Reading Comprehension has been the one unconquered section on the GRE for a long time now. Do you know why?
No, it is not because it is unconquerable, nor is it too difficult for the average test taker. It is because, there is nobody to tell you how to crack it. Nowhere on the internet will you find an ultimate guide, a one stop shop for all your queries regarding the most dreaded section on the GRE.
Yes, there are some really good guides available all over the internet, but ask yourself one question: Have they really served the purpose? Are they considered as Reading Comprehension Bibles? No, they aren't. Has anyone ever told you that these guides have changed their lives? No. That is the reason you aren't able to beat Reading Comprehension to its knees. It is not your fault, but it is due to the lack of an ultimate resource, that is full of proven strategies.
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Chapter 1: Introduction to Reading Comprehension – When trying to improve your GRE score, an important question you need to consider is why the Reading Comprehension section is so important? In this chapter, we have given you the complete anatomy of the Reading Comprehension section, and illustrated the various components that you will have to tackle in it.
Chapter 2: 8 Types of Questions you will see on Reading Comprehension – Understanding the question types that you will see on test day will help you devise proper answering strategies and elimination techniques. These 8 types of questions that you will see on the reading comprehension section, have their own idiosyncrasies, and if you can understand them all, you will be super prepared to face the real deal.
Chapter 3: 7 Trap Answers to Avoid on Reading Comprehension – One of the reasons why students find it difficult to separate the wrong answers from the right ones, is because they fall prey to the trap answers. These 7 deadly traps are like the 7 deadly sins. If you don't fall prey to a single one of them, you will see your score skyrocket through heaven's gates.
Chapter 4: The 5 Step Process to Destroy Reading Comprehension on the GRE – A step by step process for those busy students looking for some quick information on skyrocketing their performance on the Reading Comprehension section. While we have discussed each strategy in detail, this chapter is for those of you who cannot afford to spend time on the entire guide.
Chapter 5: 26 Tips and Strategies to Destroy Reading Comprehension on the GRE – The most extensive strategy guide you will ever find on the internet that will help you on your conquest of the most dreaded section on the GRE. We have included 26 of the most practical, and successful tips and strategies for you to ace the Reading Comprehension section.
Chapter 6: 11 Speed Reading Techniques That Help You Conquer Reading Comprehension – This chapter contains 11 of the most advanced speeding techniques that will help you read and understand Reading Comprehension passages at lightning speed. This is where you will find speed reading tips and techniques for the GRE, which you will not find elsewhere on the internet. Putting these techniques into practice will help you read Reading Comprehension passages at the blink of an eye.
Read The Ultimate Guide to Destroy GRE Reading Comprehension right now! With over 57 Tips, Strategies and Speed Reading Techniques to ace the most difficult section on the GRE, this will probably be the most useful, the most resourceful, and the most important guide you will ever read in the course of your GRE prep.
This comprehensive guide was written by the CrunchPrep team, who put in their wealth of knowledge of experience, to help you ace the Reading Comprehension section in the GRE. If you think this is very helpful, or if you really loved it, share it with your friends right now! Our goal is to help as many students as we can. So what are you waiting for? Go share or tweet the living daylights out of this guide!
And yeah, if you happen to have any other tips that we didn't mention here, or if you would like to share your experiences and strategies with us and our students, let us know in the comments section! We will be happy to add them to the list.
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This guide helped me a lot. After reading it twice, I feel a lot a better and confident about solving Reading Comprehension questions.
I am not able to download the PDF, it only shows please wait.
Please help me. Your blog is excellent and I mean it.
Hi Abhishek, you will get the download link to your email.
Great 🙂 Thank You ! and why aren't you reachable via email?
And about the email, we currently have over 1000 of them in our inbox. Since we make sure we reply to every email query, it is taking some time. We'll be sure to respond as soon as we can.
Congratulations!! You are really doing an amazing job.
Love the way you are guiding these GRE aspirants!
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Suppose my score falls in 310-320 range but I apply to schools of 320-330 range.. will it be a good move?
Considering the all the facts like, work experience of 2years, from a leading organization, considerably good projects, good GPA and other acads + extra curriculars ….
I loved the blogs in this site. They are so helpful. And I have a doubt too, I have got 61% in my bachelor degree. So will it be a problem in getting admission at universities in US??
I'm really worried about it. Your help or any advice would be a like a boon.
To some extent, your low percentage may be a problem for you. Consistently scoring low percentage over the four years of under-graduation may hinder your chances of getting an admit because colleges want students who are academically proficient. The admissions committee looks at both your academic transcripts and your GRE score together before taking a decision.
So technically, if one goes down (in your case, academics), you can always work on to improve the other (your GRE score). Did you take your GRE already? Or are you planning to take it? If it's the latter, then I would recommend you to work hard and get a higher score on the GRE.
Also, if your University follows a strict grading system and your low percentage is due to the system in place, then I advise you to get Letters of Recommendation from your professors and make sure they mention where you stand in your department. If your professors says that you are among the top 3 students in the class, then the admissions committee will know about it.
Is "The ultimate guide to destroy Reading comprehension" a paid service??? If not, how can I get access to it?
The guide is available for free. 🙂 We have given several links to the guide in the post. But anyway, you can access the guide here: //crunchprep.com/gre-reading-comprehension-guide. Let me know if you need anything.
Wow! This looks impressive, Jitta. I just started browsing and can't wait to read it all. Thank you so much for helping me out.
Arun, glad you found the RC guide helpful. I think the guides will really help amplify your scores. Let me know if you need any help along the way.
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Thank you so much for helping students by writing this amazing article.
The tips are really helpful, i was much more concerned about sentence equivalenve and text completion, lleaving the reading comprehension questions behind. Then i took a powerprep test and i really saw how bad i was on reading comp. i was wasting too much time reading the passage and more than once.
Now i know to do my best. i have 7 weeks prior the test and i'm not and english native, so i have to practice a lot.
Thank's again for such a quintessential material.
You guys nailed it … Absolutely the best guide for RC in the world…I have GRE exam in 4 days…I just hope this would help me a lot… Thank u so much for this effort… I guess u guys should be given Nobel prize for this ! Just kidding..


To assist physicians in deciding what type of treatment is more appropriate for lung cancer, there is a recognized numerical staging system that creates benchmarks. At Stage I, the cancer is small and localized in a specific area of the lung. During phases 2 and 3, cancer grows and spreads to the surrounding tissue and possibly the lymph nodes.
Stage 4 of lung cancer is when cancer has spread, or metastasized, from the lungs to other parts of the body. Typically, cancer spreads to the liver, bones, brain or adrenal glands. This is commonly known as secondary or advanced cancer. About 40% of lung cancer patients are diagnosed at stage 4, mainly because the symptoms of lung cancer could include symptoms of other diseases. In Stage 4, the cancer is not curable, but it can be treated. These are some of the symptoms that may help your doctor to diagnose stage 4 of lung cancer.
Lung cancer patients often present with shortness of breath, wheezing, and hoarseness. It is often a persistent cough, and the patient can cough up blood. Sometimes, a chronic cough that the patient may suddenly change for some time may be natural. Because these symptoms may also affect other conditions, they are not sufficient to suggest a diagnosis of lung cancer. However, if a smoker presents with these symptoms, a diagnosis of stage 4 lung cancer is likely to be considered by the doctor.
Patients may experience pain in various areas of the upper body, including the back, chest, arms, ribs, and hips. Deep breathing often intensifies the pain that can be felt in the tissues or bones depending on the spread of cancer. It can also be a pain when swallowing. Some people suffer from frequent headaches, which is an indication that cancer could be affecting the brain.
With stage 4 lung cancer, there is often a sudden, unexplained weight loss that is often accompanied by loss of appetite and a general feeling of weakness and fatigue. If this weight loss is significant and you do not have a diet, it should be investigated.
The nails on the fingers and toes can bulge, and the ends of the fingers change shape. This symptom usually develops in the latter stages of lung cancer, so it is a good indicator of diagnosis.
The diagnostic process for stage 4 lung cancer is usually some form of imaging, such as computed tomography (CAT) or Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). These scans give a detailed picture of the spread of cancer as X-rays, allowing the doctor to determine the cancerous stage. A radionuclide scan can detect if cancer has spread to other organs, while a bone scan will show if the bones are affected.
The doctor may also conduct tests to determine if cancer has spread to the lymph nodes. This involves removing a tissue sample for testing under general anesthesia. This process is called medias or mediastinotomy, depending on whether the tissue is absorbed by the neck or the chest.
While all these symptoms refer to other conditions, if you experience one or more of them for two weeks or more, you should consult your doctor. Lung cancer is particularly dangerous because of it metastases to other parts of the body relatively quickly, making it one of the most life-threatening cancers there is. As with most conditions, the earlier the diagnosis, the more likely that the treatment will succeed. During treatment for stage 4 lung cancer, the condition will not heal, it can prolong life and improve quality of life, so it is important to seek medical advice as soon as possible.
Lung cancer is a malignant neoplasm in the respiratory system (lungs and bronchi). In addition to breast cancer, colon cancer and prostate cancer, it is one of the most common cancers worldwide. Unfortunately, the number of illnesses continues to increase, especially among women.
Smoking causes 85% of lung cancers.
Lung cancer is caused by a change in the genetic material due to chronic damage.
Lung carcinomas can be divided into two groups.
Because symptoms are unrecognized or misinterpreted, lung cancer is often discovered by accident during examinations.
The treatment of a lung tumor depends on the type of cancer.
In Austria, around 2,500 men and almost 1,200 women suffer from bronchial carcinoma each year. Thus lung cancer is second only to prostate cancer in males and third in women after breast and colon cancer. Most cases are detected between the 55th and the 65th year of life. However, patients can be significantly younger.
The main risk factor for the development of lung cancer is cigarette smoking: Around 85% of all cases can be attributed to tobacco consumption. Hereditary predispositions or contact with other harmful substances (such as arsenic, radon or asbestos), on the other hand, play a subordinate role. 3-5% of the diseases are caused by passive smoking.
From surgery to Targeted Therapy: Depending on the type and stage, lung cancer is treated differently.
Anyone smoking a pack of cigarettes every day for over 20 years increases their lung cancer risk 30 to 40 times. By contrast, a familial accumulation only leads to a doubling or tripling of the risk.
In the cells of the mucous membranes of the bronchi and in the alveoli, there is a change in the genetic material due to prolonged chronic damage (for example, chronic inflammation from cigarette smoke). After a long time, this change means that the normal control mechanisms for the growth and death of cells are no longer effective and a malignant tumor develops. At an early stage of development, this process can sometimes be reversed, such as when the damaging effects are stopped.
Small cell lung cancer (about 20% of the disease) spreads rapidly through the bloodstream and lymphatics, but is better for chemotherapy.
This distinction is important from a medical point of view, because the therapy is targeted accordingly.
In those cases of lung cancer that are discovered at an early stage, these are generally incidental findings: pulmonary x-raying is actually done for quite different reasons, e.g. in case of release for surgical procedures or severe infections suggesting pneumonia.
The most significant problem is that the disease remains asymptomatic for a long time. Often, the typical symptoms, such as coughing, shortness of breath, fatigue or back pain, misinterpreted or ignored. Since the majority of sufferers are smokers with chronic bronchitis and often have cardiovascular problems, the symptoms are attributed to them.
A doctor's visit is therefore often delayed for a long time. Only the appearance of blood in the sputum or severe weight loss are alarming. More than two-thirds of all cases of lung cancer are therefore diagnosed at a local or systemic (i.e., distant metastasis) stage.
Unfortunately, previous large-scale studies on the possibility of early diagnosis have not shown sufficiently satisfactory results to be meaningful to broad sections of the population. A so-called spiral computed tomography (spiral CT) with low radiation dose is therefore recommended as a preventive check only certain risk groups: chronic smokers over 50 years, especially if at the same time a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is present; in addition, in the case of lung cancer in the family or a workplace that is burdened by inhaled carcinogens (carcinogenic substances). However, the last two factors only seem relevant if the person smokes himself at the same time.
If lung cancer is suspected, the patient is referred to a specialized department where a complete examination is made as soon as possible. Among other things, the stage of the disease, the type of tumor and the spread in the body is examined.
For this purpose, different examination methods such as computed tomography, ultrasound, biopsy or a PET scan are performed.
Which treatment methods are available?
The choice of treatment for lung cancer depends largely on the type of cancer and the stage of the cancer. Treatment options range from surgery to radiation and chemotherapy, to molecular biology therapy.
What is the prognosis for lung cancer?
In contrast to other types of cancer, in the case of bronchial carcinoma, there are no meaningful early detection measures or long-term successful treatment methods. Lung cancer is the only cancer in which the rate of new disease is nearly identical to that of deaths.
Taking all the cases together, current treatment methods achieve a 5-year survival rate of only 15%. However, when early-stage non-small cell lung cancer is detected, around 75 out of every 100 people treated surgically are still alive five years later.
At the same time, lung cancer is virtually the only cancer that has a prevalent and avoidable risk factor. Prevention through smoking cessation is therefore at the forefront.


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Home > Newsroom > Ethical Issues Raised By Carbon Trading
Ethical Issues Raised By Carbon Trading
This post examines ethical issues raised by the cap and trade regimes that have emerged to solve the climate change crisis in the last decade. These regimes have emerged: (1) at the international level under the Kyoto Protocol, (2) at the regional international level including in the European Union and between US states and the Canadian provinces, and (3) at the sub-national level including among Northeastern U.S states. There is also a large voluntary carbon trading market that has emerged around the world that is not the focus of this post although these regimes raise many ethical issues considered here.
I-Introduction
At the international level, under the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change there are three different trading regimes. They are:
(a) Emissions Trading (ET) -A mechanism that allows a nation with a Kyoto target to buy d allowances from a country with a Kyoto target that does need all of its allowances.
(b) Joint Implementation (JI)-A mechanism that allows project financing by nation with a Kyoto target in another country with a Kyoto target.
(c) Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)-A mechanism that allows nations with Kyoto targets to finance projects in developing countries that reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
The goal of this post is to spot the major ethical issues raised by carbon cap and trade regimes that have emerged around world, not necessarily to resolve these issues.
Spotting ethical issues raised by cap and trade regimes will not necessarily lead to a consensus about what should be done about these issues because there are competing ethical theories that might reach different conclusions about these trading regimes including utilitarian, rights, virtue, relationship, and ecological based theories among others. However, for some issues there may be an overlapping consensus among ethical theories about what ethics requires. (Brown et al., 2006). For other issues there may be agreement among ethical theories that some positions on cap and trade issues are ethically problematic no matter what ethical theory is applied to analyze the issue under consideration. Therefore, spotting ethical issues raised by carbon cap and trade regimes may be practically valuable despite the inability on some issues to determine unambiguously what ethics demands, if spotting the ethical questions leads to eliminating from consideration some positions on these issues that fail to pass minimum ethical scrutiny. (Brown et al., 2006)
The purpose of this post is not to resolve all ethical issues entailed by cap and trade regimes but to encourage further ethical reflection about these issues. Cap and trade regimes have in a very short time reached wide support around the world with only very limited ethical reflection on the issues discussed in this chapter. Because uncritical acceptance of these existing regimes may lead to significant injustices and given that there may be opportunity to change and restructure existing regimes in the future, this post is meant to encourage ethical reflection on existing as well as future cap and trade regimes.
Although existing cap and trade regimes differ in many of their details, they all have the following common steps. First a government establishes an emission limitation for total emissions from the government's jurisdiction and then permits or allowances are either given away or auctioned off and in this way create a society-wide "cap." The cap is expected to be "tightened," that is, reduced over the years, thus increasing the costs over time of future allowances. The permits allow holders to emit ghgs usually in tons of carbon for a specific period. To enable trading, rules are established that allow those entities with caps to meet their obligations either by purchasing unneeded allowances from others that have caps, funding projects that reduce emissions at places under the control of others, or purchasing off-sets created by carbon reduction projects somewhere in the world.
Cap and trade regimes are usually justified on several different grounds including:
• Trading provides a mechanism for making carbon emissions reductions at lowest possible cost. Because carbon is well mixed in the atmosphere, it doesn't make any difference where reductions are made in the world to lower future atmospheric concentrations of ghgs. Therefore emitters of carbon can finance inexpensive projects to reduce carbon emissions and apply reductions achieved by these projects against their reduction obligations and in so doing reduce ghg emissions that cause climate change. In this way, cap and trade regimes maximize the efficiency of carbon reductions. And so cap and trade regimes are usually supported on the grounds that they provide the flexibility to achieve the greatest reductions at lowest possible cost.
• Proponents of cap and trade regimes often point to a successful program still in place in the US that has been declared to reduce 40% sulfur emissions (SOx) by coal-burning power plants in the period 1990-2004. (EDF, 2009)
• Cap and trade regimes provide economic benefits to developing countries through CDM credits and other "off-sets" thus helping developing countries economically.
• Cap and trade regimes keep high-cost emitters in the political game because they can reduce their emissions at low cost and thereby help minimize political opposition for climate change legislation.
This post next looks at the following ethical issues entailed by cap and trade regimes:
a. Justice of the Cap
b. Allocating Global Commons Resources as Property Rights.
c. Environmental Effectiveness
d. Distributive Justice
e. Procedural Justice
II-Ethical Issue One-Justice of the Cap
A cap and trade regime is just only if the cap is just both in the amount of the cap and how the cap is distributed among emitters. If the total society-wide cap, before it is allocated among emitters within the jurisdiction of the government allocating the cap, is less than the government's fair share of safe global emissions, then the cap is not environmentally just particularly to those who are vulnerable to climate change. (Brown, 2009) Because each nation or government has a duty to reduce its emissions to its fair share of safe global emissions (Brown et al, 2006), justice requires that caps be consistent with the government's ghg reduction obligations. Almost all nations have agreed that they should reduce their emissions at levels to prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate change system based upon equity under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. (UN, 1992) Yet many cap and trade regimes do not derive the quantity of the cap from these international obligations. (Brown, 2009)
A strong case can be made that the world is not currently on an emissions reduction pathway needed to prevent dangerous climate change. (Bear and Athanasiou, 2005) (Athanasiou and Bear, 2002). In fact some scientists are argue that is already too late to prevent catastrophic climate change. (Hamilton, 2009). Therefore an argument can be made that most existing and proposed cap and trade regimes are not sufficient to prevent dangerous climate change and therefore are unjust.
If the cap upon which the trading regime is based does not constitute a level of carbon reduction consistent with the nation's duty to reduce emissions, the entire cap and trade regime is unjust. In such cases, the regime is particularly unjust to those who are most vulnerable to climate change because the regimes gives rights to pollute at levels above what justice requires. Since many parts of the world including sub-Sahara Africa, Bangladesh, small island developing states in the Pacific and Indian Ocean, large parts of South-East Asia among others are particularly vulnerable to climate change impacts, a cap that is not sufficiently environmentally protective is unjust to these vulnerable countries and peoples. (Argwal and Narain, 1991).
In addition to national governments, each individual sub-national government, business, organization, and entity also has a duty to reduce its emissions to its fair share of safe global emissions. If the allowances that entities are allocated by the government are not sufficient to assure that the entity's emissions are no greater than its fair share of safe global emissions, an argument can be made that their individual allocation is unjust.
Because some emitters are often not included within the scope of a cap and trade regime, a strong case can also be made that those excluded from the cap are emitting at unjust levels if they are not emitting at levels less than the emitter's fair share of safe global emissions. For this reason, the creation of a cap and trade regime that excludes classes or categories of ghg emitters should not necessarily be understood to satisfy what justice requires if some emitters within the government's jurisdiction are allowed to emit at unjust levels because they are excluded from regime. However, a counter argument can be made that a regime is just if total emissions from the area within the jurisdiction of the government are below the government's fair share of safe global emission regardless of whether some emitters are not covered by the government's ghg allocation because governments have the right to make decisions distributing the burdens and benefits of government policies within their jurisdiction.
III-Ethical Issue Two-Allocating Global Commons Resources for Private Consumption.
Cap and trade regimes can be understood to give emitters of ghgs a property right to emit at a level consistent with their allocation. Yet the atmosphere is usually understood to be a global commons. One feature of global commons resources is that they are owned by all people and as a consequence no person or entity can acquire a private property right that excludes others from the use of that resource. (Ott and Sachs, 2000) It is also generally understood that governments have a duty to protect commons resources for the benefit of all peoples and that such responsibilities include obligations to prevent entities from using the commons for private uses. And so there is a potential conflict with assigning property rights to pollute in a carbon cap and trade regime and the duty of governments to protect commons resources for the benefit of all.
One way to reconcile the conflict between honoring the prohibition against allocating a commons resource for private interests and the need to give a ghg emitter some authorization to pollute for a specific amount of time is to make sure that the polluters right to emit at any time under the cap may be rescinded if it is latter determined that an existing allocation is not sufficiently protective of human health or the environment. That is, trading regimes should make it clear that rights to emit are temporary and can be adjusted for cause. Under such an approach, an allowance is understood to be only a temporary property right like a rent subject to specific conditions and reservations, not a permanent right to emit at the level prescribed by the allowance. (Ott and Sachs, 200) If this approach were taken the common practice of allowing those who have allowances to bank unused portions of the allowance indefinitely would need to be abandoned. Such an approach would also limit the ability of entities to purchase pollution rights that could be used at any future time as a credit against any future emissions obligations.
IV-Ethical Issue Three-Environmental Effectiveness
As we have seen, a cap and trade regime can be unjust if it is does not sufficiently protect those who are vulnerable to climate change. Many design features of cap and trade regimes can lead to inadequacies of the environmental protection effectiveness of the regime even if the cap is initially sufficiently protective. Some of these design issues follow:
Conflicts. There are conflicts between minimizing transaction costs and maximizing environmental effectiveness in monitoring and verification of carbon projects. Because there is a tension between keeping the transaction costs low and the environmental effectiveness of the cap and trade regime, rules often fail to assure that carbon will be reduced at levels described in the trading proposal. This is so because, for example, there are often huge scientific questions about how much carbon storage will be achieved by forests which are comprised of mixed species, given that it is virtually impossible to measure the carbon that will be stored in every tree or stored in forest soil in light of the fact that there are practical limits on how much measurement and compliance data can be obtained. To have high levels of confidence of the carbon storage capacity of forests and other biological systems that are relied upon to sequester carbon is often scientifically challenging because of large amounts of sampling, monitoring, and verification data that are needed to reduce uncertainties. Yet monitoring and verification costs can be prohibitively expensive, and as a result rules have sometimes been created that err on the side of keeping transaction costs low by limiting the amount of data that will be required. This threatens the environmental effectiveness of the project.
Permanence. Many proposed projects for carbon trading raise serious questions about whether the carbon reduced by a project will stay out of the atmosphere forever. Yet permanent storage of carbon is needed to assure equivalence between emissions reductions avoided if no credits were issued and atmospheric carbon reductions attributable to a project which creates carbon credits. This is so because emissions reductions guarantee that some quantity of ghgs will not wind up in the atmosphere, yet some projects which are used to substitute for emissions reductions have difficulty in demonstrating that the quantities of carbon reductions projected will actually be achieved. For instance, carbon stored in forests, soils, or geological carbon sequestration projects could be released to the atmosphere under the certain conditions. For example, rapid temperature change could kill trees thus releasing back into the atmosphere carbon stored in the trees. This problem is usually referred to as the problem of "permanence" of carbon reduction projects. For this reason, only projects that assure permanent reduction of carbon in the atmosphere can be categorized as environmentally effective projects.
Leakage. Many proposed projects for carbon trading raise serious questions about whether carbon reduced by a project at one location will result in actual reductions in emissions because the activity which is the subject of the trade is resumed at another location. For example, paying people to plant trees in location A is not environmentally effective if these same people that receive the money chop down trees at place B. This is the problem usually referred to as "leakage." Forest and other kinds of bio-sequestration projects that sequester carbon in particular often create leakage challenges. Industrial projects can also create leakage problems if the industry gets credit for reducing carbon at one industrial plant while moving the carbon producing activities to another place. If leakage occurs, then the trade is not environmentally effective.
Additionality A project subject of a trade will also not be environmentally effective if the project would have happened anyway for other reasons. This is so because a trading regime assumes that a ghg emitter should get credit because of their willingness to invest in projects that reduce carbon emissions that would not happen without the incentive to get credit for carbon reductions. If the project would happen without the investment of the emitter, than the investment in the project is not "additional" to business as usual. This is the problem usually referred to as the "additionality" problem.
Enforcement of trading regime.A trading regime is environmentally ineffective if its conditions can not be enforced. Although enforcement of trading regimes is sometimes practical when the project on which the trade is based is within the jurisdiction of the government issuing the allowances, enforcement is particularly challenging when the project is located outside of allowance issuing government. In such cases, enforcements must be "out-sourced" to other institutions. In addition, while many hundreds of millions of dollars are being invested in setting up emissions trading schemes all over the world, virtually no resources are being channeled into their enforcement of verification. Although most cap and trade regimes have built in carbon reduction verification steps, verification remains extremely difficult for many types of carbon reduction projects for which credits are being issued because of the lack of enforcement or long-term verification potential. This enforcement challenge is exacerbated when projects for which credits are issued are in poor countries without the technical capability to enforce or verify. Because of this, a strong case can be made that those who desire to rely on projects that have dubious enforcement and verification potential should have the burden of demonstrating enforcement and verification potential before they may obtain credits generated from these projects.
Allowing Delay In Investing In New Technology. The ability to buy credits in a trade can create incentives to delay in making the transition away from fossil fuels that is likely necessary to avoid dangerous climate change. As emissions reductions pathways that stabilize atmospheric ghg concentrations at safe levels require that global emissions peak in the next few years followed by large reductions in emissions yearly, there is an immediate need to invest in sustainable energy. Yet the ability to trade for cheap emissions reductions credits reduces the pressure on high-emitting entities to change behavior now. In addition cap and trade regimes do not invest in sociological, political, and historical analysis of how to make historical change required to achieve the civilization challenging ghg reductions needed.
V-Ethical Issue Four- Distributive Justice
Cap and trade regimes can create many distributive justice issues. They include the following:
• Diminishing cheap projects in developing countries. Under the CDM international trading system established by the Kyoto Protocol, developed nations can fund carbon reduction projects in developing countries without targets. If developing countries in some future international climate regime are asked to meet targets, they run the risk of having sold their cheapest carbon reduction projects to developed country interests by participating in the CDM, thus making achievement of any national target more expensive. Over 4000 CDM projects have been funded in developing countries and these projects have often been selected by investors because they produce the greatest reductions at lowest cost. Some of these projects, such as hydroelectric dams, are now not options for developing countries to meet future domestic ghg emissions reductions obligations.
• Diminishing ODA. Some countries have announced that they will move official development assistance monies (ODA) into CDM projects thus moving funds that would benefit the quality of life in the developing country to energy projects. This could have significant impact on monies that would be otherwise available to help poor nations with such dire emergencies such as health care or nutrition. As a result, a problem created largely by developed countries may lead to worsening human health problems in countries that are minor causes of climate change when ODA flows are applied to ghg emissions projects which largely benefit emitters in developed countries.
• Distributive justice and internal allocation of government-wide cap. How a cap is allocated among entities within a government creates many potential distributive justice problems. Governments sometimes distribute a cap they have by giving away allowances, auctioning allowances, and other ad hoc considerations that often take into account political feasibility. Each of these methods of distributing a cap raises distributive justice issues that are often ignored for political reasons. For instance, both auctioning allowances and giving away allowances could be significantly regressive, making higher-income households better off while making lower-income households worse off. Auctioning could also be regressive if the most wealthy get the most permits forcing those without the financial resources into non- polluting options. Sometimes governments choose to allocate the cap by placing caps on "upstream" carbon users such as coal and petroleum companies and ignoring "downstream" carbon emitters such as coal fired industrial users. A decision to place a cap upstream makes the climate change regime easier to administer but could have regressive effects on those least able to afford increased fuel costs. An upstream cap also can create little incentives for those who can afford to waste energy to change behavior. In contrast, downstream caps puts responsibility on energy users. There is no ethically neutral way to decide these design questions.
• Distributive justice and revenue from allowances. When allowances are auctioned or otherwise purchased, governments must make decisions about how to use allowance revenues. These decisions raise a host of distributive justice issues that are often ignored for political reasons. Some governments have chosen, for instance, to use allowance revenues to fund climate change technology research, to meet international obligations to fund climate change adaptation projects in developing countries, to fund programs to reduce deforestation projects in developing countries, to buy off politically powerful opponents to climate change legislation, to help those least able to cope with rising energy costs, or to subsidize nuclear power, geologic carbon sequestration, or renewable energy. Decisions about how to allocate revenues from distributing allowances raise distributive justice issues.
VI-Ethical Issue Five- Procedural Justice
Cap and trade regimes raise a host of procedural justice issues including the following:
• The right to participate in cap decisions. Because carbon trading design has distributive justice implications, those whose interests may be affected by design considerations have procedural justice rights to participate in decisions on trading design. In representative democracies, an argument can be made that individual procedural rights are satisfied by duly elected representatives who participate in government decisions on cap and trade. However, some representative governments do not adequately represent some populations such as indigenous peoples. Even where governments are controlled by representatives of the people, procedural rights to comment on cap and trade rules as they are developed are often inadequate. Some developing nations have been accused of ignoring rights of local people when they permit carbon reduction projects which benefit only a small group at the expense of interests of citizens.
• The technical ability to participate in cap and trade regimes. The Kyoto Protocol has created a staggeringly complex system for those who seek to sell or purchase carbon credits. Only those who can hire consultants and experts can effectively participate in the creation of trading projects and the development of the rules of the trading regime. For this reason, design of trading regimes that have been created often reflect the economic interests of those with the financial ability to participate in the design of much more than the interests of those who cant afford to hire experts and lobbyists. Because of the complexity of cap and trade regimes, strong cases can be made that governments should fund capacity building of groups that don't have the financial resources to hire experts.
VII-References
Agarwal, Anil, and Sunita Narain. (1991). Global Warming in an Unequal World: A Case of Environmental Colonialism, Centre for Science and Environment, New Delhi.
Athanasiou, Tom, and Paul Baer. (2002). Dead Heat: Global Justice and Global Warming. New York: Seven Stories Press
Baer, Paul and Tom. Athansiou. (2005). Honesty About Dangerous Climate Change, Ecoequity, . http://www.ecoequity.org/2005/11/honesty/ (last visited, Nov 8, 2009)
Brown, Donald, Nancy Tuana. Marilyn Averill, Paul Bear, Rubens Born, Carlos Eduardo Lessa Brandão, Marco Túlio S. Cabral, Robert Frodeman, Christiaan Hogenhuis, Thomas Heyd, John Lemons, Robert McKinstry, Mark Lutes, Benito Meulller, José Domingos Gonzalez Miguez, Mohan Munasinghe, Maria Silvia Muylaert de Araujo, Carlos Nobre, Konrad Ott, Jouni Paavola, Christiano Pires de Campos, Luiz Pinguelli Rosa, Jon Rosales, Adam Rose, Edward Wells, Laura Westra. (2006) White Paper on the Ethical Dimensions of Climate Change, The Collaborative Program on the Ethical Dimensions of Climate Change, Rock Ethics Institute, Penn State University, http://rockethics.psu.edu/climate/whitepaper/whitepaper-intro.shtml, (last visited, Nov 5, 2009)
Brown, D., (2009), Minimum Ethical Criteria For All Post-Kyoto Regime Proposals: What Does Ethics Require of A Copenhagen Outcome, ClimateEthics.org http://climateethics.org/?p=50 (last visited, Nov 5, 2009)
Environmental Defense Fund (EDF). (2009). The Cap an Trade Success Story, http://www.edf.org/page.cfm?tagID=1085 (last visited Nov.08, 2009)
Hamilton, Clive,(2009) Is It Too Late To Prevent Dangerous Climate Change. http://www.clivehamilton.net.au/cms/media/documents/articles/rsa_lecture.pdf (last visited Nov.08, 2009)
Ott, Herman, Wolfgang Sachs, (2000). Ethical Aspects of Emissions Trading, Wuppertal Institute, http://www.wupperinst.org/uploads/tx_wibeitrag/WP110.pdf. (last visited Nov.08, 2009)
United Nations (UN), (1992), United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Nations, UN Document, A:AC237/18.
Donald A. Brown
Associate Professor,
Environmental Ethics, Science, and Law,
dab57@psu.edu

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


(LWI) – Lutherans and Catholics in the United States are discussing how to mark the common commemoration of the Reformation in 2017 using a new Study Guide on the historic document From Conflict to Communion.
The report of the Lutheran-Roman Catholic Study Commission on Unity, released in 2013, is the first attempt by Lutherans and Catholics to jointly describe the history of the Reformation. The 48-page Study Guide on the report, published in March, is the work of Pennsylvania-area Lutherans and Catholics.
It was written by representatives of the Southwestern Pennsylvania Synod of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA), the Diocese of Pittsburgh, the Diocese of Greensburg and The Byzantine Catholic Archeparchy of Pittsburgh.
"The Study Guide is designed to increase mutual understanding between Catholics, Lutherans and other friends. It may also be a catalyst for healing and reconciliation communally and individually," the Introduction states.
In the first meeting using the new Study Guide for From Conflict to Communion on 29 April, more than 100 Lutherans and Catholics met at St. Paul Seminary in Pittsburgh to discuss how to commemorate the 500th anniversary of the Reformation in 2017.
Bishop Emeritus Donald McCoid, head of the ELCA's national office on ecumenical and inter-religious relations, said the new guide, which is being distributed by the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops, is intended for national distribution.
"The Lutheran-Roman Catholic dialogue has yielded excellent fruits over many years, including the historic report, From Conflict to Communion," said Rev. Dr Kaisamari Hintikka, assistant general secretary for ecumenical relations for The Lutheran World Federation (LWF).
"We are thrilled to see that this is helpful for ongoing dialogue among the LWF member churches and their partners. It offers yet another excellent resource to help us continue the dialogue," Hintikka added.
The Study Guide for From Conflict to Communion includes seven sessions rooted in prayer and silent reflection as well as discussion on the theology of Martin Luther, the Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification, the Second Vatican Council, and Baptism and Unity.


Windows 10 becomme more and more popular, most Windows users would like this powerful system. And with it a bunch of new features. But wherever you find new features, you'll also find holes, where old favorites have been deprecated.
With Windows 10, the Windows Media Center will no longer be supported. This means that if you have it installed, WMC will stop working when you upgrade to Windows 10. Not ideal, especially if Windows Media Center was your favored solution after cutting the cord.
It isn't just Windows Media Center support that is ending. DVD playback has gone too in Windows 10. While both were included in Windows 7, both features were removed in Windows 8, although support remained should have you installed Windows Media Center, a premium upgrade.
With Windows 10, however, you'll need to find not only a replacement for Windows Media Center, but also for playing back DVDs (something that was possible with WMC).
If you're running Windows 10 and need to play a DVD or Blu-ray disc, the first thing you should do is head to the Windows 10 Store and look for the DVD player app, which will be coming.
However, it might be that the app isn't available when you want it. The alternative (as it was with Windows 8) is to find a media player that handles DVDs and Blu-rays. A flexible, versatile media player that offers full control over menus, jumping to chapters… yes, we're talking about VLC media player again.
If you're not already using VideoLan's amazing media player (it does audio and pictures, too), then now is the time. Already supporting Windows 10, VLC media player is free to download and use, so head towww.videolan.org/vlc/download-windows.html to get your copy.
As popular as Windows Media Center is, it has been largely superseded by various superior systems, from XBMC (now known as Kodi) to Plex. But switching from one media center solution to another is no longer something to be overly concerned about. Whereas once you might have been anxious about issues with incompatible tags and having to recollect metadata and album or movie covers, these days such apprehensions are unwarranted.
The services that provide this data are far quicker, and with a fast Internet connection it shouldn't take too long to populate a new media center database.
But which media center system will you use to replace Windows Media Center on Windows 10?
The default choice for many is probably Kodi, the new name for XBMC. This started as a media center hack for the original Xbox, Microsoft's first console which was basically a locked-down PC. With the release of the Xbox 360, the XBMC was spun off into a full media center app for Linux and Windows PCs, and has proven very popular since. You'll find versions on Android and the Raspberry Pi (we've previously demonstrated how to set up a RaspBMC media center). If the default look and features don't suit, don't worry–skins and plugins are available to extend functionality.
Switching to Kodi makes perfect sense as it is probably the most widely-used media center alternative and has great community support. Kodi's Live TV recording is superior to the Windows Media Center PVR, too, mainly thanks to continued development in this area.
Ridiculously easy to setup, Plex fulfils the role of media server and player admirably, providing support to other devices (such as Android and iOS) via a mobile app.
Plex is a media server which delivers media stored locally, externally, or attached to your home network, to a client app. Internet Explorer is the server's user interface, where channels can be added (such as Soundcloud and Vimeo), and your library managed. To enjoy your media, you can use mobile and desktop apps, perhaps streaming films and TV to your TV using Apple TV or Google Chromecast.
One thing to note is that Plex is a little picky about how you organize and name your media collection, particularly TV shows that run across multiple series. Get it right, however, and the service will run seamlessly. Our detailed guide to Plex will help you get started.
Like XBMC/Kodi, MediaPortal is open source and free, and has a full TiVo-style PVR built in for recording TV (through a TV card, of course). Hundreds of plugins and skins are available, and the app also supports streaming and recording of live radio.
Available from $49.98 for a single license, JRiver is the premium option, but don't let the price put you off. This remains a strong choice, offering support for audio, video, and photos, as well as network support for DLNA devices. For many, playing music from any device is a big selling point, and having built in DLNA support has helped JRiver MediaCenter attract some strong reviews lately.
There is a sense with this software that everything just works, which is obviously a boon for any premium application. As with the other options, support is delivered via a forum and wiki.
Posting easy connectivity, Live TV streaming, easy DLNA, media management, mobile and cloud sync, sharing and parental controls, an attractive user interface and even Chromecast support, Emby is possibly the dark horse of the media center apps, and can perform re-encoding on the fly with a sufficiently suitable PC.
Like Plex, Emby comes in two parts, a PC-based server that looks after the media database, which you then browse and enjoy via one or more client apps.
When your Windows 10 upgrade arrives, Windows Media Center will no longer work. But don't worry: any of these five alternatives can be employed as a complete (even superior) replacement. Of course, you might use this development as a change to flip your media center setup, and switch from a HTPC to a much smaller, dedicated media center device such as the Apple TV or Roku.
Have you tried any these Windows Media Center replacements? Perhaps you know of another? Tell us all about it in the comments.
Note: For media entertainment users, the media players with Windows 10 is still not powerful enough to play every media files we throw to it, you can use Video Player for Windows - Pavtube Video Converter Ultimate to convert all SD, HD, 4K video, H.265 video to Windows 10 compatible file formats. Here is review.
Can't View MOV files on your LG Smart TV via USB?


According to a study by the Gallup Organization, actively disengaged employees cost U.S. companies $450 billion to $550 billion in lost productivity each year. These costs are the result of low employee productivity, low client satisfaction, and high employee turnover. In the security industry—a high labor cost industry—employee turnover is a particularly challenging problem that can add significantly to a company's labor costs. This webinar addresses the root causes of low employee engagement and provides practical ideas (many requiring virtually no financial investment) on how to improve satisfaction.
By becoming aware of ways to improve engagement, participants discover a set of tools to reduce employee turnover, absenteeism, and workplace theft while increasing client satisfaction and improving employee productivity.
Contract security managers and supervisors.
Content is particularly relevant to owners and managers / supervisors who either work with front-line works and have an impact on their work experiences or who have the authority and ability to address cultural issues within their organization.
Mr. Giordano has 25 years' experience in the security industry and brings a grounded people-centered perspective to the leadership function of COO of Kwantek, a software company that specializes in streamlining the process and paperwork of recruiting for, hiring, and onboarding employees. He seeks to assist organizations in finding logical paths to profitability through the application of outstanding technology and services.
Ms. St. John is an HR professional with 20 years' experience in global human resources, employee benefits, management consulting, and communications. She specializes in strategic planning, employee engagement, organizational development, recruitment, and executive career management. She is president of Affinity HR Group, a national firm that provides HR and people management support to companies in the security, building service, and print and promotional product industries.


text:
Casting Net: Jesse Plemons auditioning for 'Star Wars: Episode VII'
By Lindsey Bahr Updated January 10, 2014 at 11:52 PM EST
JESSE PLEMONS
Credit: JB Lacroix/WireImage
Star Wars: The Force Awakens (2015)Carrie Fisher as Leia
Show MoreAbout Star Wars: Episode VII — The Force Awakens
• Breaking Bad and Friday Night Lights alum Jesse Plemons is the latest name to emerge in the Star Wars: Episode VII casting rumor mill. According to The Wrap, Plemons is flying to Los Angeles to audition for director J.J. Abrams for the highly secretive Disney/Lucasfilm project, which is scheduled for a Dec. 18, 2015, release. Franchise originals Harrison Ford, Carrie Fisher, and Mark Hamill are all expected to return, but the cast still remains a mystery. Other recent rumors have included Chiwetel Ejiofor, Benedict Cumberbatch, and Sullivan Stapleton. [The Wrap]
• NCIS vet Code De Pablo has joined The 33, which tells the tale of the 33 Chilean miners who were trapped underground for 69 days in 2010. Patricia Riggen (Girl In Progress) is directing the ensemble cast that also includes Martin Sheen, Antonio Banderas, Rodrigo Santoro, Lou Diamond Phillips, and Juliette Binoche. [Deadline]
• Kristen Wiig and Alexander Skarsgard will co-star in The Diary of a Teenage Girl, a coming-of-age tale about a teen girl in the '70s who starts an affair with her mother's boyfriend. Based on Phoebe Gloeckner's graphic novel, Marielle Heller will make her directorial debut on the project, which she wrote and prepared in conjunction with the Sundance Institute's Directors and Screenwriters Labs. British actress Bel Powley will star as the teen. [THR]
• Rebel Wilson (Pitch Perfect) will star alongside Amanda Seyfried (Les Miserables) in He's F-ing Perfect, a story about a woman who convinces her friend to ditch her boyfriend so that she can move in on him. Jake Szymanski, who has directed an episode of Brooklyn Nine-Nine and often contributes to Funny or Die, will direct. [Variety]
• Ethan Hawke and Asa Butterfield will play father and son in Ten Thousand Saints, an adaptation of Eleanor Henderson's novel about the 1987 East Village Punk scene. Hailee Steinfeld, who appeared with Butterfield in Ender's Game, also stars. American Splendor directing team Bob Pulcini and Shari Berman are helming. [Variety]
• Jeffrey Dean Morgan (Magic City) has signed on to Jonas Cuaron's (Alfonso's son and Gravity co-writer) thriller Desierto, starring Gael Garcia Bernal. [THR]
• Kristin Scott Thomas has joined The Kitchen Boy, an adaptation of Robert Alexander's novel about the final weeks of the Romanov reign in Russia. Thomas will play Alexandra Romanov in the Stefan Ruzowitzky-directed pic. [THR]


Do you need pain meds to get you through a game? How long is too long to treat aches & pains with over-the-counter pills? What are the risks involved?
In an interview with Panetta Physical Therapy of Long Island, Dr. Charles Gambino explains.


Forgot your password? Enter your user name and a temporary one will be sent to you. This will allow you to login at which point you may change your password. Be sure to include noubirds.org in your safe senders list.


text:
Q: updating object with Object.assign not production desire result I need to update existing object data
oldData = {
  "fnol": {
    "operationStatus": {
      "statusCode": "200",
      "statusMessage": "Operation was successful."
    },
    "data": {
      "policies": [
        {
          "formattedPolicyNumber": "abc8",
          "producerCode": "TP109"
        },
        {
          "formattedPolicyNumber": "abc8",
          "producerCode": "TP110"
        }
      ],
      "user": {
        "login": "URGENTNOTICES@test.COM",
        "firstName": "firsname",
        "lastName": "lastname",
        "dateOfBirth": "1960-01-01",
        "phone": {
          "number": "3242342342",
          "extension": "5454"
        }
      }
    }
  }
}

need to update
let editedData = {
    "fnol":{
    "data":{
        "user":{
                "phone":{"number":"","extension":""}
            }
        }
    }
}

editedData = editedData.fnol.data.user.phone.number = '0000000000';

So I am trying to update user phone number using
newData = new Object.assign({}, oldData, editedData);

But still I am getting oldData object with out updated number ?
Thanks in Advance

A: To achieve expected result , use below option

*

*First assign oldData to editedData

*Change phone number of editedData

*Assign to newData

var oldData = {
  "fnol": {
    "operationStatus": {
      "statusCode": "200",
      "statusMessage": "Operation was successful."
    },
    "data": {
      "policies": [
        {
          "formattedPolicyNumber": "abc8",
          "producerCode": "TP109"
        },
        {
          "formattedPolicyNumber": "abc8",
          "producerCode": "TP110"
        }
      ],
      "user": {
        "login": "URGENTNOTICES@test.COM",
        "firstName": "firsname",
        "lastName": "lastname",
        "dateOfBirth": "1960-01-01",
        "phone": {
          "number": "3242342342",
          "extension": "5454"
        }
      }
    }
  }
}

let editedData = Object.assign({}, oldData)

eeditedData = editedData.fnol.data.user.phone.number = '0000000000';

var newData = Object.assign({}, oldData, editedData);

console.log(newData);

codepen - https://codepen.io/nagasai/pen/QzWaXG?editors=1010

A: You might use a function like this to make changes to (or add) the value along a path:

const oldData = {"fnol": {"data": {"policies": [{"formattedPolicyNumber": "abc8", "producerCode": "TP109"}, {"formattedPolicyNumber": "abc8", "producerCode": "TP110"}], "user": {"dateOfBirth": "1960-01-01", "firstName": "firsname", "lastName": "lastname", "login": "URGENTNOTICES@test.COM", "phone": {"extension": "5454", "number": "3242342342"}}}, "operationStatus": {"statusCode": "200", "statusMessage": "Operation was successful."}}}

const None = Symbol()

const setPath = ([ p = None, ...ps ]) => (val) => obj =>
  p === None
    ? { ...obj }
    : ps.length == 0
      ? { ...obj, [p]: val }
      : { ...obj, [p]: setPath (ps) (val) (obj[p]) }

const newData = setPath
  (['fnol', 'data', 'user', 'phone', 'number'])
  ('0000000000')
  (oldData)

console.log(newData)
.as-console-wrapper {height: 100vh !important}

This does not modify your original data.  It only handles objects, not arrays.  Adding those would not be difficult.
If you wanted to use a .-separated string rather than an array, you could add a gloss to that version like this:
const setPathStr = (str) => setPath(str.split('.'))

const newData = setPathStr
  ('fnol.data.user.phone.number')
  ('0000000000')
  (oldData)

But note the reduced flexibility in this.  The nodes in the path can no longer include the . character.  This may or may not be an issue for you, but for a general utility function, it's a real concern.
This function takes inspiration from Ramda's assocPath function. (I'm a Ramda author.)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Beneath the dark canopy of the evening sky they gathered. Their only light was that of the moon and the masses of stars that created a web in the heavens. The sweet musky smell of incense surrounded them. With a wand of sage they were purified, and the priestess anointed their brow with oil as they entered the circle. Soft haunting music played in the background. Words of power were spoken and sigils were made in the air.
Why? Why now? What is the purpose to all of this? Is there meaning to this ritual, or is it done just because it is written down somewhere, that this is how we do it?
I think that many of us begin standing alone in a room, filled with trepidation, wondering if we will do it right. Feeling a strong need to do ritual, that which pulls from deep within your body, your soul is aching to let go. Unsure of ourselves and yet so willing to try, we begin that first step toward ritual. I remember the first time I circled with a group. We were at a private residence and as they cast the circle outside, calling in the quarters. We (guests), were left inside and brought into the circle one by one. By the time they got to me, the "novice," I was vibrating so high I was about ready to jump out of my skin! As I stood in that first circle, the fact struck me, that not everyone else was operating on that vibratory level. I was surprised, what did this mean? Did they not feel the vibrations coming from the earth and the moon? Today, upon reflection, I think some of them did, and others did not.
Ritual, the casting of a circle, going through the motions, opens doorways to the past. Walking through that doorway can be a bit on the scary side but, it is also thrilling. When I do ritual, it is not the same each time. It is not done from a book but, from the heart and from the soul. I feel the ritual.
I believe firmly, that there is no right or wrong way to do a ritual. It must feel right to you. It does not matter if you cast a circle with a sword, a wand, or cornmeal, you just have to feel it. How do you "feel" a ritual?
Close your eyes and begin deep rhythmic breathing. Take long deep breaths, exhaling fully, allow yourself to get a " high" feeling by just breathing. Your consciousness will begin to shift. At first it will be subtle. You almost wonder if you are indeed feeling something different, or if you are just imagining it. As you continue to breathe deeply, your energy begins to transform and build. You may feel a fiery, shaky sensation or you may feel as if you are going numb all over your body.
Now it is time to cast the circle, when you feel it coming from within you. This process should be repeated for each of the four directional quarters. You should feel the Earth beneath you, it is heavy, difficult to move, now call North. Wind should be blowing across your face, taking your breath away with it as you invoke East. The heat and flames of passion should rise within you when you are invoking South. Feel the waves of the ocean crashing over you and pooling around your feet as you call to the West.
When you "speak" a ritual, let it come from within, gathering power in your solar plexus, bursting forth with the power of speech, giving strength to the words that are spoken. You are not just a simple human being standing there, you are the element, you are part of the cosmos! Feel it and allow the emotion of it to move your soul! It is a beautiful, empowering, and wonderful experience, all at the same time. There is nothing else like it, the beauty of ritual!
Ritual is an evolved process. At first we begin by following guidelines written down somewhere in a book of one sort or another. Eventually, that changes as things do, and so does the ritual which is being performed by humans, who grow and evolve themselves. Here at the Temple, through the years, we have changed our rituals many times and grown with each change.
Recently we have changed our rituals to a more formalized structure that is indeed very ritualistic and dramatic. It is also very beautiful, filled with a certain grace and structure that gives a deep meaning to those of us involved. Each time we perform our ritual we will grow stronger and our spiritual beings will evolve yet another step. For myself it is both an exciting and an enjoyable experience. When I walk away from it, I feel complete, full, and serene. The beauty of the ritual itself has begun to encompass my spiritual life and taken it to a new level, for this guidance by the Universe, I am grateful.
As the ritual writer of the group, ritual for me begins at the keyboard of my computer. I will have an idea of where I want a ritual to go, or the story that I wish to tell during that particular ritual. Somewhere between the striking of the keys, the reality of the world slips out and what comes out of the printer is usually not what I had envisioned. As I write, I can "see" the members of the group, taking on the roles that they play during the ritual. I can "see" them invoking, calling, speaking, and acting out the ritual. The story of the ritual takes on a life all of it's own, giving itself shape and form. The results of this are gratifying, though not necessarily all of my own creation, I usually feel that divine intervention has occurred.
When we do ritual I like to get very grounded, one way to do this is to hug everyone before the circle even begins. As you enter the circle, when the Challenge comes, know the answer that lies within you heart. Know why you are there, standing in a circle. Be clear on your own intentions.
I feel the power as it builds. As we perform the ritual drama itself, I am frequently moved by the drama to tears or to laughter. Ritual for me is a joyful experience, afterwards I feel energized. To me ritual is an art that we remember how to live and in the living of it we find joy and beauty. It is my hope that these thoughts that I have shared with you, will inspire you to new heights and ritual will take on a new meaning for you too.
Custom made Ritual Robes are available from the Sacred Flame.
Hand decorated altar cloths available from the Sacred Flame.
Last updated Wednesday, September 23, 1998 08:11 AM. Copyrighted Temple of The Triple Goddess, P.O. Box 38113, Phoenix, AZ 85069-8113. All rights reserved.


text:
Sky Makes Further £1 million Investment In TRX
News provided by Pressat Wire on Tuesday 22nd Aug 2017
Sky, Europe's leading entertainment company, has invested a further £1m in TRX, the online deal-making tool for TV rights, following its initial investment of £1m in August 2016.
This latest investment brings TRX's total funds raised to date to £10m. As well as Sky, investors include the Channel Four Growth Fund, angel investors (many of whom are from the Media and Finance industries) and the founders, David Frank and Matthew Frank. Sky remains a minority shareholder in the business.
TRX enables TV program buyers to search for content, get instant rights availabilities and make offers for program rights all online. TRX sits within the global secondary TV rights export market, estimated to be worth in excess of $5bn per annum. Its aim is to make TV deals easier, quicker and more efficient for sales teams and buyers.
Over 60 international distributors, including Sky's production and distribution business, Sky Vision, and over 300 buyers use TRX to buy and sell TV rights. The service will come out of its beta-test in autumn ahead of a full global launch.
Emma Lloyd, Group Director Business Development & Strategic Partnerships at Sky said: 'Sky spends £6bn annually on content. As we build a thriving production and distribution business in Sky Vision, and increase our investment in Sky Original Productions, international sales are becoming ever-more important. TRX is an exciting business for us to be invested in and we look forward to working with them as they expand globally.'
David Frank, Executive Chairman at TRX said:'Sky is at the vanguard of investing in disruptive start-ups in the technology and media space. We are extremely pleased that it has decided to double its financial commitment to TRX. This investment will help drive our global roll out in autumn 2017.'
Rachel Davidson
rachel@davidsonpr.co.uk
Harrison Kelly
Harrison.Kelly@sky.uk
About TRX
TRX is a B2B online deal-making tool that enables TV rights buyers and sellers to connect and close more deals, more easily.
On TRX entire licensing deals can be completed securely online - from discovering and screening content to accessing instant availability data to negotiating a price and signing a contract. TRX aggregates titles from over 60 distributors including All3Media International, Discovery Communications and Sky Vision, which can be licensed through TRX's suite of enterprise tools.
TRX was founded in 2015 by TV entrepreneurs David Frank and Matthew Frank, founders of RDF Media and former CEOs of Zodiak Media and Zodiak Rights respectively.
Further information can be found at www.trx.tv
About Sky
Sky is Europe's leading entertainment company, serving 22.5 million customers across five countries - UK, Ireland, Germany, Austria and Italy. The company has annual revenues of £12.9 billion and is Europe's leading investor in television content with annual programming spend of over £6 billion.
From exclusive partnerships with HBO and Showtime, to Sky Original Productions, Sky offers the best and broadest range of content along with the best viewing experience to suit each and every customer. Whether that's through the multi-award winning next generation box, Sky Q, or Sky's contract-free online streaming service, NOW TV, customers have access to the latest movies, drama, sports and kids entertainment wherever and whenever they like. This is all supported by Sky's best in class customer service.
Sky's success is not just based on what the company does but how it does it. Named as one of the Top 10 Green Companies in the World by Newsweek, one of the world's most recognised rankings of business's environmental performance, Sky ensures its responsible business strategy is embedded right across the group.
Sky has over 31,000 employees and is listed as one of The Times Top 50 employers for women. Sky is listed on the London Stock Exchange (SKY).
Press release distributed by Pressat on behalf of Pressat Wire, on Tuesday 22 August, 2017. For more information subscribe and follow https://pressat.co.uk/
Business & Finance Media & Marketing
Pressat Wire
editorial@pressat.co.uk
Alison Lancaster
alison.lancaster@pressat.co.uk
No media attached. Please contact Pressat Wire for more information.


Charm has two different sides, one has an image of Saint Benedict and the other an image of the Cross, (as seen in the second image).
This charm comes in 3 sizes: 14mm, 26mm and 36mm. The one seen here is the intermediate size out of the three.


Eating Right does not have to mean eating rabbit food. There are many flavorful yet healthy ingredients to use in creating delicious, wholesome meals.
Another important factor in eating right is having the necessary kitchen tools and appliances. I have an arsenal of cooking tools that I use regularly. If you're looking for inspiration or ideas on what essentials you need, you can find a list of my current favorites in Shop My Kitchen.
In a quest to eat right, don't be afraid to try new foods. Eating right is about expanding your food horizons. The worst that can happen is that you don't like something. The best thing that can happen is that you find new foods to add to your weekly rotation.
Go forth and try new foods, you may be surprised at what you find!


The agreement you sign with your agent should mention the duration for which your home will remain listed on the market. It is not good for either party to list a house that will not go quickly, and no real estate agent will take on a home that is not ready or in a condition to be picked up by buyers. This is where you come in.
If you want to make sure your realtor takes an interest in selling your house, you must work on your home to get them hooked first. If you're going to sell a house fast, you will want to make your home desirable for potential buyers. Before actual buyers come in, you'll need to create a good impression on your listing agent. Of course, home seller resources play an essential role in improving the condition of the house. In fact, home selling strategies used by the listing agent are significantly based on how well the owner has prepared the structure.
You know your home best. Use this expertise to pique the agent's interest and show off your home's high points. Think of preparing your home for a mini-staging. Begin with a deep clean and declutter. If you want to make your house attractive, there is seriously no substitute for cleanliness. Clean the floors, walls, windows, kitchen cabinets, appliances, furniture items and the carpets in the house. You want to present a sparkling clean home to your listing agent. Decluttering by removing unnecessary, large and unwieldy furniture items from your house, will also accentuate or create the impression of a larger living area.
Be prepared to disclose the less-than-desirable points about your home so that you can seek your agent's council on how to proceed. Your agent will be able to advise you on what repairs are essential and what can be "fixed" with a little staging magic. You should also be prepared with general information about your home such as year built, size in square feet and records of previous major renovations. You must ensure that all details about the house are recorded, with no potential issues such as structural instabilities going quietly under the radar. If so much as a single problem is missed, you run the risk of either having to lower the asking price or even suffer legal consequences.
No one knows your home better than you. Use this to your advantage by being open and honest with your agent during the listing process. Once you've given them as much information as they need, let your realtor take the reins. A real estate listing agent has the necessary insight and experience to sell a house quickly, so let them do all the hard work. Leave the research, marketing and negotiating in their hands, and bask in the excitement of making the sale. After all, it's what you're paying them for!
Is your home ready to be listed on the market? Talk with a listing agent today.


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This international startup is happy to host an intern who will get the chance to collaborate on pre and post-launch campaigns. This internship will help you acquire marketing skills and provide you with knowledge of various marketing strategies. Fast paced situations and dynamic colleagues will train you at best to be able to stand with any employer.
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BirchBox raises $1.4M for cosmetic site
Katie Gatto · October 27, 2010 · Short URL: https://vator.tv/n/1318
BirchBox offers mailed beauty samples, advice and discounts to users, for $10 a month
Buying new makeup online can be a risky venture. You can't see what you are getting, or test it out. The sheer volume alone is enough to make the idea intimidating. If you put in the word makeup on the Macy's site, 2496 results pop up. The same search in Amazon yields a mind-boggling 52,628 results. Even at a drug store, such as CVS, the number of choices is 3117. A poor choice can also be costly. Trying out a tube of Viva Glam GaGa, only to find out you hate it, is $14.95 down the drain. At Sephora the same mistake can set you back $30.
With buyer caution and some serious competition, how can emerging brands reach out to consumers without getting lost in the fray? The solution is simple: samples. It is a time-tested notion: giving your customer a chance to try before they buy. If you have ever test driven a car, or downloaded a trial version of software, then you have been marketed to, with a sample.
A new player is aiming to help new high-end cosmetics bring the sample model home. New York City based, BirchBox raised $1.4 million in a seed round of funding, after launching in September of this year. The round was led by First Round Capital and Accel Partners. Other investors in the round included: Sam Lessin, Dave Morin, Michael Dearing, Kirsten Green, and Gary Vaynerchuk.
The company charges a $10 monthly fee to users, who also have the option of paying $110 for the year. Right now, the site has roughly 2,000 subscribers. In exchange for their money, they get a box of premium-sized samples. A premium-sized sample, is usually bigger then a one-use standard sample, but not as large as a full sized item. If users like a sample, they can buy the real thing through BirchBox's website, and collect points. Those points can then be used for discounts on future purchases. The site also offers articles and how-to content, related to the products that they sample and sell.
Competition includes sample subscription services like Yellow Box Beauty or TestTube. Though, for now, it is coming in at a lower price point, then its competitors. Yellow Box Beauty costs users $34.95 a month, and Test Tube comes in at $29.95, shipping products every three months. One could also argue that the site is in competition with every makeup counter in the country, which give out samples to customers as part of their marketing.
The only question left is can the sample model really be effective? Research says it can. According to a 2004 study, entitled, The Effects of Free Sample Promotions on Incremental Brand Sales, showed that the use of free samples can produce measurable effects on sales. Those effects can last as long as one year after the sample was received. So, this model has a lot of potential.
BirchBox did not respond immediately to request for comment.
(Image courtesy of BirchBox)
Katie Gatto
Read more from our "Interviews" series
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Hidden in the Great Olifants river gorge, tucked in against the banks of the mighty river You will find Olifants River Lodge, You are woken by the calls of the fish eagle and greeted by the chirp and chatter of the 1000's of species of bird life. Whether for leisure, conferencing, functions Olifants River Lodge has all the spoils of relaxation yet the sophistication of a professional conference and exhibition venue.
Nowhere else will you find a more balanced property which caters for the serious business conference, fun-filled team builds, nature loving birdwatchers, keen bass anglers or just a down right lazy leisure weekend away.
FACT: We have a 400m² Indoor heated swimming pool, all year round. Ideal for winter getaways and school holiday breaks are warm for all our guests. Shrug off a long conferencing day soaking in the heated pool.
*("Blik in het verleden is voor alles wat goed en mooi, neem dat voor uw ideale en uw toekomst op te bouwen op het").


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Q: SwiperJS - Is it possible to enable drag but disable click on slides? I'm using swiper 8.4.4.
I'm looking to disable the "click" functionality, but keep the "drag" events enabled.
The parameter "simulateTouch" enables both the click and drag functionality. So turning it to false is not an option.
I see this post which plays with swiperjs parameters to achieve the opposite of what I'm looking to do:  remove the drag effect while keeping the click: Swiper Touch Events - Enable click but disable drag
Would you folks have a suggestion I might try?
I tried specifying the following parameters from swiperjs, but they did not help me achieve the goal of disabling click while allowing drag event.
allowTouchMove: true, simulateTouch: false, slideToClickedSlide: false, touchReleaseOnEdges: false, a11y: false, watchSlidesProgress: true,

A: Add pointer-envets CSS property.
.swiper-slide {
  pointer-events: none;
}

Here is working example: https://codesandbox.io/s/swiper-slides-per-view-forked-r0ociq?file=/index.html:1428-1469


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Not just healings and holy water: What we can learn in Lourdes
Posted on: 16th July 2008 |
Author: Frances Murphy
Category: Spirituality and Catholic Life
Tags: Lourdes, Mary
Photo by Lawrence OP at flickr.com
On the 150th anniversary of the final apparition of Our Lady to Bernadette Soubirous, Frances Murphy recounts her experience of Lourdes and describes the atmosphere that draws pilgrims back to the Grotto time and time again.
In the small town of Lourdes in south-west France, the direction of the one-way traffic system alternates each month.
The purpose of this is to ensure that, as far as possible, the vast number of souvenir shops that line the streets of the town benefit equally from the business of the millions of pilgrims who arrive in Lourdes each year via this traffic stream. The implementation of this must be a logistical nightmare, and I am sure that it baffles motorists and pedestrians alike, but it seems to work.
A puzzling traffic system is not, of course, what Lourdes is renowned for. It is a place of pilgrimage for Catholics the world over, as it is the site of a small grotto where the Virgin Mary appeared 18 times to a young girl named Bernadette Soubirous. The Grotto where these apparitions took place is still the focal point for visitors to Lourdes, but first-time pilgrims will no doubt be amazed by the size of the 'Domain' that now surrounds it. The beauty of the Basilica of the Immaculate Conception, which sits atop the Grotto (its altar is directly above the spot where the apparitions are said to have taken place) and the immensity of the Underground Basilica of St Pius X are truly things to behold.
This year sees the 150th anniversary of the apparitions to Saint Bernadette, which took place between 11th February and 16th July 1858. The apparitions were declared genuine by Bishop Laurence, then Bishop of Tarbes, in 1862, after a full investigation into Bernadette's claims. It was not until the sixteenth apparition that the woman who had been appearing to Bernadette uttered the words: "I am the Immaculate Conception." This title had been attributed to the Mary, the mother of Christ, only four years earlier by Pope Pius IX, and it is widely believed that it would not have been known to Bernadette prior to this occasion.
Even before the apparition had revealed her identity to Bernadette, the Grotto at Lourdes had attracted its first visitors. Some eight thousand people were present when Bernadette had her fifteenth apparition, their journeys prompted by the rumours that a 14-year-old girl was having visions of a woman in white, who was speaking to her. Many of these people will have arrived in Lourdes with curiosity, doubt and even fear playing on their minds. Although we now know who this woman was, many people hold the same attitude about Lourdes today, even some of those who make the decision to visit.
This curiosity, and in many cases scepticism, about Lourdes no doubt arises because of the idea often bandied about in press coverage that it is a place where miracles happen, where the sick are cured, where the paralysed regain the ability to walk. In fact, in the 150 year history of the Marian shrine, only 67 miracles have been officially recognised. Given that approximately six million people visit Lourdes each year, this suggests that the chances of a miracle happening to any particular pilgrim are remote to say the very least. Not that miracles obey the laws of chance and probability in any case, but the likelihood or improbability of a miracle should not govern anybody's interest in or experience of Lourdes. To place the miracles at the heart of the message of Lourdes would be a misconception. Far be it for me to speak on behalf of all pilgrims, but in my experience most people do not travel to Lourdes expecting – or even hoping for – a miracle.
At the centre of the experience of Lourdes is not the miraculous, but a prayerful, hopeful and vibrant community, a community that changes minute by minute, a community nonetheless. Many people are there on diocesan pilgrimages, others are on a more personal journey, but each person is searching for something different. The pilgrimage has been an annual event in the lives of some pilgrims for decades, and many of them will tell you that Lourdes is the place where they feel most at home. Those on their first pilgrimage will be unsure what to expect but, through participation in the nightly Torchlight Procession or the weekly International Mass in the Underground Basilica, they will find a sense of welcome and belonging.
The chapels and churches surrounding the Grotto all bear the title of "sanctuary", according to the usage of the word that denotes a holy place, a place of pilgrimage. Within the boundaries of the Domain, however, there seems to be a sanctuary in the more familiar sense, a place of safety and comfort. People experience a security and are more willing to give of themselves; of their energy, of their time, of their thoughts. Wheelchairs are pushed by young people who have volunteered to spend a physically demanding week at the service of elderly and disabled pilgrims. Hospitals are staffed by medical professionals who give up a week of their holiday to care for those who would be unable to make the pilgrimage without their support. And in the Masses and Reconciliation services that take place daily, as well as in solitary reflection, people find the space to discover and share something of themselves in prayer that they are often unable to find elsewhere.
In Lourdes, pilgrims are faced with challenges that do not present themselves in most people's daily lives. There are a great number of very sick people who make the pilgrimage, not in expectation of a miracle, but to pray and to place themselves at the mercy of God, who revealed himself through Our Lady in this place. Through these malades, the reality of the suffering and pain that many people bear in their lives is present at every Mass, in every procession. The courage and humility with which their suffering is borne asks questions of their fellow pilgrims; would I have the strength to cope with this burden? Would my faith be strong enough to still place my trust in God's mercy if I was faced with such an illness? In the same way that meeting the malades invites pilgrims to ask these questions of themselves, their presence in Lourdes is a tangible symbol of hope in salvation through Christ, and is an encouragement to all other pilgrims.
It can often be difficult in Lourdes to engage fully with the meaning of the apparitions, as group pilgrimages have busy programmes and often leave little free time for those who are there to assist other pilgrims. Even in the quieter moments, the Domain offers so much more than just the Grotto, and so in searching for the meaning of Lourdes there is more that one path to follow. The motif of water – in the baths adjacent to the Grotto, in the water that springs from the taps and is bottled up for pilgrims to take home to their families, and in the river Gave de Pau that runs through the Domain – symbolises the cleansing, renewing experience that the pilgrimage is supposed to offer, as well as the healings that are said to come about through it. The sanctuaries are places of prayer and worship, where the faith in God that allows people to believe in the apparitions is expressed. Outside of the Domain, excursions to the mountain town of Gavarnie and to the Cathedral of the Trees in Cité St Pierre are opportunities to step away from the crowds of the Domain and experience a peacefulness that can be elusive in Lourdes itself. And in the evenings, the bars and cafes of the town exude a festival-like atmosphere as people gather in the high spirits that Lourdes evokes, extending the friendships forged during the day. Not one single message to take away then, but a multitude of gifts to be received.
The souvenir shops that line the streets leading to the Domain are filled with all manner of goods, covering the full spectrum from the sacred to the profane. Rosary beads and icons are juxtaposed with fridge magnets, cigarette lighters and snowglobes bearing the image of the Virgin Mary. Even the latter items on this list are designed to symbolise the focal point of Lourdes, Our Lady's apparitions to Bernadette, but none of these "souvenirs" could convey the experience of a pilgrimage to Lourdes. Although many pilgrims may be unable to grasp the full meaning of the apparitions, everything in Lourdes, even the traffic system, somehow falls into place.
Frances Murphy is Deputy Editor of Thinking Faith.
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You must have a good working knowledge of the Apple Apps Suite before attending this course. Now that you know how to use a range of the Apple Apps you can begin to make choices over which app is best for the task. Learn how to combine the Apple Apps on iPad to foster the creative and independent learning processes our learners require in a supportive environment, led by an Apple Teacher. Take away the skills you have learned and share them with your learners in the classroom. At the end of your session there is the opportunity to gain two stars towards your Apple Teacher Badge.
We look forward to seeing you there so register your space today.


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Home > Blog > Press Release > Wuling Motors' Factory Opening, Starts to Mass Produce Confero S
Wuling Motors' Factory Opening, Starts to Mass Produce Confero S
3,000 Indonesian resources to be involved in the manufacturing process
Cikarang, July 11, 2017 – The factory of PT SGMW Motor Indonesia (Wuling Motors) starts its operations for mass production today. The Company is now preparing for the mass production of Wuling Confero S, its first product under the brand Wuling Motors for Indonesian market. With estimated total of 3,000 Indonesian workers involved in the whole industry chain upstream & downstream, Confero S is scheduled to be launched to Indonesian public in the 3rd quarter of 2017.
Wuling Motors marked a construction of its factory and Supplier Park with a groundbreaking ceremony in August 2015. The total investment of Wuling Motors' project in Indonesia is worth USD700 million. "The construction of Wuling Motors' first factory outside China marks our strong and long commitment to penetrate to Indonesian market.
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With a total of 3,000 Indonesian resources involved in the whole industry chain upstream & downstream, we are also ready to contribute to Indonesia's economic growth, particularly to the automotive industry. Today's event also reflects our important milestone for the existence of Wuling Motors brand in Indonesia," said SGMW Motor Indonesia President Xu Feiyun.
Also read: Wuling Motors Is Listening, Understanding, and Creating for Indonesia
In addition to apply the global high-standardized equipment and advanced technology, Wuling Motors' factory also incorporates global technology of General Motors (GM) called the 'Global Manufacturing System' (GMS), which is being used on every GM factory all over the world, ensures the factory meets with international standards. This system will enable Wuling Motors to achieve efficient manufacturing process and high-quality result. Additionally, Wuling Motors also builds Supplier Park in its factory area to support the project.
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Wuling Motors has currently bring in 15 reputable international component suppliers to be located within its Supplier Park and also work with more than 20 local component suppliers. The supplier partners include Bosch, Continental, and PT Gajah Tunggal Tbk. They have also started to operate aligned with the start of production in Wuling Motors' factory.
"As part of our localization strategy, 56% of the components for Wuling Motors' first MPV will be coming from local. We also plan to continue increasing the number of local components in our products in the future as we are looking forward to more local component suppliers to join us in our Supplier Park," added Xu Feiyun.
Wuling Motors' commitment is not only about factory construction. "It's always been our desire to also develop Indonesia's human resources, by, one of the ways, initiating scholarship program. A total of 130 graduated students have gone to China to continue their study to China and soon will be entitled to an opportunity to work and have promising career pathway with Wuling Motors," said Xu Feiyun.
Also read: Feel The Comfortable and Spacious Wuling Confero S with A Test Drive
Xu Feiyun also added, "As we have started our mass production, this means we will soon launch our first product for Indonesia. We are very enthusiastic to present Confero S to Indonesian public in August. This product has been through our intensive research and is developed based on our understanding on Indonesians' needs. In addition, our Wuling Confero S is created based on the spirit to be with customers in achieving their dream for a better life. Confero S exists to Drive For A Better Life of our Indonesian customers."
Wuling Motors is currently building up its sales and service network nationwide. A total of 50 sales and service points will be ready to serve Indonesian customers in 2017. Additionally, attractive financial schemes are also being prepared by partnering with several major financing institutions in Indonesia as Wuling Motors understands that financing is an important factor that determines customers' decision making.
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Boris Jurjewitsch Christoforow (; * 1. Juni 1931 in Wladikawkas, Sowjetunion; † 22. August 2020 in Moskau) war ein Sowjetbürger, der als Darsteller einer der Titelfiguren des Films Tibul besiegt die Dickwänste bekannt wurde.

Biografie
Christoforow wurde im Kaukasus geboren, verbrachte aber annähernd sein ganzes Leben in Moskau. 1966 spielte er im Märchenfilm Tibul besiegt die Dickwänste einen der drei fettleibigen Machthaber. Wie auch seine Kollegen Sergei Kulagin und Jewgeni Morgunow nahm er vor den Dreharbeiten absichtlich an Gewicht zu, musste vor der Kamera aber dennoch einen Fettanzug tragen.

Danach war Christoforow nur noch in Hochzeit in Malinowka (1967) zu sehen, wurde aber nicht in den Credits genannt. Anschließend zog er sich aus der Öffentlichkeit zurück.

Christoforow lebte zuletzt in der Большaя Пионерскaя улицa (Bolschaja Pionerskaja uliza, dt.: Große Pionierstraße) in Moskau. Er starb 89-jährig als letzter der drei Dickwänste aus dem Film.

Filmografie
 1966: Tibul besiegt die Dickwänste (Tri tolstjaka)
 1967: Hochzeit in Malinowka (Swadba w Malinowke)

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Filmschauspieler
Sowjetbürger
Russe
Geboren 1931
Gestorben 2020
Mann

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Key individuals 'on vacation' during Odra crisis says opposition leader
Borys Budka, the head of Civic Coalition's (KO) parliamentary caucus, said his party's MPs were investigating the disaster, which has resulted in tonnes of dead fish being pulled from the river, and would prepare a "black book," containing a list of all of the errors committed as well as recommendations for the future. Radek Pietruszka/PAP
The River Odra ecological disaster could have been prevented if key individuals such as the prime minister had not been "on vacation", a leading opposition politician claimed on Wednesday.
Summer vacation for 4.7 mln students begins as school year ends on Friday
The 2021/2022 school year concludes on Friday for the over 4.7 million students in Poland.
Mortgage vacations may cost banks EUR 4.34 bln warns central bank
A temporary suspension of mortgage payments by borrowers who are strapped for cash due to rising interest rates may cost the banking sector up to PLN 20 billion (EUR 4.34 billion), the National Bank of Poland (NBP) has said.
Most Poles plan vacation at home
Over 62 percent of Poles are planning a vacation this summer, with 75 percent of them intending to have a holiday in Poland, according to a survey by the IMAS International pollster.
Wish you were here? Artist creates delightful posters of Poland's most scenic sights
The series of paintings by Katarzyna Nowakowska brings a nostalgic and fable-like feel to the representation of some of Poland's beloved vacation spots.
Getting crafty in the Great Outdoors
"Survival", or more fashionably, "Bushcraft" vacations are increasingly becoming the recreation of choice for many Poles.