text:
NACON announce new special edition controller for next CALL OF DUTY® game
NACON ANNOUNCES A SPECIAL EDITION
THEMED REVOLUTION UNLIMITED PRO CONTROLLER
FOR THE NEXT CALL OF DUTY® GAME
NACON, a leading designer and distributor of gaming accessories, is pleased to announce it has entered into a licensing agreement with Activision to create a special edition themed REVOLUTION Unlimited Pro Controller for the next game in the iconic Call of Duty® franchise.
Planned for release on November 13th 2020, Call of Duty®: Black Ops Cold War drops players into the depth of the Cold War's volatile geopolitical universe in a gripping experience where nothing is as it seems. In addition to the story campaign, Black Ops Cold War will bring an arsenal of Cold War weapons and equipment into the next generation of Black Ops Multiplayer combat, and an all-new co-operative gameplay experience with Zombies.
Boasting a wireless game mode, the REVOLUTION Unlimited for PlayStation®4 offers exceptional performance and multiple configuration options that competitive players have come to expect. With this limited edition and unique design directly inspired by the game's Cold War art design, NACON is offering a product that will appeal to the biggest fans of the franchise as they look forward to new challenges in Call of Duty®: Black Ops Cold War on PlayStation®4.
An access code to in-game bonus content* will be included with each REVOLUTION Unlimited Pro Controller - Call of Duty®: Black Ops Cold War.
The special edition NACON™ REVOLUTION Unlimited Pro Controller - Call of Duty®: Black Ops Cold War for PS4™ will be available when the game launches on November 13th 2020, at a suggested retail price of €179.90 **.
NACON™ REVOLUTION Unlimited Pro Controller is licensed for sale exclusively in Europe, Middle East, Oceania and Russia. For use exclusively with PlayStation®4.
** Call of Duty®: Black Ops Cold War game sold/downloaded separately.
* Nothing has been received for sharing this news, we are doing so as we are avid gamers and fans of both Nacon and Call of Duty *
Labels: Call of Duty, Gaming, Gaming Accessory, NACON, PS4
Samantha Donnelly 29 September 2020 at 12:36
I bet this will be in high demand from all Call of Duty gamers I am sure there a re a lot of gamers waiting for this release
MissPond 29 September 2020 at 12:50
I played COD many many years ago when I was a fresher (over a decade ago!) I can't believe it's still going... Haha!!
Sarah Bailey 29 September 2020 at 18:02
Now that is an awesome looking controller for all COD fans, I have to admit we have a few different limited edition controllers around from different games we like.
Melanie Edjourian 29 September 2020 at 20:21
The new limited edition controller looks really good. We haven't bought any limited edition ones although I doubt they do them for our console.
Rebecca Smith 29 September 2020 at 22:18
This is such a cool looking controller! My partner plays a lot of COD so he would really like this controller.
Valerie 30 September 2020 at 01:57
My oldest enjoys playing Call of Duty, I think he has all of the titles released so far. He'd appreciate a controller set up just for it.
Neha 1 October 2020 at 20:14
Wow what a cool controller! They definitely have put a lot of thought into it and I can see many avid gamers having it on their Christmas list
Jess Howliston 1 October 2020 at 22:05
What a great looking controller, it looks like a must have for any real call of duty fans! My son has asked for a gaming controller for Christmas as he loves playing online with his mates!
Menna Rachel 2 October 2020 at 16:47
I bet that will be so popular with fans of the game. It's a great fun gift idea, especially with Christmas coming up.
Natasha Mairs - Serenity You 4 October 2020 at 10:16
My son is a big fan of Call of Duty and would love a remote controller like this to play his games with.


text:
Juventus 3 Napoli 1: Dybala penalty double gives Juve cup advantage
Jose Callejon opened the scoring in Turin but the host saw its Argentine forwards turn the tie on its head, with two penalties converted.
Team Sportstar
01 March, 2017 03:35 IST
Dybala celebrates after scoring the equaliser for Juventus. - AFP
Gonzalo Higuain scored against his old club and Paulo Dybala converted two penalties as Juventus came from behind to beat Napoli 3-1 at home in the first leg of its Coppa Italia semi-final on Tuesday.
Jose Callejon finished off a flowing Napoli move to open the scoring after 36 minutes, a one-two between Lorenzo Insigne and Arkadiusz Milik creating the goal, which put Napoli into the lead for the first time ever at the Juventus Stadium.
For much of the first half Napoli was on top despite trailing Juve by 12 points in Serie A, but the holder equalised two minutes after the restart when Dybala was clipped by Kalidou Koulibaly in the box, the striker scoring the penalty himself.
Juve's second-half improvement saw the side take the lead through Higuain, who scored from a narrow angle after Juan Cuadrado's cross was misjudged by Pepe Reina and Koulibaly, before another penalty extended the side's lead.
Reina was the guilty party this time, bringing down Cuadrado to end a rapid counter-attack, and Dybala put away his second spot-kick of the match to complete the scoring and leave Massimiliano Allegri's side in firm control of the tie.
Victory stretches Juve's winning streak to 10 games in all competitions, while Napoli's second defeat in its last 10 away matches means Maurizio Sarri's side has it all to do in the second leg.
International Weightlifting Federation
Sophie Devine
Sarri: Juventus must be better than last season to retain title

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Understanding Factors in Infancy and Early Childhood (Birth to 24 months) That Influence Obesity Development (R01)
R01 Research Project Grant
April 6, 2016 - This PA has been reissued as PA-16-169.
NOT-OD-16-004 - NIH & AHRQ Announce Upcoming Changes to Policies, Instructions and Forms for 2016 Grant Applications (November 18, 2015)
NOT-OD-16-006 - Simplification of the Vertebrate Animals Section of NIH Grant Applications and Contract Proposals (November 18, 2015)
NOT-OD-16-011 - Implementing Rigor and Transparency in NIH & AHRQ Research Grant Applications (November 18, 2015)
September 22, 2014 - See Notice NOT-OD-14-006. Notice of Participation of NIMHD in PAR-14-323 "Understanding Factors in Infancy and Early Childhood (Birth to 24 months) that Influence Obesity Development (R01)"
PAR-14-323
Catalog of Federal Domestic Assistance (CFDA) Number(s)
93.847, 93.865
This Funding Opportunity Announcement (FOA) invites Research Project Grant (R01) applications from institutions/organizations which propose to characterize or identify factors in early childhood (birth-24 months) that may increase or mitigate risk for obesity and/or excessive weight gain and/or to fill methodological research gaps relevant to the understanding of risk for development of obesity in children. Studies must propose research in children from birth to 24 months, although any proposed follow-up assessments, if applicable, may continue past this period. Studies may also assess factors relevant to families and/or caregivers of children from birth to 24 months. Applications should seek to fill unique research needs and involve expertise across disciplines as appropriate for the proposed research question.
30 days prior to Application Due Date(s)
February 5, 2015; October 5, 2015; June 5, 2016; February 5, 2017, by 5:00 PM local time of applicant organization. All types of non-AIDS applications allowed for this funding opportunity announcement are due on these dates.
June/July 2015; February/March 2016; October/November 2016; June/July 2017
October 2015; May 2016; January 2017; October 2017
New Date: April 6, 2016 (Originally February 6, 2017)
It is critical that applicants follow the instructions in the SF424 (R&R) Application Guide, except where instructed to do otherwise (in this FOA or in a Notice from the NIH Guide for Grants and Contracts). Conformance to all requirements (both in the Application Guide and the FOA) is required and strictly enforced. Applicants must read and follow all application instructions in the Application Guide as well as any program-specific instructions noted in Section IV. When the program-specific instructions deviate from those in the Application Guide, follow the program-specific instructions. Applications that do not comply with these instructions may be delayed or not accepted for review.
Overweight and obesity in children and adolescents has increased dramatically over the past three decades, although recent data suggest that the prevalence may be leveling off or decreasing in pre-school aged children (2-5 years). In addition, there are significant disparities in obesity prevalence, with greater increases in prevalence in Hispanic boys and non-Hispanic Black girls, compared with non-Hispanic White boys and girls.
Youth who are obese face myriad short-term and longer-term health consequences including type 2 diabetes, elevated risk for cardiovascular disease, orthopedic conditions, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, depression, and other psychosocial problems. Obesity during childhood also contributes to disabilities as well as increased health care costs. Unfortunately, once established, obesity and its comorbid medical conditions are difficult to treat and usually persist throughout adulthood. Thus, preventing the development of overweight and obesity as early as possible is critical for efforts to improve public health and to reduce the health care costs associated with obesity-related diseases now and in the future.
Some evidence suggests that infancy and early childhood (birth to 24 months) may be a critical period in the development of overweight/obesity. Moreover, risk for the development of overweight and obesity during this period appears to be increased in children from racial and ethnic minority and low socioeconomic status populations. Factors that contribute to excessive weight gain during infancy and early childhood are diverse and likely bi-directional between the caregiver/family, environment, and young child.
An NIH Workshop on the Prevention of Obesity in Infancy and Early Childhood was held in November 2013 to assess current knowledge and to determine both gaps and opportunities to accelerate progress in this area of research. The purpose was to provide the scientific background to inform the research needed to prevent excessive weight gain in early life with a goal of increasing the number of children who enter school at a healthy weight. Although some interventional clinical trials to prevent obesity or excessive weight gain during infancy and early childhood are ongoing, many knowledge gaps need to be filled in order to better develop successful interventions in this age group. These gaps include understanding factors that contribute to high risk for excessive weight gain during infancy and early childhood and which also may help explain differential response to treatment. Additionally, research is needed to develop and/or validate assessment methodologies that can be used to efficiently and accurately evaluate behavioral, metabolic, and other factors that may influence weight gain trajectories. Topics identified as high priority for further research include, but are not limited to, the following:
Behavioral and physiological phenotypes, such as individual differences in appetite, food preference, temperament, self-regulation and other factors related to excessive weight gain that may predict obesity development and/or treatment response
Infant and early childhood feeding practices, sleep, physical activity or sedentary behaviors that may influence weight gain and risk for obesity.
Patterns of weight gain and growth trajectories during infancy and early childhood that are associated with risk for development of obesity
Family and caregiver aspects that may influence weight gain, such as parenting style, responsiveness to infant/child needs, stress, and other psychosocial characteristics
Impact of food type, composition, or introduction during infancy on weight gain trajectory (e.g. high vs. low protein formula, fat composition of breast milk, timing and sequence or introduction of solid foods)
Emerging obesity risk factors, including the hormonal milieu, microbiome, and epigenetic modifications.
Development and/or validation of methods to assess body composition, dietary intake/composition, and physical activity/sedentary behaviors as well as sleep duration and quality in infants and young children.
Development and/or validation of methods to assess infant/child behavioral factors that contribute to weight gain trajectory and obesity risk, such as appetite, temperament, learning, and other attributes.
Development and/or validation of methods to assess behavioral factors in caregivers that may influence the child's weight gain trajectory and obesity risk.
Proposed Approach
This initiative invites research applications (R01s) that seek to fill methodological research gaps and/or characterize infant and early childhood phenotypes that may increase or mitigate risk for obesity. Studies must focus on topics relevant to research in children from birth to 24 months, although any proposed follow-up assessments, if applicable, may continue past this period. Studies that focus on typically as well as atypically developing children (e.g., those with intellectual, developmental, or physical disabilities) are appropriate for this announcement. Applications should seek to fill research gaps and involve expertise across multiple disciplines as relevant to the proposed research question.
Applications proposing to conduct randomized interventional clinical trials to prevent or treat obesity would not be appropriate for this funding opportunity. Applications proposing to conduct animal research are also inappropriate for this funding opportunity.
The number of awards is contingent upon NIH appropriations and the submission of a sufficient number of meritorious applications.
Application budgets are not limited, but need to reflect the actual needs of the proposed project.
The scope of the proposed project should determine the project period. The maximum project period is 5 years.
NIH grants policies as described in the NIH Grants Policy Statement will apply to the applications submitted and awards made in response to this FOA.
Non-domestic (non-U.S.) Entities (Foreign Institutions)
Non-domestic (non-U.S.) Entities (Foreign Institutions) are eligible to apply.
Non-domestic (non-U.S.) components of U.S. Organizations are eligible to apply.
Dun and Bradstreet Universal Numbering System (DUNS) - All registrations require that applicants be issued a DUNS number. After obtaining a DUNS number, applicants can begin both SAM and eRA Commons registrations. The same DUNS number must be used for all registrations, as well as on the grant application.
System for Award Management (SAM) (formerly CCR) – Applicants must complete and maintain an active registration, which requires renewal at least annually. The renewal process may require as much time as the initial registration. SAM registration includes the assignment of a Commercial and Government Entity (CAGE) Code for domestic organizations which have not already been assigned a CAGE Code.
eRA Commons - Applicants must have an active DUNS number and SAM registration in order to complete the eRA Commons registration. Organizations can register with the eRA Commons as they are working through their SAM or Grants.gov registration. eRA Commons requires organizations to identify at least one Signing Official (SO) and at least one Program Director/Principal Investigator (PD/PI) account in order to submit an application.
Grants.gov – Applicants must have an active DUNS number and SAM registration in order to complete the Grants.gov registration.
Any individual(s) with the skills, knowledge, and resources necessary to carry out the proposed research as the Program Director(s)/Principal Investigator(s) (PD(s)/PI(s)) is invited to work with his/her organization to develop an application for support. Individuals from underrepresented racial and ethnic groups as well as individuals with disabilities are always encouraged to apply for NIH support.
For institutions/organizations proposing multiple PDs/PIs, visit the Multiple Program Director/Principal Investigator Policy and submission details in the Senior/Key Person Profile (Expanded) Component of the SF424 (R&R) Application Guide.
The NIH will not accept duplicate or highly overlapping applications under review at the same time. This means that the NIH will not accept:
In addition, the NIH will not accept a resubmission (A1) application that is submitted later than 37 months after submission of the new (A0) application that it follows. The NIH will accept submission:
To an RFA of an application that was submitted previously as an investigator-initiated application but not paid;
Of an investigator-initiated application that was originally submitted to an RFA but not paid; or
Of an application with a changed grant activity code.
Applicants must download the SF424 (R&R) application package associated with this funding opportunity using the "Apply for Grant Electronically" button in this FOA or following the directions provided at Grants.gov.
It is critical that applicants follow the instructions in the SF424 (R&R) Application Guide, including Supplemental Grant Application Instructions except where instructed in this funding opportunity announcement to do otherwise. Conformance to the requirements in the Application Guide is required and strictly enforced. Applications that are out of compliance with these instructions may be delayed or not accepted for review.
Names of other key personnel
The letter of intent should be sent to:
Mary Evans, Ph.D.
6707 Democracy Blvd., Room 681
Bethesda, MD 20892-5460
Email: evansmary@niddk.nih.gov
R&R or Modular Budget
Resource Sharing Plan: Individuals are required to comply with the instructions for the Resource Sharing Plans (Data Sharing Plan, Sharing Model Organisms, and Genome Wide Association Studies (GWAS)) as provided in the SF424 (R&R) Application Guide, with the following modification:
All applications, regardless of the amount of direct costs requested for any one year, should include a Data Sharing Plan.
Appendix: Do not use the Appendix to circumvent page limits. Follow all instructions for the Appendix as described in the SF424 (R&R) Application Guide.
Planned Enrollment Report
When conducting clinical research, follow all instructions for completing Planned Enrollment Reports as described in the SF424 (R&R) Application Guide.
PHS 398 Cumulative Inclusion Enrollment Report
When conducting clinical research, follow all instructions for completing Cumulative Inclusion Enrollment Report as described in the SF424 (R&R) Application Guide.
Foreign (non-U.S.) institutions must follow policies described in the NIH Grants Policy Statement, and procedures for foreign institutions described throughout the SF424 (R&R) Application Guide.
Part I. Overview Information contains information about Key Dates. Applicants are encouraged to submit applications before the due date to ensure they have time to make any application corrections that might be necessary for successful submission.
Organizations must submit applications to Grants.gov (the online portal to find and apply for grants across all Federal agencies). Applicants must then complete the submission process by tracking the status of the application in the eRA Commons, NIH's electronic system for grants administration. NIH and Grants.gov systems check the application against many of the application instructions upon submission. Errors must be corrected and a changed/corrected application must be submitted to Grants.gov on or before the application due date. If a Changed/Corrected application is submitted after the deadline, the application will be considered late.
Requests of $500,000 or more for direct costs in any year
Applicants requesting $500,000 or more in direct costs in any year (excluding consortium F&A) must contact NIH program staff at least 6 weeks before submitting the application and follow the Policy on the Acceptance for Review of Unsolicited Applications that Request $500,000 or More in Direct Costs as described in the SF424 (R&R) Application Guide.
For assistance with your electronic application or for more information on the electronic submission process, visit Applying Electronically.
All PD(s)/PI(s) must include their eRA Commons ID in the Credential field of the Senior/Key Person Profile Component of the SF424(R&R) Application Package. Failure to register in the Commons and to include a valid PD/PI Commons ID in the credential field will prevent the successful submission of an electronic application to NIH. See Section III of this FOA for information on registration requirements.
The applicant organization must ensure that the DUNS number it provides on the application is the same number used in the organization's profile in the eRA Commons and for the System for Award Management. Additional information may be found in the SF424 (R&R) Application Guide.
Upon receipt, applications will be evaluated for completeness by the Center for Scientific Review, NIH. Applications that are incomplete will not be reviewed.
Applicants are required to follow the instructions for post-submission materials, as described in NOT-OD-13-030.
Important Update: See NOT-OD-16-006 and NOT-OD-16-011 for updated review language for applications for due dates on or after January 25, 2016.
Only the review criteria described below will be considered in the review process. As part of the NIH mission, all applications submitted to the NIH in support of biomedical and behavioral research are evaluated for scientific and technical merit through the NIH peer review system.
Reviewers will consider each of the review criteria below in the determination of scientific merit, and give a separate score for each. An application does not need to be strong in all categories to be judged likely to have major scientific impact. For example, a project that by its nature is not innovative may be essential to advance a field.
Does the project address an important problem or a critical barrier to progress in the field? If the aims of the project are achieved, how will scientific knowledge, technical capability, and/or clinical practice be improved? How will successful completion of the aims change the concepts, methods, technologies, treatments, services, or preventative interventions that drive this field?
Are the PD(s)/PI(s), collaborators, and other researchers well suited to the project? If Early Stage Investigators or New Investigators, or in the early stages of independent careers, do they have appropriate experience and training? If established, have they demonstrated an ongoing record of accomplishments that have advanced their field(s)? If the project is collaborative or multi-PD/PI, do the investigators have complementary and integrated expertise; are their leadership approach, governance and organizational structure appropriate for the project?
Are the overall strategy, methodology, and analyses well-reasoned and appropriate to accomplish the specific aims of the project? Are potential problems, alternative strategies, and benchmarks for success presented? If the project is in the early stages of development, will the strategy establish feasibility and will particularly risky aspects be managed?
If the project involves human subjects and/or NIH-defined clinical research, are the plans to address 1) the protection of human subjects from research risks, and 2) inclusion (or exclusion) of individuals on the basis of sex/gender, race, and ethnicity, as well as the inclusion or exclusion of children, justified in terms of the scientific goals and research strategy proposed?
Will the scientific environment in which the work will be done contribute to the probability of success? Are the institutional support, equipment and other physical resources available to the investigators adequate for the project proposed? Will the project benefit from unique features of the scientific environment, subject populations, or collaborative arrangements?
For research that involves human subjects but does not involve one of the six categories of research that are exempt under 45 CFR Part 46, the committee will evaluate the justification for involvement of human subjects and the proposed protections from research risk relating to their participation according to the following five review criteria: 1) risk to subjects, 2) adequacy of protection against risks, 3) potential benefits to the subjects and others, 4) importance of the knowledge to be gained, and 5) data and safety monitoring for clinical trials.
For research that involves human subjects and meets the criteria for one or more of the six categories of research that are exempt under 45 CFR Part 46, the committee will evaluate: 1) the justification for the exemption, 2) human subjects involvement and characteristics, and 3) sources of materials. For additional information on review of the Human Subjects section, please refer to the Guidelines for the Review of Human Subjects.
Inclusion of Women, Minorities, and Children
When the proposed project involves human subjects and/or NIH-defined clinical research, the committee will evaluate the proposed plans for the inclusion (or exclusion) of individuals on the basis of sex/gender, race, and ethnicity, as well as the inclusion (or exclusion) of children to determine if it is justified in terms of the scientific goals and research strategy proposed. For additional information on review of the Inclusion section, please refer to the Guidelines for the Review of Inclusion in Clinical Research.
The committee will evaluate the involvement of live vertebrate animals as part of the scientific assessment according to the following five points: 1) proposed use of the animals, and species, strains, ages, sex, and numbers to be used; 2) justifications for the use of animals and for the appropriateness of the species and numbers proposed; 3) adequacy of veterinary care; 4) procedures for limiting discomfort, distress, pain and injury to that which is unavoidable in the conduct of scientifically sound research including the use of analgesic, anesthetic, and tranquilizing drugs and/or comfortable restraining devices; and 5) methods of euthanasia and reason for selection if not consistent with the AVMA Guidelines on Euthanasia. For additional information on review of the Vertebrate Animals section, please refer to the Worksheet for Review of the Vertebrate Animal Section.
For Renewals, the committee will consider the progress made in the last funding period.
For Revisions, the committee will consider the appropriateness of the proposed expansion of the scope of the project. If the Revision application relates to a specific line of investigation presented in the original application that was not recommended for approval by the committee, then the committee will consider whether the responses to comments from the previous scientific review group are adequate and whether substantial changes are clearly evident.
Reviewers will assess whether the project presents special opportunities for furthering research programs through the use of unusual talent, resources, populations, or environmental conditions that exist in other countries and either are not readily available in the United States or augment existing U.S. resources.
Reviewers will comment on whether the following Resource Sharing Plans, or the rationale for not sharing the following types of resources, are reasonable: 1) Data Sharing Plan; 2) Sharing Model Organisms; and 3) Genome Wide Association Studies (GWAS).
Applications will be evaluated for scientific and technical merit by (an) appropriate Scientific Review Group(s) convened by the Center for Scientific Review (CSR), in accordance with NIH peer review policy and procedures, using the stated review criteria. Assignment to a Scientific Review Group will be shown in the eRA Commons.
Applications will be assigned on the basis of established PHS referral guidelines to the appropriate NIH Institute or Center. Applications will compete for available funds with all other recommended applications. Following initial peer review, recommended applications will receive a second level of review by the appropriate national Advisory Council or Board. The following will be considered in making funding decisions:
After the peer review of the application is completed, the PD/PI will be able to access his or her Summary Statement (written critique) via the eRA Commons.
A formal notification in the form of a Notice of Award (NoA) will be provided to the applicant organization for successful applications. The NoA signed by the grants management officer is the authorizing document and will be sent via email to the grantee's business official.
Awardees must comply with any funding restrictions described in Section IV.5. Funding Restrictions. Selection of an application for award is not an authorization to begin performance. Any costs incurred before receipt of the NoA are at the recipient's risk. These costs may be reimbursed only to the extent considered allowable pre-award costs.
All NIH grant and cooperative agreement awards include the NIH Grants Policy Statement as part of the NoA. For these terms of award, see the NIH Grants Policy Statement Part II: Terms and Conditions of NIH Grant Awards, Subpart A: General and Part II: Terms and Conditions of NIH Grant Awards, Subpart B: Terms and Conditions for Specific Types of Grants, Grantees, and Activities. More information is provided at Award Conditions and Information for NIH Grants.
When multiple years are involved, awardees will be required to submit the annual Non-Competing Progress Report (PHS 2590 or RPPR) and financial statements as required in the NIH Grants Policy Statement.
A final progress report, invention statement, and the expenditure data portion of the Federal Financial Report are required for closeout of an award, as described in the NIH Grants Policy Statement.
The Federal Funding Accountability and Transparency Act of 2006 (Transparency Act), includes a requirement for awardees of Federal grants to report information about first-tier subawards and executive compensation under Federal assistance awards issued in FY2011 or later. All awardees of applicable NIH grants and cooperative agreements are required to report to the Federal Subaward Reporting System (FSRS) available at www.fsrs.gov on all subawards over $25,000. See the NIH Grants Policy Statement for additional information on this reporting requirement.
eRA Service Desk (Questions regarding ASSIST, eRA Commons registration, submitting and tracking an application, documenting system problems that threaten submission by the due date, post submission issues)
Finding Help Online: https://grants.nih.gov/support/index.html
Email: commons@od.nih.gov
Grants.gov Customer Support (Questions regarding Grants.gov registration and submission, downloading forms and application packages)
Contact CenterTelephone: 800-518-4726
GrantsInfo (Questions regarding application instructions and process, finding NIH grant resources)
Email: GrantsInfo@nih.gov
Mary E. Evans, Ph.D.
Layla Esposito, Ph.D.
Email: espositl@mail.nih.gov
Deborah Young-Hyman, Ph.D.
Email: younghyd@od.nih.gov
Weijia Ni, Ph.D.
Center for Scientific Review (CSR)
Email: weijia.ni@nih.gov
Karin Mastrangelo
Email: mastrangelokj@niddk.nih.gov
Bryan S. Clark, MBA
Email: clarkb@mail.nih.gov
Awards are made under the authorization of Sections 301 and 405 of the Public Health Service Act as amended (42 USC 241 and 284) and under Federal Regulations 42 CFR Part 52 and 45 CFR Parts 74 and 92.


This training video was developed by Professor Bonnie Kaplan, in conjunction with the University of Calgary and the Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute.
Many parents know that taking pills can be a real nightmare for some children. Even many adults have trouble swallowing medication. Difficulty in swallowing medication can have huge implications for a child's health and for a family stress level, especially in families already challenged by life-threatening illnesses. The added problem of getting the life-saving treatment into their child represents an enormous emotional burden. Over the last five years my students and I have developed and tested a new method for teaching pill swallowing. The new method involves learning to swallow with one's head in different positions which makes it easier for medication to go down. It's surprising to people to swallow with their head in any position other than center, so it takes practice. The technique typically requires only 30 minutes to learn followed by two weeks of that daily practice, usually just five minutes a night, using candy in each of the five positions we have found I think it's a good idea it helps them pay attention to how it felt when they have to write it down. Here are the rating sheets that we use, maybe you'll want to use something like them. The method of off-center swallowing can be taught and learned easily. Four different studies with adults and children have proven that it works. Even three quarters of the people with no problems swallowing pills at all told us that they found a position they liked better than the center position. Some children who have had bad experiences with swallowing pills may be understandably afraid to try this method. It must be emphasized that our studies have found that 14 days of repetition and practice are essential to success. Very few children get it on the first day. Once the effort is put in most people are pleasantly surprised by how easy and effective this method is. One little five year old girl was so proud of her results she taught her entire kindergarten class. Others have told me they plan to study it as part of their science-fair projects and still others have taught their grandparents. We hope this method will make it easier for people of all ages to swallow medication with minimal discomfort and difficulty.
Learn more about some of Dr. Bonnie Kaplan's research at www.gethardy.com/studies.


text:
module V1
  class MessagesController < RegionRestrictedController
    before_filter :check_region, only: :show
    before_filter :check_since_param, only: :index
    expose(:message, attributes: :permitted_params)

    def index
      render json: messages_repository.all
    end

    def create
      save_additional_data(current_user, current_user.region_id,
                           params[:latitude], params[:longitude])
      if message.save
        MessageNotifier.new(message: message, caller: current_device).call
        render status: 201, json: message
      else
        render status: 422, json: { errors: message.errors }
      end
    end

    def show
      render json: message
    end

    private

    def check_since_param
      return unless params[:since].nil?
      params[:since] = current_region.messages.last.id
      params[:order] = 'DESC'
    end

    def check_region
      render status: 460, nothing: true unless message.region == current_region
    end

    def messages_repository
      region_id = current_region.id
      MessagesRepository.new(region_id: region_id, limit: params[:limit],
                             order: params[:order], since: params[:since])
    end

    def permitted_params
      params.require(:message).permit(:body)
    end

    def save_additional_data(user, region_id, latitude, longitude)
      message.update_attributes(user: user, region_id: region_id,
                                latitude: latitude, longitude: longitude)
    end
  end
end

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
News Release: Top Scholars Address Religious Ethics and Animal Protection
More than forty scholars worldwide will be speaking at the Summer School at Oxford in July 2014 to address the role of religion in furthering animal protection.
"There has been so much interest in the Summer School" said Professor Andrew Linzey, "that we have had to arrange parallel sessions to cope with the demand".
The top scholars include Professor Richard Gombrich (University of Oxford) and Dr Sudhir Chopra (Fellow of the Cambridge Central Asia Forum) on animals in Buddhist Ethics;
Rabbi Dr Tony Bayfield (President, The Movement for Reform Judaism) and Dr Khayke Beruriah Wiegand (University of Oxford) on Judaism and animals;
The Rt Revd John Pritchard (Bishop of Oxford), Professor Kurt Remele (Karl-Franzens-University in Graz, Austria) and Professor Daniel Dombrowski (Seattle University) on Christianity and animals;
Dr Tim Winter (University of Cambridge) and Dr John Chesworth (University of Oxford) on Islam and animals;
Professor Clifton Flynn (Vice Chancellor for Academic Affairs, University of South Carolina Upstate), Dr Kay Peggs (University of Portsmouth), Professor Chien-hui Li (National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan) and Professor Lisa Johnson (University of Puget Sound) on the historical, sociological and legal analyses of the role of religion.
The Revd Professor Adrian Anthony McFarlane (Vice President, International University of the Caribbean) and Professor Kai Horsthemke (University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg) on Caribbean and African religions and animals;
Professor Deborah Cao (Griffith University, Australia) on animals and Confucianism; Dr Jagbir Jhutti-Johal (University of Birmingham) on animals and Sikhism, and Dr Kenneth Valpey (University of Oxford) on Hinduism and animals.
In addition, the special Gala Dinner speakers will be Professor Joy Carter, Vice Chancellor of the University of Winchester, and Sir David Madden, formerly British Ambassador to Greece.
"This promises to be the most important event ever on religion and animals", said Professor Linzey, Director of the Oxford Centre for Animal Ethics.
The Summer School will be held at St Stephen's House Oxford on 21-23 July. The full programme of events will be published in March 2014. For more details, see here or contact Clair at depdirector@oxfordanimalethics.com.


I collaborated with John Van Hamersveld on creating the EXILE ON MAIN STREET album package. Mick was very hands-on and the final decision maker. One afternoon, we sat at a table and asked Mick to hand-write the liner notes, which we pasted onto the album layout. We created the album package design right there in that moment.


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text:
Automated spectroscopic measuring complex
Automated high-resolution spectrometer for recording the spectra of secondary emission at low temperatures.
Field of application:
Optical spectroscopy; non-destructive control of semiconductor materials and devices.
Unique characteristic properties:
The automated spectroscopic measuring complex is designed for the registration of optical spectra in a broad temperature range; it has a high spectral resolution, high sensitivity and a large rate of registration and processing of measurements results.
Main technical data:
Spectral registration range - 200-3000 nm;
Excitation wave length - 405 nm, 457 nm, 488 nm, 514 nm, 532 nm;
Laser excitation - up to 500 mW;
Dispersion of monochromator - 13 Ǻ / mm (1200 grooves / mm), 26 Ǻ / mm (600 grooves / mm).
Measuring modes:
Registration of photoluminescence spectra with a high spectral resolution (less than 1 Ǻ ) in a broad temperature range (4.2-300 К);
Registration of luminescence excitation spectra of semiconducting structures in the region 200-2500 nm.
Operation of the spectroscopic measuring complex is based on the synchronous phase detection. Registration of optical signals is carried out with the use of Hamamatsu photodetectors (Japan). These are photoelectric multipliers for the spectral region of 200-900 nm, InGaAs p-i-n photodiodes on the spectral region of 0.8-2.6 μm, and a cooled photoresistance of PbS on the spectral region of 0.8 - 3.5 μm. The spectroscopic measuring complex provides a possibility to carry out measurements of luminescence, optical transmission and optical reflexion in the temperature range 4.2 - 300 К.
Complex for low-temperature measurements of electrical and mechanical properties
Universal automated system for low temperature measurements of the electrophysical and mechanical properties of the material is superconducting solenoid kriostatirovanny authority to make a wide range of research materials at low temperatures in strong magnetic fields.
Measurements of the galvanomagnetic properties of materials with metallic conductivity in magnetic fields up to 13 T in the temperature range 4.2 - 300K;
Measurements of the electrical properties of materials in the temperature range 4.2 - 300K;
Measurements of mechanical properties of materials at low temperatures;
Measurement of the anisotropy of electrical and magnetic properties at high magnetic fields.
Automated "GONIOM" for low-temperature measurements of material properties at high magnetic fields, which allows to measure electrical and galvanomagnetic properties of materials with metallic conductivity in magnetic fields up to 8.5 T in the temperature range 4.2 - 50 K.
An automated system for measuring / monitoring of magnetic and electrical properties of thin film structures. Provides the ability to measure the angular dependence of magnetic and magnetoresistive properties in the direction of the magnetic field in the temperature range 10-300 K and magnetic fields up to 0.8 T.
The complex liquefier helium Linde L1410
Preparation of liquid helium plants and systems for most of the leading research institutions, laboratories, industrial and medical companies. Used to obtain and maintain low and very low temperatures (mostly in the research), the cooling of superconducting magnets, cryostats in the dissolution of the tunnel scanning microscopes, infrared detectors to cool and high-frequency radiation, SQUID magnetometers, and medical equipment (such as MRI scans).
More information can be found here (http://cryogenic.physics.by/index.php/en/production-activity/process-of-obtaining)
This setting allows you to fully meet the needs of medical and scientific research institutions of the Republic of Belarus in liquid helium.
Station on the production of oxygen and nitrogen (air separation plant SKDS-70m2)
Steady-state oxygen-nitrogen-mining station SKDS-70m2 is designed for liquid and gaseous medical oxygen, liquid and gaseous nitrogen.
Main technical characteristics:
verage performance of the station at an ambient temperature of 293 K (20oС), atmospheric pressure is 0.1013 MPa (760 mmHg) and the compressor is not less than 480 m3 / h - 73 kg / h
Clean liquid nitrogen - 99.0 %
Duration of the "workers of the company" - 6 days
Input power station - 200 kW
The total mass of plant equipment - 13966 kg
Footprint - 120 m2
The service life of the station before the first major
Repair - 14000 h
Service life - 40000 h
Liquid nitrogen is produced at the facility SKDS-70m2, sold 25 organizations and agencies in Minsk.


We look at the bigger picture when it comes to tax planning. Our aim is to help you reach your business goals, not just to minimise your tax. We can help you pay the right amount of tax for the stage your business is at.
Pay the right amount of tax to meet your business goals. Talk to a tax planning expert.
With 40 years of experience, we know the most effective ways for you to structure your tax to meet your business goals.
We're more than capable of handling all your finances. We take a holistic approach to accounting, so we provide a full range of services.
Tax planning is about working towards your long-term goals. And we're on the business journey with you for the long-term.
Technology has changed what's possible in accounting. We're always up to date with new technology, legislative changes, and industry updates.
Our team will always make sure your business keeps the tax office happy, as well as helping you meet your business goals.
We provide sound advice and we're diligent in all the work we do. We're so confident in our work that we even provide an audit guarantee.
Where is your business at now, and where is it moving? Your business goals need to be reflected in your tax plan. Our tax planning is all about moving you through the stages of growing a successful business and growing your personal wealth.
We've developed a unique, holistic approach to our services, based on our 40 years of experience growing our own business and those of our clients. We know it works because we've done it ourselves.
Tax planning needs to be done by experts. Reach your business goals and keep the tax office off your back.
You can reach your goals and still keep the tax office happy. We can help.
Your accountant can help you determine which tax minimisation option are appropriate for your business.
Should I contribute to super?
Contributing to your super is a great way to minimise tax and fund your retirement in a tax free environment. The maximum deductible amount an individual can contribute to super is $25,000 per year. The tax rate in super is 15 per cent, which is normally lower than the tax rate personally.
How do I plan for my tax bill?
It's always important to prepare well in advance. We do this by way of planning meetings with our clients. We also explain the tax consequences and timing with clients who are new to business. Setting up provision accounts is also a great idea.
Why do I need to do tax planning?
Tax planning is very important as it gives you an opportunity to minimise tax before it is too late. You can maximise the return from your business by minimising the tax. We also ensure your tax plan is compliant with ATO requirements.
What's involved in tax planning?
We meet with our clients to run through the year to date actual figures, add in an estimate of the budgeted income and expenses and project what the profit and loss, and tax position will be for the full financial year.
We discuss tax minimisation strategies with our clients and show you the tax savings that can be achieved in the meeting.


The Rockford Register Star's Melissa Westphal wrote about Rosecrance's partnership with Community Crusader Health in today's paper.
The partnership provides a licensed clinical social worker on site at Crusader's West State Street office to allow for immediate response for behavioral health issues.
Will Holm, a licensed clinical social worker with Rosecrance, is now embedded at Crusader's West State Street clinic. His office space is on the same medical unit as primary care providers who can refer patients to him in "real time" if they identify needs during routine appointments.
Officials say this setup reduces the chances of patients skipping out on referrals for mental health assessments, therefore improving both physical and emotional treatment outcomes.
"We're really treating the whole person, not just looking at the physical," said Mary Ann Abate, Rosecrance's chief operating officer of mental health.
Read the complete article on the Register Star's website.


text:
Poland's Rethink on the Polanski Case
Justice Minister Zbigniew Ziobro says he will appeal a decision to reject an extradition request for the celebrated filmmaker.
By Krishnadev Calamur
Jarek Praszkiewicz / AP
Poland's government says it will appeal a decision to reject an extradition request for Roman Polanski, the celebrated filmmaker who is wanted in the U.S. over a child sex conviction from 1977.
Here are Justice Minister Zbigniew Ziobro's remarks to the Polish state broadcaster, via Reuters:
I've decided to file an appeal in the supreme court against the ruling ... in which the ... court decided not to extradite Mr Polanski to the U.S. in a situation when he's accused of and wanted for ... a rape of a child. If he was just a regular guy, a teacher, doctor, plumber, decorator, then I'm sure he'd have been deported from any country to the U.S. a long time ago.
Polanski lives in Paris, but maintains a home in Krakow, Poland, which he visits regularly. The U.S. had sought his extradition in 2014 in connection with the 1977 conviction, but a Polish court last year rejected the request, and the Polish prosecutor-general subsequently said the decision wouldn't be appealed. But the new government has since merged the posts of justice minister and prosecutor-general, thereby giving Ziobro, who holds the new position, more control over the decision. He has previously criticized the decision not to extradite Polanski.
Polanski, now 82, fled the U.S. after pleading guilty to having sex with a 13-year-old girl. He has lived in Paris since then, but travels frequently to Poland where he was born. He remains a fugitive in the U.S.


text:
Lucile steht für:

 eine Namensvariante des Vornamens Lucia
 den Künstlernamen der britischen Modeschöpferin Lucy Christiana Duff Gordon (1863–1935)
 Lucile (Poem), eine Erzählung in Versen von Robert Bulwer-Lytton, 1. Earl of Lytton, veröffentlicht 1860 unter dem Pseudony Owen Meredith
 Lucile (Film), ein auf der Verserzählung basierender Film von 1912 mit Marguerite Snow and William Garwood
 Lucile (Oper), eine opéra comique von  André Grétry, uraufgeführt in Paris 1769

Siehe auch:
 Lucille

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Our Statement / Mission / Vision
This Is Where The Magic, Or Sleight-Of-Hand Happens
Baseball's All-Star game marks the theoretical half-way point of the baseball season, just as July 4th marks the half-way point Naperville's city council meetings for the year. July 16 will be the first meeting of the second half of the calendar year so it might be a good time to review how Naperville's city council meetings can be seen.
The Naperville city council meets on the first and third Tuesdays of each month at the Naperville Municipal Center located at 400 S. Eagle Street in council chambers on the main floor. Meetings begin at 7:00PM and last about two hours. The shortest meeting I can remember lasted about 30 minutes and the longest concluded after midnight.
In contrast to former Mayor George Pradel, when meetings would begin after all the council members would come in late like it was a social gathering, Mayor Steve Chirico is punctual, getting meetings started on time, oftentimes with council members running to their seats during roll call.
Just like a ballgame, nothing beats being at the meeting in person to see the entire performance unfold. Rather than having the camera dictate what can be seen, your eyes can see what can't be seen online or on TV, including a council member dozing off (it's happened), council members chatting while a speaker is making a presentation, or council members on their devices checking scores, emails, or menus, again while speakers are speaking.
Meetings can also be viewed live, on TV via the government access channel, or online. You can also view previous city council meetings on the city's website.
The City of Naperville will post the agenda for council meetings on the Thursday preceding Tuesday's council meeting thereby giving all the opportunity to view topics to be discussed five days in advance. This Tuesday's city council meeting is available for viewing.
What could be more fun than gathering the entire family around the TV with a big bowl of popcorn watching your elected officials talking endlessly about a topic only to have it tabled until a future meeting.
2 Responses to "This Is Where The Magic, Or Sleight-Of-Hand Happens"
Y Bother says:
I've tried listening to the council meetings on TV in the past but the volume coming from the microphones was so low I could hardly hear the proceedings, and that's with the sound way up! It wasn't just one meeting; it was all of them. But maybe the city has fixed that issue by now. Or maybe it was on purpose.
Jim Haselhorst says:
This can be a problem with some of the live broadcasts I don't know why, but the online videos do not have this problem. They are usually posted a couple of days after the meeting.
Another Missed Opportunity Naperville Councilwoman Theresa Sullivan Asks 'What Went Wrong Here?'
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City Council Watchdog
Welcome to City Council Watchdog, where we believe an informed and enlightened citizenry can make the difference between ineffective, oppressive local government and effective, supportive government. Our mission is to provide you with additional eyes and ears to see and hear the nuances of actions and decisions of the City Council.
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text:
from pytest_factoryboy import register
from wapps.gallery import factories

register(factories.GalleryFactory)
register(factories.AlbumFactory)
register(factories.ManualAlbumFactory)


Martha welcomed her first child into the world with enthusiasm and a case of the new mommy jitters. "You want to run to the doctor right away if the baby is crying and you can't figure it out," Martha said.
Martha isn't alone. Moms around the globe can relate to the anxiety that comes with trying to figure out what's wrong with their crying babies. Here is some good news for all parents: Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Oklahoma offers resources to help you understand your child's health care needs and options for care, so you can be the best mommy possible!
The 24/7 nurseline offers around-the-clock access to registered nurses who are available to answer your health questions, and put Mommy's mind at ease any time of day.
The Special Beginnings program offers support from early pregnancy through six weeks after delivery. Resources are available to help you manage and understand your pregnancy with educational materials and support, pregnancy risk factor identification, ongoing communication and monitoring and even access to an online resource center. Talk about being able to rest easy!
Share your story with Blue Cross and Blue Shield and you could be featured in a Member Voice video like the Rice couple. Write to us. Along with your story, include your name, phone number and email address. We're looking for stories about any part of your experience with us, from customer service and sales to online, claims or care management.
The video above is the non-paid testimonial of a Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Oklahoma member. Not all products and services mentioned are available for all Plans. For more complete details, including benefits, limitations and exclusions, please refer to your certificate of coverage. Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Oklahoma is a Division of Health Care Service Corporation, a Mutual Legal Reserve Company, an Independent Licensee of the Blue Cross and Blue Shield Association.
We just had a baby. We had a lot of questions. You want to run to a doctor right away if the baby is crying for any reason and you can't figure it out. My husband actually went online onto the Blue Cross Blue Shield website, and we discovered the 24/7 Nurseline. It helps. You don't have to go see the doctor every time and have to pay to see a doctor. So that's a very helpful resource.
My name is Martha Gallegos. I am 30 years old, and I have been a member of the Blue Cross Blue Shield for six years. The family plan that we had covers so much. I love how I can just go on the website and search for a provider. And all the doctors that I have used in the provider list have been excellent. And then, when I became pregnant, it was extremely easy. I have never had any problems with the insurance or any of the practices that I've been to. After I had my baby, somebody from Blue Cross Blue Shield contacted us just to make sure how was the service, and how we were doing with our newborn, and if we had any questions. And I thought that was pretty awesome, because they just want to make sure that you're using all the resources that they're providing for you.
When my baby-- she wouldn't go to the restroom for three days. I'm a new mother. I don't know if a baby is supposed to do that or not. And it was on the weekend, so we couldn't see a doctor. We had to take the baby to the ER. And you don't really want to go to the ER and look dumb if you don't know what's going on with your baby. And the nurse that actually answered was extremely helpful. She said, oh, you can give some water, about one ounce, and also do some exercises with the baby legs, which I didn't know at all. And then it just worked.
Having the Blue Cross Blue Shield insurance helps me feel at ease. And that's one of the reasons I want to keep being with Blue Cross Blue Shield because the service has been excellent. I have no complaints whatsoever. I would like to keep providing this type of insurance for my child.


text:
History of rapid transit
Find sources: "History of rapid transit" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
An engraving from the Illustrated London News showing the initial construction stages of London's Metropolitan Railway at King's Cross in 1861.
The Beach Pneumatic Transit system was a failed attempt to develop mass transit in New York which occurred in 1870.
The history of rapid transit began in London with the opening of the Metropolitan Railway, which is now part of the London Underground, in 1863. By World War I, electric underground railways were being used in Athens, Berlin, Boston, Buenos Aires, Budapest, Glasgow, Hamburg, Liverpool, New York City, Paris, and Philadelphia.
In the 21st century, China became the world's leader by number of rapid transit systems as well as the fastest growth of such systems,[citation needed] and many other Asian countries began construction of their own rapid transit systems.
1.1 First tunnels
1.2 Electrification
2 Early systems
3 Later systems
3.2.1 East Asia
3.2.2 South Asia
3.2.4 West Asia
3.3.3 Portugal
3.3.4 United Kingdom
3.5 Oceania
3.6.3 Colombia
Smoke was less of a problem in steam-hauled elevated railways, the first of which opened in New York City in 1870. In 1890 London's City & South London Railway used electric traction to overcome the issue of tunnel air quality.
First tunnels[edit]
Before any plans were made for transit systems with tunnels and stations, several railway operators had used tunnels for freight and passenger trains, usually to reduce the grade of the railway line. Examples include Trevithick's Tunnel in 1804, built for the Penydarren locomotive,[1] the 1829 Crown Street Tunnel at Liverpool and the 1.13 mile (1,811 meter)-long 1836 Lime Street Tunnel, also at Liverpool. Part of this tunnel remains in use, making it the world's oldest active tunnel.
The first urban underground railway was the Metropolitan Railway, which began operations on January 10, 1863. It was built largely in shallow cut and cover tunnels. It was worked by steam trains and despite the creation of numerous vents, was unhealthy and uncomfortable for passengers and operating staff. Smoke collected in the tunnels, leading to proposals to build pneumatic or cable-hauled railways to overcome this problem between 1863 and 1890, though none were successful.[2] Nevertheless, its trains were popular from the start.
The Metropolitan Railway and the competing Metropolitan District Railway developed the inner circle around central London that was completed in 1884. It featured an extensive system of suburban branches to the northwest (extending into the adjoining countryside), the west, the southwest and the east that was mostly completed by 1904. These systems eventually became part of the London Underground.
Electrification[edit]
In 1890, the first electrified underground urban railway, City & South London Railway, opened. Since the tunnels were tubular, the term "tube", eventually became synonymous with the London Underground. It was originally planned to be cable-hauled, but the company contracted to supply cable-haulage technology went bankrupt. The railway company's Parliamentary Act specifically prohibited the use of steam power. This led the City and South to consider electric traction.[3] It operated locomotive-hauled trains with three carriages, initially without windows, because it was thought that passengers would not need to know where they were if they were in tunnels.
The UK's only elevated electric railway opened in 1893 in Liverpool. The Liverpool Overhead Railway was the world's fourth metro system and the world's first fully formed elevated railway to run electric trains from the start. The LOR pioneered Electric Multiple Units of three car trains. Automatic electric light signals were also a first for the railway. The presence of the "El" helped Liverpool earn the nickname "Britain's North American City".[4] The LOR was demolished in 1957 and Liverpool is served today by a partially underground urban rail network known as Merseyrail.
A major breakthrough in the development of electrically driven rapid transit occurred when the American inventor Frank J. Sprague successfully tested his system of multiple-unit train control (MUTC) on the South Side Elevated Railroad (now part of the Chicago 'L') in 1897. MUTC, which allowed all the motors in an entire train to be controlled from a single point, freed rapid transit systems from dependence on locomotive-hauled coaches.
Early systems[edit]
Europe[edit]
The Budapest M1, at the end of the tunnel at Heroes' square, at its inauguration year in 1896
Budapest opened the first electrified underground line on the continent, the M1, in 1896. It ran from Gizella tér (now Vörösmarty tér, the city centre) to City Park and the local zoo, a distance of 3.7 kilometres (2.3 mi). It is now part of the Budapest Metro and has largely been restored. The Budapest system was the first underground with overhead cables rather than the more common third rail system. Car #18 is preserved at the Seashore Trolley Museum.[5]
The 10.4 kilometres (6.5 mi) Glasgow Subway in Scotland opened the same year and used cable haulage until it was electrified in 1935.
In 1898 the technically outdated two-line Vienna Metropolitan Railway in Vienna was opened, which was operated by steam trains. The system was converted to a modern underground railway in 1978.
Paris Métro under construction around 1900.
The first line of the Paris Métro opened in 1900. Its full name was the Chemin de Fer Métropolitain, a direct translation into French of London's Metropolitan Railway. The name was shortened to métro, and many other languages have since borrowed this word.
The Berlin U-Bahn ([uː.baːn]; short for Untergrundbahn, underground railway) opened in 1902; because large sections of the line were elevated, it was also called "Hochbahn" (high railway) until the 1920s. Germany's second system, the Hamburg U-Bahn opened in 1904.
The Athens-Piraeus Electric Railway was built as a steam-hauled suburban line in 1869 and acquired an underground section in the capital in 1874. It was electrified in 1904 and became part of the Athens Metro in 2011.
Istanbul's 1875 Tünel is sometimes described as an early subway system but is actually an underground funicular.
North America[edit]
Streetcar number 1752 became the first subway car to be driven in regular traffic in the Boston subway system in 1897. This also marks the beginning of subway traffic in the United States.
Two MBTA Blue Line trains meet at Aquarium station in Boston Massachusetts.
The first Chicago L, the South Side Elevated Railroad began operations in 1892, over tracks used by the Green Line over 125 years later. That system is unique for its extensive elevated structures, and several lines do not feature any subway sections.
New York City built its first rapid transit line, the West Side and Yonkers Patent Railway, in 1868. The New York City Subway, which became one of the world's largest rapid transit systems, opened its first section in 1904, a fully independent four-track line stretching 9 miles (14.5 km) from City Hall to 145th Street. Extensions were soon built, reaching the Bronx and Brooklyn; this became part of the IRT system. Two major subway systems, operated by the BMT and the IND were constructed later, and many pre-existing elevated railway lines were incorporated into the BMT and IRT systems. The Hudson and Manhattan Railroad, which opened a subway tunnel in Manhattan in 1908 and connected with New Jersey, remained a separate railroad company, later coming under the control of the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey as the Port Authority Trans-Hudson (PATH). Some New York City Subway lines used right-of-way first used by railroads in the 1870s, and converted R44 subway cars run on the 1860 Staten Island Railway.
See also: History of the New York City Subway
In 1907, the first line in Philadelphia, now part of the Market–Frankford Line, began running on both elevated and underground structures.
South America[edit]
Interior of Buenos Aires vintage Subte Line A cars, in use until 2013.
The oldest subway in the Southern Hemisphere, "Subterráneos de Buenos Aires" (Subte), opened in 1913 as an underground tramway in Buenos Aires, Argentina.[6] Line A of the Subte used La Burgeoise wood and metal carriages, which were in continuous operation for 100 years. In 2013 the cars were replaced with new rolling stock.
Later systems[edit]
Cairo Metro
Africa[edit]
Cairo was the first African city with a metro system (opened 1987), which was partly converted from a railway line. It is under development. The second African metro opened in Algiers in November 2011. Tunis has a tram system that is referred to as a metro despite not being rapid transit. Pretoria, Lagos and some other African cities have plans to build rapid transit networks.
Asia[edit]
East Asia[edit]
A Tokyo subway train emerges from the tunnel as a commuter-rail train boards passengers at Ochanomizu Station.
Asia's first cities to have subway lines were Tokyo in 1927 and Osaka in 1933. Other major Japanese cities with subway systems are Yokohama, Sapporo, Kobe, Kyoto, Fukuoka, Nagoya and Sendai.
The first of many China's metro systems, Beijing subway, began operation in 1969, operating on a trial basis until 1981. Other major cities followed: Tianjin (1984), Shanghai (1993), Guangzhou (1997), Wuhan (2004), Shenzhen (2004). Nearly sixty cities have or are planning rapid transit systems and new Chinese metro systems open every year.
The MTR of Hong Kong
In 1979, Hong Kong's subway line, the MTR, began operations. It operates 10 lines, including four that run underneath Victoria Harbour. By 1982, the British Section of the Kowloon-Canton Railway, known later as KCR East Rail and now MTR's East Rail Line, started to provide metro-like service as electrification was completed. In 2007 the merger of the KCR line into the MTR system was completed.
Since 1974, South Korean cities have developed subway systems. The first lines were converted from existing heavy railway lines. The largest, Seoul, operates twelve lines extending approximately 314 km.[7] Busan, Daegu, Incheon, Daejeon and Gwangju also have subway systems. Seoul and Incheon are connected by metro.
Pyongyang in North Korea notably has a well adorned and deep metro with non-geographical names of stations (unique in the world) and was built to serve as a bomb shelter in case of a war.[citation needed]
In 1996, Taiwan opened its first metro system in Taipei. A second metro system opened in Kaohsiung in 2008.[citation needed]
South Asia[edit]
India's oldest metro is in Kolkata, started in 1984, followed by the elevated rapid transit system Chennai MRTS. Delhi, Mumbai, Bengaluru and Chennai built metros after that. In June 2017 Kochi Metro in central Kerala became operational. Cities such as Nagpur, Pune and Hyderabad are constructing metros. Patna and other cities have hired engineers and civil planners to plan the locations of future metro lines.[citation needed]
Southeast Asia[edit]
Manila's Light Rail Transit is the oldest rapid transit system in South East Asia, opening in 1984. The system originally used light rail vehicles but has the characteristics of a rapid transit system and later on upgraded to a medium capacity system.
In 1987, Mass Rapid Transit in Singapore opened. It was the world's first heavy rail system to feature platform screen doors on its underground stations. The network operates five lines with three more lines planned to open by 2030.[citation needed]
Kuala Lumpur's light rapid transit system which consists of 2 lines, the Ampang and Sri Petaling lines which opened in 1996 and the Kelana Jaya line which opened in 1998. On 16 December 2016, Phase 1 of the MRT SBK line opened from Sungai Buloh to Semantan while Phase 2 from Semantan to Kajang opened on 17 July 2017. All MRT stations and the underground stations of the LRT Kelana Jaya line feature platform screen doors . Currently, the second line of the MRT, the SSP line is under construction and is scheduled to be opened on 2021(Phase 1 - Sungai Buloh to Kampung Batu ) and 2022(Phase 2 - Kampung Batu to Putrajaya Sentral ).
The Jakarta MRT in Jakarta, Indonesia opened in March 2019 with one line running North-South. Phase 2 of the MRT is set to open around 2024 and is currently under construction, which will extend the current line further north, while phase 4 is currently being planned out. The network currently 13 stations (6 underground and 7 elevated) and is the first rapid transit line in Indonesia.
West Asia[edit]
Haifa, Israel opened an underground funicular railway in 1959, the Carmelit. At a narrow section of the Jerusalem Light Rail (since 2011), the road was tunneled rather than the rail. Sections of the Tel Aviv Light Rail (under construction) are underground. Not all three systems are heavy rail.
Iran built it first metro network in Tehran in 1999, its second in Mashad, finished in 2011. Five more networks in Iranian cities are to be constructed.
In 2009 UAE built an elevated metro in Dubai, one of the most modern in the world to be followed by metros in Abu Dhabi and Sharjah.
In Mecca, Saudi Arabia, a 20 km first line of ground and elevated metro system was completed in 2011. A total of 5 metro lines with long trains are planned to carry masses of pilgrims to the religious sites.[8] Another two metros are under construction in Riyadh and Jeddah.
Krasnye Vorota station of Moscow Metro
Spain[edit]
In the interwar period the first metros were established at the continent's periphery: The Madrid Metro opened on October 17, 1919 under the direction of the Compañía de Metro Alfonso XIII. Metro stations served as air raid shelters during the Spanish Civil War. Today, Madrid's subway is one of the longest systems in the world. Barcelona Metro followed in 1924.
Russia[edit]
The first underground in the USSR (in Russian метрополитен metropoliten or метро metro) opened in 1935 in Moscow. The first line, between Sokolniki and Park Kul'tury, was 11.2 km long. Two of the first stations, Krasnye Vorota and Mayakovskaya, were awarded a Grand Prix at the 1937 and 1939 World's Fairs in Paris and New York. The Moscow metro is one of the world's most elaborately decorated undergrounds. Its stations (especially those built in the Stalin era) were often called underground palaces. As of 2014, the Moscow metro has 325 kilometers of railways and 194 stations and is one of the world's busiest. In Russia and other republics of the former Soviet Union as a whole, subways opened in Saint Petersburg (1955), Kiev (1960), Tbilisi (1966), Baku (1967), Kharkov (1975), Tashkent (1977), Yerevan (1981), Minsk (1984), Nizhniy Novgorod (1985), Novosibirsk (1986), Samara (1987), Yekaterinburg (1991), Dnipro (1995) and Kazan (2005). In Volgograd and Kryvyi Rih in the 1980s a "metrotram" opened – it runs underground, along with common city trams.
Portugal[edit]
In 1959, a metro opened in Lisbon, called Metropolitano de Lisboa. It was the first underground rail system in the Portuguese-speaking world.
In 1980, the second underground metro system in England, named the Tyne and Wear Metro, opened to serve Newcastle-upon-Tyne.
The Toronto Subway opened in 1954. One experimental trainset used the first aluminum subway cars, which reduced weight and therefore operating costs.[9] With the next car order in 1963, only aluminum was used. The new cars, at 75 feet/23 m, were at the time the longest in the world. The Montreal Metro, was the second subway system in Canada and was opened in 1966 as part of Expo 67 that would be held in Montreal.
Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) in the San Francisco Bay Area and Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority (MARTA) both opened in 1972, and the capital's Washington Metro in Washington, D.C. in 1976 as part of changing attitudes towards transportation in the United States. The following decades saw renewed interest in rapid transit access and expansion. Baltimore and Miami both opened single-line rapid transit systems in the 1980s (Miami has since expanded with additional lines).
See also: History of Bay Area Rapid Transit
The most recently constructed fully underground heavy rail metro system in the continental United States is the LACMTA Red Line and Purple Line in Los Angeles, which goes from Union Station in downtown Los Angeles to North Hollywood in the San Fernando Valley. Construction was started in 1986 and completed in 2000. In autumn 2005, several politicians including Los Angeles mayor Antonio Villaraigosa indicated a desire to complete the originally conceived subway route along Wilshire Boulevard to West Los Angeles and Santa Monica. Phase One to La Cienega Blvd has been approved.[10]
Tren Urbano serves the island of Puerto Rico in and around the capitol of San Juan. It is the Caribbean's first rapid transit system.[11]
Oceania[edit]
The five largest Australian cities have suburban railway networks, but all except have long-distance passenger and/or freight traffic on some lines. Perth services operate at 5-minute frequency over two suburban-passenger only lines from 2–6 pm, which was the highest frequency of services until the opening of a metro line in Sydney in 2019.
Brazil[edit]
In Brazil, the first underground rapid transit service opened in 1974 in São Paulo, and now the Metrô carries some 4 million passengers on an average weekday. Part of it consists of converted older railways; with stations dating back to the 1880s. Underground lines have been built in Rio de Janeiro, Belo Horizonte, Recife, Porto Alegre and in the Federal District, serving the federal capital Brasília and its immediate surroundings.
Chile[edit]
Metro de Santiago is the metro system serving Santiago, the capital of the Republic of Chile. It is a network of five lines with a total of 85 stations, and the only South American rubber tired metro.
Colombia[edit]
Medellín, Colombia is served by one of the few profitable metro systems in the world. Operated by the Metro de Medellin Company, it carries fewer than 500,000 passengers a day. This system operates on an elevated infrastructure in downtown area and on-level parallel to the river. The construction of the system had astronomical cost overruns that led to a large public debt.
^ "South East Wales Historical Figures". BBC. Retrieved 2006-12-01.
^ Badsey-Ellis, Antony (2005). London's Lost Tube Schemes. Harrow: Capital Transport. p. 320. ISBN 1-85414-293-3.
^ Badsey-Ellis (2005), p36
^ "Liverpool Echo: Latest Liverpool and Merseyside news, sports and what's on". www.liverpooldailypost.co.uk. Archived from the original on 2008-08-04. Retrieved 2008-06-09.
^ "Seashore Trolley Museum Collection Database". Archived from the original on 2015-06-12. Retrieved 2015-04-25.
^ "America: Subte (Subway) de Buenos Aires (Argentina)". UrbanRail.net. Retrieved 2006-11-23.
^ "Experiences in Seoul Subway Development" (PDF). Seoul Metropolitan Government. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-09-29. Retrieved 2006-11-27.
^ "Makkah metro contracts signed". Railway Gazette International. June 24, 2009. Retrieved 2009-06-25. [dead link]
^ "The Gloucester Series Cars (1954-1990)". Transit Toronto. Retrieved 2006-11-23.
^ "Purple Line Extension". www.metro.net. Retrieved 2017-08-23.
^ Railway-Technology Tren Urbano Rapid Transit System, Puerto Rico, 2002
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_rapid_transit&oldid=932820682"
Articles needing additional references from August 2008
Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018


Look, there are any number of terms floating around now to describe the type of person who loves pumpkin and all things Fall, but I'm going to be a rebel here and call this tribe of (often) ladies simply Objectively Correct. Or maybe #ObjectivelyCorrect. Heck I'll even settle for BASICally correct, if you catch my drift.


Then they had to go into the back rooms occupied by Billina's nine Dorothys and two Daniels, who were all plump yellow chickens and greeted the visitors very politely.
Then, and not until then, Daniel Quilp himself, the cause and occasion of all this clamour, was observed to be in the room, looking on and listening with profound attention.
Mr Daniel Rackstraw said that he did not desire to be unfair to Manchester United.
Few took the tragedy more nearly to heart than Daniel Rackstraw.
It is enough to say that Clarence had reached a level of emotional eloquence rarely met with among goal-keepers of the First League, when Isabel broke from him with a startled exclamation, and vanished; and, looking over his shoulder, Clarence observed Mr Daniel Rackstraw moving towards him.
The son confirmed his father's account, but when Daniel Nugent was called he swore positively that just before the fall of his companion, he saw a boat, with a single man in it, at a short distance from the shore; and as far as he could judge by the light of a few stars, it was the same boat in which I had just landed.
They put it into a bed and rubbed it, and Daniel went to the town for an apothecary, but life was quite gone.
Down in to the Yard, by way of the steps, came Daniel Doyce, Mr Meagles, and Clennam.
NHS worker Stephen Kaluuya, 59, says he last saw him when Daniel was a tiny baby.
Daniel is reported to have been in Babylon until the first year of King Cyrus (Dan.
Daniel, a member of the Elim Pentecostal Church, Huddersfield, was approached by the BBC programme to feature in an episode on Lent which looked at when people go through difficult times.
Daniel sadly was never once seen out playing in the street - I live across from Daniel's house and the family never once integrated, Not one neighbour can recall ever seeing either Daniel or the mum and stepdad in any local shop, pub or any other setting.


If you don't know this term, then most probably you have been unconsciously doing this without knowing. Since the advent of digital cameras, shooting with film has been replaced with the sensor, allowing users to capture images with ease and display it in the LCD monitor at the back of the camera. It is very convenient, but it has introduced a bad habit amongst hobbyist and professionals alike — camera chimping aka reviewing the image right after the shot (pretty similar to a chimp while trying to figure out an object.) Chimping disconnects you from your subject and the moment, which can turn into a bad habit shot after shot. In a formal class, you will be trained to spot, identify and correct the bad habits that are introduced with digital photography. Proper camera workflow and discipline is a must in learning photography.
for most people, but your camera's manual can carry a plethora of information that pertain specifically to your camera. Reading the manual helps you get familiarized with your camera and helps you come up with questions once you decide to take a formal photography class. This is also a clear sign that you are ready to learn the principles of photography, which is not taught in detail in your camera's manual.
These days, YouTube and the internet are convenient ways to check out tutorials on photography basics. Just one search, and magically the pages to your queries appear. Back in the early days of the web, there weren't a lot of websites that catered to photography. Forums and e-groups were built by photographers and hobbyists in order to connect and communicate with others. Eventually, YouTube came along and catered to avid vloggers and enthusiasts who wanted to share their experiences and ideas as well. The medium has its limits though. For most of our participants in our workshops, they prefer connecting with our instructors and experiencing real-time feedback if they have questions. Also, having a personal experience guarantees that the information learned can stay with the participants longer through the class-practical-critique system.
It is but natural to ask people around us for advice and critique. Sometimes though it may just feel that you are not getting the right answers to your questions especially if there are conflicting answers. Participating in a formal class with a defined course outline structures the topics in such a way that streamlines the ideas and lays it out in an easy to understand format for its participants. A professional instructor can also give you constructive criticism which can help you improve your craft.
The great thing about having formal photography classes is that you get to meet like minded individuals. Photography as an art form draws people from all walks of life. In our classes, we have had CEOs, lawyers, engineers, architects, all the way to teenagers who professes the love for the craft. Photography needn't be a solitary hobby. It is a great opportunity to learn from others as well.
M2 Studio events & workshops are training modules geared towards individuals/groups who wants to learn specific multimedia related skills. Since 2013, We have catered to hundreds of participants from different organizations, institutions and companies. Our private and personalized training range from photography, video to graphic design. It has been our mission to provide competitive and enriching programs to aspiring professionals, hobbyists and students. We are staffed by industry practitioners who have been trained both in the academe and professional practice.


Ron Hohauser is the Chief Financial Officer of Legendary Entertainment, a leading media company with film (Legendary Pictures), television and digital (Legendary Television and Digital Media) and comics (Legendary Comics) divisions dedicated to owning, producing and delivering content to worldwide audiences. He joined the company in May 2017.
Mr. Hohauser is a former Principal of Latus Advisors, a specialized media advisory firm providing financial, strategic and operational consulting services to film, television and transmedia companies. Clients included Dalian Wanda, Studio 8, Huayi Bros., Relativity Media, Virgin Produced, Macro Media, Exclusive Media and Miramax. Mr. Hohauser founded Latus Advisors in June 2012.
Mr. Hohauser was the Chief Financial Officer of Summit Entertainment from April 2007 through May 2012, with responsibility for financial operations, human resources, information technology and investor relations. Mr. Hohauser led the sale of Summit to Lionsgate in January 2012 for an equity valuation of over $400 million.
Prior to joining Summit, Mr. Hohauser served as Senior Vice President, Finance & Operations of Marvel Studios and Chief Financial Officer of Marvel's production entities. Mr. Hohauser joined Marvel in 2004 to assist the company in its transformation from a licensor of comic character film rights into a full-fledged financing and production company fully controlling its intellectual property.


text:
«Сена в Аньере» () — картина Клода Моне из Государственного Эрмитажа.

Во второй половине XIX века городок Аньер являлся пригородом Парижа и был излюбленным местом отдыха у любителей рыбалки и лодочного спорта, парижская молодежь постоянно там устраивала пикники и загородные прогулки. В начале 1870-х годов сюда любил приезжать и Клод Моне и одним из первых среди известнейших живописцев стал писать здесь свои пейзажи (уже после него здесь работали Синьяк, Бернар, Ван Гог, Сёра и другие), ранее него здесь работал только Гюстав Доре.

Картина написана в 1873 году, когда Моне уже жил в Аржантёе, неподалеку от этого места. На переднем плане несколько в тени изображены пришвартованные к ближнему берегу рыбацкие лодки, противоположный берег реки залит солнечным светом и плотно застроен двух-трёхэтажными домами, виднеются несколько человеческих фигур. Справа внизу подпись художника: Claude Monet. Картина написана масляными красками на холсте и имеет размеры 65,5 × 81,5 см.

Картина была приобретена в начале XX века немецким коллекционером Э. Л. Лоренц-Мейером, после его смерти унаследована его женой Алисой Мейер, во время Второй мировой войны была захвачена советскими войсками и отправлена в СССР в счет репараций; долгое время хранилась в запасниках Государственного Эрмитажа и была показана лишь в 1995 году на Эрмитажной выставке трофейного искусства; с 2001 года числится в постоянной экспозиции Эрмитажа и с конца 2014 года выставляется в Галерее памяти Сергея Щукина и братьев Морозовых в здании Главного Штаба (зал 403).

Известны ещё два авторских варианта этой картины, исполненные в том же 1873 году, причем один из них практически полностью повторяет работу из Эрмитажного собрания, хотя и несколько отличается размерами. Второй вариант имеет гораздо больше отличий: так, например, лодки и противоположный берег изображены с несколько другого ракурса, на реке изображена яхта, идущая под полными парусами. Первая копия картины хранится в США в закрытой частной коллекции, второй вариант находится также в США, был в коллекции Хэвемейеров и затем также оказался в закрытом частном собрании.

Примечания

Картины Клода Моне
Картины из собраний Государственного Эрмитажа
Пейзажи XIX века
Сена в живописи


Pico Veterinary Hospital is a full-service veterinary medical facility, located in San Clemente, CA. The professional and courteous staff at Pico Veterinary Hospital seeks to provide the best possible medical care, surgical care and dental care for their highly-valued patients.
We are committed to promoting responsible pet ownership, preventative health care and health-related educational opportunities for our clients. Pico Veterinary Hospital strives to offer excellence in veterinary care to San Clemente and surrounding orange county areas.
Your pet can benefit greatly from regular wellness examinations or checkups. Whether your pet is a youngster, a "senior citizen," or any age in between, wellness examinations provide an excellent opportunity for us to conduct a thorough physical examination and develop a health profile for your pet.
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Emergencies, accidents, and illnesses are unfortunate facts of life, but how many of us plan for the unthinkable before it happens? What would you do if your pet were suddenly sick or injured? Do you have a plan? Do you know where to go for help if your pet needed critical care or had to be hospitalized? Keep our number handy!
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Pico Veterinary Hospital is a full-service veterinary medical facility, located in San Clemente, CA. The professional and courteous staff at Pico Veterinary Hospital seeks to provide the best possible medical care, surgical care and dental care for their highly-valued patients..
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BEIJING—Some pollution-weary Chinese consumers have moved beyond stocking up on home air purifiers and strap-on face masks and are now trying to breathe better with second-generation gadgets.
"The 3M MMM 0.37 % mask suffocates me if I wear it too long," Ms. Li said about one of the more popular types of masks available in China. She liked the Mini Lung-Pro, which retails for 190 yuan ($29), so much that she bought five more for her friends, though she admitted the nose-to-arm apparatus does turn heads on the street.
In a survey from market research firm Mintel last year, of 3,000 Internet users aged 20 to 49, 83% of respondents said they already owned face masks. Of those surveyed, 61% said they were "very concerned" about PM2.5. And the number of air purifiers sold in China nearly quadrupled between 2010 and 2015 to 4.4 million units, according to market-data provider Euromonitor.
Now, "the concept and market for wearable devices has become quite popular," says Neil Wang, managing director at consulting firm Frost & Sullivan.
There is little independent research on how well the new antipollution offerings work. "[Consumers] focus most on if a product works, and are willing to pay a bit more if the product is really proven to be effective," said Lindi Li, a Mintel research analyst.
Startup Beijing Zhongqing Technologies Co.'s CoClean looks like an amulet. Its manufacturer says the device's technology is based on ionization, which reduces particles in the air, and data mining, which combines user information and locations to give CoClean users diagnostics on a larger scale.
The result is a 1 cubic meter breathing space with PM2.5 levels reduced by as much as 99%, according to Zhao Fei, an environmental scientist who worked with his fellow Tsinghua University alums and an engineering professor at the University of California, Los Angeles, to create the CoClean. It can be worn on a necklace or be pinned to a shirt collar.
"The best distance from your nose is 20 to 30 centimeters," said 31-year-old Mr. Zhao, 31. He said Beijing Zhongqing Technologies has shipped more than 5,000 CoCleans since launching in October and has raised about 10 million yuan in two rounds of funding from Chinese venture capitalists.
Mr. Wang of Frost & Sullivan said many traditional manufacturers are also jumping into the second-generation antipollution market.
Broad Group, which makes the wearable Lung-Pro, is a large air-conditioner manufacturer known as the provider of air purifiers in Zhongnanhai, the Beijing compound that is home to China's top leaders. It also offers a Lung-Pro that cleans the air inside a car.
But the new wave of devices aren't just wearable or for cars. Ecovacs, a Hong Kong-based robotics firm, introduced the Atmobot A630, an air-purification robot, in October with a sticker price of 6,999 yuan. It works like the Roomba robot vacuum cleaner and can be connected to a smartphone. The company says the Atmobot can purify a home in about half the time it takes for an ordinary air purifier to do the job. An Ecovacs spokeswoman said about 1,000 units have sold so far.
Antipollution innovation hasn't been limited to just protection. Beijing residents Liam Bates and Jessica Lam, who are married, created the Origins Laser Egg—a portable air-quality measuring device—out of a desire to know how clean the air in their home was—not what a government reading station was saying miles away.
Mr. Bates said some pollution sensors on e-commerce sites that claim to measure PM2.5 simply measure dust or the transparency of air. The Origins egg uses a laser that together with a photo sensor determines the size and concentration of particles in the air. In a matter of seconds, it spits out an air-quality reading that can be calculated according to both official U.S. and Chinese standards, which vary on what levels of PM2.5 are considered healthy.
The 499-yuan product is sold in Apple Inc. AAPL -2.01 % outlets across China and in foreign grocery stores and lifestyle shops in Beijing. Mr. Bates, a former documentary filmmaker, said "tens of thousands" of laser eggs have sold so far.
Meanwhile, back in Changsha, Ms. Li wears her Lung-Pro practically every day on her electric bike rides to and from work. To make the contraption a bit more trendy, she recently replaced the white mask with a purple one and let a friend paint cartoon characters on it.
—Chen Chang contributed to this article.


text:
A parish is a subdivision of a diocese or bishopric within the Roman Catholic Church, the Anglican Communion, the Eastern Orthodox Church, the Church of Sweden, and of some other churches. In Roman Catholicism, each parish has the services of a parish priest, who acts as the chaplain to the area. In some countries, a parish priest may have a fellow priest, called a curate, working along with him. Each parish usually has a central church or chapel, called the parish church, where religious services take place. Some larger parishes may have a number of such churches or chapels.
With the decline in the numbers of people seeking ordination, in some countries many parishes are now being merged together or are all sharing the services of one priest. In some countries, parishes are now merely the equivalent of states in the USA, provinces in Canada or counties in England.
A parish, sometimes called "civil parish" to distinguish it from a religious one, is also a geographical subdivision used in several parts of the world, including:
Andorra (parroquias)
Asturias, Spain (parroquias)
Antigua and Barbuda, West Indies;
see Parishes and dependencies of Antigua and Barbuda
Barbados, West Indies
see Parishes of Barbados
New Brunswick, Canada
Dominica, West Indies
see Parishes of Dominica
England, United Kingdom;
see Local government in England, List of civil parishes in England
Galicia, Spain (parroquias or freguesías)
Grenada, West Indies
see Parishes of Grenada
Guernsey, Channel Islands
Jamaica, West Indies;
see Parishes of Jamaica
Jersey, Channel Islands
Louisiana, United States.
A parish in Louisiana is the equivalent of a county in other states. See List of Louisiana parishes.
Macao (freguesias);
see List of cities and parishes in Macao
Montserrat, West Indies
New South Wales, Australia;
see Local Government Areas of New South Wales
Portugal (freguesias);
see List of Freguesias of Portugal
Saint Kitts and Nevis, West Indies
see Parishes of Saint Kitts and Nevis
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, West Indies
see Parishes of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Wales/Cymru, United Kingdom
In these areas, it originated as a religious subdivision, but over time has come to be either a purely civil one, or (in some jurisdictions in which the church is not separate from the state) one that is simultaneously ecclesiastical and civil. The lowlands of South Carolina were also previously divided into parishes, rather than counties, well into the nineteenth century.