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The Parting of the Ways
Fundamentals & Introductions Amos, Anne
The split between Judaism and Christianity was gradual and happened at different rates in different places. There is remarkably little agreement among scholars as to what precisely caused the rift and estimates vary about the date, from the middle of the first century CE to the middle of the fourth CE.
By Anne Amos
Professor Alan Crown from Sydney goes beyond the reserve of most scholars and dates "the parting of the ways" to the Council of Nicaea 325 CE, a date which I accept. The Council of Nicaea was called by the Emperor Constantine to settle some theological differences that were dividing his Christian Empire. The first act of the three hundred bishops assembled was to set a date for Easter distinct from the Jewish Passover thereby effectively separating Jews and Christians.
The First Stage
"The parting of the ways" has two distinct stages. The first, in the first century, was a pre-occupation with determining who was Christian and who was not. The second stage was longer, more tortuous, painful and destructive to Jewish sensibilities. It was marked by a move from concern with purely Christian self-definition to formulating the Church as a distinct entity from Judaism, a move heretical to Jews.
In the first stage the early Church was part of the body politic of Judaism and it is becoming common to add Jewish Christians to Josephus" list of four first-Century sects which were the Sadducees, Pharisees, Essenes and Zealots. The first century was pluralistic but Jewishly pluralistic.
The early Jewish church was Jewish in leadership and membership. It functioned in synagogues and had Pharisaic traditions and it never lost its traces of Rabbinic Halakha [religious law]. It was natural that Christians would be anxious about their self-definition and about who would define their status. Graeco-Roman observers who saw them going to the Temple defined them as Jews which meant they enjoyed the benefits of religio licitus [legal religion]. For different reasons the Rabbis at Yavneh also did not give them distinctive status. To the Rabbis Jewish Christians were heretics.
At Yavneh the traditional twelfth benediction of the Amidah [the Jewish 18-Prayer], a formal excommunication of sectaries, was directed against those who had been Jewish but who now identified as Christians. It had been invoked earlier against Sadducees and was later invoked against gnostic Jews. This evidence would suggest that at Yavneh the twelfth benediction was directed against deviant Jews and Christians were perceived as deviant Jews.
Along with the ambiguity of the status of Christians went the familiarity of their teachings. These were known elsewhere in Judaism among one or other of its so-called philosophies. Let two examples suffice:
Paul makes a statement on circumcision which is misunderstood by both contemporary Christians and Jews as a dismissal of its significance. "Circumcision is nothing and uncircumcision is nothing; but obeying the commandments of God is everything". (1 Cor. 11:19). However, Paul"s teaching is congruent with an attitude to the Law that can be found in Judaism of the first century - that if Gentiles strive to keep the Law which cannot be embedded in their identity they may not be inclined to give their minds to G-d, and it is better that their minds and spirits are given to G-d than that they observe what to them might be a formality.
In Galatians Paul teaches that the Temple can be set aside and the people itself can become the spiritual temple. (1 Cor.6:19) This teaching is found in the Dead Sea Scrolls whose writers had turned their backs on the Jerusalem Temple. It is also found in mainstream Judaism after the destruction of the Temple. From Torah the Rabbis teach that the people is a holy people dedicated to God.
Paul was a radical Jewish convert to Jewish Christianity. He left the Pharisaic movement behind but not Judaism or Torah. But he did live in tension with Jewish particularism and he had to rethink some values of his past in a way consonant with his interest in gentile mission. I am indebted to Alan Segal for his careful analysis of Paul"s arguments to demonstrate that Paul"s method of inverting the values of his past is Pharisaic.
Paul"s reflection on the Torah is the most problematic for Jews. Paul still respects Torah but subtly changes its place in his life so that it has ultimate authority as prophecy but not as a communal norm for salvation. Torah"s primary new importance is as a prophecy forecasting the crucified messiah and the conversion of the Gentiles. "But now the righteousness of God has been manifested apart from the law, although the law and the prophets bear witness to it" (Rom. 3:21-31).
Paul does not, however, retreat to the position that the Torah is an ethnic characteristic of Jews. Paul understands that the Torah provides a universal standard of righteousness in ethical matters for Jew and Gentile alike. This understanding of the value of Torah is in keeping with later Jewish views that the Torah"s general moral precepts, the Nohahide Commandments, are incumbent on Gentiles as well as Jews. Only the special laws are incumbent on Jews.
This argument of Paul can, according to Alan Segal, be interpreted two ways. Paul may be offering the convert two equal choices: the choice between becoming a Jewish Christian, with all the rules operant, or of adopting a new principal of salvation - conversion through baptism in Christ which, by definition, would be easier for Gentiles.
Or, as the Church has advocated, Paul may not be giving Judaism such a continuing positive place in God"s plan (Rom. 11: 17-22). He may in fact be advocating faith as the alternate principle to keeping the Torah. This represents the distinction between Jewish and Christian religious self-understanding. The Jewish concern is for right practice, the Christian concern is for right belief.
My own opinion is that Paul never resolved this conundrum for himself and, in this, he was representative of his time. Torah, circumcision and the purity laws threatened the theology of conversion and the unity of the infant Christian sect. This was for Paul, in his own words, "a great sorrow and an unceasing agony". (Rom. 9:2) It was the Church of the early centuries, with its need to make the Christian scriptures congruent with its own teachings which obscured Paul"s Pharisaic origins and concerns and reinterpreted his teaching for its own polemical purposes.
That notwithstanding there was fierce division between the Rabbinic community and the nascent Christian theologians. Both were designing a response to the destruction of the Temple in 70 CE. This major turning point in the history of Judaism ended the institution of animal sacrifice and the cultic service to G-d. The Temple had also been part of the complex of government and the whole machinery of state had to be reconstituted. This task fell to the Pharisees who transcended diverse apocalyptic answers which were extant to develop a system of Jewish thought which has preserved the Jewish people to the present day.
Some of the Christian responses were to see the destruction of the Temple as a sign of the parousia [appearance of Christ] and an actual punishment for Jews. They spoke no words of comfort and turned the Jew"s lament: "on account of our sins we were exiled from our land", into words of accusation: "on account of your sins you were exiled from your land".
The Jews had become the "other". What we do not know is whether this creation of the "other" was ethnic - Jew separated from Gentile, or religious Jew separated from Christian. Whichever, their ways had started to diverge as Christians struggled to establish a distinct identity.
The Second Stage
The second stage, the constitution of the Church as a distinct institution from Judaism, was a struggle for legitimacy against the antiquity and attractiveness of Judaism. By the end of the first century the influence of Jewish practices in the liturgy, beliefs and morals of the infant Church was evident. There was an authority given to Jewish practice and belief that became a threat to the Church in particularly the Christian East which had the greatest concentration of Jewish communities. There, Christians frequented both church and synagogue, observed both the Jewish and Christian festivals, and some of Judaism"s foundations were enshrined in Christian liturgy.
A) Christians in the Talmud
In Jewish eyes the Church was an upstart but it is difficult to determine the actual extent to which the Church bothered Jewish intellectuals. We know that they were absorbed by the elaboration of the Rabbinic writings but that is not the sole reason for the scarcity of references to Christianity particularly in the Talmud. There was both a self-imposed and an externally imposed censorship on references to Christianity in Rabbinic writings which can now only be fished for in "the sea of the Talmud", to quote Marcel Simon.
The word Christian does not appear and if it ever did it has been removed by later editing. However there are a number of texts that do have polemical overtones and are directed at those called the minim. The definition of minim is elastic but it is thought to sometimes refer to Christians.
There are texts in the Talmud that deal with the antiquity of Judaism over the minim, the continuing authority of the Rabbinic writings as G-d"s Law also revealed at Mount Sinai, and the continuing validity of the Law.
Rabbi Samuel ben Nahum was undoubtedly thinking of the Christians when he said, "According to the strict law one ought to recite the ten commandments every day. And why do we not recite them? Because of the claims of the minim; lest they should say, "these alone were given to Moses on Sinai".
The intention of Rabbi Samuel ben Nahum seems to be to emphasize the unity of the Sinai revelation and to meet the Christian objection that sought to disassociate the moral law, i.e. the decalogue, from the second covenantal code, mainly the ritualistic.
Likewise, when the Rabbis deny emphatically that G-d had any son, this must be an allusion to Christian dogma even though the minim are not identified in the relevant texts. The accumulated evidence in the Talmud, on balance, points to real controversies which transcended academic speculation because they are directed against an opposing community, the Church.
The struggle between Judaism and Christianity was antagonistic; a struggle for the blessing of Abraham and a struggle to win converts from the same clientele, their pagan neighbours and the G-d-fearers of the Synagogue. In this the church aimed to dislodge Israel as the eternal covenant partner of G-d and to install the Church as the sole repository of revelation.
B) Antisemitic Christian Literature
There is a significant body of Christian antisemitic literature that is evidence that Judaism represented a real threat to the Church:
I must pause here to define the way antisemitism describes the anti-Judaism of the ancient world. There was a hostility by the pagan world to the separatism of Judaism which was not necessarily racial hostility. Christianity inherited such pagan attitudes and there were populist complaints against Jews. However, by the fourth century, there was also an ecclesiastical and learned condemnation that was nourished by a particular reading of the scriptures to support such assertions as deicide and supersessionism.
Antisemitic literature was uneven in its invective and ranged from a polemical style consistent with the literary forms of the day to outright abuse which can only be described as deliberate vendetta.
I will take but three examples from this literary corpus, that of Justin Martyr, St. John Chrysostom and Aphraates to demonstrate the range of antisemitic sentiment. The issues canvassed were consistent: circumcision, Sabbath, dietary laws, call of the Gentiles, the Jewish hope.
Justin Martyr (100-165) was writing in the period just before Jewish Christianity as a sect was separated from the Church. The ex-communication of Jewish Christians by the Jerusalem Council was another milestone in "the parting of the ways". Justin Martyr issued a "Dialogue with Trypho" (the Jew). Trypho is modelled on an actual Pharisaic Jew and fairly represents Pharisaic attitudes. Justin Martyr both addresses and hears out Trypho in a respectful intellectual dialogue.
Addressing Trypho he accuses the Jews of "cursing in your synagogues those who believe in Christ" referring to the twelfth benediction of the Amidah. Similarly Trypho has his say about one of the basic causes of the Jew"s rejection of Christianity. "You set your hopes on a man that was crucified," says Trypho in astonishment.
The context was the re-establishment of the twin faiths of Judaism and Christianity after the destruction of the Temple. The issues of cult practice, the locus of Divine Favour and the identity of the true Israel were the subject of lively but respectful debate in a time when Jews and Christians still had meaningful concourse. In fact Justin Martyr learned Hebrew from a Rabbi to better interpret the Hebrew Scriptures. The recourse to Scripture was the basis of anti-Jewish argument. In order to have any effect on Jews the proof had to be grounded on the scriptural text.
There are three themes that run consistently through the literature regardless of the date of writing or the geographical context:
the person of Jesus Christ and the rejection or acceptance of his divinity.
the observance or abnegation of Jewish Law, especially ritual Law.
the rival claims of Israel and the Church to inherit the blessing of Abraham.
St. John Chrysostom
St. John Chrysostom writing from Antioch 386-398 CE was the master of anti-Jewish invective without question. He fuses the prejudices of popular antisemitism to the theological grievances against Jews, particularly about the attraction of Jewish ritual to Christians. He also denounces the claim of Jews to the continuing blessing of Abraham.
Chrysostom, Bishop of Antioch, delivered "Eight Homilies against the Jews" for the instruction and moral reformation of the nominally Christian city of Antioch. He was a great orator and his real audience was his Sunday congregation which was also attracted to the Synagogue. There was a syncretism at work that disturbed Chrysostom. His Christians observed the Jewish festivals kept the Sabbath, and even went to the Synagogue to make oaths.
Antioch in Syria was the third city of the Roman Empire and the city where the disciples of Christ were first called Christians. (Acts 11:26). There was also a large Jewish community in Antioch and the Synagogue was a lively influence. The strength of Chrysostom"s antisemitism was proportional to the numerical strength of the Jewish community.
The Jews are overwhelmed by the benefits of G-d and reject them all. They were the sons of G-d, by adoption, and they have become dogs. Their Day of Atonement is misused as an opportunity for indecent festivities. They are guilty of the murder of Christ.
There are abrupt pauses in the documentation of these invectives as if Chrysostom"s own congregation was shocked and protested.
In the "Eight Homilies" there is theological discussion about, among other things, the date and meaning of Passover which Chrysostom calls the Christiana Pasch. "Passover," directs Chrysostom, "must not be celebrated but replaced by the sacrament of Holy Communion celebrated several times a week." "Furthermore," says Chrysostom, "it is offensive to establish the date of Christ"s death by referring the question to his executioners."
Chrysostom did not practice the restraint of earlier works such as the Didascali, a third century Church order. The Didascalia accepted that the Jewish Passover was popular and could not be done away with, so it changed its character by transforming it from a joyful festival celebrating the flight from Egypt to a day of vicarious penance for the sin of the blind Israelites. However the tone of the Didascalia is courteous and its concern for Jews sincere if misguided. Chrysostom saw it differently. He attacked the attraction Jewish Christians had to the Passover head-on.
No-one should celebrate the Passover. The Passover ought not to be celebrated except in one place, Jerusalem. Now that the city has been destroyed, the rite is no longer valid, and G-d, by authorising the destruction, intended to detach the Jews, in spite of themselves, from their ancestral usage. To persist in maintaining it is to violate the law.
Chrysostom uses Biblical allusion against the Jews with skill if not justice or accuracy. His legacy was a theology of deicide and supersessionism that has influenced the Church to the present day.
Aphraates
Aphraates lived outside the Empire amidst a strong Jewish community. He was bypassed by the great controversies of the Empire. He was the first of the Syriac Church fathers and he lived through the persecutions of Shapur II (310-379) in Persia. Our knowledge of him comes from "23 Demonstrations" (337-345) which are his survey of the Christian faith.
His Christology is archaic and retains the simplicity of the first generation of Christians. He is quite indifferent to the subtleties of Greek theological speculation but his views on religion and worship are orthodox. Christ is the object of faith and worship. However his speculation is through and through Semitic, untainted by the influence of Hellenism.
Aphraates replies to the Jewish objection that the Christians distort Monotheism by quoting precedents about "sonship" from the Hebrew Scriptures. Aphraates says that when Christians call Christ "God" and "Son of G-d" this is not extraordinary. G-d said of Israel that Israel was His son. G-d uses the same appellation of Solomon. Adam, engendered by the thought of G-d, is His son, in the proper sense of the word. Aphraates sees no problem for Jews in naming Christ as G-d"s Son as the prototype is in the Hebrew Scriptures and for Aphraates not superseded.
Aphraates codified Christian observances, distinguishing them from those of Israel, but modelling his work closely on them. In doing so Aphraates shows himself to be deeply imbued with the Jewish spirit. He appealed for moderation consistently, "let us not seek difficulties and quarrels about words. They will not profit us. What is important is a pure heart which observes the commandments and keeps the feasts, the seasons of worship and the daily offices."
The American Jewish scholar Jacob Neusner is appreciative of Aphraates. He sees his work as a genuine inquiry, respectful of Judaism and properly congruent with Semitic thought and study of the Hebrew Scriptures. Others have asked wistfully whether and how differently the ways may have parted had the Aphraates of the early Church been given the authoritative position. Their connection to primitive Christianity and Semitic thought and their appreciation of their opponent gives their polemics an entirely different tenor.
C) The Popular Appeal of Judaism
Judaism"s appeal was a threat not only to the formulation of Christian doctrine but also to the popular practices of the Church. The people who advocated the retention of Jewish customs in the Church were known as Judaisers. Theirs was a popular movement. It laid the elements taken from Judaism and Christianity side by side, a form of syncretism.
The Christian writers who insist most strongly on the lapse of Israel"s call are the ones who are most occupied with combating the Judaiser"s pressure and that was true of Justin Martyr, Chrysostom and Aphraates.
The Councils of the early Church were also preoccupied with prohibiting Jewish practices. They forbade marriage with Jews of either sex, the making of the Sabbath into a festival and the blessing of harvests by them. It is harder to determine what the practicaD cosponse of Jews was to the influence of Christianity for reasons stated above. It would be hard to credit that there was none particularly as there was continuous concourse between Jews and Christians who met daily in the market place.
Christians and Jews were not alone influenced by syncretism. The popular superstition of the masses was part of a universal experience. The celebration of the new moon, Sabbath observance, Christian Baptism, the celebration of the Emperor"s birthday according to pagan rites and ornithomancy were all played out in a world shaped by paganism. In the entangled minds of the faithful, logic played little part. Anything could be invoked to stave off the effects of the evil eye. Superstition and magic were fundamental to the ancient way of thinking.
Again it is wistful to speculate. Had the citizenry had more influence on theology - an impossible thought for the ancient world! - what might have been different?
In my introduction I nominated the Council of Nicaea as the event that marked "the parting of the ways". It was a significant doctrinal decision for the Church to officially separate from Judaism. The theological impramata given to "the parting of the ways" was reinforced politically by the Christian Emperors of Rome and Byzantium who eventually legislated to separate Jews from Christians and to determine the subordinate status of Jews.
The Council of Necaea was summoned by the Emperor Constantine in 325 CE to settle the Arian dispute about the person of Christ. The Emperor himself, though unbaptised, presided and the orthodox party had the victory. Christ was declared co- equal and co-eternal with the Father. The Arian heresy that declared that Christ was neither true G-d nor a true man was defeated. Constantine had achieved his aim: to weld the Empire into a Christian spiritual block for political reasons.
One of Constantine"s first official acts had been to ban Jewish proselytism as dangerous competition to the Church. This was flagrant inequality. Christians were free to evangelise but Jews were forbidden to increase their membership. The context in which the prohibition appears is significant. It constitutes the second part of a law which aimed to protect Jews who converted to Christianity from reprisals inflicted by their coreligionists.
This ban on proselytism altered the status of the Jews who allegedly enjoyed equality with Pagans and Christians under the Edict of Miln passed soon after Constantine"s initial victory over the whole Empire. The Edict proclaimed equal rights for Pagans, Jews and Christians and allowed Jews to take public office. Their Patriarch was absolved from military duty, a privilege also enjoyed by all religious leaders.
The equal status granted to Jews under the Edict of Miln was eroded little by little until the Emperor Theodosius (379-395) founded an orthodox Christian state and banned the practice of any other religion. In the intervening period between Constantine and Theodosius the civil rights of Jews had been more than compromised.
In 388 the Christian population set fire to the Synagogue in Callinicum, a small town in Mesopotamia. The civil authorities informed Theodosius who instructed the bishop to rebuild the Synagogue at his own expense and to punish the arsonists. St. Ambrose, Bishop of Milan, on hearing of this made representation to Theodosius along the lines that burning Synagogues was pleasing to G-d and a Christian Prince had no right to intervene. The story is a complex one and to make it short suffice it to say Theodosius was forced to submit to Ambrose and recall his instructions for the reinstatement of the Synagogue.
This episode is significant because it exemplifies the movement from pluralistic Empire to Christian State. Theodosius began his response to the burning of the Synagogue at Callinicum by behaving as a pagan emperor would have done, anxious to maintain law and order and to respect the accepted rights of Jews. Ambrose challenged Theodosius"s self-understanding of Emperorship and charged him to behave as a Christian Emperor who should not show goodwill toward the Jews, or even simple equity. This was, according to Ambrose, inconsistent with Christianity. A Christian Emperor"s business was to ensure the triumph of (Christian) truth over (Jewish) error. Theodosius capitulated and the Church had the last word. The separation of the Church from Judaism effected theologically at the Council of Nicaea was now law under the Christian Emperors who took their advice from the Church. The incident at Callicium is the symbol of the conquest of ecclesiastical antisemitism. The Church could and did manage to influence imperial legislation in a way detrimental to Jews.
For further recommended reading:
Josephus, The Jewish War, Translated with an introduction by G. A. Williamson. Penguin Books, 1969.
Crown Alan, The Parting of the Ways, Pathways to Understanding. A Handbook on Christian Jewish Relations. edited by Marianne Dacy, Victorian Council of Churches, 1994.
Segal Alan F., Rebecca"s Children. Harvard, 1986.
Simon Marcel, Verus Israel, A Study of the Relations between Christians and Jews in the Roman Empire (AD 135-425) 1964.
Rev. Anne Amos is a Minister of the Uniting Church, Australia.
Source: Gesher


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Civics 101: Single-shot or bullet voting
J. H. Osborne • Apr 15, 2019 at 5:30 PM
josborne@timesnews.net
With municipal elections coming up in Kingsport, Bristol, and Bluff City, this week's Civics 101 takes a look at a strategy used by some voters which some might initially think sounds counterproductive.
It's called "single-shot" or "bullet" voting, and in essence it means a voter opts to forego his or her right to vote for multiple candidates in a single race and instead cast only one vote. Doing so would seem like throwing your full rights away to some. But to others, it is seen as adding strength to the single vote they do cast.
The theory is this: If you have a particular candidate you want to win more than any others, by voting only for that candidate you lessen the likelihood other candidates in the same race will equal or exceed the votes received by your candidate. The strategy often is used if a voter thinks a race could be close.
Let's say there are five candidates for three seats on a local elected board and all are "at-large" representatives. That means each eligible registered voter in that locale has the right to vote for three candidates total. The top three vote-getters will win. If a voter has one particular candidate they want to make sure wins in case of a tight finish, they might choose to vote only for that one candidate.
On election results, this will cause an "undervote" in the final tally: If 1,000 voters cast ballots, there would be the potential for 3,000 votes in the example above (if each voted for three candidates); but if some voters don't vote for three — choosing only one or two instead — the total votes cast won't reach that 3,000 mark. The difference is the undervote.
"Single-shot or bullet voting applies to races in which voters have the opportunity to cast a vote for more than one candidate in a single race," Sullivan County Administrator of Elections Jason Booher said. "Examples of more than one winner races in Sullivan County include county commission, constable, and municipal offices. In some instances, a voter may vote for two, and in others up to three candidates. In my experience, many voters mistakenly believe they must cast the maximum number of votes permitted in each race. Each voter has the option to choose not only who to vote for, but how many candidates they wish to vote for in a multi-vote race. In theory, a voter who chooses to vote for a single candidate in a multi-vote race has improved the chances that the candidate they voted for will win. For example, if a voter casts a single vote in a race that permits up to three votes for three separate candidates, that voter has in theory provided that single candidate with three votes by not diluting their vote to three different candidates."
Because all voter selections are anonymous, there is no way to determine the true effect of single-shot voting, Booher noted. It isn't a simple as trying to estimate the effect of single-shot voting by looking at the number of undervotes.
"All voters need to know that their vote is anonymous," Booher said. "That they have the freedom to choose not only which candidates to vote for across all races, but that they do not have to cast a ballot for all races on the ballot. That in multi-vote races they may vote less than the maximum number of votes permitted. And that it is not possible for any candidate to receive more than one vote from each voter."

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ants (Page 2)
Ant Slaves
In the old days in the Old South, rich plantation owners had teams of slaves to do the work for them. It turns out that ants are farmers too AND they also have slaves! And just like people who purchased strong humans, slavemaker ants select the strong over the weak when seeking new servants, which is why they have been observed attacking larger, better defended colonies over smaller, weaker ones.read more
Ant Zombies
Zombies are now showing up in movies and books, but these didn't originate in Haiti: A 48-million-year-old fossilized leaf gives us the oldest known evidence of parasites taking control of their hosts to turn them into zombies.
Researcher David P Hughes, who studies parasites that can take over the minds of their hosts, says, "This leaf shows clear signs of one well documented form of zombie-parasite, a fungus which infects ants and then manipulates their behavior."
Insects are amazing, but sometimes they're annoying (and even dangerous): First it was bedbugs, now it's fire ants.
Ants can be formidable. Fire ants (they got the name "fire" because they sting) used to be found outdoors in warm climates, but now they've moved to the city. Once they're in the city, they form massive supercolonies with thousands of queens and millions of workers. One researcher found a supercolony as long as a city block. City ants are also more aggressive and more likely to swarm.
Ants More Rational
than our politicians – Humans aren't always rational, but ants almost always are. Maybe we have something to learn from them. If we go extinct, insects may end up being the next dominant species here on earth.
This is not the case of humans being "stupider" than ants. Humans and animals simply often make irrational choices when faced with very challenging decisions. Researcher Stephen Pratt says, "This paradoxical outcome is based on apparent constraint: most individual ants know of only a single option, and the colony's collective choice self-organizes from interactions among many poorly-informed ants."


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Economic Snapshot | Wages, Incomes, and Wealth
The Raise the Wage Act of 2019 would give black workers a much-needed boost in pay
Economic Snapshot • By Valerie Wilson • February 13, 2019
The Raise the Wage Act of 2019, which proposes raising the federal minimum wage in six steps to $15 per hour by 2024, will result in a pay increase for 38.1 percent of all black workers and 23.2 percent of all white workers.
This disproportionate effect on black workers comes not just because they are more often employed in jobs that currently pay less than the proposed new minimum wage, but also because they are less likely to work in states or localities that have passed a state minimum wage that is higher than the federal minimum wage.
As the chart below shows, 21.8 percent of all black workers and 11.1 percent of all white workers will be affected by the Raise the Wage Act because they work in states where the minimum wage is set by the federal minimum. This includes a subset of states with no minimum wage law or where the state minimum is below the federal minimum. The share of black workers affected by the bill because they work in a state with no minimum wage law is three times higher than the share of whites.
Black workers affected by the Raise the Wage Act of 2019 are more likely to work in states with less progressive minimum wage laws: Percent of workers affected by the Raise the Wage Act of 2019, by race and state minimum wage
Share of all workers affected (direct + indirect)
No state minimum wage law*
State min ≤ federal min
6.30% 15.50% 16.30%
2.00% 9.10% 12.70%
ChartData Download data
The data below can be saved or copied directly into Excel.
The data underlying the figure.
*AL, LA, MS, SC, TN
**GA, IN, IA, KS, KY, NC, OK, PA, TX, UT, VA, WI, WY
Federal minimum wage applies when states have no minimum wage or a minimum wage that is lower than the federal minimum.
Source: Economic Policy Institute Minimum Wage Simulation Model using data from the Census Bureau, Bureau of Labor Statistics, and Congressional Budget Office.
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State differences in minimum wage laws function in a way that is similar to the effect of early sectoral exclusions in the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) of 1938. These exclusions were later eliminated by amendments to the FLSA that extended the minimum wage to those working in agriculture, nursing homes, laundries, hotels, restaurants, public schools, and hospitals in February of 1967.
According to a 2018 working paper by Derenoncourt and Montialoux, those newly covered sectors employed nearly a third of all black workers and about 18 percent of all white workers in the United States at the time. As a result, they estimate that this 1967 extension of the minimum wage had a significant effect on raising the wages of African American workers, accounting for 20 percent of the decline in the black-white earnings gap between 1967 and 1980.
There are important parallels between the sectoral exclusions of the original FLSA of 1938 and the current "state exclusions" to progressive minimum wage policy.
Just as black workers were significantly overrepresented in the industrial sectors originally excluded from minimum wage coverage, black workers today are significantly overrepresented in states that have not raised their minimum wages as the purchasing power of the federal minimum has eroded. In both instances, these were intentional policy decisions rooted–at least in part–in indifference if not outright hostility toward black workers.
In the 1960s, it took the large sectoral expansions of the 1966 FLSA amendments to allow more black workers to benefit from the federal minimum wage. Today, it will take a significant increase in the federal minimum wage to achieve a similar goal.
See related work on Race and Ethnicity | Minimum wage
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Q: Windows not passing credentials when accessing share My company is using a domain environment with Windows 2003 servers. All is great, except for one fussy laptop. Any network-related activity between it and domain servers is slow. Internet activity is fast on the other hand. Logging in to the domain on this particular machine takes around 10 minutes, no exaggeration, even if the roaming profile is already cached on the machine. When trying to access shares that this account (and everyone else in the domain) has access to, it prompts for a password rather than sending the credentials in the background. Even when the credentials are typed in manually, they are still not accepted and the login dialog comes back up. This machine refuses to map drives automatically upon loging as well via our login script, which works fine on over 800 other machines and users. There is nothing fancy in the script, just a few net use statements.
Now for the weird part....
When logging in on other user accounts on this machine, all drives map fine. When logging in as this particular user on another machine, all the drives map as expected and it does not ask for credentials when accessing shares. It is just the combination of this machine and account that don't cooperate. We thought it was the hardware at first, and had the system board replaced (which solved issues with intermittent connection problems) but the issue of the network drives is still apparent and credentials are not being passed correctly or something odd. I have already tried recreating this user's Windows profile to no avail.
Anyone ever encounter anything similar? And how did you fare?

A: When troubleshooting similar issues, I have found that the best solution is to triage using Wireshark to make packet traces. You need to figure out what is actually going on when the machines communicate. Mirror a port on your switch and run Wireshark three times -- twice on this machine with different users and then once on the same mirrored port using another machine that does work. Look for periods where traffic between the server and client stops for long periods, and figure out which client is waiting and which is not responding. Compare the three traces and see the differences in all communication. Somewhere in there you will find a clue that will show which continent the problem is actually on, if not the street address. Good luck!

A: Apparently Windows saves drive mappings, DFS links, and other nitnoid things in the Offline Files cache (whether or not you have offline files enabled). The cache is saved per user on each client machine. This cache can become corrupt, which leads to numerous issues with all of the technologies involved.
Clearing the cache and reinitializing the database can usually resolve these issues. The process involves a registry entry which is different for different versions of Windows.
XP: https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/kb/230738
REG ADD "HKLM\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\NetCache" /v FormatDatabase /t REG_DWORD /d 1 /f
Win7/8.1: https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/kb/942974
REG ADD "HKLM\System\CurrentControlSet\Services\CSC\Parameters" /v FormatDatabase /t REG_DWORD /d 1 /f
My personal experience was with DFS links. When affected users attempted to access the file share using the DFS link, they would get an access denied error message. If we skipped DFS and went straight to the file server, they could authenticate fine. If we connected to DFS using alternate credentials, we could authenticate fine. If we logged in as a different user, we could authenticate fine. If the affected users connected to the DFS share on a different computer, they could authenticate fine. The pointer for the DFS link that gets saved in the offline files cache was corrupt - wiping the cache resolved the issue.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


on the campus of the hospital, where GPU resources are usually rare or non-existent. Wafa Aissa, Adrien Pouyet ( UPMC Sorbonne Universite), Search-Oriented Conversational AI, Chatbots and intelligent personal assistants (such as Siri, Cortana, the Google Assistant, and Amazon Alexa) are being used increasingly more for different purposes, including information access and retrieval. These dialog systems enable naturalistic human-like interactions where the information needs are expressed in natural language. Unlike in traditional search engines, where a user-issued query is answered with a search result page, conversational agents can respond in a variety of ways, for example, asking questions back to the user for clarification. We proposed a reinforcement learning-driven translation model framework able to 1) learn the translation from NL expressions to queries in a supervised way, and, 2) to overcome the lack of large-scale dataset by framing the translation model as a word selection approach and injecting relevance feedback in the learning process. Experiments are carried out on two TREC datasets and outline the effectiveness of our approach. Des Moines International Loses One Direct Flight, Gains Another Cache Translate Page DES MOINES, Iowa — Travelers looking to catch a direct flight to San Francisco will now have to factor in some layover times. Frontier Airlines is suspending their seasonal direct flight to San Francisco and will not be resuming it. Kevin Foley, Airport Authority Director, says Frontier executives have not told him yet why they've made the move. VENICE, 4K 120fps HFR(? ? ? ? ?
thorium Answer: D 10. Carbon, diamond and graphite are together called A. Potassium nitrate is used in A. medicine B. fertiliser C. salt D. glass Answer: B 12. Permanent hardness of water may be removed by the addition of A. The most important ore of aluminium is A. galena B. calamine C. calcite D. bauxite Answer: D 15. Most soluble in water is A.
I need Arya to pull her head out of her rear end and do something soon. Now she seems mired in a holding pattern, largely because she won't either commit to becoming an assassin serving Death or breaking out of that cult and trying to find her way back to Westeros. Agreed about Euron's confidence regarding Dany's army. I suspect Theon and his sister might have a more sympathetic case before her. And yes, Arya needs something more interesting to do. I was quite excited to see them bring cold hands into the story, I was under the impression he had been entirely cut. Overall this felt mostly like a set-up episode to establish events over the next few episodes. I have to say. he pace of this season has been pretty good, someone says they're going to castle X (most often castle black) and the next episode they're there. Yes I was convinced Cold Hands was cut out and am thrilled to see him show up now. Him appearing along with other current events taking place I'm believing we will see Lady Stoneheart as well. I just think all the good guys teaming up against the White Walkers goes against the spirit of the show. As for the crazier theory, we're currently in Season 6 of an 8 season show, and Dany isn't even close to Westeros. That's like Luke Skywalker not beginning to fight the Empire until an hour into Return of the Jedi.
They'll then invite members of the crowd down to show us your best Time Warp giving you a chance to win the inaugural Hell-O-Wheels Time Warp Champion title. Prizes will be given to the Best Dressed Adult and Child Halloween Costumes, as well as those with the Best Supporter's Sign for their favourite team or skater. ArtfulAddiction Rotorua will be doing free Halloween themed face painting from 6pm - 8pm as well. Team merchandise will be available for sale and we ask that you bring cash to purchase this. Food, non-alcoholic and alcoholic beverages will be available for purchase. In most of the Sulphur City Steam Rollers' events to-date, tickets have sold out up to a week prior to the event. So the organisers recommend that you purchase your tickets well in advance. Blockers must remain within a certain distance from each other at all times. Also on the track are jammers, one from each team who are the point scorers. Following an extensive rule set, modern roller derby also includes a large group of officials who keep the players in line and track game statistics. There are up to seven referees required during a game, each with individual responsibilities. Up to 14 Non-skating Officials are also required, and generally include newer skaters, or in Steam Roller terminology, Groupies. Doors open at 6pm with game formalities commencing at 6:45pm. It packs a massive 4,000mAh battery into a mere 7.
The sunrise was beautiful, though. And despite it all, I've managed to keep warm on the bike. I pulled out the usual suspects: wool baselayers, thick wool socks, wool pants, more wool top layers, sturdy boots, really overdone gloves. The secret in the arsenal this time round was the bright orange windbreaker anorak I just purchased from Rivendell last week. It did a good job of keeping the wind from sapping my heat. And it's dorktastic to boot! (See photo below. When I'm confronted with weeks like this, it makes me wonder how I would fare living in another place, one that had real winter again. As I said, I've dealt with cold in the past, but never as a cyclist. Could I move to a place like Minneapolis and bike around all winter long. I can't say for sure until I do (if I ever did) but I think this little taste gives me the confidence I could pull it off. The house is a modest three-bedroom bungalow built in 1922 that I share with two other dudes, John and Collin. Collin isn't there that much so it feels more like John and myself. And because we're a bunch of dudes, the furnishings are pretty Spartan at the moment but hey, we're working on it.
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"While all my friends were listening to my brother's albums, I was cranking Bone Thugs. We turned the group's reputation upside-down, making sure they put on an amazing show that they were always on time for. ��? ��? amie Adler Also in January 2007 was another release by Bruce Hathcock: Explicit The Mix CD, distributed by BTR. Released ahead of his second album, the mix contained features from Layzie, Krayzie, Bizzy and recycled Eazy-E vocals on the track "Dawn 2 Dusk". In February 2007, Bizzy launched the nonprofit venture Walk In My Shoes to align and partner with non-profit homeless organizations in the Columbus, Ohio area. Bizzy sought an understated approach to contribute to the less-fortunate after being inspired by his own spiritual journey: "Everybody thought I went crazy. They were questioning my motives and what was going on. You can't take a walk without taking a walk. �� Also in February 2007, Krayzie was awarded another Grammy for his work on "Ridin' " from the November 2005 certified platinum debut album The Sound of Revenge by Chamillionaire, jointly released by Universal and Chamillitary Entertainment. "Basically it was a song we did like a couple of years ago and I met him through Play-N-Skillz, because I had worked with Play-N-Skillz previously. I didn't think at all that the song was going to be a Number One song. So yeah, it was a real big shock.
Actors: Nickola Shreli, Brandon Trammer, Stivi Paskoski, Danijela Stajnfeld Plot: A money troubled man finds some cash in an apartment which later turns out to belong to someone who stops at nothing to get his money back. Actors: Baldur Einarsson, Bl? Hinriksson, Dilja Valsdottir, Katla Njalsdottir Plot: In a fishing village in Iceland, a boy develops feelings for his best friend as his best friend pursues his affections for a girl. Actors: Adriana Ugarte, Daniel Grao, Emma Suarez, Inma Cuesta Plot: After a casual encounter, a brokenhearted woman decides to confront her life and the most important events about her stranded daughter. Actors: Andre Royo, Jeannetta Arnette, Kellee Stewart, Larry Flash Jenkins Plot: After a 3-year stint in prison, an unreasonably optimistic middle-aged man returns to his stagnant neighborhood to win back his girlfriend only to find that she and his family have done what they always wanted to do - forget he exists. Actors: McCaul Lombardi, Riley Keough, Sasha Lane, Shia LaBeouf Plot: A teenage girl with nothing to lose joins a traveling magazine sales crew, and gets caught up in a whirlwind of hard partying, law bending and young love as she criss-crosses the Midwest with a band of misfits. Actors: Tika Sumpter, Parker Sawyers, Vanessa Bell Calloway, Phillip Edward Van Lear Plot: The film chronicles the summer 1989 afternoon when the future President of the United States, Barack Obama, wooed his future First Lady, Michelle Obama, on a first date across Chicago's South Side. Actors: Jason Jiang, Logan Lerman, Sarah Gadon, Sue Dahlman, Tijuana Ricks Plot: In 1951, Marcus, a working-class Jewish student from New Jersey, attends a small Ohio college, where he struggles with sexual repression and cultural disaffection, amid the ongoing Korean War. Actors: Logan Marshall-Green, Tammy Blanchard, Emayatzy Corinealdi, Aiden Lovekamp Plot: A man accepts an invitation to a dinner party hosted by his ex-wife, an unsettling affair that reopens old wounds and creates new tensions. Actors: Ed Skrein, Karan Soni, Michael Benyaer, Morena Baccarin, Ryan Reynolds, T. . Miller Plot: A fast-talking mercenary with a morbid sense of humor is subjected to a rogue experiment that leaves him with accelerated healing powers and a quest for revenge. Actors: Alan Tudyk, Diego Luna, Donnie Yen, Felicity Jones Plot: The daughter of an Imperial scientist joins the Rebel Alliance in a risky move to steal the Death Star plans. Actors: Oulaya Amamra, Deborah Lukumuena, Kevin Mischel, Jisca Kalvanda Plot: A street teenager from a dysfunctional family from a banlieue (HLMs) in Paris comes across a young dancer who turns her life upside down.


The colours of the rainbow are important to me because I am gay. I have embraced them in my everyday dress. This is important to acknowledge because I rejected them for a while but I have now claimed them back.
"Family members started to make jokes about my 'marriage' - that I would be married off to a stranger and that I would not have a choice. They genuinely thought it was funny. I didn't find it amusing at all, but terrifying!"
I was born in the UK and grew up in a traditional Pakistani household in England. My parents had emigrated to the UK in the 1960s and 1970s. From the age of about ten I began to realise that I would have to conform to a very traditional life of learning to cook, clean and be prepared for marriage.
Education was not a priority within my family, particularly not for a girl. Family members started to make jokes about my 'marriage' — that I would be married off to a stranger and that I would not have a choice. They genuinely thought it was funny. I didn't find it amusing at all, but terrifying!
I was a meek and shy child at school, finding it difficult to speak. At home I would try to speak up but was told not to because it was not correct for a girl to do so. I struggled with this for a long time. I wished somebody would ask me if I was okay, then I would be able to tell them that I was not.
Conveying this to my mother was one of the hardest tasks I have faced, but I managed to do it with the support of the GP. However, this did mean a new found freedom for me because my parents had to re-think marrying me off. Suitors had been found, and a visit to Pakistan was planned which was scary because I did not think I would come back. I did come back, and after two years of negotiation I was allowed to go to university to follow my ambition.
I trained to be a nurse and have lived in London since. I could not believe my new found-freedom. I went to the cinema every night in the first week! Such a simple pleasure, but something I was not allowed to do before because my family told me that girls would be corrupted by the cinema.
I wanted to be a teacher but then decided to become a nurse because I felt I wanted to offer care and support to people. Care and support that perhaps I felt was lacking at home when I was growing up. Things are very different now. In the last 20 years I have found my voice and my family has accepted my choices to some extent. They remain very traditional, but our relationship has evolved into something healthier.
I do not want to reject my family completely but want to work with them to improve my life. It is still a challenge everyday but I am working through it. Currently I work at a university where I am able to channel my life experiences and nursing experience into teaching and campaigning. I am also very lucky to work with amazing people who have encouraged me to share my knowledge and talk about my experiences of forced marriage.
I am happy to be living independently in London and have carved out my own life surrounded by those who love me unconditionally. It has not been easy, but I know that I am a strong and resilient person. My life is a work in progress!
Being involved in the Survivor Ambassador Programme has inspired me, giving me hope and strength.


requires a solid scientific basis. Yet as any scientist or engineer will tell you, they are quite different. Science is a quest for "truth for its own sake," for an ever more exact understanding of the natural world. It explains the change in the viscosity of a liquid as its temperature is varied, the release of heat when water vapor condenses, and the reproductive process of plants. It determines the speed of light. Engineering turns those explanations and understandings into new or improved machines, technologies, and processes—to bring reality to ideas and to provide solutions to societal needs.
A Century of Innovation is a book about engineering, a profession whose roots lie in the building of the bridges and cathedrals of the Middle Ages and whose growth expanded rapidly with the powered machines and the increased productivity of the Industrial Revolution. But this book is not about those beginnings or even about that rapid growth. Rather it is about the remarkable achievements of engineering in the 20th century.
During that century, the engineering disciplines, which had been principally civil and mechanical, broadened with the addition of a number of new sectors such as metallurgical, automotive, electrical, and aeronautical and deepened with the development of new methods, powerful computational tools, and dependable testing techniques. This evolution has left its imprint on our society in countless ways. Certainly the ability to cross continents and oceans in a matter of hours has changed our sense of the size of the world—it is a much smaller place than it was in our great-grandparents' day or even our grandparents' day. The world is also smaller by virtue of our being able to communicate instantly with people at a distance, whether across town, across the state, or on the other side of the globe by telephone or electronic mail.
There are myriad other ways in which engineering has affected society and our quality of life, ways we so take for granted they are virtually invisible to us. In part that may be because we each have our own definition of the term "quality of life." One person might think having no need to work would be ideal, while another person would think having a great deal of work to do would be ideal. But most of us would probably acknowledge that certain living conditions are essential to a preferred quality in our own lives. Think for a moment about what your day would be like if you turned on the tap in the morning and there was no water. Of if you knew that the water coming from the tap needed to be boiled before it was safe to drink or to use to brush your teeth. A century ago, typhoid fever, cholera, and other waterborne diseases could strike anyone at any time. Today, clean, safe water is something everyone can expect in most of the developed world.
True, the 20th was a century punctuated by two world wars and an ongoing epidemic of smaller hostilities that took countless lives. And it was marked by societal struggles to overcome injustice. But it was also the first century in which technology brought those traumas to the awareness of distant viewers and listeners, to touch people in previously unimagined ways. John Pierce, the engineer who fathered Telstar, the first satellite to relay television signals across the Atlantic, said that engineering helped create a world in which no injustice could be hidden.
In the closing year of the 20th century, a rather impressive consortium of 27 professional engineering societies, representing nearly every engineering discipline, gave its time, resources, and attention to a nationwide effort to identify and communicate the ways that engineering has affected our lives. Each organization independently polled its membership to learn what individual engineers believed to be the greatest achievements in their respective fields. Because these professional societies were unrelated to each other, the American Association of Engineering Societies and the National Academy of Engineering (NAE) helped to coordinate the effort. The NAE, in particular, took a leadership role in this effort because of its unique ability to convene the world's greatest engineering minds under the congressional charter that it shares with the National Academy of Sciences.
The NAE issued the call for nominations to the societies, convened a selection committee of leading engineers from all fields, and set about the laborious job of qualifying and quantifying the information in the nominations. After several rounds of narrowing the nominations, the committee met for two full days to determine which engineering achievements of the 20th century had the greatest positive effect on mankind. While intercontinental ballistic missiles and laser-guided bombs were undoubtedly technological marvels with important justifiable reasons for their existence, projects of this type were somewhat disadvantaged on the "positive effect on mankind" basis. Other engineering marvels (e.g., spectacular bridges, dams, skyscrapers, tunnels, and canals) did not qualify because their impact was largely local.
As you read this book, you'll find that the choices the committee made have one thing in common—that is, if any of them were removed, our world would be a very different and less hospitable place. Each of these achievements has been important to the transformation of society in the past hundred years. These are technologies that have become inextricable parts of the fabric of our lives—some spectacular, some nearly invisible, but all critically important.
If you've leafed through the book or looked at the table of contents, you already know that electrification was the top-rated engineering improvement to the life of earthlings in the past century. The majority of the top 20 achievements would not have been possible without widespread distribution of electricity. Electrification changed this country's economic development and gave rural populations the same opportunities and amenities as people in the cities. It provides the power for small appliances in the home, for computers in control rooms that route power and telecommunications, and for the machinery that produces capital goods and consumer products. Clearly, the ready availability of the electric power we use in our homes and businesses exemplifies how engineering changed the world during the 20th century.
I hope this book will remind you of the breadth, the depth, and the importance of engineering to human existence and progress. The likelihood that the era of creative engineering is past is nil. It is not unreasonable to suggest that, with the help of engineering, society in the 21st century will enjoy a rate of progress equal to or greater than that of the 20th. It is a worthy goal.


Who doesn't love area rugs? They are the perfect accessory to brighten up any room, patio or deck. A new rug is an instant makeover for any space.
In my search for a colorful, stain-proof, child-proof rug for our playroom, I researched outdoor rugs, which (despite the name) can be used indoors, and promise more stain and water-proofing than your traditional indoor rug. Since the purpose of this rug will be for a playroom, a key search term was "budget," and I came across the idea of turning a tablecloth into an outdoor rug, offering the added benefit of repurposing one of the many tablecloths that I have stored in my kitchen.
A tablecloth-turned-rug is the perfect, inexpensive solution for areas that see lots of dirt, high traffic or for hardwood or concrete floors in need of some sprucing up.
The polyurethane boosts the tablecloth's durability, as stains just sit on the surface and can be easily taken outside and hosed off.
Spread your drop cloth down and lay out your tablecloth. I did this outdoors, but a garage would be a better option, due to less breeze and potential debris sticking in your varnish.
Pour a small amount of polyurethane onto the cloth and use the spreader to move it evenly around. It's best to do this in sections, depending on the size of your rug, to make sure you don't miss a spot. Let it dry for about 10 minutes and then lift the rug off the drop cloth and re-position, so it doesn't get stuck to the floor. Allow it to dry for 30 minutes (or follow directions on the can) before applying another coat. Repeat this process for three coats.
Remove the tablecloth from the drop cloth and lay it out flat on a protected surface to allow it to fully dry, preferably overnight. If you are planning on using your new rug outdoors, you'll want to flip it over once dry and give the underside a poly coating too.
Once dry, lay your rug pad over the tablecloth and cut it to fit, about an inch shorter all around than the tablecloth.
Bring the tablecloth to the room where you plan on using it in. Lay it upside down and measure out your double-sided tape. Attach it to the bottom of the tablecloth in a widespread pattern and then carefully remove the top layer of tape.
Starting from the bottom, methodically push down the rug pad onto the double-sided tape, making sure it is taught and well-secured. This process helps give the resulting rug more shape and definition than the original tablecloth had.
Turn your tablecloth over and admire your brand new waterproof rug, suitable for indoor or outdoor use! When it gets dirty, just give it a mop or take it outside and hose it down.
All in, this new 5 ft. by 7 ft. rug cost $48, factoring in that I will be able to use some of my supplies to create more fun, colorful rugs for my home. I already have my eye on the perfect pattern for my screened in porch.
Jennifer Tuohy lives in Charleston, South Carolina, and writes about her upcycling projects for The Home Depot. To view a broad selection of traditional area rugs, you can visit Home Depot's Home Decorators website.


Today WordPress is something you simply can't ignore. As a conscious person, you should care and learn the fundamental things and basics about WordPress. When you're a blogger then you need to do a lot of research, read and follow all the news and views for your own business of writing!
Whatever the needs and purposes you have, today it's a must that you should follow all the news-views & updates about WordPress. And the sources for you are blogs!
Check out some reasons why you should follow the best WordPress blogs.
All the tips and tricks about starting a web journey and meeting the success.
There are hundreds and thousands of blogs in the WordPress community. It's really tough for anyone to find out the best WordPress blogs that he/she should follow. That's why we made a list of top 15 WordPress blogs for you. You are a user or not, and you are a blogger or the owner of a multivendor marketplace- this post would help you the best.
The very first place you should start to follow is with the blog at WordPress.org. This official blog provides you with all the updates on WordPress releases, developments, events, code or other technical changes and overall community news. Anyone can be surely benefited from the information shared on this blog.
Most of the blogs in the WordPress community deal with the overall outlook of your site, this blog specifically focus on the SEO. The blog has tons of visitors every day. New and straggling blogs try to develop their ranking and get better results with the help of this site.
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Famous with the name. WPBeginner has almost all type of articles for beginners in a simple, easy-to-understand and step-by-step way. The blog follows the easiest way to present the solution. Whenever you have an issue, WPBeginner is the place to find a solution! WPBeginner pretty good for its useful tutorials and guides.
Like its name, WPBeginner features straightforward articles to help the novice WP users. Besides, this blog includes a variety of WordPress topics and categories. You can find WordPress news, reviews, themes, plugins, coupons, and deals. Though its main focus is on beginners, it's also very suitable for professionals and experts, as well as bloggers as an inspiration.
WP Tavern is an amazing platform for anyone in the WordPress industry. You will find and could learn all about how you start, work and manage your WordPress site. WP Tavern features all the latest news as well as a weekly episode dealing with WordPress function related content.
You will be able to fellow WordPress users to engage in discussions related to your concerned topics. It's an essential feature of this blog It also one of the top and best WordPress blogs.
You might already familiar with the name. Matt Mullenweg not only the founder of the WordPress platform, but he is the original developer works on the driving force behind WordPress.com and Automattic.
Matt collects interested and necessary articles from around the web and shares on his blog by adding his opinion. This is indeed an excellent opportunity to be connected with the world of WordPress with the excellent experience of knowing Matts and his thinking directly from this blog.
ManageWP.org isn't exactly a blog. And you should remember, it's the .org extension, not .net or .com. ManageWP.org is an aggregator of the recently published best WordPress articles. The best articles tend to make their way to the top across all sorts of different categories by submitting and voting on by its community. ManageWP is a great place to find some of the best WordPress blogs that you may never hear of.
Want to simply catch a picture about what's going on in the WordPress community? ManageWP.org is the best platform for you. It may not be the millions of hits every day, but it's generally going to have fantastic information.
Have you a WordPress business website? You likely use WooCommerce. In that case, you should certainly subscribe to the WooCommerce official blog. If you don't have a business site yet, you too should follow this blog! You will not only get development updates, but this blog will also help you along the way with their guides on anything related to WooCommerce.
You will quickly know what's coming so you could prepare your store and make further changes in your plan.
weDevs is a leading plugin developing and selling organization here in the WordPress community. This official blog by weDevs is mainly aimed to help you for all of your business needs. This blog is a great place for you to create & manage your own eCommerce store or a multivendor marketplace using WordPress.
You will find tips, tricks, and tutorials that are of course beginner friendly as well as rich in content. weDevs-blog also features all the latest news and updates of WordPress. The site has their own collections of plugins you could check out to start and skyrocket your business.
Read out how Dominique Deutzmann from Germany becomes successful by creating his multivendor marketplace (CommunityCorals) using Dokan.
Another amazing website dedicated to providing the very best in WordPress education, insights, and resources. Freemious serves hundreds of thousands of readers every month. With thousands of subscribers, Freemious provides a massive audience an exclusive look at the beautiful themes, trends, and news around the WordPress community.
Freemious is a details-oriented blog published all of their posts through research with ultimate dedication. Of course, it's one of the best WordPress blogs you should follow.
Torque is a news site for all the things about WordPress. Team Torque has been producing content since 2013. It's completely independent in regards to the content. The site also features marketing advice, expert interviews, and some other delightful WP related information.
LearnWoo publishes a broad variety of articles on WordPress including detailed reviews, tutorials, and interviews with WordPress professionals. It's primarily focused on the WooCommerce and other WordPress tools associated with eCommerce.
It's a great platform for site owners who are looking for some practical suggestions for building and managing a website. LearnWoo has a series of ebooks covering in-depth knowledge of everything you need to know about WordPress and WooCommerce. It's too counted to the list of the best WordPress blogs.
WPLift is a blog enables you to get a better understanding of how efficiently you can use your WordPress site. You could ensure a quantum leap over your competitors with the help of the guides and tutorials that this site offers.
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Laura Benanti net worth has never failed to show her professional achievements. Have a close glance at her bikini body. Also know her measurements
Laura Benanti, an actress with measurements of 34-24-35 inches flaunts her curvaceous figure in a bikini. With a net worth of $1 million, Laura Rose to fame through various stage shows and later through television.
Career Highlights and Net Worth
Major credits of her professional achievements go to her Broadway roles. Additionally, some television roles like in the NBC show, The Sound of Music Live! and lately, a television series, Supergirl, adds some amount too.
Since the late 1990s, when she began professionally, to this date, perhaps she has garnered several million or hundred thousands of dollars. But, as of now, the total amount of her fortune is estimated to be around $1 million. Scroll down to get the full details on her career.
Laura's Childhood Fascination with Acting
The New York Born actress began acting during her high school days before she pursued it as her career.
Laura is a perfect epitome of the saying "Morning Shows the Day" as her acting skills were unparalleled since her high school days which are evident through her performances in high-school productions like Follies, Evita & Into the Words.
Her intense fascination with the musical theater since a very young age led her to pursue a career in the same field. However, her acting interest distanced her from her mates. Listening to only her heart and not even her parents, she auditioned for the theater.
Laura's dream came true
Just after graduation, Laura started with a small role of Maria in the Broadway production of The Sound of Music.
Continuing her gigs, with an appearance in another broadway show Swing! she rose to instant fame being categorized as best featured actress in musical along with a Tony nomination.
A receiver of numerous awards and accolades, Laura is best known for her portrayal in the Broadway production of Gypsy in 2008.
More to her fame, her Drama Desk Award & Outer Critics Circle Award-winning role in a 2010 stage musical entitled Women on the verge of a Nervous Breakdown is highly recognizable.
Branching out in the industry, Laura made her way to the small screen and quickly shared her familiarity taking a role of Baroness Elsa Schrader in the NBC show The Sound of Music Live! and one of the twin sisters in the television series, Supergirl.
Enticing measurements! What's the Secret?
Undeniably, Laura Benanti's fans are increasing day-by-day. The smoking hot lady with the well-toned figure made millions of new fans through herNBC show.
An attractive height of 5 feet 7 inches complements her tempting body weighing around 58 kg and measuring 34-24-35 inches.
The gorgeous actress doesn't hesitate in flaunting her super-sexy figure in a bikini. Not only through her exclusive acting flairs, but she is also known to make an impression to the crowds with her charisma.
Always concerned about her health, Laura usually spends about 45 minutes a day in workouts. As per her reveal, she exercises mostly with the roll-ups positions and emphasizes on strengthening her core. Moreover, she is 100% vegan.
Laura, who is approaching her late thirties, has perfectly maintained appealing body measurements. The same can be said for Laura Benanti's professional career, which is shown by her net worth of $1 million.


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I'm guessing this episode might best be chalked up to studio interference.
Take the James Bond film Spectre.
One can feel the executive sabotage.
But here is a little different.
ABC (presumably) wanted Lynch and Co. to move things along.
Or perhaps that was yet to come.
Perhaps this episode is like recitative in opera.
It has to be there (upon a time), but we kinda want it to be over.
We want the arias. The choruses.
There's no Maria Callas disc of "best-loved recitatives".
Here we run into a sort of auteur theory for stories.
Or perhaps we are running into auteur theory in its purest form.
If we assume the brilliance of David Lynch (and Mark Frost), then we will blame Lesli Linka Glatter for daft direction here.
But we have previously praised Ms. Glatter. She has the chops.
So what was the problem with this episode?
Did the material (Lynch and Frost) save Glatter's direction?
Or did Glatter save a mediocre piece of writing by Lynch and Frost?
That's the problem of episodes.
And stories are not conceived with interpolated commercial breaks.
That's why the stories suffer.
The medium gives very little respect for the creations it airs.
But hey: at least the message is getting out there!
McLuhan would point out that the orientation of space and time determines to the largest extent how we interpret television shows.
And so we are left hanging.
Usually we are looking forward to the next episode.
But this time we're just annoyed.
Because the episode is not a self-contained satisfying unit of entertainment.
We still love the story. And the characters.
But we could have done without some of the clumsy fluff.
That was, by the way, my initial concept.


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Front Page Politics U.S. WorldWND EXCLUSIVE
Petition tells Congress: Build the wall!
Trump campaigned on it, but a Bush law, supported by Obama, authorized it
By WND Staff
Published May 7, 2017 at 8:08pm
A new petition to President Trump and the Republican Congress calls for the funding and construction of the border wall along the international boundary with Mexico, to keep out illegal aliens, drug trafficking, to reduce environmental damage and more.
After all, the "functional equivalent" was not only approved in the Secure Fence Act of 2006 signed by President Bush and supported by Democrat Sens. Hillary Clinton, Chuck Schumer and Barack Obama, but the failure to act is a very real threat to the future of the United States.
Add your name to the petition demanding a border wall to protect the United States.
From Day 1 of his campaign, President Trump talked about the dangers of uncontrolled illegal immigration into the U.S., and while the cost for a barrier – estimated to range from $15 billion to $20 billion – is certainly a factor – there's already a proposal in Congress to take money forfeited from the criminal prosecution of drug lords, such as the infamous drug kingpin Joaquin "El Chapo" Guzman, whose potential losses to the government from illicit profits and drug proceeds could range up to $14 billion.
And the costs of not doing anything are more.
One estimate said the Trump border security plan would run about $95-$120 per U.S. household, but the Federation for Immigration Reform cited a recurring $100 billion annual cost for taxpayers due to services to illegal aliens and their familes.
Besides the financial burden, too, there's the carnage, estimated at 100,000 lives since the end of 2006, from the drug and criminal trafficking associated with the border.
Trump already has accomplished the destruction of Obama's "home-free" incentives, according to the Hill, which reported that under the former president, "Aliens wanting to enter the United States illegally knew that they would be safe from deportation once they had reached the interior of the country unless they were convicted of a serious crime. This was a powerful incentive to do whatever was necessary to enter the United States."
Trump simply utilized "tough campaign rhetoric" and expanded enforcement priorities to make sure, the report said, "No deportable alien is safe."
The report said that's already triggered a 64 percent year-to-year drop in the number of people apprehended or deemed inadmissible.
But the new petition moves a step beyond.
The effort calls on Trump and Congress "to immediately fund construction of a wall on the southern border of the United States to protect the American people from the scourges of illegal immigration, drug trafficking, environmental destruction and violations of American sovereignty. We further urge President Donald Trump and the Republican Congress to immediately undertake measures to strengthen the federal government's ability to enforce immigration laws, including by implementing mandatory E-Verify at all American businesses, imposing and enforcing strict penalties on all employers who hire illegal immigrants, and repealing former president Obama's unilateral amnesty for illegal alien minors."
Also Washington should get rid of "birthright citizenship," where children of illegal aliens are considered American citizens, the beneficiaries of a multitude of benefits.
"The primary duty of any government is to protect the security of the citizenry. The border wall must be constructed and our borders finally brought under control, not just to protect Americans, but to serve as a visible symbol of our national will to remain a free and sovereign nation."
The petition points out that there are estimates of up to 30 million illegal immigrants already in the country, and former president Ronald Reagan warned, "A nation that cannot control its borders is not a nation."
Mexico is no help, since it "is actively aiding efforts by its citizens to migrate illegally into the United States and has established a network of 50 consulates within the United States to help its Mexican citizens lobby for aid."
Heroin tragedies abound from smuggled drugs, environmental issues are a concern because of the trash dumped by illegals, and America has helped allies – Israel, Jordan and Hungary – build border walls, it notes.
"America's national honor is disgraced by the presence of millions of illegal immigrants who disregard our country's laws and openly agitate under foreign flags, showing no loyalty or even attachment to the country they are occupying and whose blessings and liberties they are abusing," it continues.
It concludes, "It's time to put American first and stop the continued invasion – and along with it the drugs, the crime, the gangs and the ongoing damage to our nation."
WND Staff
WND news editors compile reports for our readers.
More voters believe Trump won 2016 than believe Biden won in 2020
Billionaires having 'terrific pandemic,' but not so great for 99% of humanity
U.S. children forced to chant Aztec prayers? Schools make final decision
New push to eliminate 'corrupt' FBI amid 'baffling' synagogue reasoning
Cher gets completely unglued in fearful political meltdown


Changes in taste and smell after a brain injury are not unusual. When you think about it, if you have nasal congestion, that's when you are not able to taste your food so well. And it's really changes in smell that's causing those changes in taste. The olfactory nerve, which is one of the cranial nerves that comes out of the frontal lobe of your brain, is a very thin little nerve that comes through a very hard bony plate called the cribriform plate. As that little thin wispy nerve passes through the cribriform plate, it's at very high risk of injury, and after traumatic brain injury, probably 25% plus at the time, you see injury to that nerve. If we're going to see recovery of that, it's generally seen in the first 6 to 12 months. Unfortunately, there are some people who never have full recovery of their taste or smell. With regard to treatment, there are really no known treatments that are effective in recovering taste and smell. What I do recommend to some of my patients who just have diminishment in their taste or smell, is to eat foods that have richer tastes and to put more spices in their foods just so that they can create a little more enjoyment out of the food that they had.
I had a concussion about three months ago and now my food doesn't taste as good. My sense of smell seems different, too. Are these changes related to my brain injury and, if so, is there anything I can do about it?
Posted on BrainLine August 30, 2011.
I was in a bus accident two years ago. At first, I didn't notice I couldn't smell, but after I left the hospital, I realized I couldn't smell. Since then I'm smelling the same smell for two days or so, sometimes I smell one month nothing and then I smell poop for over 2 days. For some reason it even smelled good as weird as it sounds. I've seen there is a therapy for some of you guys.. it's smelling to 4 different strong smells like lime. It won't work with all of the people that can't smell anymore. Most people see the difference between 3-6 months. I do not know what it's called and I've not tried IT yet. Oh and sorry for the bad grammar I'm from Holland :).
Last February I had problems with my ear feeling like it had fluid in it, I was physically drained all I could do us sleep... I was on 3 different antibiotics nothing helped .. I have lost most of my smell and taste... some things smell burnt! I can taste a little bit of things with red sauces... really sweet and salty things but nothing in between. Ranch dressing for instance has no flavor peanut butter doesn't taste good... it's awful! And very frustrating!! I make extra strong coffee so I can taste it! I was told same thing if you cannot smell you cannot taste! If it doesn't come back in a year it probably won't! To think I may have to live like this forever is very upsetting!! The small things we take for granted!!
2 years and 2 months ago I had a benign pituitary tumor removed and damaged my adrenal gland, too. I do not smell or taste anything. I made microwave popcorn for company and didn't know it was burning. They all looked at me like "can't you read directions? Be more careful."
Also, didn't have my hearing aids in (beaten up) when the fire alarm goes off in my building -- often -- I call the fire dept and tell them I am unable to smell anything but they send the trucks. They understand. It terrifies me!
My neurologist had no "reasons why this happened" and taste and smell will never return. I can tell salty by how "hot" my tongue reacting. I have been to the Cleveland clinic and surgery was at the university hospital in Cleveland, Ohio.
I eat one meal a week and live on rice pudding because it is cool (summer). I eat due to the alternative of starving to death. My meal is scrambled eggs over hash browns (restaurant). When asked, "doesn't that smell good?" I say, "Yes" so not to feel sooo weird. In winter I make myself oatmeal. I have no memory of tastes.
,"DOESN'T THAT SMELL GOOD?" I SAY , "YES".....SO NOT TO FEEL SOOO WEIRD". WINTER I MAKE MYSELF OATMEAL. I HAVE NO MEMORY OF TASTES.
I had a TBI in May of 2018 and loss my sense of smell. Now here in the last couple of days all I think I can "smell" is burnt coffee. Does this mean my sense of smell is coming back to me or something else??
My issues are the opposite from the comments I've seen. My sense of smell is much stronger. I suffered 2 hemorrhagic strokes from trauma in vehicle accident (caused by an uninsured drunk driver) 15 months ago. My sense of smell was much stronger right after the crash than it is today, but it still has an intensity that often triggers nausea. I have non-stop headaches on the right side, and I experience problems with vision, hearing, and balance. I also have comprehension and reading issues as my eyes are not tracking correctly (therapists words). I'm on an emotional rollercoaster that tends to result in embarrassing verbal outbursts. Additionally the left side of my body is much weaker than the right side. My increased sense of smell has not been explained by any of the doctors I've seen. Anybody able to explain this condition?
I lost my sense of taste and smell over 30 yrs ago from a head injury. I've also loss a lot of other health related things as well. At first it didn't bother me but lately I just eat because I'm hungry. I want to eat but don't know what to eat since I don't know what that food might taste like. When I do eat most of the times it's not pleasing to me. I won't finish my food. I love sweets since I can taste the sugar but I can't tell what i'm eating. It's getting worst for me and I was just wandering if it will get any worst than what i am experiencing now. There still are some food that i'll eat but lately I don't know what to eat since I can't taste what i'm eating and nothing looks appealing to me.
I am not a doctor but I would highly recommend you try a good quality B complex. It may help your nerve repair itself.
Hi, I also lost my taste & smell after a motorcycle accident on dated 9th April 2014 and still, i don't have any improvement now anyone can give me advice for the treatment. Thank You.
I lost my smell about 12 yrs.ago I think due to hitting my head to many times on construction sites . The doctors say that a membrane in the front of my head between my eyes was severed , nothing can be done . Problem is I can't smell propane, gasoline or crap or anything else but I can taste things sweet, sour and some perfumes slightly . I eat by texture and memory, no big deal I still enjoy eating (lots of tabasco) and if that's all the problem I have in my life I'm good . It's just the danger of not smelling gas, propane etc.
I was in a motorcycle accident October 2nd and had a total loss in smell and lost most of my taste. In the past two weeks, however, I have this weird, unreachable taste/smell stuck in my head where everything that has any strong smell, smells this way and 90% of my food tastes like the smell, which is disgusting. I'm hoping that this is a sign that it's coming back to me, but I haven't found anything online describing similar symptoms. Have any of you experienced this? Is it a good sign?
I had a frontal lobe contusion about 15 years ago. I know exactly what you are talking about. Some weird smell that lingers wiht you for hours and all of a sudden anything I eat "tastes" just like that smell. No good and I hate to say it but not a good sign as this still happens to me after all these years since the accident. Funny you mention perfume, I can smell perfume from a mile away even when others can't and the smell sticks with me for hours. But I can have bacon right in front of me and not smell it, no fair!!!
I had the exact same thing happen after my TBI 5 years ago. Lost my sense of smell due to shearing of nerve. Then the sense of weird taste/smells like I'd never experienced before and couldn't quite explain. I came to learn I was having temporal lobe seizures and soon thereafter had my first full absence seizure. I began taking topamax and they are fully under control now.
I have read that strange tastes and smells are a symptom of sensory overload. I have had it happen a few times usually when fatigued. often it is an organic smell. fortunately I don't find it unpleasantness.
I have the same problem. TBI two months ago. I'm tired of forcing myself to eat.
Just wondering if you are still not having any sense of smell or taste post TBI? My TBI occurred on 9/27/2017 when I fell when going to turn off a light switch. I have literally no sense of smell...can't even smell strong cologne or perfume, could not smell Thanksgiving day food cooking inside my house all day.....and no sense of taste or only metallic taste if anything (possibly from the Keppra they started me on). It has been two months - I am scared it is never going to come back!!!
Linda I'm curious if you recovered your taste and smell.
Did the taste and smell come back?


To help in your transition into NUS and Singapore, tap on our pool of hosts and NUS student buddies to help you navigate your way.
In local colloquial Malay-Hokkien context, "kaki" means buddy.
Since 2009, we have been organising cultural immersion programmes for international students like yourself! Pair with a senior and make new friends through this Student Buddy Programme (or SG KAKI). Be sure to learn new cultures, get firsthand tips on living and studying in NUS.
"The programme made me step out of my comfort zone to initiate conversations."
For more information on the SG KAKI Student Buddy Programme, contact Amalia at amalia.heng@nus.edu.sg or visit i.Care Facebook Page.
Our hosts are adult volunteers who come from all walks of life; they include NUS alumni and staff who are Singaporeans. Our volunteers have hosted our International Students for the last 10 years. They are committed to making our new international students feel a sense of warm and home.
So look forward to a meaningful time getting to know Singapore's culture, life and work.
"I would like to thank Mr and Mrs. Ngiam for being my host family. They are very nice and approachable. As a foreign student, I feel very lucky and enjoy the opportunity to be with them."
For more information about the Host Programme, please contact Hyzue at at hyzue@nus.edu.sg.


CS Automation is in a major growth mode and has an excellent opportunity for an Assembly Person for day shift position in Ontario NY.
This is an excellent opportunity to be part of a very technical company and grow in your career. You will be primarily responsible for the assembly of pneumatic components, medical tube assemblies and simple electronic components.
Basic computer skills such as Microsoft Word, Excel, and Email skills such as Outlook.
Should have a good knowledge of basic hand tools.
Must have strong ability to conduct inspection of products, and have excellent visual skills for color determination and quality issues.
Must have ability to understand documented procedures.