text:
import glob
import os
import py_compile
import stat
import sys
import zipfile

import py
import pytest

ast = pytest.importorskip("ast")
if sys.platform.startswith("java"):
    # XXX should be xfail
    pytest.skip("assert rewrite does currently not work on jython")

import _pytest._code
from _pytest.assertion import util
from _pytest.assertion.rewrite import rewrite_asserts, PYTEST_TAG, AssertionRewritingHook
from _pytest.main import EXIT_NOTESTSCOLLECTED

def setup_module(mod):
    mod._old_reprcompare = util._reprcompare
    _pytest._code._reprcompare = None

def teardown_module(mod):
    util._reprcompare = mod._old_reprcompare
    del mod._old_reprcompare

def rewrite(src):
    tree = ast.parse(src)
    rewrite_asserts(tree)
    return tree

def getmsg(f, extra_ns=None, must_pass=False):
    """Rewrite the assertions in f, run it, and get the failure message."""
    src = '\n'.join(_pytest._code.Code(f).source().lines)
    mod = rewrite(src)
    code = compile(mod, "<test>", "exec")
    ns = {}
    if extra_ns is not None:
        ns.update(extra_ns)
    py.builtin.exec_(code, ns)
    func = ns[f.__name__]
    try:
        func()
    except AssertionError:
        if must_pass:
            pytest.fail("shouldn't have raised")
        s = str(sys.exc_info()[1])
        if not s.startswith("assert"):
            return "AssertionError: " + s
        return s
    else:
        if not must_pass:
            pytest.fail("function didn't raise at all")

class TestAssertionRewrite:

    def test_place_initial_imports(self):
        s = """'Doc string'\nother = stuff"""
        m = rewrite(s)
        assert isinstance(m.body[0], ast.Expr)
        assert isinstance(m.body[0].value, ast.Str)
        for imp in m.body[1:3]:
            assert isinstance(imp, ast.Import)
            assert imp.lineno == 2
            assert imp.col_offset == 0
        assert isinstance(m.body[3], ast.Assign)
        s = """from __future__ import with_statement\nother_stuff"""
        m = rewrite(s)
        assert isinstance(m.body[0], ast.ImportFrom)
        for imp in m.body[1:3]:
            assert isinstance(imp, ast.Import)
            assert imp.lineno == 2
            assert imp.col_offset == 0
        assert isinstance(m.body[3], ast.Expr)
        s = """'doc string'\nfrom __future__ import with_statement\nother"""
        m = rewrite(s)
        assert isinstance(m.body[0], ast.Expr)
        assert isinstance(m.body[0].value, ast.Str)
        assert isinstance(m.body[1], ast.ImportFrom)
        for imp in m.body[2:4]:
            assert isinstance(imp, ast.Import)
            assert imp.lineno == 3
            assert imp.col_offset == 0
        assert isinstance(m.body[4], ast.Expr)
        s = """from . import relative\nother_stuff"""
        m = rewrite(s)
        for imp in m.body[0:2]:
            assert isinstance(imp, ast.Import)
            assert imp.lineno == 1
            assert imp.col_offset == 0
        assert isinstance(m.body[3], ast.Expr)

    def test_dont_rewrite(self):
        s = """'PYTEST_DONT_REWRITE'\nassert 14"""
        m = rewrite(s)
        assert len(m.body) == 2
        assert isinstance(m.body[0].value, ast.Str)
        assert isinstance(m.body[1], ast.Assert)
        assert m.body[1].msg is None

    def test_name(self):
        def f():
            assert False
        assert getmsg(f) == "assert False"

        def f():
            f = False
            assert f

        assert getmsg(f) == "assert False"

        def f():
            assert a_global  # noqa

        assert getmsg(f, {"a_global" : False}) == "assert False"

        def f():
            assert sys == 42

        assert getmsg(f, {"sys" : sys}) == "assert sys == 42"

        def f():
            assert cls == 42  # noqa

        class X(object):
            pass

        assert getmsg(f, {"cls" : X}) == "assert cls == 42"

    def test_assert_already_has_message(self):
        def f():
            assert False, "something bad!"
        assert getmsg(f) == "AssertionError: something bad!\nassert False"

    def test_assertion_message(self, testdir):
        testdir.makepyfile("""
            def test_foo():
                assert 1 == 2, "The failure message"
        """)
        result = testdir.runpytest()
        assert result.ret == 1
        result.stdout.fnmatch_lines([
            "*AssertionError*The failure message*",
            "*assert 1 == 2*",
        ])

    def test_assertion_message_multiline(self, testdir):
        testdir.makepyfile("""
            def test_foo():
                assert 1 == 2, "A multiline\\nfailure message"
        """)
        result = testdir.runpytest()
        assert result.ret == 1
        result.stdout.fnmatch_lines([
            "*AssertionError*A multiline*",
            "*failure message*",
            "*assert 1 == 2*",
        ])

    def test_assertion_message_tuple(self, testdir):
        testdir.makepyfile("""
            def test_foo():
                assert 1 == 2, (1, 2)
        """)
        result = testdir.runpytest()
        assert result.ret == 1
        result.stdout.fnmatch_lines([
            "*AssertionError*%s*" % repr((1, 2)),
            "*assert 1 == 2*",
        ])

    def test_assertion_message_expr(self, testdir):
        testdir.makepyfile("""
            def test_foo():
                assert 1 == 2, 1 + 2
        """)
        result = testdir.runpytest()
        assert result.ret == 1
        result.stdout.fnmatch_lines([
            "*AssertionError*3*",
            "*assert 1 == 2*",
        ])

    def test_assertion_message_escape(self, testdir):
        testdir.makepyfile("""
            def test_foo():
                assert 1 == 2, 'To be escaped: %'
        """)
        result = testdir.runpytest()
        assert result.ret == 1
        result.stdout.fnmatch_lines([
            "*AssertionError: To be escaped: %",
            "*assert 1 == 2",
        ])

    def test_boolop(self):
        def f():
            f = g = False
            assert f and g

        assert getmsg(f) == "assert (False)"

        def f():
            f = True
            g = False
            assert f and g

        assert getmsg(f) == "assert (True and False)"

        def f():
            f = False
            g = True
            assert f and g

        assert getmsg(f) == "assert (False)"

        def f():
            f = g = False
            assert f or g

        assert getmsg(f) == "assert (False or False)"

        def f():
            f = g = False
            assert not f and not g

        getmsg(f, must_pass=True)

        def x():
            return False

        def f():
            assert x() and x()

        assert getmsg(f, {"x" : x}) == """assert (False)
 +  where False = x()"""

        def f():
            assert False or x()

        assert getmsg(f, {"x" : x}) == """assert (False or False)
 +  where False = x()"""

        def f():
            assert 1 in {} and 2 in {}

        assert getmsg(f) == "assert (1 in {})"

        def f():
            x = 1
            y = 2
            assert x in {1 : None} and y in {}

        assert getmsg(f) == "assert (1 in {1: None} and 2 in {})"

        def f():
            f = True
            g = False
            assert f or g

        getmsg(f, must_pass=True)

        def f():
            f = g = h = lambda: True
            assert f() and g() and h()

        getmsg(f, must_pass=True)

    def test_short_circut_evaluation(self):
        def f():
            assert True or explode  # noqa

        getmsg(f, must_pass=True)

        def f():
            x = 1
            assert x == 1 or x == 2

        getmsg(f, must_pass=True)

    def test_unary_op(self):
        def f():
            x = True
            assert not x

        assert getmsg(f) == "assert not True"

        def f():
            x = 0
            assert ~x + 1

        assert getmsg(f) == "assert (~0 + 1)"

        def f():
            x = 3
            assert -x + x

        assert getmsg(f) == "assert (-3 + 3)"

        def f():
            x = 0
            assert +x + x

        assert getmsg(f) == "assert (+0 + 0)"

    def test_binary_op(self):
        def f():
            x = 1
            y = -1
            assert x + y

        assert getmsg(f) == "assert (1 + -1)"

        def f():
            assert not 5 % 4
        assert getmsg(f) == "assert not (5 % 4)"

    def test_boolop_percent(self):
        def f():
            assert 3 % 2 and False

        assert getmsg(f) == "assert ((3 % 2) and False)"

        def f():
            assert False or 4 % 2
        assert getmsg(f) == "assert (False or (4 % 2))"

    @pytest.mark.skipif("sys.version_info < (3,5)")
    def test_at_operator_issue1290(self, testdir):
        testdir.makepyfile("""
            class Matrix:
                def __init__(self, num):
                    self.num = num
                def __matmul__(self, other):
                    return self.num * other.num

            def test_multmat_operator():
                assert Matrix(2) @ Matrix(3) == 6""")
        testdir.runpytest().assert_outcomes(passed=1)

    def test_call(self):
        def g(a=42, *args, **kwargs):
            return False

        ns = {"g" : g}

        def f():
            assert g()

        assert getmsg(f, ns) == """assert False
 +  where False = g()"""

        def f():
            assert g(1)

        assert getmsg(f, ns) == """assert False
 +  where False = g(1)"""

        def f():
            assert g(1, 2)

        assert getmsg(f, ns) == """assert False
 +  where False = g(1, 2)"""

        def f():
            assert g(1, g=42)

        assert getmsg(f, ns) == """assert False
 +  where False = g(1, g=42)"""

        def f():
            assert g(1, 3, g=23)

        assert getmsg(f, ns) == """assert False
 +  where False = g(1, 3, g=23)"""

        def f():
            seq = [1, 2, 3]
            assert g(*seq)

        assert getmsg(f, ns) == """assert False
 +  where False = g(*[1, 2, 3])"""

        def f():
            x = "a"
            assert g(**{x : 2})

        assert getmsg(f, ns) == """assert False
 +  where False = g(**{'a': 2})"""

    def test_attribute(self):
        class X(object):
            g = 3

        ns = {"x" : X}

        def f():
            assert not x.g # noqa

        assert getmsg(f, ns) == """assert not 3
 +  where 3 = x.g"""

        def f():
            x.a = False  # noqa
            assert x.a   # noqa

        assert getmsg(f, ns) == """assert False
 +  where False = x.a"""

    def test_comparisons(self):

        def f():
            a, b = range(2)
            assert b < a

        assert getmsg(f) == """assert 1 < 0"""

        def f():
            a, b, c = range(3)
            assert a > b > c

        assert getmsg(f) == """assert 0 > 1"""

        def f():
            a, b, c = range(3)
            assert a < b > c

        assert getmsg(f) == """assert 1 > 2"""

        def f():
            a, b, c = range(3)
            assert a < b <= c

        getmsg(f, must_pass=True)

        def f():
            a, b, c = range(3)
            assert a < b
            assert b < c

        getmsg(f, must_pass=True)

    def test_len(self):

        def f():
            l = list(range(10))
            assert len(l) == 11

        assert getmsg(f).startswith("""assert 10 == 11
 +  where 10 = len([""")

    def test_custom_reprcompare(self, monkeypatch):
        def my_reprcompare(op, left, right):
            return "42"

        monkeypatch.setattr(util, "_reprcompare", my_reprcompare)

        def f():
            assert 42 < 3

        assert getmsg(f) == "assert 42"

        def my_reprcompare(op, left, right):
            return "%s %s %s" % (left, op, right)

        monkeypatch.setattr(util, "_reprcompare", my_reprcompare)

        def f():
            assert 1 < 3 < 5 <= 4 < 7

        assert getmsg(f) == "assert 5 <= 4"

    def test_assert_raising_nonzero_in_comparison(self):
        def f():
            class A(object):

                def __nonzero__(self):
                    raise ValueError(42)

                def __lt__(self, other):
                    return A()

                def __repr__(self):
                    return "<MY42 object>"

            def myany(x):
                return False

            assert myany(A() < 0)

        assert "<MY42 object> < 0" in getmsg(f)

    def test_formatchar(self):
        def f():
            assert "%test" == "test"

        assert getmsg(f).startswith("assert '%test' == 'test'")

    def test_custom_repr(self):
        def f():
            class Foo(object):
                a = 1

                def __repr__(self):
                    return "\n{ \n~ \n}"

            f = Foo()
            assert 0 == f.a

        assert r"where 1 = \n{ \n~ \n}.a" in util._format_lines([getmsg(f)])[0]

class TestRewriteOnImport:

    def test_pycache_is_a_file(self, testdir):
        testdir.tmpdir.join("__pycache__").write("Hello")
        testdir.makepyfile("""
            def test_rewritten():
                assert "@py_builtins" in globals()""")
        assert testdir.runpytest().ret == 0

    def test_pycache_is_readonly(self, testdir):
        cache = testdir.tmpdir.mkdir("__pycache__")
        old_mode = cache.stat().mode
        cache.chmod(old_mode ^ stat.S_IWRITE)
        testdir.makepyfile("""
            def test_rewritten():
                assert "@py_builtins" in globals()""")
        try:
            assert testdir.runpytest().ret == 0
        finally:
            cache.chmod(old_mode)

    def test_zipfile(self, testdir):
        z = testdir.tmpdir.join("myzip.zip")
        z_fn = str(z)
        f = zipfile.ZipFile(z_fn, "w")
        try:
            f.writestr("test_gum/__init__.py", "")
            f.writestr("test_gum/test_lizard.py", "")
        finally:
            f.close()
        z.chmod(256)
        testdir.makepyfile("""
            import sys
            sys.path.append(%r)
            import test_gum.test_lizard""" % (z_fn,))
        assert testdir.runpytest().ret == EXIT_NOTESTSCOLLECTED

    def test_readonly(self, testdir):
        sub = testdir.mkdir("testing")
        sub.join("test_readonly.py").write(
        py.builtin._totext("""
def test_rewritten():
    assert "@py_builtins" in globals()
            """).encode("utf-8"), "wb")
        old_mode = sub.stat().mode
        sub.chmod(320)
        try:
            assert testdir.runpytest().ret == 0
        finally:
            sub.chmod(old_mode)

    def test_dont_write_bytecode(self, testdir, monkeypatch):
        testdir.makepyfile("""
            import os
            def test_no_bytecode():
                assert "__pycache__" in __cached__
                assert not os.path.exists(__cached__)
                assert not os.path.exists(os.path.dirname(__cached__))""")
        monkeypatch.setenv("PYTHONDONTWRITEBYTECODE", "1")
        assert testdir.runpytest_subprocess().ret == 0

    def test_orphaned_pyc_file(self, testdir):
        if sys.version_info < (3, 0) and hasattr(sys, 'pypy_version_info'):
            pytest.skip("pypy2 doesn't run orphaned pyc files")

        testdir.makepyfile("""
            import orphan
            def test_it():
                assert orphan.value == 17
            """)
        testdir.makepyfile(orphan="""
            value = 17
            """)
        py_compile.compile("orphan.py")
        os.remove("orphan.py")

        # Python 3 puts the .pyc files in a __pycache__ directory, and will
        # not import from there without source.  It will import a .pyc from
        # the source location though.
        if not os.path.exists("orphan.pyc"):
            pycs = glob.glob("__pycache__/orphan.*.pyc")
            assert len(pycs) == 1
            os.rename(pycs[0], "orphan.pyc")

        assert testdir.runpytest().ret == 0

    @pytest.mark.skipif('"__pypy__" in sys.modules')
    def test_pyc_vs_pyo(self, testdir, monkeypatch):
        testdir.makepyfile("""
            import pytest
            def test_optimized():
                "hello"
                assert test_optimized.__doc__ is None"""
        )
        p = py.path.local.make_numbered_dir(prefix="runpytest-", keep=None,
                                            rootdir=testdir.tmpdir)
        tmp = "--basetemp=%s" % p
        monkeypatch.setenv("PYTHONOPTIMIZE", "2")
        monkeypatch.delenv("PYTHONDONTWRITEBYTECODE", raising=False)
        assert testdir.runpytest_subprocess(tmp).ret == 0
        tagged = "test_pyc_vs_pyo." + PYTEST_TAG
        assert tagged + ".pyo" in os.listdir("__pycache__")
        monkeypatch.undo()
        monkeypatch.delenv("PYTHONDONTWRITEBYTECODE", raising=False)
        assert testdir.runpytest_subprocess(tmp).ret == 1
        assert tagged + ".pyc" in os.listdir("__pycache__")

    def test_package(self, testdir):
        pkg = testdir.tmpdir.join("pkg")
        pkg.mkdir()
        pkg.join("__init__.py").ensure()
        pkg.join("test_blah.py").write("""
def test_rewritten():
    assert "@py_builtins" in globals()""")
        assert testdir.runpytest().ret == 0

    def test_translate_newlines(self, testdir):
        content = "def test_rewritten():\r\n assert '@py_builtins' in globals()"
        b = content.encode("utf-8")
        testdir.tmpdir.join("test_newlines.py").write(b, "wb")
        assert testdir.runpytest().ret == 0

    @pytest.mark.skipif(sys.version_info < (3,3),
            reason='packages without __init__.py not supported on python 2')
    def test_package_without__init__py(self, testdir):
        pkg = testdir.mkdir('a_package_without_init_py')
        pkg.join('module.py').ensure()
        testdir.makepyfile("import a_package_without_init_py.module")
        assert testdir.runpytest().ret == EXIT_NOTESTSCOLLECTED

    def test_rewrite_warning(self, pytestconfig, monkeypatch):
        hook = AssertionRewritingHook(pytestconfig)
        warnings = []

        def mywarn(code, msg):
            warnings.append((code, msg))

        monkeypatch.setattr(hook.config, 'warn', mywarn)
        hook.mark_rewrite('_pytest')
        assert '_pytest' in warnings[0][1]

    def test_rewrite_module_imported_from_conftest(self, testdir):
        testdir.makeconftest('''
            import test_rewrite_module_imported
        ''')
        testdir.makepyfile(test_rewrite_module_imported='''
            def test_rewritten():
                assert "@py_builtins" in globals()
        ''')
        assert testdir.runpytest_subprocess().ret == 0

    def test_remember_rewritten_modules(self, pytestconfig, testdir, monkeypatch):
        """
        AssertionRewriteHook should remember rewritten modules so it
        doesn't give false positives (#2005).
        """
        monkeypatch.syspath_prepend(testdir.tmpdir)
        testdir.makepyfile(test_remember_rewritten_modules='')
        warnings = []
        hook = AssertionRewritingHook(pytestconfig)
        monkeypatch.setattr(hook.config, 'warn', lambda code, msg: warnings.append(msg))
        hook.find_module('test_remember_rewritten_modules')
        hook.load_module('test_remember_rewritten_modules')
        hook.mark_rewrite('test_remember_rewritten_modules')
        hook.mark_rewrite('test_remember_rewritten_modules')
        assert warnings == []

    def test_rewrite_warning_using_pytest_plugins(self, testdir, monkeypatch):
        testdir.makepyfile(**{
            'conftest.py': "pytest_plugins = ['core', 'gui', 'sci']",
            'core.py': "",
            'gui.py': "pytest_plugins = ['core', 'sci']",
            'sci.py': "pytest_plugins = ['core']",
            'test_rewrite_warning_pytest_plugins.py': "def test(): pass",
        })
        testdir.chdir()
        result = testdir.runpytest_subprocess()
        result.stdout.fnmatch_lines(['*= 1 passed in *=*'])
        assert 'pytest-warning summary' not in result.stdout.str()

class TestAssertionRewriteHookDetails(object):
    def test_loader_is_package_false_for_module(self, testdir):
        testdir.makepyfile(test_fun="""
            def test_loader():
                assert not __loader__.is_package(__name__)
            """)
        result = testdir.runpytest()
        result.stdout.fnmatch_lines([
            "* 1 passed*",
        ])

    def test_loader_is_package_true_for_package(self, testdir):
        testdir.makepyfile(test_fun="""
            def test_loader():
                assert not __loader__.is_package(__name__)

            def test_fun():
                assert __loader__.is_package('fun')

            def test_missing():
                assert not __loader__.is_package('pytest_not_there')
            """)
        testdir.mkpydir('fun')
        result = testdir.runpytest()
        result.stdout.fnmatch_lines([
            '* 3 passed*',
        ])

    @pytest.mark.skipif("sys.version_info[0] >= 3")
    @pytest.mark.xfail("hasattr(sys, 'pypy_translation_info')")
    def test_assume_ascii(self, testdir):
        content = "u'\xe2\x99\xa5\x01\xfe'"
        testdir.tmpdir.join("test_encoding.py").write(content, "wb")
        res = testdir.runpytest()
        assert res.ret != 0
        assert "SyntaxError: Non-ASCII character" in res.stdout.str()

    @pytest.mark.skipif("sys.version_info[0] >= 3")
    def test_detect_coding_cookie(self, testdir):
        testdir.makepyfile(test_cookie="""
            # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
            u"St\xc3\xa4d"
            def test_rewritten():
                assert "@py_builtins" in globals()""")
        assert testdir.runpytest().ret == 0

    @pytest.mark.skipif("sys.version_info[0] >= 3")
    def test_detect_coding_cookie_second_line(self, testdir):
        testdir.makepyfile(test_cookie="""
            # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
            u"St\xc3\xa4d"
            def test_rewritten():
                assert "@py_builtins" in globals()""")
        assert testdir.runpytest().ret == 0

    @pytest.mark.skipif("sys.version_info[0] >= 3")
    def test_detect_coding_cookie_crlf(self, testdir):
        testdir.makepyfile(test_cookie="""
            # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
            u"St\xc3\xa4d"
            def test_rewritten():
                assert "@py_builtins" in globals()""")
        assert testdir.runpytest().ret == 0

    def test_sys_meta_path_munged(self, testdir):
        testdir.makepyfile("""
            def test_meta_path():
                import sys; sys.meta_path = []""")
        assert testdir.runpytest().ret == 0

    def test_write_pyc(self, testdir, tmpdir, monkeypatch):
        from _pytest.assertion.rewrite import _write_pyc
        from _pytest.assertion import AssertionState
        try:
            import __builtin__ as b
        except ImportError:
            import builtins as b
        config = testdir.parseconfig([])
        state = AssertionState(config, "rewrite")
        source_path = tmpdir.ensure("source.py")
        pycpath = tmpdir.join("pyc").strpath
        assert _write_pyc(state, [1], source_path.stat(), pycpath)

        def open(*args):
            e = IOError()
            e.errno = 10
            raise e

        monkeypatch.setattr(b, "open", open)
        assert not _write_pyc(state, [1], source_path.stat(), pycpath)

    def test_resources_provider_for_loader(self, testdir):
        """
        Attempts to load resources from a package should succeed normally,
        even when the AssertionRewriteHook is used to load the modules.

        See #366 for details.
        """
        pytest.importorskip("pkg_resources")

        testdir.mkpydir('testpkg')
        contents = {
            'testpkg/test_pkg': """
                import pkg_resources

                import pytest
                from _pytest.assertion.rewrite import AssertionRewritingHook

                def test_load_resource():
                    assert isinstance(__loader__, AssertionRewritingHook)
                    res = pkg_resources.resource_string(__name__, 'resource.txt')
                    res = res.decode('ascii')
                    assert res == 'Load me please.'
                """,
        }
        testdir.makepyfile(**contents)
        testdir.maketxtfile(**{'testpkg/resource': "Load me please."})

        result = testdir.runpytest_subprocess()
        result.assert_outcomes(passed=1)

    def test_read_pyc(self, tmpdir):
        """
        Ensure that the `_read_pyc` can properly deal with corrupted pyc files.
        In those circumstances it should just give up instead of generating
        an exception that is propagated to the caller.
        """
        import py_compile
        from _pytest.assertion.rewrite import _read_pyc

        source = tmpdir.join('source.py')
        pyc = source + 'c'

        source.write('def test(): pass')
        py_compile.compile(str(source), str(pyc))

        contents = pyc.read(mode='rb')
        strip_bytes = 20  # header is around 8 bytes, strip a little more
        assert len(contents) > strip_bytes
        pyc.write(contents[:strip_bytes], mode='wb')

        assert _read_pyc(source, str(pyc)) is None  # no error

    def test_reload_is_same(self, testdir):
        # A file that will be picked up during collecting.
        testdir.tmpdir.join("file.py").ensure()
        testdir.tmpdir.join("pytest.ini").write(py.std.textwrap.dedent("""
            [pytest]
            python_files = *.py
        """))

        testdir.makepyfile(test_fun="""
            import sys
            try:
                from imp import reload
            except ImportError:
                pass

            def test_loader():
                import file
                assert sys.modules["file"] is reload(file)
            """)
        result = testdir.runpytest('-s')
        result.stdout.fnmatch_lines([
            "* 1 passed*",
        ])

    def test_get_data_support(self, testdir):
        """Implement optional PEP302 api (#808).
        """
        path = testdir.mkpydir("foo")
        path.join("test_foo.py").write(_pytest._code.Source("""
            class Test:
                def test_foo(self):
                    import pkgutil
                    data = pkgutil.get_data('foo.test_foo', 'data.txt')
                    assert data == b'Hey'
        """))
        path.join('data.txt').write('Hey')
        result = testdir.runpytest()
        result.stdout.fnmatch_lines('*1 passed*')

def test_issue731(testdir):
    testdir.makepyfile("""
    class LongReprWithBraces(object):
        def __repr__(self):
           return 'LongReprWithBraces({' + ('a' * 80) + '}' + ('a' * 120) + ')'

        def some_method(self):
            return False

    def test_long_repr():
        obj = LongReprWithBraces()
        assert obj.some_method()
    """)
    result = testdir.runpytest()
    assert 'unbalanced braces' not in result.stdout.str()

class TestIssue925():
    def test_simple_case(self, testdir):
        testdir.makepyfile("""
        def test_ternary_display():
            assert (False == False) == False
        """)
        result = testdir.runpytest()
        result.stdout.fnmatch_lines('*E*assert (False == False) == False')

    def test_long_case(self, testdir):
        testdir.makepyfile("""
        def test_ternary_display():
             assert False == (False == True) == True
        """)
        result = testdir.runpytest()
        result.stdout.fnmatch_lines('*E*assert (False == True) == True')

    def test_many_brackets(self, testdir):
        testdir.makepyfile("""
            def test_ternary_display():
                 assert True == ((False == True) == True)
            """)
        result = testdir.runpytest()
        result.stdout.fnmatch_lines('*E*assert True == ((False == True) == True)')


I read this article and found it very interesting, thought it might be something for you. The article is called Your Kids Don't Want To Inherit Your Clutter and is located at http://modernloss.com/your-kids-dont-want-to-inherit-your-clutter/.
One of the biggest gifts my father gave me when he died was leaving behind an organized home. Because having to sort through excessive amounts of disorganized clutter while you're grieving is excruciating. I know because as a professional organizer I've helped hundreds of families de-clutter their homes, many of which included attics, basements, and garages overstuffed with inherited items. Collections of old china. Crates of yellowed photos. Boxes and boxes of bric-a-brac. It's challenging enough to contend with your own household clutter, but having to sort through and make sense of someone else's clutter can feel like you're drowning.
• Review your paperwork annually, and make sure to recycle or shred anything that is outdated or unnecessary. Ask your accountant or trusted financial advisor for current guidelines on what legal documents to keep. Get rid of the rest. Nobody wants to look at your bank statements from 1982.
• Clearly label your files in broad categories so they will make sense to someone who is not you. Create a designated file (or file box) for all of your most important life documents. Label it prominently. If the file box is locked, or the files are in a safe deposit box, make sure someone you trust knows how to access them.
• Create a comprehensive list of all of your accounts with passwords and contact info for your advisors — financial, insurance, real estate brokers, etc. This is something that will be helpful to you while you're alive but will be essential for whoever is in charge of reconciling your estate.
Do you have precious jewelry, art, or family heirlooms you plan to pass on to your children? I can't tell you how many times I've seen family members try to sort out which of Grandma Esther's pearls are the real ones or which of the dozens of paintings left in the attic are actually worth something. Create a list of descriptions and/or images to reference, so ensure your kids know what items are actually valuable and important. Tell them where each item is located and whom you plan to leave what so there is no drama or confusion.
This is an easy one! Most music and entertainment platforms have become obsolete in the digital age. If you have a library of dusty CDs, DVDs, or even cassette tapes … well, don't. These items can be bulky and difficult to recycle so digitize them if you haven't, then donate them as soon as possible. Most households also have drawers full of old cameras, video recorders and electronics that rarely see the light of day. Match up your cords with the electronic devices you actually use and ditch the rest including the random cords and accessories.
Do you have 25 mismatched mugs? Are you storing dozens of reusable tote bags or maybe three kitchen appliances that all do the same thing? Spoiler alert: Your kids don't want to deal with any of them. Review your household items and streamline. Ditch anything that's broken, outdated, or unused. If you have duplicates, choose the ones that are in the best condition and donate the rest. Your children will thank you.
Here's what I want to leave my kids: one clearly labeled bin filled with the memorabilia that is truly meaningful to me. One. Bin. Here's why: I don't want my daughters to have to sift through an overstuffed basement wondering what I cared about or what they should hold on to. I want to make it as easy as possible for them. Also, I truly believe that the less you keep, the more meaningful it becomes. Once you edit and organize your memorabilia down to your most treasured essentials, store the treasures in waterproof, labeled, airtight bins. Cardboard boxes disintegrate and get dusty over time, and nobody wants to sift through old boxes filled with cobwebs.
Bonus: Do your kids a favor and help them to thoughtfully curate their own memorabilia now. One or two boxes of the most cherished treasures is much more manageable and meaningful, than dozens of them. One day all of it will be passed back to them, and most adults don't want to care for and store heaps of childhood mementos — even their own.
Feeling overwhelmed by the work ahead? Start with small, bite-sized projects. A drawer. A shelf. A bin. Remember, it's never too early (or too late) to start streamlining your home. A little better is still better, and any work you put in now will make your kids' lives so much easier later.
Shira Gill is the founder of Shira Gill Home, a lifestyle consultancy with a "less is more" philosophy. She offers on-site and virtual home organization, as well as online resources and inspiration to help you design a clutter-free life. Follow Shira on Instagram or her blog for weekly tips and inspiration.


text:
Window of opportunity opens for Iran
While the easing of some sanctions offers a chance to halt the slide in the Iranian economy, a return to strong growth will depend on the progress made in negotiations. Published in MEED, 29 December 2013
President Hassan Rouhani may well have been guilty of hyperbole when he told a television audience on 26 November that "we broke the structure of sanctions", but there is no doubt the deal agreed with the US and other international powers in Geneva two days earlier has some important consequences for Iran's economy.
In exchange for reducing its stockpile of enriched uranium and allowing more intrusive inspections of its nuclear facilities, the negotiating team led by Foreign Minister Mohammad Javad Zarif secured a modest scaling back of some sanctions, most notably on the country's petrochemicals industry, its car manufacturing sector, and gold and precious metals traders.
Warm reception
Far bigger prizes remain out of reach for now, with the sanctions on the oil and banking industries remaining largely in place. But, even so, the deal was greeted warmly by most of those in Iran. "People accept that things are on the up, even though it may take a little time," says one local resident in the Iranian capital. "The policies make sense. The question [concerns] the speed of achieving results."
The reaction on the stock market was also positive. The main market index, the Tedpix, has been rising in an almost unbroken run all year and has continued to make gains in the weeks since the deal was signed, closing on 15 December at a record high of more than 87,000 points. According to local broker Mofid Securities, trading volumes were more than 70 per cent higher in the week ending 27 November, compared with the week before, and remained well above the three-month average in the following two weeks.
"The agreement significantly reduced risks and raised optimism, especially in sectors like banks, petrochemicals and vehicles," the broker said in a market report issued on 27 November.
The US estimates that the deal could benefit the Iranian economy by up to $7bn over the six-month period covered by the interim Geneva agreement, although the White House says this figure is on the optimistic side. Its calculations include $1bn in revenues from higher petrochemicals exports and a possible $500m from automobile exports. Iran is also being allowed to repatriate $4.2bn from oil sales currently held abroad in restricted accounts and the US has promised to pause its efforts to further reduce Iranian oil exports. That means its international oil sales are likely to stay at about 1 million barrels a day (b/d), still far lower than the 2.5 million b/d average in 2011.
Others, however, suggest the gains for Iran's economy could be far greater. "In my view, the Iranian economy will benefit in the range of $20-30bn," says Nader Habibi, professor of Middle East economics at the US' Brandeis University. He says the auto industry is an area that could do particularly well, but points out that it should also become easier to secure insurance for shipping goods to and from Iran, which will have a significant impact on a wide range of sectors.
"The impact is already visible," he adds. "We see some readiness, especially from Europeans, to take advantage of any opportunities to boost their trade and investment relations with Iran. The business community expects a lot from this interim agreement."
Iranian officials have said they are keen to see international oil companies return to the country, including the likes of France's Total, Italy's Eni, Statoil from Norway and the UK/Dutch Shell Group. But with oil sanctions still firmly in place, any talks between these firms and Tehran will have to be on a purely hypothetical basis.
Strong position
However, companies in other sectors should be able to move quickly in the wake of the recent reduction in sanctions. The European firms most often cited as being in a good position to take advantage of the better trading environment are French car firms Renault and Peugeot, both of which had a strong foothold in the Iranian market until the US imposed sanctions on its car industry. The scale of their involvement was highlighted in July when Renault made a provision of E512m ($704m) in its results for the first half of the year to cover its entire exposure to Iran.
Local car makers such as Iran Khodro and Saipa rely heavily on imported parts for models licensed from European and Asian companies, but production levels have been tumbling under the weight of sanctions. Local investment firm Turquoise Partners says that the production rate of passenger cars was down 37 per cent in the first half of the current Iranian year, which began in March. It says the main problem has been sanctions, which have made it expensive or even impossible to bring in spare parts from abroad. "Even Chinese suppliers no longer provide Iranian manufacturers with their required parts like they used to," it said in a report released in November.
Such problems should ease in the coming months, but these gains will be fleeting if the interim deal is not followed by a more permanent agreement to end the dispute over the Iranian nuclear programme. In an interview with the Europe 1 radio station on 25 November, France's foreign minister, Laurent Fabius, said the EU would be able to lift sanctions in December, but he also warned that "this suspension of sanctions is limited, targeted and reversible". US officials have made similar statements.
Fiscal pressures
Any reversal would be very bad news for Iran. As sanctions have been gradually tightened in recent years, so the cracks have started to become ever more obvious in its economy. Inflation has been running at more than 30 per cent this year and the government's fiscal balance has been coming under pressure as a result of lower oil output.
Alongside the diplomatic efforts to reduce the impact of sanctions, Rouhani's administration has also been trying to bring a more professional approach to domestic economic policy-making to help address some of these problems.
On 8 December, he presented his first budget to the Majlis (parliament), which has 15 days to amend or approve it. According to local media reports, the draft budget is based on an average oil price of $100 a barrel. That is slightly lower than the average price that many economists are expecting for next year, but if sanctions are reduced further and Iranian crude starts to be traded freely on international markets once again, then prices could drop below that level.
Further details of Rouhani's budget proposals have not been officially released, and in any case may yet be amended by MPs, but his broader approach since he took office in June has been clear. In particular, his government has focused on reducing inflation and dealing with some of the fiscal pressures the government is under.
"On the surface, it seems to be a conservative budget," says Habibi. "It reflects the priority that the government gives to reducing fiscal pressures and bringing inflation down. The government is emphasising the need to focus on finishing incomplete projects rather than starting new ones. With respect to subsidies, it has not clearly said what it will do, but it seems to be moving to more targeted subsidies to reduce the burden on the budget.
"I think it is going to cause tension because there is going to be intense competition for fiscal resources. We're already seeing examples of that. Representatives of some provinces have protested about the proposed budget by arguing that their share of the development budget in real terms has declined."
Despite such criticisms, after the success in Geneva there is a certain amount of optimism in Tehran and Rouhani should have enough political capital to be able to push his spending plans through parliament. His critics and supporters will be watching closely to see if Iran is able to make the most of the window of opportunity it now has.
Policies working
Official data suggests his policies are already starting to help. Inflation has been dropping this year and the economy is at least predicted to grow again in 2014 after contracting this year. A Finance Ministry spokesman, Mohammad Baqer Nobakht, said on 9 December that it expects gross domestic product (GDP) to contract by 0.8 per cent for the current financial year, which ends in March, but to then expand by 3 per cent next year. Others outside Iran are not quite so optimistic, with the Washington-based IMF predicting a more modest 1.1 per cent growth in GDP next year.
Such forecasts will have to be revised upwards if a permanent deal is agreed with the US and its negotiating partners. But equally, if the two sides fail to build on the breakthrough they made in Geneva in November, then the prospects for Iran's economy are likely to quickly deteriorate.
"If the economy was declining now, at least it is becoming more stable or declining less," says Habibi. "There is improvement. It doesn't mean rapid growth, but it is better than the situation we were in two months ago. [The Geneva deal] has created a more positive environment for the economy, no doubt about it. But the performance of the fiscal budget and of the economy will depend on the progress in negotiations."
Newer PostAttempting to bridge the gulf
Older PostBleak outlook for Middle East's farming sector

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


DevOps Methodology | Credencys Solutions Inc.
Is your business struggling to meet ever changing customer demands? Are you concerned about the pace of development, code quality or testing of your Apps? DevOps solutions will help you remove bottlenecks in your software development, delivering quality results on continuous and timely basis. Leading enterprises are achieving more frequent deploys, stable operations and reduced costs with DevOps best practices. That's why Credencys has embraced DevOps methodology, making it a part of its core business ethics. It augments our software development, making it more agile and responsive; you can also adopt DevOps to achieve higher efficiency and weave amazing customer experiences.
DevOps is a natural choice for those who feel the need to align their development and operations teams to improve code quality, integrate continuously, and deliver faster. DevOps breaks the wall between development and operations, enabling continuous integration and continuous delivery, and will allow you to build high quality products, in less time.
Credencys offers DevOps as a service with proven tools, flows, and environment for small and large enterprises to spin up DevOps environment. You can develop, build, test, and deploy software across a variety of cloud environments including Amazon AWS, Openstack, Microsoft Azure, and others. Our DevOps team emphasizes on collaboration and integration of the automation tools to leverage a highly dynamic infrastructure from a lifecycle perspective. Automating code and version control are the two important and common tools in addition to configuration management and monitoring.
Nothing can be more hurtful to a brand than a mobile App with a one star rating. DevOps will ensure that you get builds with higher success rates and Apps with five star user ratings.
If your business demands you to race against time, DevOps will give you the requisite Agility, bringing significant reduction in time to deploy your MVP.
As DevOps automation increases time to market, this means you can try out all options with timely improvements, newer features and eventually reduce your opportunity costs.


Anna University CS6801 Multi Core Architectures and Programming Syllabus Notes 2 marks with answer is provided below. CS6801 Notes Syllabus all 5 units notes are uploaded here. here CS6801 notes download link is provided and students can download the CS6801 Syllabus and Lecture Notes and can make use of it.
Click below link to download Multi Core Architectures and Programming Study Materials.
Single core to Multi-core architectures – SIMD and MIMD systems – Interconnection networks - Symmetric and Distributed Shared Memory Architectures – Cache coherence - Performance Issues – Parallel program design.
Performance – Scalability – Synchronization and data sharing – Data races – Synchronization primitives (mutexes, locks, semaphores, barriers) – deadlocks and livelocks – communication between threads (condition variables, signals, message queues and pipes).
OpenMP Execution Model – Memory Model – OpenMP Directives – Work-sharing Constructs - Library functions – Handling Data and Functional Parallelism – Handling Loops - Performance Considerations.
Case studies - n-Body solvers – Tree Search – OpenMP and MPI implementations and comparison.


How Rich Is Davao-Based Entrepreneur Dennis Uy?
The listing of Chelsea Logistics Holdings Corp. on August 8 caps more than a year of frenzied mergers and acquisitions as well as fresh ventures for Dennis Uy, the emerging Davao-based tycoon. The 43-year-old entrepreneur first rose to national prominence after he founded and grew Phoenix Petroleum into one of the country's major independent petroleum retailers.
Uy is also known to be personally close to President Rodrigo Duterte, donating Php30 million to the latter's campaign in the 2016 presidential polls.
A diversified shipping company that transports both passengers and cargo, Chelsea Logistics is the third publicly listed company owned and controlled by Uy. He founded Phoenix Petroleum, which was listed in 2007, and acquired a large stake in already-listed shipping company 2GO Group Inc. in April 2017.
Chelsea Logistics' listing added around Php13.5 billion to the market value of Uy and his immediate family's holdings in publicly listed companies they also control. Udenna Corp., which he owns with his wife, controls 70 percent of Chelsea Logistics after the IPO. The other 30 percent will be held by the public. Closing its first day of trading at Php10.56 per share, Chelsea Logistics has a market capitalization of Php19.2 billion.
Already, he and his immediate family's holdings in Phoenix Petroleum Philippines Inc. has a market value of Php8.5 billion, roughly half of the listed oil company's total market capitalization of Php16.4 billion. Uy's Udenna Corp. has a direct 7.16-percent stake in Phoenix Petroleum. In addition, another 43.35 percent is held through Phoenix Petroleum Holdings Inc., which is 60 percent owned by Udenna Corp. and 40 percent by D-T-U Resources, a holding company owned by Uy, his father and other family members.
Phoenix Petroleum is one of the largest independent oil companies in the country, where Uy serves as president and CEO. As of end-2016, it operated over 500 retail gasoline stations all over the Philippines and controlled 5.7 percent of the market.
Phoenix Petroleum also made the news last May with its planned acquisition of Petronas Energy Philippines Inc., a local unit of the Malaysian oil and gas conglomerate Petronas. The acquisition was approved by the Philippine Competition Commission this August.
When Phoenix Petroleum celebrated its 10th listing anniversary last month, no less than Duterte came to join the celebration, the first time a Philippine president attended such an event. In his remarks, the President narrated Uy and the company's humble beginnings in Davao City, underscoring Uy's close relationship with Duterte.
As well, Uy's indirect holdings in listed 2GO Group has a market value of Php11 billion, or about 20 percent of the shipping group's market capitalization of Php55.8 billion. Uy's stake in 2GO Group are held indirectly through Chelsea Logistics, which owns 80 percent of KLGI-NM, which, in turn, has a 39.85-percent stake in Negros Navigation Co. The latter owns 88.3 percent of 2GO Group.
2GO Group Inc. has over 24 vessels and 2,900 retail branches around the country. Last April, Uy was appointed as president and CEO of 2GO Group, and he confirmed in a press conference during Chelsea Logistics' listing ceremony that he is planning to increase his stake in the 68-year-old company.
Adding the market value of Uy and his immediate family's stake in Chelsea and Phoenix Petroleum yields a total of Php22 billion. (The value of his indirect interest in 2GO is not included because it is already part of Chelsea's market valuation).
While a portfolio of three listed companies is already impressive, Dennis Uy's business empire doesn't stop there.
The businessman will also develop an integrated resort and casino in Lapu-Lapu City in Cebu. Called the Lapu-Lapu Leisure Mactan, the 12-hectare development was approved by the Philippine Amusement and Gaming Corp. last May and is valued at $341 million, just about a third of the minimum $1 billion required for each of the four integrated resorts located at the Entertainment City strip along Manila Bay. The project is listed under a real estate subsidiary, Udenna Development Corp. (UDEVCO), and is slated to be completed by 2022.
Last July, he completed his acquisition of Enderun Colleges Inc., which runs a private college in Bonifacio Global City. While the size of his stake was not specified, Uy acquired the company through Udenna Corp.
Check out the infographic to see more details on Dennis Uy's major companies.


Impact Vision Therapy is a new name for a vision therapy program established in 1980! Impact Vision Therapy helps patients from all over the southern part of our beautiful state.
Impact Vision Therapy was previously known as Southern Colorado Vision Therapy and Chapel Hills Vision Development. Impact Vision Therapy is a specialty practice that works with children and adults who struggle with visual issues.
Check the Symptoms! Download this checklist to see if the symptoms may be a visual problem.


See mazzo and the zoo on youtube.
See Zoa tou dasous on youtube.
See Ο Άνθρωπος Ελέφαντας 1980 on youtube.
See ΜΙΑ ΑΡΚΟΥΔΑ ΚΑΦΕ - Εδώ Λιλιπού on youtube.
See Scorpions - The Zoo (Live In M on youtube.
Mazoo and the Zoo similar movies given below. Rate each movie or TV Series, add your own reviews and suggest new title as related. See big list of best top movies that are like Mazoo and the Zoo film.
Top movies like Mazoo and the Zoo complete list given below.
Description: In order to preserve her noble bloodline, Princess Alita reluctantly flees her besieged kingdom. Her hasty escape takes a curious turn when a collision with the infamous bounty hunter Falis leads to an unwilling exchange of souls.
Description: Prince Kaito's return has Falis and her team planning their departure. Although crushed, Alita reluctantly accepts her friend's desire for adventure. But before they part ways, a mysterious girl uses her powers to cast the heroes as outlaws.
Description: Falis is badly wounded during a daring escape. With Kaito and the royal units in hot pursuit, the unlikely band of allies strikes out for the border - until Dominikov's fireside revelations reveal the strong force drawing evil to Forland.
Description: This winter is extraordinary; Moomintroll decides to stay awake to discover the winter instead of hibernating as usually. And winters are certainly fully various than he had imagined. Strangest monsters wander amidst the snowdrifts; midwinter darkness surrounds the Moominvalley, and on top of that, an eccentric guest is later to appear. This guest requires many measures, and is named Christmas, Hemulen says to a surprised Moomintroll.
Description: The Cat in the Hat takes Nickname and Sally on the craziest Halloween adventure, where they go to the Oooky-ma-kooky Closet to support search Nickname and Sally the greatest Halloween costumes ever.
Description: 'A Guest of life' is inspired by the adventure of Alexander Csoma de Koros. The eccentric 19th century set out from his native Transylvania to central Asia on foot, only taking his knowledge of 13 dead and spoken languages with him. He wanted to search the ancestors of the Hungarians, but once reaching Tibet he stayed there, compiling an English-Tibetan dictionary, translating and abridging Buddhist teachings and literature, including the Ebook of the Dead. The movie however is not a biopic, but a collection of impressions of Tibet, recorded on an 8mm camera, overlaid with excerpts from Csoma's diary and translations, spoken on the many languages familiar to Csoma. Intercut with the documentary-style footage are animated segments, which say Transylvanian folktales that have been weaved around the legendary figure of Csoma.
Description: The storyline follows a group of birds on a adventure where they test to search a better life for themselves and the ones they love.
Description: A short black comedy film with a scent of horror. A distant planet somewhere in zone inhabited by black Characters from fairy tales.
Description: This is a storyline about the eternal miracle of life and death. The unfortunate death of a wild hare turns into a remarkable experience for kids who search his body and bury it in a sand box. Actually buried, the hare's life fades away and variety of magical monsters that lived inside him leave his body in find for a fresh home. The hare's life ends by merging with nature, but is reborn in the plants and animals around it. This fairy-tale for kids encourages us to think about what death is.
Description: An experimental animated film, adapted from a poem narrating a young child's dream.
Description: An experimental animation about four folks at a beach, three boys and one woman.
Description: A girl works in an alternate realm where pc deletions are dumped and dealt with accordingly.
Description: An animated recreation of Van Gogh's "Les iris" is juxtaposed with audio from the auction of the piece for millions of dollars more than the artist should have ever imagined.
Description: It's the future, and humanity is but a memory, existing only in scattered pieces. That is until a pillow's needlepoint rendering of three individuals, collectively known as the Clothespin Freaks, finds the spark of life and surfaces to fulfill their destinies. Once aware of their purpose, the group starts assembling the remains of humanity they see all around them.
Description: A man is by an accident a member of a team that is going to travel to the moon.
Description: In a post-apocalyptic future where humanity has fallen apart, a group of scientists and an animated sign finished the construction of a fresh human race and meet a groundhog climatologist who prepares them for their point to restore balance to the decimated Earth.
Description: Race Across Fresh Zealand was the first of three telefilms made for the Rocket Power cartoon series, first transmitted on Nickelodeon in the US on 16 Feb 2002, during the 2002 Winter Olympics. The plotline entails the Rocket Power gang's trip to Fresh Zealand to participate in "The Junior Waikikamukau Games", with Otto Rocket competing vs the son of an athlete who once beat his father Ray at a race in Fresh Zealand (allegedly by cheating), and his sister Reggie's attempts to receive herself noticed by Ray, who is constantly cheering for Otto exclusively. Sports featured in this telefilm contain zorbing, mountain biking, tubing, dirtboarding, windsurfing, and snowboarding.
Description: This is a classing Jordan animation, primarily in B/W, with touches of color. Actually, the engraved art work was movie on color negative, so that subtle variations in tone are recorded. The mood--enhanced by John Davis' original music--is dream-like. It is both lyric and crackling, producing a type of anticipatory tension. The scenes, in the usual Jordan manner, follow the surreal principle of placing objects and folks where the ought not to be, and making movements that in the waking globe are impossible. Every stage is a type of drama from other world.
Description: In this chapter of Marvel's Deathlok the Demolisher saga, Wolverine faces a sinister enterprise bent on destroying each last superhero. When the evil corporation sends cyborg killers after them, Wolverine squads with an unlikely ally.
Description: A decade after the happenings of the original Alpha Squad storyline, the squad is sent out into the jungle to resuce the kidnapped daughter of delegate Henry Cainman.
Description: Couple Mary and Leo take a wrong turn on the street and encounter many spooky things.
Description: Russian stop motion animation depicting the court of the Duke and Duchess as they mock and abuse the titular hero.
Description: Kyoto Animation commercial that aired during episode 10 of Tamako Market.
Description: Picture drama featuring Ein.
Description: The newborn butterfly Bruno flies into the wide globe to look for something better, not realizing that he was born at the greatest zone ever. A vicious bush is drawing Bruno like a magnet. And just before landing on a leaf, Bruno is eaten up. Only the wings remain fall from the leaves. Through a mist, they are taken to other world. Bruno's journeys in the another globe end up with a lecture about LIFE AFTER LIFE Bruno's unexpected question "Aren't you wrong, isn't it life before life that you're trying to prove?" becomes fatal. The scientist gets so mad that he falls onto the floor, lifeless.The mad audience kills Bruno as well. Through the mist, the pieces of both, the scientist and Bruno, fall into the next world. After landing, by chance, on the same flower, they recognize every other. During a brief conversation, they realize that in a method both of them were right.
Description: Lion and Bird break into an uninhabited villa to search out about the reason why it is not aging. Instantly they feel the power, which keeps the villa alive. A fairytale about self-liberation.


text:
История Гагаузии — краткие сведения об истории Гагаузии.

Существует много различных гипотез о происхождении гагаузов.
Большинство гагаузов поселилось в буджакских степях южной Бессарабии после её перехода под контроль Российской империи в 1812 году. В силу территориальных изменений гагаузы оказались под управлением румыно-молдавской администрации в 1856—1878 годах.

В ходе Первой русской революции 6 января 1906 года в Комрате провозгласили республику, однако восстание жителей города было подавлено через 6 дней.

В 1918—1940 годах территория современной Гагаузии входила в состав Королевства Румыния. В советское время территория проживания гагаузов была разделена между двумя советскими республиками — Молдавской ССР и Украинской ССР. Впоследствии её несколько раз делили на более мелкие административные регионы, что привело к разрыву этнокультурных связей между гагаузскими деревнями.

В последние годы существования СССР проявился как молдавский национализм, так и гагаузское стремление к самоопределению. Дискуссии об отделении от Молдавии активизировались после принятия в 1989 году закона о языках, который гагаузы сочли дискриминационным. 12 ноября того же года состоялся Чрезвычайный съезд представителей гагаузского народа, на котором по инициативе движения «Гагауз халкы» была провозглашена Гагаузская Автономная Советская Социалистическая Республика в составе Молдавской ССР, но на следующий день Президиум Верховного Совета Молдавской ССР отменил решения Чрезвычайного съезда, назвав их антиконституционными.

19 августа 1990 года состоялся I Съезд народных депутатов степного юга Молдавской ССР, на котором была принята «Декларация о свободе и независимости гагаузского народа от Республики Молдова» и провозглашена Республика Гагаузия в составе СССР. 21 августа на чрезвычайном заседании Президиума Верховного Совета Молдавской ССР решение о провозглашении республики было признано незаконным, а проведение съезда депутатов — антиконституционным. 25 октября 1990 года молдавские националисты-волонтёры начали марш к границам самопровозглашённой республики; завершился поход мирно. Руководство Гагаузии поддержало августовский путч ГКЧП. Первым и единственным президентом непризнанной республики в 1991—1995 годах был Степан Топал. 23 декабря 1994 года парламент Молдавии утвердил автономию Гагаузии.

В 2011 году в Гагаузии после неудовлетворительных оценок многих выпускников по предмету «румынская литература» обострился конфликт с властями Молдавии.

2 февраля 2014 года власти автономной республики провели референдум, в ходе которого 98 % избирателей поддержали интеграцию в Таможенный союз и высказались за «отложенный статус автономии», который даёт ей право выйти из состава Молдавии в случае утраты ею независимости. Власти Молдавии объявили проведение референдума незаконным, а его результаты — не имеющими юридической силы.

В 2015 году на выборах башкана (главы) Гагаузии победила Ирина Влах. В 2019 году она была переизбрана, набрав более 90 % голосов.

Примечания

Гагаузы

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


The club held the "first training" session at Ascot Park on Saturday 25th which was a successful day of social study but a little less successful study on the racebooks (esp. for the Author) with the course favourite Terror to Love getting pipped at the post by Savapatrol in the Invercargill Cup race.
ran a gallant race for second pulling Mitch Harvey in Sulky Cart after the winners got a jump on the field with a false start.
Cheers to all who attended and especially those dedicated individuals who stayed on till the refreshments were finished well after the last race.
Waitangi Day saw the Presidents VII face off against the DR Racing VII on a nice sunny day at the club. Batting first the Presidents VII posted a competitive 166/4 off 20 overs. Top scorer was El Presidente Regan Johns top scoring with 70 no, a promising partnership between Regan and Allan Meikle was cruelly cut short by a tragic run out when Allan was on 20.
The DR Racing VII had some big hitters at the top of the order with Rolly and Glenda doing some damage however this good work was offset by a slow scoring 58 by Oscar Jenkins which saw the Presidents VII win in the last over due to some magnificent fielding and bowling. At this stage Oscar showed his Bernie Madoff accounting skills and claimed his team had already won a couple of overs previously and some end of match sledging was settled by the President declaring a super over for both teams with the lowest scoring batsmen to front up.
Once again magnificent bowling and fielding by the Presidents VII saw the right team win. Cricket was the winner on the day with about 20 dropped catches and a couple of run outs being the highlights.


Hundreds of firefighters have been mobilised to contain a fire caused by a blast at a pesticide plant in Jiangsu province on Thursday.
At least 47 people were killed yesterday in an explosion at a chemical plant in Chenjiagang Industrial Park in Yancheng, in eastern China's Jiangsu province. The blast also injured 640 others, 90 of them seriously. The explosion was so powerful that the China Earthquake Administration reported it had detected a magnitude 2.2 earthquake believed to be from the blast.
Injured residents scrambled for medical help after the explosion tore through the Jiangsu Tianjiayi Chemical plant. In the hours before dawn today, injured people were still streaming into the emergency ward at Xiangshui People's Hospital, one of the biggest hospitals in Xiangshui county, about 300km north of Shanghai.
Xu had arrived at the hospital shortly after 7pm with a cough that worsened into breathing difficulties.
She lives near the pesticide plant and was settling down for a nap when the facility exploded. She was diagnosed as being poisoned by smoke from the blast and put on an intravenous drip.
Dozens of relatives waited anxiously outside the hospital's casualty area, which was guarded by the police.
Eight-year-old Xu Mengyao was discharged after being given 30 stitches in her forehead. The explosion had shattered the windows of her classroom at a school 20 minutes' walk from the plant.
With all nearby clinics full, Mengyao's parents were turned away from three places before they could find help. Once her wound was stitched up, her parents took her to A hospital to be treated for her cough.
Cao Lubao, mayor of Yancheng, where the blast occurred, said today that the fire had been put out and that nearly 3,000 people – employees of nearby plants and residents – had been evacuated after the explosion.
Paramilitary police officers attend to a person injured in the explosion.
The plant has been flattened and reduced to rubble, with only part of the workshop frame still standing. Its bosses have been taken into police custody.
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This striking period property is located in one of Bowdon's most popular and prestigious settings. This is one of only a handful of detached Victorian houses in an area where most properties of a similar age and size are semi detached. The house stands centrally in a generous plot and has landscaped gardens to the front and rear and has extensive off road parking as well as a double garage. The accommodation is incredibly versatile and extends to around 5888 sq ft and includes a magnificent entrance hall, three reception rooms, a dining kitchen, seven bedrooms and six bath/shower rooms. There are also basements and a detached garage. Whilst the property has been modernised over the years, many of the magnificent original features have been preserved, including fireplaces, deep skirting boards and ceiling cornicings. Contact [email protected] for more information.


At Genesis we are committed to financing business. Since we commenced Principal-Lending in 2000 we have been actively involved in refinancing assets that businesses already own and this remains our primary focus.
Equipment Refinance enables your business to raise cash (for any general commercial purpose) which is secured against the used plant/machinery/equipment/vehicles owned outright by your business.
Critical to every one of the many equipment refinance proposals we transact is the need to establish clearly that your business owns the assets being used as security for the finance; we have tried and tested documentation enabling us to deal with this issue and therefore provide the finance required quickly and efficiently.
Your business sells the asset(s) to us and we agree a hire-purchase plan for the asset(s). The asset remains in your business and, at the end of the repayment period, should you choose to your business can exercise the option-to-purchase element of the contract and thereby take ownership of the asset back for a nominal fee.
Similarly to Sale and Hire-Purchase Back, your business sells the asset to us, providing you with the capital you need, and leases the asset back with rentals spread across the duration of the agreement.
This differs to the above two Products; ownership of the asset remains with your business with the Loan being secured by a Chattel Mortgage over the asset. This Product is available only to Limited Companies.


Date of Adoption: June 2, 2003.
Purpose: WAC 458-20-185 Tax on tobacco products, provides guidance to taxpayers necessary to meet the requirements of chapter 82.26 RCW, Tax on tobacco products. The rule explains who is the taxpayer, the measure of tax, credits available against the tax, and the record-keeping requirements of those who handle for sale tobacco products. This rule has been amended to reflect changes to the law pursuant to chapter 325, Laws of 2002 (Initiative 773), and chapter 420, Laws of 1997.
Citation of Existing Rules Affected by this Order: Amending WAC 458-20-185 Tax on tobacco products.
Adopted under notice filed as WSR 03-08-042 on March 27, 2003.
• Changed subsection (2)(g)(i) to recognize that the sales price between affiliates may be a fair market value.
• Rewrote subsection (4)(c)(iv) to clarify that the subsection refers to the distribution of samples only.
WAC 458-20-185 Tax on tobacco products. (1) Introduction. This ((section)) rule explains the tax liabilities of persons engaged in business as a retailer, distributor or subjobber of tobacco products. ((It addresses only those taxes which apply exclusively to tobacco products.)) The tax on tobacco products is in addition to all other taxes owed. For example, retailers, distributors, and subjobbers are liable for business and occupation tax on their retailing or wholesaling activities, use tax on tobacco products distributed as samples, and litter tax on the value of the tobacco products. See WAC 458-20-186 for tax liabilities associated with taxes which apply exclusively to cigarettes.
(2) Definitions. The following definitions apply to this rule.
(iv) Shorts, refuse scraps, clippings, cuttings((,)) and sweepings of tobacco, ((or)) and other kinds ((or)) and forms of tobacco, prepared in such manner as to be suitable for chewing or smoking in a pipe or otherwise, or both for chewing and smoking.
(b) "Manufacturer" means a person who manufactures and sells tobacco products.
(iv) Any person engaged in the business of selling tobacco products in this state who handles for sale any tobacco products that are within this state but upon which tax has not been imposed.
(((c))) (d) "Subjobber" means any person, other than a tobacco manufacturer or distributor, who buys tobacco products from a distributor and sells them to persons other than the ultimate consumers.
(((d))) (e) "Retailer" means any person engaged in the business of selling tobacco products to ultimate consumers.
(f) "Sale" means any transfer, exchange, or barter, in any manner or by any means whatsoever, for a consideration, and includes and means all sales made by any person ((for a consideration)). It includes all gifts by persons engaged in the business of selling tobacco products, for advertising, as a means of evading the provisions of chapter 82.26 RCW, or for any other purposes whatsoever.
(((e))) (g) "Wholesale sales price" means the established ((manufacturer's)) price for which a manufacturer sells tobacco product to the distributor, exclusive of any discount or other reduction.
(((f))) (i) A wholesale sales price that is an established price must reflect the fair market value of the tobacco products. In the case where a seller and buyer establish a sales price that does not reflect fair market value, such as may occur in certain sales between affiliated companies, the wholesale sales price is the fair market value of the tobacco product and not the sales price established by the seller and buyer.
(ii) The phrase "discount or other reduction" includes any reduction from the established wholesale sales price made to a specific customer or class of customers.
Example. Pursuant to a half-price promotion, a manufacturer sells tobacco products to a distributor. The invoice lists $100 as the price of the product less a $50 discount resulting in a net invoice of $50. The tax is due on $100 which is the wholesale sales price exclusive of any discount or other reduction.
(h) "Business" means any trade, occupation, activity, or enterprise engaged in for the purpose of selling or distributing tobacco products in this state.
(i) "Place of business" means any place where tobacco products are sold or where tobacco products are manufactured, stored, or kept for the purpose of sale or consumption, including any vessel, vehicle, airplane, train, or vending machine.
(j) "Retail outlet" means each place of business from which tobacco products are sold to consumers.
(k) "Department" means the department of revenue.
(l) "Person" means any individual, receiver, administrator, executor, assignee, trustee in bankruptcy, trust, estate, firm, copartnership, joint venture, club, company, joint stock company, business trust, municipal corporation, the state and its departments and institutions, political subdivision of the state of Washington, corporation, limited liability company, association, society, or any group of individuals acting as a unit, whether mutual, cooperative, fraternal, nonprofit, or otherwise. The term excludes any person immune from state taxation, including the United States or its instrumentalities, and federally recognized Indian tribes and enrolled tribal members, conducting business within Indian country.
(m) "Indian country" means the same as defined in WAC 458-20-192.
The rate of tax is a combination of statutory percentage rates found in RCW 82.26.020 ((and)), 82.26.025, and 82.26.028. ((Charts with current rates are available from the special programs division at the department of revenue. The tax is to be paid by the distributor at the time the distributor brings or causes to be brought into this state from without the state tobacco products for sale. (4))) The total current rate of tax is shown on the current combined excise tax return.
(4) Imposition of tax. The tax is imposed once on all tobacco products sold, used, consumed, handled, or distributed within this state.
(iv) Handles for sale any tobacco products that are within this state but upon which tax has not been imposed. For example, a retailer with a place of business in this state purchases for sale tobacco products from an enrolled tribal member of a federally recognized tribe located within Indian country. Because the tax was not imposed on the enrolled tribal member, the retailer must pay the tax.
(b) Additional occasion when tax may be imposed. Any retailer who fails to keep invoices as required under chapter 82.32 RCW and which invoices do not conform to the requirements set forth in subsection (5)(b) of this rule is liable for the tax on any uninvoiced tobacco product which that retailer handles for sale.
(c) When an out-of-state person is a distributor who must pay the tax. A person located out-of-state who is selling tobacco products to Washington wholesalers from a stock of goods located outside this state is not a distributor and therefore is not liable for the tax.
(i) On the other hand, a person located out-of-state who is selling and shipping tobacco products to Washington retailers from an out-of-state stock of goods is a distributor and is subject to the tax. If the out-of-state person is not required to register and pay taxes in Washington, the retailers to whom it sells must pay the tax. However, such out-of-state persons may elect to register with the state and pay the tax.
The undersigned retailer hereby certifies that the undersigned will remit to the state the tax due on the tobacco products specified below purchased from seller. This certificate shall be considered a part of each order which the undersigned may give to the seller, unless otherwise specified, and shall be valid until revoked by the undersigned in writing or until it expires, whichever occurs first. This certificate expires four years from the effective date.
Name of Seller: . . . . . . . . . . . .
Name of Retailer . . . . . . . . . . . . Effective Date . . . . . . . . . . . .
UBI/Registration # . . . . . . . . . . . .
Address of Retailer . . . . . . . . . . . .
Tobacco products purchased . . . . . . . . . . . .
Agent for Retailer (print) . . . . . . . . . . . .
Signature . . . . . . . . . . . .
(iii) A person who is located out-of-state and who is required to register and pay taxes in Washington may sell and ship tobacco products to a Washington customer who is both a wholesaler and retailer. Under this circumstance, the person, the customer, and the department may enter into a written agreement that identifies the person who will remit to the state the tax due as to those particular sales. The written agreement will contain such other terms and conditions that are acceptable to the department.
(iv) When a person located outside Washington distributes samples in this state, that person must pay the tax on those samples.
(5) Books and records. Since the tobacco products tax is paid on returns as computed by the taxpayer rather than by affixing of stamps or decals, the law contains stringent provisions requiring that accurate and complete records be maintained ((and preserved for five years for examination by the department of revenue)). The records must include all pertinent papers and documents relating to the purchase, sale, or disposition of tobacco products and must be kept for a period of at least five years after the date of the document or the date of the entry appearing in the records.
(a) Distributors. Distributors must keep at each registered place of business complete and accurate records for that place of business. The records to be kept by distributors include itemized invoices of tobacco products held, purchased, manufactured, brought in or caused to be brought in from without the state or shipped or transported to retailers in this state, and of all sales (((including customers' names and addresses))) of tobacco products except retail sales. ((All other pertinent papers and documents relating to purchase, sale, or disposition of tobacco products must be retained.)) The itemized invoice for each purchase or sale must be legible and must show the seller's name and address, the purchaser's name and address, the date of sale, and all prices and discounts. Itemized invoices must be preserved for five years from the date of sale.
(b) Retailers and subjobbers. Retailers and subjobbers must secure ((and retain legible and)) itemized invoices of all tobacco products purchased((, showing name and address of the seller and the date of purchase)). The itemized invoice for each purchase must be legible and must show the seller's name and address, the purchaser's name and address, the date of sale, and all prices and discounts. Itemized invoices must be preserved for five years from the date of sale.
(c) Warehouses. Records of all deliveries or shipments (including ownership, quantities) of tobacco products from any public warehouse of first destination in this state must be kept by the warehouse.
(((5))) (6) Nonpayment of tax by retailers. If the department finds that any nonpayment of tax by the retailer was willful, penalties and interest shall be assessed in accordance with chapter 82.32 RCW. In the case of a second or plural nonpayment of tax by the retailer, penalties and interest will be assessed in accordance with chapter 82.32 RCW without regard to willfulness.
(a) Example. In the course of an audit of Retailer, the department determines that on several occasions Retailer failed to pay the tax. The department does not find the nonpayment to be willful. Retailer owes the tax due on all occasions of nonpayment and the penalties and interest is assessed on all but the first occasion of nonpayment. A few years later Retailer is audited again. The department finds one occasion of nonpayment of tax. In addition to the tax due, penalties and interest will be assessed in accordance with chapter 82.32 RCW.
(b) Example. In the course of an audit of Retailer #2, the department determines that on several occasions Retailer #2 failed to pay the tax. The department determines that the nonpayment of tax was willful. In addition to the tax due on all occasions of nonpayment, Retailer #2 owes penalties and interest on all occasions.
(7) Reports and returns. The tax is reported on the combined excise tax return((, Form REV 40 2406,)) to be filed according to the reporting frequency assigned by the department. Detailed instructions for preparation of these returns may be secured from the department.
Out-of-state wholesalers or distributors selling directly to retailers in Washington should apply for a certificate of registration, and the department will furnish returns for reporting the tax.
(((6))) Retailers, distributors, and subjobbers may be required to file a report with the department in compliance with the provisions of the National Uniform Tobacco Settlement when purchasing tobacco products from certain manufacturers. Please see WAC 458-20-264 and chapter 70.157 RCW.
(8) Interstate sales and sales to U.S.
(a) The tax does not apply to tobacco products sold to federal government agencies, nor to deliveries to retailers ((or wholesalers)) outside the state for resale by such retailers ((or wholesalers)), and a credit may be taken for the amount of tobacco products tax previously paid on such products. RCW 82.26.110. The credit is not available for sales made for delivery outside this state other than sales for resale to retailers. For example, no credit may be taken for a sale of tobacco products delivered to a consumer outside the state.
The undersigned buyer/retailer hereby certifies that the tobacco products specified below are purchased for resale outside this state by the undersigned. This certificate shall be considered a part of each order which the undersigned may give to the seller, unless otherwise specified, and shall be valid until revoked in writing by the undersigned or until it expires, whichever occurs first. This certificate expires four years from the effective date.
Name of Seller . . . . . . . . . . . . Effective Date . . . . . . . . . . . .
Name of Buyer/Retailer Business . . . . . . . . . . . .
Address . . . . . . . . . . . .
Items purchased for resale . . . . . . . . . . . .
Agent for buyer/retailer (print) . . . . . . . . . . . .
Date . . . . . . . By . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Credit issued on Memo No.
credit approved by: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Washington . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(10) Enforcement. Pursuant to RCW 82.26.121 and 66.44.010, enforcement officers of the liquor control board may enforce all provisions of the law with respect to the tax on tobacco products. Retailers, distributors, and subjobbers must allow department personnel and enforcement officers of the liquor control board free access to their premises to inspect the tobacco products contained in the premises and to examine the books and records of the business. Failure to allow free access or to hinder or interfere with department personnel and/or enforcement officers of the liquor control board may result in the revocation of the business license.


text:
Prosecutors are mainly to blame for the criminal justice crisis
By David S. D'Amato, opinion contributor — 08/21/19 09:00 AM EDT
The views expressed by contributors are their own and not the view of The Hill
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In a speech last week at the National Biennial Conference of the Grand Lodge Fraternal Order of Police, Attorney General William Barr William Pelham BarrDems plan marathon prep for Senate trial, wary of Trump trying to 'game' the process Pentagon to place new restrictions, monitoring on foreign military students Parnas: Environment around Trump 'like a cult' MORE lamented the emergence of "anti-law enforcement DAs" who "refus[e] to enforce broad swathes of the criminal law." Barr cited in particular their refusal "to prosecute cases of resisting police," which Barrs sees as symptomatic of an "anti-police narrative [that] is fanning disrespect for the law."
Barr's speech paints a grim picture of "predators in our society." He says that "violence, lawlessness, and predation lie just below the surface," but it's worth asking who is really responsible for this predation.
If Barr is genuinely worried about respect for the rule of law, he ought indeed to turn his attention to prosecutors, but not the reform-minded prosecutors he damns. Insulated from accountability and empowered with extraordinarily broad discretion, prosecutors are among the greatest dangers to the rule of law and the most socially destructive forces in American life today.
If American defendants are innocent until proven guilty as a matter of law, they are nonetheless too often treated as guilty until proven innocent as a matter of fact. Likewise, if the American system is an adversarial jury system in theory, it is in fact a mere "administrative process [that] operates within the shell of the due process model"— a process in which prosecutors wield tremendous power and discretion.
In a country that massively over-criminalizes non-criminal activities, a genuine adversarial system — like the one demanded by the Constitution — simply becomes too burdensome. In its place grew up a mockery of justice.
The actions of prosecutors, who operate in what "Locked In" author John Pfaff calls "an invisible middle space," don't receive the attention given those of police officers or politicians, insulating them from public or democratic scrutiny and thus for responsibility for their actions.
And prosecutors enjoy some of the broadest possible protections for actions undertaken in their job. Absolute prosecutorial immunity means that even their worst crimes go unpunished, that incredibly prosecutors face no civil or criminal repercussions whatsoever for egregious intentional acts that have put innocent people in prison for years.
Following the Supreme Court's 1976 ruling in Imbler v. Pachtman, the country's courts have applied the policy of absolute prosecutorial immunity broadly, holding that even acts like falsifying or withholding evidence and bribing or coercing witnesses are protected activities insofar as they "involve decisions of judgment affecting the course of a prosecution."
The practical effect of such a warped system of incentives is a justice system that actively serves injustice, one that is rotten and racist to its core, ushering millions of people into prison in perfunctory administrative proceedings that frequently victimize the innocent.
Last year was a record-breaking year for both prison years served by innocent defendants later exonerated (a total of 1,639 years, averaging 10.9 years per exoneree) and the role of official misconduct in cases that produced exonerations (at least 107 of exoneration cases involved proven misconduct).
And black Americans are far more likely to be wrongfully convicted, making up nearly half of those convicted and subsequently exonerated over the past 30 years. Prosecutors and police seem to be able to put black people in jail for virtually anything or nothing here in the "Land of the Free."
This brings us back to Barr's speech. Given what we know about the character of resisting arrest charges, it is worth noting that Barr was especially disturbed by prosecutors who refuse to pursue these.
Police officers are far more likely to state that a defendant resisted arrest when that defendant is black; following the tragic death of Eric Garner, one study of New York arrests found that black defendants in misdemeanor drug possession cases are 85.4 percent more likely to be charged with resisting arrest than white defendants.
Further, as Pfaff observes, a situation in which resisting arrest is the one and only charge often points to police abuse of power, where the officer is aggressing against the arrestee, not the other way around.
As we've noted, at the center of this corrupt system, which places the burden of proof on the defendant rather than the government, is the decay of the adversarial system designed to meaningfully and rigorously test the government's claims. As a National Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers report demonstrates, trials in criminal cases are a dying breed on the verge of extinction, an ever greater number of criminal defendants pleading guilty to avoid what has come to be called the "trial penalty."
The trial penalty is the difference between the penalty prosecutors offer defendants who plead guilty at some point before trial and the sentence defendants receive after a trial.
The Cato Institute's Timothy Lynch, a criminal justice expert, argues that this practice of plea bargaining, however pervasive, is unconstitutional and therefore indefensible, that the government uses its devastating power to "retaliate against individuals who wish to exercise their right to a trial by jury."
It is no exaggeration to say that the plea bargain has completely obliterated the constitutional right to a trial in criminal cases, with almost all felony convictions resulting from plea bargains (a staggering 97 percent in federal criminal proceedings).
In this system, dominated as it is by the sway of the plea bargain, prosecutors act as judge, jury, and executioner. Judges in criminal cases are no longer impartial custodians of justice and the rule of law, but administrative flunkies who serve the unscrutinized ends of prosecutors and police. Wielding the overwhelming power vested in their offices and subject to heightened ethical obligations particular to their role, prosecutors should be held to a higher standard than the rest of the population, not a much lower one.
We might think that these officers of the court, whom we explicitly expect to have comparatively better judgment and a more cultivated ethical consciousness, would operate within a stricter framework of incentives.
Arguably their intentional misdeeds are, given these special circumstances, rendered even more serious and should thus carry more severe penalties; they are, after all, carried out in the name of justice and, indeed, in the name of the state. Instead, prosecutors are allowed to operate with near impunity, to ruin lives with, in most cases, not even a cursory nod in the direction of justice and due process.
Judged by its results (and we have only those by which to judge it), the American criminal justice system seems to be committed to maximizing the number of imprisoned, not to accomplish justice or anything remotely approximating it.
In a sane system, an even half-just system, most of what prosecutors do today would be regarded as criminal conduct. Given that he is the country's top law enforcement official, Barr's comments and his general insensitivity to the criminal justice crisis in the United States, though not at all surprising, are what's really disturbing.
David S. D'Amato is an attorney, an expert policy advisor at both the Future of Freedom Foundation and the Heartland Institute. He is also a columnist at the Cato Institute's Libertarianism.org.
Tags William Barr Government Criminal procedure Legal procedure Plea bargain Criminal justice


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text:
What is Holacracy?
Holacracy is a new way of running an organization that removes power from a management hierarchy and distributes it across clear roles. The work can then be executed autonomously, without micromanagement.
from medieval Latin, from Latin halos, from Greek halōs 'disc of the sun or moon'.
Theoretical and speculative
Absence of business fluctuations, Absence of monopolistic practices, Adaptable to changes, Better leadership, Better welfare, Better welfare, Continuity, Greater efficiency, Individualism, Internally stable economic syatem, Law making process simpler
Common ownership
Neither Heritance nor Elective
In Holacracy, one of the principles is to make the implicit explicit tons of it is about creating clarity: who is in charge of what, who is taking what kind of decision so it's very flexible at the same time." Evan Williams
Authority and decision-making are distributed throughout a holarchy of self-organizing teams rather than being vested in a management hierarchy. Holacracy has been adopted in for-profit and non-profit organizations by many countries.
Find What is Holacracy!
Find what is sociocracy! Holacracy is a new way of running an organization that removes power from a management hierarchy and distributes it across clear roles. The work can then be executed autonomously, without micromanagement.. It can also be described as,NA. For any form of government some characteristics would define its framework and structure. Absence of business fluctuations, Absence of monopolistic practices, Adaptable to changes, Better leadership, Better welfare, Better welfare, Continuity, Greater efficiency, Individualism, Internally stable economic syatem, Law making process simpler are some of the good characteristics of sociocracy whereas Not Applicable are some of its demerits. You can also know about other characteristics like majority rule, succession and also facts of sociocracy like the presence of parliament and constitution.
Holacracy Information
Get to know all the sociocracy information with respect to different aspects. You get a general outline of Holacracy with respect to all its important parameters like definition, etymology, history, characteristics, structure, pros and cons, etc. All these features have been summarized for you or you can explore them in detail: Holacracy Definition, Characteristics of Holacracy and History of Holacracy.
Chartered Company
When you are studying sociocracy, it is important to also know about Other Governments. Though the basic principles of these types of government are same, it is interesting to know how do they actually differ. We make it is easier for you to find out detailed information about other types of government as well. Many types of governments have peculiar and distinct features in itself. The ideologies for these various other governments are unique. The base principle of these governments is specific and atypical.Get a summary of Other Governments and know about all its features and important factors!
Nomocracy vs Colony
Nomocracy vs Dependent Territory
Nomocracy vs Chartered Company
About Holacracy
Knowing a type of government and it's attributes is essential. The factors giving rise to the emergence of sociocracy are as much important as its evolution. We provide you with all the details about sociocracy. Holacracy first came into existence in Europe. Right from its origin in 20th century AD to the modern times, many people have made noteworthy contributions to the growth and development of sociocracy as a type of government. A few of the sociocracy leaders are Not Available.
Holacracy Summary!
Holacracy summary is an overview about its definition, advantages, disadvantages, origin, etc. The word sociocracy has originated from Latin language(s). ND These are some of the advantages of Holacracy.
ND. These are the disadvantages of sociocracy that hamper the functioning of entire system. Also compare sociocracy with other forms of government like Holacracy vs Absolute Monarchy, Bureaucracy vs Absolute Monarchy.
Dependent Territory
Unorganized Territory
Magnocracy vs Nomocracy
Corporate republic vs Nomoc...
Cybersynacy vs Nomocracy


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Prof. Casselberry on the Historic Contributions of African American Women Archives
February 18, 2016 by Elina Zhang '16
Assistant Professor of Africana Studies Judith Casselberry gave a presentation called "Why so African American Women Matter in America?" in Ladd House this week. Her talk was part of a larger "Why African American [Blank] Matter" series organized for Black History Month by the African American Society and Africana Studies Program.
Casselberry focused on three important African American women in history: Elizabeth Key, Ida B. Wells, and Fanny Lou Hamer. She also stressed the need to incorporate intersectionality into historical analysis. Intersectionality is the study of overlapping social identities — such as gender, race, class, sexual orientation and religion — and how they relate to oppression or discrimination. "I want to emphasize the importance of pushing back against single axis analysis," she said.
Casselberry began by introducing Elizabeth Key, a slave of John Mottram in Virginia who filed a suit in 1665 against the Mottram estate, after John died, for illegally enslaving her. Key primarily argued that her birth status as the daughter of a free white Englishman, Thomas Key, made her a free subject according to English common law. While Key took advantage of a legal slippage of the time, the loophole was finally closed in 1662 when the Virginia House of Burgesses passed a law stating that a person's legal status is determined by the mother, not the father. Casselberry argued that this new law "enabled the rape of black women, and codified the sexual economy of black women breeders."
Casselberry moved onto 1884 when Ida B. Wells filed suit against the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad Company after a train conductor ordered her into the Jim Crow car. While Wells lost her case before the Tennessee Supreme Court, Wells became the first black editor for Free Speech and Headlight, an anti-segregationist newspaper started by Reverend Taylor Nightingale. Casselberry argued that Wells used her writing to illuminate how representing the black man as a sexual predator of white women distracted the public eye's attention from the rape of black women by white men.
Casselberry concluded with Fannie Lou Hamer, a woman who stood before the Democratic National Convention to challenge a pro-segregation Mississippi delegation, only to be interrupted by Lyndon B. Johnson. Casselberry asked, "Why was LBJ so scared of Hamer's testimony? He was scared that her testimony would reveal the gravity of black women's experiences in the South." Hamer's testimony and her activism would reveal the sexual violence inflicted upon African American women, including the sterilization of "six out of 10 women," according to Casselberry.
Casselberry emphasized the impossibility of separating race politics from women's politics and called for a reclaiming of the "complexity" of historical analysis and future policymaking. She said, "We should not lose sight of real women who put their lives on the line so we may live justly. They matter."
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