An astute real estate developer, Thomas Church, became the first black millionaire in the South after he bought land along Beale Street following a devastating yellow fever epidemic. The famous Church Park, a cultural and recreational center where blues musicians gathered, is named for him, not for a religious organization.
By the 1960s Beale Street had fallen on hard times. Many businesses had closed, and a disastrous urban renewal program had torn down many of the historic buildings.
In 1869 a congregation of freed slaves began building the Beale Street Baptist Church. Besides the congregation, it housed the newspaper offices of civil rights journalist Ida B. Wells. Such notables as Ulysses S. Grant and Teddy Roosevelt spoke there, while Booker T. Washington, Woodrow Wilson, and FDR spoke at the 2,000-seat auditorium in Church Park.
However, by the 1960s Beale Street had fallen on hard times. Many businesses had closed, and a disastrous urban renewal program had torn down many of the historic buildings and the neighborhoods surrounding it instead of renewing them. In April 1968 Martin Luther King, Jr. was assassinated not far from Beale Street.
Eventually the neighborhood was restored by the racially diverse Beale Street Development Corporation, and the area is now a popular tourist destination featuring the Beale Street Music Festival in early May each year. Beale Street's development is tightly controlled by the city of Memphis, the BSDC, and a management company.
In so many ways, the story of Beale Street is an apt metaphor for the African-American experience — artistically gifted, entrepreneurially astute, politically active, brought down by neglect and resentment, and then restored by a consortium of well-intentioned but often misguided do-gooders who have changed the essence of what it once was.
In one particularly beautiful scene, the smoke from Fonny's cigarette swirls around a sculpture and jazz music swirls around the scene as he coaxes the wood into submission to his art.
Beale Street is also an apt metaphor for the characters in Jenkins' movie If Beale Street Could Talk. A love story at heart, the film uses flashbacks to show how Tish (KiKi Layne) and Fonny (Stephan James) grew up as childhood friends, fell in love as teenagers, planned a future that included marriage and family, and saw their plans destroyed when Fonny was falsely accused of a heinous crime.
Tish and Fonny's fathers (Colman Domingo and Michael Beach) are both hardworking entrepreneurs. (Well, OK, they aren't entirely legal, but they justify their black-market business by saying, "I never met a white man who didn't lie and steal." And in truth, Fonny is in jail because false witnesses have been suborned against him.) Fonny's mother (Aunjanue Ellis) represents the church in the black community — moral and austere. And of course the urban renewal board is represented by the overzealous justice system that intends to clean up Harlem by putting the young black men in jail — whether they're guilty or not.
Jazz and the blues also play central roles in this film. The soundtrack, mostly performed as string adagios, is bluesy, haunting, and full of despair, an emotion created by the close, discordant, unresolved harmonies and the deep, slow vibration of the bow across the bass strings. At the end, the credits roll to the sound of Billy Preston and Joseph Green's slow, jazzy, plaintive "My Country 'tis of Thee." If ever there was a time for singing the Beale Street blues, this is it.
Although Baldwin describes the young lovers in his novel as plain and unattractive, Jenkins chose to cast his Tish and Fonny with two astonishingly beautiful young actors. KiKi Layne radiates wide-eyed innocence mingled with tough determination, and Stephan James is not only handsome but also blessed with kind eyes and a warm smile. Who wouldn't be drawn to them? Studies show that we trust and like attractive people more readily than ugly people, and clearly Jenkins was not going to take any chance that the audience might not sympathize with his protagonists. Mind you, I'm not complaining about the casting; it was a pleasure watching these two fall in love on screen.
We don't learn the nature of the crime with which Fonny has been charged until 45 minutes into the movie, although we learn in the first five minutes that he is in jail. Jenkins also softens the scene of the first sexual encounter between the two by having Fonny gently cover Tish's naked breasts with a blanket in a gesture that is both protective and romantic. It subtly tells us that Fonny could not have done what he is charged with; he just isn't that kind of guy.
Faced with the prospect of 30-to-life for a trial conviction versus 8-to-10 for a plea deal, even an innocent person is likely to take the deal.
Moreover, plea bargains have now become the safer bet in a legal system where freedom hangs on how a jury interprets the evidence and the defendant. Faced with the prospect of 30-to-life for a trial conviction versus 8-to-10 for a plea deal, even an innocent person is likely to take the deal. The deadly "to life" tacked on to many sentences today is especially chilling for the innocent; how can you convince the parole board of your remorse for a crime you did not commit?
The routine indeterminate sentencing of "to life," which is bad for many reasons, was created three generations ago by liberal reformers. Its heyday is long past and needs to be eliminated, along with mandatory sentencing and three-strikes rules, to allow judges to judge and prisoners to have hope.
If Beale Street Could Talk presents a powerful story of love, loss, and loyalty. Baldwin's 1974 portrayal of the injustice of our court system is just as true today. Barry Jenkins' film version is not completely true to the novel, nor should it be — film is a visual and aural genre and needs to be adapted accordingly. The film is beautiful to watch, even though it is heartbreaking to comprehend.
Editor's Note: Review of "If Beale Street Could Talk," directed by Barry Jenkins. Annapurna, 2018, 119 minutes.


text:
Mortiplicity je 2. epizoda 5. série amerického seriálu Rick a Morty. V USA měla premiéru 27. června 2021, v ČR 27. června 2021 na HBO GO.

Obsah epizody

Rick a rodina jedí, když Rick rodině řekne, že Bůh je skutečný a spí už tisíce let a že se s Mortym chystají vplížit do oblak a zabít ho. Beth všem řekne, že Jerry si najde práci. Rick to označí za něco špatného, načež do domu vniknou chobotnicím podobná stvoření a všechny jednoho po druhém postřílí. Někde jinde si pan Vždycky chce být loven říká o to, aby byl loven, a rodina se ho snaží chytit, dokud Rickovy hodinky neaktivují alarm, který ukazuje, že někdo právě zabil rodinu s návnadou.

V autě Rick vysvětluje, že se ho snaží ulovit chobotnice a že od incidentu s Vesmírnou Beth vytvořil na různých místech země různé rodiny návnady, aby se chránili před případnými vrahy, kteří se pokoušejí rodinu vyvraždit. Smithovi se však začnou hádat, a když se tak stane, chobotnice na ně zaútočí shora a rozstřílí jejich auto na kusy. Rychle se však ukáže, že jde o návnadu a že v Itálii je na dovolené jiná rodina, která je přepadena a zabita. V dalším domě si Rick a Morty všimnou, že jejich rodina byla zničena, a zamykají dům a sledují na interdimenzionální kabelovce pořad o vlkodlakovi, který cestuje časem, s názvem "Když vlk". Jejich komentář k pořadu je však přerušen, když na ně zaútočí další chobotnice, které bez ohledu na zabezpečení bombardují jejich dům.

V další verzi sídla Smithových si toho všimne jiná rodina Smithových. Pětice se o tom začne bavit a Summer se zeptá, jestli oni sami nejsou návnady. To vyděsí Ricka, který si zkontroluje číslo na svém zadku. Morty se podívá a Rick si prdne, což způsobí, že jsou oba znechuceni Summer. Jerry přišel s citronovými čtverečky bez lepku, cukru a citronu a Rick se pro ně vydá ve svém vesmírném křižníku směrem k jednomu z domečků pro návnady. Vejde dovnitř a vysloví heslo, čímž je zmrazí na místě. Zkontrolují okolí svého domku pro návnady a Morty brzy zjistí, že návnady dělají návnady. Rick jde ke své návnadě a znovu aktivuje její hlavu, aby se jí zeptal na otázky, a pak bytost úplně deaktivuje. Pokračují v projížďce po okolí a spatří další Smithovo sídlo vytvořené jiným Rickem, jenže Rick si nepamatuje, že by je stavěl. Jdou to prozkoumat a jiný Rick řekne své heslo, čímž zmrazí ostatní návnady. Když to vidí, první rodina se schová, zatímco na scénu přichází druhá rodina. Druhá rodina rozmrazí svou návnadu, aby se na něco zeptala, ale uvědomí si, že jsou mezi nimi další. Obě strany obviní tu druhou z toho, že je to rodina s návnadou, a pustí se do rvačky, kterou zničí až třetí Rick a jeho rodina.

Poté, co jim tento Rick podá krátké vysvětlení, co se děje, se převléknou za své tajemné chobotnice protivníků a sestřelí jednu z lodí. Pokračují v plenění jejich lodi, aby zjistili, že chobotnice byly ve skutečnosti převlečená rodina s návnadou. Když si uvědomí, co se děje, vidí, jak návnada Jerry vyhodí bombu, která je zaživa zpopelní. Rozruch způsobený různými rodinami návnad vyvolal u různých verzí obavy, zda jsou to návnady, nebo skutečné, což vedlo k různým úmrtím a rodinám, které si ověřovaly, zda jsou skutečné, nebo ne. Jedna rodina je v lese a prchá před rozruchem, když je uspí jiná návnada, která je odvede do své verze Smithova sídla. Návnada se ukázala jako verze podobná strašákovi, která byla tak špatně vyrobená, že od chvíle, kdy byla vytvořena, věděla, že je falešná, a zřejmě se nestará o lovení svých kolegů návnad, místo toho se rozhodl pro sběr kůže návnad, aby se jim více podobal, a také poskytl nějakou kůži pro svou vlastní verzi rodiny Smithových.

Než je však stihne stáhnout z kůže zaživa, zasáhne Glockenspielova verze rodiny Smithových, která zachrání ostatní verze rodiny Smithových před strašáky. Ti se nestarají o zabíjení ostatních návnad, místo toho se rozhodnou shromáždit jich co nejvíce pro svou záchranu. Vezmou své protějšky do kaňonu, kde je v podzemí v bezpečí držena komunita různých vábniček. Tedy až do chvíle, kdy se objeví chobotnice, které na ně zaútočí, což způsobí, že se Glockenspiel Jerry zamkne v únikové cestě s plechovkou laku, čímž fakticky nechá návnady zemřít. Když další rodina zabije několik návnad, jejich Rick se nakonec rozhodne cyklus ukončit tím, že vytvoří maják ve stylu Androsse, aby přilákal různé návnady k jeho verzi Smithova sídla, a všechny se pustí do totální bitevní vřavy a zabíjejí se jedna po druhé, dokud nezůstanou naživu poslední.

Další verze rodiny Smithových, převlečená za líně vyrobené návnady, sundá převleky a vydá se do svého vesmírného křižníku na průzkum. Jedna ze zbývajících verzí je však shora postřelí a donutí zbývající k boji s nimi. Nakonec zvítězí ti, kteří se zřítili dolů, ale všechny je zabije Mistr, který chce být vždycky loven, a kterého rozčílilo, že není loven.

Nahoře ve vesmíru to pravděpodobně pravá rodina Smithových balí na dobrodružství s vesmírnou Beth, když se Rickovy hodinky spustí a odhalí, že návnady byly opět zabity.

Mezitím se zvonkohře Jerrymu podaří utéct do divočiny, svlékne se, navlékne na sebe celou plechovku laku a pokračuje ve sjíždění řeky. Brzy je však spatřen skupinou bobrů, kteří ho zaživa přežvýkají a použijí jako postýlku pro bobří mláďata. Voda ho zaplaví, uspí a on se probudí a zjistí, že uvízl uprostřed pustiny. Pak si ho k sobě odnesou potomci delfína a datla, kteří o něm mluví jako o relikvii z laskavější minulosti. Pak se probudí jako součást ozdoby zrcadla v saloonu, jen aby spatřil zelené, plazí humanoidy připomínající kovboje, kteří se mu diví a upalují ho zaživa. Nakonec se probudí potřetí, aby po éře kovbojů spatřil skupinu žlutých humanoidů, kteří žijí ve své verzi Římské říše a přehrávají vznik křesťanství. Glockenspiel Jerry, když se probudí usazený na kříži žlutého humanoida Ježíše, naříká nad svou neschopností zemřít a říká, že to je to nejhorší, co se kdy komu stalo.

Externí odkazy
 Obsah epizody – Mortyplicity
 Zajímavosti - Mortyplicity
Díly seriálu Rick a Morty (5. řada)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Following the opening of several new hotels in Larnaca region during the year, the trend continues in 2019 with a steady increase in new accommodation that will offer visitors a varied selection of quality establishments to suit all styles and budgets.
Larnaca is unique in that rather than operating large, resort-style hotels, visitors have the opportunity to experience the Larnaca region fully by staying in quaint city hotels, quirky boutique hotels, charming agrotourism establishments, self-contained holiday apartments and elegant beach hotels that are all immersed in areas of interest.
Samirana Boutique Hotel in Ermou Square, which places guests in the heart and hustle and bustle of the historic town centre and its shops and cafes, and is a short walk to Foinikoudes promenade.
Q Boutique Hotel in the Ayios Lazaros area, framed by the grand church and surrounded by traditional taverns, old workshops, interesting alleyways, and Foinikoudes promenade just metres away.
Solaar Hotel in Voroklini set in the midst of the evolving Larnaca-Dekeleia Road area, with a long coastline that is lined with restaurants and bars and that links to the city centre.
The former Princess Beach Hotel along Larnaca-Dekeleia Road will be completely renovated and extended and rebranded as Radisson Beach Resort.
There are also other applications pending for the operation of further establishments in the next three years.


text:
Stade Al Inbiaâte is een stadion in het centrum van Agadir, Marokko. Het wordt overwegend gebruikt voor voetbalwedstrijden en was de thuisbasis van voetbalclub Hassania Agadir. De capaciteit van het stadion is ongeveer 15.000. Het stadion werd vervangen door het grotere Stade Adrar in 2009/2010.

Agadir
Voetbal in Marokko


text:
Stinson Leonard Street Represented Layne Christensen Company In Recently Closed DOJ Investigation
Stinson Leonard Street LLP represented Layne Christensen Company (Nasdaq:LAYN) as legal counsel in a recently closed DOJ investigation.
Layne announced on Friday, Aug. 15, that the DOJ decided to not file any charges against the Company in connection with an investigation into potential violations of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA). The DOJ has notified Layne that it considers the matter closed.
Questions were raised internally in September 2010 about, among other things, the legality of certain payments by Layne to agents and other third parties interacting with government officials in certain countries in Africa. The Company stated that it was "very pleased," and "based on conversations with the DOJ, we understand that our voluntary disclosure, cooperation and remediation efforts have been recognized and appreciated by the staff of the DOJ and that the resolution of the investigation reflects these matters."
Attorneys from Stinson Leonard Street's Governance, FCPA and Africa practices combined to represent Layne. The team was led by John Munich . Other attorneys involved in the case included Patrick Respeliers, Jeremy Root, and Don Ramsay.
Layne issued the following news release concerning the investigation:
Layne Christensen Announces Completion of Department of Justice Investigation
THE WOODLANDS, Texas, Aug. 15, 2014 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- Layne Christensen Company (Nasdaq:LAYN) ("Layne" or the "Company") announced today that the United States Department of Justice ("DOJ") has decided to not file any charges against the Company in connection with the previously disclosed investigation into potential violations of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act ("FCPA"). The DOJ has notified Layne that it considers the matter closed.
As previously reported by Layne, in connection with updating its FCPA policy, questions were raised internally in September 2010 about, among other things, the legality of certain payments by Layne to agents and other third parties interacting with government officials in certain countries in Africa. The audit committee of the board of directors engaged outside counsel to conduct an internal investigation to review these payments with assistance from outside accounting firms. Layne has been consistent and forthcoming in providing voluntary disclosure to the DOJ and the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC") regarding the results of the investigation, and has cooperated fully with those agencies in connection with their review of the matter. The parallel investigation by the SEC remains open and the Company is actively engaged in settlement discussions with the SEC to resolve this matter.
Layne had previously accrued a reserve of $10.4 million for the settlement of the investigations. Based on the decision by the DOJ, the Company will reduce the accrual related to this investigation by approximately $5.3 million, which will be reflected in Layne's results of operations for the second fiscal quarter ended July 31, 2014.
David A.B. Brown, President & CEO, commented, "We are very pleased to conclude the DOJ investigation without any charges being brought against Layne and we hope to settle the SEC investigation in the near future. From the very beginning, we have maintained a position of full disclosure and complete cooperation with the authorities and have worked diligently to implement remedial measures to enhance our internal controls and compliance efforts. Based on conversations with the DOJ, we understand that our voluntary disclosure, cooperation and remediation efforts have been recognized and appreciated by the staff of the DOJ and that the resolution of the investigation reflects these matters."
Layne Christensen was represented in the investigation by the law firm of Stinson Leonard Street LLP, with the assistance of BKD LLP, which provided forensic accounting services. PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP provided advice regarding African tax laws and the enhancement of internal controls.
Layne Christensen Company
Layne is a global water management, construction and drilling company, providing responsible solutions to the world of essential natural resources — water, mineral and energy. We offer innovative, sustainable products and services with an enduring commitment to safety, excellence, and integrity.
[Note: the forward-looking statements are included in the company news release.]
John R. Munich
Patrick J. Respeliers
Jeremy A. Root
Gretchen DeSutter
gretchen.desutter@stinson.com

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


JERUSALEM - More than one in 10 Israeli Jews cannot marry legally in their own country, Israeli legislators heard last week, as Israel's religious authorities face a growing backlash against their wide-ranging powers.
Campaigners for religious freedom in Israel presented data showing that some 660,000 Israeli Jews were denied the right to marry. More than half – 364,000 – are immigrants from the former Soviet Union whose Jewishness is not officially recognised.
According to government figures, Israel's Jewish population stands at about 6.3 million.
The Chief Rabbinate, the supreme religious authority in Israel for the Jewish population, has exclusive control over a range of personal status matters, including conversion, marriage and divorce.
It also restricts opening times for businesses and the operation of public transport on the Sabbath, the Jewish weekend, and its inspectors control food production through the issuing of kosher licences.
Uri Regev, a rabbi who heads Hiddush, an organisation promoting religious pluralism that presented the statistics to the parliament, said Israelis were fed up being "shackled" to the Chief Rabbinate.
"The rabbinate's monopoly not only undermines Israelis' religious freedoms but it increasingly makes the general public come to resent, even hate, Judaism," he told Middle East Eye.
The rabbinate represents a strict stream of Judaism known as Orthodoxy. Other, more liberal trends within Judaism have no official standing.
But Regev said the rabbinate has become more extreme, with recent chief rabbis drawn from the fundamentalist ultra-Orthodox movement, or Haredim. They are distinctive for wearing black head-coverings and jackets based on dress codes from 18th century Europe.
Ofer Cornfeld, head of Havaya, an organisation that conducts civil marriages in Israel, said: "The Chief Rabbinate is stuck with a worldview from 200 years ago, when being a Jew was simply a religious identity.
According to a global map of marriage rights produced by Hiddush, Israel's policies are in line with those of states like Saudi Arabia, Afghanistan and North Korea.
Problems facing those denied the right to marry have grown so acute in recent years that one in five marriages is reported to be conducted abroad, typically in Cyprus or Prague, said Cornfeld.
Israel recognises overseas marriages on the couple's return.
Under a law passed in 2013, Jewish couples that hold a ceremony in Israel not approved by the rabbinate risk a two-year jail term, as do those officiating.
Those who seek to convert – often as a prelude to marriage – face severe obstacles from the rabbinate too. Converts are required to adhere to a strictly Orthodox lifestyle, ensuring that only a few hundred qualify each year.
Even for those who marry in a civil wedding outside Israel, rabbinical courts retain exclusive powers in subsequent divorce proceedings, said Cornfeld.
The rabbinate's powers originate in the Ottoman Empire's millet system, which restricted control of personal status matters like marriage to the religious authorities of each confessional group. Israel gave the millet system legal standing at its creation in 1948. No parallel civil institutions were created.
With Israeli citizens each assigned a religious identity – usually as a Jew, Muslim, Christian or Druze – intermarriage has been made almost impossible unless one party can convert.
Scholars have argued that the confessional system helped the Ottomans enforce a policy of divide and rule throughout their empire.
In Israel the system appears to have been adopted in part to discourage "assimilation" – the fear that Jews might marry non-Jews, especially members who belong to the Palestinian minority, which constitute a fifth of the population.
The Chief Rabbinate, however, was more concerned that Israel's Jewish character would be weakened by a liberal interpretation of who counts as a Jew, said Seth Farber, an Orthodox rabbi who heads Itim, an organisation that aids immigrants in their struggles with the rabbinate.
The marriage crisis facing hundreds of thousands of Israelis is a legacy of the shockwaves produced by the arrival of hundreds of thousands of immigrants from the former Soviet Union in the 1990s.
These new arrivals were accepted under the terms of the Law of Return, legislation that allows anyone with a Jewish grandparent to claim Israeli citizenship and bring with them their immediate family.
But the Orthodox Rabbinate relies on traditional rabbinical teachings, known as halacha, that recognise as a Jew only someone who can prove they have a Jewish mother.
As a result, some 360,000 of these immigrants have been classified as "without religion," making marriage in Israel impossible.
Also denied marriage rights in Israel are: 13,000 Jews whose conversions overseas are rejected by the Rabbinate; 80,000 male cohenim, descendants of a Jewish priestly caste who are not allowed to marry converts or divorcees; and 284,000 LGBT people.
There are a further 5,000 Israelis classified as equivalent to "untouchables". Last year it emerged that the rabbinical courts kept a "blacklist" of women they would not allow to marry, or remarry following a divorce, based on an assessment of their sexual history.
The rabbis have additional control over other rights related to marriage, such as custody. In a high-profile case in 2014, a mother was denied contact with her children after she started a lesbian relationship. The rabbis ruled that contact would cause the children "irreversible psychological harm".
In both cases the secular high court refused to intervene, apparently fearful of provoking a rift with Israel's religious public.
According to Hiddush's figures, an additional 400,000 Israelis may face restrictions on marriage, even though they are not banned outright.
Cornfeld said the rabbinate carried out intrusive checks on couple's personal and family histories to prove their Jewishness. Those could include investigations into whether a maternal grandmother spoke Yiddish or was buried in a Jewish cemetery.
Couples might also be required to provide testimony from rabbis overseas confirming their Jewishness.
"For some couples who are Jewish [according to halacha] those checks can take months or years and many are not prepared to endure the delays and the humiliation," said Cornfeld.
Farber, of Itim, told MEE the religious authorities had stonewalled his efforts to make their procedures more transparent.
On six occasions over the past two years, he said, the rabbinate had failed to respond to his requests for a list of the overseas rabbis whose testimonies are accepted in determining whether an immigrant is Jewish.
Without such testimony, immigrants cannot marry or be buried in a Jewish cemetery.
This month, the Israeli Supreme Court ordered the rabbinate to produce such a list within the next month. Judge Nava Ben-Or said she was "shocked" by the rabbinate's behaviour. "I am ashamed that in a functioning state this information cannot be provided. It is an unprecedented scandal," she said.
Michal Reshef, a lawyer, married in an unrecognised ceremony organised by Havaya last month. She and her American husband, Benjamin, were denied a recognised wedding in Israel because he is not Jewish.
The couple's marital status will only be recognised in the spring when they return from a second wedding in the US.
Recent opinion polls show most Israeli Jews agree.
In a poll last May fourth-fifths of secular Israeli Jews said they would have rejected an Orthodox wedding given the chance, up from two-thirds of respondents two years earlier.
Another survey, last September, found that 64 percent of all Israelis wanted civil marriages made available.
Some 95 percent of secular Jews were dissatisfied with the Rabbinate, opposing its monopoly on marriage and divorce, its Shabbat restrictions, and its refusal to recognise conversions by Reform and Conservative rabbis.
Reform, a progressive movement, is the most popular stream of Judaism in the United States, but has no official recognition in Israel.
The number of religious Israelis rejecting Orthodoxy has grown sharply in recent years; with seven percent now declaring they belong to the Reform and Conservative movements.
Despite the public mood turning against the Chief Rabbinate, the Israeli parliament has struck down a series of civil union bills that would have allowed civil marriage – most recently last July.
Nonetheless, said Regev of Hiddush, Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu was finding it increasingly difficult to ignore public sentiment in Israel, as well as growing criticism from overseas Jewish communities, especially in the US.
Netanyahu was forced to apologise last year after his religious services minister, David Azoulay, questioned the Jewishness of hundreds of thousands of Reform Jews.
In November the prime minister pledged to strengthen both the Reform and Conservative movements in Israel.
Under the threat of intervention by the Supreme Court, the government also agreed two years ago to put a handful of Reform rabbis on the state payroll, though their salaries are paid by the culture ministry rather than religious services ministry.
Critics have doubted Netanyahu's ability to make more substantial changes. They say the two ultra-Orthodox parties - Shas and United Torah Judaism – that Netanyahu brought into the coalition after last year's general election have tied his hands.
"The religious parties are the kingmakers in every coalition between the left and right, and that gives them the power to silence opposition on what matters to them most," Tomer Persico, a researcher on religious affairs at the Shalom Hartman Institute in Jerusalem, told MEE.
Persico said the secular population in Israel in particular has grown exasperated at the behaviour of the Chief Rabbinate, not only because of its abuse of its powers but also out of a sense that it perpetuated a system of corruption and nepotism.
"The rabbinate wants to keep its status, jurisdiction, budgets and powers," he said.
Yizhar Hess, head of the Conservative movement in Israel, has estimated that the Chief Rabbinate receives more than $1bn a year from the state budget to administer its religious schools, courts and local rabbinical councils.
Last year a group of Orthodox rabbis, led by David Stav, set up an alternative conversion court. Although its conversions are not recognised, the fact that the move has come from within the Orthodox community is seen as a major challenge to the rabbinate's historic monopoly.
In a sign of the high stakes involved, police have issued Stav with bodyguards after he received death threats.
Farber said the rabbinate was facing a "revolt" not only from seculars and progressive Jewish movements but also from within its own ranks.


text:
ARMSTRONG, Ronald William
Flight Lieutenant 77799
Associate Member of the Institute of Electrical Engineers.
Died 16 March 1942 aged 30
Son of William Robinson Armstrong and Beatrice Russell Armstrong married in the second quarter of 1907 at St Thomas' Devon.
Brother to Alan R Armstrong whose birth was registered in the fourth quarter of 1916 in Bristol, and Marjorie Florence Armstrong registered in the first quarter of 1908 also in Bristol.
Husband of Ruth Ann Armstrong nee Underhill, of Buffalo, New York, U.S.A. who he married in the fourth quarter of 1938. The marriage was registered in the district of Surrey Mid E. and Ronald and Ruth had a daughter, Ann E Armstrong whose birth was registered in the second quarter of 1940.
Ronald William Armstrong was born on 6 January 1912 in Bristol. He finished his education at Sutton Valence school in Kent and went on to do a four-year training course at Faraday House Electrical Training College. He then spent some time with the Air Ministry before joining the Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve in December 1939.
He took a course at the wireless training school at Yatesbury and passed his exams brilliantly. He was then appointed to command the AMES Radar Station at Great Bromley in Essex. AMES was the Air Ministry Experimental Station which acted as a Chain Home Station. Chain Home was the code name for the ring of coastal radar stations built by the British before and during World War II.
The Chain Home Stations, or AMES Type 1, provided long-range detection and provided the first radar to be organised into a complete air defence system and the first such system to be used in wartime operations.
Radar stations were often targeted in the early days of the war and in late August 1940 ten high explosives were dropped on the Air Ministry Experimental Station at Great Bromley. No damage or casualties were reported. The system relied on tall masts which were difficult to destroy from the air but had the Luftwaffe realised just how essential the radar stations were to British air defences, it is likely that they would have gone all out to destroy them.
In January 1941 Ronald went to the Far East and was placed in command of the radar station at Seletar, in Singapore until February 1942. With the staff of No.224 Group, he was ordered to leave at dawn on 12 February.
This decision would not have come as a great surprise as on 10 February, the day before the Japanese had landed on Singapore island, and five days before it fell, ships began leaving. They were crowded with what was left of the RAF's ground personnel, shore based Navy men and some Army staff officers.
Flight Lieutenant Armstrong boarded a launch with six others and set off accompanied by another five launches. Before dawn on the 16th, whilst off the north-east coast of Bangka Island, they were spotted and shelled by a Japanese destroyer. Ronald's launch was holed and sank soon afterwards. Ronald disappeared overboard, but was found and supported in the water by LAC Gurney Smeed. Eventually they were picked up by one of the other launches and Ronald was found to be badly injured in both feet. He was taken to an improvised hospital which had been set up in temporary barracks in Muntok.
Ronald was given the best care and attention available, but a septic condition set in and both feet had to be amputated. He died in his sleep from exhaustion following the second operation.
He was buried in the hillside cemetery in beautiful surroundings at Muntok, Bangka Island. His grave was marked by a cross made by Spencer, another RAF man. Flight Lieutenant Ronald Armstrong's name was marked upon it.
LAC Smeed visited Ronald's family back in England and told of Ronald's courage and technical ability which had led him to be recognised as a leading expert in the field of radar and wireless.
The family headstone pictured above is located in Lower Ireby churchyard, Cumbria.
One mystery not yet resolved is Ronald's nickname of 'Bunny Armstrong'. This is how he was known by Banstead locals to such an extent that none remembered his proper name. It is possible that the name is associated with his wife's maiden name of Underhill.
Memorial Reference: Column 411
Memorial: SINGAPORE MEMORIAL
RESEARCH SOURCES:
Personal history from notes left by William Robinson Armstrong and submitted to BHRG by John M Armstrong
Book extract - Captivity, Flight, and Survival in World War II by Alan J. Levine
Photo of Great Bromley masts from Great Bromley Parish Magazine of September 2007
Updated 20 March 2008 with full story.
Go to: Banstead War Memorial inscription


text:
SECRETS AND LEAKS: THE DILEMMA OF STATE SECRECY
Vol. 25 No. 4 (April 2015) pp. 56-61
SECRETS AND LEAKS: THE DILEMMA OF STATE SECRECY by Rahul Sagar. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. 2013. 304pp. Cloth $35.00. ISBN: 978-0-691-14987-5. E-book $35.00. ISBN: 978-1-400-84820-1.
Reviewed by Daniel Hoffman, retired from Johnson C. Smith University. Email: guayiya@bellsouth.net.
Rahul Sagar's book is timely, in view of debates about alleged abuses connected with the War on Terror, the invasion of Iraq, and the massive leaks by Chelsea Manning and Edward Snowden. It is well-written and copiously footnoted, with an extensive bibliography of historical, legal and political science sources.
Sagar's Introduction, Who Watches the Watchers, emphasizes the difficulty of designing an effective regulatory framework to prevent the abuse of state secrecy. "[S]o long as there is state secrecy, our ability to guard against its misuse depends not so much on the checks and balances established by the Constitution as on the virtues and vices of those men and women who secretly take the law into their own hands in order to either open our eyes or close our minds" (p. 7).
Though this statement discounts the importance of constitutional checks, Chapter 1, The Problem, places the Constitution at the heart of the dilemma. For Sagar, the crucial aspect of the Constitution is the sweeping powers it vests in the president, on whose virtue we must then depend.
To support the proposition that the Framers subscribed not to a "principle of disclosure" but instead to one of secrecy, Sagar cites "republican" writers from Renaissance Italy and the absolutist Stuart monarchy, who taught that the flourishing of a state in a world of international and domestic conflict depends on a regular and secure practice of secrecy. The capaciousness of his use of "republican" is evident in the book's opening epigram—a quote from Machiavelli's THE PRINCE. Machiavelli indeed taught that "virtu" was the prime ingredient for princely success, and the sole restraint on his actions. He returns on the final page, where Sagar exhorts us to "forgo platitudinous calls for 'transparency' and quixotic endeavors to tame 'the prince'" (p. 204).
Sagar next considers the implications of the constitutional separation of powers. He argues that only the executive is endowed with the information, unity and energy needed to make national security decisions wisely and quickly, and to keep them confidential. Sharing the relevant information with Congress is unsafe, since individual members are prone to leak secrets confided to them, even when the body has opted for secrecy. Thus, disclosure to Congress cannot be deemed constitutionally required. Courts, meanwhile, lack expertise and must be deferential when national security is at stake.
After convincingly showing, by many episodes over many years, that "neither Congress nor the courts have intervened strongly" against excesses of executive secrecy (p. 48), Sagar goes on in chapters 2, Should We Rely on Judges, and 3, Should We Rely on Congress, to argue that they are structurally incapable of doing so. Due to want of information, of incentives, and of effective sanctions, they cannot reliably compel disclosure. Where national security is concerned—and Sagar insists it is for the President alone to determine when that is the case—the separation of powers is hopelessly ineffective. Besides, he argues, it is a luxury we cannot afford; the other branches have [*56] wisely accepted doctrines such as the state secrets privilege and executive privilege, recognizing that "necessity knows no law" (p. 82). In the end, it seems, those doctrines are grounded more in perceived necessity than in constitutional law.
Sagar challenges critics of secrecy to prove that; overall, the harms caused by abuses of secrecy exceed those caused by unauthorized disclosures (p. 93). Having deftly shifted the burden of proof to the other side, he needs to say little about the harms or benefits of the many secrets and leaks he offers as examples. Instead, he falls back upon the claim that, because the other branches lack the expertise and institutional capacity to keep secrets, mandated sharing of information with them cannot be safe.
His historical and institutional analyses lead Sagar to the very plausible conclusion that the most effective practical check against abuses is the leaking of the secrets. This prompts the questions, Should the Law Condone Unauthorized Disclosures (Chapter 4), Should We Rely on Whistleblowers (Chapter 5), and Should We Trust Leakers (Chapter 6). Sagar provides insightful analysis of the options, incentives and risks that would-be leakers encounter. Unless the leaks are beneficial to the president, prospects for the leaker are generally bleak, suggesting that leaks might not be excessively common. Yet Sagar offers a normative claim ostensibly based on democratic theory: only the president is elected nationwide and empowered to determine the national interest on behalf of the People; thus, would-be leakers have no business substituting their judgment for his.
Sagar repeatedly recognizes that secrecy can be abused, but his vision of the virtuous presidency leads him to a very narrow definition of abuse. Not just any unlawful act will qualify, but only unlawful acts that deliberately pursue selfish rather than truly national interests—as if presidents do not generally believe that what is good for them is good for the country. Excluding Congress and the public from vital decisions in which they have a right to participate is not itself an abuse (pp. 127 -130). Given this narrow definition, Sagar easily concludes that, while on rare occasions leaks may be necessary to expose the gravest abuses, for the most part leaks are unjustified and potentially harmful. His foremost worry is that leaks can sometimes cause gigantic harms--which cannot themselves be publicly detailed, for fear of causing even more damage. Necessarily, his examples are hypothetical.
Though disabled from examining the motives and judgments of secret-keepers, Sagar speculates at length about the possible bad motives and judgments of leakers. By their "usurpation" of the president's personal authority to determine what must be secret (p. 114), leakers make themselves subject to criminal sanctions, unless they can meet a stringent five-point test to justify their conduct. The disclosure must: (1) concern an abuse of public authority, as narrowly defined; (2) there must be clear and convincing evidence of wrongdoing (difficult or impossible to come by); (3) the leak must not pose a disproportionate threat to public safety (also hard to know); (4) the means of disclosure must be the least drastic possible (publication to the world being the most drastic); and, (5) leakers must identify themselves and be prepared to undergo the predictable formal and informal sanctions. Thus, leakers must accept the burden of proving that the president's motives were improper, and, in addition, of proving that their own motives in leaking information are not biased by "sectional," "partisan," or "personal" motives.
The policy recommendations in Chapter 6 and in the Conclusion, Bitter Medicine, [*57] accordingly focus on steps to reduce the incidence of leaking. In particular, Sagar exhorts the press to employ greater self-restraint, and advocates for "an independent and well-funded organization dedicated to scrutinizing media performance, which could name and shame reporters and editors who misuse anonymous sources, and the publishers who condone such behavior" (p. 201).
SECRETS AND LEAKS has many rhetorical earmarks of a carefully balanced argument; yet its positions on questions of historical interpretation, constitutional theory and democratic theory are extreme, joining a growing recent body of neo-monarchist literature. Central here is the Machiavellian emphasis on voter-determined presidential virtue as the sole and sufficient safeguard. (Full disclosure: I have long argued that our Constitution imposes lawful restraints on the president, withholding monarchical powers.)
Sagar's treatment of the founding period is highly selective. Historians conventionally report the conflict in the 1790s between Hamilton and Madison over the risks and benefits of executive power, concluding that the issues have remained unresolved. Sagar, however, barely examines Madison's side of the argument, using contributions by Hamilton and Jay to THE FEDERALIST PAPERS to characterize the Constitution as Hamiltonian. While he provides ample evidence that the Framers often resorted to secrecy, those actions alone cannot establish valid legal precedents. Neither the full range of historical facts nor the opposing interpretations developed by me (Hoffman 1981, 1984) and other writers, such as Louis Fisher and Heidi Kitrosser, are seriously addressed.
For example, Sagar relies heavily on the so-called Jay Treaty precedent (as did Chief Justice Burger in UNITED STATES V. NIXON), when George Washington refused to share requested papers with the House of Representatives, which nevertheless, moved by partisan loyalties and fears of war, granted funds to implement the Treaty. Sagar seems unaware that this "precedent" was actually a sudden, unilateral, politically motivated departure from the previous practice, in which the president would forward requested documents, but sometimes ask Congress to keep them confidential. Moreover, the House formally protested this innovation, and President John Adams soon repudiated it in the XYZ Affair. Yet Sagar expects us to accept on faith that George Washington was virtuous, so that it must have been irresponsible to criticize his conduct. Nor does he recognize how the ramming through of Jay's Treaty exacerbated the partisan divide, leading to ongoing popular and press protests that in turn provoked the notorious Sedition Law of 1798. This dynamic of secrecy leading to protests leading to repressive counter-reactions should serve as a cautionary precedent in its own right.
Sagar's history also ignores the fact that, even though the Federalists in the 1790s were often outraged by leaks that they thought endangered their "infant empire," none of the known miscreants was prosecuted. Their Sedition Law did not criminalize leaking, but only defamatory comments (Hoffman 1981a). Sagar's more recent historical materials are extensive, but equally selective. He does not closely examine the long record of troublesome wars and treaties that we have entered under the influence of secrets and lies. For example, the roles played by secrecy and deception in launching and prolonging our Vietnam and Iraq wars are not assessed, because these are prime examples of politically controversial actions about which the president necessarily knows best. Sagar [*58] simply wonders how anyone can be so irresponsible as to question the "talents and integrity" of virtuous leaders from George Washington to Dick Cheney (p. 187). (The term "war crimes," by the way, does not appear in the book.) He does show the great difficulty we have had in combatting excesses of secrecy, but his materials do not support his claim that "state secrecy is approved in principle and censured in practice" (p. 49); rather, they suggest the opposite.
Sagar's constitutional theory is similarly unbalanced. Though our Framers explicitly attempted to avoid the tyranny of centralized power and to instill the rule of law, Sagar has them tacitly enshrining in the presidency a sweeping principle of secrecy. His claim that the Framers allowed the president a free hand when it comes to secrecy vitiates the separation of powers and the First Amendment. To capably perform their assigned roles, Congress, the courts, the press and the public often need access to information held by the executive branch; yet Sagar rejects the logical inference that each must have a corresponding power or right to obtain it.
In particular, First Amendment protection for leaking is fully consistent with the Amendment's text, the Founders' scruples, and the novelty of prosecutions for leaking. Yet, despite having shown that courts are unavoidably prone to defer to executive power claims, Sagar confidently relies on a line of court decisions, mostly quite recent, holding in effect that officials are properly bound to secrecy: they are presidential servants, not free citizens. Those decisions are vulnerable to strong criticism (Hoffman 1997, ch.4).
Only Daniel Ellsberg's unauthorized disclosures enabled us to realize that our government had systematically used secrets and lies to mobilize and sustain public support for an effort of highly questionable value. Yet Sagar sees no constitutional bar to prosecutions for leaks under the 1917 Espionage Act--save perhaps for those of journalists, which he acknowledges might violate the freedom of the press (pp. 171-180). The notion that Ellsberg (or Edward Snowden, whose story post-dates the book) deserves to be honored and constitutionally protected from prosecution seems unthinkable.
Even further from Sagar's grasp is the point that governmental secrecy, both literally and in every practical sense, is a prior restraint on speech. Its entire purpose is to prevent anyone, including foreign enemies, but also members of congressional oversight committees, courts, the press, and voters, from learning of and responding to what the government is doing or contemplating. By design, secrecy systematically undermines official accountability, checks and balances, and the rule of law. It accordingly deserves the same, highest level of scrutiny applied to other forms of prior restraint. There is no basis in the Constitution or democratic theory for carving out a categorical national security exception to the First Amendment (compare NEW YORK TIMES CO. V. UNITED STATES). In this domain too, the wisdom and justice of policy depend on accurate information and a free marketplace of ideas.
The broad discretion Sagar accords to the executive in the national security domain can easily extend into other domains and has in fact done so, just as domestic executive powers have expanded in tandem with international ones. As early as MARBURY, the Court sought to distinguish between official actions pertaining to foreign or defense affairs and disputes affecting individual rights, with the former being matters of discretion and the latter questions [*59] of law. Plainly, however, many actions fit into both categories. That an action may serve national security does not logically imply that no right is violated.
Moving beyond constitutional law, the DEMOCRATIC theory Sagar invokes must envision a far more active, influential role for the public than did classical republican theory, necessitating even broader access to information. Yet he asserts, without extended argument, that leaking of secrets is very seldom warranted, simply because our election system adequately ensures that presidents will generally be virtuous. The pronounced variations of presidential ability, as well as virtue, do not figure in Sagar's argument. His strongly patriotic sentiments, reflected in the book's dedication "To these great and glorious United States," somehow translate into veneration of the presidency as an institution, almost regardless of the conduct of its occupant--Richard Nixon's Watergate being the sole acknowledged exception. Nixon, of course, believed that "when the President does it, that means it can't be illegal." What if he had played the national security card, as he considered doing, and destroyed his tapes? Sagar's "democratic" theory is tantamount to making the president sovereign, not the People.
Moreover, to argue as if the president personally made all decisions on secrecy wrongly conflates executive power with presidential power. Over one million officials currently have power to classify documents wholesale, subject only to vague and scarcely enforced standards, and presidents are easily misled by classified briefings. Sagar acknowledges that these unelected bureaucrats systematically favor secrecy over disclosure, and that, indubitably, way too much information is classified; yet these facts seem not to affect his weighing of risks and benefits and do not figure in his "democratic" theory. Secrets and lies have clearly played great roles in the decline of public trust in government in recent decades. To blame this decline primarily on irresponsible leakers and publishers seems perverse.
Sagar does endorse Jack Goldsmith's advice that an administration "should be as open as possible, and when secrecy is truly necessary it must organize and conduct itself in a way that is beyond reproach, even in a time of danger" (p. 188). Yet he cannot prove that this has generally been the case—or even that it has ever been the case. Because it is hard to know what officials have done, let alone why they did it, Sagar advises that lawmakers, judges, and the press must "refrain from picking sides" (p. 202). Yet picking sides is central to both democratic politics and the judicial process. By not picking sides about the recent, unprecedented burst of prosecutions for leaking, and this under a president who had promised unparalleled transparency, we effectively side with rampant executive secrecy.
Fisher, Louis. 2006. IN THE NAME OF NATIONAL SECURITY: UNCHECKED PRESIDENTIAL POWER AND THE REYNOLDS CASE. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas.
Fisher, Louis. 2004. THE POLITICS OF EXECUTIVE PRIVILEGE. Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press.
Goldsmith, Jack L. 2008. "Secrecy and Safety." NEW REPUBLIC, August 13.
Hoffman, Daniel N. 1997. OUR ELUSIVE CONSTITUTION: SILENCES, PARADOXES, PRIORITIES. Albany, NY: SUNY Press. [*60]
Hoffman, Daniel N. 1984. "A Republic, if You Can Keep it." MICHIGAN LAW REVIEW 82: 997-1006
Hoffman, Daniel N. 1981. GOVERNMENTAL SECRECY AND THE FOUNDING FATHERS: A STUDY IN CONSTITUTIONAL CONTROLS. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
Hoffman, Daniel N. 1981a. "Contempt of the United States: The Political Crime that Wasn't." AMERICAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL HISTORY 25:343
Kitrosser, Heidi. 2015. RECLAIMING ACCOUNTABILITY: TRANSPARENCY, EXECUTIVE POWER, AND THE U.S. CONSTITUTION. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Kitrosser, Heidi. 2008. "Classified Information Leaks and Free Speech." UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS LAW REVIEW 881.
Machiavelli, Niccolo. 2003. THE PRINCE. New York: Penguin Classics.
Rossiter, Clinton (ed.) 1961. THE FEDERALIST. New American Library.
CASE REFERENCES
MARBURY V. MADISON, 5 U.S. 137 (1803).
NEW YORK TIMES CO. V. UNITED STATES, 403 U.S. 713 (1971).
UNITED STATES V. NIXON, 418 U.S. 683 (1974).
Copyright 2015 by the author, Daniel Hoffman.


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As the number of new jobs continues to grow and the labor force continues to diversify, companies are struggling to find new and innovative ways to recruit potential workers. For businesses to expand, they must understand how best to attract potential employees.Below are three ways recruiting executives can improve their recruitment processes to achieve their hiring objectives.
A critical element of effective recruiting is good communication. And the best way to ensure good communication is by taking time to develop knowledge of what people value and expect from potential employers. To do this, today's recruiters should consider leveraging resources that are most familiar with modern job seekers – starting with mobile technology.
Mobile technologyis incredibly important to corporate recruiting, given that many prospects value being able to search for jobs on their mobile device. However, simply being mobile friendly is not enough.
Rather, employers should aim to be mobile optimized, enabling their sites to reformat themselves to suit the particular mobile device on which they appear. Mobile optimization is essential to allow viewers to engage better with the content and is an indicator of a company's level of technological sophistication. Moreover, an optimized mobile site can make applying faster and simpler, as well as provide an efficient mechanism for employer follow-up—both of which improve the applicant experience.
Companies should also be sure to gather data on the hiring process in order to improve recruitment over the long term. Businesses will benefit from having a clearly defined set of metrics that reflect the company's performance. These measurements will include things such as a breakdown of how long the different stages of recruiting take, the time between receipt of an application and the hiring decision, and where most applicants learn about the company. Recruiting analytics allow companies to spot inefficiencies at every stage of the recruitment process, enabling smoother, more efficient hiring over time.
Recent data indicates that Millennials comprise about a third of the workforce, and a much higher percentage of job seekers. However, the same research indicates that only about 40 percent of companies believe they are doing enough to attract Millennials. As a result, recruitment officers should strongly consider gearing their recruitment more towards Millennials. Millennials, aged roughly 18 – 34, are typically considered the technology generation. They live very mobile lives, relying heavily on social media to communicate and engage in collaborative work. Employers should realize the preferences of this generation, seeking to reach Millennials with an active social media presence on Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and other similar resources.
Paul Mandell is a Founder and the Chief Executive Officer of Consero Group. Prior to Consero, Mandell founded a national legal support business that was acquired in 2007. Before embarking on his career inentrepreneurship, Mandell practiced law in New York, NY and Washington, DC. Mandell serves on the Executive Committee of the Board of Trustees of the University of Maryland Foundation, and he Chairs the University of Maryland College of Behavioral and Social Sciences Board of Visitors.
Rebecca Feldman is a Content Intern at Consero Group LLC, where she supports the company's communications efforts. She is pursuing a B.A. in Mass Communications from the University of Wisconsin-Madison.


One of the amazing things about ruminant animals is their ability to turn feedstuffs with little or no nutritional value into nutritional products. Ruminants accomplish this through a mixture of rumen microorganisms that convert feedstuffs into energy and protein sources to be used by the host animal.
Essentially, when you feed the cow, you are really feeding the rumen microorganisms. What you feed them will affect the balance of these organisms and, subsequently, the function of the rumen.
During fermentation, rumen bacteria break down carbohydrates into volatile fatty acids (VFAs). These VFAs are the primary energy source for cattle and promote the production of milk and milkfat and weight gain, depending on which VFA is produced.
Additionally, rumen digestible protein is broken down into peptides, ammonia, and amino acids, which are used by the microbes for growth and replication. If the amount of carbohydrate (energy) is limited or excessive, microbes use the ammonia less efficiently.
When rumen bacteria cannot convert ammonia into microbial protein, it's converted to blood urea nitrogen and either excreted in urine and milk or recirculated. Milk urea nitrogen (MUN) is a valuable tool for troubleshooting microbial protein efficiency.
Ideal MUN concentrations will vary from farm to farm, but values below 6 to 8 mg/dl or above 12 mg/dl could indicate a rumen protein inefficiency. MUN concentrations can also be affected by the degree of corn kernel processing, the time the sample was taken, the number of times the cows are milked, and the milking time relative to feeding.
What you feed the animals changes the types and amounts of bacteria present in the rumen. This can also change the rumen pH. For example, feeding higher amounts of effective fiber increases the amount of fiber-digesting bacteria. This results in a positive milkfat response and promotes cud chewing and saliva production, which can elevate rumen pH above 6.0.
However, higher effective fiber can negatively impact milk production by limiting dry matter intake. To counteract this impact, we feed larger amounts of highly digestible non-forage fiber, such as starch. This increases the amount of starch and sugar digesters and may decrease the rumen pH below 6.0.
This, in turn, can have its own effects because long-term bouts of low rumen pH from high-starch diets can inhibit fiber fermentation and milkfat production. For these reasons, whenever you increase non-forage fiber sources, you need to feed an adequate balance of effective fiber to maintain the rumen mat and limit passage rate from the rumen.
Until recently, most rumen fermentation research has focused on macronutrients. Research teams at Penn State University and The Ohio State University have now detailed the effects of trace minerals on microbial fermentation. When fed an organic trace mineral supplement, Penn State researchers observed elevated VFA production, while researchers at The Ohio State University observed higher neutral detergent fiber (NDF) digestion in lactating cows.
Although the exact mechanism behind these effects is unknown, we now know rumen microorganisms have a requirement for trace minerals. However, in vitro research has shown excessive trace mineral supplementation from sulfate sources can be toxic to certain microbial populations.
Other non-nutrient related factors that can affect microbial fermentation are particle size, sorting and slug feeding, all of which can affect nutrient retention and pH levels.
When it comes to achieving optimal microbial fermentation and animal performance, it is essential to maintain this delicate balance of fiber and carbohydrates.
Dr. Mat Faulkner joined the Vita Plus team in 2016 as a dairy specialist in southwest Wisconsin, eastern Iowa and northern Illinois. He started his agricultural career working on his family farm before enlisting in the U.S. Army in 2006, where he served as sniper team leader for the Reconnaissance Platoon and received high marks upon discharge in 2009. He then attended Illinois State University to earn his bachelor's degrees in animal science and agriculture business management in 2011 and a master's in agriculture science in 2013. From there, he received his doctorate in animal science from The Ohio State University in 2016.


Athens has three main ports that serve ferries to the Greek islands: Piraeus, Rafina and Lavrio.
View: the 3 Athens ports on map.
This section proposes useful information about the 3 ports of Athens: Piraeus, Rafina and Lavrio and way to reach them from Athens international airport and Athens city center.
Need ferry tickets? Book your ferries with us!
How to go to Piraeus port?
Piraeus is the main port in Athens and the largest port in Greece. It serves most itineraries to the Greek islands and some mainland destinations. Normal ferries, catamarans and flying dolphins depart from Piraeus to the islands many times a day. Piraeus is easily connected to Athens by all means of transport.
View: Piraeus port on map of Athens.
By taxi: A taxi will normally take about 30 minutes to go from Omonoia/ Syntagma (Athens centre) to the port of Piraeus. The distance is about 10 km. The taxi fare (indicative) from Athens city centre to Piraeus port is 20 euros in day time and 25 euros in night time (24:00-05:00). You can also book a taxi online.
By metro: The green metro line starts from Kifissia and ends in Piraeus, right in front of the port. The metro of Athens works from 05:30 am till midnight. In Fridays and Saturdays, it works till 2 am. The green line passes by Omonoia, the central square of Athens. A normal metro ride from Omonoia to Piraeus takes about 25 min. The green line is connected to the other two metro lines (blue and red) in a couple of interchanges. There are trains to Piraeus from all metro stations every 10 min. Ticket price (2015): 1,40 euros.
By bus: There is no direct bus from Athens centre to Piraeus Port. Passengers have to take Bus 049 from Omonoia to Piraeus or Bus 040 from Syntagma to Piraeus, get off at Kotzia Square (Piraeus centre) and then walk about 10 minutes to the port. These buses depart from Omonoia/Syntagma to Piraeus every 15-20 min. Normally buses in Athens work from 06:30 am till 22:00 pm, but Bus 040 from Syntagma to Piraeus works 24 hours. Ticket price (2015): 1,40 euros. The port of Piraeus is very big and has many gates, so make sure you know from which gate your ferry leaves.
By taxi: There are taxi queues outside all gates of the airport. A taxi ride from the airport to Piraeus port will normally take 40-60 min the most, depending on the traffic. The taxi fare (indicative) from Athens airport to the port of Piraeus is 50 euros in day time and 65 euros in night time (24:00-05:00). You can book your Athens airport transfer online.
By metro: You can reach the port by metro. There is a metro station just outside the airport. You take the blue line and change at Monastiraki station to take the green line, which has its terminal just outside the port of Piraeus. The first metro train from the airport leaves at 06:33 am and the last at 22:33 pm. There are trains all day long, every half an hour (at 03' and 33'). The whole ride will take about 1 hour and 20 minutes. Ticket price (2015): 9 euros. Once you get at the port of Piraeus, make sure you find the gate from where you ferry leaves.
By bus: This is the most economic way. Bus X96 covers directly the route from Athens airport to Piraeus port. Buses operate 24 hours and the trip takes about 90 min. Buses leave every 20 minutes in the day and from 22:30 pm to 05:00 am they depart every 40 minutes. Ticket price (2015): 5 euros.
How to go to Rafina port?
Rafina is the second largest port in Athens. It is located on the northwestern side of Attica and it is the closest port to the airport. It serves itineraries to Andros, some Cyclades islands (Tinos, Mykonos, Syros) and Evia.
View: Rafina port on map of Athens.
By taxi: A taxi will normally take about 1 hour and 15 minutes to go from Omonoia/ Syntagma to Rafina. To get closer to Rafina, visitors can take the blue metro line to Nomismatokopio metro station and take a taxi from there. The trip from Nomismatikopio to Rafina will take about 35 minutes. The taxi fare (indicative) from Athens city centre to the port of Rafina is 50 euros in day time and 65 euros in night time (24:00-05:00). You can book your taxi online.
By bus: Suburban (KTEL) buses to Rafina leave from Pedion Areos, in Athens centre. Buses usually leave every hour and the ride takes about 70 min, depending on traffic. To go to Pedion Areos, take the green metro line to Victoria station and then walk up Heiden street. The first bus from Athens to Rafina leaves at 05:30 am and the last at 22:30 pm. Ticket price (2015): 2,40 euros.
Check bus schedules from Athens Centre to Rafina Port (2015).
Check bus schedules from Rafina Port to Athens centre (2015).
By taxi: A taxi will take about 20 minutes to go from Athens airport to Rafina. There are taxi queues outside all airport gates. The taxi fare (indicative) from Athens airport to the port of Rafina is 35 euros in day time and 50 euros in night time (24:00-05:00). You can book your Athens airport transfer online.
By bus: Suburban (KTEL) buses depart from Athens airport and arrive in Rafina in about 30 minutes. The first bus from Athens airport to Rafina leaves at 04.50 am and the last at 22.15 pm. Ticket price (2015): 3 euros.
Check bus schedules from Athens airport to Rafina Port (2015).
Also check bus schedules from Rafina Port to Athens Airport (2015).
How to go to Lavrio port?
Lavrion is located on the southern part of Athens and its port serves ferries to few Cyclades islands, including Kea and Kythnos, and the Eastern-Aegean islands of Lemnos and Agios Efstratios.
View: Lavrio port on map of Athens.
By taxi: A taxi will normally take about 1 hour and 15 minutes to go from Omonoia/ Syntagma to Lavrion. To get closer to Lavrion by public transport, you can take the tram from Syntagma or Faliro to Voula and then take a taxi. A taxi ride from Voula will take about 30 minutes. The taxi fare (indicative) from Athens centre to the port of Lavrion is 65 euros in day time and 80 euros in night time (24:00-05:00). You can book your taxi online.
By bus: Suburban (KTEL) buses to Lavrion take about 2 hours to reach their destination. They leave from Pedion Areos, Athens centre. To go to Pedion Areos, take the green metro line to Victoria station and walk up Heiden street. Buses leave every 30-60 min. The first bus from Athens to Lavrion departs at 05:45 am and the last bus departs at 21:30 pm. Ticket price (2015): 4,90 euros.
Check bus schedules from Athens Centre to Lavrio Port (2015).
Also check bus schedules from Lavrio Port to Athens Centre (2015).
By taxi: A taxi will normally take 30 minutes to go from Athens airport to Lavrion. There are taxi queues outside all airport gates. The taxi fare (indicative) from Athens airport to the port of Lavrion is 50 euros in day time and 70 euros in night time (24:00-05:00). Your can book your Athens Airport transfer online.
By bus: Suburban (KTEL) buses leave from Athens airport usually every hour and go to Lavrion via Markopoulo, a town in the midway from airport to Lavrion. Passengers go to Markopoulo and from there they take the bus to Lavrion. Buses from Markopoulo to Lavrion are very frequent. The first bus departs from Athens airport to Lavrion at 06:30 am and the last bus at 22:00 pm. Ticket price (2015): 4 euros.
Check bus schedules from Athens airport to Lavrio Port (2015).
Also check the bus schedules from Lavrio port to Athens airport (2015).


How can I delete an account to join a business team with the same email?
My work team signed up for the business version. I set up a trial membership with my work email not knowing how to set up being part of the team. Now it will not let me use the join link I was sent to join the team account because it says that the email is already in use. How can I delete the other account so that I can now join the team?
@Violet: It's no problem to have a business, team, or family account under the same email address. The only thing you can't do is have multiple individual memberships under the same email address. Just use the link in the invitation from the company to join and create an account through their membership, rather than setting up your own new membership. That way it will be billed to them too.


text:
Download Latest Torrent Movies With
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Torrentz2 Search Engine
The information page for each download also provides additional information about the file. The current site has a massive user base, too, which helps the bittorrent protocol work more efficiently. This article contains lots of torrent site searching tips to keep you out of harm's way. Treasure Island Adventure.
The torrents themselves are known to be easy on bandwidth, which will make those with data caps happy. This is another meta torrent search engine, pulling the databases in from over torrent sites into one place. This Bulgarian site was restricted in Bulgaria. Another site that appears to be Russian, this site is currently active and appears to have current torrents available. Their torrent database isn't nearly as large as some others, but it might have just what you're after.
The interface isn't as nice as some others, but it's still a very usable site. You don't want to miss this site in your torrent search. These seven sites made the top of the list. There are way more than just seven torrent sites out there, of course. When they realize help is not coming, they embark on a perilous journey across the wilderness.
With a huge database and pretty clean interface that's devoid of advertisements, it's no wonder this multi-million strong collection of torrents is one we frequently hear about. Users love the size of their database and the frequency of legitimate torrents. Fake torrents are a big problem and not one a newcomer might assume is something she or he has to worry about. Users report the size of their database is impressive and the frequency of legitimate torrents is enough to keep them coming back.
They're not the only torrent sites out there, but they are among the best. Imprisoned, the mighty Thor finds himself in a lethal gladiatorial contest against the Hulk, his former ally.
This is another torrent site you don't want to skip in your search. All torrent sites below are working unless otherwise noted, at least as of the last update to this page. This meta torrent site isn't too special among all the others but we love the amazing dashboard on their home page. Jean Grey begins to develop incredible powers that corrupt and turn her into a Dark Phoenix.
This torrent site is for movie enthusiasts. With a sizable database of torrents, Seedpeer is and always has been a great place to search. Lawsuits can be targeted at individual users or groups of users. Also, if you're new to torrents, don't forget that you'll need a torrent client to get these files.
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Let us know feedback lifewire. The front page is regularly updated with current and popular information about torrents, torrenting, and categories of interest.
Download Free Movies Torrents. Learn how BitTorrent file sharing works, what a torrent file is, how to protect yourself, and how to get to the movies and music you're after in the safest and efficient way possible. Popcorn Time is a site dedicated to streaming movies for free, so in the strictest of terms, it's not a torrent download site. This is a good, ek dilruba hai hd video song active site that includes television episodes.
If you're a data nerd and a torrent fan, you'll appreciate what they've done. Internal lists show the date added, size, seeder and leechers, as well as a health meter for each file. It does appear that torrents are still being added to the site, so you may be able to find obscure titles here.
Top Torrent Sites (Updated June )
This is like a super torrent index, searching for torrents across dozens of other torrent sites. Users can find current torrents in a variety of categories. In general, the more data you download and upload, the more risk you have of being sued by copyright protection groups. Stranded after a tragic plane crash, two strangers must forge a connection to survive the extreme elements of a remote snow covered mountain. If you're after older or more obscure torrents, X might be for you.
Don't be tricked by mirrors of the same name. Steven, a charismatic surgeon, is forced to make an unthinkable sacrifice after his life starts to fall apart, when the behavior of a teenage boy he has taken under his wing turns sinister.
Thor must fight for survival and race against time to prevent the all-powerful Hela from destroying his home and the Asgardian civilization. This is the official torrent site! An Advanced Search option also allows users to narrow the field of possible returns by category, provider, and status.
You can see the complete list in their Sites in our index page. This torrent site is a classic, and one of the most popular on the web. Please see our full disclaimer and warning for new torrent users at the bottom of the page. However, the site is minimally maintained, and only available if enough users donate to support the monthly hosting for the site.
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text:
Q: Aligning a table in the DEAD CENTER I have a table that needs to be aligned in the dead center of the page. But I can't figure out how to align it vertically.
What is the efficient way to do this?

#textcenter {
  vertical-align: middle;
  display: table-cell;
  background-color: #DCDCDC;
  border-radius: 25px;
  margin: auto;
}

  Hello

A: Assuming your table has a fixed width and height...
You can use the 'margin' property with a value of 'auto' to center the table horizontally and vertically on the page:

    Table cell

Alternatively, the 'text-align' and 'vertical-align' properties will center the table horizontally and vertically within its parent element, respectively:

      Table cell

If your table's width and height are not fixed, it will expand to fit the contents, and may not be exactly centered. In this case, you can use the 'display: flex' and 'align-items: center' properties to center the table within its parent element:

      Table cell

A: If you want it to be on the center of the page no matter what. Use absolute:

.center{
  /* Center Code */
  position: absolute;
  top: 50%;
  left: 50%;
  transform: translate(-50%, -50%);
  text-align: center;
  /* Your Code */
  background-color: #DCDCDC;
  border-radius: 25px;
  margin: auto;
  /* Improved Styling - You can ignore this */
  padding: 5px;
}

  Hello

You can also create a flex container on the outside.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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First Pitch: The Ten Best Game Scores for the 2019 Bristol Pirates
Last week we started a new series that will be nine parts, looking at the top Game Scores from minor league starting pitchers for the Pittsburgh Pirates. The first article looked at the best from the Indianapolis Indians. That was followed by the Altoona Curve on Tuesday and the Bradenton Marauders on Wednesday. Thursday was the Greensboro Grasshoppers.
We picked the series back up on Monday with the short-season teams, starting with Morgantown. Today is a look at Bristol, followed by the GCL tomorrow and then the DSL teams (haven't decided if I'm going to do them individually yet or as one group).
Bill James developed the Game Score for pitchers, which you will see in the boxscores on MiLB. It starts with a base of 50 points and awards points for good pitching (strikeouts, recording outs and pitching late in games), while subtracting points for things such as walks, hits, earned runs and unearned runs.
Below you will find the ten best Game Scores for the 2019 Bristol Pirates, with a brief description of each game. With tie scores, I just listed them alphabetical, and if it was a tie between multiple starts for the same pitcher, I went in chronological order.
Santiago Florez (71) – In his next to last start of the season, the 19-year-old Florez (pictured above) tossed six shutout innings on four hits, with no walks and seven strikeouts. That ended up being the best game for Bristol all year and their only 70+ Game Score.
Tahnaj Thomas (68) – Thomas had a few rough starts to begin the season, then reeled off three of the top seven starts for Bristol between July 13th and August 3rd. On July 27th he tossed five shutout innings on three hits, with no walks and seven strikeouts.
Jose Maldonado (67) – Maldonado just missed having three of the top ten scores, with two 62 point games that fell one point short. His 67 point game followed a 62 during the first two weeks of the season. He went five shutout innings on two hits, two walks and six strikeouts.
Luis Ortiz (67) – Ortiz made it here three times, led by his 67 point game on July 20th. He went six innings, allowing one run on three hits, with no walks and five strikeouts.
Luis Ortiz (66) – Ortiz started his season with a bang. His first start for Bristol was also his first game as a pro. He went five shutout innings on two hits, one walk and four strikeouts.
Tahnaj Thomas (65) – Thomas had two 65 Game Scores. His first occurred on July 13th when he allowed one run on three hits and no walks in five innings. He racked up extra points with a career high eight strikeouts, which was broken…
Tahnaj Thomas (65) -…when Thomas posted his second 65 Game Score exactly three weeks later. It was nearly identical to the previous game with one run on three hits in five innings. He lost a point with one walk, but made it up by striking out nine batters.
Santiago Florez (64) – The second top ten from Florez was his season debut and he did it on a limited pitch count. In five shutout innings he allowed three hits, with no walks and three strikeouts.
Luis Ortiz (63) – Ortiz tossed five shutout frames in this game, though he was working around some base runners all game. He allowed four hits, walked two batters, and struck out six, which sits as his career high.
Yoelvis Reyes (63) – Bristol had a six-man rotation and only needed one other start all season, which came during a doubleheader. Reyes made that start and he went five innings, giving up an unearned run on four hits, with no walks and six strikeouts.
RANDOM STUFF OF THE DAY
Want to see all of the 2018 Pittsburgh Pirates homers?
THIS DATE IN PIRATES HISTORY
By John Dreker
Six former Pittsburgh Pirates players born on this date.
Brent Morel, third baseman for the 2014-15 Pirates. He was a highly ranked prospect at one point, who never got things going in the majors. After putting up a .609 OPS over parts of four seasons with the Chicago White Sox, the Pirates selected him off waivers prior to the 2014 seasons. In two years with Pittsburgh, Morel batted .196/.229/.261 in 26 games. The Pirates let him go in July of 2015, which ended his big league career. He spent the next two seasons in Japan before retiring after the 2017 season.
Ronny Paulino, catcher for the 2005-08 Pirates. He was originally signed as an amateur free agent in late December of 1997. It took him eight seasons in the minors before he made his Major League debut on September 25, 2005. Paulino spent parts of three seasons with both Lynchburg and Altoona. In 2006, he took over regular catching duties for the Pirates and batted .310 with 55 RBIs in 129 games. He committed a league leading 11 errors behind the plate, but also threw out more runners than any other NL catcher. In 2007, he played a career high 133 games, hitting .263 with 55 RBIs for the second consecutive season. Paulino did not play well early in the 2008 season and by June he was back in the minors. He was recalled in September, but his days with the Pirates were numbered. On December 10, 2008 he was traded to the Phillies in exchange for Jason Jaramillo. Before ever playing another he game, he was dealt to the Giants then the Marlins, where he spent two seasons. After playing for the Mets in 2011, he signed with the Orioles for 2012, and played his final 20 big league games. He was still active in winter ball this past off-season, but he hasn't played in the minors (Mexico) since 2016.
Jack Taschner, pitcher for the Pirates in 2010. He pitched a combined 202 games between the 2005-08 Giants and 2009 Phillies before joining the Pirates. In a strange coincidence, the Phillies acquired him from the Giants in exchange for Ronny Paulino. Taschner was signed by Pittsburgh as a minor league free agent on December 23, 2009. He made the team out of Spring Training and in 17 appearances, he went 1-0, 6.05, pitching a total of 19.1 innings. He was designated for assignment in early June and refused to report to Triple-A, making him a free agent. Taschner signed with the Dodgers, making three appearances before being released. He retired just one of the six batters he faced while with Los Angeles. His playing career ended following the 2010 season.
Kip Wells, pitcher for the 2002-06 Pirates. He was a first round draft pick of the White Sox in 1998 and made it to the majors in just one year. In three seasons with the White Sox, Wells went 20-21, 5.14 in 47 starts and 20 relief appearances. He joined the Pirates on December 13, 2001, along with Josh Fogg, in exchange for Todd Ritchie. Wells moved right into the Pirates rotation and had a strong first season, posting a 12-14, 3.58 record in 198.1 innings, recording 134 strikeouts. He was even better his second season with the club, going 10-9, 3.28 in 197.1 innings, with a career high 147 strikeouts. His 2004 season didn't go so well, as he missed time with numbness in his pitching hand and he was able to make just 24 starts, winning only five times, while posting a 4.55 ERA. Thing got even worse in 2005 for him, as he led the NL in losses with 18 and walks allowed with 99, all while running his ERA up over five runs per nine innings. He missed the first two months of the 2006 season, then made seven starts before the Pirates dealt him at the trading deadline to the Texas Rangers for minor league pitcher Jesse Chavez. After leaving the Pirates, Wells went 13-29, pitching for seven different teams. He was 69-103, 4.71 in 1,338.1 innings over 12 seasons.
Stan Rojek, shortstop for the 1948-51 Pirates. He was originally signed by the Brooklyn Dodgers as an amateur free agent in 1939. It took him four years to make the majors and when he did, he got into one late September 1942 game as a pinch-runner, before missing the next three seasons while serving in the military during WWII. When Rojek returned, he played two seasons in Brooklyn as a backup infielder before being sold to the Pirates along with Ed Stevens on November 14, 1947. His first season in Pittsburgh was the best of his career. He started as shortstop and led the league in games played, at-bats and plate appearances. He also set career highs in walks (61), RBIs (51), runs scored (85), doubles (27) and stolen bases (24). In 1949, Rojek hit .244 with 72 runs scored in 144 games. He saw his playing time dip down to 76 games in 1950, starting only five of the last 60 games of the season. Early in 1951, the Pirates dealt him to the St Louis Cardinals for Rocky Nelson and Erv Dusak. Rojek played 60 more big league games after leaving Pittsburgh, plus another four seasons in the minors, before retiring from baseball.
Fred Hartman, third baseman for the 1894 Pirates. He was a local boy, who made his Major League debut in late July of 1894 after playing five seasons in the minors, spending time with teams from Pennsylvania towns such as Altoona, Johnstown, Wilkes-Barre and Erie. Hartman was the Pirates starting third baseman for most of the second half of the 1894 season. He hit .319 with 20 RBIs and 41 runs scored in 49 games. He was signed to be the Pirates substitute infielder on July 26th after Pittsburgh released Jim Ritz, who played just one Major League game, which came six days earlier. Despite the strong stats, Hartman returned to the minors for the next two seasons before reappearing in the majors with the 1897 St Louis Browns. In 1895, he hit .357 in 113 games playing in the Western League, a top minor league at the time. He ended up playing five more seasons in the majors (1897-99, 1901-02) and twice batted over .300 on the year. He also drove in 88 runs in 1898 and 89 runs during the 1901 season. Hartman finished his pro career in the minors in 1907 playing for the McKeesport (Pa.) Tubers, his hometown team.
John started working at Pirates Prospects in 2009, but his connection to the Pittsburgh Pirates started exactly 100 years earlier when Dots Miller debuted for the 1909 World Series champions. John was born in Kearny, NJ, two blocks from the house where Dots Miller grew up. From that hometown hero connection came a love of Pirates history, as well as the sport of baseball.
When he didn't make it as a lefty pitcher with an 80+ MPH fastball and a slider that needed work, John turned to covering the game, eventually focusing in on the prospects side, where his interest was pushed by the big league team being below .500 for so long. John has covered the minors in some form since the 2002 season, and leads the draft and international coverage on Pirates Prospects. He writes daily on Pittsburgh Baseball History, when he's not covering the entire system daily throughout the entire year on Pirates Prospects.
https://www.piratesprospects.com/author/81omar-2
Baseball Prospectus Ranks Three Pirates Among Their Top 101 Prospects
First Pitch: Pittsburgh, The Pirates, Major League...
skliesen on Pirates Roundtable: What Do You Think of the Pirates' Veteran Additions?
agent00 on Pirates Discussion: The Pirates on the Top 100 Prospect Lists


Just eleven days after September 11, Lehman signed a statement by the Project for the New American Century that presaged the administration's own foreign policy initiatives.
Kissinger? He has been advising Cheney on a regular basis to stay the course in Iraq. Re Colin Powell and Richard Armitage. They're not Elliot Richardson or Cyrus Vance, but two of Bush's leading enablers on the road to Baghdad. Brent Scrowcroft is more realist than John Bolton. That's a plus. But it's not clear what kind of advice he is providing to McCain (if at all).
Posted in Election, Foreign policy.


Presented by CFE Fderal Credit Union Learn more about what to do with your first paycheck! Students must RSVPs, via Handshake, for all employer-led workshops, Lunch and Learns, and information sessions and arrive promptly by the start of the session. However, walk-ins will be accepted only if space is available.
Write a cover letters that employers will read. RSVP via our new system Handshake, that is replacing KnightLink for all workshops this summer!


text:
Transients of water distribution and transport in PEM fuel cells
Irfan S. Hussaini, Chao Yang Wang
The response of polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cells to a step change in load is investigated experimentally in this work. Voltage undershoot, a characteristic feature of transient response following a step increase in current, is due to transients of water distribution in the membrane and ionomers occurring at subsecond time scales. The use of humidified reactants as a means to control the magnitude of voltage undershoot is demonstrated. Further, the response under a step decrease in current density is explored to determine the existence of hysteresis. Under sufficiently humidified conditions, the responses under forward and reverse step changes are symmetric, but under low relative humidity conditions, voltage undershoot is twice as large as the overshoot.
B1394-B1400
Journal of the Electrochemical Society
Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC)
Ionomers
Atmospheric humidity
transient response
Current density
Hussaini, I. S., & Wang, C. Y. (2009). Transients of water distribution and transport in PEM fuel cells. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 156(12), B1394-B1400. https://doi.org/10.1149/1.3236646
Hussaini, Irfan S. ; Wang, Chao Yang. / Transients of water distribution and transport in PEM fuel cells. In: Journal of the Electrochemical Society. 2009 ; Vol. 156, No. 12. pp. B1394-B1400.
@article{485e6bd122bf4dcfbf3979755db13e67,
title = "Transients of water distribution and transport in PEM fuel cells",
abstract = "The response of polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cells to a step change in load is investigated experimentally in this work. Voltage undershoot, a characteristic feature of transient response following a step increase in current, is due to transients of water distribution in the membrane and ionomers occurring at subsecond time scales. The use of humidified reactants as a means to control the magnitude of voltage undershoot is demonstrated. Further, the response under a step decrease in current density is explored to determine the existence of hysteresis. Under sufficiently humidified conditions, the responses under forward and reverse step changes are symmetric, but under low relative humidity conditions, voltage undershoot is twice as large as the overshoot.",
author = "Hussaini, {Irfan S.} and Wang, {Chao Yang}",
pages = "B1394--B1400",
journal = "Journal of the Electrochemical Society",
publisher = "Electrochemical Society, Inc.",
Hussaini, IS & Wang, CY 2009, 'Transients of water distribution and transport in PEM fuel cells', Journal of the Electrochemical Society, vol. 156, no. 12, pp. B1394-B1400. https://doi.org/10.1149/1.3236646
Transients of water distribution and transport in PEM fuel cells. / Hussaini, Irfan S.; Wang, Chao Yang.
In: Journal of the Electrochemical Society, Vol. 156, No. 12, 10.11.2009, p. B1394-B1400.
T1 - Transients of water distribution and transport in PEM fuel cells
AU - Hussaini, Irfan S.
AU - Wang, Chao Yang
N2 - The response of polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cells to a step change in load is investigated experimentally in this work. Voltage undershoot, a characteristic feature of transient response following a step increase in current, is due to transients of water distribution in the membrane and ionomers occurring at subsecond time scales. The use of humidified reactants as a means to control the magnitude of voltage undershoot is demonstrated. Further, the response under a step decrease in current density is explored to determine the existence of hysteresis. Under sufficiently humidified conditions, the responses under forward and reverse step changes are symmetric, but under low relative humidity conditions, voltage undershoot is twice as large as the overshoot.
AB - The response of polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cells to a step change in load is investigated experimentally in this work. Voltage undershoot, a characteristic feature of transient response following a step increase in current, is due to transients of water distribution in the membrane and ionomers occurring at subsecond time scales. The use of humidified reactants as a means to control the magnitude of voltage undershoot is demonstrated. Further, the response under a step decrease in current density is explored to determine the existence of hysteresis. Under sufficiently humidified conditions, the responses under forward and reverse step changes are symmetric, but under low relative humidity conditions, voltage undershoot is twice as large as the overshoot.
SP - B1394-B1400
JO - Journal of the Electrochemical Society
JF - Journal of the Electrochemical Society
Hussaini IS, Wang CY. Transients of water distribution and transport in PEM fuel cells. Journal of the Electrochemical Society. 2009 Nov 10;156(12):B1394-B1400. https://doi.org/10.1149/1.3236646


Slater and Gordon Travel Litigation Lawyers were instructed by two clients injured in a road traffic accident in Romania.
What happened: Our clients were involved in a road traffic accident in Romania in February 2012.
They were driving in Romania when they noticed a large four by four vehicle coming in the opposite direction on their side of the road, the right hand side. They couldn't tell how fast he was going, yet he was swerving from side to side.
There was no way that they could avoid him and the third party vehicle collided head on with the front of our client's vehicle.
Impact: One client sustained a broken little finger, an injury to his hip, some numbness to his left thigh and minor psychological issues. The second client sustained soft tissue injuries to her torso and chest, psychological issues, pain to her chest wall and her right pelvis.
How Slater and Gordon helped: Slater and Gordon took on the case and sent a letter of claim to the UK Handling Agents for the appropriate Romanian insurer.
We then took steps to ensure that their clients were medically examined by a range of experts, dealing with their various injuries.
As liability was not openly admitted in the case and as Romanian law applied, we obtained the expert opinion of a Romanian Lawyer, both on liability and the value of the claims, under Romanian law. It was the defendant's case that the existence of the Romanian equivalent of a police report was pre-requisite to there being any valid claim under Romanian law, whilst our clients disputed this assertion.
Court proceedings were issued in the UK and Slater and Gordon obtained an admission of liability from the Defendant, just six weeks before a trial on liability and quantum. We then negotiated settlement of both claims, just four weeks before trial.
Decision: Settlement was agreed as our clients accepted the defendant's offers, for £12,500.00 and £16,000.00. The defendant will also have to pay Slater and Gordon's costs.


Take a crafting break to give yourself some instant edge with the 5 Minute Leather Bracelet. As long as you can string beads on a cord, you can look fierce and feminine at the same time. This easy bracelet pattern is a cinch to personalize, just pick out an accent bead to reflect your style. Stick with neutral colors, and you can wear it with anything. You can even create a few in a half hour and share them with your friends.


text:
Harworth Church of England Academy - Music
Music - What the Children will learn.
EYFS - 'Development Matters' is used to support each individual child's development pathway.
Use their voices expressively and creatively by singing songs and speaking chants and rhymes.
Play tuned and untuned instruments musically.
Listen with concentration and understanding to a range of high-quality live and recorded music.
Experiment with, create, select and combine sounds using the inter-related dimensions of music.
Play and perform in solo and ensemble contexts, using their voices and playing musical instruments with increasing accuracy, fluency, control and expression.
Improvise and compose music for a range of purposes using the inter-related dimensions of music.
Listen with attention to detail and recall sounds with increasing aural memory.
Use and understand staff and other musical notations.
Appreciate and understand a wide range of high quality live and recorded music drawn from different traditions and from great composers and musicians.
Develop an understanding of the history of music.
All of Class 5 are learning to play the Eb Tenor Horn - see Class 5's page on this web site.
Music Clubs.
friday: 3.00 - 3.45. Guitar Club.
This club is set up to teach basic Guitar skills. A limited number of Guitars are available from school but some pupils prefer to use their own. Music is provided. Please see Mr Iles.
Wednesday: 3.00 - 4.00 Singing Club.
This club takes place in the school hall with Ms Goodwin and Mrs Potton.
Wind Instruments.
A small number of children in Class 4are learning to play, Flute, Clarinet or Cornet. There are a limited number of instruments available to borrow from school but pupils can bring their own instrument if they wish. Music is provided.
Any pupil can learn to play as long as they are physically big enough to hold the instrument and cover any keys with their fingers, and make a sound on the instrument. Please see Mr Iles.
The two videos below are of Clarinetists playing 'Bile Them Cabbage Down', (American Fiddle Tune) and 'Stodola Pumpa'. (Czech Folk Song)
(See the videos below.)


Using data from the National Education Longitudinal Study, this study investigated differences in the mathematics course taking of white and black students. Because of lower levels of achievement, prior course taking, and lower socioeconomic status, black students are much more likely than are white students to be enrolled in low-track mathematics courses by the 10th grade. Using multilevel models for categorical outcomes, the study found that the black-white gap in mathematics course taking is the greatest in integrated schools where black students are in the minority and cannot be entirely accounted for by individual-level differences in the course-taking qualifications or family backgrounds of white and black students. This finding was obscured in prior research by the failure to model course taking adequately between and within schools. Course placement policies and enrollment patterns should be monitored to ensure effective schooling for all students.


First Stage of the Home!
entertain her family & friends!
extra special for all those she loved!
Kitchen appliances for cooking and entertaining!!
large crock pots, coffee pots, & more!!!
Organ, and LOTS of sheet music!
Books galore, and TONS of cookbooks!
DON'T MISS THIS FIRST STAGE!