Just How Cold is Jupiter?
While scientists continue to discover fascinating ways in which Mars might be a habitable planet for humans, many people are beginning to wonder why we aren't exploring other planets as viable options for building human colonies. Among the first planets asked about is Jupiter, the largest planet of all that could house at least double the amount of Earth's growing number of inhabitants.
Fans of Jupiter might be disappointed to learn that there are a few reasons why this planet is far from habitable. The biggest reason has to do with its uniquely cold climate.
Jupiter is minus 234 degrees Fahrenheit. This data alone tells us everything that we need to know about its habitability. Why is it so cold? Because it's so far away from the sun. Earth is about 93 million miles away from the sun while Jupiter is approximately 484 million. Currently, even the most inventive minds at NASA are incapable of developing technology to compensate from this insanely low temperature.
Now, we all know that on Earth, the temperature depends on how close you are to the equator. The closer you are, the hotter your local climate. This isn't the case with Jupiter, however. The heat that Jupiter does have comes from its core rather than the sun. Therefore, its temperature and climate don't really vary all that much, and how cold you'll feel depends on how far above the planet's surface you are.
In fact, being so far away from the sun compared to Earth creates a host of habitability issues. Another reason why we can't conceive living on Jupiter is because of the planet's gravity situation. Jupiter's gravity is about 2.5 times ours, meaning that that simple mobility would be greatly compromised. Imagine having two people who are each the weight of your own body standing on your shoulders permanently. Now, try to imagine simply walking across the room to grab yourself some water. Doesn't sound easy, does it?
Let's remember for a moment that Jupiter's atmosphere is composed of hydrogen and gas while ours is composed of nitrogen, oxygen, argon, carbon dioxide and hydrogen. As natives to Earth, we have no difficulty breathing in its air as our lungs have adapted to it long before the planet was given a name.
Meanwhile, the atmosphere of Jupiter is impossible for humans to breathe in. Essentially, we would suffocate before being able to explore the planet.
We also have to remember that Jupiter is a gaseous planet, meaning that it's not believed to have solid ground. In order to live somewhere, solid ground is pretty important, isn't it?
So, how does Mars differ from Jupiter in terms of habitability? Well, for one thing, its ground is solid. It's also close enough to the sun to have a habitable temperature that humans, in theory, can handle. And, its atmosphere isn't so far off from our own.
But, you never know when it comes to space travel. One day in the future, scientists may discover a way to make any planet habitable. That's the beauty of space technology, isn't it?
As of now, it's simply impossible to live on Jupiter due to a variety of factors. However, Mars is looking more and promising every day.


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Lawrence Summers and Martin Feldstein on Pro-Growth Tax Reform
Location: 437 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10022
Summary Sentence: No summary sentence submitted.
Full Summary: Former Senators Sam Nunn (D-GA), Pete Domenici (R-NM), Warren Rudman (R-NH), and Evan Bayh (D-IN) invite you to join them and other former Members of Congress to the third of four forums on America's fiscal challenge.
Part of Strengthening of America—Our Children's Future
THURSDAY, SEPTEMBER 27, 11:00 am – 1:00 pm
Watch the webcast here: http://cs.is/TqX0fB
http://csis.org/event/strengthening-america-national-security-americas-debt
Former Senators Sam Nunn (D-GA), Pete Domenici (R-NM), Warren Rudman (R-NH), and Evan Bayh (D-IN) invite you to join them and other former Members of Congress to the third of four forums on America's fiscal challenge.
PANEL ONE
Former Treasury Secretary and Director of the White House U.S. National Economic Council
Former Chairman of the Council of Economic Advisers
PANEL TWO
David M. Cote
Chairman and CEO, Honeywell
Alfred P. West Jr.
Chairman, American Business Conference; CEO, SEI
Navin Thukkaram
COO, Qwiki, Inc.
Note: You must log on to your CSIS account to register. If you do not have an account with CSIS you will need to create one. If you have any difficulties, please contact imisadmin@csis.org.
Strengthening of America—Our Children's Future is an initiative of The Concord Coalition,The Bipartisan Policy Center, the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS),the American Business Conference, the James A. Baker III Institute for Public Policy at Rice University, the Hoover Institution at Stanford University, and the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs at Harvard University.
The Steering Committee for Strengthening of America currently includes the following former members of Congress:
Howard Baker (R-TN), Bob Bennett (R-UT), David Boren (D-OK), Bill Brock (R-TN), Richard Bryan (D-NV), Mike Castle (R-DE), Jack Danforth (R-MO), Tom Davis (R-VA), Byron Dorgan (D-ND), Mickey Edwards (R-OK), Daniel Evans (R-WA), Bill Frenzel (R-MN), Dan Glickman (D-KS), Slade Gorton (R-WA), Bob Graham (D-FL), William Gray (D-PA), Judd Gregg (R-NH), Chuck Hagel (R-NE), Jane Harman (D-CA), J. Bennett Johnston (D-LA), Nancy Kassebaum (R-KS), David McCurdy (D-OK), Jim Nussle (R-IA), Tim Penny (D-MN), Chuck Robb (D-VA), Tim Roemer (D-IN), Alan Simpson (R-WY), Charlie Stenholm (D-TX), John Tanner (D-TN), Tom Tauke (R-IA), and Tim Wirth (D-CO).
Ivan Allen College of Liberal Arts, Sam Nunn School of International Affairs, Center for International Strategy, Technology, and Policy (CISTP)
Sam Nunn Forum
Created By: Rebecca Rolfe
Created On: Sep 25, 2012 - 8:44am

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Chicago West Side pharmacy survives for 60 years
January 4, 2022 by Marita Overfelt
Chicago has encouraged pharmacies to locate in underserved areas — with little success. Qato pointed to a CVS branch that in 2010 received nearly $1 million in incentives to open in East Garfield Park. A nearby independent drugstore quickly closed, and the CVS shut its doors several years later, creating a pharmacy desert.
Illinois launched a program in 2019 to subsidize pharmacies in underserved urban and rural areas. But, Qato said, the program doesn't adequately target neighborhoods at risk of becoming pharmacy deserts and excludes large chain pharmacies, which may be the only drugstores remaining in a neighborhood.
A year into the program, she said, only three of 80 eligible pharmacies in Chicago have received funds. Muldrow said he hadn't heard of the program.
Some business strategies create de facto deserts. Late last year, the health insurer Aetna, owned by CVS Health, began preventing its Medicaid patients in Illinois from filling prescriptions at Walgreens pharmacies. As a result, some patients could no longer use the closest drugstore.
Subscribe to Crain's: $1 for 4 weeks
Dr. Thomas Huggett, a family physician at the Lawndale Christian Health Center on the West Side of Chicago, said some of his patients had trouble getting their medications in the first month of the new policy. One patient, who was homeless and had been diagnosed with severe mental illness, couldn't get his prescription filled. Another had to take two buses to get his injectable antipsychotic medication. A third patient couldn't get Suboxone, a treatment for opioid addiction.
"In the middle of one of the hotter spots in the country for opioid overdoses on the West Side of Chicago, it's hard to imagine how anybody could justify it," Huggett said.
In urban areas, Illinois regulations require prescription insurance plans to have at least one in-network pharmacy within a 15-mile radius or a 15-minute drive of their enrollees. But that can be too far to be practical for many customers, Huggett said.
"The majority of patients who have Medicaid have Medicaid because they are poor, and they generally don't have cars," Huggett said. "Looking at the maps, it is just so stark to see. The CVSs are intentionally avoiding black areas of Chicago."
CVS spokesperson Mike DeAngelis said that about half of CVS stores nationwide are in areas that rank high on the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Social Vulnerability Index, which tracks poverty, lack of vehicle access and crowded housing, among other factors.
"Maintaining access to pharmacy services in underserved communities is an important factor we consider when making store closure decisions," DeAngelis said in an email. "Other factors include local market dynamics, population shifts, a community's store density, and ensuring there are other geographic access points to meet the needs of the community."
James Spidle, a 66-year-old veteran with serious heart problems, walks a mile using a cane to catch a bus in the Washington Heights neighborhood, about 13 miles south of Del-Kar, to pick up his prescriptions from a Walmart.
"I do the walk back and forth as a stress test," he said. "If I don't have any chest pains, I keep going."
A closer option, a Walgreens, closed in 2016. A sign on the door directed customers to another branch that was a mile away in a more affluent neighborhood and had a grocery store pharmacy across the street.
The Endeleo Institute, the community development arm of Trinity United Church of Christ, has tried to fill the gap, using church vans to drive people to the nearest pharmacies. Melvin Thompson, its executive director, listed four other chain pharmacies that had closed within a three-mile radius of the Walgreens that shuttered in Washington Heights.
"Here we are in the midst of a pandemic, and we're losing even more of these vital services in communities that can't afford to lose," he said. "It's citywide, but it just seems to be relegated to Black and brown communities."
Walgreens officials did not answer questions about how the company decides to close stores, but said that in metro Chicago about 99% of Chicagoans live within 2 miles of one of their stores. Walgreens spokesperson Kris Lathan said the company allocated $35 million to reopen 80 stores in Chicago damaged during the civil unrest after the murder of George Floyd in 2020.
"All but two of those locations have reopened," she said. "The remaining two will open in the first half of 2022."
Democratic state Rep. La Shawn Ford said pharmacy closures represent a loss of health care access for the community. "The pharmacy is not just a place to pick up medicine, it's a surrounding of health care," he said. "Who's going to talk to that person when they get their medicine mail-delivered?"
It can also be a lifeline in other ways. During the pandemic, when indoor dining was shut down, Muldrow set up an outdoor grill and served burgers, tacos and other food. That showed him how much the neighborhood needed him — and for a lot more than medications. He is planning an expansion, to include a bodega with a juice bar and restaurant.
Muldrow was also reminded that the community is there for him in return. Last year, during the civil unrest, several businesses near Del-Kar were destroyed. But, in an echo of 1968, his shop emerged unscathed.
"I didn't have any worries. I slept real good," Muldrow said. "The brothers over here on Lawndale, they watched over me. If you know the people, the people look out for you."
Markian Hawryluk writes for Kaiser Health News, a nonprofit news service covering national health policy. It is an editorially independent program of the Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation which is not affiliated with Kaiser Permanente.
High-quality journalism isn't free. Please consider subscribing to Crain's.


ERP Maestro Founder and CEO, Jody Paterson, recently spoke at the Gartner Security & Risk Management Summit on the topic of Best Practices to Reduce SAP Access Control Risk. Thousands of attendees traveled to National Harbor, MD to find the balance between enabling your organization to move forward against its objectives while also protecting it, your customers and employees, so you can have faster business process and improved ROI.
The journey to a mature and effective SAP Access Control environment is challenging and filled with complexity. Many have to navigate and orchestrate the tools, people and processes that must work together to achieve the goal of reducing risk with an acceptable level of overhead. This session outlined the need for automation, some best practices and real-world lessons for achieving automated access controls in an SAP environment.


Maruti Suzuki will shift production of the Swift from Manesar in Haryana to Hansalpur in Gujarat. The all-new 2018 Swift will be exclusively made at Hansalpur, where it will share the factory with the Baleno hatchback. This move is expected to make full use of the factory at Gujarat.
For the first two generations of manufacture, the Swift was manufactured from Maruti's Gurgaon and Manesar factories in Haryana. This is the first time ever that production of the Swift has shifted totally out of Haryana, to Gujarat. In a production span of 13 years across two models, Maruti produced 13 lakh Swifts from Gurgaon and Manesar factories.
In 2016, Maruti started producing cars from its newly set up factory at Gujarat. This factory will cater to both the domestic market and exports. Presently, Maruti has the capacity to build 2.5 lakh cars from its Gujarat factory each year. This capacity will be doubled by the end 2018-19.
This production doubling will be very important as Maruti expects to sell at least 15,000 units of the all-new Swift each month. The company also sells nearly 12,000 units of the Baleno each month, which means that it will need capacity to build nearly 27,000 cars a month from the Gujarat factory, which is about 3.2 lakh cars a year.
Maruti has plans to further expand the Gujarat factory to 7.5 lakh cars per year. However, a clear timeline on when this production expansion will happen hasn't been revealed. The 2018 Swift and the Baleno hatchbacks are based on the same HEARTECT platform. They also shares engines, and the diesel-manual transmissions.
While the petrol powered Swift uses gets an AMT option, the Baleno Petrol uses a CVT automatic transmission. The Swift offers an additional diesel-AMT option. These are the only major mechanical differences between the two cars. While Maruti sells the Baleno through Nexa dealerships, the new Swift will be sold through regular (rebranded to Arena) dealerships.


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13-Year-Old Girl Fatally Shot in Neck While Teaching Mom TikTok Dance Inside Home
News By TooFab Staff | 6/25/2020 11:54 AM PT
The bullet went through a "Chicago Lives Matter" sign before hitting Amaria Jones.
A 13-year-old girl was killed over the weekend in Chicago while showing her mom a new dance move in their own home, per police.
Amaria Jones was fatally shot by a stray bullet from outside her apartment that went through her television and struck her in the neck.
"She was showing me this dance called TikTok," Amaria's mother, Lawanda Jones, told CBS Chicago
"I turned around and I was looking for her and she was on the ground reaching out like this, holding her neck," she continued. "I was like, 'What?! What?! What?!'"
.@chicagosmayor we aren't safe in our own homes! A 3y/o baby was shot last night! & this 13y/o child was killed in her own home! 2 other teens shot too.
We demand that you @GovPritzker @ToniPreckwinkle treat #GUNviolence like a public health crisis!#AmariaJones #SayHerName pic.twitter.com/WpruL923Or
— GoodKidsMadCity (@GKMC18) June 21, 2020 @GKMC18
"The last thought that I have of my baby is her reaching out with blood gushing out her neck," she continued.
On Saturday, an unknown gunman fired the shots that also hit two teenage boys outside Amaria's apartment.
The boys were taken to a local hospital and were listed in good condition. Amaria was taken to Stroger Hospital of Cook County in critical condition and died about a half hour later.
"No one want to be a member of burying their child," Jones said. "It's supposed to be is -- them burying us, not us burying them."
The lives of these beautiful children, 3-year-old Mekhi James and 13-year-old Amaria Jones were taken in #Chicago this weekend. Please remember them. ❤🙏🏻 https://t.co/HHqDtSIhls. pic.twitter.com/lZfHrq8yny
— Carol Roth (@caroljsroth) June 23, 2020 @caroljsroth
Per the outlet, the bullet that killed Amaria also pierced a "Chicago Lives Matter" sign hanging outside her apartment.
"Our kids are not safe no more. Period," Jones said. "You can't sit on your porch. You can't even be in your own house. You'll get killed."
Jones has called for the person that killed her daughter to turn themselves in to authorities.
Amaria's death marked one of 15 shooting fatalities in Chicago over the weekend, the deadliest of the year so far, which included a toddler and three other teenagers, per Chicago Sun Times.
"To the other parents whose kids got shot -- my heart goes out to them too, because don't nobody know what it's like unless you are in these shoes, to lose a child," Jones said to CBS Chicago.
"You might sympathize with us, but you ain't going to feel the pain until it actually happens."
Meanwhile, a vigil was held Monday night to honor Amaria, who dreamed of becoming an attorney one day, Jones said.
Got a story or a tip for us? Email TooFab editors at tips@toofab.com.
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| Flash Fiction | Drama | Shadow Dad
Shadow Dad
Diana Paul || Ford Spencer
My dad—just got the annual note — "Spend this wisely." Can almost imagine the tear tracks from having to write the check—an obligatory "gift" he sends every year to each of his three kids.On the very last day of the year. His accountant said he should. Part of "estate planning" he said. But Dad procrastinated. Didn't start sending us checks until he turned 89. Died at 91.
What can I say about my father? The words "Dad" and "Daddy" get stuck in my throat. He was almost invisible to me—a shadow who sometimes startled me when I remembered he was in the room. In the 50's growing up in Akron, Ohio most of my friends' dads were the same—absent from our lives, working long hours in offices around town, coming home late. The shadow we sometimes saw at dinner.
About Diana Paul
Diana Y. Paul is an author and artist, living in Carmel, California. She is a former Stanford University professor who has published three books on Buddhism, written articles on US-Japan trade for California newspapers, and has a blog/website, http://www.unhealedwound.com.
>> Diana Paul's author page
Baby Bea
by Madeleine Wrigley
Melted Ice Cream


text:
Вольфганг Ханиш (; ) — немецкий метатель копья, обладатель Кубка Европы, победитель и призёр Кубков мира, призёр чемпионатов Европы и Олимпийских игр.

Карьера
В 1970 году в Париже Ханиш стал бронзовым призёром чемпионата Европы среди юниоров. Серебряный (1974) и бронзовый (1971, 1978) призёр чемпионатов Европы. Победитель розыгрыша Кубка Европы 1979 года в Турине. Победитель (1979) и серебряный призёр розыгрышей Кубка мира. На летних Олимпийских играх 1980 года в Москве завоевал бронзовую медаль с результатом 86,72 м, уступив советским спортсменам Дайнису Куле (91,20 м) и Александру Макарову (89,64 м). Показанный Хайнишем в 1978 году лучший личный результат (91,14 м) был признан рекордом ГДР.

Примечания

Метатели копья ГДР
Легкоатлеты на летних Олимпийских играх 1980 года
Бронзовые призёры летних Олимпийских игр 1980 года

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Materials science - A235Material properties - A150General material properties - A211Thermal conductivity - A116
5 Level I
5.1.1 Units
5.1.2 Typical Property Values
5.1.2.1 Range of thermal conductivity values for gases, liquids, and solids
5.1.2.2 Approximate thermal conductivity ranges of materials of the different solid material classes
5.1.2.3 Examples of typical values seen in composite material constituents and materials involved in the manufacturing processing (e.g. tooling)
5.1.2.4 Selection of anisotropic carbon reinforcement fibre thermal conductivity values (Sourced by Slesinger [3])
5.2 Measurement
5.2.1 Transient Methods
5.2.2 Steady-State Methods
6 Level II
6.1 Material Microstructure Dependence
6.1.1 Gas
6.1.3 Solids
6.2 Process and Environment Dependence
6.2.1 Temperature
6.2.1.1 Example: Pure aluminum (99.99+ %) thermal conductivity changes with temperature (values from: ASM Handbook Vol.2A [9])
6.2.2 Pressure
6.2.3 Material State
6.2.3.1 Solid-solid phase transformations
6.2.3.2 Degree of cure (DOC)
7 Level III
7.1 Modelling
7.1.1 In-plane laminate thermal conductivity
7.1.2 Through-thickness laminate thermal conductivity
7.2 Related pages
Thermal conductivity, \(k\), is defined as the material property measuring a material or medium's ability to transport heat energy. Materials with a high thermal conductivity are highly conductive materials, and are considered to transport heat internally at a high rate. While insulators are defined as materials with a low thermal conductivity value, and transport heat slowly.
This page defines thermal conductivity, explains its significance in composites processing, and provides some typical values. This page also discusses the effect of process parameters and material microstructure. Measurement methods are briefly discussed. Links to ASTM measurement techniques are provided, but the techniques are not discussed heavily as this is covered in CMH-17 [1] and in the provided ASTM links.
A material's thermal conductivity is central to its thermal response; whether this is for the composite part during its operational use, or for the part and its manufacturing tool during the composite manufacturing process. In the context of manufacturing, examining the thermal conductivities of different materials can be one of the considerations in the selection of the tooling material, tool design, and the employed composite part thermal curing cycle.
Thermal conductivity is defined as the material property measuring a material or medium's ability to transport heat energy. Materials with a high thermal conductivity are highly conductive materials, and are considered to transport heat internally at a high rate. While insulators are defined as materials with a low thermal conductivity value, and transport heat slowly.
It is defined as a physical constant \(k\) from Fourier's Law. In the 1-D heat flow scenario, Fourier's Law can be defined as:
\(q=-k\frac{dT}{dx}\)
\(q\) = heat flux [J/m2·s]
\(k\) = thermal conductivity [W/m·K]
\(\frac{dT}{dx}\) = temperature gradient [K/m]
Empirically, Fourier's Law describes heat flow to be proportional to the temperature gradient and a physical constant of the material, its thermal conductivity. This relationship is valid under steady-state temperature conditions, when both the temperature gradient and the temperature profile across the material are constant and not changing with time. In the 1-D heat flow case illustrated below, the steady-state condition is defined when the temperature profile across the material span L between constant surface temperatures T0 and T1 (temperature gradient) is linear and constant with time.
1-D temperature profile across a material span L - under steady-state conditions.
Thermal conditions when the heat transfer involves a changing temperature profile, referred to as unsteady or transient heat flow, involves the related thermal material property of thermal diffusivity.
The general units of thermal conductivity \(k\) are provided as:
\(k=\frac{Power\, unit}{Length\, unit\cdot Temperature\, unit}\)
The following are common International System of Units (SI) and US Customary Units found in the literature for thermal conductivity:
Base units W/m·K BTU/h·ft·°F
Other common forms W/cm·K BTU·in/h·ft2·°F
W/m·°C
Range of thermal conductivity values for gases, liquids, and solids[edit | edit source]
Thermal conductivity of materials of different phases.
Thermal conductivity values range from high for pure metals (solids) to low for gases such as air. The large differences in thermal conductivity across the different material states is an important consideration in composite processing. For example, a vacuum bag leak in a composite vacuum bag setup can undesirably allow an insulating gas layer to enter the layup stack, and in extreme cases results in insufficient laminate curing temperatures being achieved.
Approximate thermal conductivity ranges of materials of the different solid material classes[edit | edit source]
Material Class
Thermal Conductivity (\(k\))
Approximate Range
[ref.]
Metals High 20 - 400 W/m·K good thermal conductors [2]
Ceramics Low 2 - 50 W/m·K thermal insulators [2]
Polymers Low Order of 0.3 W/m·K
(< 1 W/m·K)
thermal insulators [2]
Examples of typical values seen in composite material constituents and materials involved in the manufacturing processing (e.g. tooling)[edit | edit source]
Composite Use
(SI units)
W/m·K
(US Customary Units)
BTU/h·ft·°F
Reinforcement Fibres Carbon Fibre 2.5-300 1.4-173 [3]
Glass Fibre (S2) 1.45 0.838 [4]
Matrix Materials Polyester 0.2-0.6 0.1-0.3 [5]
Epoxy 0.2-0.6 0.1-0.3 [5]
Tooling Materials Steel 15-52 8.7-30 [2]
Aluminum 247 143 [2]
Invar 10 5.8 [2]
For some materials, the thermal conductivity varies significantly depending on the heat flow direction (anisotropic). For example, carbon reinforcement fibre properties are anisotropic [6], and can vary in orders of magnitude between the axial (\(k_{11}\)) and the transverse (\(k_{22}\)) directions. However, published values do not consistently report the transverse properties. A selection of anisotropic values of carbon fibres was sourced from the literature by Slesinger [3], a subset of them is provided below.
Selection of anisotropic carbon reinforcement fibre thermal conductivity values (Sourced by Slesinger [3])[edit | edit source]
\(k_{11}\)
(W/m·K)
(BTU/h·ft·°F)
AS4 7.7 2.4 4.45 1.39 [6]
CN80 320 11 185 6.36 [7]
T300 100 11 57.8 6.36 [7]
T650 14 5 8.09 2.89 [8]
YS80 320 11 185 6.36 [7]
Thermal conductivity can be measured by either:
Transient thermal condition test methods
Steady-state thermal condition test methods
Transient Methods[edit | edit source]
Transient test methods are more precisely measuring thermal diffusivity, where the thermal conductivity value can be derived and extracted. Transient measurement methods will not be discussed further on this page. Please see the thermal diffusivity page for transient measurement methods.
Steady-State Methods[edit | edit source]
The following steady-state measurement methods for thermal conductivity are recommended by the Composites Materials Handbook - 17 (CMH-17) [1]:
ASTM C177: (Preferred Method) Standard Test Method for Steady-State Heat Flux Measurements and Thermal Transmission Properties by Means of the Guarded-Hot-Plate Apparatus
ASTM E1225: Standard Test Method for Thermal Conductivity of Solids Using the Guarded-Comparative-Longitudinal Heat Flow Technique
ASTM C518: Standard Test Method for Steady-State Thermal Transmission Properties by Means of the Heat Flow Meter Apparatus
The fundamental principle to all of the listed methods is to induce a controlled steady-state one dimensional constant heat flow across the material being measured with heat flowing in the direction of interest. Simplified, this is achieved by placing the specimen material in good contact between two surfaces of constant but differing temperatures (a hot plate, and a cold plate) forming a constant temperature gradient across the specimen.
Illustration of thermal gradient test setup principle used to measure thermal conductivity. Thermal gradient is induced on specimen by placing between a hot and cold plate at constant temperatures.
By measuring the temperature at the specimen surface(s) and the temperature of the hot and cold plates once steady-state is obtained, the thermal conductivity of the specimen is determined. For further details of the listed methods, please consult directly the ASTM standards.
Material Microstructure Dependence[edit | edit source]
A material's ability to transport thermal energy is directly dependent on its atomic microstructure and the associated energy transport mechanisms. As a result, thermal conductivity varies greatly between materials of the different phase classes and different solid material classes.
Gas[edit | edit source]
The high molecular disorder and spacing of gases (compared to liquids and solids), results in the lowest thermal conductivities of the material phases as molecules struggle to collide and transfer vibration energy.
Liquid[edit | edit source]
The molecular disorder present in liquids also inhibits efficient energy transfer by thermal motion compared to highly ordered close packed solid phase materials.
Solids[edit | edit source]
For solids, the closed packed and ordered structure provides for efficient heat energy transfer through lattice vibration (wave motion known as phonon transport). This energy transfer is highest for highly ordered crystalline solids. Further, the thermal conductivity of metals is also enhanced by the presence of mobile electrons which provide an additional mechanism for conductive energy transfer.
In solid materials, the mechanisms for thermal energy transport occurs in two ways:
Vibration of lattice waves (phonons) (\(k_l\))
Free electrons (\(k_e\))
Where the total conductivity energy contributions:
\(k=k_l+k_e\)
The contribution of each of the mechanisms is dependent on the material's chemical and atomic microstructure.
High thermal conductivity
(Thermal Conductors)
Low thermal conductivity
(Thermal Insulators)
large number of free electrons
highly pure metals, free electron most efficient and dominant over phonon transport
alloying reduces free electron transport efficiency
lacking large number of free electrons
phonon transport dominated
phonons not as effective as free electrons for heat energy transport
energy transfer by vibration and rotation of polymer chain molecules
highly crystalline and ordered polymers have greater conductivity
Process and Environment Dependence[edit | edit source]
Temperature[edit | edit source]
Thermal conductivity is influenced by temperature. For gas phases, thermal conductivity increases with increasing temperature, except at high pressures, where the opposite is true. Liquid thermal conductivity is also a stronger and nearly linear function of temperature. The thermal conductivity in a solid is a function of temperature, with most solids showing a maximum thermal conductivity at low temperatures, which may actually be several orders of magnitude higher than at room temperature. The trend of thermal conductivity change with temperature for solids is very much material dependent. Sudden material structure changes can be occurring, e.g. material state changes such as solid-solid phase transformations can occur at specific temperatures.
Thermal conductivity values should be looked up in handbooks or measured for the material at the temperature of interest.
Example: Pure aluminum (99.99+ %) thermal conductivity changes with temperature (values from: ASM Handbook Vol.2A [9])[edit | edit source]
-223 °C 1350 781
-50 °C 235 136
0 °C 236 136
25 °C 237 137
100 °C 240 139
Pressure[edit | edit source]
Thermal conductivity is influenced by pressure. Increasing pressure will slightly increase the thermal conductivity of a gas. Although pressure can affect liquid thermal conductivity, the effect is negligible low to moderate pressures. Very high pressures of hundreds to thousands of atmospheres are usually required to produce a significant change in liquid thermal conductivity. Therefore, pressure dependence is typically ignored. For solids, pressure affects thermal conductivity causing a linear increase with increasing pressure.
Material State[edit | edit source]
Changes in material state can lead to changes in thermal conductivity. Two examples are described below.
Solid-solid phase transformations[edit | edit source]
Sudden changes in the thermal conductivity values for some metals at distinct temperatures is attributed to solid-solid phase transformations. In these cases, the solid crystal structure phase change can transition to either promote improved energy transfer or decrease the energy transfer efficiency of the solid.
Degree of cure (DOC)[edit | edit source]
During cure, thermoset resins like epoxies undergo polymerization and cross-linking. The thermal conductivity of curing epoxies has been shown to increase linearly with increasing degree of cure development. The influence is attributed to improved phonon transport within the resin due to the tightening of the structure and increased interaction between molecular groups with cross-linking [10].
Modelling[edit | edit source]
The following thermal conductivity modelling discussion is adopted from the literature review previously done by Slesinger [3].
The thermal conductivity of composite laminates can be predicted from the thermal conductivity of the reinforcement fibre and resin constituents. Because of the anisotropic thermal properties of the reinforcement fibres, the laminate has different in-plane and through-thickness conductivities.
In-plane laminate thermal conductivity[edit | edit source]
For in-plane conductivity \(k_{11C}\), the rule-of-mixtures is used [11]:
\(k_{11C}=V_fk_{11f}+(1-V_f)k_r\)
\(V_f=\) volume fraction fibre
\(k_{11f}=\) fibre (longitudinal) thermal conductivity [W/m·K]
\(k_r=\) resin thermal conductivity [W/m·K]
As fibre longitudinal thermal conductivities are higher than the resin, increasing \(V_f\) increases the composite laminate conductivity.
Through-thickness laminate thermal conductivity[edit | edit source]
For through-thickness, the Springer-Tsai relationship [12] used for calculating the laminate thermal conductivity \(k_{22C}\). The presented form is for cylindrical fibres and square packing array.
\(\frac{k_{22C}}{k_r}=(1-2\sqrt{V_f/\pi})+\frac{1}{B}\Biggl(\pi-\frac{4}{\sqrt{1-(B^2V_f/\pi)}}\tan^{-1}\frac{\sqrt{1-(B^2V_f/\pi)}}{1+\sqrt{B^2V_f/\pi}}\Biggr)\)
\(B=2\Biggl(\frac{k_r}{k_f}-1\Biggr)\)
\(k_f=\) fibre thermal conductivity [W/m·K]
\(k_r=\) resin (matrix) thermal conductivity [W/m·K]
The Springer-Tsai relationship assumes isotropic conductivity in the fibres and a packing arrangement with isolated fibres in a square grid of resin. From a micro-mechanical point of view, the assumption of no fibre contact in the Springer-Tsai relationship is incorrect. The absent fibre-fibre contact raises the through-thickness conductivity, and higher \(V_f\) increases the frequency of fibre-fibre contact [13].
Recent works have used finite-element models of unit-cells consisting of several fibres in partial contact, surrounded by the matrix [7]. The unit-cell result can be more accurate than assuming no fibre contact in a closed-form solution, but it is a time consuming approach. A new unit-cell must be analyzed for every change in fibre architecture, and verification that the composite micro-structure matches the unit-cell geometry is difficult.
↑ 1.01.1 [Ref] Composite Materials Handbook 17 - Polymer Matrix Composites; Guidelines for Characterization of Structural Materials. 1. SAE International on behalf of CMH-17, a division of Wichita State University. 2012. ISBN 978-0-7680-7811-4. CS1 maint: date and year (link)
↑ 2.02.12.22.32.42.5 [Ref] Callister, William D. (2003). Materials Science and Engineering: An Introduction. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN 0-471-13576-3. CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link) CS1 maint: date and year (link)
↑ 3.03.13.23.3 [Ref] Slesinger, Nathan Avery (2010). Thermal Modeling Validation Techniques for Thermoset Polymer Matrix Composites (Thesis). doi:10.14288/1.0071063. CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
↑ [Ref] MatWeb LLC. "MatWeb: Online Materials Information Resource". Retrieved 9 September 2020. CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
↑ 5.05.1 [Ref] Ashby, M.F. (2011). Materials Selection in Mechanical Design. Elsevier. doi:10.1016/c2009-0-25539-5. ISBN 9781856176637. CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link) CS1 maint: date and year (link)
↑ 6.06.1 [Ref] Johnston, Andrew (1997). An integrated model of the development of process-induced deformation in autoclave processing of composite structures (Thesis). doi:10.14288/1.0088805. CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
↑ 7.07.17.27.37.4 [Ref] Schuster, J et al. (2009). "Measuring and modeling the thermal conductivities of three-dimensionally woven fabric composites". 45 (2). doi:10.1007/s11029-009-9072-y. ISSN 1573-8922. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
↑ [Ref] Cytec Industries Inc. (2003), Thornel T650/35 product data sheet CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link) CS1 maint: date and year (link)
↑ [Ref] Kaufman, J Gilbert, ed. (2018), ASM Handbook: Aluminum Science and Technology, 2A, ASM International (published 30 November 2018), doi:10.31399/asm.hb.v02a.9781627082075, ISBN 978-1-62708-207-5 CS1 maint: date and year (link)
↑ [Ref] Struzziero, G et al. (2019). "Measurement of thermal conductivity of epoxy resins during cure". 136 (5). John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. doi:10.1002/app.47015. ISSN 0021-8995. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
↑ [Ref] Peters, S. T., ed. (1998). Handbook of Composites. Springer US. doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-6389-1. ISBN 978-0-412-54020-2. CS1 maint: date and year (link)
↑ [Ref] Springer, George S; Tsai, Stephen W (1967). "Thermal Conductivities of Unidirectional Materials". 1 (2). SAGE Publications Ltd STM. doi:10.1177/002199836700100206. ISSN 0021-9983. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
↑ [Ref] Zhang, Jing et al.. "Effect of cure cycle on temperature/degree of cure field and hardness for epoxy resin". 10 (1). De Gruyter. doi:10.1515/epoly.2010.10.1.41. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
Periodic 3-D, repeating array of molecules.


It's now thirty years since the BBC first screened Yes, Prime Minister. Back then it was a mega critical and popular success - and reportedly Mrs Thatcher's favourite television programme. Wow. Really?
This adaptation for stage, dating from 2012, is no museum piece: it's a relevant and riveting political satire. It's fresh, razor sharp, meticulously plotted - and more to the point, outrageously funny. It all turns on the relationship between the Prime Minister, Jim Hacker and his Cabinet Secretary, Sir Humphrey Appleby. The one thinks he's in charge, the other knows who's really the boss. It's a classic take on servant turned master that works a treat.
It's a big ask for amateur actors to make such iconic roles their own, but Rod Duncan (Jim Hacker) and Phil Gascoyne (Sir Humphrey) do just that. Terrific performances from the pair of them. Ross Bannister is good, too, as the PM's Private Secretary, caught in the middle of all the wheeling and dealing. Jenn Aspinall makes for a super cool Policy Advisor, whether she's fielding awkward questions from the BBC or engaged in "horizontal diplomacy" - finding call girls for some embassy attaché.
John Fereday is a delight as the decidedly dodgy, politically incorrect Kumranistan Ambassador, and there's sound support from Kevin Cheeseright as the bloke in charge of the BBC, and Joe Thompson as a BBC presenter.
It's exceptionally well directed by Edwina Gascoyne, with spot-on ensemble playing throughout from the cast. The set's pretty good, too. All in all, a knockout start to Tudor Players new season.


Perak Turf Club - WHO WILL WEAR THE 2018 CORONATION CUP CROWN?
The Perak Turf Club will be hosting its final race meeting for the 2018 season culminating with the RM250,000 Group One Coronation Cup where 16 candidates will be contesting for the major prize on Sunday. The feature contains three previous Group One winners plus a number of progressive gallopers who have risen through the grades in recent weeks and should prove to be competitive at the lighter weights.
Carrying the top weight of 60kg, MR NEVERMIND will start as one of the popular elects as he steps up to the mile for the first time in his career. The 6yo was dominant in the G1 Penang Sprint Trophy back in July and produce a big finish to score first up over 1200m here last month. The talented galloper will have to break the weight carrying record since the race's inception back in 1985 but he has the class to overcome that obstacle.
READY TO ROCK is racing in career best form and made it 4 straight wins with a victory in the 2000m G1 Piala Emas Sultan Selangor on October 7 and will prove to be a worthy adversary. The 5yo will be partnered once again by Jose De Souza, who has ridden two previous winners of this prestigious race.
RISING GLORY caught the eye finishing a head 2nd to READY TO ROCK in the KL feature before protesting unsuccessfully against the winner. Trainer BT Lim has trained two Coronation Cup winners and the 6yo gelding will give the stable a god run for its money.
ORDER OF THE SUN has won 2 from 5 in the country and is a genuine chance following his 6th in the Piala Emas from the outside barrier (16). G1 Selangor Gold Cup winner, STICK SEEKER did not disgrace either in the same race either when he closed off well from a rearward position to run 5th, 4.5L from the winner.
Contesting his first group race, L'APPRENTI SORCIER is yet to miss a place in 8 local starts and gains a big weight advantage carrying 53kg. MULTIBLUE SHARK, with 3 wins from his past 4 outings, and NAZIR filled the quinella in an Enrich Stakes A race last Sunday and are both lightweight chances despite the sharp rise in grade.
Trainer, Frank Maynard has never tasted success in the Coronation Cup but will have the biggest representation with four starters in the Group One. BRAHMA CIRCUS has been a consistent performer for the stable but has also been blessed by 3 pole draws in 5 local starts. The 7yo won't have that luxury on Sunday when he has to jump and search for his own luck from the car park draw. Despite failing in the G1 Piala Emas, stable mate TIGER BAY is a longshot chance following a hat trick of wins in August and September.


Baby Jesus was discovered missing from the manger at Holy Name Catholic Church on Tuesday.
STEAMBOAT SPRINGS — The Grinch must have been in Steamboat Springs for the Christmas holiday because baby Jesus has gone missing from the manger sitting in front of Holy Name Catholic Church.
Betsy Johnston, who works at the church, said baby Jesus was last seen at about 9 p.m. on Christmas Day.
A parishioner noticed it was gone at about 2:15 p.m. the next day.
Some people thought someone might have put it inside the church, but that wasn't the case.
"All we'd like is to have it back," Johnston.
The local Knights of Columbus chapter takes care of the manger.
They set it up four weeks before Christmas and then start gradually adding pieces.
Jesus is added on Christmas Eve.
Officials hope whoever took it has a good conscious and will relieve themselves of the guilt.
"Bad luck for the start of the year," said Walter Magill, the head of Knights of Columbus.
The incident was reported to the Steamboat Springs Police Department.
Officer John McCartin said nothing else was missing or damaged.
"Maybe with all the snow, he got excited and is up skiing," McCartin said.
This is not the first time baby Jesus has gone missing.
He was reported missing on Dec. 28, 2009, along with Joseph and a lamb.
It was later learned that a pair of men who were walking from a bar to a house party on Pine Street stole the three figures.
"They showed up, and Joseph and Jesus and a lamb were guests of honor at a party on Pine Street that evening," Father Ernest Bayer said at the time.
A Crime Stoppers tip led to the discovery of the figures.
They were picked up from the party house and returned to the manger.
People with information can contact the police department directly at 970-879-1144, or they can remain anonymous and call Crime Stoppers at 970-870-6226.
Tips can be sent by text message by texting NABM, followed by the tip, to 274637. A confirmation text will then be sent.


text:
Time-bars, time limits and deadlines for legal cases under UAE law
Alessandro Tricoli April 24, 2018 March 16, 2022
A time-bar (or a statute of limitations as known under common law jurisdictions) is a statutory time limit for the enforcement of a civil claim through legal proceedings. As such a time-bar normally does not eliminate the claim, but it offers the other party an effective defence against its enforcement, thus it is a procedural barrier that can be invoked by the opponent. Hence before deciding to commence a claim, it is paramount to determine the applicable time-bar in relation to the claim at hand. A time-bar is always set by the legislator in a codified law by way of defining a certain time limit from the moment of the existence of a particular claim. Therefore not only the duration of such a time limit has to be ascertained, but also the moment of its existence – its starting point – requires identification in a certain case. Different claims rise under different conditions. Some claims require a subjective element – such as for example awareness of an act leading to a particular claim. Often the difficulties in determining the correct time-bar lay here and may require proof and evidence.
Under UAE civil law – like in other civil law systems – not all time-bars are mentioned and dealt with in one particular statue. Most time-bars can be found in the UAE Civil Code. Article 473 Civil Code contains the standard time-bar: Generally speaking any civil claim is time-barred after a time period of 15 years elapses from the moment of its existence, unless specific provision of law relating to the matter states otherwise. There are many specific shorter time limits for specific types of claims, and most of these are contained in the UAE Civil Code itself. For traders and their obligation towards each other arising out of commercial activities the UAE Commercial Transactions Law (UAE Federal Law No. 18 of 1993) sets a shorter standard time-bar of 10 years (Art. 95 CTL).
But in many cases the applicable time-bar will even be a lot shorter. The reason for this is that the legislator has aimed to find the right balance between all interests at stake relating to different types of claims taking into account not only the interests of all concerned persons but moreover the interest of the public in maintaining the legal peace. Hence in many circumstances wherein persons are acting that are deemed to be aware of their rights and where the subject matter is of a certain importance to the public, leading to the need of legal peace and a degree of certainty after a shorter period of time, the actual time-bar will be set quite short.
Examples of time-bars for certain claims:
A tort action – being an action for liability for damages arising from a harmful act – according to paragraph No. 1 of Article 298 of Civil Code will not be heard after the expiry of three years. The harmful act may stem from an action or omission in violation of a statutory or contractual obligation. The time limit of three years starts running from the day the injured person becomes aware of the occurrence of the harm and the person responsible for it.
According to Article 476 Civil Code the rights of any traders and craftsmen for things supplied by them to persons who are not dealing in such things (customers), and rights of hotel and restaurant owners for the cost of loading and boarding and all expenses born by them on behalf of their customers as well as the rights labourers, servants and hired men comprising daily and non-daily wages and cost of supplies provided by them shall not be heard by the court after the laps of two years unless there is a justifiable legal reason for not filing the claim earlier:
In Construction case, Article 883 Civil Code sets a three year time-bar for any claims of damages the employer may have against the contractor.
The time-bar related to air carrier cases is set by Article (370) of the Commercial Transactions Law which states that the legal right to bring a legal action against the carrier in question or any of its subordinators will be expired after the laps of two years. The two years start running from either, the day on which the airplane arrives or was supposed to have arrived, or from the day on which the carriage was stopped.
The UAE Maritime Code contains a number of specific time-bars, e.g. a one year time-bar in charter party claims (Article 224), two years in pilotage and towage claims (Articles 314 and 317), two years in marine collision claims (Article 326) and two years for marine insurance claims (Article 399).
Dispute Resolution, NewsCivil code, Dubai Court, time limit, UAE court, UAE law
Alessandro Tricoli
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Banks and banking — Customer credit cards issued for purchases and cash advances — Liability of holder of "related card" for debts of "cardholder" — Agreement must be construed as a whole — Strictly construed against drafter.
1. Where the provisions of a written agreement between a bank and a credit card customer create two separate and distinct classifications of customers — recipients of cards bearing account numbers established in their own names (referred to as "Cardholder(s)") and recipients of cards bearing an account number established in the name of another (referred to as "holders of Related Cards") — the agreement must be construed as a whole to determine into which classification a particular customer falls. The prefatory language "The undersigned (Cardholder)" in the introductory paragraph of the agreement, by itself, is not controlling.
2. A written credit card agreement which is unclear as to whether the recipient of a card bearing the account number of another is liable for cash advances made by the customer in whose name the account was established must be construed strictly against the party who drafted the instrument, in light of circumstances surrounding the making of the agreement, to determine the intention of the parties with respect to liability.
Mr. Alan H. Weinberg, for appellee.
Mr. R. Dugald Pearson, for appellant.
This case involves an action on the part of the appellee, The Cleveland Trust Company, BankAmericard Division (designated as CTCo), to collect from the appellant, Ruth G. Snyder, for unpaid cash advances made by the CTCo to her former husband, Robert H. Snyder, during the years 1971 and 1972 on his BankAmericard account.
On or about October 18, 1974, appellant Ruth G. Snyder was divorced from Robert H. Snyder. During the time of their marriage, on or about August 18, 1970, Robert H. Snyder applied for a Cleveland Trust BankAmericard. Mr. Snyder filled out and signed both an application for a Cleveland Trust BankAmericard, and the cardholder agreement, and was assigned BankAmericard Account No. 4447-180-598-095. At the same time, on the Cardholder Agreement, Mr. Robert H. Snyder authorized and requested the CTCo to make cash advances to his checking account, Account No. 0410-0068; 4060-1471. Cash advances were made by the CTCo to his checking account. His nonpayment of these cash advances is the subject of this litigation.
At a later unknown time and date, Robert H. Snyder picked up his wife and drove her to the CTCo (Shaker Square branch office), where she had her picture taken and where she signed one part of a two part form; the front side was entitled "Application for Cleveland Trust BankAmericard," and the rear side "Cardholder Agreement."
Unlike her husband, appellant did not apply for a Cleveland Trust BankAmericard. The application was blank in its entirety and contained no personal or financial information concerning the appellant and was neither signed nor dated.
The reverse side of the Application for The Cleveland Trust BankAmericard is entitled "Cardholder Agreement" and bears the signature of the appellant, Ruth G. Snyder, undated and with no checking account number shown.
The appellant and her husband also signed photograph request cards both of which bore the checking account number of Robert H. Snyder and the BankAmericard number assigned to Robert H. Snyder.
"Good Thru, 11/73 * BAC." At the bottom of the card is embossed the name of Robert H. Snyder.
On the reverse side of the plastic card appears a photograph of the appellant and a place for her signature, which she signed.
The BankAmericard allowed her to make purchases which were charged to the account assigned to her husband and upon which she was authorized to sign.
The appellant, Ruth G. Snyder, had no checking or savings account with CTCo then or ever. Nor was she authorized to sign on the checking account her husband maintained with the CTCo.
All cash advances by the CTCo were made to the checking account of Robert H. Snyder. No cash advances were ever made to the appellant. Nor did she at any time request any.
Statements regarding the account of Robert H. Snyder were sent to Robert H. Snyder at his Cleveland, Ohio, residence and then at a later date to his residence in Troy, Michigan.
All purchases by the appellant and Robert H. Snyder were paid for by Robert H. Snyder in the year made. However, Robert H. Snyder did not repay the CTCo for the cash advances made to his checking account. Thus, an action was filed in Cleveland Municipal Court, Case No. B-93634, and on August 12, 1975, a default judgment was entered by the court in favor of the CTCo against Robert H. Snyder for the full amount of $797.91 plus costs, which entry remains in effect and is not under appeal.
On September 11, 1975, a trial was held in the Cleveland Municipal Court in the same case wherein the appellant, Ruth G. Snyder, presented her evidence in opposition to the claim of appellee that (1) the appellant as cardholder was liable for payment of the cash advances made to her husband's checking account by the CTCo and (2) that the BankAmericard issued to Ruth G. Snyder was a joint account upon which both the defendant and her husband were jointly and severally liable.
The appellant used the BankAmericard issued to her to make four purchases, as evidenced by appellee's Exhibits A, B, C and D, received in evidence.
All of the above purchases were paid for by Mr. Snyder in the years made.
The appellee called two witnesses on its behalf, appellant, Ruth G. Snyder, for cross-examination and Mr. Robert J. Vale, an employee of CTCo, for direct examination. On cross-examination, Mr. Robert J. Vale admitted that he had been employed by the CTCo for only 2 years and had not commenced his employment until August of 1973, almost 3 years following Mr. Robert H. Snyder's receiving a BankAmericard from the CTCo. Mr. Vale testified that he was employed as a collector and that he had never personally taken an Application for a BankAmericard while employed by the CTCo. He testified that he had not personally issued any request cards for the taking of photographs for use with CTCo of BankAmericards, and had not attended the signing of photo request cards by persons who were having their pictures taken. Nor was Mr. Vale in the employ of the CTCo when the appellant and her former husband had their pictures taken or when her husband signed for his application for a Cleveland Trust BankAmericard and Cardholder Agreement, or when the plastic BankAmericard was issued to the appellant for her use.
The appellant was the only witness to testify on her behalf. Her testimony was unrebutted.
Appellant contended that she was not a Cardholder because (1) she made no application for a BankAmericard, (2) signed no application for a BankAmericard, (3) no BankAmericard was issued to her as Cardholder, and that at the most she was issued a "Related Card." Therefore, as a recipient of a "Related Card," she was neither jointly nor severally liable for her ex-husband's unpaid cash advances.
See provision 1, Cardholder Agreement, infra.
Appellant's further contention was that the only party liable by contract with the CTCo was her ex-husband, Robert H. Snyder, against whom the appellee obtained a judgment on August 12, 1975.
"Parties in court; trial had; Court finds and renders judgment for plaintiff against defendant Ruth Snyder for $835.91 and costs. ($76.00) Interest from 8/23/74.
From this Judgment Entry, the appellant filed her appeal, relying on eight assignments of error.
"1. The court refused or neglected to consider the blank and unsigned application for a Cleveland Trust BankAmericard.
"2. The court refused or neglected to consider the terms and conditions as set forth in item 1 of the cardholder agreement.
"3. The court refused or neglected to consider the terms and conditions as set forth in item 9 of the cardholder agreement.
"4. The court erred in entering a judgment against the defendant-appellant as a related cardholder making the defendant a guarantor of her husband's account for cash advances received and used by him as a cardholder.
"5. The court erred in not concluding that the appellee, The Cleveland Trust Company, by its own actions was estopped from claiming that the defendant-appellant was a cardholder, when in its sole discretion and by its own action it had always treated and considered defendant-appellant as a related cardholder in accord with the terms and conditions of the cardholder agreement.
"6. The court erred in denying defendant-appellant's motion for a directed verdict at the conclusion of the appellee's case and again at the conclusion of the defendant-appellant's case.
"7. The conclusion reached by the court is unsupported by the evidence.
"8. The conclusion of the court is contrary to the weight of the evidence."
I. That the conclusion reached by the court is contrary to the law and the evidence.
II. That the appellee is estopped from claiming that appellant was a cardholder.
"Q. Did you ask Cleveland Trust at any time to obtain a BankAmericard?
"Q. Did you ever agree with anybody at the Cleveland Trust Company that you would be responsible for any of your husband's charge obligations?
"Q. Did they ever ask you to be responsible?
"A. No, they did not."
"I remember that my husband told me that we were going to get these cards, and he at that time — his office was at Shaker Square. He came to our house on Shelburne, picked me up and together we went to the Cleveland Trust Bank at the Shaker Square Office, and I remember getting the picture taken. This is literally as I remember about it."
It is undisputed and an examination of Joint Exhibit 2 confirms the fact that appellant neither filled out nor signed an application for a Card. Thus, there was no request to establish a bank account based on an application that was executed and approved.
We do not reach the propriety of the Bank's thrusting liability of holders of related-cards upon the cardholder, after obtaining the cardholder's signature on the application — since the appellant in our case, never signed an application.
In the absence of these two requisites specifically spelled out in the contract, together with the bank's decision not to issue an account number separate from her husband, we hold that the appellant, Ruth Snyder, is not a cardholder as contemplated by the agreement, nor does the prefatory language "The undersigned (Cardholder)" in the introductory paragraph make her one.
What then is her status?
We believe that it is one of recipient of a related card — as identified throughout the agreement — a classification separate and distinct from that of a "cardholder." In reaching this conclusion, we point to the following language in the agreement.
Thus, the account may be established either in the name of the cardholder who has an account number or in the name of the recipient of a related card. It is the bank who makes the decision between one who already has a card and the account number and a member of the same family. Thus, we have two separate identities — the cardholder and the holder of a related card.
Once an applicant signs and files a request and application for an account which is approved, and a separate number is assigned and a card issued, only then does the recipient become a cardholder, as we see it.
That the bank considered these as separate classifications is supported throughout the agreement. Provision 3 points out that "any dispute between the member and the cardholder and/or the holder of Related Cards * * * shall be settled by and between them * * *."
"The Cardholder shall be responsible for any and all credit extended on the account by virtue of (a) the purchases of goods and/or services through the use of the Card and/or Related Cards, and/or (b) services through the use of the Card and/or Related Cards and/or cash advances obtained through its use of the Card and/or Related Cards * * *."
That there are two separate aand different classifications — and so recognized by the Bank — is additionally seen in the burdens and privileges given to the Cardholder while denied the recipient of a related card.
Refunds or adjustments in disputes are not made to holders of related cards — but reflected on the single statement of the cardholder. (See provision 3.) Thus, the return of the purchase by the holder of a Related Card is credited to the Cardholder's account.
In Provisions 7 and 8, dealing with payment, it is the cardholder who agrees to pay the account monthly (there is no mention of holders of related cards).
Upon the default of a cardholder and, or, the holder of a related card, the bank may call the outstanding indebtedness and its payment falls upon the cardholder (provision 9).
Is there a legal difference between the status of a cardholder and the holder of a related card? Is the holder of a related card responsible for the unpaid statement of a cardholder?
It is axiomatic that the intention of the parties governs in the interpretation of a contract. Skivolocki v. East Ohio Gas Co. (1974) 38 Ohio St.2d 244.
Of course, we need not concern ourselves with the rules on construction if the language is clear. Carroll Weir Funeral Home v. Miller (1965), 2 Ohio St.2d 189; Aurora v. Bay Village (1971), 27 Ohio App.2d 17.
However, we are equally aware that where there is doubt in the meaning of a contract, it must be construed against the one who prepared the instrument. Cleveland Concession Co. v. City of Cleveland (1948), 84 Ohio App. 1.
Here, it is helpful to understand an agreement if we weigh it in light of the surrounding circumstances. Stony's Trucking Co. v. Pub Util. Comm. (1972) 32 Ohio St.2d 139.
In interpreting this contract within its four corners, we are mindful of the surrounding circumstances. Robert H. Snyder, on August 18, 1970, requested and applied for a BankAmericard, and his application was approved and an account number issued according to the agreement.
Some time later he brought his wife there to set in motion the proceedings for her to receive a card, without her filling out and signing an application. The card was issued to her under his account and so reflected on the card given her. She used it and her purchases were charged to his account which he paid. He received advances which were charged to his account which he chose not to pay. Under the agreement, only he as a cardholder received the statement; only he could challenge its accuracy, and only he need be notified of any change on the agreement.
That the cardholder is liable for the charges to his account, made by himself and by a holder of a related card, is clear. That a recipient of a related card is liable for the cash advances made to the cardholder is shrouded in doubt. Under the evidence, the language of the agreement and the law of contracts, we hold that the appellant, Ruth Snyder, is not a cardholder (as described in the contract) but rather the recipient of a related card. We conclude that appellant, Ruth Snyder, is not liable for the amount owing on her former husband's account for CTCo advances made to him.
Assignment of Error No. 1 is sustained.
Since we hold that the appellant is not a cardholder as contemplated in the agreement, the estoppel urged upon us in Assignment of Error No. 2 becomes moot and is therefore dismissed.


Our classic "Mom & Pop" establishment offers traditional Motel lodging with a personal touch. You will find 16 clean, comfortable and modern rooms with all the amenities in a beautiful small town country setting. All rooms include: * Air Conditioning * Smoke – FREE * Cable TV w/remote * In-Room Coffee * Refrigerator and Microwave * Pet friendly *limited rooms * Wi-Fi Internet Access. We are less than 30 min from Traverse city and only 15 min from Interlochen, Frankfort, Empire and the Sleeping Bear Dunes area.
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Join us for the Recovery Café Open Mic! All DMV recovery communities, musicians, artists, supporters, families, friends are invited! This event is open to all.
In partnership with The Potter's House of Washington, DC, Recovery Café has a vibrant and much loved history. Let's reignite the hope that anyone going through recovery of any type, has a place to come and express themselves as they find their way. You will be supported at this open mic.


In many Sunnyvale classrooms, stomachs are grumbling. Last spring, local teachers and principals let us know that students were coming to school hungry on Monday mornings. Working families were making difficult choices as they juggled bills to pay, and food often ran out on the weekends. Sunnyvale Community Services worked with school staff and parents to pilot the Weekend School Food Program.
One in four children in Silicon Valley are "food insecure"—not knowing if they will have food every day. Numerous studies show that children who live in food insecure households have worse performance in math and reading, lose school days because of illness, repeat grades, and have overall lower academic achievement scores due to lack of nutrition (AAP Institute for Healthy Childhood Weight).
One in four children in Silicon Valley are "food insecure"—not knowing if they will have food every day.
In our role as the safety net in Sunnyvale, we have seen continued growth in the frequency of families coming for food assistance. Second Harvest Food Bank's survey of 800 of their local clients in 2015 showed that 66% have had to choose between paying for food or paying for other necessities such as utilities, housing, medicine, or transportation.
According to the Food Research and Action Center (FRAC), poor nutrition contributes to poor health, leading to increased diabetes risk, increased obesity risk, and increased risk of heart disease. It's ironic that food insecurity and poverty also puts low-income children at risk of obesity, due to lack of access to healthy, affordable foods, fewer opportunities for physical activity, cycles of food deprivation and over-eating, high levels of stress, and limited access to health care.
In response to this growing need for healthier food, we now have nutritious food distributions every weekday. Over 50% of the food we distribute is healthy produce and 20% is lean proteins. A family of four who participates in all eligible food programs can receive healthy food valued at $396.00 each month, helping to close the food security gap and increase nutrition.
We have recruited hundreds of new volunteers and raised funds to fuel our food program growth. Thankfully, the community has responded with their time and their financial support.


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Duke Realty Announces Leasing and Property Management Personnel Changes
January 29, 2020 · by iwla1891 · in Member Newsfeed. ·
The Dallas office of Duke Realty (NYSE: DRE), the largest domestic-only, pure-play logistics property REIT (Real Estate Investment Trust) in the United States, announces that Bryan Parker has been named Vice President of Leasing and Christy Means Vasiliou has been named Regional Vice President of Asset Management.
Parker, who previously led Duke Realty's three-market regional asset management team, is transferring to a Dallas leasing role. In his new position, he will help lease and maintain occupancy in Duke Realty's existing 16.8 million-square-foot Dallas portfolio and identify and secure new development opportunities.
Vasiliou joins Duke Realty with more than 20 years' experience in asset and property management and will fill Parker's previous role. In her position, she will oversee the overall operation of Duke Realty's nearly 30 million-square-foot, multi-site property portfolio in Dallas, Houston and St. Louis, including asset management, budgeting, communications, personnel supervision, and client relations functions.
"We are extremely pleased with the decisions by both Bryan and Christy to take on new challenges with Duke Realty," said Jeff Thornton, Senior Vice President of Duke Realty's operations in Dallas, Houston and St. Louis. "Bryan and Christy are both seasoned real estate professionals who value delivering reliable customer service. I'm confident they will effectively leverage their talents in their new positions and be strong contributors to the success of our portfolio."
Parker joined Duke Realty in 2004 as a Property Manager in its Raleigh office and transferred to Dallas in 2007. Prior to joining Duke Realty, he was a commissioned Field Artillery Officer in the U.S. Army. He has a Bachelor of Science degree in Business Management from Texas A&M University and is a member of BOMA.
Vasiliou's career includes serving as Managing Director of Asset Services at Cushman & Wakefield and property management positions with three other real estate companies. She holds a bachelor's degree in Business Administration/Marketing from Baylor University and is a CPM Candidate from the Institute of Real Estate Management.
About Duke Realty
In Dallas, Houston and St. Louis, Duke Realty has nearly 16.8 million, 7.0 million and 5.7 million square feet of logistics assets, respectively. Duke Realty's Dallas office is located at 14241 Dallas Parkway, Suite 1000, Dallas, TX 75254. For information about Duke Realty properties or opportunities for development, please call 972.361.6700.
On a national basis, Duke Realty Corporation owns and operates approximately 155 million rentable square feet of industrial assets in 20 major U.S. logistics markets. Duke Realty is publicly traded on the NYSE under the symbol DRE and is a member of the S&P 500. The company maintains a Baa1 rating from Moody's Investor Service and a BBB+ rating from Standard & Poor's Financial Services. More information about Duke Realty Corporation is available at www.dukerealty.com. Duke Realty also can be followed on Twitter, LinkedIn, Facebook and YouTube.
← Duke Realty Signs 445,000 SF in Leases and Starts 2 New Logistics Buildings in Raleigh in 2019
Fulfillment Cost-Cutting: Where, When and Why →


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UK ignores Suleman Shahbaz's appeal, releases money laundering file
Shehbaz Sharif's son, Suleman Shahbaz made an appeal barring the release of the full case file. However, the British court rejected his appeal and directed the NCA to release the documents.
Britain's National Crime Agency (NCA) earlier released documents related to a money laundering case against Shehbaz Sharif. Pakistan's Asset Recovery Unit (ARU), led by the former adviser on accountability, Shahzad Akbar, made a request for the release of the documents.
Important to note, Shehbaz Sharif's son, Suleman Shahbaz made an appeal barring the release of the full case file. However, the British court rejected his appeal and directed the NCA to release the documents.
Pertinent to mention, in September 2021, reports emerged that the UK court decided to unfreeze Shahbaz Sharif and his son Suleman's accounts. The NCA failed to find any evidence of money laundering against the PML-N leader. Interestingly, the decision sparked cries that Shahbaz Sharif got acquitted.
Read more: PTI & PML-N grapple over Shahbaz Sharif's "acquittal"
However, Shahzad Akbar rejected the impression of Shahbaz Sharif's acquittal in the money laundering case in London. He stated that the news about the alleged acquittal is incorrect and misreported. Furthermore, he said neither the ARU nor the NAB demanded NCA investigate the PML-N leader over money laundering.
Moreover, Shahzad Akbar said the NCA contacted the institutions and asked for details of criminal inquiries. Meanwhile, the ARU only answered the NCA's queries in a letter. It provided various details on pending investigations concerning Shehbaz and his family in 2019.
Additionally, Shahzad Akbar also clarified that the initial asset freezing order (AFO) was against Suleiman Shahbaz, not Shahbaz Sharif.
The NCA investigation
On the other hand, the new papers, released by The News International, clearly demonstrated that the entire investigation was focused on Shehbaz Sharif and his son and their friend Zulfiqar Ahmed who had made a payment to Shehbaz Sharif's lawyers at Carter Ruck.
Furthermore, the media reported that the NCA investigated the money trail of two flats owned by Shehbaz Sharif, his associated bank account, and around £700,000 in Suleman's accounts.
Read more: Who deposited money in personal bank accounts of Hamza Shehbaz?
EXCLUSIVE: UK court papers establish @CMShehbaz was focus of National Crime Agency's high-profile money-laundering probe; NCA conducted Frozen Funds Investigation on the basis Shehbaz Sharif was involved in criminal conduct, fraud, misuse of public money https://t.co/Vo3FIE13pq
— Murtaza Ali Shah (@MurtazaViews) February 9, 2022
The NCA investigation continued into Shehbaz Sharif for nearly two years as the NCA went back nearly 15 years to investigate Shehbaz Sharif's accounts and financial affairs. However, it found no evidence of criminal conduct or fraud. As a result, the NCA dropped the case and released all assets of the Sharifs.
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