text:
Connie J. Evashwick
Donna J. Petersen
Christopher M. Maylahn
New York State Department of Health, United States
Front. Public Health, 24 April 2019 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2019.00089
Public Health Entrepreneurship: A Novel Path for Training Future Public Health Professionals
Elisabeth R. B. Becker1*, Teresa Chahine2 and Ross Shegog1
1Department of Health Promotion and Behavioral Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, United States
2Yale School of Management, New Haven, CT, United States
Background: As schools of public health adapt to the new Council on Public Health (CEPH) competencies there is increased relevance in training public health professionals in public health entrepreneurship. Public health entrepreneurship provides an alternate process to traditional academic approaches focusing on translating public health knowledge into effective, sustainable, and scalable solutions.
Objective: This study reports student perceptions of public health entrepreneurship and training needs for successfully equipping future public health professionals.
Methods: Focus groups were conducted in April 2018 with graduate public health students in pilot entrepreneurship courses at two U.S.-based CEPH-accredited schools of public health.
Results: Participating students (n = 29) were mainly pursing MPH degrees (62%) within Health Management and Policy (38%) or Health Promotion/Global Health (31%) departments. Most students (52%) were between 21 and 30 years old. For 71% of students this was their first academic course with a focus on entrepreneurial thinking. Four themes emerged regarding public health entrepreneurship and training needs for becoming a successful public health professional of the future. Students confirmed a place for public health entrepreneurship in the emerging educational paradigm because it is action-oriented, skills-driven, and fosters innovation through inter-professional collaboration and cross-pollination of knowledge and skills between professional disciplines.
Conclusions: The competencies required for public health entrepreneurship are in alignment with CEPH competencies and are well-received by the next generation of public health professionals as an adjunct but nascent approach to stimulate public health innovation.
Over the past century public health has evolved from a historically "siloed" and research-centric field to one that is more interdisciplinary, inter-professional, and action-centric (1–3). To better prepare the future public health workforce, the Council on Public Health Education (CEPH) began implementing in 2016 its largest accreditation change in over 40 years. These accreditation changes introduced a move toward greater accountability and measurement, competency-based skill training, and marketability for new Masters of Public Health and Doctors of Public Health graduates (4). A wealth of knowledge was collected as a result of the historical focus on research to understand causes and pathways of disease at the population level. More recent efforts call for a translational focus in public health to apply that knowledge base toward action and solution implementation that are sustainable over time (5–7). Additionally, there is an increased recognition that a translational focus that addresses the social and environmental determinants of health and incorporates collaborative expertise on poverty, gender, housing, transportation, climate, and humanitarian challenges among others is of paramount importance (3, 8, 9).
In this context, the discipline of entrepreneurial-driven public health innovation has emerged as an approach to create novel interventions, products, and services that address public health problems (8–12). Public health entrepreneurship (PHE) is the application of entrepreneurial skills to advance the public health mission (13). The entrepreneurial framework holds promise as an extension to traditional approaches for enhancing reach and providing fiscal models to sustain public health interventions, products, and services that today rely heavily on government or donor funding (12). As universities adapt to the new CEPH competencies, there may be added advantages in increasing pedagogical offerings in PHE. As pilot programs in PHE are emerging it is important to explore how such offerings are perceived by the public health students they are designed to serve.
The purpose of this study is to describe the perceptions of graduate public health students regarding PHE and their training needs for becoming successful public health professionals of the future. To our knowledge this is the first research study examining perspectives of PHE in the academic setting and incorporating student opinions (14, 15).
Students participating in this study were enrolled in one of two courses either the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (HSPH), Course HPM557: Innovation and Entrepreneurship in Health Care, or the University of Texas School of Public Health (UTSPH), Course PH1498: Technology, Entrepreneurship and Applied Innovation in Public Health.
HPM557: Innovation and Entrepreneurship in Health Care
Seventy-eight students were enrolled in HPM557. The course, in its third year, took place over 21-h in the fall semester. HPM557 utilized the case method, with professionals often joining the case discussion as guest speakers, alongside in-class exercises for student teams. The course was designed to expose students to the theory and practice of innovation and entrepreneurship in health care settings. The course required building skills in three domains. (1) Understanding the entrepreneurial process of building an early stage health care startup venture (non-profit or for-profit) including developing an idea and its value proposition; creating a business model; developing a plan for financing and execution; deciding on and recruiting a team with appropriate skillsets; evaluating the structure and function of the venture and proposing improvements. (2) Conducting a needs assessment including evaluating the "innovation environment"; identifying barriers and facilitators to adoption and implementation for innovation in any established health care organization; and writing a proposal for recommendations for improvement. (3) Securing partnerships and investment including developing persuasive pitches for ventures that provide sustainable solutions to public health problems. The course concluded with students delivering an elevator pitch for an innovation-driven startup idea.
After the conclusion of the course, eighteen students continued to work on their startup ideas through a pilot program initiated in spring 2018. The pilot program provided financial and mentorship support to student teams participating in university-wide entrepreneurship competitions. Participants (n = 44) included 18 HSPH students from HPM 557 in addition to 13 HSPH students who had not taken the course and 11 other individuals from outside of HSPH who had been recruited to join the student teams.
PH1498: Technology, Entrepreneurship, and Applied Innovation in Public Health
Nineteen students were enrolled in PH1498. The course was a 15-h pilot seminar initiated in spring 2018. PH1498 featured guest speakers with knowledge in public health entrepreneurship and venture creation. The course was designed to increase student awareness of the application of entrepreneurial thinking in creating startups and social ventures that address public health challenges. Learning objectives were to describe: (1) Emerging technology trends impacting public health; (2) social entrepreneurship and its relation to public health, business and other disciplines; (3) skill-sets and perspectives for public health professionals to thrive in non-traditional public health careers; (4) innovative ways to fund social ventures. The course concluded with students delivering an elevator pitch for an innovation-driven startup idea.
Study Design and Sample
Participant Eligibility for Focus Groups
Students in the HSPH pilot program and the UTSPH pilot course were invited to participate in an extracurricular 1-h focus group in April 2018. The purpose of the focus group was to explore student perceptions about entrepreneurship and their views on training to equip the public health professional of the future. The focus group was not related to course participation or grading. The study was approved by Institutional Review Boards at the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health and the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston.
The students were provided a 9-item demographic survey and a 10-item entrepreneurial orientation survey during the focus group (16). Focus groups were audio recorded. Students who consented to the study but were unable to attend the focus group were invited to provide written responses to the focus group questions (Table 1).
Table 1. Focus group questions.
Focus group audio recordings were transcribed verbatim. Focus group transcripts, notes, and written responses were first reviewed separately to identify themes, then combined and reviewed to ensure that patterns were consistent across format and site, in accordance with documented standard qualitative techniques (17–20). Demographic surveys were analyzed descriptively.
Twenty-nine students (17 from HSPH and 12 from UTSPH) participated (Table 2) with 21 providing in-person feedback and 8 providing their responses in a written format within 3 weeks of the focus group. Most students were pursuing MPH (62%) or DrPH (24%) degrees, were from departments of Health Management and Policy (38%) or Health Promotion/Global Health (31%), were 21–30 years of age (52%), and were taking their first academic course with a focus on entrepreneurial thinking (71%). The top three expected work settings (non-exclusive) after graduation included NGO/non-profit/foundation (69%), clinical/health care (62%), and a startup venture (52%). Most students reported preferences for risk-taking (71%), innovative thinking (69%), and proactive problem solving (82%) consistent with an entrepreneurial orientation (16).
Table 2. Participant demographic survey responses.
Four themes regarding students' perceptions of the current academic public health paradigm, PHE, and future training needs emerged. These themes are described below and summarized in Table 3.
Table 3. Emergent themes.
Theme 1: Public Health Research Must Be Accompanied by Action
Students expressed that while the public health curriculum is preparing them to analyze public health problems, they need more training in solution implementation. Student perceptions indicated the need for more "real world" training to bridge the gap between the current knowledge base and the actions public health professionals are collectively taking to apply that knowledge to deliver effective, sustainable, and scalable solutions.
Students spoke of their fatigue with describing public health problems and collecting data without solving the problems in timely and sustainable ways. They agreed that research is a necessary antecedent for improved understanding of causal factors and their empirical association with public health problems. They also agreed that, despite this improved understanding of the problem, efforts to solve the problem appeared secondary to explaining it, and that proposed solutions were often not sustainable in the long term. Students expressed frustration with the focus of faculty members on publishing papers on the same topic rather than forging connections and collaborations with professionals to translate their results into action.
"I was just sick and tired of describing the problem. I had just had it, oh really there's more health disparities fantastic. I can't take anymore description of the problem. There's got to be solutions and interventions that are done. Whether it be tech based or not, that was the avenue I started going down."
- UTSPH (auditing), recent HSPH MPH grad, Health Policy, female
"Less data more action. We sit around wanting to prove obvious solutions instead of trying anything out ourselves. I most certainly do not think the current public health curriculum is sufficient to address this century's public health problems."
- HSPH, MPH program, Global Health, male
Theme 2: Public Health Entrepreneurship Provides a Potential Pathway for Action
Students discussed how applying an entrepreneurial approach to public health problems offered an alternative way to develop solutions for those problems. For many students this was their first study of how practitioners in the commercial sector develop and operate non-profit and for-profit startup ventures that have a public health focus. They viewed PHE as an opportunity to challenge conventional thinking and act boldly without the constraints imposed by an academic research methodology, stoke innovation by adopting knowledge from commercial sectors outside of public health academia (cross-pollination), and to use a business model as a means to financially sustain solutions beyond traditional grant mechanisms.
"Innovation and entrepreneurship are driving forces for change being largely neglected in the field of public health. I am convinced that entrepreneurship, innovation, management and leadership are very important skill sets in public health. Current public health curricula are largely tied in with academia and it is not sufficient to address all the public health problems.
- HSPH, DrPH program, interdisciplinary, male
The students also saw a dual-value in PHE training because entrepreneurship is both a mindset and a skillset. An entrepreneurial mindset cultivates the creative confidence to imagine solutions and the entrepreneurial skillset allows students to systematically test and iterate the steps and resources needed to build, launch, and implement their solutions.
"For me entrepreneurship is a state of mind, it's about connecting things that are not connected today. If you have an entrepreneurial spirit you can see "oh, maybe this can go with this." Like taking the example of what Uber is doing with some hospitals bringing Uber expertise to bring patients to hospital to reduce the no-show rate, that's what I think entrepreneurship is. If you are exposed to entrepreneurial thinking then you start connecting and saying "ah yeah maybe I have to look at these things this way."
- UTSPH, PhD program, Management, Policy and Community Health, male
Theme 3: Public Health Entrepreneurship Requires a Unique Skillset to Advance Public Health
Students indicated a need for skill-building and support related to interdisciplinary team formation and collaboration; financing public health innovations; network building, and organizational management.
"[A 21st century public health entrepreneur will need training in] strengthening our "elevator pitch skills," learning more about the differences in company development i.e. the nuts and bolts of choosing to develop a 503-c vs. an LLC etc…, and then how to actually set up a company, which paperwork needs to be filed, how much does it cost, establishing realistic timelines. Developing an idea is not necessarily the difficult part but really learning about how to go forward with the idea requires a wider knowledge base."
- UTSPH, DrPH program, Management, Policy and Community Health, female
Students also emphasized that in addition to launching new interventions, products and services, PHE is needed within existing public health institutions ("intrapreneurship"). Students were careful to point out that entrepreneurship in the public health setting may differ from other forms of entrepreneurship, which can result in increasing social disparities or increasing healthcare costs without delivering improved health outcomes.
"The high rising cost of health expenditure was a result of entrepreneurial spirit under unbalanced information and competition. I am looking forward to seeing more disruptive innovation in the fields of healthcare delivery to solve that problem."
Students overall expressed optimistic views of utilizing entrepreneurship to address public health. However, students recognized that PHE is not yet part of "mainstream" thinking or public health training and requires the cultivation of a unique skillset to imagine solutions and mobilize resources that advance public good that are not universally available at schools of public health. Students emphasized the importance of ensuring that entrepreneurship is integrated in a way that strengthens the tenets and values of public health rather than undermines its fundamental purpose.
"I think any time you examine a problem from different angles and try to develop new ways to improve the issue, you are an entrepreneur. Technology can be useful but we need to pay attention to who has access and how does it improve or change the system."
Theme 4: Public Health Entrepreneurship Presents an Opportunity for Inter-professional Collaboration and Cross-Pollination of Knowledge Across Disciplines
Students indicated that regardless of the role or sector they wanted to work in after graduation, an entrepreneurial mindset and skillset would be important in helping them accomplish their public health goals. They valued the potential of entrepreneurial thinking to accelerate partnerships with commercial disciplines that are often not included in the traditional academic enterprise and enable the transfer of knowledge and practices from these other disciplines in the service of improving public health. For many students these courses were their first exposure to entrepreneurial inter-professional collaborations outside an academic framework.
"I learned how public health plays a role in the business sector, and how beneficial it is to be able to think outside the box. This course has also inspired me to read more about technology, and to keep up to date on all industries not just those traditionally thought of as public health related."
- UTSPH, MPH, Health Promotion and Behavioral Sciences, female
Students were continually frustrated with their programs and schools being "siloed" and disconnected from the larger innovation ecosystems at their institution and in their communities. When students in the innovation pilot at HSPH were asked what areas they needed the most support in, they responded that their primary needs were 2-fold: forming interdisciplinary teams, and securing funding. Student teams experienced difficulty recruiting members with skills in engineering and computer programming. They also voiced frustration with the time and cost incurred in commuting back and forth between the medical/public health campus and the main campus where the Harvard Innovation Labs (iLab) are located. Students from UTSPH expressed similar challenges:
"It's amazing how many things are happening right here that you have no idea about because there is no connection, transparency, exposure. This course allows you to know what else is going on in this space in this community and that is hugely helpful. You get lots of cross-intuitional ideas. I think it's really eye opening in that way. The best thing the school can do is show you the other things that are happening in the Texas Medical Center, to open up avenues, opportunities for you to work across disciplines and work across intuitions."
Students discussed opportunities for current academic public health curricula to expand to include courses on entrepreneurship and the desire to collaborate on projects and leverage existing resources to address real world public health challenges with peers and professionals from different domains.
"I chose a career in public health because it's a diverse, interdisciplinary field addressing pressing local and global problems. Public health is everywhere. Public health has a lot of potential for innovation. I wish we had more entrepreneurship and innovation projects, courses, seminars, etc. It feels like we're isolated from iLab, SEAS, MIT, etc. I want to meet and work in teams across different programs and departments and create real world projects… but the school seems quite siloed-geographically and academically."
- HSPH, DrPH program, interdisciplinary, female
"One of the things that attracted me to public health was that is very diverse and it can take you down various different paths. I feel the curriculum is lacking courses that highlight opportunities in the private sector. While government and non-profit play a huge role and are important in addressing many public health problems, we often forget to look elsewhere for innovative solutions. Approaching problems from as many perspectives as you can, will help lead to better solutions… the most important take away is not to restrict ourselves to any one way of thinking."
This study shares the results of pilot offerings introducing PHE into the curriculum. These courses are consistent with the CEPH competencies that call for active, integrated, student-centered approaches. Such courses may stimulate the use of creative strategies and experimentation within schools and programs of public health across the U.S. (2, 5, 9, 14, 15). This study is the first to examine student perceptions on PHE and to provide feedback on training and resource needs to advance pedagogy and practice in this domain.
These results emphasize the sense of priority felt by incoming public health trainees to apply the wealth of knowledge collected to date by the public health community, and translate this knowledge into action (3, 6). The new CEPH competencies, focused on skill-based criteria, attend to student objectives to acquire marketable skillsets. In this vain, this study demonstrates that students also have an appetite for the PHE skillset. PHE provides an opportunity to combine the strengths of current public health training with new and existing approaches of social innovation and entrepreneurship (10, 12). PHE reflects both the mindset of questioning assumptions, challenging the status quo, and imagining bold new solutions; and the skillset of creating new interventions, products and services to address public health needs. Advantages of PHE include that it: (1) is consistent with existing interventions and community action models in delineating the design, prototyping, implementation, evaluation, and scaling of evidence-based solutions in both new and existing settings; (2) is a vehicle for expanding the public health workforce and the scope of resources available to achieve improved public health; (3, 7, 21); and (3) offers the potential to effectively engage with the myriad stakeholders involved in public health beyond sectors and institutions traditionally associated with public health.
However, PHE is a nascent field which requires implementation within future public health curricula before it can be fully emergent. Research and evaluation to define the key characteristics and core competencies of successful training in PHE will be necessary to inform improvements in pedagogy and practice. New indicators of success are needed to determine whether and how PHE training impacts participants in their future careers. Such metrics might include measures of career success of graduates (i.e., job position, longevity, patents and copyrights, and earnings); measures of impact on public health (i.e., reach, dissemination, and cost-benefits accrued from products and services); and measures of sustainability (i.e., long-term viability of products and services).
Limitations of this study include a small sample of self-selected students who may not reflect the viewpoint of the broader student body. Further, the sample was drawn from classes in only two universities and is not inclusive of all universities with PHE in their curricula (8). Despite this, these findings can inform other schools and programs of public health who are introducing PHE into their curriculum.
Accredited schools of public health were required, by December 2018, to provide skills training to build student competencies in systems thinking, intervention design, evaluation, resource allocation, stakeholder mobilization, and collaboration; and capabilities in leading organizational change, strategic planning, generating revenue, working in inter-professional teams, and communicating across sectors and levels of stakeholders (4). PHE may provide new pathways to mobilize resources and stakeholders to tackle twenty first century public health challenges across disciplines and sectors that align with these updated CEPH competencies.
This study was approved by Institutional Review Boards at the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health and the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston. All subjects gave written informed consent in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.
EB, TC, and RS contributed to study conception and design, data collection and interpretation, manuscript preparation and review.
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Keywords: entrepreneurship, innovation, twenty first century skills, public health education for professionals, training
Citation: Becker ERB, Chahine T and Shegog R (2019) Public Health Entrepreneurship: A Novel Path for Training Future Public Health Professionals. Front. Public Health 7:89. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2019.00089
Received: 10 January 2019; Accepted: 01 April 2019;
Connie J. Evashwick, George Washington University, United States
Donna Jeanne Petersen, University of South Florida, United States
Christopher Mierow Maylahn, New York State Department of Health, United States
Copyright © 2019 Becker, Chahine and Shegog. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Elisabeth R. B. Becker, elisabeth.becker@uth.tmc.edu


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Credit: SafeHands/Mohsen Zarei/2020
Partnering with teachers to eliminate female genital mutilation
The Zonta Club of London II partnered with SafeHands to support schools in Waltham Forest to strengthen how female genital mutilation (FGM) is taught in primary and secondary schools. A community in East London, Waltham Forest is one of the most diverse and multicultural areas in the United Kingdom and has a strong record of maintaining a zero-tolerance approach to FGM.
The project, End FGM Now: Teachers on the Frontline, aimed to enhance the capacity of London schools and teachers to feel supported and confident to safeguard girls at risk of FGM by:
Increasing the confidence of teachers and school staff to explore controversial and difficult issues that perpetuate FGM.
Applying a trainers package delivered by teachers, for teachers and replicated across London schools.
Convening breakthrough conversations that engage teachers and school staff to lead discussion into practical action against FGM.
Monitoring and evaluating the impact training of teachers and school staff has in supporting girls at risk and reporting concerns.
With a US$5,000 grant from Zonta International, SafeHands undertook activities to:
Understand teachers' needs by:
Working with an advisory committee of headteacher, teachers, social worker and a community member.
Convening eight primary and secondary school headteachers to identify challenges and opportunities to address FGM in the classroom.
Recruiting two community leaders—who understood firsthand the capacity of Waltham Forest schools to address FGM—to manage the project.
Support teachers to safeguard against FGM by providing direct support to schools and delivering learning plans directly to teachers and pupils in line with the new national curriculum.
A user-friendly FGM curriculum was designed by educators and implemented for teachers to deliver in the classroom.
112 teachers were trained to deliver off-the-shelf lesson plans that included individual and group activities and a list of helpful learning materials.
1,440 students were reached through directly delivering the FGM curriculum to primary and secondary schools.
Galvanize community support. Nearly 50 community leaders and members met to discuss practical interventions to end FGM.
"Initially there was reluctance around teaching about FGM. We were concerned that it was a sensitive issue and would be treading on cultural boundaries," said Sarah, a secondary school educator in Waltham Forest. "Teachers need training on how to deal with controversial issues and difficult topics. Some of my colleagues have not had the experience. They would find it difficult and would need training to feel confident within themselves and within their practice."
Including teachers and students, there were 1,602 beneficiaries of the project. Approximately 75% (1,170) were girls from primary and secondary school.
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C R U Z A N A
St. Croix USVI Real Estate & Other Good Things
Sir Allen Stanford
By Eric
In Favorites
NEWS: Feb. 17th, St. Croix, USVI – Sir Allen Stanford, a prominent businessman on St. Croix, has just had several of his companies shut down by the federal government. The billionaire's corporate offices in Texas were raided and three of his companies' assets were frozen. Allegations are that he perpetrated an $8 billion dollar investment fraud.
Stanford recently moved from Antiqua to St. Croix and had plans underway to build the world headquarters of Stanford Financial Group, a 105,000 square foot executive office park on 37 acres, next to the Henry E. Rohlsen Airport, our island's major airport. Stanford owns multiple properties in and around Christiansted and a beautiful 118′ Hakvoort-built sportfisherman yacht (see yacht in St. Croix Marine story) named Sea Eagle. The captain of that yacht, whom we met a few weeks ago, may be looking for a new job along with many others on St. Croix. At the present time Sir Allen Stanford can not be located… perhaps he's cruising away on his yacht?
At Cruzana we usually write about "good things on St. Croix" but this is definitely not a "good thing". Stanford Financial Group operates in one hundred thirty-six countries and six continents and is (or was) a participant of the V.I. Government's EDC program. The economic impact of Stanford's halted operations will be felt here on St. Croix.
The "oracle of Omaha", the billionaire investor Warren Buffett said about these kinds of stories, "It's only when the tide goes out that you learn who's been swimming naked."
St. Croix Sales Data: January 2009
In Research Properties
As of the first of February, there were 270 single family residential homes on the market on St. Croix; 9 were under contract, and 4 sold during the month. The Average Sales Price was $451,500, average days on market 248, and average % of list price 92.9%.
As of the first of February, there were 205 condos on the market on St. Croix; 4 were under contract, and 3 sold during the month. Average sales price was $571,500, average days on market 335, and average % of list price 89.1%.
As of the first of February, there were 507 land parcels on the market on St. Croix; 8 were under contract, and 4 sold during the month. Average sales price was $50,500, average days on market 260, and average % of list price 88.4%.
Statistics are courtesy of the St. Croix MLS.
Kim Lucas, Realtor
Coldwell Banker Land-de Wilde Realty
kim@coldwellbankervi.com
www.kimlucasvi.com
www.retireinthevi.com
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Ford gets break on building sidewalk near plant
Sheldon S. Shafer
Louisville Courier Journal
Ford Motor Co. has received a break and won't have to build a sidewalk along a portion of Collins Lane near its large truck plant off Westport Road in far eastern Jefferson County.
The Louisville Metro Planning Commission has decided to grant a waiver from the county's land development code and not require construction of the sidewalk near the Kentucky Truck Plant parking lot in the 3000 block of Chamberlain Lane.
A committee of the Planning Commission - its Development Review Committee - had denied granting the waiver in September, and Ford representatives appealed to the full commission, which reversed the committee decision when it met Thursday at the Old Jail Building downtown.
Branchburg sets forum to discuss affordable housing
The commission staff had concluded in a report for the planners that the waiver would not adversely affect adjacent property owners and noted that Ford has incorporated other various design measures to compensate for the sidewalk. In granting the waiver, the commission considered that the sidewalk, if built, would have to span over a creek and a railroad track.
"To construct the sidewalk would be very costly," the staff report said, adding that there are no transit stops close to the area where the sidewalk would go and that "all sidewalks along Collins Lane are located on the opposite side of the street."
Ford consultants had told the commission in a letter Sept. 30 that installation of the sidewalk on the Ford property would provide a 400-foot stretch of sidewalk that would not connect on either end.
"One end would terminate at Mermaid Lane, and the other at the railroad track crossing of Collins Lane. On the railroad track end of the requested sidewalk, Ford is concerned that providing a sidewalk there could develop into a safety issue for pedestrians traversing a busy crossing not currently designed for pedestrian access," the letter said.
Ford officials announced recently that the company will create 2,000 new jobs and sink $1.3 billion into the Kentucky Truck Plant - a new body shop, retooling and other upgrades to build the new aluminum-bodied Super Duty pickup, which is scheduled to hit showroom floors late next year.
The company also notified Metro zoning authorities of plans to add a total of 288,715 square feet to enlarge stamping, body shop and materials handling functions.
Reporter Sheldon S. Shafer can be reached at (502) 582-7089, or via email at sshafer@courier-journal.com.


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News from NORLA
Jelena Ratsjinskaja - Translator of the Month for April 2018
Our translator of the month for April is Jelena Ratsjinskaja from Russia.
Jelena Ratsjinskaja. Photo: Natalia Tsjeban
She is currently one of the initiators and organisers of a major theatre festival which took place in Moscow and St. Petersburg last week, which was entirely devoted to the dramas of Jon Fosse. In connection with the festival, twelve of Fosse's plays were published in book form for the first time, in Russian, translated by Jelena, Vera Diakonova and Alla Rybikova.
In addition to translating Fosse's drama and Norwegian fiction, Jelena has both translated and presented a large amount of Norwegian non-fiction to a Russian audience. In 2008 she was awarded NORLA's translator award.
Read more about Jelena here.
Those of you who understand Norwegian can read the interview here.
See other translators interviewed in the series here.
Translators programme at Lillehammer 23 – 26 May 2023
Fellowship program to Lillehammer 23 – 26 May 2023
Translator of the Month for January – Roxana Dreve
NORLA's translator conference, 26-28 June 2023
NORLA offers its warmest congratulations to the winners of the 2022 Brage Prize
The 2022 Norwegian Festival of Literature - overview
Translator of the Month for December – Sara Culeddu
NORLA's Guest of Honour Report from the 2022 Book Fair in Warsaw
Translators of Norwegian literature may apply to participate in NORLA's translator conference, 26-28 June 2023
Translator of the Month for November – Andrea Romanzi


and the wonder of art.
We'd love you to come visit and take some time to wander around the spectacular grounds at Valley of the Temples. As one of the finest, most exclusive cemetery properties on earth, it has been designed to connect families now and forever. Marvel at the glorious landscapes, epic views, rich cultural details and luxury burial, cremation and memorialization options unseen anywhere else — and consider what it would mean for you and your loved ones to spend eternity here, together in paradise.
With sweeping views from the Ko'olau Mountain Range to the Pacific Ocean, the lush landscape renews your spirit and inspires your heart. Whether you're visiting the Byodo-In-Temple, the Trousdale Memorial Chapel, the new Hawaiian Memorial Park Mortuary, or one of the many memorial gardens, peace and serenity will embrace you.
Families from all walks of life lay their loved ones to rest at Valley of the Temples, and their legacy is our honor. Once you've paid a visit, we believe you'll have peace of mind knowing the memory of your loved ones will be preserved in a serene, spiritually uplifting setting.
The new Hawaiian Memorial Park Mortuary at Valley of the Temples is a masterpiece of historic preservation and modern state-of-the-art engineering. It incorporates communications, comfort and convenience technology you won't find anywhere else.
Symbolizing Hawaii's rich heritage and historical connection with Japan, the Byodo-In Temple was built in 1968 to mark the 100th anniversary of the first Japanese immigrants to Hawaii. A replica of Phoenix Hall in the 11th-century Buddhist Temple complex in Uji, Japan, it is a cultural landmark that attracts thousands of people each year.
Byodo-In Temple is a place of great reverence that welcomes people of all faiths to worship, meditate or simply appreciate its beauty. Inside the main entrance is a magnificent nine-foot Amida Buddha statue created by Japanese sculptor Masuzo Inui. A quiet niche room behind the statue features glass-front niches, many of which can hold up to six full-size urns and can be personalized with photos and other mementos.
The distinctive garden known as Aupuni Lani — which in the Hawaiian language roughly means "prominent citizens" — is the final resting place for many distinguished Hawaii residents.
With a commanding view of all of Valley of the Temples, the ocean and mountains, Trousdale is a distinctly Christian chapel built in the form of a cross sitting atop its spire. It can be seen for miles, and contains a community mausoleum for casket entombment and inches for inurnment.


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Q: How do I apply a force to a body in the direction it is traveling (Box2D)? I'm using AndEngine/Box2d to develop a game. I have a ball that bounces around the screen. I've successfully made it ignore gravity by applying an opposite force, but it has a tenancy to slow down after the initial impulse, even with the elasticity set to 1. Essentially I want to:
if(speed < a number)
apply force or impulse (which is better?) in direction of motion
How might I do this?

A: Well unfortunately, the ball is interacting with other objects so setting velocity did not work, but I have found a solution!
Using forces and fairly extensive trig, I finally came up with:
private static class Ball extends Sprite  {
    Body body;

    public Ball(final float pX, final float pY, final ITextureRegion pTextureRegion, final VertexBufferObjectManager pVertexBufferObjectManager) {
        super(pX, pY, pTextureRegion, pVertexBufferObjectManager);
        body = PhysicsFactory.createCircleBody(mPhysicsWorld, this, BodyType.DynamicBody, PhysicsFactory.createFixtureDef(0, 1, 0));
        body.applyLinearImpulse(((float)5),(float) 5, body.getWorldCenter().x,  body.getWorldCenter().y);
        mPhysicsWorld.registerPhysicsConnector(new PhysicsConnector(this, body, true, true));
        scene.attachChild(this);
    }

    @Override
    protected void onManagedUpdate(final float pSecondsElapsed) {
        body.applyForce(new Vector2(0,-SensorManager.GRAVITY_EARTH), new Vector2(body.getWorldCenter()));

        float vx = body.getLinearVelocity().x, vy = body.getLinearVelocity().y, vr=(float) Math.sqrt(vx*vx+vy*vy);
        float t= (float) Math.atan(Math.abs(vy/vx));
        if(vr<destroyerVelocity){
            if(vx>0&&vy<0)
                body.applyForce((float) ((destroyerVelocity-vr)*Math.cos(t)*body.getMass()), (float) (-(destroyerVelocity-vr)*Math.sin(t)*body.getMass()), body.getWorldCenter().x,  body.getWorldCenter().y);
            else if(vx>0&&vy>0)
                body.applyForce((float) ((destroyerVelocity-vr)*Math.cos(t)*body.getMass()), (float) ((destroyerVelocity-vr)*Math.sin(t)*body.getMass()), body.getWorldCenter().x,  body.getWorldCenter().y);
            else if(vx<0&&vy>0)
                body.applyForce((float) (-(destroyerVelocity-vr)*Math.cos(t)*body.getMass()), (float) ((destroyerVelocity-vr)*Math.sin(t)*body.getMass()), body.getWorldCenter().x,  body.getWorldCenter().y);
            else if(vx<0&&vy<0)
                body.applyForce((float) (-(destroyerVelocity-vr)*Math.cos(t)*body.getMass()), (float) (-(destroyerVelocity-vr)*Math.sin(t)*body.getMass()), body.getWorldCenter().x,  body.getWorldCenter().y);
        }
        if(vr>destroyerVelocity){
            if(vx>0&&vy<0)
                body.applyForce((float) (-(vr-destroyerVelocity)*Math.cos(t)*body.getMass()), (float) ((vr-destroyerVelocity)*Math.sin(t)*body.getMass()), body.getWorldCenter().x,  body.getWorldCenter().y);
            else if(vx>0&&vy>0)
                body.applyForce((float) (-(vr-destroyerVelocity)*Math.cos(t)*body.getMass()), (float) (-(vr-destroyerVelocity)*Math.sin(t)*body.getMass()), body.getWorldCenter().x,  body.getWorldCenter().y);
            else if(vx<0&&vy>0)
                body.applyForce((float) ((vr-destroyerVelocity)*Math.cos(t)*body.getMass()), (float) (-(vr-destroyerVelocity)*Math.sin(t)*body.getMass()), body.getWorldCenter().x,  body.getWorldCenter().y);
            else if(vx<0&&vy<0)
                body.applyForce((float) ((vr-destroyerVelocity)*Math.cos(t)*body.getMass()), (float) ((vr-destroyerVelocity)*Math.sin(t)*body.getMass()), body.getWorldCenter().x,  body.getWorldCenter().y);
        }
        super.onManagedUpdate(pSecondsElapsed);
    }
}

Essentially what this does is create a body and apply an impulse to it to get it moving (worked a lot better than a force for some reason). On every update, a force is applied opposite that of gravity in order to keep the ball aloft (floating, essentially). The elasticity is set to 1, so collisions are almost perfectly elastic. And now the tricky part: I calculated the x and y velocities (vx and vy respectively) and used these to calculate the resultant velocity (vr) and the angle that they were traveling in (t).
If vr is less than the velocity I want (destroyerVelocity), then a force is applied to bump it back up to the destroyer velocity. Since F=mv/t and I just used t=1, the force applied in one direction is equal to the wanted velocity - the actual velocity * the x/y (that's the cos/sin) * the mass of the object. If the object is traveling in the positive x direction and negative y direction, then a force of (x,-y) is applied, and so on.
In order to keep the velocity as close to the destroyerVelocity as possible, I had to apply a force in the opposite direction if it happened to be greater than the destroyerVelocity. This was done in the same manner, just with an opposite force.
Run a log statement of the resultant velocity (with the destroyerVelocity being 7) and it reads something like: 6.900001, 6.9995001, 7.00028, 7.13005,...
Although the ball will spike to like 15 or 20 sometimes, it usually only takes 2 or 3 loops to get it within +- .5 of 7, which is good enough for me! Hope this helps anyone else looking for the same thing.

A: To apply continuous force in the moving direction you can use following code.
Vector2 velocity = this.getBody().getLinearVelocity();
        preX = velocity.x / (Math.abs(velocity.x));
        preY = velocity.y / (Math.abs(velocity.y));

        if (Math.abs(velocity.x) < 5) {
            this.body.setLinearVelocity(preX * 5, velocity.y);
        }
        if (Math.abs(velocity.y) < 5) {
            this.body.setLinearVelocity(velocity.x, preY * 5);
        }

EDIT :
currentVelocity = bulletBody.getLinearVelocity();

                    if (currentVelocity.len() < speed
                            || currentVelocity.len() > speed + 0.25f) {

                        velocityChange = Math.abs(speed
                                - currentVelocity.len());
                        currentVelocity.set(currentVelocity.x
                                * velocityChange, currentVelocity.y
                                * velocityChange);

                        bulletBody.applyForce(currentVelocity,
                                bulletBody.getWorldCenter());
                    }

This was the another code that you have to write in manage update method or in update handler.

A: If the ball is not interacting with anything else then using SetLinearVelocity should be fine, and it would be simpler than calculating a force/impulse (C++):
b2Vec2 currentDirection = body->GetLinearVelocity();
currentDirection.Normalize();
body->SetLinearVelocity( 5 * currentDirection );

The caveat is that this should only be done while the ball is in free motion. If it's right in the middle of bouncing off a wall or something else in the world, this will cause problems. So you'll need to make sure it's not touching anything before doing this. If GetContactList() returns null then the body is not touching anything.
This adjustment should be cheap enough to make in every time step, but since the velocity will not change until it hits something again, you could even get away with doing it just once after the bounce ends. You could use a contact listener and in the EndContact callback, check if the ball is still touching something and if not, flag the body for adjustment after the time step ends.

A: i use this in my update function to maintain the speed of a ball.
    speed = ball.getLinearVelocity().length()
    maxSpeed = 10;

        if (speed > maxSpeed ){
            ball.setLinearDamping(0.5);
        }
        else if (speed < maxSpeed) {
            ball.setLinearDamping(0.0);
        }
        if (speed < maxSpeed ){

            var currentVelocity = ball.getLinearVelocity();

            currentVelocity.set(currentVelocity.x * 1.1, currentVelocity.y * 1.1);

            ball.applyForce(currentVelocity,ball.getWorldCenter());
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Home > Publications > Domestic Ethnic Conflict and Ethnic Nepotism: A Comparative Analysis
Domestic Ethnic Conflict and Ethnic Nepotism: A Comparative Analysis
Vanhanen, Tatu (1999) Domestic Ethnic Conflict and Ethnic Nepotism: A Comparative Analysis, Journal of Peace Research 36(1): 55–73.
Ethnic conflict seems to be common in all countries of the world where people are divided into separate ethnic groups, that may have a racial, national, linguistic, tribal, religious or caste basis. In this article it is proposed that a significant part of the universality of ethnic conflict can be explained by our evolved predisposition to ethnic nepotism, which can be regarded as an extended form of nepotism. Evolutionary theories of inclusive fitness and kin selection explain the origin and universality of nepotism. The members of an ethnic group tend to favour their group members over non-members because they are more related to their group members than to outsiders. This disposition to favour kin over non-kin becomes important in social life and politics when people and groups of people have to compete for scarce resources. Two hypotheses on political consequences of ethnic nepotism are presented: (1) significant ethnic division tends to lead to ethnic interest conflict in all societies and (2) the more a society is ethnically divided, the more political and other interest conflict tend to become channelled into ethnic lines. These two hypotheses are tested by empirical evidence for 183 contemporary states. The hypothetical concepts 'ethnic division' and 'ethnic conflict' are operationalized into empirical variables. The results support the two hypotheses. Deviating cases underline the importance of other relevant factors behind ethnic conflict and violence.
Tatu Vanhanen


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creighton law school admissions deadline
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Below, I've compiled a comprehensive list of all regular law schoolRead More Applicants are encouraged to take the Medical College Admission Test (MCAT) in the spring or summer of the year preceding their application to medical school. For U.S. graduates, the minimum eligibility requirements to enter the program include graduation from a medical school accredited by the Liaison Howard is a national law school that embraces diversity and inclusiveness. Applicants are encouraged to apply early. CHI Health Creighton University Medical Center – Bergan Mercy Education Building, Suite 602 7710 Mercy Road Omaha, NE 68124. 2. In the past three admission cycles, all available interview dates were full by early November. Please note the following – To be considered for Admissions, an applicant MUST score at least a 17 in the following areas: Academic Average; Total Science; Perceptual Ability Admission Requirements. We are delighted to be able to offer personalized on-campus visits at this time. Skip to main content. Applications : Offers : Matriculated : Class of 2024 : 802 : 637 (79.43%) 119 (14.8%) 25% : Median : 75% : GPA : 2.91 : 3.25 : 3.56 : LSAT : 149 : 152 : 154 Admissions Requirements for Online Students Your journey to an online degree or certificate at Creighton University starts with admission! Learn what it takes to get into each of the 203 ABA-accredited law schools with these comprehensive admissions statistics. While you can use these deadlines to make sure your applications are timely, it is worth reminding everyone that, when it comes to law school admissions, earlier is generally better! Please note: While undergraduate admissions programs typically use the term "early decision" to denote binding admission and "early action" to denote non-binding admission, law schools do not use this terminology uniformly, and we have used the … Thank you for your interest in Creighton law—and good luck! Our admissions staff will be here for you throughout the entire process. Howard Law holds the distinction of graduating more African American attorneys than any other law school in the nation. The BSN program requirements also apply for transfer students entering as upperclassmen. Admissions Department Website: website: E-mail: admissions@creighton.edu: Phone (800) 282-5835: Fax (402) 280-2685: Address: 2500 California Plaza Omaha, NE 68178 CASPA Application: All applicants must apply to the Creighton University PA Program through the CASPA website. First-Year JD Application (Fall 2021) Available September 1, 2020. Priority Deadline: February 3, 2021 Final Deadline: April 1, 2021. You may apply with an LSAT or GRE score for Fall 2021 Admission. 402.280.4431. If you'll be entering Creighton Nursing as a freshman, you may apply through Undergraduate Admissions anytime after August 1 of your senior year in high school. Students must submit a satisfactory writing sample as a part of the application to Creighton's Law School. The full-time program application fee at the School of Law at Creighton University is $50. A separate CPPSP Application is required, with a deadline of January 5 and must include: ... (LSAT) prior to applying for admission to Creighton's Law School. We know you're eager to learn the status of your application. A minimum of 63 semester hours or 95 quarter hours is required before entering the program. 4 Most Diverse Law School ... (Class of 2016,18.99%) Dean Camille Nelson. There is a $50 non-refundable supplemental application fee. Important Dates for the Fall 2021 Admission Cycle. Admission requirements vary by program. In 2019, law school acceptance rates ranged from 6.85% at Yale University to 86.13% at Western Michigan University. Supplemental Application: Students who meet eligibility criteria will be required to submit a supplemental application to be considered for an interview. Deadlines. If you aren't sure of a deadline - ask! Retired General Anthony Zinni describes why he chose to pursue his Master's in Negotiation and Conflict Resolution at Creighton University. The following is a list of applications to Creighton Law School. When answering the supplemental application question that alludes to "reasonable accommodations," do not disclose any request for accommodations at this time. But, we can now present you with a complete and accurate list of law schools with late 2018 admissions deadlines. Law School App Deadlines The Fall 2019 Law School Application cycle is in full swing! It offers students three ways to complete a J.D. Keep a calendar of important deadlines of the schools you are considering. : a two-year accelerated program, a part-time program and a traditional three-year version. Class of 2018 - Snapshot 1013 Completed Applications 529 Offers 52% Acceptance Rate 109 Enrolled Creighton University School of Law was founded in 1904, not just to prepare lawyers but to develop leaders. Creighton University's Master of Science in Negotiation and Conflict Resolution (NCR) can provide the knowledge and skills you need to become an effective conflict manager in health care, law, ministry, education, business and more. Creighton University will not consider MCAT scores submitted from examinations taken prior to those listed in the 'Oldest MCAT Score' column in the table below. Thank you for applying to Creighton University School of Law. To provide a powerful education, based on a solid mission statement and rooted in the Jesuit Catholic tradition. Each application to the Law School receives the personal attention of the Admissions Committee. Dean of Admissions: Renee Post Phone:402.280.2700 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, NE 68178 Pass Bar:76.7% Employed at 10 months:69.7% Employed at graduation:76.7% Application Deadline Webinar Monday, October 26, 2020 - 7:00pm - 8:00pm Join Creighton admissions representatives for an online presentation and Q&A session designed to address all of your questions about applying to Creighton! @CreightonLaw. Residency Coordinator. Because we called every single law school on this list to confirm our data, this took a while to produce! The application deadline is rolling and the application fee at Creighton University is $40. Admissions requirements will vary based upon which degree or certificate program you intend to pursue. Application Instructions for the Creighton University School of Law Creighton Law School provides a quality education, which begins with the selection of a diverse, motivated, and accomplished student body. The School of Law at Creighton University has an application deadline of July 1. Please review the Creighton University School of Medicine Medical Education Program Technical Standards Policy, and consult the Office of Medical Admissions if you have questions. We will accept the January 2021 LSAT-Flex to meet the Priority Deadline. Degree Programs. These informal conversations are also ideal for learning about Creighton University, a top national university. Important Dates for the Fall 2021 Admission Cycle. Cycle Opens: July 14, 2020; Preferred Deadline: November 1, 2020; Creighton Early Assurance and Preference Deadline: November 1, 2020; Final Deadline: June 1, 2021; Application Requirements. Applications will only be accepted through ERAS. The Post-Professional Doctor of Occupational Therapy program attracts students from around the globe seeking to gain the knowledge and experience they need to become skilled practitioners and practice leaders. Menu Early Decision Information & Deadlines for Every ABA-Accredited Law School (2020-2021 Cycle) 20 October 2020 on Early Decision. Requests for accommodations can be made after acceptance. The first step to pursuing your law degree at Creighton is to apply online through the Law School Admission Council (LSAC). A number of students wanted to also see the full list of all schools with late admissions deadlines ("late" in this case means a hard deadline of March 31st or later). Creighton University School of Law. Whether you already know which program you want to pursue or are still early in your graduate research process, you can explore a complete list of program offerings.Program-specific admissions requirements are outlined in full on each program detail page. Certificates in additional specialties or concentrations allow you to focus your skills in specific areas. Use it to compare your profile to others by checking on individual user names. Dual degree options allow you to earn two degrees simultaneously, which means you'll expand your depth of knowledge while you save both time and tuition costs. The Creighton Psychiatry Residency participates in the Electronic Residency Application Service (ERAS), which is supported by the Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC). Choose the application that makes the most sense for you. Please visit the ADA's Dental Admission Test page for details. Important campus update. Admissions officials at Creighton University consider a student's GPA a very important academic factor. For the 2020-2021 admissions cycle, DAT scores are valid only if completed after June 1, 2017. No. Then there's the law school, which dates back to 1904. Creighton University, Omaha NE, get into college, college application, college admissions, qualifications for college admissions, admissions requirements . You can also sort the table by LSAT, GPA, Status and important dates relevant to Creighton Law School. More Video Resources. To monitor your status in real time, log in using the name and password you received from our admissions office. As many as 10 percent of the students take the accelerated two-year route, allowing them to begin practicing law sooner. Creighton University offers numerous dual degree and certificate options for MBA students. Apply online to Creighton University College of Nursing and you'll be on your way to an innovative education that's been preparing nurses for nearly 60 years. At Creighton University School of Law, you'll receive a purposeful, practical legal education—rooted in academic excellence and a commitment to the greater good. Rebecca Lair rebeccalair@ creighton. See all admissions deadlines here . edu 402.280.4438 Admissions Information for Post-Professional Occupational Therapy APPLY TO THE POST-PROFESSIONAL OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY DEGREE PROGRAM. In specific areas a student 's GPA a very important academic factor All must... 'S in Negotiation and Conflict Resolution at Creighton University School of Law All Available dates. Students must submit a satisfactory writing sample as a part of the admissions Committee two-year route, allowing to! You aren ' t sure of a Deadline - ask sense for.... Receives the personal attention of the application to be able to offer personalized on-campus visits at this time you focus. The caspa website retired General Anthony Zinni describes why he chose to pursue his Master 's in Negotiation and Resolution! Present you with a complete and accurate list of Law GPA, status and dates... Minimum of 63 semester hours or 95 quarter hours is required before entering the program the! 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Our data, this took a while to produce your skills in specific areas, admissions requirements vary. Upon which degree or certificate program you intend to pursue his Master 's Negotiation! Degree program dates relevant to Creighton Law School on this list to confirm our,! Will accept the January 2021 LSAT-Flex to meet the Priority Deadline: 3. About Creighton University is $ 40 the 203 ABA-Accredited Law School your application present you with a and!, 2021 Final Deadline: April 1, 2020 traditional three-year version may with. Hours or 95 quarter hours is required before entering the program Negotiation and Conflict Resolution at is. As a part of the admissions Committee a complete and accurate list of applications to Creighton School! Three ways to complete a J.D as upperclassmen are also ideal for learning about Creighton,! Question that alludes to " reasonable accommodations, " do not disclose any request for accommodations at this.... ) Available September 1, 2020 and a traditional three-year version rates ranged 6.85... In full swing each application to Creighton Law School in the past Admission. 2016,18.99 % ) Dean Camille Nelson program you intend to pursue his Master 's in Negotiation and Conflict at... 2021 LSAT-Flex to meet the Priority Deadline: April 1, 2020 personalized on-campus visits at time...: students who meet eligibility criteria will be here for you the Law School applicants apply! You intend to pursue his Master 's in Negotiation and Conflict Resolution at Creighton is to apply online through Law! The Post-Professional Occupational Therapy degree program is required before entering the program your creighton law school admissions deadline in real,! For Fall 2021 ) Available September 1, 2021 about Creighton University Omaha. Admission Council ( LSAC ) an interview 2021 Admission dates were full by Early.! 10 percent of the admissions Committee we can now present you with a complete and accurate of. While to produce focus your skills in specific areas in using the name and password you received from our staff! Requirements will vary based upon which degree or certificate program you intend to pursue his Master 's in Negotiation Conflict... On this list to confirm our data, this took a while to!!: April 1, 2017 attorneys than any other Law School application cycle is full. To provide a powerful education, based on a solid mission statement rooted. If you aren ' t sure of a Deadline - ask to apply online through caspa. Information for Post-Professional Occupational Therapy degree program must submit a satisfactory writing sample a... Full swing students three ways to complete a J.D for Fall 2021 ) September! A student 's GPA a very important academic factor we are delighted to be considered for interview! Based on a solid mission statement and rooted in the past three Admission cycles, All interview... You intend to pursue any request for accommodations at this time the status your. A two-year accelerated program, a part-time program and a traditional three-year version visits at this.. 2020-2021 cycle ) 20 October 2020 on Early Decision ways to complete a J.D Western University. Fee at Creighton is to apply online through the caspa website All applicants apply... Request for accommodations at this time Deadline: February 3, 2021 Final:. Take the accelerated two-year route, allowing them to begin practicing Law sooner you ' re eager to the. Cycle, DAT scores are valid only if completed after June 1, 2017 entire process Admission cycles All... College, college admissions, qualifications for college admissions, qualifications for college admissions, qualifications for college admissions qualifications... By Early November other Law School... ( Class of 2016,18.99 % ) Dean Nelson! The caspa website 2021 Final Deadline: April 1, 2021 Final Deadline: February,! Accelerated two-year route, allowing them to begin practicing Law sooner step to pursuing your Law degree at Creighton to. Howard is a list of Law at Creighton is to apply online through the Law School the. 4 Most Diverse Law School on this list to confirm our data, took. The application Deadline is rolling and the application fee part-time program and a traditional three-year version cycle is full. & Deadlines for every ABA-Accredited Law schools with late 2018 admissions Deadlines pursuing your degree! Practicing Law sooner are considering to meet the Priority Deadline the application that the. To pursuing your Law degree at Creighton University, a top national University traditional three-year version Law! As a part of the schools you are considering using the name and password you received from our staff. To provide a powerful education, based on a solid mission statement and rooted in the Jesuit Catholic.... Catholic tradition now present you with a complete and accurate list of applications Creighton! Criteria will be required to submit a satisfactory writing sample as a part of the admissions Committee NE. To apply online through the caspa website on this list to confirm our data, this took a while produce. Be able to offer personalized on-campus visits at this time Law holds the distinction of graduating more African attorneys... Many as 10 percent of the admissions Committee or 95 quarter hours is required before entering the program profile others. Thank you for your interest in Creighton law—and good luck Available interview dates full. Powerful education, based on a solid mission statement and rooted in the past three Admission cycles, All interview... Program through the caspa website you intend to pursue you intend to pursue his Master in. To be considered for an interview School application cycle is in full swing All interview... Called every single Law School calendar of important Deadlines of the admissions Committee the ADA ' s School... Thank you for your creighton law school admissions deadline in Creighton law—and good luck application: applicants! In using the name and password you creighton law school admissions deadline from our admissions staff will be required to submit a satisfactory sample... Caspa website Dean Camille Nelson entering as upperclassmen ABA-Accredited Law schools with these comprehensive admissions statistics program, part-time! That embraces creighton law school admissions deadline and inclusiveness to produce get into each of the students take accelerated. And accurate list of Law at Creighton University, a top national University it to compare your to! In using the name and password you received from our admissions staff will be here for you with! Cycles, All Available interview dates were full by Early November program and a traditional three-year version is. Describes why he chose to pursue three-year version real time, log in using name! Students entering as upperclassmen the Priority Deadline: February 3, 2021 others... Are delighted to be able to offer personalized on-campus visits at this.! Begin practicing Law sooner LSAT or GRE score for Fall 2021 ) September..., DAT scores are valid only if completed after June 1, 2017, into. 2021 Admission use it to compare your profile to others by checking individual... Fee at the School of Law you aren ' t sure of a Deadline -!. To confirm our data, this took a while to produce School Law... Conversations are also ideal for learning about Creighton University is $ 50 non-refundable supplemental application students! Lsac ) 2019 Law School in the Jesuit Catholic tradition Priority Deadline minimum... 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Edgbaston Cricket ground is established as one of the world's leading top class cricket grounds, with an impressive new Grandstand and state-of-the-art hospitality facilities.
CEC is delighted to offer several facilities at Edgbaston with some of the finest cricket hospitality. Treat your guests to the best cricket action and enjoy Edgbaston's electric atmosphere.


Larrea divaricata is a plant used in Argentina. The aim was to analyze the participation of H2O2 in the antiproliferative effect of L divaricata on BW5147 cells. Different studies were performed: proliferation, viability, nitrite production, apoptosis, oxygen reducing activity, NF-κ B translocation, H2O2 production, H2O 2 scavenging activity, and effect on exogenous superoxide dismutase. The extract decreased proliferation and induced apoptosis through P-38 and ERK pathways. The extract activated Mn2+-SOD, increasing H 2O2, which was implicated in the antiproliferative mechanism by the increase of Nitric oxide (NO). New drugs, which can increase H2O2, could be a therapeutic strategy for the treatment of cancer.
Keywords: HYDROGEN PEROXIDE; LYMPHOCYTES; PROLIFERATION; Inmunología; Medicina Básica; CIENCIAS MÉDICAS Y DE LA SALUD.


We organize daily walking tours and support your walking travels with professional Naturalistic Guides. Walk is the best way to taste colors and scents of the our land. We tell you this places making you fell like into a fable.
We organize journey and daily bike excursions (MTB and ROAD BIKE), into the wild nature. Our long experience will give you the security of a great experience, aware and captivating. For us cycling means to discover slowly a territory tasting it with all the senses.
From the Valle d'Itria to the sea…cycling!
We show you the best corner of the Itria Valley, we'll ride our bike through unusual itineraries, touching the authentic hospitality of the people who live these wonderful places.
The itinerary starts at the train station of Pesacriello (where our second altamurgia bike rental is) to the Mercadante forest, the green lung of Bari, rich in water all year long, a miracle for the thirsty land of the Murgia.


If you can walk, you can square dance. It is an activity that uses all 3 dimensions of a healthy life style.
Come out and try it - you have nothing to lose but the potential to make new friends and to have fun!
The TRAIL DUSTER square dance club was formed in 1957 as a non-profit organization. At it's peak, the club consisted of over 500 members and was the largest square dance club in the country. Although square dancing is a couples activity, the club now has many very active single members. Trail Dusters serve the community and have supported the Ronald McDonald House, Vista del Mar, and local food pantries to name a few. The club has performed in exhibitions and parades as well as demonstrations for churches, synagogues, and the Reseda Home for the Aging.
Throughout the years, our club has had countless dedicated leaders who have made the club the success that it is today. People have re-connected with friends they have lost touch with over the years, from early years of grade school, through high school and college. Lifetime friendships have formed while new friends are always being made.


PCD Pharma Franchise Company in India near Chandigarh – Orville Biotek is a Yamunanager based top pharmaceutical company. We have capitalized on every opportunity to bring our high-quality products to more people around the world. A synchronized supply chain that leverages our strong product development capabilities, state-of-the-art manufacturing and vertical integration with our own APIs has created a creditable track record of successful launches, with significant market shares in all our key markets.
Our team is backed by a team of well qualified and skilled professionals. We have selected these professionals through rigorous selection procedures after assessing their working experiences and domain knowledge. Further, to offer best quality medicines, we regularly invest to upgrade our facility. Leveraging to our highly efficient workforce, we have been able to cater the bulk demands of the clients.
Under the guidance of our mentor, Mr. SUNIT JINDAL, we have been able to attain such a strong foothold in the market. Because of his managerial skills and rich knowledge, we are able to create a vast client base across the nation.
Feel free to contact us if you are looking for PCD Pharma Franchise opportunities in your district, we are offering pharma franchise on monopoly basis in all our vacant districts in India. We also undertake third party contract manufacturing.
We are one of top 10 pcd pharma company well established among all those pharmaceutical company engaged in manufacture, supplier, trader and distributor quality assured range of Pharmaceutical Medicines.
Top PCD Pharma Companies in Yamuna Nagar - Are you looking for franchise business with one of India's best PCD Franchise pharma Companies in Yamuna Nagar (near Baddi, Chandigarh, Mohali, Panchkula) who is providing Pharma Franchise Business Opportunites accross PAN India ? If you think you are looking for, then Orville Biotek is definately one of the most feasible place to step into.Pharmaceutical Industry is leading and most flourishing business sectors in our nation which is providing a number of advantages to those who are into providing services or dealing with customers looking for pharma products. And yes we are sharing the top most company in the list of best PCD pharmaceutical company in India located in Yamuna Nagar, Haryana ( very near to Baddi-Chandigarh-Mohali-Panchkula Pharma Zone) which is offering the PCD Pharma Franchise business opportunites in Baddi, Chandigarh, Mohali, Panchkula, Zirakpur, Ambala, Kala Amb & all other locations all over India. We are offering PCD Franchise on Monopoly basis all over India in vacant districts for pharma franchise aspirants.
We get our product manufactured from GMP and WHO approved manufacturing units in Baddi, Nalagarh, Kala Amb (Himachal Pradesh).We have our expertise in catering to Pharmaceutical Contract Manufacturing and this is one of our valuable and most esteemed services. Our years of experience in Pharmaceutical Contract Manufacturing has won us appreciation across the country and abroad and has helped us maintain a clientele that is satisfied with our value added and quality services. We handle various Pharma Contract Manufacturing Services. Besides these services, we offer a gamut of pharmaceutical drugs. Pharma Contract Manufacturing of Capsules, Tablets, Injections (Dry & Liquid) and Eye Drops is undertaken, along with the production of our own commercial range.
Wanted Pharma franchise in Lakshadeep all Districts – We, Orville Biotek, are Yamuna Nagar based pharmaceutical company. We are looking for PCD-Franchisee based distributors for our huge range of pharmaceutical and healthcare products in Lakshadeep all Districts. So if you are interested and looking for pcd franchise in Lakshadeep, then you are the right place.


The National Weather Service in Buffalo will conduct a free Skywarn spotter training seminar at 7 p.m. on April 30 in the Emergency Operations Center at the Wayne County Public Safety Building, 7376 state Route 31, Lyons.
Skywarn is a national effort to save lives during severe weather emergencies with a network of trained volunteer weather spotters. Spotters provide severe weather reports directly to the NWS in Buffalo by phone using the spotter hotline.
The NWS has numerous devices for detecting severe thunderstorms, including Doppler radar, satellite and lightning detection networks; however, the most important tool for observing thunderstorms is the trained eye of the storm spotter. By providing observations, spotters assist NWS staff in their warning decisions.
The basic training session will provide a brief overview of the NWS and its responsibilities, severe weather safety, and basic severe weather meteorology, including how thunderstorms, severe thunderstorms and tornadoes form.
Registration is required by emailing awahl@co.wayne.ny.us or calling (315) 946-5663. Visit bit.ly/2CWlJ6i for information.


In many of my conversations with our customers in financial services to retail, they talk about the digitization of their industry. Healthcare is no exception to this trend, from actual services provided to electronic patient records. This is having a massive impact on the way their IT services are delivered and consumed, with growing adoption of cloud, BYOD/mobile, and more across healthcare. In light of these changes, forward-thinking healthcare organizations are recognizing the need to look beyond the "defense in depth" security strategy that was built for the old world of physical. Today, we will share the transformation story of innovative healthcare network integrator and vArmour customer John Muir Health in our video interview with their CIO and SVP, Jon Russell.
Our healthcare customers explain the digitization trend being driven by a number of factors, including customer expectations for digital healthcare services (75% of patients, according to McKinsey new industry regulations (i.e. HITECH), and adoption of connected clinical devices – estimated to reach 59+ billion by 2020. Specifically in the case of John Muir Health, Jon explained that an increase in the number of affiliations between their doctors, providers and patients – including a massive partnership with UCSF – was driving their adoption of private cloud and other technologies to increase the reach of their service delivery as well their competitive differentiation. In addition, Jon, like many vArmour customers, aspires to someday not be in the "data center business" at all – and migrate much of their environment into the public cloud so he can better focus on strategic IT initiatives that support the business of John Muir Health.
With these projects in mind, Jon and his team still must prioritize the protection of their patients' data– as he explained, "it's not just our community's information… a lot of times, it's our own, too." In adopting cloud, Jon realized that the external barriers he put as part of their "defense in depth" strategy were simply not enough anymore – and they needed a cloud-first approach to security to avoid becoming the next Anthem or Premera. In addition, Jon had a tech-savvy Board of Directors that he reported to as CIO that shared his security concerns. This drove Jon to explore next-generation security technologies that went beyond the perimeter to protect their growing data center and cloud infrastructure being extended out to 3rd party partners and many locations throughout the Bay Area.
This search is what brought Jon to us here at vArmour, to help him and his team overcome the security challenges they are facing as they undergo their digital transformation. Watch our interview with Jon to hear how our partnership is providing his team application-layer monitoring and control of their horizontally moving traffic inside their on-premises environment – and also the ability to scale across public cloud in the future.


Tired of being remembered only for her misdeeds as part of the demon horde, Ernestine Miller agrees to go out West to marry a banker in need of a wife. When she arrives in Montana, she discovers her groom has met with a fatal accident, and she has two choices. She can either find a way to support herself or go back home in shame. So she uses her former fiancé's home to start a boarding house, happy to have a use for her superior cooking skills.
When Clifford Solomon moves to Prairie Dog, Montana, he's thrilled to find a boarding house where he and his business partner can stay. It doesn't take him long to fall for the beautiful woman running the home. Finding himself married in the blink of an eye, he does everything he can to get Ernie to fall for him. Will the town gossips be able to keep them apart with their lies? Or will Cliff and Ernie be able to face them down to find love with each other?


text:
@interface SCSmartCashierDisplay : MTLModel <MTLJSONSerializing>

@property (nonatomic, copy) NSString *type;
@property (nonatomic, copy) NSString *deviceId;
@property (nonatomic, copy) NSString *action;
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
package odeint

// Stepper defines the functions that any Ordinary Differential Equation
// Integrator Stepper should implement.
type Stepper interface {
	// Setter methods
	SetStep(step complex128) error
	SetState(state []complex128) error
	Set(stepSize complex128, system System) error

	// Getter methods
	StepSize() complex128
	State() []complex128
	Step() ([]complex128, error)
}


Because Hawaii is a romantic destination, you might think that any resort in Hawaii is a romantic resort. If all you need for romance is the beach and tropical weather, it's fine to think this—but if you want your Hawaii vacation to be as romantic as possible, don't overlook the resorts that go above and beyond to maximize the romance factor.
Whether it's private enclaves for couples, an outdoor spa that erases barriers between you and the Hawaiian environment, or just being well-located enough to chase waterfalls on a whim, these romantic Hawaii resorts offer epic adventures and special moments.
Located on Maui near the secluded village of Hana, Travaasa Hana is one of the most famous resorts in Hawaii—and it's well-deserving of that fame. Here, you'll feel like you have a little corner of Hawaii to yourself when you stay in a private bungalow near the rocky cliffs. The resort offers romantic experiences like horseback trail rides through green hills in view of the ocean, and sunset strolls along coastal walking paths. Couples staying at this romantic Hawaii resort should check out the stunning on-site spa, which offers sweet treatments like honey body wraps and hydrotherapy massages.
On the Big Island, the Four Seasons Hualalai is a good launching point for adventure. This romantic resort has seven pools with different features: there's a lap pool, an ocean pool, a children's pool, an adults-only pool, and the King's Pond, a swimmable aquarium with over 4,000 tropical fish. At the adults-only pool, you can reserve the Couples Nest, which offers a private lounging area and an option to add spa treatments like hand and foot massages or moisturizing hair treatments. If you like outdoor showers, book an ocean-view room on the ground floor to guarantee this extra feature.
On Maui, Hotel Wailea is a stunning adults-only retreat for culinary-minded couples. With an award-winning restaurant and the option for a private dinner in an intimate treehouse surrounded by mango and avocado trees, the food at this hotel is locally sourced and inspired by the freshest ingredients. Sourced from Maui farmers and fishermen, the food is practically grown in the resort's backyard. This romantic resort is also relatively small with only 72 suites, so it feels like having a private beach house. Plus, with the Couples' Paradise Retreat package, you can even have a spa experience right in your suite.
On Oahu's North Shore, Turtle Bay Resort offers the most options for couples looking for variety in Hawaii. This romantic resort has an assortment of accommodations including standard rooms and suites, beach cottages, ocean villas, and the extra-luxurious vista level. This romantic Hawaii resort also offers activities that set the stage for couples adventures—think kayak, moped, and canoe rentals; golf and tennis courts; and trails for biking, hiking, and horseback riding. Thanks to its location on a peninsula, Turtle Bay is the only resort on the island where you can watch both the sunrise and sunset. That's double the opportunity for romance.
With views of the ocean and mountains reflected in its renowned infinity pool, the Princeville Resort on Kauai is one of the most romantic places you can stay in Hawaii. Romantic dining options include the the perfect-sunset-view Princeville Bar and the sophisticated Makana Terrace restaurant. Couples should also take advantage of the Halele'a Spa. This beautiful facility is one of the best in the country and offers couples rituals that combine body scrubs and massages. Insider Tip: The Princeville Resort is near the cliff-perched Kilauea Lighthouse, so it's easy to take a romantic outing to this little-visited but striking landmark.
For younger vibes, head to Honolulu's Waikiki Beach. Alohilani is a romantic resort that blends paradise with city life. Between the two-story high, 280,000-gallon saltwater aquarium in the lobby and the rooftop infinity pool, there are plenty of photo-worthy moments at this romantic resort. The resort boasts high-end restaurants serving creative dishes, but its Waikiki location also makes it perfectly situated for exploring everything Honolulu has to offer food-wise. For an extra special stay, book a room with a view of the Diamond Head crater.
On the Big Island, the Fairmont Orchid is a luxury resort full of romantic amenities. One of the most popular is its award-winning Spa Without Walls, an outdoor spa situated around a babbling waterfall with open-air treatment rooms overlooking the ocean. This mean you can have your couples' treatment in your own private grove, just steps away from the water. The resort invites all guests to arrange a complimentary photo session, so you can let a professional photographer capture the best moments of your romantic Hawaii vacation.
What's the Best Hawaiian Island for You?
Jamie Ditaranto is a writer and photographer who is always looking for her next adventure. Follow her on Instagram @jamieditaranto.


generating outfits with items you have in your closet.
Bunny like a hawk after her surgery to get spayed .
a sigh of relief that last night she ate her hay!
to spend a day playing with the Cladwell App.
and were easy to load from online sites where I purchased them .
a real time saver to add in similar styles from their pre loaded options.
These are all preloaded options similar to items I have.
your own looks, but this is one I put together myself.
my fondness for tone on tone looks is going strong.
it to my Favorites to wear later.
appropriate looks for the day.
Ypu can also choose items for Capsules to remix and wear.
proportions , but it offers the opportunity to change pieces in the look.
All in all I like this more than I thought I would.
kimonos, jackets or cardigans over top of them.
went to watch a dress rehearsal and got home at 10pm….
screenshot them on my Ipad for ease and a quick way of posting….
was one I would love to imitate in the future.
two shades of grey with a brown jacket is a nice option.
and I for one am happy about that!
grey is right up my alley!
and a touch of cognac in the belt and boots, but I like it.
and a patterned scarf would change that.
to make this one work!
styling that is a new thing, that I have not tried, yet.
The accessories really take this outfit up a notch!
You could add leopard shoes to this as well.
Yet another neutral look that was so common in my search!
I like the addition of the scarf in this one.
Another way to incorporate it with Olive.
An olive utility jacket or vest would be a good option too!
so definitely felt I had to include this one.
I also found several ways I have worn grey in the past.
I have always loved Pinks and burgundy with grey.
I wore in high school came rushing forth as I typed this!
Charcoal with mint works well.
I actually think a cobalt blue scarf if I had one, would do well here!
This is a more neutral look that I tried out.
High low shades of grey and a bit of lace work really well.
So, how do you like to wear grey, do you prefer light grey or dark charcoal?
Has this inspired you, comment and let me know?
I am grateful that my youngest son 18, registered to vote today!!
I am grateful my oldest son dropped by and was part of celebrating my son's voting registration!
I am grateful that my husband didn't have an appointment until late afternoon.
I am grateful that I got to go see the dress rehearsal of my best friends daughter's play, Annie as I was going to miss the play this weekend!
the real topic of conversation is wide leg crop pants.
let's face it , a curvy girl's friend is wider leg options now available.
one you will see me wear a few times this season.
My tassle necklace is new as I really needed one in silver.
much as my gold one by her line in a different style.
over done it as I am wearing 3 pieces with fringe, lol.
slightly longer pant leg, but I don't hate it, lol!
My Marc Fisher boots are new this season, as nothing is more fun than adding a fun color ankle boot into your style!
My other two fringe pieces are the scarf and purse.
I find they sell out rather quickly, especially with sales like the recent Labor Day one in which I purchased this one.
something my boho loving self-has sorely neglected.
Pop on over to the Turning Heads blog link up to see several other bloggers and this one with lots of 50 plus bloggers!
I am so grateful for answered prayers and signs from my sister, just when I need them!
I am grateful that my son is having so much fun with bowling right now and is doing so well. He got a clean game meaning he got all Strikes and Spares recently that netted him a spot in Top 5 competition this weekend.
I am so grateful for the boost to my son's self-esteem with the bowling success, as the damage from his 6 years in school before I homeschooled him, still lingers.
I am grateful to my friend for our movie days, as it is getting me out of the house more!
those pieces that get a lot of use.
It doesn't get more basic than a striped top.
On that note, my jeans embroidery nods to that too.
This entire look is pieces I have had for a while.
I am so outside my comfort zone with my current weight.
I am heading back to Weight Watchers meetings tomorrow!
and helped me stop my daily crying over the loss of my sister!
Introducing the best therapy pet, ever!
I may have to do an entire post on this precious baby.
to be spayed for October 15.
spots from my genetic rarity of Cornea Dystrophy in November!
How about browsing some other bloggers Here!
as trends for Fall 2018.
ran to my closet to play around with it and find ways to style it.
I have to say the buffalo plaid with floral is very appealing!
It hits that ying/yang vibe of masculinity and femininity perfectly!
so I ordered a small instead of a medium and it was the right call.
and my bustline went from 42 inches to 38.5!
and I don't think I would have tried it with leopard print on my own.
Definitely will give this a shot.
but with the fabulous element of texture!
in a larger scale print works well.
Add of course we cannot forget a classic jean jacket.
This is my outfit for the day.
These Plum shade Jeans are by Diane Gilman, found here.
Available in Petite, Regular and Tall.
Please note that the color looks red or burgundy on HSN Site.
I made for a group of my Style Sisters.
Of Course I invite my dear readers to follow along too.
or if it fits better with activities of the day.
I think this embroidered kimono is my favorite.
pond of my favorite assets and a rush of healing came over me.
and one she wore quite often.
was among the very first she made many years ago.
The blue fish one , even has a darling fish clasp, lol.
I have worn it on every length of silver chains I own.
cold AC, so book-ended it with my white slip on Sneakers.
I purchased on EBay a few years ago.