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L'antimoine est l'élément chimique de numéro atomique 51, de symbole Sb. C'est un membre du groupe des pnictogènes. De propriétés intermédiaires entre celles des métaux et des non-métaux, l'antimoine est, avec l'arsenic, un métalloïde du cinquième groupe principal du tableau périodique. Il s'agit d'un élément faiblement électropositif. L'électronégativité selon Pauling est de l'ordre de 1,9, alors que celle de l'arsenic avoisine 2.

Le corps simple antimoine est un métalloïde polymorphe, toxique et cancérigène, tout comme l'arsenic (auquel il est souvent associé, par exemple dans les munitions à base de plomb). L'antimoine est aussi un polluant routier et urbain nanoparticulaire émergent (notamment comme contaminant de la fin de vie de produit en contenant, et car il est utilisé dans le monde entier pour remplacer l'amiante dans les patins de freins).

L'adjectif antimonié qualifie un corps ou une matière qui contient de l'antimoine.

Histoire et étymologie
Le symbole Sb, choisi pour l'élément par Berzélius, fait référence au latin , issu du grec , désignant les corps minéraux antimoniés en général, et la stibine en particulier. Le nom antimoine serait une altération de l'arabe الإثمد al-ʾiṯmid, un emprunt à l'ancien égyptien stim ou smdt par l'intermédiaire du copte ou du grec .

La stibine est un trisulfure d'antimoine dont la poudre noire intense était connue dans l'Antiquité pour souligner le contour des yeux ou comme fard à cils, ou encore comme médicament pour soigner/prévenir les infections oculaires, et le terme est resté pour cet usage, bien que la première description d'une préparation n'apparaisse que dans un manuscrit de 1604.

Le stibium qui peut déjà désigner le corps simple gris métallique et stable des chimistes, ou l'antimoine natif des minéralogistes, est sûrement connu depuis le , notamment des Babyloniens. Un vase chaldéen en antimoine pur datant d'environ quatre mille ans avant notre ère a été retrouvé. Les Égyptiens des  et  dynasties égyptiennes se servaient de récipients en cuivre recouverts d'antimoine pour le transport de l'eau.

Dans l'Antiquité, les Égyptiens appelaient l'antimoine mśdmt. Les hiéroglyphes ne permettent que de supposer les voyelles mais la tradition arabe laisse supposer que la prononciation est mesdemet.

Au , Celse et Pline l'Ancien utilisent le terme latin stibium, signifiant dans la pratique « signe, marquage (par exemple du pourtour des yeux) », que le chercheur Jöns Jakob Berzelius a abrégé au  en Sb, devenu ainsi le symbole chimique de l'antimoine. Pline aurait baptisé ainsi son minerai mais avec une distinction entre formes mâle et femelle : le mâle désigne probablement la stibine (donc le sulfure d'antimoine), la femelle, décrite comme supérieure, plus lourde, plus brillante et moins friable, est probablement l'antimoine métallique trouvé à l'état naturel. Pline utilise également les mots stimi, larbaris, alabastre, ainsi que platyophthalmos i.e. « grands yeux » en grec, d'après l'effet cosmétique du khôl.

Bien plus tard, il était bien connu des alchimistes du Moyen Âge sous le nom antimonium. Cette forme latine médiévale, attestée vers 1050, a une origine incertaine :
 selon l'étymologie populaire, une légende explique l'origine de ce nom par une succession de décès survenus au Moyen Âge parmi des moines. Ils auraient effectué des travaux de recherche sur ce corps ou auraient été victimes de l'alchimiste Basile Valentin, élève de Paracelse. Celui-ci avait l'habitude de jeter les résidus de ses expériences dans la mangeoire de ses cochons pour les engraisser. Ce faisant, il aurait administré de l'antimoine aux porcs qui seraient ainsi devenus toxiques ;
 une autre étymologie pseudo-savante propose un terme grec hypothétique, antimonos, du grec anti, « à l'opposé de » et monos, « seul », parce qu'on croyait que ce métal ne se présentait jamais seul. En effet, l'antimoine ne se trouve à l'état naturel que combiné à d'autres métaux comme le plomb. Cependant le préfixe grec anti-, qui présente des valeurs diverses (« en face, en échange, à son tour, équivalant à, contre… »), n'a jamais celle d'une simple négation ;
 Lippman a conjecturé un terme grec, anthemonion (mascara, littéralement « fleurette ») et cite de nombreux termes apparentés en grec ancien décrivant des éléments chimiques ou biologiques ;
 les utilisations précoces du terme antimonium remontent à 1050-1100, par Constantin l'Africain dans des traités de médecine arabe et plusieurs spécialistes pensent qu'il s'agit d'une altération scripturale de l'arabe الإثمد al-ʾiṯmid, un emprunt à l'ancien égyptien stim ou smdt par l'intermédiaire du copte ou du grec στίμμι [stímmi]. L'élément antimoine (et non le cosmétique, son sulfure) pouvait être nommé ithmid, athmoud, othmod, ou uthmod, ou encore athimar. Littré suggère que la première forme dérive de stimmida, forme accusative de stimmi. Sarton le dérive lui aussi de ithmid. D'autres possibilités incluent un hypothétique *as-stimmi, dérivé du grec ancien. En effet le mot grec stimmi, utilisé par les poètes tragiques dès le , désignait dans l'Antiquité la stibine.

Il existe dès l'Antiquité une petite métallurgie extractive de l'antimoine ; elle se poursuit à l'époque médiévale. Elle est mieux connue dès l'époque moderne.

Plus récemment, les chimistes du  nommaient Mercure de vie, ou Poudre d'Algaroth, le beurre d'antimoine précipité par l'eau. De nos jours, il n'est plus utilisé en médecine que contre la  leishmaniose (viscérale ou cutanées). Voir la querelle de l'antimoine dans :

Isotopes

L'isotope antimoine 121 représente 57 % de la masse estimée d'antimoine, il est le seul isotope stable avec l'.

Il existe une vingtaine d'isotopes radioactifs, dont les masses atomiques s'échelonnent de 113 à 134.
Parmi ces isotopes assez mal connus, l'antimoine 125, radionucléide artificiel employé comme indicateur radioactif, sporadiquement présent dans l'environnement, très peu étudié, hormis sur quelques sites industriels pollués.

La littérature mentionne des formes (bio)méthylées (à faibles concentrations), qui pourraient être plus bioassimilables.

Sa cinétique environnementale est mal connue, mais il semble peu mobile dans les sols, et assez peu bioassimilable pour les plantes. Il ne semble pas être bioaccumulé ni faire l'objet de bioamplification dans les réseaux trophiques.

Dans les organismes, sa toxicité semble liée à son affinité pour les groupements thiols (liaison irréversible à des enzymes importants).
Son éventuelle écotoxicité est mal connue. Selon l'IRSN, .

L'antimoine 124 est une source de rayons gamma. Associé au béryllium, il a été utilisé pour faire diverger certains réacteurs nucléaires.

Occurrences dans les milieux naturels, minéralogie et géologie
Le clarke s'élève entre 0,7 et 0,2 ppm ou en moyenne 0,5 g par tonne. L'antimoine est un élément rare, dix fois moins fréquent que l'arsenic. Il est toutefois présent dans plus de cent minéraux.

L'antimoine se trouve encore plus rarement dans la nature sous forme d'un élément natif, le Sb métallique dénommé antimoine natif souvent avec des traces d'arsenic, de fer et d'argent. Ce minéral est parfois en alliage avec l'arsenic natif, ainsi le stibarsen ou l'arite. La breithauptite est un antimoniure de nickel naturel.

Pour les analyses de cycle de vie et l'appréhension de l'épuisement des ressources dites abiotiques, l'antimoine est l'unité utilisée depuis 2004 pour quantifier une consommation de matière première. La conversion des quantités brutes vers leur équivalent antimoine ou kg d'antimoine fait intervenir la quantité totale de matière première disponible sur terre. Ainsi il existe des estimations en milligrammes d'antimoine par kilogramme, en milligrammes d'antimoine par litre…, pour estimer la rareté d'une entité décrite.

Formes, spéciation, minéraux les plus communs
L'antimoine se trouve le plus facilement sous forme de sulfures, combiné, associé ou non avec d'autres métaux (plomb, cuivre, argent) sa spéciation influe grandement sur sa toxicité.

Sulfures
 La stibine ou antimonite (Sb2S3) est la forme la plus fréquente, largement majoritaire. Son nom provient du grec stibi qui signifie noir d'antimoine. Elle est de couleur gris acier, d'une densité de 4,6.
 La berthiérite (FeSb2S4). Son nom lui a été donné en hommage à Pierre Berthier qui en fut le découvreur en 1827 à Chazelles dans le Puy-de-Dôme en France. Sa densité est également de 4,6.

La berthiérite se confond assez facilement avec la stibine. Pour les distinguer, il faut faire une attaque à l'hydroxyde de potassium (KOH). La stibine réagit plus facilement que la berthiérite en produisant un enduit jaune.

La gudmundite est un sulfure de fer et d'antimoine FeSbS du groupe des arsénopyrites.
La wakabayashilite [(As,Sb)6S9][As4S5] est un sulfure complexe d'As et Sb.

Il existe une nombreuse famille de sulfosels d'antimoine contenant divers éléments métalliques comme le plomb, l'argent, le zinc, le cuivre. C'est le plomb qui est le plus fréquemment représenté. On peut citer par exemple :
 avec des cations plomb :
 ardaïte Pb19Sb13S35Cl7
 bénavidésite Pb4(Mn,Fe)Sb6S14
 franckéite
 jamesonite Pb4FeSb6S14
 semseyite Pb9Sb8S14
 boulangérite Pb5Sb4S11
 plagionite Pb5Sb8S11
 madocite Pb17Sb16S41
 ménéghinite Pb13CuSb7S24
 guettardite Pb(Sb,As)2S4
 twinnite Pb(Sb,As)2S4
 zinkénite
 avec des cations cuivre :
 bournonite CuPbSbS3
 tétraédrite (Cu, Fe, Ag, Zn)12Sb4S13
 chalcostibite CuSbS2
 freibergite (Ag,Cu,Fe)12(Sb,As)4S13
 galkhaïte (Cs, Ti)(Hg, Cu, Zn)6(As, Sb)4S12
 autres cations :
 ullmannite NiSbS
 allemontite ou stibarsen AsSb
 dyscrasite Ag3Sb
 pyrargyrite Ag3SbS3
 stéphanite Ag5SbS4
 miargyrite AgSbS
 nagyagite AuPb(Sb,Bi)Te2-3S6
 routhiérite Tl(Cu,Ag)(Hg,Zn)2(As,Sb)2S6
 vrbaïte Tl4Hg3Sb2As8S20

Oxydes

Les  sont généralement colorés.
 De couleur blanche ou grise :
 sénarmontite (Sb2O3 cubique)
 valentinite (Sb2O3 orthorhombique).
 de couleur jaune :
 stibiconite (Sb3O6(OH))
 de couleur rouge :
 kermésite (Sb2S2O) ou antimoine rouge. Ce nom minéral provient du persan « qurmizq » qui signifie rouge foncé.
 livingstonite HgSb4O8

Hydroxydes et oxohydroxydes
 shakhovite HgSbO(OH)

Corps simples et corps composés chimiques

Le rayon atomique de l'antimoine avoisine , il est situé entre celui de l'arsenic  et celui du bismuth . L'énergie d'ionisation est également respectivement intermédiaire,  entre  et . Les principales critères physico-chimiques, des ponts thermodynamiques à l'enthalpie de formation atomique, confirment l'évolution du métalloïde As vers le métal véritable au sens chimique que représente le bismuth. Toutefois, du fait sa polarisabilité médiocre, l'antimoine se rapproche souvent bien plus de l'arsenic.

Propriétés physiques et chimiques des corps simples

En dehors de l'antimoine gris ou semi-métallique, assez analogue à l'arsenic gris, le corps simple antimoine existe sous trois formes solides, dont deux instables notamment à la chaleur (jaune  et noire) qui redonne la forme stable grise et une explosive.

La condensation rapide des vapeurs d'antimoine donne une forme jaune non métallique de structure tétraédrique, soit

D'aspect blanc argenté et cassant, le corps simple  de densité 6,7 est un semi-métal brillant. Il ne ternit pas à l'air à température ambiante. Il conduit très mal la chaleur et assez mal l'électricité. Sa conductivité électrique n'atteint que  de celle du corps simple métal cuivre.

Très cassant du fait de l'énergie de cohésion abaissée aux joints de grain, il peut être facilement réduit en poudres fines.

Cette forme stable, constituée de macromolécules dont les atomes sont agencés en un réseau cristallin trigonal, fond au-dessus de  et bout vers . Il se vaporise très lentement au rouge blanc. Sur la base de mesures faites en 1928, il est parfois annoncé que l'antimoine liquide diminue de volume en se solidifiant, ce qui a été contredit par la suite.

Il est soluble dans les acides sulfurique, nitrique et phosphorique concentrés et à chaud. Il engendre alors lentement ce que l'on croyait de l'acide antimonique, mais qui se trouvent sous la forme d'ions antimoniates Sb(OH).

L'antimoine impur peut être purifié par fusion avec du carbonate de soude ou  (et éventuellement du charbon actif).

Alliages
Il forme facilement des alliages avec les principaux métaux usuels, dont le plomb, le cuivre ou les métaux précieux. Il est souvent considéré comme un élément durcissant dans les alliages, comme ceux à base de plomb (Pb) et d'étain (Sn). Avec le bismuth, il forme des alliages dits antimoniure de bismuth de proportions variées qui présentent de multiples propriétés électriques.

Il forme aussi des associations avec l'arsenic.

Chimie des corps simples
La valence de l'antimoine dans ses composés peut être II, III, V et accessoirement -III.

L'antimoine perd des électrons et forme des ions Sb, hydrolysé en SbO ou même précipité en Sb(O{H) en milieu acide. L'antimoine Sb de valence V, ou Sb(V) se situe à un niveau d'énergie supérieure de  de Sb(III). L'oxyde  est insoluble virtuellement en solution acide. Il s'agit d'un oxydant modérément fort.

L'antimoine corps simple ou Sb (Sb au degré d'oxydation zéro ou élémentaire) n'est qu'à un niveau d'énergie inférieure de  par rapport à Sb(III). Sb(-III) représenté par l'hydrogène antimonié  plonge à  par rapport à Sb.

L'antimoine corps simple réagit au rouge avec le gaz oxygène. L'oxyde amphotère formé  est volatile. Il s'agit d'une poudre blanche et cristalline, insoluble dans l'eau. Chauffé, elle devient jaune, mais refroidie, redevient blanche. La sénarmontite octédrique, en réalité de maille cubique, se transforme en fleur d'antimoine, sous forme de rhomboèdres (empilement de plans de symétrie C3) homologues de la valentinite.
  sénarmontite ou cristal de maille cubique →  fleur d'antimoine structure valentinite instable avec  =

L'antimoine s'enflamme spontanément dans le gaz chlore. Le chlorure normalement formé est un pentachlorure , et il faut réchauffer ce corps lentement vers  pour former le trichlorure .
Néanmoins, le trichlorure d'antimoine peut être obtenu avec les corps simples si la température est contrôlé à . Il est facilement obtenu par réaction de l'antimoine avec l'eau régale, avec un excès d'acide chlorhydrique. Il s'agit d'une masse incolore, molle et hygroscopique, appelée « beurre d'antimoine ». Au contact de l'eau, une réaction exothermique dangereuse se produit avec dégagement de chlorure d'hydrogène (HCl) gazeux.

Le trifluorure d'antimoine peut être également facilement obtenu, ainsi que le pentafluorure d'antimoine.

L'antimoine réagit à chaud avec les autres corps simples halogènes brome et l'iode. avec le fluor, il donne un corps incolore et volatile, le trifluorure d'antimoine .

L'hydrure d'antimoine  est le « gaz d'hydrogène stibié » ou « hydrogène antimonié » des anciens, encore appelée stibine en chimie analytique. Ce gaz toxique, très instable, est un produit de réduction en milieu acide, obtenu par exemple en versant de l'antimoine dans une solution d'acide où barbote des copeaux de zinc, provoquant une ébullition d'hydrogène réactif. Il est comparativement obtenu en moindre quantité que l'arsine, mais beaucoup plus que la bismuthine plus instable, si l'opération concerne respectivement les corps simples arsenic et bismuth. Ce gaz n'existe pas en solution alcaline, il se décompose en Sb et en hydrogène. Mais sa décomposition exothermique peut survenir à la moindre excitation à l'état gazeux :
 2 SbH gaz instable → 2 Sb poudre cristal + 3 H gaz avec  = .

Corps composés antimoniés

L'antimoine est présent dans de nombreux composés minéraux, souvent associé avec le plomb, sous forme d'oxydes, de sulfures, de sulfoxydes, d'oxychlorures

L'acide antimonique HSb(OH) est inconnu en pratique : il n'existe que l'ion antimoniate, par exemple dans le pyroantimoniate de sodium NaSb(OH), encore écrit par convention , le pyroantimoniate de potassium.

Le trisulfure d'antimoine  apparaît communément sous la forme de cristaux allongés, gris noir, à éclat métallique net. Il s'agit de la stibine de maille orthorhombique des minéralogistes. Mentionnons la forme allotropique amorphe rouge (rouge orangée) du trisulfure d'antimoine , celle-ci est relativement instable et un faible apport d'énergie, pas seulement thermique, la retransforme en la première forme cristalline gris noir.

Ainsi
  rouge orangé, amorphe, chauffé et secoué →  cristaux allongés gris-noir type stibine avec  = .

L'antimoine est présent dans de nombreux composés organométalliques. Ainsi il existe des acétates, des tartrates, des gluconates

Analyse qualitative et dosage quantitatif
Lors du test de Marsh, le miroir d'antimoine obtenu par décomposition de l'hydrogène stibié (stibine) ou hydrure d'antimoine sur la surface du verre, n'est pas dissous par la solution d'hypochlorite, contrairement au miroir d'arsenic. L'antimoine en milieu acide réagit avec un hydrogénosulfure ou avec l'ion hydrogénosulfure pour former un sulfure orangé insoluble. C'est ce précipité coloré qui permettait autrefois d'attester la présence d'antimoine.

Il est possible de séparer As et Sb à l'état de sulfures en dissolvant sélectivement  plus basique dans l'acide chlorhydrique et  plus acide dans le carbonate d'ammonium.

La quantité d'antimoine dans différents milieux est quantifiable par différentes méthodes analytiques. Pour dissocier l'antimoine de la matrice de son milieu, il faut, la plupart du temps, effectuer une digestion à l'aide d'un acide. Vu la grande toxicité de l'antimoine, l'INRS offre deux services de détection pour les composés d'antimoine dans le sang et l'urine, soit l'ICP-MS ou la SAA-four de graphite.

Les raies d'absorption sont intenses dans l'ultraviolet proche.

Toxicologie

L'antimoine et la plupart de ses composés sont très toxiques ou toxiques, et souvent vomitifs et/ou irritants pour les muqueuses et la peau, voire l'estomac et l'intestin (après ingestion).

Le gaz antimoniure d'hydrogène ou hydrure d'antimoine présente une toxicité comparable à l'arsine. La limite de tolérance dans l'atmosphère de travail est  d'air. Il est parfois retrouvé dans l'eau en bouteille (à partir du PET qui en relargue) et dans l'eau potable, à des concentrations  ; vu sa toxicité, Santé Canada a émis une norme provisoire de concentration maximale acceptable pour l'eau potable qui est de .

En France, il existe deux fiches toxicologiques sur le site de l'INRS:
 sur le trioxyde d'antimoine (synonymes : anhydride antimonieux, antimoine trioxyde, diantimoine trioxyde, oxyde antimonieux, oxyde d'antimoine(III), sesquioxyde d'antimoine ; numéro CAS : 1309-64-4) ;
 sur l'hydrure d'antimoine (synonymes : antimoine trihydrure, hydrogène antimonié, hydrure d'antimoine, stibine ; numéro CAS : 7803-52-3).

L'antimoine semble être sous certaines formes toxique pour le spermatozoïde, génotoxique (clastogène) et reprotoxique. Puis l'embryon, le fœtus et la femme enceinte et l'enfant y sont a priori beaucoup plus vulnérables que l'adulte en termes de risques. Aussi le « Volet périnatal » du programme national de biosurveillance a-t-il notamment porté sur l'imprégnation des femmes enceintes par l'antimoine. À l'occasion du suivi d'une cohorte de  enceintes de la « Cohorte Elfe » ; femmes ayant accouché en France en 2011, hors Corse et TOM) le dosage urinaire de 990 femmes enceintes a révélé la présence d'antimoine au-delà des seuils de détection dans 70 % des échantillons d'urine analysées (moyenne géométrique :  ; avec  de créatinine, soit un niveau proche des moyennes trouvées chez la femme (enceinte ou non, en France et à l'étranger) lors d'études précédentes. Ce travail a montré que l'imprégnation des femmes enceintes par ce métalloïde croît avec la consommation de tabac et avec la consommation d'eau embouteillée). En zone industrielle et urbaine, l'air devient aussi une nouvelle source de contamination environnementale, à des doses éventuellement problématique pour l'embryon ou la femme enceinte.

Les seuils toxicologiques ont été choisis de manière à ne pas gêner l'industrie (ne pas empêcher la commercialisation des bouteilles PET en particulier), mais devraient selon les toxicologues André Picot et Jean-François Narbonne (2011) être revue à la baisse en Europe : . La littérature scientifique .

Polluant émergent
L'antimoine, rare dans la croute terrestre était naturellement très peu présent dans l'eau et encore moins dans l'air (Reimann  2010). Ayrault  (2010) notent qu'il a soudainement fortement augmenté (depuis le début des années 2000) dans l'air, ainsi que dans l'eau au point d'être devenu l'un des éléments métalliques en traces (ETM) les plus enrichis dans les environnements urbains par rapport au fond géochimique.

Face à l'accroissement rapide de ce polluant dans l'environnement, des chercheurs tentent de trouver des techniques de dépollution efficace pour ce polluant retrouvé dans l'eau, l'air et les sols et sédiments. Une piste récente (publication 2021) est celle d'un adsorbant à base d'oxyde de graphène et d'alginate de sodium (GAD) doté d'une bonne capacité à adsorber l'antimoine présent dans l'eau (capacité d'adsorption de Langmuir est de , mais en sachant que son efficacité diminue avec la température.

Cinétique environnementale et écotoxicologie
L'antimoine est un métalloïde toxique, puissant vomitif, et a priori écologiquement non-essentiel et non-bénéfique. Il est donc considéré comme indésirable dans les sols cultivés, les eaux de boisson et dans la chaine alimentaire.

Son comportement biogéochimique dans le système Sol-Rhizosphère-plante est longtemps resté méconnu ; comme pour de nombreux métaux, il est modulé par la nature du sol et le degré d'acidité de l'eau du sol, notamment ; il peut être bioaccumulé dans les parties comestibles de nombreuses plantes (céréales, légumes, légumineuses, notamment). Des études récentes ont porté sur la spéciation solide de l'antimoine dans les échantillons des bassins routiers et de bord de route ; elles ont montré que différentes formes chimiques de ce métalloïde existent dans son cycle biogéochimique, et lors de son parcours depuis la chaussée routière jusqu'aux bassins récepteurs, très influencées par les conditions rédox du milieu, et donc par les conditions microbiologiues du milieu ; en particulier, comme pour l'arsenic ou le mercure, certains microorganismes du sol (champignons et bactéries) peuvent biométhyler les composés trivalents de l'antimoine et former des composés encore plus toxiques et bioassimilables. Comme pour d'autres métaux et métalloïdes, les champignons semblent pouvoir être utilisés pour un biomonitoring de l'environnement ; dans le cas d'une analyse des métaux et métalloïdes de neuf espèces de champignons comestibles venant de cinq régions de la Chine, les taux de Sb étaient compris entre une valeur indétectable par la méthode (ICP-MS) utilisée et  de champignon sec.

De manière générale, l'antimoine se montre toxique pour de nombreux animaux (produit notamment génotoxique et cancérogène, interagissant avec divers antioxydants enzymatiques (peroxydase, catalase, ascorbate peroxydase, superoxyde dismutase, glutathion peroxydase) et non enzymatiques (glutathion, phytochélatines, proline et acide ascorbique) en produisant des radicelles réactifs et en induisant un stress oxydatif). Certains de ses composés sont en outre de puissants perturbateurs endocriniens.

Les plantes ont développé une tolérance à l'antimoine, qui leur fait jouer un rôle important dans les phénomènes de bioaccumulation, d'écotoxicité et de contamination du réseau trophique et de la chaîne alimentaire par le Sb.

Usages

Corps simple et alliages
L'antimoine en tant que corps simple est cassant ou à propriétés mécaniques fragiles. Il est presque toujours employé comme additif ou catalyseur pour divers emplois industriels et médicaux. Il était présent dans le « métal d'Alger », le « métal de la Reine ».

L'antimoine est présent dans certains pigments ; il ne semble pas utilisé pour les peintures artistiques, mais les anciennes peintures contenaient très fréquemment du Sb comme agent anti-farinage, et les peintures plus récentes aux couleurs vives peuvent encore contenir du Sb comme fixateur de couleur, y compris sur du mobilier urbain et les équipements de jeux pour enfants, à des concentrations parfois très élevées (jusqu'à plusieurs centaines à environ ) selon Turner et Filella (2020).

Dans le verre et la céramique, Sb est présent sous forme de pigment, d'agent de collage, d'opacifiant ou de fixation ; il est largement présent dans les peintures-émaux jusqu'à des concentrations de 6 % ; jusqu'à plusieurs milliers de μg/g selon Turner et Filella (2020).

C'est ainsi un composant fréquent d'alliages notamment de métaux comme le plomb (dont il augmente la dureté) servant à la fabrication :
 des batteries au plomb (qu'il durcit) ;
 de plaques d'accumulateurs plomb-acide (5 %) ;
 des alliages complexes pour caractères ou poinçons d'imprimerie ;
 des alliages pour soudure plomb-antimoine-étain (environ 80 %, 15 % et 5 %) ;
 des « plombs » des balles et grenailles de cartouches de guerre et de chasse ou de tir sportif, ce qui explique que des quantités significatives d'arsenic et d'antimoine (en plus du plomb) puissent être retrouvées comme polluant du sol d'anciens stands de tir ou champs de tir, y compris sous des formes lixiviables contaminantes des eaux superficielles et/ou des nappes phréatiques. Des taux d'antimoine de  ont été relevés pour des taux de plomb variant de  Pb/L dans l'eau interstitielle sur un site étudié par Okkenhaug  (2016) ;
 des alliages de revêtement de métaux ou à propriété antifriction, notamment pour palier, ou parfois à base de plomb ou d'étain notamment pour fondre dans des moules (voir Matériaux utilisables pour le frottement) ;
 le cuivre antimonié servait de monnaie autrefois en Chine et au Japon ; il fait partie des premiers alliages de cuivre utilisés au début de l'Âge du bronze car l'antimoine en augmentait la résistance ;
 la poudre de Sb (ou de divers composés purifiés) donne un effet de scintillement aux feux d'artifice ;
 il sert à la fabrication de semi-conducteurs. Par exemple, InSb, GaSb sont utilisés :
 pour la détection dans l'infrarouge,
 pour les sondes à effet Hall (détection de champ magnétique) ;
 il est très présent dans les matières plastiques.

Corps composés

Sous forme d'oxyde Sb2O3 : il diminue la propagation des flammes dans les matières plastiques. Il entre aussi dans la composition du PET comme résidu de catalyseur de la réaction de polymérisation, devenant contaminant de l'eau pour sa part qui est désorbée du plastique des bouteilles (alors qu'il pourrait être remplacé par le dioxyde de titane (TiO2), comme les Japonais ont commencé à le faire).

Les  permettent de produire un verre blanc opaque.

Les composés d'antimoine entrent dans la composition de nombreuses glaçures. Le trifluorure d'antimoine  est un agent décapant ou un agent fluorant, aussi utilisé en poterie/céramique.

Le beurre d'antimoine ou  est un produit intermédiaire de la chimie de l'antimoine. Cette base de Lewis sert pour élaborer des catalyseurs, des réactifs pour la synthèse de la vitamine A.

Le trisulfure  peut servir à former des pâtes pour allumage des allumettes. Il sert en pyrotechnie, ainsi que dans l'élaboration des verres rouges.

Utilisation médicale

L'un de ses composés avait un usage cosmétique : stibine broyée pour élaborer le khôl.

Dans l'Antiquité, l'antimoine était utilisé comme vomitif ; des coupes ou récipients en alliages à base d'antimoine servaient à conserver du vin, dont certains composants réagissent avec l'antimoine pour former des corps toxiques à effet vomitif puissant. Ainsi les riches fêtards romains pouvaient, après s'être fait vomir, continuer à engloutir des mets raffinés, servis par leurs esclaves. Cet usage abusif est passé dans la médecine gréco-romaine.

En 1566, le Parlement de Paris en interdit l'usage en médecine, une mesure que la faculté de Montpellier refuse de respecter.

Le , Louis XIV est victime d'une grave intoxication alimentaire lors de la prise de Bergues dans le Nord. Le lundi , il reçoit les derniers sacrements et on commence à préparer sa succession. Mais , lui donne un émétique à base d'antimoine et de vin, qui le guérit « miraculeusement ». Le Parlement de Paris finit alors, en 1666, par ré-autoriser l'usage de l'antimoine à des fins médicales.

Des composés de l'antimoine sont utilisés pour guérir des maladies parasitaires, comme l'antimoniate de méglumine pour la leishmaniose humaine et canine.

En pharmacie, il existe des pommades stibiées censées atténuer la douleur.

Production et commerce

Minerais d'antimoine et traitements directs
Les principaux minerais d'antimoine sont par ordre la stibine  présents en filons massifs (peut-être plus de  de la production directe), la valentinite  autrefois en Algérie), l'(oxy)hydroxyde d'antimoine . L'exploitation des autres  ou hydroxydes d'antimoine est encore plus rare.

En 1990, les principaux pays extracteurs de minerais d'antimoine sont la Chine, la Russie, l'Afrique du Sud, la Bolivie, le Mexique, le Canada et l'Australie.

Les minerais principalement à base de stibine, mais aussi de quartz ou d'autres reliquats rocheux sont concassés, enrichis par flottation, puis fondus vers . Une masse grise s'écoule au fond du creuset car la stibine ou trisulfure d'antimoine est facilement fusible. Elle cristallise ensuite en aiguilles cristallines, cette masse est dénommée « antimoine cru ».

Le métal est ensuite obtenu par grillage des sulfures et/ou par réduction via le monoxyde de carbone, opérations perfectionnées par les fondeurs français à la Belle Époque.

Donnons d'abord la réaction exothermique de grillage au four tournant :
 2  solide cristal en aiguilles + 9 O gaz (de l'air) → 2  poudre solide + 6 SO gaz anhydride sulfureux avec  = .

Elle est suivie par la réduction par le charbon de bois (charbon actif) qui s'opère dans un four de fusion, c'est-à-dire un four à montée de chauffe rapide. Voilà la réaction globale :
 2 solide cristal pulvérulent + 3 C charbon de bois → 4 Sb dépôt en rhomboèdres + 3 CO gaz anhydride carbonique.

Donnons enfin la réaction de grillage dans un four à fosse.
 2  solide cristal pulvérulent +  solide cristal en aiguilles → 6 Sb dépôt en rhomboèdres + 3 SO gaz anhydride sulfureux.

Le raffinage de l'antimoine est typique de celui des semi-métaux. Il peut s'effectuer par sublimation ou par fusion de zone.

Production industrielle actuelle
C'est le plus souvent un sous-produit du raffinage ou de la métallurgie du plomb, du cuivre et de l'argent. Mais une partie non négligeable de l'antimoine peut également être récupérée au cours du traitement des ordures.

L'antimoine est une ressource non renouvelable, produite dans les pays suivants :

Chiffres de 2003, métal contenu dans les minerais et concentrés, source : L'état du monde, 2005.

La Chine produisait en 2006 87 % de l'approvisionnement mondial.

La production globale, incluant la récupération des ordures, en 1990 atteignait déjà .

Histoire de la production

À la Belle Époque, la France figurait parmi les tout premiers producteurs mondiaux d'antimoine avec les sites mayennais de Laval, corses d'Ersa, de Luri ou de Meria, auvergnats de Massiac, d'Ouche ou de la vallée de la Sianne, où le fondeur Emmanuel Chatillon améliore le procédé de grillage, l'industriel métallurgiste Emmanuel Basse Vitalis rationalise son extraction et sa production… sans oublier les mines notamment algériennes de la compagnie des mines de la Lucette.

La France fut ainsi le premier producteur mondial d'antimoine entre 1890 et 1910 grâce à la production de la Compagnie des mines de La Lucette, propriétaire de gisements en Mayenne, près de Laval, et des mines d'antimoine d'Auvergne.

Commerce en France
En 2016, la France est importatrice nette d'antimoine, d'après les douanes françaises. Le prix moyen à la tonne à l'import est de .

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Bibliographie
 Hubert Brill et Jean-Jacques Perichaud, « Les gisements d'antimoine » dans Les richesses du sous-sol en Auvergne et Limousin, 1986, édité par la ville d'Aurillac, 165-178.
 Couto, H., Roger, G., Moëlo, Y. et Bril, H. (1990), Le district à antimoine-or Dúrico-Beirão (Portugal) : évolution paragénétique et géochimique ; implications métallogéniques, Mineralium Deposita, 25(1), S69-S81 (https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00205252#page-1 Lien vers 1 et 2 (extrait)]).
 Pierre-Christian Guiollard, La mine d'or et d'antimoine de la Lucette, auteur-éditeur, 1996.
 Pierre-Christian Guiollard, L'Industrie minière de l'antimoine et du tungstène, Éditions Atlantica, 2010.
 Nicolas Lemery, Traité de l'antimoine, contenant l'analyse chymique de ce mineral [et] un recueil d'un grand nombre d'opérations rapportées à l'Académie Royale des Sciences…, Chez Jean Boudot, 1707, 670 en ligne.
 IRSN, Fiche pédagogique  sur l'antimoine-125 (125Sb) et l'environnement, 25
 Lauwers L.F., Roelants A., Rosseel P.M., Heyndrickx B. et Baute L. (1990), Oral antimony intoxications in man, Critical care medicine, 18(3):324-6.
 .
  .
 .
 .
 Filella M., Williams P.A. et Belzile N. (2009), Antimony in the environment: knowns and unknowns, Environmental Chemistry, 6 (2):95-105.
  Multani R.S., Feldmann T., Demopoulos G.P. (2016), Antimony in the metallurgical industry: A review of its chemistry and environmental stabilization options, Hydrometallurgy, 164:141-153.
 Tian H., Zhou J., Zhu C., Zhao D., Gao J., Hao J., He M., Liu K., Wang K. et Hua S. (2014), A comprehensive global inventory of atmospheric antimony emissions from anthropogenic activities, 1995–2010, Environ. Sci. Technol., 48 (17):10235-10241.
 Turner A. et Filella M. (2017), Field-portable-XRF reveals the ubiquity of antimony in plastic consumer products, Sci. Total Environ., 584:982-989.
 Turner A. et Filella M. (2020), Antimony in paints and enamels of everyday items, Sci. Total Environ., 713:136588.
 Varrica D., Bardelli F., Dongarra G. et Tamburo E. (2013), Speciation of Sb in airborne particulate matter, vehicle brake linings, and  brake pad wear residues, Atmos. Environ., 64:18-24.

Articles connexes

Liens externes

 Métallurgie de l'antimoine, traduction du texte écrit en 1894 par
 Fiche antimoine de la SCF
 BRGM, Panorama 2011 du marché de l'antimoine, juillet 2012
 Claire König, Tout savoir sur l'antimoine, futura-sciences, 2 février 2009 ou en version PDF complète
 Sb sur le site de l'Union des PPC
  Images d'antimoine sous différentes formes
 , avec en sous-pages les données connues pour chaque isotope

Remède de jadis

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Home LEGO Architecture Review: 21050 Architecture Studio
Review: 21050 Architecture Studio
This set seemingly came out of nowhere. Either that or I haven't been paying that much attention. Soon after I posted about the LEGO Architecture event at select Barnes & Noble stores and the mysterious exclusive set they were touting was it pointed out to me that the set was 21050 Studio. It's exclusive to Barnes & Noble, so you can only buy it at BN stores and online right now until August 1 where it will be more widely available at Amazon , LEGO Shop@Home, and LEGO Brand Retail.
The event I attended was a low key affair, with at most 6-7 people including the lone store employee overseeing everything. There were copious amounts of white elements dumped into various cardboard containers and onto the table and visitors were invited to build anything their hearts desired. I built the following:
Allow me a moment to diverge off topic, but there was an obvious difference in the pureness of the white ABS in the elements. Some elements were warmer, tinged with a slight orange or pink hue, and some were more cooler, trending towards a bluish tint. The photo below is unretouched directly from my iPhone. You can see the difference in the white between the 6×6 and 8×8 plates along with the rest of the surrounding elements.
Quality control issues aside, the whole event was to drum up interest in 21050 Studio set, so I took the bait and took a set home. The cost was $149.95 for 1,210 pieces in a nice big box. I finally had some time tonight to crack it open and write up a review. Worth it?
Yes, worth it, for several reasons. But let me make one more comment about the quality control issue.
I ran into the same quality issues as I did at the pile of parts at the Barnes & Noble event. But it seemed a bit more severe with this set as color differences were found between elements of the same type where as at the store it was found between different elements. It could be the lighting in my living room, or my tired and dry eyes, but the first thing I noticed when dumping the parts out of the bags was that the white didn't seem so pure. It may be worth a call to Shop@Home just to let them know of the issue so that they are aware. It could be a sign of a bigger problem assuming that someone other than me sees the same issue.
Anyways, moving on. The box is white, reflecting the monochromatic selection of bricks inside. Every panel has some sort of graphic, including the very bottom that shows some models built with LEGO but with a disclaimer stating that the models are for inspiration only and cannot be built with the pieces inside the box. Kind of a tease if you ask me. Why not showcase models that can be built with the bricks inside? It seems like a missed opportunity to show the potential of the $150 dollar set.
Inside the box, the set's 1,210 pieces are split up into 15 bags. You also get a couple of sorting trays and a 272-page guidebook. The guidebook is thick and quite impressive. There is a MASSIVE amount of content. There are tons of tips on how to build architecturally with the set, covering concepts from scale to repetition to density and mass. You could easily spend hours just reading the guidebook and not pick up a brick. It sounds bad, but if you're the kind of person to appreciate architecture and design, you won't be bored one bit. Several architecture firms are featured in the book as well notable buildings from around the world. I haven't spent a lot of time reading the thing, just flipping through it get a sense of what is inside for the review and I don't think I even barely scratched the surface. I do wish the exercises were clumped together instead of interspersed throughout the non-building related content. It would make referencing the concepts easier if you ever wanted to go back.
I think it's great that the set includes several sorting trays but it feels like it's barely enough. The pic above is a bit misleading as there were still a good pile of elements dumped inside the box. One of the side panels of the box shows all of the pieces neatly organized within the given trays, but look closer and you'll realize that the elements are mixed. It's not that big of a deal but to achieve the same level of organization would take some time and something you should do sooner or later. When I opened the box, I just ended up just dumping all of the pieces onto the table and went at it. There's something pure and nostalgic about just sitting in a pile of bricks and building what you can. But if you're serious about using the Studio set for its intended use, then the organization is necessary. It will make part hunting so much easier even if the sorting isn't as granular as can be.
Surprisingly, this set did not come with a new-style brick separator. I grabbed one from own stash to help remove separate some of the plates and tiles. Out of all the sets out there, this is one where including a separator makes the most sense.
The piece selection consists of mostly basic bricks and plates in varying sizes. You also get tiles and grille bricks for texture and trans-clear elements for window effects. Slopes of varying degrees are also present. I do wish the set included some more parts such as 4L bars, 1×1 hollow round studs, and 1×1 bricks with 1 stud on one side to start, but maybe perhaps there will be a follow up set to complement 21050 Studio. I'm not holding my breath though. If you want to read a more thorough breakdown of the parts, visit The New Elementary.
The box is large and roomy, allowing you to store all of the pieces inside and because of it's fliptop design, you run no risk of losing any pieces as long as the box is kept upright. One thing LEGO could have done to really make the packaging super convenient is if they had a handle come out of the top with a double flip top lid. Carrying the box isn't easy as it is rather bulky and weighs a little under six pounds fully loaded.
All that aside, I decided to try and build something tonight for this review. I flipped through the book and came across a section titled Abstraction where you take an animal as a source of inspiration and design a building from it. They use a bird, and in four steps, go from concept to imagining your creation out in the real world. It's funny seeing the leap in design aesthetic between steps 2 and 3, but no matter, the message is the same. I decided to use a dog and rather than try and sketch build a dog from scratch, I just reached for the Target gift card model and use that as my inspiration.
After a few moments, I abstracted the model a little further and created the following:
I wasn't too thrilled with it and while I was shuffling piles of parts around, and this is where surrounding yourself with a pile of parts pays off, I slapped two quarter round pieces together and though "platform". I then imagined a cliffside mansion and came up with the following:
And this I'm satisfied with.
I think the biggest hurdle for anyone picking up pieces to build something using parts in this set is to grasp the sense of scale. One builder I saw at the event at Barnes & Noble grabbed several of the larger plates to use as a base. Instinctively I had a feeling that was the wrong approach. I picked up an 8×8 plate, and then looked the pile of parts, in particular a 1×1 round brick. Then it hit me and that 8×8 plate became palatial. After going through all of the pieces you get in the Studio set, the potential for designing buildings is limitless.
I see 21050 Studio as an adult version of a brick bucket. Remember as a little kid, you might get Salisbury Steak for a school lunch? 21050 Studio is like a good New York strip or ribeye. It is much more refined with it's all-white color palette with trans-clear pieces thrown in for window effects. With the guidebook in your hands and inspiration coming from just about anywhere, you're free to build just about any building. This set, out of all of the sets out there, made me feel like a kid again with its free build approach. You're not given an instruction book, just a guidebook. There is obviously a focus on architecture, and the elements you get are catered towards that style of building. Building a spaceship could be possible, but if you're doing that with this set, you're missing the point entirely and you could be spending that $150 on something more appropriate. But if you "get it", you just might enjoy the set.
I see 21050 Studio as an architect's tool as well. I can imagine it being useful for rapid prototyping and conceptualizing as long as the designer sticks to a small as scale as possible. The initial build should consist of a few basic bricks slapped together to get the general shape. Once that is built, you can refine that idea by substituting pieces and introducing more and more detail, like carving a statue out of marble, only your medium is LEGO. For serious architecture projects though, LEGO does have its limits so it may not be the best tool for the job. But it can be useful.
You may not be able to design the next Walt Disney Concert Hall, but it'll be fun trying. The $150 price tag may turn off most people but fans of LEGO's Architecture line or fans of architecture in general shouldn't shy away. Hopefully, the quality control issues aren't as prevalent as I presume them to be, but that shouldn't detract you from the overall experience of 21050 Studio. It's definitely a niche product for a niche market. That being said, parts monkeys probably won't see the value. From an economics standpoint, The New Elementary article breaks down its value against bricklink. You may be able to order a similar palette of parts for even less But aside from hard numbers, it's the experience you're buying and I can safely say it stands apart from just about everything else LEGO has to offer.
Buy 21050 Studio from Barnes & Noble today, or Amazon or LEGO Shop@Home starting August 1, 2013.
21050 Architecture Studio
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text:
Wazīr Akbar Khān (), (), né Mohammad Akbar Khān (), également connu sous le nom d'Amīr Akbar Khān (), était un prince et général afghan. Sa renommée commença en 1837 lors de la bataille de Jamrud, au cours de sa tentative de reprendre la deuxième capitale de l'Afghanistan, Peshawar, à l'armée sikhe.

Wazir Akbar Khan fut un des protagonistes de la première guerre anglo-afghane (1839-1842). Il fut le meneur des nationalistes à Kaboul en 1841, et fut l'instigateur du massacre de l'armée  du major-général Elphinstone lors de la bataille de Gandamak.

Ascendance
Mohammad Akbar Khan est né en 1816. Son père était l'émir Dost Mohammad Khan d'Afghanistan et sa mère Mermən Khadija Popalzai. Dost Mohammad avait deux épouses, huit fils (dont Mohammad Akbar Khan) et deux filles.

Biographie

En 1836, les forces musulmanes de Dost Mohammad Khan, sous le commandement de son fils Wazir Akbar Khan, battirent les Sikhs lors de la bataille de Jamrud, à une quinzaine de kilomètres à l'ouest de Peshawar. Dost Mohammad ne profita pas de cette victoire pour reprendre Peshawar, mais sollicita de l'aide de lord Auckland, le nouveau gouverneur général de l'Inde, dans la lutte contre les Sikhs. Par cette lettre, Dost Mohammad suscita l'intervention officielle des Britanniques en Afghanistan. Ainsi, l'Afghanistan joua un rôle décisif dans le Grand Jeu, la rivalité entre la Grande-Bretagne et la Russie en Asie centrale.

En 1841, lors de la première guerre anglo-afghane, Akbar Khan mena la révolte à Kaboul contre la garnison britannique de  hommes, dirigée par William McNaughten et le major-général Elphinstone. Au cours des négociations, McNaughten trouve la mort dans un traquenard tendu par Akbar Khan, et Eldred Pottinger dut prendre sa succession. Dans la suite des négociations, Akbar Khan exigea l'évacuation des troupes d'Elphinstone vers Jalalabad, garantissant la sécurité pour ses hommes et les  civils britanniques et indiens les accompagnant. Mais tous furent massacrés lors de la bataille de Gandamak en . Des mémoires de guerre britannique attestent qu'on aurait entendu Akbar Khan ordonner à ses hommes de cesser le feu en persan, mais contredisant immédiatement cet ordre en pachto.

En , Akbar Khan prit le Bala Hissar à Kaboul et tint le pays jusqu'à sa mort en 1845.

Dans la fiction
La figure historique d'Akbar Khan joue un rôle majeur dans certains romans du cycle des Archives Flashman, écrit par George MacDonald Fraser.

Voir aussi
 Première guerre anglo-afghane

Lien externe

Références

Naissance en octobre 1816
Décès en 1845
Général afghan
Personnalité pachtoune
Monarque afghan du XIXe siècle


text:
Q: X, Y are iid from N(0,1). What's the probability that X>2Y I was thinking, since $X, Y$ are from $N(0,1)$ and they are independent, then
$X - 2Y$ has a distribution of $N(0, 5)$. Then $X-2Y > 0$ has probability of $1/2$.
The above seems correct to me, though it seems like then $X>nY$  would have probability of $1/2$. That seems a bit wrong. Did I get anything wrong?

A: With a bivariate standard normal (i.e. iid standard normal), the probability of lying on one side of a line through the origin is $\frac{_1}{^2}$ no matter what the slope of the line is.

This follows, for example, from the rotational symmetry of the bivariate distribution about $O$, since we could rotate the problem to one of considering $P(X'\gt0)$ in rotated coordinates.
Indeed, considering the use of affine transformations means it must be $\frac{_1}{^2}$ much more generally -- the argument will apply to any bivariate normal where both variances are greater than 0.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Q: Dependency Injection with Constructor I have two Classes. Student and SMSSenderMessage. where Student depend to SMSSenderMessage and SMSSenderMessage is depended to Student. Student and SMSSenderMessage has just one Constructor.
I want to use constructor injection for this two classes.
    public interface IPerson
    {
        string GetName();
    }

    public interface ISenderMessage
    {
        void Send(string text);
    }

    public class Student : IPerson
    {
        private ISenderMessage S;
        public string Name { get; set; }
        public Student(ISenderMessage s)
        {
            this.S = s;
        }
        public void DoSomeThing()
        {
            //...Some Thing
            S.Send("Hello");
        }

        public string GetName()
        {
            return this.Name;
        }
    }
    public class SMSSenderMessage : ISenderMessage
    {
        IPerson P;
        public SMSSenderMessage(IPerson p)
        {
            P = p;
        }
        public void Send(string text)
        {
            string message = text + " " + P.GetName();

            //Send SMS: message
        }
    }

now. how create instance from Student and SMSSenderMessage?

A: You have a cyclic dependency, so these classes cannot be created.
Let's say you have class A, which depends on class B, which depends on class A. Then, to create class A, you should firstly create class B, but to create class B, you should firstly create class A. So it's just impossible to create neither class A neither class B.
When you have a cyclic dependency, it means that you have some problem with your design. You should try to redesign your solution.
In your case, a design mistake is pretty obvious. You have a SMSSender which gets IPerson as a dependency to use a person's name when sending a message. But try to imagine how you could use this SMS sender in the future. If you need to send information with the order number, what would you do? Pass Order as a parameter into the SMSSender constructor? You shouldn't do that.
The answer is that your SMSSender shouldn't know anything about the kind of information it's sending. It should just get a message text and send it. So, you should remove IPerson dependency from SMSSender.

A: As a couple of other people have suggested in comments, you have created a cyclic dependency - where each class has dependency on the other. Think of it like the infamous "Chicken and Egg" scenario! You can't instantiate one object without first instantiating the other.
However, the simplest way to separate concerns is to pass the IPerson object to the Send method.
You do not really want to pass the person into the SMSMessageConstructor because then you would have to create a new instance of SMSMessageConstructor for every different target person! Instead, pass IPerson within the Send method.
Also, I have suggested changing the GetName() method to a property, and advise that you pass the Name and PhoneNumber parameters into the Person constructor with readonly getter methods for immutability.
See updated code below:
    public interface IPerson
    {
        string Name { get; }
        string PhoneNumber { get; }
    }

    public interface ISenderMessage
    {
        void Send(IPerson person, string message);
    }

    public class Student : IPerson
    {
        public string Name { get; }
        public string PhoneNumber { get; }

        public Student(string name, string phoneNumber)
        {
            Name = name;
            PhoneNumber = phoneNumber;
        }
    }

    public class SMSSenderMessage : ISenderMessage
    {
        public SMSSenderMessage() { }

        public void Send(IPerson person, string message)
        {
            // Access property of person, person.PhoneNumber
            // Optionally access name property of person, person.Name
            // Send SMS: implement message logic.
        }
    }

Finally, a slight alternative using the newer Expression-bodied member + Tuple syntax for methods/constructors, see below (it's slightly shorter and rather neat!):
    public interface IPerson
    {
        string Name { get; }
        string PhoneNumber { get; }
    }

    public interface ISenderMessage
    {
        void Send(IPerson person, string message);
    }

    public class Student : IPerson
    {
        public string Name { get; }
        public string PhoneNumber { get; }

        public Student(string name, string phoneNumber) => (Name, PhoneNumber) = (name, phoneNumber);

    public class SMSSenderMessage : ISenderMessage
    {
        public SMSSenderMessage() { }

        public void Send(IPerson person, string message) => // Implement send message logic.
    }


You have mere hours left before Google Reader shuts down for good. Once you've exported your Google Reader subscriptions, where to take them? While we already covered this a few months ago when it was first announced, the landscape has changed a tad, so it looks like it may be time to run down some of the best choices once again.
This contender came out as a bit of a surprise as there really had been no rumors it was in the works. It visually feels quite a bit like Google Reader, and we're sure that was on purpose. Due to the speed with this was built, some key features are lacking, but promised down the road. Seeing as it still has the "Beta" label on it, we can let it slide a bit.
Digg, the site once known as the king of social sharing, was one of the first to announce that it would be working on a replacement for Google Reader. It only launched this past week, and there is still a lot of work to be done, but it's obvious that the company is trying to build a fairly powerful tool.
InoReader really has a nice feel to it, and, yes, it looks a lot like Google Reader. Some of the controls are even a bit more obvious without being obtrusive, which is nice.
The Old Reader, as you may have guessed by its name, feels a lot like Google Reader, but there are some definite differences. It doesn't feel anywhere as polished as we were used to with Reader, but you have to imagine some more changes are coming.
This was the winner out of the gate when the closure of Google Reader was announced, and it appears to be doing a pretty good job of trying to make sure everyone has all of the tools they need to keep their RSS feeds in order and streaming in.
There are a ton more RSS readers out there, and it's impossible to go through all of them. Let us know which one you chose and why in the comments below!


Liverpool Victoria has introduced an online processing system designed specifically for its Flexible Protection Plan, mimi.
Financial advisers will be able to use the Straight Through Processing (STP) system on behalf of their clients in order to apply for Liverpool Victoria's protection covers which deal with life, critical illness, mortgage payment and income protection.
With an online application process, financial advisers will have the benefit of being able to complete the application process on the move or from their office, resulting in a more time-efficient solution.
Stuart Tragheim, director of intermediary business at Liverpool Victoria stated: "Our new STP system demonstrates our commitment to making the life of the adviser easier.
"Any technology that can be put in place to speed up policy applications is a positive step and the ease and breadth of choice of cover available through the mimi Flexible Protection Plan means advisers can find quick and individual solutions to their clients' needs."
Liverpool Victoria was voted the best income protection company this year by LifeSearch.


You probably have never wanted to receive a reckless driving offense. However, if it's to reduce a drinking under the influence (DUI) charge, you might welcome it. The term "wet reckless" is used to describe a reckless driving charge involving impairment from alcohol.
A wet reckless charge is normally the result of a reduced driving under the influence (DUI) offense. In many of these cases, the attorney is fighting to have the DUI reduced to a reckless driving. Reckless driving offenses carry lighter penalties.
Not everyone can have their DUI charges reduced. For instance, Florida Statute § 316.656 establishes that a judge cannot accept a lesser offense from a person charged who had a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) of 0.15 percent or more. The prosecutor and defense attorney often get around this rule by entering into a stipulation that the BAC was actually below .15, although the court must also go along with the stipulation before the court can accept the negotiated plea.
If there is a lack of evidence and you have a strong legal defense in your DUI case then you could possibly have your charge reduced to wet reckless. An even better outcome is getting the charge dropped completely.
Have you been arrested recently for drunk driving in the Central Florida area? Ashley M. Aulls, P.A. is passionate about preserving Floridian rights with experience in fighting DUI cases.
Ashley M. Aulls, P.A. will aggressively fight for your case and help you mount a good defense. If you have been charged with a DUI crime, it is in your best interest to contact Ashley M. Aulls, P.A.. We represent clients all over Hernando County and the other counties including Sumter County, and Citrus County, Florida.
Call (352) 593-4115 or fill in an online contact form today.
The alleged offender drove or was in actual physical control of a vehicle.
Sometimes the conditions of a DUI are difficult to prove beyond a reasonable doubt. A prosecutor then may seek a reckless driving charge. This is what many refer to as a wet reckless conviction. A conviction for a wet reckless carries lesser penalties than for DUI.
A first DUI offense is commonly a first-degree misdemeanor in Florida. The penalties for driving under the influence are very harsh, even for first time offenders.
A reckless driving conviction is considered a second-degree misdemeanor in Florida. Although it is still a misdemeanor, the adjoining punishments for a wet reckless charge are significantly less severe.
Completion of a DUI program substance abuse education course and evaluation.
Florida Statute § 316.192 – Visit the Florida Legislature's website to read the statutory language surrounding reckless driving under state law. See the offenses that are considered reckless driving, their adjoining penalties and exceptions.
Licensed DUI Programs in Florida | Department of Highway Safety and Motor Vehicles (FLHSMV) – Visit the Florida Department of Highway Safety and Motor Vehicles website and view the complete listing of all licensed DUI programs statewide. Read on how the educational courses are organized by offense, and what it takes to finish a complete course.
Have you been arrested in the Hernando County area for a DUI? Do not let the penalties overwhelm you and fight back. It is important you contact Ashley M. Aulls, P.A. today to get legal representation from a criminal defense attorney.
Ashley Aulls has 20 years of experience. He has handled many DUI cases and will investigate all the circumstances regarding your drunk driving offense. Ashley M. Aulls, P.A. will use any information to formulate a good defense.
Ashley M. Aulls, P.A. represents clients in all of the counties surrounding Hernando County including Inverness in Citrus County, Brooksville in Hernando County, and Bushnell in Sumter County, Florida.
Ashley Aulls is knowledgeable in DUI offenses. He is familiar with the local law enforcement agencies that make a DUI arrest in Hernando County including Hernando County Sheriff's Office, the Sumter County Sheriff's Office, and the Bushnell Police Department; the Citrus County Sheriff's Office.
Be proactive and take charge of your DUI charge today. Call (352) 593-4115 or submit an online contact form to see if you are eligible to get your charges reduced.


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Australian stars giving up IPL millions to play in World Cup
The governing body will not stand in the way of players participating, even if it prevents them from resting during a busy 2019 international schedule, but have made it clear to them they are expected to put country before franchise when commitments clash. The players union, which is working with CA to foster an improved relationship, has given its qualified
Uber driver left almost bankrupt stakes Open claim
"You get sore backs [driving all the time]. You know what, it's been great. You meet really good people. [I] haven't had any bad people, which is good." Stephens was forced to rise at 4.30am – a time he could be forgiven for ferrying passengers home – to help prepare for his 6.45am tee time, but found himself bashing the snooze button a couple of times
Benbow hits the road with Noumea in his comeback
"The first thing I remember was in hospital and they told me I had a broken back and would be out for a while." Benbow has been back riding for two months and Noumea, which comes to Rosehill on Saturday, has given him his biggest success since then in the Coleraine Cup in September. He has ridden six winners and follows the six-year-old to Sydney as he steps
Matt Millar ready for Australian Open fight after opening round
Canberra golfer Matt Millar slipped on the back nine to start his Australian Open campaign, dropping shots to finish his opening round at one-over par. Millar had a wild end to his first round and struggled for consistency as the wind and wet weather hit the course at The Lakes in Sydney. The 42-year-old was one-under par after nailing a birdie putt on the ninth
States want to wrest more control over player management from CA
There is also a view that a centralised system is stifling innovation by not encouraging diversity in ideas, which the states believe drives improvement. It's understood there are already states that are cherrypicking parts of CA's high-performance program to implement into their own such is the scepticism they hold for the governing body. The appetite
Bendigo Spirit not taking fast start for granted as finals talk begins
"It's a very fine line between 2-5 and 5-2," Pritchard said on Wednesday. "So we don't take it for granted and know we are only in the first third of our season. "Our mission is to make the finals and we have 14 games left to do that or mess that up." The Spirit have rode some savvy recruiting and some good fortune to their strong start as long-time
'Millartime' ready to end Australian Open woes in opening round
"I hit the ball quite well [in the ProAm on Wednesday] and liked what I saw out there," Millar said. "The Lakes definitely suits me better than some of the other [Australian Open] courses. It's a bit more breezy ... if you can get your head around the greens, keep the errors off your card and stay patient, you'll be ahead. "I think it will suit my game, it's just a matter
Sydney Swans serious about drafting Canberra Demons duo
"We wouldn't have invited them here if we weren't serious about them," Blakey said. "Obviously that's left up to [list manager] Kinnear Beatson and his crew at the end of the day, to see what falls out in the draft and what's around with rookie spots and all of those sorts of things. Obviously they're under our radar and we've got our eye on them. "With
Defending Open champion Cameron Davis better prepared than last year
"It wasn't that difficult a decision, but what I would be missing out on is another opportunity to potentially win a golf tournament on the PGA Tour which would cement everything, or do really well and move yourself a long way up there," Davis said of his decision to return home. "So missing any event is a relatively big deal, but for this tournament
Big hit: It's country ahead of IPL pay day for me, says Starc
However, the workload and injury debate also impacts batsmen and all-rounders, including power hitter Chris Lynn, who continues to nurse a troublesome shoulder which prevents him from diving in the field. Lynn was the highest-paid Australian in the IPL last season, pocketing $1.86 million from the Knight Riders. All CA-contracted players are on one-year


The White House is expected to take action within the next few weeks aimed at boosting U.S. artificial intelligence and 5G deployment, an administration official confirmed to The Hill.
The plan will offer the "first deliverables" of the National Quantum Initiative Act, a law passed by the previous Congress that laid out an initiative to improve U.S. efforts on quantum technology, according to the official.
Lawmakers and experts have long raised concerns that China is beating the U.S. in the race to implement artificial intelligence as well as 5G, a mobile broadband technology that could dramatically increase internet speeds and bandwidth.
"Within the coming weeks, we could expect to see action designed to preserve American [research and development] leadership in artificial intelligence, 5G, and the first deliverables from the National Quantum Initiative Act," the administration official said in an email to The Hill.
The Wall Street Journal on Wednesday reported the White House plan is expected to include executive orders from President Trump Donald John TrumpTrump calls Sri Lankan prime minister following church bombings Ex-Trump lawyer: Mueller knew Trump had to call investigation a 'witch hunt' for 'political reasons' The biggest challenge from the Mueller Report depends on the vigilance of everyone MORE that will funnel resources toward improving AI and 5G technology.
Trump during his State of the Union address on Tuesday night noted that he supports investing in the "industries of the future," reportedly a nod to White House efforts on AI, 5G deployment and other tech-based initiatives to remain competitive with China.
"The Industries of the Future will be powered by the technological advances of today," the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy said in an email sent to reporters shortly after Trump gave the shout-out.
"President Trump's commitment to American leadership in artificial intelligence, 5G wireless, quantum science, and advanced manufacturing will ensure that these technologies serve to benefit the American people and that the American innovation ecosystem remains the envy of the world for generations to come," Michael Kratsios, Deputy Assistant to the President for Technology Policy, said in the statement.
The administration is expected to push for increased spending on researching and developing new technologies and using governmental data to improve artificial intelligence, according to the Journal.
During a Senate Commerce Committee hearing on Wednesday, senators raised concerns that China could win the "race to 5G," and that Chinese telecom giants such as ZTE and Huawei could hack any U.S. 5G technology.
"We must be certain that there is a secure supply chain backing up our 5G system," Sen. Maria Cantwell Maria Elaine CantwellMore than 30 Senate Dems ask Trump to reconsider Central American aid cuts 737 crisis tests Boeing's clout in Washington State rules complicate push for federal data privacy law MORE (D-Wash.), the ranking member of the committee, said during her opening remarks. "We cannot tolerate a leaky valve or a back-door into these networks."
She then called on the Trump administration to provide Congress with "a real, quantifiable 5G threat assessment."


BOSTON, Mass. - In front of a sellout crowd of 4,803, freshman Tyler Madden sent the fans home happy in the opening minute of overtime, roofing a backhand over the shoulder of UMass goaltender Matt Murray to the give the No. 8 Northeastern men's hockey team (15-5-1, 9-3-1) the wild 2-1 victory over the No. 1 Minutemen (18-4-0, 10-2-0) on Saturday night at historic Matthews Arena.
The win is Northeastern's first over the No. 1 team in the nation since Oct. 13, 2012 and the eighth of all-time. It also moves the Huskies back within one point of first place in the Hockey East standings and gives NU a 13-3-1 mark in their last 15 games.
After Jordan Harris and Brandon Hawkins won a puck battle in the defensive zone to chip the puck up to Madden, he and Grant Jozefek went in on a two-on-one rush, with Madden electing to keep the puck and tuck a backhand home for the game-winner.
It was a battle of Hockey East's elite all night long, with goaltender Cayden Primeau tying a career-high with 45 saves, including game-saving robbery in the final minute of regulation on Cale Makar, denying the Hobey Baker hopeful on a breakaway in the final seconds. Murray made 22 saves for the Minutemen at the other end.
Jeremy Davies, a Hobey Baker hopeful in his own right, put the hosts up 1-0 midway through the game when he stole the puck in the defensive zone, sped in on Murray on a breakaway and ripped a backhand top shelf for his fifth of the year.
The score stayed that way until John Leonard knotted the game at one during a UMass surge in the third period, beating Primeau on a feed from Ty Farmer behind the goal to send the teams to overtime.
The road doesn't get any easier for the Huskies, who turn their attention to No. 11 Providence for a home-and-home set next weekend, beginning on Friday night at Schneider Arena.


Humanities Tennessee has announced a lineup of award-winning, bestselling authors who will headline the 28th annual Southern Festival of Books in Nashville, taking place Oct. 14-16. The roster includes such notables as Megan Abbott, Cat Cora, Gayle Forman, John Hart, Adam Hochschild, Sherrilyn Kenyon, Jay McInerney, Ann Patchett, Curtis Sittenfeld andKimberly Williams-Paisley.
The Southern Festival of Books is a free event that annually attracts 25,000 attendees to meet their favorite authors, become familiar with talented new writers, and engage like-minded fans and followers of great literature. The Festival has become one of the most popular literary events in the country, as guests travel to Nashville to experience an abundance of authors and their books, along with food, entertainment and culture.
The fundraising dinner Authors in the Round on Friday, October 14, provides patrons with an evening of dining and social conversation with the authors.
Former and current Nashvillians including author and owner of Parnassus Books Ann Patchett (Commonwealth), novelist and respected wine critic Jay McInerney (Bright, Precious Days: A Novel), fantasy writer Sherrilyn Kenyon(DragonMark) and musician Kix Brooks (Cookin' It With Kix: The Art of Celebrating and the Fun of Outdoor Cooking).
New York Times-bestselling authors Curtis Sittenfeld (Eligible: A Retelling of Pride and Prejudice), John Hart(Redemption Road) and Gayle Forman (Leave Me), who has transitioned from young-adult books to debut her first adult novel.
Award winning nonfiction authors such as National Book Award winner Adam Hochschild (Spain in Our Hearts: Americans in the Spanish Civil War, 1936-1939) and New York Times- bestselling author Matthew Desmond (Evicted: Poverty and Profit in the American City).
New fiction from acclaimed authors Megan Abbott (You Will Know Me: A Novel), Gyasi Yaa (Homegoing: A Novel),Donald Ray Pollock (The Heavenly Table), Libby Ware (Lum) and Brad Watson (Miss Jane).
Humanities Tennessee will partner with the Robert Penn Warren Center for the Humanities at Vanderbilt University to present a special track on "The Pulitzer Prize in the 21st Century," featuring fiction winner Robert Olen Butler (Perfume River) and renowned photographer Robert Cohen, who won the Pulitzer Prize in 2015 for his coverage of the Ferguson riots. Performances of Pulitzer-winning music and a special interactive presentation on media literacy will also be offered.
Celebrated children's and young-adult authors David Arnold (Kids of Appetite), Lauren Oliver (Replica), C.J. Redwine (The Shadow Queen), Beth Revis (A World Without You) and Jason Reynolds (As Brave as You).
Solo and Q&A sessions with television, film and music legends Kimberly Williams-Paisley (actress from ABC's hit show Nashville, wife of country music star Brad Paisley, and author of Where the Light Gets In), Bill Anderson (Whisperin' Bill Anderson: An Unprecedented Life in Country Music), Sean Patrick Flanery (Jane, Two: A Novel).
In addition to three days of author readings and talks, the Festival also features three performance stages. A music stage focuses on the incredible talent of the Nashville music community, and the Artober performing arts stage offers theater, spoken word, and poetry throughout the weekend. The Festival children's stage features authors, musicians, performers, crafts, character costumes, and parties celebrating beloved children's books.
The Festival is committed to curating a diverse collection of books by authors who will discuss and autograph their books. This group includes writers of adult, young-adult and children's fiction and nonfiction, Pulitzer Prize winners, New York Times bestsellers and book-club favorites. Sixty publishers, booksellers and nonprofit organizations will exhibit at the event, and Parnassus Books serves as the onsite bookseller.
All interested media (online, print, broadcast, etc.) can arrange author interviews and access photographs and promotional materials by sending a request to alex@hallstrategies.com or by calling (615) 242-8856.
The Southern Festival of Books is presented by Humanities Tennessee, a non-profit organization that promotes humanities education across Tennessee. The Festival is proudly sponsored by the National Endowment for Humanities, National Endowment for the Arts, Tennessee Arts Commission, Nashville Public Library, Ingram Content Group, The Memorial Foundation, Dollar General Literacy Foundation, Middle Tennessee State University, Parnassus Books and the Nashville Scene.


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Hermann Hagen ist der Name folgender Personen:

* Hermann von Hagen (auch Harm von Hagen; † 1570), deutscher lutherischer Theologe
 Hermann Hagen (Philologe) (1844–1898), deutsch-schweizerischer Klassischer Philologe
 Hermann Hagen (Geograph) (1889–1976), deutscher Geograph
 Hermann Hagen (Politiker) (1906–1992), österreichischer Politiker (ÖVP)
 Hermann August Hagen (1817–1893), deutscher Entomologe


text:
ORGAN THING: Michael J Sheehy, a new single, a lament to bygone days and long-closed venues, a beautiful benefit in aid of the Music Venue Trust…
seanworrall / December 4, 2020
Michael J Sheehy, he of Miraculous Mule and in a previous life way before that, Dream City Film Club, has announced the release of a download-only stand-along single to benefit the Music Venue Trust.
DANNY POCKETS – Houses of The Holy, Royal Albert Hall, London, March 2018
Michael has recently released the acclaimed album Distance is the Soul of Beauty, his first solo album in over a decade, but that's not what we're here for today.
This Friday 4 December (today if you got here in time) he releases two new songs, 'The Places We Used To Dance', a lament to bygone days and long-closed venues, and 'Baby, Baby, Baby (Can I Tell You Something?)' through Lightning Archive Records.
Michael J Sheehy
"It was written a while ago…" says Sheehy about the A-side. "I had in mind The Bull and Gate in Kentish Town and the 12 Bar Club on Denmark Street, two places that will always mean so much to me. Recent events have really driven home just how important these places are and the sad reality is, if we lose them they won't be replaced. We have to fight tooth and nail. Like many, I'm struggling right now, music is such an important part of my life both as an artist and a punter. The absence of live music has been pretty hard to take and the fact that so many venues are in danger of closing their doors for good is quite frankly, terrifying."
The single is released exclusively through Bandcamp, who are currently waiving their fees on the first Friday of every month, so all proceeds from sales on that day will go directly to the Music Venue Trust, who've been doing so much to support struggling venues throughout the UK. Running a venue or putting on gigs (or art galleries for that matter) was a thankless enough task before the virus struck and put an absolute stop to everything, we really are missing those palces we met and danced right now, so today (Organ's 34th birthday actually, launched out the back of an old army ambulance at a Hawkwind gig back in the days of print and lots and lots of dancing) seems like a good day to be supporting those precious music venues.
The lead song itself, The Places We Used To Dance, is of course a piece of beautiful melancholic mourning, especially as most of us haven't seen a live band for something like nine covid-struck months now and well even without the damn covid thing striking there's been the strike of the money men, the culture-wrecking property developers and gone is the Marquee and standing in the line on Wardour Street or rushing up the road to the Astoria from later version on the Charring Cross Road, gone is the back room of the Bull and Gate or siting outside the Falcon in the summer, gone is the Robey (and the fights outside on a Friday night after the strange sights of Club Dog), Gone are the Standard and the Music Machine and the Lady Own Arms, gone is the Powerhaus and meet your mates outside the O or sticking to the filthy carpet in the Clarendon or the Stick of Rock and treasure the ones that are still just about standing and hanging on – you tore our world apart – well she tore his apart, but that's the b-side, do we still have b-sides? Will we ever go to a gig again? These are two beautiful songs, haunting songs, heartfelt songs but you have ears and hopefully music still touches your heart and here there are, you don't need our fractured words and never ending sentences, there's the Bandcamp. Beautiful…
And it seems rather right to leave some of those paintings and some shots from the Royal Albert Hall show that the much missed Danny Pockets left us with on this page. Danny painted them so well, Danny danced with Michael but they probably don't know that. Treasure those houses of the holy and the people you dance with, those places where once we all danced together, I;m sure Danny would mind his paintings being on this page today. (sw)
ORGAN THING: Distance Is The Soul Of Beauty, the new Michael J Sheehy album really is, it has to be said, it really is quietly something…
ORGAN THING: Danny Pockets, Houses of The Holy, a celebration in paint, a celebration of time, place and painter…
P.S I know others have done it, really must write a piece about those venues and the adventures…
Danny Pockets – Houses of the Holy
December 4, 2020 in ART, MUSIC. Tags: DANNY POCKETS, DREAM CITY FILM CLUB, MICHAEL J SHEEHY, MIRACULOUS MULE
ORGAN THING: Michael J Sheehy, a touch of Virgin Prunes goodness and…
Organ Thing of the Day: United Sounds of Joy
ORGAN THING: United Sounds of Joy and a delicious premiere of the video of that first track from the new album. United Sounds are Michael J. Sheehy, currently of Miraculous Mule and Alex Vald, once of Dream City Film Club…
← ORGAN THING: Qu'est-ce que le Grand Sbam? De la musique savante jouée par des ignorants…
ORGAN THING: Soozy Lipsey, To Be Continued at Nelly Duff, East London. Chaos maybe? Messy? but if it is then almost perfectly so… →


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Mapping where homes are out of reach for the median family.
New data and maps from the real estate research firm Zillow shed light on the uneven nature of housing prices across several major U.S. cities and metros.
One commonly held metric is that families should devote no more than about 28 percent of their incomes to housing. But in certain parts of the country, that's easier said than done. By the end of last year, the median family would need to devote much more than a third — up to nearly forty percent — of its income to mortgage payments on the median home in metros like San Jose (36 percent); San Francisco (39 percent); and Los Angeles (40 percent). These proportions are even higher than in the pre-bubble, pre-crash period of 1985-2000, when the median household would have needed to devote still substantial percentages of its income to afford the median house: 32 percent in New York; 35 percent in Los Angeles; 35 percent in San Jose; and 38 percent in San Francisco.
And within metros, the locations of homes that are within reach for the median family vary substantially. The maps below, from Zillow's Krishna Rao, track by zip code where the median family can and can't afford a mortgage. In green are the zip codes where more than 50 percent of the homes are affordable for the "typical" home buyer (for more on methodology, see below, and the explanations on Zillow's site).
In almost every case, housing is least affordable near the center and in close-in, walkable suburbs with access to transit. These maps look strikingly like the ones from America's Class Divided Cities that I published last year on this site. Those maps showed a similar pattern of advantaged knowledge workers at the urban center, in close walkable suburbs, around knowledge-based institutions, and clustered along natural amenities like waterfronts and coastlines.
This geographic sorting of housing prices across and within cities and metros is a major contributor to the economic segregation of American cities, a topic that I have been tracking closely over the past few weeks. In some of the most advanced and prosperous parts of the country — from the Bay Area to the Acela corridor — large parts of the gentrifying central city and many of the close-in suburbs are totally unaffordable for all but the truly advantaged.
In San Francisco, affordable areas are clustered in the East Bay, in Oakland and further out, far away from the gentrified, tech-driven center city.
In Chicago, affordable homes in the city are clustered on the South Side, while the only affordable suburban areas with large proportions of affordable homes are far out in exurbs of DeKalb and McHenry counties, and over the border in Wisconsin and Indiana.
In D.C., more homes are affordable to the median buyer in the close-in suburbs to the south and east of the city, as well as the exurbs of Northern Virginia and Maryland's Frederick County.
In Los Angeles, houses require mortgage payments below the area median in areas south of downtown and in the northern suburbs of Los Angeles County.
In New York, mortgages are at above-median levels in all five boroughs of the city, the North Shore of Long Island, Westchester, and parts of New Jersey. Affordable mortgages are found in Long Island's Suffolk county and the further suburbs of New Jersey.


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Chasing the dream of seamless public-private transportation, Grab launches 'trip planner' in Jakarta
Written by Khamila Mulia Published on 26 Mar 2019 • 2 mins read
Rival Go-Jek pioneered a link up with Jakarta's public bus network in 2015 but dropped the feature again
Jakarta just inaugurated its firt-ever Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) line, and in conjunction with this ride-hailing app Grab introduced its new "Trip Planner" feature that integrates public transportation information into the Grab app. The feature is rolling out in the Greater Jakarta Area first and will later arrive in other cities in Southeast Asia, says Grab.
Commuters in the Greater Jakarta Area can use the feature to plan their journey with accurate public transportation information and end-to-end directions within the Grab app.
Grab's other collaborations with the Indonesian MRT include providing Grab shelters for pick-up and drop-off near MRT stations. Grab's mobile payment partner in Indonesia, Ovo, signed an MoU with MRT last year. Eventually, passengers will be able to use Ovo to pay for the MRT tickets, but that's not available yet.
To use Trip Planner, you only need to enter your destination and you'll be able to view all public transit routes, including the MRT, Airport Rail Link, and public bus services nearby along with real-time departure times. The feature lets you book transportation options such as GrabBike or GrabCar for the last mile right away.
Grab is chasing the dream of offering users a seamless transportation experience that switches between public and private transportation options.
Main rival Go-Jek actually already pioneered this in 2015, when it offered integration with Jakarta's public bus network, long before the launch of the MRT. However, this feature later disappeared from the app again without an explanation from Go-Jek.
Maybe the time for such a feature is better now that Jakarta is inching closer towards a more reliable public transportation offering. Grab seems determined to make interoperability with other modes of transportation its thing. The firm said it will also soon pilot a marketplace for bus travel in several Southeast Asian cities.
According to Ngiam Xinwei, Grab's head of marketplace and shared mobility, over 70% of daily trips are taken on motorcycles and private cars rather than public transportation when commuting in Jakarta, which does not help to ease traffic congestion.
Editor: Nadine Freischlad


One sure fire way to make your WordPress site stand out from its competitors, is to be different. And if you can be different by using a technique that is already very familiar, then it can be a win-win situation.
Presenting your WordPress posts as a Facebook-style timeline is one such situation.
In this article we'll walk-through how to implement a timeline on your WordPress site using the recently released Timeline Pro plugin.
Regardless of what you think about Facebook, it's interface and approach to user interaction is both understood and instantly familiar to the vast majority of your potential audience. Leveraging this familiarity immediately makes your visitors feel at home with the obvious potential knock-on effects of deeper and more lasting engagement.
The good news is that implementing a Facebook-style timeline for your WordPress posts is a simple 3 step process, thanks, mainly, to the Timeline Pro plugin from Kento Themes.
It turned out that installing the WP Test data on a test site in order to test the plugin for this article was an unintentional master stroke as the plugin is not without its bugs and I'll go through how to fix these.
Suffice to say, plugin developers and indeed anyone building a site, would be well-advised to make sure they test their creations with data that is as comprehensive as WP Test's.
If you are just wanting to play with Timeline Pro, then I would fully recommend using WP Test's data. You'll also need to install the Slim Jetpack plugin and enable Tiled Galleries.
As I mentioned above, there are a couple of bugs in version 1.0 of this plugin, so you can either download this version and make the updates detailed later in the article, or you can download an updated version. With a bit of luck, Kento Themes will be able to update their official version soon.
The plugin creates a new Admin menu item, Timeline Pro Settings. Clicking on this item allows you to set the default settings for how the timeline is displayed.
Why go for anything else other than full content?
The colors and post-type can actually be overridden by the shortcode but displaying thumbnails and whether to show just the excerpt or the full content are global (which is a shame – being able to control all options on the shortcode would be preferable).
I would recommend for displaying the full content. With comment display and replying being handled inline using AJAX, displaying the full content would mean never having to leave that one page and that feels far more satisfying an user experience.
Select your preferences and click on Save Changes.
This will generate the timeline. Incidentally, sticky posts are honored and are, in fact, displayed full-width at the top of the timeline.
If you want to use the timeline as your homepage (and effectively have a 1 page site) then jump into Settings > Reading and set Front page displays to a static page and then select your timeline page.
Mostly, the plugin works just as expected and has excellent support for comments (inline display and replying) and inline loading of earlier posts.
There are, however, just a couple of bugs that need addressing for it to be completely usable. As I mentioned, I've already made these changes to this version of the plugin but I've documented the changes here for the sake of completeness.
A minor tweak to prevent the comment count wrapping. This was only happening on Chrome on OS X.
The way the CSS is currently written means that any lists in the actual posts take on the styling for the timeline list itself – not what we want.
The post content is output using the WordPress function get_the_content(). Unfortunately, this means that shortcodes will not be processed and will be displayed in their raw form.
For some reason that I'm not quite sure about (if anyone knows why then please let me know in the comments), using the apply_filters function for pages causes an infinite loop, hence the check to only apply filters if not a page. I've tested using a custom post type and that appears to work as expected.
A single-page website with access to all your posts via a mechanism that is familiar to the vast majority of users. Could your website benefit from such an approach?
adjust arrows/padding accordingly. should work like a charm.
One shoud use "min-width" for responsive design.
This way the styles for mobile browsers are first found and that saves loading time and money for the user.
The desktop first apporach lets the mobile browser go through all the tyles for larger devices before it reaches the syles meant for mobile.
something i have tried to avoid CSS media query here and used wp_is_mobile() and it will add a class stic to post list items will become full width much similar to sticky post on timeline and v-line positioned at middle also arrow at the top.
Thanks so much nur_hasan, for a great plugin, and the advice..saves me from fiddling about ;) i only later noticed the "stic" class ;) that works great ! is there any possibility the comments drop-down can be made to allow replying from the timeline without going to the post ?
This looks great but unfortunately I get PHP errors which I guess means a plugin or theme conflict. Ah well. I was thinking though that I'd quite like to set up a timeline for my own news items. One way to do that would be to set up a sub-domain with it's own WordPress install and import my news category RSS feed (so that it auto-updates). I'm interested in thoughts on this as an idea and whether anyone has plugin recommendations to deal with the RSS feed at the sub-domain (in addition to this one to display the truncated posts it creates). I'm only a hobby blogger.
Really great thanks to see full review about my plugin.
And really appreciate code fixes and CSS update, will update soon with next version of this plugin.
I am newborn plugin developer just start digging about WP plugins so any feedback and contribute much appreciate.
I like this plugin alot and think it can become perfect.


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