with concurrency unlimited
10 05 2020 14:27:24.358:INFO [launcher]: Starting browser ChromeHeadless
10 05 2020 14:27:26.898:INFO [Chrome Headless 81.0.4044.138 (Windows 10)]: Connected on socket IBnhFoW1f9d9zLHsAAAA with id 8234878
Chrome Headless 81.0.4044.138 (Windows 10) LOG: 'TEST ************'

Chrome Headless 81.0.4044.138 (Windows 10): Executed 0 of 1 (skipped 1) SUCCESS (0.004 secs / 0 secs)
TOTAL: 0 SUCCESS

test.js
console.log("TEST ************");

describe('myFunc', function() {
  it("a pending test");
});

karma.conf.js
module.exports = function(config) {
  config.set({
    frameworks: ["mocha"],
    files: [ "test/test.js"],
    plugins: [
      "karma-chrome-launcher",
      "karma-mocha"
    ],
    browsers: ["ChromeHeadless"]
  })
}

package.json
{
  "name": "karma-mocha-test",
  "devDependencies": {
    "karma-chrome-launcher": "^3.1.0",
    "karma": "^5.0.5",
    "karma-mocha": "^2.0.1",
    "mocha": "^7.1.2"
  }
}

What am I missing here to make karma run mocha tests and display the results in powershell?

A: I'm missing a reporter, like so:
,reporters: ["mocha", "coverage-istanbul"]

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Do you have a blog or social networking accounts and do you want to impress your followers with the perfect selfies? It doesn't matter if it is spring, summer, autumn or winter, you should always have that perfect look to match the season and the outfit that you are slaying. In order for you to be always ready for a few selfie snaps whenever you happen to come across a beautiful spot, there are a few things to be considered.
With regards to your face and your skin in going in for that no make-up look, you ought to dependably keep them revitalized. You wouldn't want a dry or oily skin ruining that shot that should've been a good one.
Ensure that you are not allergic to the ingredients of foundation or cream, thus, research what will best match your skin shading. Always remember that the powder and your cream matches really well so that they will give off a natural-looking glow on your skin. Always remember to wash, cleanse and exfoliate your skin especially after you have used a good amount of make-up.
The cosmetics you ought to utilize should dependably rely upon the plan of your outing. Try distinctive looks that fits your face shape, your eyes, your skin tone and your face in general, and pick the one that make you feel the prettiest and generally agreeable. Get those false curly eyelashes, put on those contacts that will definitely put emphasis on your eyes and give your best smile at that camera.
The period of pouty lips overpowering the selfie world is done and what assumes control is the basic regular smile that complements your magnificence. You may show those teeth through your unique smile or through that wild half-opened mouth look. In case you're not certain with your teeth, why not utilize best crest whitening strips?
These best crest whitening strips will help in guarantee an excellent looking white teeth as well as great dental hygiene. These best crest whitening strips have the ability to maintain good mouth hygiene in addition to whitening your teeth. A variety of products on best crest whitening strips can be seen in their online shop which you can search up in the internet.
Coordinated with the ideal lipstick, the lovely silvery white teeth best crest whitening strips will give you, will make you and your smile selfie-prepared for the season. So go prepare that camera, put on your best look, pick that season's outfit, and go out to your destiny with a smile and certainty that will be ideal for any shot.


FSC Insights | How Did Ireland Become the Most Productive Country in the World?
How Did Ireland Become the Most Productive Country in the World?
The 2008 financial crisis threw the world into disarray, the global markets faltered, the labour productivity dove. Reignition of the European economies involved bailouts, strict austerity measures, and restructuring of several large banks' balance sheets. As the years have progressed, the Eurozone recovery has started to look positive. One of the stand out recoveries has been staged by Ireland. From 2010 to 2017, GDP increased by an average of 4.8% year on year. However, one thing that particularly catches the eye with Ireland's recovery is the sudden jump in labour productivity.
In December 2013, Ireland became the first country to exit the Eurozone bailout programme after three years. In such bailout programmes it is often a key requirement for the country to take austerity measures, which Ireland did: about €20 billion spending cuts and €12 billion tax increases. Yet by 2014, Ireland had made fiscal adjustments and introduced job stimulus packages. Increase in government spending and the termination of austerity measures was a defining moment, creating a sense of euphoria in the population.
During the same period, Ireland oversaw an increase in labour productivity of 59%; a staggering jump – as demonstrated in Figure 1. Some advocate that austerity measures may have adverse effects on employees' motivation. For example, it is argued that here in the UK, initiatives such as the infamous 'Back to Work' scheme have heightened fear and anxiety in the population, which, in turn, potentially caused a decrease in productivity over the course of such austerity measures. At the very least, the Irish government's strategy has eliminated the possibility of these adverse effects.
Was the financial recovery together with its arguably lasting effects on the morale of the population enough to justify this significant increase? What also could have propelled this huge jump is tax inversion.
Corporate tax inversion is about making a company become a subsidiary of a new parent company located abroad in a lower-tax country, while keeping its material operations in the same high-tax country of origin. It is a strategy often used by corporations to reduce tax burden on income.
Ireland's corporation tax rate is currently just 12.5%; one of the lowest of all developed economies. Comparably, the US tax rate was around 35% up until the recent changes made this year. It is therefore not surprising that Ireland has lately become a tax haven, especially for large US companies. Today, over 700 American corporations – such as Apple, Intel, Boston Scientific, Allergan, Dell, Google, Hewlett Packard, Facebook and Johnson & Johnson – are operating in Ireland.
This is the result of numerous policies adopted in Ireland to lure foreign direct investment. For instance, in 2014 there was a spate of tax inversion deals, which meant more businesses arriving in Ireland; hence, more jobs. Irish labourers have arguably benefitted on the back of these businesses coming in as they have brought with them new technologies and managing practices, which can cause technology clusters, providing efficient routes to work. It can be claimed that this process has increased overall labour productivity in the country. After all, more than 155,000 people are now directly employed by American firms in Ireland and US firms indirectly support a further 100,000 jobs in the Irish economy, in total ccounting for 20% of employment in Ireland.
Ireland's story may strengthen the argument that implementing low corporate tax has positive consequences on an economy. This motivates the question: why aren't more countries implementing low corporate tax strategies?
Countries must consider two fundamental questions before replicating the Irish government's tax strategy: will a new policy attract enough foreign investment and does the new foreign investment outweigh the trade off of lowering the tax of already established companies?
Clearly these factors worked out favourably in Ireland's specific context. Yet the applicability of Ireland's economic model to other countries is questionable as is its sustainability. While the introduction of infrastructure and new technologies brought over by foreign companies could be beneficial, if a country became too reliant on the revenue generated by foreign companies, and these companies then decided to relocate to a more competitive tax rate country, the economic ramifications could be devastating.
It must also be underlined that granting tax benefits can even be illegal. In August 2016, the European Commission has concluded that Ireland granted illegal tax benefits of up to €13 billion to Apple. The selective treatment allowed Apple to pay just 0.005 per cent tax on its European profits in 2014, for instance. That is why Ireland was ordered to recover the unpaid tax from Apple, plus interest. Similarly, the European Union has decided that Amazon should pay €250m to Luxembourg after receiving years of illegal tax treatment.
In this article it is shown that general positivity in a country can have beneficial macro-economic effects. That is, when a country's economy looks positive, it increases employability and labour productivity. Another key observation is that mutually beneficial partnerships with multinational corporations can be helpful to develop new infrastructure, technologies and knowledge in a country. Both strategies have been implemented in Ireland. Yet it should be emphasised that both positive and negative effects of foreign direct investment must be carefully assessed before imitating the Irish corporate tax regime. Positioning a country as a tax haven and relying on dodgy tax avoidance practices may have some benefits in the short-term but it is doubtful that this strategy can be sustainable for any economy.
 W. Roche, A. Prothero & P. O'Connell (15 Oct 2017) What Has Ireland Learned From Austerity?
Christopher Richards is currently studying Business Mathematics and Statistics at the London School of Economics.
The views and opinions expressed in this article are those of the author(s).
Generating a Solar Giant: China, a White Dwarf?
Quality vs Quantity – What Works for Wine Exporters?
Inquisitive university students and recent graduates are welcome to collaborate with our team to produce insightful articles.


text:
El Renault Twingo és un automòbil del segment A produït pel fabricant francès Renault des de l'any 1992. És un quatre places amb carrosseria hatchback de tres portes, motor davanter transversal de quatre cilindres en línia i tracció davantera.

Primera generació (1992-2012)
La primera generació del Twingo és la primera incursió de Renault en el segment A. El seu frontal curt i capó paral·lel al parabrises ho assemblen a un monovolum, malgrat la seva altura total i la disposició dels seients són típiques d'un automòbil de turisme. Aquestes dues característiques li permeten tenir un interior més espaiós que els seus rivals, a costa de motors forçosament menuts i, per tant, poc potents.

En el llançament, el Twingo tenia un motor de gasolina de 1.2 litres de cilindrada amb vuit vàlvules i 55 CV de potència màxima. Aquest va ser reemplaçat per un 1.1 litres amb una potència màxima augmentada a 60 CV. Una variant de setze vàlvules i 75 CV va ser afegida l'any 2000. En Brasil es va vendre també amb un gasolina 1.0 litres i setze vàlvules.

La primera generació es va produir fins al de 8 de juny de 2012 en la planta de SOFASA en Envigado, Colòmbia per a Sud-amèrica.

Segona generació (2007-2014)
La segona generació del Twingo va ser presentada oficialment en el Saló de l'Automòbil de París de 2006. Va rebre 28 punts i quatre estrelles en la prova de protecció a adults en xocs d'EuroNCAP, el menor puntuatge d'un model de Renault des de l'any 2003, quan es va provar la primera generació del Twingo i el Renault Kangoo.

El motor de gasolina base té 1.2 litres de cilindrada i existeix en tres variants: atmosfèrica amb vuit vàlvules i 60 CV de potència màxima; atmosfèrica amb setze vàlvules i 75 CV; i amb turbocompressor, setze vàlvules i 100 CV. La versió esportiva "Twingo RS" duu un 1.6 litres atmosfèric de quatre vàlvules per cilindre i 133 CV de potència màxima. També existeix una variant Dièsel, un 1.5 litres de 65 o 85 CV amb turbocompressor i injecció directa amb tecnologia common rail.

Galeria

Referències

Enllaços externs

 Club del Renault Twingo a Argentina
 Renault Twingo a Argentina
 Web oficial de Renault a l'Equador

Models Renault


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Haysville church builds supply bags for Afghan refugees
August 31, 2021 by ericadminchia 0 Comments
"I just kind of asked the conditions, like what's going on there? And he just kind of told me and I just said, well, how about I put this list together, and he was like, great, you know, anything you want to put together and send is is going to be beneficial," Schmidt said. She
Ship Supplies Available at Marine Online's B2B marketplace
SINGAPORE, Aug. 31, 2021 /PRNewswire/ — Ship chandelling has been a vital part of the maritime industry, and an important responsibility. However, the pandemic reshaped the ship supply purchasing model, making e-Commerce the prevalent gateway to sustain suppliers' international reach. Marine Online bridges this demand through digitalising its ship supply procuring service. As an open e-Commerce
Wipro and HERE partner to provide location-based services
Location planning for smart metering and field service management are key areas of collaboration HERE Tracking to enable monitoring and tracking on a real-time basis Amsterdam, Netherlands and Bangalore, India – August 31, 2021: Wipro Limited (NYSE: WIT, BSE: 507685, NSE: WIPRO), a leading global information technology, consulting and business process services company, and HERE
Gatik Expands Operations Into Texas, Opens New Autonomous
PALO ALTO, Calif., Aug. 31, 2021 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) — Gatik today announced it has expanded customer deployments in Texas and opened a new autonomous trucking facility in Fort Worth. The new facility serves as a hub for Gatik's operations in Texas, enabling new and existing customers to take advantage of reduced supply chain costs, operational
Freightcom Partners With Bolt Logistics to Drive Small Business Growth in Canada
Article content Partnership provides peace of mind for small-to-medium-sized ecommerce businesses by scaling logistics and driving expedited growth Article content TORONTO — Bolt Logistics (Bolt), a leading Canadian technology-enabled logistics and last-mile delivery provider, and Freightcom Inc. (Freightcom), a best-in-class logistics and ecommerce technology provider offering multimode shipping solutions, announced a partnership to improve, simplify,
2-wheeler leaders' debate | SHD Logistics
From the evolution of the leisure sector to the growing significance of electrification and other drivetrain technologies, the logistical demands for two-wheelers are ever-changing. For GEFCO, who delivers around 50,000 new bikes in the UK year on year, as well as supporting OEMs in the UK and internationally with exports of over 25,000 bikes annually, understanding
Caddick Construction appointed to deliver speculative development in Ellesmere
The North-West office of family run business, Caddick Construction, has been appointed by Redsun to deliver AVIATOR Phase II, which comprises two new build warehouses with integral mezzanine offices. Caddick Construction successfully completed phase one in February last year, delivering a 125,000ft2 warehouse which was let to Survitec Group on a 20-year lease just after
Oklahoma betting on economic boom from new logistics park
Southern Oklahoma doesn't normally spring to mind as a hub for global trade, but economic leaders hope a new 200-acre logistics park will be a catalyst for growth for inbound cargo and exports. Federal, state and local officials recently broke ground on the site of the $124 million Global Transportation & Industrial Park of Oklahoma
Gatik opens Texas hub for autonomous middle-mile deliveries
Dive Brief: Gatik has opened an autonomous trucking facility in Fort Worth, Texas, to make middle-mile deliveries for multiple Fortune 500 businesses, the company said in a news release Tuesday. Gatik is deploying its 20-foot and 26-foot multi-temperature box trucks in the state in response to heightened e-commerce demand. The facility will serve as Gatik's state
Ida's fury hits U.S. oil production, gasoline supplies
A parking sign lies in the street as Hurricane Ida makes landfall in Louisiana, in New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S. August 29, 2021. REUTERS/Marco Bello Oil producers, refiners begin assessing Gulf Coast damage U.S. fuel prices tick higher on refinery processing cuts HOUSTON, Aug 30 (Reuters) – Energy companies on Monday were beginning a days-long evaluation


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September 3, 2015: A Clinton advisor speculates that Bryan Pagliano wants to plead the Fifth because he "retrieved all our emails" for someone, possibly a Clinton Foundation official.
Maura Pally (Credit: Sylvain Gaboury / Patrick McMullan)
Longtime Clinton advisor Neera Tanden emails Clinton campaign chair John Podesta. The subject heading is "Re: This Bryan Pagliano situation." Most of their email exchange appears to be about other matters, but Tanden makes the comment, "Bryan was the one who retrieved all our emails for Maura to read. Maybe that is why he's avoiding testifying." (WikiLeaks, 11/3/2016)
This email comes one day after it is first reported that Pagliano is going to plead the Fifth before a Congressional committee that wants to question him about his role managing Clinton's private email server when she was secretary of state. (The New York Times, 9/5/2015)
It is not clear who "Maura" is. However, the only Maura in Clinton's inner circle at the time is Maura Pally. She was deputy counsel on Clinton's 2008 presidential campaign. In 2013, she began working for the Clinton Foundation. She was the interim CEO of the foundation from January until April 2015, and she has been vice president of programs at the foundation since then. (Politico, 5/30/2013) (Politico, 4/27/2015)
The FBI's summary of Pagliano's December 2015 interview will make no mention of anything like this. (Federal Bureau of Investigation, 9/23/2016)
Perhaps that is because the email will not be publicly known until it is released by WikiLeaks in November 2016.
2016 presidential campaign4 November 2016 addendaBryan PaglianoClinton FoundationemailsFederal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)Hillary ClintonJohn PodestaMaura PallyNeera Tandenprivate serverWikiLeaks John Podesta emails


PHILADELPHIA (CBS) – Funeral services have been set for Arlene Ackerman who died on February 2, 2013 at the age of 66.
Ackerman's son, Anthony Antognoli, says his mother died of pancreatic cancer in Albuquerque, New Mexico where she lived (see related story).
Ackerman was appointed as the superintendent of the Philadelphia Public School District in 2008.
Two memorial services have been scheduled, in Philadelphia and Albuquerque.
The Philadelphia service will take place at 3 p.m. on March 3, 2013 at Bright Hope Baptist Church, located at 1601 North 12th Street.


We are looking for an ambitious Accounting intern to provide support to the financial department by managing daily accounting tasks. You will be part of a team of professionals working to maintain order and transparency for the companys finances.
Preparing financial statements and reporting are a large part of the accounting interns day-to-day work. The ideal candidate will be well-versed in accounting principles and able to work comfortably with numbers and attention to detail.
Ability to prioritize/execute to achieve desired company and project goals with prudence and sense of urgency.
Manage service income/ payment/ invoice with sellers (clients).
Support accounting work for on-site event and activities.
Other administrativeand accounting work upon request.
The ability tocommunicate in Chinese will be a plus.


Home » Forums » Experiences and Memories » Tips, Tricks, Must-do, and Never-do » Where Would You Spend New Years Eve at Walt Disney World?
Where Would You Spend New Years Eve at Walt Disney World?
When I was a little girl the thing I wanted to do most was spend New Years Eve at the Magic Kingdom. This, of course, was the fault of Carousel of Progress showcasing the celebration on the end scene TV set. Anyhow, as an adult I have more anxiety issues that make the thought of NYE on Main Street feel like a very bad idea.
I'm curious, where are the fantastic places to spend NYE at Disney World that don't include buying an extra event ticket.
Have you spent NYE at Disney? If you did, where would you go?
Years ago we spent NYE in Magic Kingdom. It was absolutely insane! Because it fills to capacity that day, we got there when it opened which I believe was 8am and stayed until 1am All wait times were super long, you couldn't even move inside the stores, and, to make it worse it was COLD! I'm talking winter coats, hats, mittens. Even for us Canadians They also gave out noisemakers which got annoying very quickly. However, the fireworks were (and still are) the best I've ever seen. It looked like daylight when the grand finale went off because there were so many fireworks.
Last year we spent NYE at Disneyland Park in California. The weather was cool but nowhere near as cold as Florida was. They still gave out the noisemakers but they didn't start handing them out until about 6pm which was nice. It was busy but not as bad as WDW the year I went. We also didn;t mind waiting for rides because we had never been to Disneyland before so we were excited to see it, plus, what else were we going to do while waiting until the fireworks The worst part was probably the massive crowd at the end of the night leaving the park. It took quite a while to walk back to our hotel.
I'm with Spook - I'd get a theme park view room at BLT and enjoy from there. If MK was open late (like 1-2 am) I'd think about walking over after Midnight, assuming it's a mad rush to get out, to go in and just walk around for a bit and welcome in the new year.
I'd love to spend it at Epcot! I've heard they do a countdown for each country's NYE timezone and that they have a silent dance party. I know it would be absolutely insane, but if you go in prepared I think it could still be a good time...or at the very least something I would be happy to say I've done once Pretty sure a room at Yacht or Beach would be a must.
I would enjoy the festivities at the resort.
I've heard they do a countdown for each country's NYE timezone and that they have a silent dance party.
That sounds like fun! I love the silent dance party idea.
A theme park view room at any of the Lagoon Resorts would be awesome. Maybe a Polynesian Bungalow. I'm sure those are rough rooms to try and get at that time.
In my resort sleeping, don't know the last time I made it to midnight on NYE.


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← Honouring the corruption of body and soul
Persecution in the PRC →
July 4, 2018 · 5:20 pm
A gloomy outlook for New Zealand Anglicans
Late last week there was an announcement that the Christchurch Anglican diocese and the government had reached in-principle agreement on the process that is intended to lead to the rebuild of Christchurch's Anglican cathedral, which has lain in ruins since the February 2011 earthquake. New Zealand readers will be aware that most of Christchurch diocese, and the former bishop, appeared to want to demolish the old building, and build something modern and – if less aesthetically appealing and less historically resonant – more cost-effective. But central and local government stumped up enough money, with promises of private fundraising and threats of legal action that could have bogged the process down in the courts for years, to persuade Christchurch's Anglicans to take the rebuild path instead. They were, more or less, coerced. According to the investment banker now leading the project – not, apparently, an Anglican – neither the cost nor the start date is known, but within a decade the cathedral is expected to be back in use.
I wrote about the impending decision last year, torn between my own liking for something like the old building
So I will be a little sad if the old cathedral is no longer there. My own tastes run in the direction of the older style of building. The building was a symbol of the city, and of its English, and Anglican, heritage. Choral worship, of the sort undertaken in cathedrals great and small, has been one of the glories of our English heritage. And great cathedrals have typically cost astonishing amounts of money. A place of great beauty in which to worship is a privilege, and one of ancient lineage in our Judeo-Christian traditions (read the accounts of the temple King Solomon built).
and a stronger sense that (a) government money shouldn't be going into such things, and (b) the decision should have been, unconstrainedly, that of Christchurch Anglicans. Should the cathedral reopen I would look forward to occasionally attending services there – much of my extended family still lives in Christchurch – but I wonder who else will.
As I noted last year, the church in New Zealand has been in decline for decades, and the Anglicans have been foremost among the "losers": once dominant in New Zealand religion census statistics they – like most other strands of the church – are now small, struggling and, generally, aged minorities. And like the Anglican movement across the advanced world, they are tearing themselves apart – most immediately obviously around the issue of homosexuality, and the willingness or otherwise of the church to look favourably on homosexual practice. Those tensions were easily apparent last year before the decision on the cathedral were made. They have come into starker contrast in the last few weeks since the General Synod agreed the individual bishops could choose to authorise blessings of homosexual "marriages". For many evangelicals, and some evangelical congregrations, this appears to have been the last straw. And thus last week there was this announcement.
Since GSTHW 2018, some Clergy, Vestries and parishioners here in our Diocese, have been deeply concerned by these changes to the church's teaching and practice. They consider that these changes depart from the teaching of the Bible and the historic position of the Anglican Church on human sexuality to the point that they have been wrestling with the very painful question of whether to disaffiliate, or not, from the Diocese. It is a matter of conscience and sincere belief that means they feel they can no longer submit to the Constitution and Canons or rules of the province of the Anglican Church in Aotearoa, New Zealand and Polynesia.
The Meeting:
The four groups were led by the Reverends Jay Behan from St Stephen's Shirley; James De Costobadie from St John's Latimer Square; Dave Clancey and Chris Spark from St Saviour's and St Nicholas', South Christchurch; and Steve McNabb from St John's Woolston.
I understand that some of these congregations – where the vote to disaffiliate was reported to be overwhelming – are among the largest, and most lively, in the Christchurch diocese. I had a look at websites of several of them, and was struck by the apparent vigour and range of activities and ministries. And there are not so many Christchurch Anglicans that I'd have thought they could face losing so many of their energetic people and leaders with any sort of equanimity. Had the General Synod vote gone the other way, perhaps some congregrations at the liberal end of the spectrum would have considered disaffiliating too.
My own sympathies are with the disaffiliating evangelical congregations – one reason I went back to a Baptist church a few years ago was that it was only a matter of time until this sort of split happened, whether in Christchurch, Wellington or wherever. But, for this post, my sympathies aren't the issue. It is mostly a case of wondering about the medium-term viability of the husk of the diocese, about to be burdened with a grand (well, by New Zealand standards) old/new cathedral). What will Christchurch Anglicanism – and recall that Christchurch was an Anglican foundation – look like at the opening service for the new cathedral, let alone another decade on? Perhaps the diocese can cannibalise property assets for a decade or two (or parishes are closed down, assisted by the earthquakes) and probaby institutions like the private schools stand pretty much alone financially anyway. But who the diocesan Anglicans be? Globally, liberal Anglicanism doesn't seem to have been good at reproducing itself, let alone growing. Why should we suppose that having adopted the latest bit of societal "wisdom", the effectiveness of those ministries will now change?
Having read the disaffiliation announcement on Saturday, I went to the main morning service at Auckland's Holy Trinity Cathedral on Sunday (we were out of town for the weekend.) And it did nothing to allay my fears and concerns. The building – something of a melange of styles to say the least – is quite impressive (again by New Zealand church standards), and the location is superb. The new or refurbished organ sounded glorious. But it was hard not to think that it was a congregation on its last legs. Perhaps there were 100 people there – on a pleasant sunny winter's morning – and there were a handful of children, but the people were almost lost in the size of the building. The singing was dreadful – unfamiliar tunes, in some cases dire words, and no good lead from the choir. None of this is to cast aspersions on anyone's faith or practice – done well, it is a style of worship that very much appeals to me – or the faithfulness of those who were there. But it was hard not to look ahead 10 or 20 years, and wonder if – absent revival – we'll be left with a monument and a concert venue, with not much left of the diocese to which the cathedral is seat. Perhaps the rest of the Auckland diocese is in fine form, and there is no risk of material splits. But it is difficult not to be downcast, and not to wonder again at the wisdom of going ahead with the extremely expensive rebuild of Christchurch cathedral. We can only hope, and pray, that in decades to come it is more than just the Christchurch Anglican Memorial concert hall.
The gates of hell won't prevail against God's kingdom. But the same can't be said for any particular denomination or tradition, in any particular time or place. It is hard to see better days ahead for the church in New Zealand – perhaps especially for the established liberal churches (and the New Zealand Catholic diocese probably should be counted among that number). I'm no longer even that optimistic about New Zealand Baptists. God can make a way where there seems to be no way. My longing is that He would move to do so here.


For TiO2 photocatalysts, recombination of photoexcited electrons and holes would occur in crystalline defects such as oxygen vacancies, Ti3+ ions, and surface states. Therefore, it is believed that the density of crystalline defects should be decreased to improve the photocatalytic activity of TiO2 particles. Contrary to this common knowledge, the introduction of crystalline defects by hydrogen reduction treatment is shown to increase the lifetime of photoexcited electrons in rutile TiO2 photocatalysts with an increase of n-type electrical conductivity. The photocatalytic activities of H2-reduced rutile TiO2 were higher than those of anatase TiO2 and mixed-phase TiO2. This chapter explains the effect of donor doping on the photocatalytic activity of rutile TiO2, the relationship between its physicochemical properties and photocatalytic performances, and the mechanism of the enhanced activity of H2-reduced TiO2. Particle size dependence on the enhanced activities suggests the formation of a space charge layer in large TiO2 crystallites.
For utilization of light energy including solar light, the development of highly active photocatalytic materials is expected. Mainly oxide photocatalysts have been studied so far, but the design guideline did not become clear even in the case of representative TiO2. In crystalline type of TiO2 photocatalysts such as anatase, rutile, and brookite, it is believed that anatase TiO2 is active based on the studies such as the oxidative degradation of organic compounds, H2 evolution from water, and photoinduced super hydrophilicity. When anatase TiO2 is annealed to decrease the density of crystalline defects, the crystal structure is transformed into a thermodynamically stable rutile phase. Generally speaking, the photocatalytic performance of rutile-type TiO2 is inferior except for the case in specific photocatalyst reactions. The reasons of lower activity are attributed to the smaller BET-specific surface area, the energetically lower conduction band bottom, and the shorter lifetime of the photoexcited carriers, compared to those of anatase TiO2.
When oxide photocatalyst absorbs light with energy larger than the bandgap, an electron is excited to the conduction band, and a positive hole generates in the valence band. The lifetime of the photoexcited electron and the hole must be long enough to promote reductive and oxidative reactions on the surface efficiently. However, most of the photoexcited carriers are deactivated by recombination at crystalline defects such as impurities and disorder of the atomic arrangement in the bulk, on the surface, and at the interface. Therefore, highly crystalline particles are considered to show high photocatalytic activity if the band structure and the BET-specific surface area are the same.
The photocatalytic activity of rutile TiO2 is frequently low compared to that of anatase TiO2 photocatalyst. However, Maeda recently revealed that a rutile TiO2 can induce overall water splitting to evolve H2 and O2 under UV irradiation . We have also found that photocatalytic activity of rutile TiO2 was improved by H2 reduction treatment. The reaction can be written using Kröger-Vink notation (Table 1). Hydrogen reduction of TiO2 creates both oxygen vacancy and electrons as shown in Eq. (1). Therefore, this treatment is recognized as a donor doping. The electron is trapped in a Ti4+ lattice site to form Ti3+ ions (Eq. (2)). The enhanced activity by introducing lattice defects is against the common knowledge in photocatalyst chemistry: crystalline defects should be decreased.
Kröger-Vink notation of species in TiO2 lattice.
Note: M corresponds to metal cation.
Despite the reputed lower activity of rutile TiO2 than anatase, it is important to determine the physical properties affecting the photocatalytic efficiency of rutile TiO2. This chapter explains the donor doping effect on rutile TiO2 photocatalysts and the effect of H2 reduction treatment on the photocatalytic activity of rutile TiO2. The properties of the H2-reduced rutile TiO2 were characterized using diffuse reflectance UV-vis-NIR spectroscopy, electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy, sheet resistance measurements, and electrochemical Mott-Schottky analysis. The role of oxygen vacancies, Ti3+ species, and conduction band electrons in the enhancement of photocatalytic and PEC activities of H2-reduced TiO2 is discussed based on the experimental results.
For semiconductor materials in electronic use, the density of electrons and holes is controlled by the doping of impurities into crystalline materials. Doping means incorporation of foreign impurities into the crystalline lattice of the parent semiconductor, and it is significantly different from surface modification. The donor doping implies an introduction of electrons to create an n-type semiconductor. The n-type conductivity is increased by donor doping and decreased by an acceptor doping-introducing hole. The electrons in the conduction band and the trapping site are one of crystalline defects in a wide meaning.
In semiconductor photocatalysts, doping of impurities is used to control the band structures. An impurity level and a subband can be formed in the bandgap by substituting a different ion for an ion constituting a crystal, and it is applied for the development of visible light-responsive photocatalysts. However, photocatalytic activity under visible-light irradiation has not yet been in practical use because of the low quantum yield. The doped impurities frequently resulted in deactivation of the doped photocatalysts, suggesting that the dopants and the created defects work as a recombination center decreasing the lifetime of photoexcited electrons and holes.
There are many papers reporting the enhancement of photocatalytic activity by doping of cations and anions, although some of the reports lack reproducibility and experimental evidence. For perovskite oxide photocatalysts, some research groups reported that the photocatalytic activity was enhanced by acceptor doping, that is, doping of cations with valence lower than that of the parent cations. It is known that oxygen vacancies are easily formed in perovskite oxides, which resulted in the increase of electron density (Eq. (3)) and the origin of n-type semiconductivity.
The electrons are trapped in shallow midgap states near conduction band bottom and can be easily excited from the donor levels to the conduction band. During photoexcitation, photogenerated holes would recombine with the electrons in addition to the photoexcited electrons. Therefore, a higher accumulation of electrons in n-type oxide would result in lower photocatalytic activity. Actually, this is true for perovskite oxide photocatalysts such as SrTiO3 and KTaO3 [2–4].
Ishihara et al. reported that the doping of Zr4+ to KTaO3 particles was effective for improving the activity for overall water splitting under UV irradiation [2, 3]. The photocatalytic activity of nondoped KTaO3 loaded with a NiO cocatalyst (NiO/KTaO3) was negligible, but the doping of a small amount of tetravalent cations such as Zr4+ increases the rate of photocatalytic H2 and O2 evolution. KTaO3 was originally an n-type semiconductor, since the electrical conductivity was monotonically increased with decreasing oxygen partial pressure. The doping of acceptors would decrease electron density in KTaO3 according to Eqs. (4) and (5). The electrical conductivity of KTaO3 was decreased with an increase of the amount of doped Zr4+, which resulted in the enhanced photocatalytic activity.
Takata and Domen also reported that acceptor doping effectively enhanced the photocatalytic activity of cocatalyst-loaded SrTiO3 particles for overall water splitting . Ga-doped and Na-doped SrTiO3 exhibited photocatalytic activity higher than that of nondoped SrTiO3 by about 10 times. Ga3+ occupies the Ti4+ site and Na+ occupies the Sr2+ site, which resulted in the decrease of electron concentration (Eqs. (6) and (7)). In contrast, the doping of a higher valence cations (Ta and La) led to the suppressed photocatalytic activity of SrTiO3 (Eqs. (8) and (9)). Here, Ta5+ occupies Ti4+ site, and La3+ occupies the Sr2+ site increasing the electron density of SrTiO3. Since the electrons are trapped in Ti4+ sites to create Ti3+ species (Eq. (2)), the defect species most responsible for recombination would be Ti3+ species in n-type perovskite oxide photocatalysts.
The roles of dopants in TiO2 photocatalysts are complicated and controversial, since it might depend on the particle size, the crystallinity, the crystalline phase, and reaction conditions. Generally speaking, impurities and crystalline defects work as recombination centers. However, there are some reports pointing that donor doping enhanced the photocatalytic activity of Pt-loaded TiO2 [5, 6]. This trend for Pt/TiO2 photocatalysts is opposite to the case of perovskite oxides, which is activated by acceptor doping.
Karakitsou and Verykios reported the effect of aliovalent cation doping to the TiO2 matrix on the photocatalytic activity of Pt/TiO2 for H2 evolution . Since the doped TiO2 was prepared at 900°C, the crystalline structure was rutile phase and the particle size was large (BET-specific surface area, ~1 m2 g−1). In contrast to the case of perovskite oxides mentioned above, the doping of cations with valence higher than Ti4+ (W6+, Ta5+, and Nb5+) enhanced the photocatalytic activity, while the opposite was observed for acceptor doping (In3+, Zn2+, and Li+). The measurement of electrical conductivity revealed that the cation doping changed the bulk electronic structure . The authors concluded that n-type conductivity correlates with the enhanced photocatalytic activity of Pt/TiO2 with rutile form.
Ying et al. investigated the role of particle size in cation-doped TiO2 nanoparticles with anatase crystalline structure . For TiO2 nanocrystals with an average diameter less than 11 nm, the doping of Fe3+ enhanced the photocatalytic activity for CHCl3 degradation. The optimal concentration of Fe3+ dopants decreased with increasing TiO2 particle size, suggesting that the role of Fe3+ species is the inhibition of surface recombination. The Fe3+ doping might work less effectively for large TiO2 particles, since the dominant recombination process is bulk recombination rather than surface recombination. The photocatalytic activity of TiO2 with large particle size was increased by Nb5+ doping in a combination with Pt loading, while the activity was decreased by sole Nb5+ doping.
Improving crystallinity by annealing can enhance the photocatalytic activity of TiO2 by decreasing defects that act as recombination centers. However, high temperature calcination frequently decreased photocatalytic activity. This deactivation is commonly attributed to a change of the crystal structure from anatase to rutile and a decrease in BET-specific surface area because of crystal growth. Both crystallinity and specific surface area, which are related to particle size, are changed by high temperature calcination. Therefore, it is difficult to characterize the effect of annealing except for the effects by crystal growth.
We investigated the effect of high temperature calcination on the photocatalytic activity of rutile TiO2 with a small BET-specific surface area, ~2.3 m2 g−1, to diminish the change in the crystalline phase and surface area by crystal growth . Photocatalytic activity toward H2 evolution was examined using an aqueous ethanol solution, with in-situ photodeposited Pt nanoparticles, under UV irradiation. Figure 1 shows that the rate of photocatalytic H2 evolution was significantly decreased by calcination in air at temperatures higher than 500°C, although the BET-specific surface area showed a little change. These results indicated that the deactivation of rutile TiO2 particles at high temperature calcination could not be attributed to the phase transition and the decreased surface area.
Effect of calcination temperature on (a) the rate of photocatalytic H2 evolution from an aqueous solution of 50 vol% ethanol with H2PtCl6 (2.0 wt% as Pt) under UV irradiation from light emitting diode (peak wavelength 380 nm) and (b) BET specific surface area of rutile TiO2 particles.
Then, the behavior of photoexcited electrons was examined using transient IR spectroscopy to probe the dynamics of photoexcited electrons . Changes in IR absorption were recorded after the pump irradiation of 355-nm laser pulse in the presence of methanol. Owing to low signal levels under vacuum, methanol was added as an electron donor. Figure 2 shows the millisecond-scale decay of the photoinduced IR absorption observed for calcined rutile samples. Since the photogenerated holes react with methanol within a millisecond, the decay of the signal attributed to photoexcited electrons is very slow. The signal magnitude decreased as calcination temperature of the sample increased, suggesting the more recombination of photoexcited carriers. The rutile TiO2 particles calcined at high temperature showed the less density of long-lived photoexcited electrons, which resulted in the low photocatalytic activity. The reason for the deactivation at high temperature calcination is attributed to fast charge carrier recombination.
Transient IR spectroscopy setup and the transient absorption at 2000 cm−1 triggered by a 355-nm laser pulse with 6-ns duration in the presence of methanol of the rutile TiO2 calcined in air at different temperatures: 500°C, 700°C, 900°C, and 1100°C.
TiO2 is often considered as a nonstoichiometric oxygen-deficient compound. According to Eq. (3), a small amount of electrons would be naturally doped. However, the n-type conductivity may be decreased by calcination in air at high temperature owing to the strong oxidation. To confirm the effect of electron density on the fast recombination observed in deactivated TiO2, we performed H2 reduction treatment to the rutile TiO2 particles calcined at 1100°C . The TiO2 samples were reduced by H2 at 500 or 700°C, increasing both the density of long-lived charge carriers and photocatalytic activity (Figure 3). These results suggest that the density of oxygen vacancies and/or electrons is an important factor determining the photocatalytic activity.
(A) Time course of photocatalytic H2 evolution from an aqueous ethanol solution with Pt, and (B) transient IR absorption triggered by a 355-nm laser pulse in the presence of methanol: (a) TiO2 calcined in air at 1100°C, (b) TiO2 reduced with H2 at 500°C after calcination at 1100°C, and (c) TiO2 reduced with H2 at 700°C after calcination at 1100°C.
H2 reduction treatment has received extensive attention for improving the photocatalytic activity of anatase TiO2 nanostructures since the recent report of the visible-light sensitivity of "hydrogenated black TiO2" with defect disorders . H2 reduction treatment has also been reported to improve the PEC activity of TiO2 nanowire arrays . The H2 treatment creates a high density of oxygen vacancies and electrons as shown in Eq. (1). We investigated the effects of H2 treatment temperature on the photocatalytic activity of rutile TiO2 particles to discuss the role of oxygen vacancies, Ti3+ ions, and conduction band electrons . The photocatalytic activity was examined using an O2 evolution from an aqueous solution of 50 mmol L−1 AgNO3 as a sacrificial electron acceptor (4Ag+ + 2H2O → 4Ag0 + O2 + 4H+). Calcination above 900°C decreased the photocatalytic activity of rutile TiO2 particles probably owing to strong oxidation, but its initial activity was restored by H2 treatment at above 500°C. The photocatalytic activity of reduced TiO2 was hardly changed after recalcination in air at 300°C, but significantly decreased after recalcination at 500°C.
Electron spin resonance (ESR) is active for paramagnetic species such as Ti3+ ions (electron trapped in titanium lattice site) and O•− radicals (hole trapped in oxygen lattice site). Figure 4A shows ESR spectra of the H2-reduced TiO2 samples . The TiO2 calcined at 1100°C exhibited signals with g = 2.061 and 2.045. Kumar et al. have reported radical formation (g1 = 2.026, g2 = 2.017, and g3 = 2.008) on rutile TiO2 by calcination at 750°C and assigned the signals to trapped holes on the surface (Ti4+O2−Ti4+O•− radicals) . It has been reported that strong oxidation of TiO2 facilitates the transformation of n-type oxygen-deficient TiO2−x to p-type metal-deficient Ti1−yO2 . The high temperature calcination of TiO2 may be considered as acceptor doping to create titanium vacancy (V′′′′Ti) and hole (h•) according to Eq. (10). The hole would be trapped in the oxygen lattice site as an O•− radical.
(A) ESR spectra and (B) diffuse reflectance UV-vis-NIR spectra of H2-reduced TiO2 samples: (a) TiO2 calcined in air at 1100°C, and (b–d) TiO2 treated with H2 after calcination at 1100°C. The H2 treatment temperatures are (b) 400°C, (c) 500°C, and (d) 700°C.
The signals attributable to O•− radicals (trapped hole) disappeared after H2 treatment at 400°C, indicating that strongly oxidized Ti1−yO2 was reduced to neutral TiO2 by the mild H2 treatment. The ESR spectrum of TiO2 reduced at 500°C exhibited a sharp signal at g = 2.002 assigned to electrons trapped in oxygen vacancies and an intense signal at g = 1.974 assigned to Ti3+ ions (electron trapped in Ti lattice site) in rutile. This indicates that H2 treatment at 500°C further reduced the TiO2 to oxygen-deficient TiO2−x. The signal at g = 1.974 was significantly broadened when the H2 treatment temperature was increased to 700°C, indicating the high density of Ti3+ ions. The TiO2 reduced at 700°C was assumed to be deeply doped n-type TiO2.
The color of the TiO2 samples changed from white to a pale ash color after H2 reduction treatment . Figure 4B shows diffuse reflectance UV-vis-NIR spectra of the TiO2 samples. The onset of intense photoabsorption originating from interband transitions was located at ca. 415 nm corresponding to the bandgap of rutile, 3.0 eV. The spectrum of TiO2 reduced at 500 and 700°C exhibited a broad absorption located in the visible and NIR region, which can be assigned to the transition of electrons in shallow traps and the conduction band. From the NIR absorption, the density of electrons in the TiO2 reduced at 500°C was higher than that in the TiO2 reduced at 700°C. Therefore, it is concluded that H2 reduction at higher temperature increased the density of electrons in the conduction band.
Figure 5 shows X-ray photoelectron spectra of the strongly oxidized TiO2 and reduced TiO2 . There was no significant change in the Ti 2p spectra. The binding energy of 458.6 eV for Ti 2p3/2 was similar to the literature value for Ti4+ in TiO2. This indicates that the amount of Ti3+ ions on the surface of reduced TiO2 was too small to analyze by XPS. In contrast, there was a significant difference observed in the O 1s spectra. The peak at 529.8 eV was assigned to lattice oxygen of TiO2, and the shoulder peak at 531.5–532.0 eV was assigned to surface hydroxyl groups. Unexpectedly, the area assigned to the hydroxyl group was higher in intensity for reduced TiO2 than that of oxidized TiO2. This is because the oxygen vacancies at the top surface became filled by reaction with H2O in the air. It is reported that oxygen vacancies induce dissociation of water molecules and form two hydroxyl groups via H+ transfer to a neighboring lattice oxygen according to Eq. (11) . Therefore, oxygen vacancies are not considered to be present on the surface of reduced TiO2 under ambient conditions. This suggests that oxygen vacancies are not a catalytic site in reduced TiO2 photocatalysts.
Ti 2p and O 1s X-ray photoelectron spectra of (a) TiO2 calcined in air at 1100°C, and (b) TiO2 treated with H2 at 700°C after calcination at 1100°C.
Thermally oxidized TiO2 films were prepared by a simple calcination of a Ti sheet at 900°C . Figure 6A shows PEC properties evaluated in dilute sulfuric acid (0.1 mol L−1 H2SO4, pH = 1) under UV irradiation (wavelength >330 nm). The thermally oxidized TiO2 film was inactive for PEC water oxidation. The photocurrent was also negligible for the TiO2 films treated with H2 at 400°C. However, anodic photocurrent was observed at applied potentials larger than +0.1 V versus Ag-AgCl after H2 treatment at higher temperature, suggesting the formation of long-lived holes in the reduced TiO2 films.
Figure 6B shows the relationship between sheet resistance and donor density of the thermally oxidized TiO2 films after H2 treatment . The sheet resistance was measured using a four-point probe. The donor densities were evaluated by Mott-Schottky analysis of the capacitance of the space charge layer. The Mott-Schottky plots of the TiO2 films showed a positive slope of n-type conductivity. The resistance of the thermally oxidized TiO2 films was high owing to their low donor density. H2 treatment at above 450°C greatly reduced the sheet resistance and increased the donor density. H2 treatment at 600°C increased the donor density by 2–3 orders of magnitude. The enhanced PEC and photocatalytic properties are because of the increase of n-type conductivity by H2 treatment.
Effect of H2 treatment temperature on (A) PEC voltammetry curves in 0.1 mol L−1 H2SO4 (pH = 1) and (B) sheet resistance and donor density of thermally oxidized TiO2 films.
A mixture of anatase and rutile phases has been reported to be more active than either pure phase alone. Incidentally, the highly efficient commercial photocatalyst Degussa (Evonik) P25 consists of mainly the anatase phase (~80%) with a reasonable amount of rutile (~15%). Because a synergetic effect between anatase and rutile phases is often not observed when separately synthesized powders are simply mixed together, close contact of the phases with each other is expected to be necessary. The high activity of the mixture of phases has been attributed to the separation of photoexcited charge carriers between the two phases. Anatase is considered to be an active component in mixed-phase TiO2, while rutile is considered to act as an electron sink because of the lower conduction band energy than that of anatase. In contrast, an ESR study revealed that photoexcited electron transfer occurred from the conduction band of rutile to that of anatase in mixed-phase P25 . This would be because the trapping sites of anatase lie below the energy level of the conduction band of the rutile phase. However, in attempts to explain electron transfer from the conduction band of rutile to that of anatase, it is reported that the conduction band of rutile lies ~0.4 eV above that of anatase based on calculation and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy studies . In this way, there is controversy over the alignment of the conduction band minima of rutile and anatase phases of TiO2, experimental results suggest that the photoexcited electrons of rutile are less active than those of anatase. It is reputed that pure rutile is less active for photocatalytic H2 evolution from water than pure anatase and mixed-phase TiO2.
As mentioned, TiO2 P25 is a well-known commercial material with high photocatalytic activity. The mixture of anatase and rutile phases in P25 is reportedly more active than the individual polymorphs of TiO2. Contrary to this viewpoint, we demonstrated that H2-reduced rutile TiO2 is much more active than mixed-phase P25 for photocatalytic H2 evolution from aqueous ethanol solution [17, 18]. To confirm that the anatase phase does not work as an active component, we investigated H2 reduction treatment of pure single-phase rutile particles . P25 was first calcined in air at 900°C to induce complete phase transition from anatase to rutile, and then the pure rutile phase was reduced by H2 at 700°C (Figure 7A). The photocatalytic H2 evolution rate was enhanced to 344 µmol h−1 after H2 reduction treatment at 700°C (Figure 7B).
(A) XRD patterns of (a) P25, (b) P25 after calcination at 900°C, and (c) P25 treated with H2 at 700°C after calcination at 900°C. Symbols ▲, ●, and ■ indicate peaks due to anatase TiO2, rutile TiO2, and NiO, respectively, which was added as an internal standard. (B) Photocatalytic H2 evolution from aqueous ethanol solution over TiO2 samples (50 mg) with 2.0 wt% Pt under UV irradiation from 380-nm LEDs.
Highly efficient rutile photocatalyst is easily fabricated from P25 by H2 reduction treatment at 700°C for 2 h . The H2-reduced rutile TiO2 outperforms anatase-rich TiO2 because of the wider absorption range caused by its bandgap of rutile (3.0 eV) smaller than that of anatase (3.2 eV). The apparent quantum yield of H2-reduced rutile TiO2 was estimated to be 46% for photocatalytic H2 evolution under 390-nm irradiation, which was 3.3 times higher than that of mixed-phase P25.
Crystalline size is one of factors affecting the lifetime of photogenerated charge carriers in oxide photocatalysts. For photocatalytic O2 evolution by water oxidation, anatase TiO2 nanoparticles exhibit poor activity, while larger rutile particles are more efficient. Large WO3 particles with low surface area-to-volume ratios are suited to providing long-lived photogenerated holes for water oxidation . This is because slow bulk recombination is the dominant process in larger particles, rather than fast surface recombination.
Controlling the crystalline size of H2-reduced TiO2 is expected to improve the photocatalytic activity for O2 evolution by water oxidation. The crystalline size and electron density of rutile TiO2 particles (BET-specific surface are 17 m2 g−1) was controlled by high-temperature calcination and subsequent H2 reduction . The photocatalytic activity of TiO2 for water oxidation was significantly improved by H2 reduction at 700°C, after calcination at 1100°C (Figure 8). The effect of H2 reduction treatment was obtained only if the rutile particle was previously calcined at temperatures higher than 1000°C. The improved activity was probably due to a combination of the increased crystalline size and the increased electron concentration. The H2-reduced TiO2 exhibited high apparent quantum yield for O2 evolution, 41% under irradiation at 365 nm.
Effect of calcination temperature on the rate of photocatalytic O2 evolution from water in the presence of sacrificial AgNO3 over TiO2 samples treated by (●) calcination in air and (□) reduction with H2 at 700°C after calcination. SEM images of (a) TiO2 (rutile 96 wt%, BET-specific surface area 17 m2 g−1), (b) TiO2 calcined at 900°C, and (c) TiO2 calcined at 1100°C.
Photocatalytic efficiencies per unit of BET-specific surface area were calculated to consider surface reactivities . The surface reactivity for water oxidation, defined as the O2 evolution rate per unit of surface area, was significantly improved by H2 treatment when the samples were previously calcined at >1000°C. It was found that H2 treatment also improved the surface reactivities for photocatalytic H2 evolution and photocatalytic CO2 evolution (oxidative decomposition of acetic acid). The H2 treatment effectively improved the surface reactivity of TiO2 calcined at high temperature, without dependence on a particular photocatalytic reaction. Thus, the improvement was not due to the surface modification such as a creation of catalytic active sites, but due to the change of electronic properties.
Figure 9 shows a schematic illustration of the Fermi level in reduced TiO2. An increase in the electron concentration of n-type semiconductors results in an improvement of the electrical conductivity and an upward shift of the Fermi level toward the conduction band edge . When n-type TiO2 contacts with water, space charge layer forms at the interface by electron transfer from conduction band, with a simultaneous potential drop inside TiO2 (Figure 10). This is so-called band bending. The higher Fermi level of n-type TiO2 resulted in the increase of the surface barrier of Schottky type and the electric field in space charge layer. The intrinsic electric field in the space charge layer separates photoexcited electrons and holes, preventing their recombination. This facilitates the transfer of holes from the valence band to the reactants. The width of space charge layer (W) is determined by the donor density (ND) and the potential drop in the layer (Δϕ0) according to Eq. (12) .
Fermi level (EF) of (a) stoichiometric TiO2 insulator and (b) reduced TiO2 with n-type conductivity, in which Ti3+ ions are donor and (c) reduced TiO2 under photoirradiation.
Interface of n-type semiconductor and solution (a) before and (c) after contact in thermal equilibrium. Eredox is the electrode potential of redox species in the solution, Δφ0 is potential drop in the semiconductor, W is the width of space charge layer, and r is the radius of the semiconductor particle (r > W).
where ε0 is the permittivity of vacuum, ε is the dielectric constant of semiconductor, and e is electronic charge. As the electron concentration increases, the space charge layer narrows. Thus, there exist an optimum electron concentration and an optimum particle size depending on this concentration. For example, W can be calculated to be 220 nm at ND = 1017 cm−3, assuming Δϕ0 = 500 mV, and taking ε for rutile to be 86. The radius of photocatalyst particle should be larger than this thickness to obtain a band bending. The calcination temperature dependence observed in Figure 8 can be explained in terms of the relation between the particle size and the thickness of space charge layer. High-temperature calcination would be necessary to increase the TiO2 particle size to an optimum value, 500 nm–1 µm, to form space charge layer thickness. The formation of space charge layer is suggested to be involved in the activation mechanism of H2-reduced rutile TiO2 with large particle size.
H2 reduction treatment enhanced the photocatalytic activity and PEC properties of rutile TiO2 with large particle size. One of the most important factors deciding the photocatalytic activity of reduced TiO2 is the density of electrons in shallow traps and conduction band, rather than the density of oxygen vacancies. H2 treatment at 500°C created Ti3+ ions (trapped electrons), while treatment at 700°C increased the density of conduction electrons, resulting in an improvement of the electrical conductivity of the TiO2 by 2–3 orders of magnitude. The enhanced activity of the reduced TiO2 suggests that n-type conductivity governed by electron density plays an important role in suppressing fast recombination by facilitating charge transport. The suppression of recombination in the reduced TiO2 was caused by not only the high electrical conductivity but also the band bending in space charge layer. The built-in electric field facilitates charge separation and charge transfer. Thus, the surface reactivities of reduced TiO2 with large particle size were enhanced without dependence on reactions. It was demonstrated that H2-reduced rutile TiO2 exhibited photocatalytic activity higher than that of anatase TiO2 and mixed-phase TiO2.


Matt Sherman (Cary Grant) is the commander officer of the USS Sea Tiger, during World War II. After a Japanese air raid the sub is severely damaged, but Sherman insists he can fix it and get to a safe port. For that he'll need the help of Liutenant Nicholas Holden (Tony Curtis), a gold-digger and con artist who becomes the sub's supply officer. While they can successfully repair the ship and begin their journey towards Darwin, there will be many bumps along the way, amongst which a group of female Army nurses who join them aboard, and the famous color pink that the sub will acquire.
Like the previously reviewed Sabrina, Operation Petticoat (1959) is an entertaining film that deserves our attention for the immensely talented cast that supports it. Curtis wanted to co-star with Grant in a movie about a submarine since he saw him in Destination Tokyo (1943), when the latter became his hero and inspired Curtis to actually enlist in the U.S. Navy at age 17, during World War II *. So no wonder they work great together, something that only makes it the more compelling to watch this film.
In the hands of director Blake Edwards (Breakfast at Tiffany's, 1961), Operation Petticoat unfolds with enough wit, talent, and astute comedic tempo to make it a pleasant watch. Even if there isn't a clear plot to suport it, we stick with it for the continuous and deliciously funny situations Sherman and Holden find themselves in.


text:
/* SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause */

#include <stdbool.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include "tools/fapi/tss2_template.h"

/* Context struct used to store passed command line parameters */
static struct cxt {
    char   const *nvPath;
    char   const *data;
    char   const *logData;
} ctx;

/* Parse command line parameters */
static bool on_option(char key, char *value) {
    switch (key) {
    case 'i':
        ctx.data = value;
        break;
    case 'p':
        ctx.nvPath = value;
        break;
    case 'l':
        ctx.logData = value;
        break;
    }
    return true;
}

/* Define possible command line parameters */
static bool tss2_tool_onstart(tpm2_options **opts) {
    struct option topts[] = {
        {"data"  , required_argument, NULL, 'i'},
        {"nvPath"  , required_argument, NULL, 'p'},
        {"logData"  , required_argument, NULL, 'l'}
    };
    return (*opts = tpm2_options_new ("i:p:l:", ARRAY_LEN(topts), topts,
                                      on_option, NULL, 0)) != NULL;
}

/* Execute specific tool */
static int tss2_tool_onrun (FAPI_CONTEXT *fctx) {
    /* Check availability of required parameters */
    if (!ctx.nvPath) {
        fprintf (stderr, "No NV path provided, use --nvPath\n");
        return -1;
    }
    if (!ctx.data) {
        fprintf (stderr, "No file for input provided, use --data\n");
        return -1;
    }

    /* Check exclusive access to stdin */
    int count_in = 0;
    if (ctx.data && !strcmp (ctx.data, "-")) count_in +=1;
    if (ctx.logData && !strcmp (ctx.logData, "-")) count_in +=1;
    if (count_in > 1) {
        fprintf (stderr, "Only one of --data and --logData can read from - "\
        "(standard input)\n");
        return -1;
    }

    /* Read data to extend from file */
    uint8_t *data;
    size_t data_len;
    TSS2_RC r = open_read_and_close (ctx.data, (void**)&data, &data_len);
    if (r){
        return 1;
    }

    char *logData = NULL;
    if (ctx.logData){
        TSS2_RC r = open_read_and_close (ctx.logData, (void**)&logData, 0);
        if (r){
            free (data);
            return 1;
        }
    }

    /* Execute FAPI command with passed arguments */
    r = Fapi_NvExtend(fctx, ctx.nvPath, data, data_len, logData);
    if (r != TSS2_RC_SUCCESS){
        free (data);
        free (logData);
        LOG_PERR("Fapi_NvExtend", r);
        return 1;
    }
    free (data);
    free (logData);

    return 0;
}

TSS2_TOOL_REGISTER("nvextend", tss2_tool_onstart, tss2_tool_onrun, NULL)