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The Spread of Downwelling IR in models.
In "On the reliability of simulated Arctic sea ice in global climate models" Eisenman et al examine the interplay of infra-red (IR) radiation in GCMS and albedo adjustments used to 'tune' the output of the models to better fit with observations.
Eisenman et al examine the 40W/m^2 spread in downwelling long wave (or infra-red) in a large sample of models.
Figure 1 from Eisenman et al. Cloudiness and downwelling longwave in GCMs.
Jakobsson et al find that the change in July 65degN insolation that lead to near ice free conditions in the Arctic around 6 to 8k years ago was around 40W/m^2. This gives an indication of the significance of the 40W/m^2 spread of IR radiation in GCMs, especially when you consider that July insolation isn't being applied year round, as the spread in IR is.
Using two mathematical models, less complex than GCMs, Eisenman et al find that this spread in IR implies a substantial range in equilibrium sea ice thickness. They note that most of the ice in the North American sector (off Greenland and the CAA) has a residence time of at least 5 to 10 years, this was based on research in 2004. I'm confident it is much less now, from Maslanik's work, probably a bit over 4 years. This long residence time gave the ice ample time to reach equilibrium thickness of an average of about 3m. This is borne out by PIOMAS gridded thickness data. The reduced complexity model runs from Eisenman et al find that the IR spread implies a spread of equilibrium thickness from 1 to 10m, far in excess of the observed spread of equilibrium thickness.
So what do the modellers do about this problem? As Eisenman et al state: "A frequently used approach in GCM sea ice components is to tune the parameters associated with the ice surface albedo." Tuning is a common feature of all complex models where the problem being studied has patchy data with which to analyse it. Patchy data can imply that some aspects of the model physics are not properly constrained by observations. So adjusting internal parameters to make the overall model output fit more closely with a parameter that is a result of the model is done where those internal parameters are not closely constrained by observations. I should stress here that the 'result' of the model I'm talking about should be chosen such that it depends on a wide spread of model parameters including the ones not properly constrained. PIOMAS has been tuned in a similar manner, with model output being matched against a subset of the DRA submarine data, a subset that is not then included in subsequent validation intercomparisons.
Eisenman et al find that in many models the adjustment used is to adjust surface albedo. In my previous post I've covered research into the substantial albedo impacts of the transition to a largely young ice pack, and what this means for energy gain. The adjustments in albedo that Eisenman et al discuss are small, less than 10%. Is there an equally large spread of downwelling long wave (DLW) in CMIP5? I don't know, I've been unable to find anything on this in the literature.
Eisenman's main point is that the projections made by models need to be considered with care. This doesn't mean that the models are of no use, as I've discussed several times before, models show behaviour of the atmosphere that plays a role in recent ice loss. Furthermore they're crucial for diagnosis and attribution of AGW and its consequent impacts, even within the Arctic where their performance with regards sea ice is arguably poor.
More interesting to me is the implication of DLW and ice thickness. Eisenman use two basic models of less complexity than GCMs, but their work also implies that GCMs show the relationship between DLW and sea ice thickness. This implies that while other factors, such as changes in ice export through the Fram Strait may have contributed to thinning, increased DLW would be continually driving the equilibrium thickness downwards. Eisenman et al note that the changes of DLW involved could be too small to detect using current instruments. Need I mention Bitz & Roe again?
CO2 increases drive a continual increase in the amount of downwelling IR. However it is not as simple as pointing the finger at CO2 and letting the matter rest there. Francis & Hunter 2006 find that changes in DLW play a significant role in ice loss during spring. The authors state in the opening of the paper.
Limited data have hampered attempts to identify which culprits are to blame [for sea ice loss], but new satellite-derived information provides insight into the drivers of change. A clear message emerges. The location of the summer ice edge is strongly correlated to variability in longwave (infrared) energy emitted by the atmosphere (downward longwave flux; DLF), particularly during the most recent decade when losses have been most rapid. Increasing DLF, in turn, appears to be driven by more clouds and water vapor in spring over the Arctic.
They find that anomalies in surface insolation are negatively correlated with ice retreat, meaning that variation in insolation isn't the driver of the trend in ice area loss. However DLW is consistently positively correlated, supporting the idea that it plays a role in the trend of ice loss. I had thought before when reading Francis & Hunter that perhaps cause & effect were getting mixed up. They show significant contribution of DLW from around mid June (the earliest period considered) to the sea ice minimum over much of the Arctic, so maybe the correlation is due to open water venting more water vapour and warming the atmosphere. However upon re-reading it's occurred to me that I was thinking with a post 2007 mindset, over regions considered there was much more ice cover, especially towards June. In any case, just because more water vapour is a consequence of reduced sea ice, that doesn't mean sea ice can't be further affected by the resultant increase in DLW, as Eisenman et al shows.
Francis & Hunter also note that:
Increased temperatures, cloud amount, and water vapor—consistent with global-scale anthropogenic effects—enhance the atmosphere's infrared emission, which reduces the thickness as well as the extent of the thinner ice cover.
So the increase in DLW is mainly due to water vapour feedback on temperature and increased influx of more humid sub-arctic air. It remains at the global scale that CO2 has its small but persistent effect. But CO2 driven AGW remains the base driver for the loss of sea ice in the Arctic, see here, whatever intermediate processes come to play.
PS. While looking for CMIP5 work on DLW I came across this:
Notz D. , null : " Sea-ice extent provides a limited metric of model performance" , Journal of Geophysical Research , SUBMITTED
As it's only submitted, I can't get access, but from the title, and having read the author's previous work, it looks like it has the potential to be very interesting indeed.
Eisenman et al, 2007, "On the reliability of simulated Arctic sea ice in global climate models."
Francis & Hunter, 2007, "New Insight Into the Disappearing Arctic Sea Ice."
Jakobsson et al, 2011, "New insights on Arctic Quaternary climate variability from palaeo-records and numerical modelling"
Labels: Arctic Sea Ice
TheTracker said...
Interesting stuff, if a bit over my head. Thanks!
Chris, cloud parameterization in an evolving arctic seems to be at the heart of the problem and brings back to mind The Boundary Layer Response to Recent Arctic Sea Ice Loss and Implications for High-Latitude Climate Feedbacks, Kay, Raeder, Gettelman, & Anderson, Journal of Climate, 2011.
If you recall, Kay et al found unrealistic arctic cloud formation in response to decreasing arctic sea ice in global models. This led to an unrealistic reduction in the net energy into the system.
It appears that the inter-model spread was huge; 1 meter equilibrium ice thickness vs 10 meter thickness! That's an almost unbelievable spread. Obviously what this means is that to get these models to match historical data a parameter had to be tuned - and albedo seems to have been the most common parameter of choice.
I'm sure that most of the CMIP5 models now incorporate more accurate cloud formation physics for the arctic, but as we've seen with the melt pond formation and evolution papers there is a lot of work to be done regarding albedo effects.
On an unrelated topic, remember the anomalous ice extent in the Bering Sea last spring? I wonder if the WUWT crowd or Steve Goddard spend any time reflecting on how absolutely wrong they were (and still are)? They might as well dump a tray of ice cubes into the ocean off Bermuda, take a picture, and then claim:
Sea Ice Found In the Tropics!
Tracker,
Sorry for not being as clear as I might be, if you have any questions just ask.
Kevin,
To be clear - the 1 to 10m is for the reduced complexity mathematical models. Although this finding combined with albedo adjustment might be part of the reason for the differing sizes of GCM seasonal cycle and thickness.
From my reading Kay et al is interesting in comparison to Boe et al "Current GCMs' Unrealistic Negative Feedback in the Arctic", PDF: Kay find that the September 2007 response of the atmosphere isn't unrealistic, due to a well mixed boundary layer there does seem to be a strong cloud response. But earlier in July the cloud response is too much because the boundary layer is more stratisfied.
Whereas Boe et al find that the boundary layer inversion during winter is too strong in models. This leads to excessive low temperatures above the ice, and too much IR loss, overly thickening the modelled ice.
WUWT? Their predictions will continue to be wrong because they've backed the wrong theory explaining what's going on in the Arctic. I doubt they spend any time reflecting how they're wrong, a belief driven agenda argues against that, when they're wrong they just forget it and move on in search of evidence in support of their ideas.
Oh, that wasn't criticism, at all. Just acknowledging my limitations.
I stopped by to ask if you'd seen this and what you thought of it: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature11528.
"The Gulf Stream is an ocean current that modulates climate in the Northern Hemisphere by transporting warm waters from the Gulf of Mexico into the North Atlantic and Arctic oceans1, 2. A changing Gulf Stream has the potential to thaw and convert hundreds of gigatonnes of frozen methane hydrate trapped below the sea floor into methane gas, increasing the risk of slope failure and methane release3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9. How the Gulf Stream changes with time and what effect these changes have on methane hydrate stability is unclear. Here, using seismic data combined with thermal models, we show that recent changes in intermediate-depth ocean temperature associated with the Gulf Stream are rapidly destabilizing methane hydrate along a broad swathe of the North American margin. The area of active hydrate destabilization covers at least 10,000 square kilometres of the United States eastern margin, and occurs in a region prone to kilometre-scale slope failures. Previous hypothetical studies3, 5 postulated that an increase of five degrees Celsius in intermediate-depth ocean temperatures could release enough methane to explain extreme global warming events like the Palaeocene–Eocene thermal maximum (PETM) and trigger widespread ocean acidification7. Our analysis suggests that changes in Gulf Stream flow or temperature within the past 5,000 years or so are warming the western North Atlantic margin by up to eight degrees Celsius and are now triggering the destabilization of 2.5 gigatonnes of methane hydrate (about 0.2 per cent of that required to cause the PETM). This destabilization extends along hundreds of kilometres of the margin and may continue for centuries. It is unlikely that the western North Atlantic margin is the only area experiencing changing ocean currents10, 11, 12; our estimate of 2.5 gigatonnes of destabilizing methane hydrate may therefore represent only a fraction of the methane hydrate currently destabilizing globally. The transport from ocean to atmosphere of any methane released—and thus its impact on climate—remains uncertain."
Thanks for that, I've replied at your blog.
http://theidiottracker.blogspot.co.uk/2012/10/gulf-stream-destabilizing-methyl.html
Due to ill health I'm putting comments on moderation for a while.


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Displaying items by tag: Eurosong 2014
Greece: -Rise Up- Chosen in Public and Jury Vote
Greece, one of the most successful countries to compete in the Eurovision Song Contest, garnered prominence for managing to finish in the top ten (10) on nine (9) consecutive years between 2004 and 2011 respectively, that record being broken by none other than Eleftheria Eleftheriou and her song Aphrodisiac which only managed sixty-four (64) points to finish in seventeenth place, replicating the results achieved by Greece in 2002 and 2003. Nevertheless, just months later, dignity was restored at the hands of Koza Mostra and Agathonas Iakovidis who finished in sixth place with a total of a hundred fifty-two (152) points, making it the best result for the nation since the second runner-up finish in 2008.
Kalispera! It is going to be quite an interesting tussle to see which act will follow suit and replicate or rather better the success achieved in 2013. Greece have faced a turbulent year with the economic crisis and the problems with the broadcaster, so much so, that the selection process is being outsourced to MAD TV, a commercial broadcaster who has significant popularity in the world of music. The four (4) acts will be competing for the affections of both the general public and a professional panel of judges, the latter ultimately comprising of: Dimitris Kontopoulos, Elpida, Themis Georgantas, Areti Kalesaki and Reggina Kouri. You may follow all the proceedings through the official website of the Eurovision Song Contest as well as the escflashmalta.com LIVE report.
The Show (Part 1)
Despina Vandi and Giorgos Kapoutzidis are currently on the main stage, performing a medley of hits from the Eurovision Song Contest, including the fabolous Autostop by Anna Vissi amongst others. It is worth pointing out that the hosts this evening look absolutely wonderful with our male counterpart in a grey/black suit, and Despina wearing a see through white dress. Greece is celebrating its 40th anniversary since its first participation in 1974 and hence lot of formers participants are there to perform their entries with other singers.
And we start with Kalomira and Vegas with Secret Combination ... Time for a break! We are back in the hall, four (4) songs will battle out to win the golden ticket to Copenhagen. New version of Mathema Solfege from 1977 by Bessy and Melisses! Quick recap of the Greek participations from 1974 to 1995. Now, Anixi (1991) by Diva Sofia Vossou and popular singer Demy in a dance arrangement. This is one of the best greek songs in my opinion. Now review of the Greek songs from 1996 to last year! Keti Garbi and Vegas will now sing 1993 entry Hellada hora to fotos in a very weird slower rap ethnic version.
Keti switched her blue dress to a green one but is still looking gorgeous 21 years after. After a quick look to the famous performers backstage, our hosts now introduce Socrates (1979) sung by Elpida together with georgian rooted singer Tamta! Very powerful voices and stunning arrangements! Time for another advert break and we still have not heard the bidding songs!
Petalouda Stin Athina - Crystallia (Music by Nikos Antypas. Lyrics by Aris Davarakis)
Back in the hall with Despina and Giorgos for the songs. We start with Crystallia and her ethnic ballad Petalouda stin Athina! Four violin players surround Crystallia in a white dress with a cloudy backdrop. Amazing voice, this is much better live than in studio version but it sounds very Greek and might not appeal to European audience.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y_akdyJt5Ds
Rise Up - Freaky Fortune featuring Riskykidd (Music & Lyrics: Freaky Fortune and Riskykidd)
Second song is Freaky fortune feat Risky kidd with Rise Up. This is a modern dance song with some rap elements. This song is leading the polls and we can understand why because it is an excellent tune with trompet elements and perfectly performed by this young crew! Though it sounds a bit repetitive at the end, it is defintely the one to watch out. Strong audience reactions.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TgxOGTm6Lns
Kanenas De Me Stamata - Kostas Martakis (Music and lyrics: Ilias Kozas)
Next up is Greek Apollo Kostas Martakis for his second attempt in greek selection after 2008. Kanenad den me stameta is a balkan ethno rock song written by last year's entrant Koza and we can hear some similarities with Alcohol is free though Kostas Song is more rockish. This is very competantly performed by Kostas and also delivers much better live than in studio version. Strong reaction also from audience. I guess this might be the winner tonight!
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bzef2udhgak
Dancing Night - Mark Angelo feat Josephine (Music and lyrics by Angelo, Wendel, Lane, Makris and Karlsson)
Time already for last song. Dancing night performed by Mark Angelo and soloist Josephine. This is a generic dance song that would get unoticed in a Melodifestival semi final and the vocals are far from good. Josephine is out of tune since the beginning of the song and spoil completely the track. This is obviously heading for last spot.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=riFGdnvMYh0
That's it we ve heard the 4 hopeful acts and this could be an open battle between Crystalia, Freaky fortune and Kostas. No clear winner can be spoted after the performances. Previous contestants are now interviewed backstage before we get the first recap. 20 minutes voting window. Winner will be decided by televoting and a professional jury 50/50. Koza Mostra and Agatona are now on stage to perform Alcohol is free their successful entry from 2013. After a recap in reverse order we now see the already selected songs!
After a recap in reverse order we now see the already selected songs. Giorgios is now back on stage with a sexy Tshirt and introduce his fellow hostess Despina Vandi for one of her songs. We are now graced with a eurovision medley by a young duo singing acoustic versions. Televoting lines are closed we will soon know who will get the honor of waving the Greek flag in Denmark and bring another high placing to the country.
Firelight is now greeting Greece and singing Coming Home .... A quick glance backstage where the temperature is rising up awaiting the results! And I think it's time for the results! And I think it's time for the results! Just before Helena Paparizou gives her opinion about previous Greek participation! And here come the previous greek entrants on stage. Everything is on this iPad! Winner is Rise Up. Well Greece opted for the most modern and international choice. Well done Greece!
Published in International Music News
Ireland: The Late Late Show Eurosong 2014 - LIVE
Tráthnóna maith! Ireland will be making their selection for this years' edition of the Eurovision Song Contest during the course of the evening with five (5) acts competing for the right to represent the most successful country in the continental competition. The emerald isle won the event on seven (7) occasions, the most recent being back in 1996 with Eimear Quinn and her song The Voice. Nevertheless, since the millennium, the nation has strugged to get into the top ten (10) despite reaching the final round of the competition every year since 2009. RTÉ, the Irish public broadcaster will be airing the selection process through a webcast being transmitted on the official website of the Eurovision Song Contest.
The Irish public broadcaster made the announcement of the five (5) mentors back in October as they kicked off a journey to find a suitable artist with the best possible song. Ultimately, the search did end up with a couple of interesting names, some of which are known through talent shows, others who have already been a part of the process and even newcomers. The music industry in Ireland is thriving and has been known to produce some fine acts throughout the years including none other than; U2, Westlife, Enya and Keith Hanley. In the meantime, only one (1) of the five (5) competing entries has broken through the charts thus far, with Eoghan Quigg being a new entry at #99 based on iTunes sales.
An ABBA tribute act is in the audience performing Waterloo, winning entry of the 1964 Eurovision Song Contest. Our host of the evening; Ryan Turbidy is literally getting the audience ready for the evening. This year, it seems that Ireland is making more effort than usual with RTÉ commentator Marty Whelan responsible for the backstage interviews. A trip down memory lane as we will be getting to meet Paul Harrington & Charlie McGettigan and Johnny Logan.
A non-Irish poll was organised throughout the week to seek the most recognisable entries from the Eurovision Song Contest and ranking in number five is; Nicole with A Little Peace. A panel of professional experts are present to comment on the songs including none other than; Louis Walsh, Linda Walsh, Owen McDermott and a Eurovision Fan who is present on countless occasions when it comes to the Late Late Show Eurosong. A short interview with each of our panel members, and this is turning out to be an interesting chat show to be honest.
Song 01: Don't Hold On - Patricia Roe
A female singer/songwriter, and former runner-up of Eurosong in 1992 and 1993. Patricia is standing on a platform wearing a beautiful black/silver lace dress whilst accompanied by two backing vocalists; a gorgeous lady and a dashing young man, a drummer and a pianist. This is your typical run off the mill ballad which would not stand out in the Eurovision Song Contest. Patricia is truly an oustanding vocalist and you could feel the emotion pushing through the boundaries. The sound is really good this year and it seems that RTE is putting in the effort.
I cannot fault this performance, that is for sure and I have a very good feeling that this will be in the middle of the scoreboard and will finish in third place. Whoa! Those high notes are seriously brilliant but this is too too dated. Nevertheless, what a very good effort from Malta's backing vocalist back in the 1994 edition of the Eurovision Song Contest.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NXhahmlX88M
Song 02: The Movie Song - Eoghan Quigg
Second runner-up of the X Factor a couple of years back, Eoghan Quigg is back on stage wearing a bow-tie and sitting down on a stool playing the guitar. He is joined on stage by two male backing vocalists who are doing brilliant harmonies as well as two female violinists and a cello player. Eoghan is definitely enjoying his time in the spotlight and the performance is coming across brilliant, as if developed for the stage of the Eurovision Song Contest.
I am going to say this, the use of the lyric video is a fabolous idea, especially having also been used to full effect by Malta in the 2013 Eurovision Song Contest. Eoghan is performing this brilliantly and it is going to be difficult for someone to take this away from him. Ireland have a strong entry with The Movie Song and they would be wrong to turn it away. Wonderful performance and that is something that Ireland does best.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AENe3l7C5Vk
Song 03: Heartbeat - Can-Linn ft Kasey Smith
.. in a beautiful green grown, Kasey Smith is off-key for the first part of the performance, whilst joined by two male dancers, two female backing vocalists and a female violinist. I can honestly see this on a stage at the Eurovision Song Contest but nevertheless, would lack in picking up votes, especially for the simple reason that Kasey is too stiff. This should have a vocalist who is dancing around the stage and not completely standing still doing absolutely nothing.
What I love about this performance though is surely the addition of the riverdance but instead of working the angle of using topless dancers, the dancers are fully clothes. The backing vocalists are in tune and the harmonies work well. Kasey and her vocals improved as the track went along but I am not truly getting the vibe of the song. I have no clue what they see in this one and why it is the bookies' favourite.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qo8P-5w5fA0
Song 04: Be Mine - Andrew Mann
A former participant on The Voice of Ireland, and also a runner-up of the Irish Eurosong a couple of years back, Andrew is clearly bringing in the rock element, somewhat required in any national final across the continent. His vocals are definitely on point and that is something which truly stands out in this song. Here I Am in 2012 was a much better entry but nevertheless, he is a brilliant performer.
The staging of this song is completely appropriate but band type of songs never do well in the Eurovision Song Contest and Ireland should not do such a mistake. Well, this is the fourth song and presents an alternative type of entry. I mean, this is something which would not succeed in the international competition because it is more based on radio.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k7DLAbTmP9c
Song 05: You Don't Remember Me - Laura O'Neill
Billy McGuinness was seriously acting in a spiteful manner prior to the performance but nevertheless, I do not believe that he had any valid points considering that the expert panel does not have any say in the final vote. It would have been worse should those have been the actual jury. Laura is wearing a short red dress, maybe not the most flattering for her figure but nevertheless, the staging is seemingly done in a manner to compliment a James Bond genre.
Think Adele doing Skyfall, but required a little bit of work to be honest. It is a very good song and could do very well in the Eurovision Song Contest. I believe that this is one (1) of the two (2) songs which could do Ireland proud. I believe that this is one of the acts which has a very good chance of succeeding in the international market and create a career out of this evening.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R5jgSj8YH-M
Well, an extremely heated exchange between mentor of the fifth entry, Billy McGuinness and Louis Walsh and Linda Martin, for the simple reason that two of the acts were somewhat mentored by Louis Walsh. Nevertheless, Billy is livid and this is not looking good for Laura as it is reflecting bad for her. We have a recap of all of the songs performed this evening, a couple of adverts and now Johnny Logan who is back for a special guest performance.
He is performing Hold Me Now, winning entry of the 1987 Eurovision Song Contest .. and throws in a bit of Why Me? Johnny performing LIVE and sounding brilliant! Why cannot Ireland re-create their performances of the nineties? I still believe that Rock and Roll Kids could be a hit in the current format of the Eurovision Song Contest. Wonderful audience singing along to Paul Harrington and Charlie McGettigan's brilliant song. Standing ovation from the expert panel and the public loved it.
Galway: 12 points to Heartbeat
Cork: 12 points to You Don't Remember Me
Dublin: 12 points to Heartbeat
Limerick: 12 points to Heartbeat
Sligo: 12 points to The Movie Song
Public Vote: 60 points to Heartbeat
Winner: Heartbeat - Can-Linn ft Kasey Smith
Belgium: VRT Airs Second Casting Show Tonight
Tonight, VRT will continue the search for an oustanding artist, one who will be credible enough to put Belgium on the map and represent the nation in the upcoming edition of the Eurovision Song Contest in Copenhagen, Denmark. As was the case last week, sixteen (16) candidates will be featured on the show with special interpretations of former entries at the international event. It is important to denote that VRT have gone for a different kind of selection following the disappointment with Iris and her entry Would You? back in 2012, languishing towards the bottom of the scoreboard.
This week, one is going to see several artist who have come from talent shows such as Pop Idol, or The Voice including none other than Maureen, Axeela, Yass and Andrei Lugovski. Aeali on the other hand features no less than Veronica, part of the duo Urban Trad who were near winners of the Eurovision Song Contest in 2003. There, she will be joined by Soetkin who was also part of that group. Day One, is the secret band which Kate Ryan seems to be the lead vocalist. It is important to denote that the female artist represented Belgium back in 2006, with her entry Je T'Adore failing to get through to the final despite having been seen by many as a possible contender for victory.
Soulbrothers - Puppet on a string (Sandie Shaw, 1967)
Mr. Jones - Standing Still (Roman Lob, 2012)
Sil - Where are you (Imaani, 1998)
Aelia - Poupée de cire, poupée de son (France Gall, 1965)
Tisha Cyrus - Dum tek tek (Hadise, 2009)
Petra - All kinds of everything (Dana, 1970
Bandits - Geef het op (Clouseau, 1991)
Axeela - Believe (Dima Bilan, 2008)
Manuel Palomo - Eres tu (Mocedades, 1973)
Yass - L'oiseau et l'enfant (Marie Myriam, 177)
Maureen - Ding-a-dong (Teach-In, 1975)
Bastien - Fly on the wings of love (The Olsen Brothers, 2000)
Andrei Lugovski - In a moment like this (Chanee & N'evergreen, 2010)
Dina Rodrigues - Ne partez pas sans moi (Celine Dion, 1988)
Day One - Satellite (Lena, 2010)
Nevertheless, it seems that the most remarkable audition from this evenings' programme might come from none other than Petra. This vocalist already took part in the national selection on more than one occasion, finishing in second place behind Kate Ryan back in 2006, as La Sakhra. Her audition clip has already been revealed by VRT Radio broadcaster; MNM and thus could be seen below. In the meantime, Eurosong 2014 could be watched on een as from 20:30 CET but no webcast to foreigners is being provided at least, on an official capacity. All the castings will then be made available for all to watch on the official website. Stay tuned to escflashmalta.com for all the latest news about the Eurovision Song Contest 2014.
Source: VRT
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZmZlLGmGuvw
Belgium: Ruslana Joins Panel for Eurosong 2014
Ruslana, winner of the 2004 edition of the Eurovision Song Contest with the track Wild Dances has confirmed to the media, and the general public that she will be one of the judges during Eurosong 2014, the Belgian pre-selection which will see to the choice of both the artist and the entry alike. The format of the new selection process is set to resemble that of a casting show in the early stages before becoming a proper showcase where original songs, ready for the Eurovision Song Contest will be put forward in front of an international jury and tele-voting with a panel of guest judges in the studio passing their opinion.
Earlier this year, the Francophone broadcaster, RTBF internally selected Roberto Bellarosa who went onto perform the track Love Kills, taking Belgium straight into the final where he finished in a credible twelfth place, the second best result since the introduction of the two semi-final format. VRT, the broadcaster responsible for next years' entry last obtained a positive result in 2010 when Tom Dice and his entry Me and My Guitar finished in sixth place as their last try in 2012 ended in great disappointment with Iris and the track Would You? only managing a penultimate position in the semi-final. Stay tuned to escflashmalta.com for all of the latest news.
Source: Ruslana's Official Website
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=10XR67NQcAc
Belgium: Details of New Eurosong Selection Published
één, the broadcaster responsible for the participation of Belgium, every other year and representative of the Flanders sector of the country is set to unveil a pretty sophisticated preselection process which will see the nation pick their artist and song in a seperate manner, in the hope of achieving success. In 2012, it was Iris who carried the flag with her entry Would You? finishing in second to last position within the semi-final but there is a wonderful aura surrounding Eurosong 2014 after Roberto Bellarosa took the country to the final and finished in twelfth place with Love Kills.
Eurosong 2014 will comprise of seven weeks, starting off with two casting shows (2nd/9th February), moving onto the call back (16th February), the semi-finals (23rd February, 2nd March and 9th March) and the actual final (16th March). Basically, artists who would like to throw their hat into the ring will be first judged by a panel of four music experts, two of which have been revealed to be Piet Goddaer and Jef Martens before being given their possible entries for the Eurovision Song Contest, which can be submitted to the broadcaster by the 28th October on This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it..
The experts will then play an advisory role towards the end of the selection process with a European Jury along with the Belgian Public selecting their act for the Eurovision Song Contest as the artist would then have been paired up with his respective song. Despite being a tad complicated, VRT and één have planned it out brilliantly and it could very much be a system which works because finding the right song for the right artist should be the way forward in the music industry. Stay tuned to escflashmalta.com for all of the latest news.
Source: eurovision.tv
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7Z_5s5gnrCM
Belgium: VRT Recalls Eurosong As National Selection
Flanders, the region responsible for the participation of Belgium in the 2014 edition of the Eurovision Song Contest taking place in Denmark have unveiled their selection procedure under the guidance of their broadcaster, VRT. Would You? co-written by Jean Bosco Safari and Walter Mannaerts with vocals by Iris was the last entry to represent the regioon but nevertheless failed to amass widespread appeal, obtaining just sixteen (16) points to finish in the penultimate position of seventeenth. In 2014, the selection procedure is set to change in order to try and select an up and coming individual whose aim is to represent the nation in the best possible way.
The national selection process entitled Eurosong is calling for artists who dream big to send a video clip of themselves performing any song from previous editions of the Eurovision Song Contest in a different genre. The concept which is quite intriguing will see to how imaginative the performers will be because they will have to perform in front of millions where they have to adapt to the pressure. Candidates could either be soloists or within a group in an effort to encourage a little bit of both. VRT, the broadcaster responsible for the Flanders region is looking to create a casting show in a similar vein to the German pre-selections of 2010 and 2012 which saw to the selection of Lena Meyer-Landrut and Roman Lob, both of which managed top ten results.
Belgium, a country in the western side of the continent which has been rather unlucky at the international competition, managing to qualify only on two occasions, one of them being earlier this year as Roberta Bellarosa surprised everyone with his stunning rendition of the song Love Kills co-written by Ian Farquharson and Jukka Immonen. The song finished in a respectable twelfth place making it their third best result within the past years and also a hit in several countries including The Netherlands and Sweden. Apart from a call for artists, the Flemish broadcaster is inviting songwriters all across the world to submit their demo songs for the competition. All of the information could be found through the official website, here. Stay tuned to escflashmalta.com for all of the latest news.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dCl7OUFNSCA
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COMMENTARY: What I learned as a youth journalist at the 2019 Statewide Youth Media Conference
February 22, 2019 / Aubrey Jasso
I have only ever known how to be a journalist through writing, but this past weekend, I met other youth journalists who tell stories through so many other platforms: podcasts, documentaries, poetry, photography and art.
Youth journalists across the state came together Saturday and Sunday in Oakland for the 2019 Statewide Youth Media Conference. Through workshops and listening to speakers, youth journalist learned how to be change makers in their community through different forms of storytelling.
I was able to attend the conference, which allowed me to network with other young, bright and talented writers.
"The event covered many different aspects of journalism, not just writing and interviewing," said Sarah Ng, with YR Media in Albany, California. "I learned a lot about journalism being illustration. The illustration workshop was my most memorable experience because it showed that you don't have to have a crazy artistic ability to illustrate and inform people in this field of work."
The conference workshops taught journalists how to expand multimedia and journalism skills and how to have conversations on pressing issues, such as politics, fashion, immigration and LGBTQ rights.
Ivan Caballero, from Access Sacramento said his key take away from the event was being able to connect with more people and young journalists in California and network and learn from each individual.
"My most memorable experience here was seeing the speaker Brian share his documentary, which was extremely powerful as he presented his community and the issues in it," said Caballero. "It really stuck with me."
I believe this conference is important for youth journalists to build skills with others and allows for youth to create connections between other youth journalists from rural and urban areas such as San Diego, Fresno, Los Angeles, Oakland, Sacramento, Merced, Bakersfield, and more.
"I learned to always dive in to journalism with good intentions and to do it because you like it and genuinely enjoy writing about issues and topics that interest you most," said Olivia Terforlack from Boyle Heights Beat. "It is important to be invested in people's stories and show a deeper level of someone else's story rather than just writing them."
"The poetry class resonated with me the most as we talked about how spoken word can be a form of spoken art, and you can incorporate it into your personal work, like a first person story," Terforlack said.
The students at the conference were all so welcoming and were eager to learn from each other.
But, what really allowed for conversation to flow was the variety in ideas, experiences, beliefs and backgrounds, whether it be our ethnicity, our experiences or homes. There was always something to discuss.
Each workshop helped me open up and become a better journalist as I learned to tell my story through photos, graphs, sketches, and through voice recording. I had only known how to express myself and my work through writing.
Youth journalists were taught to produce powerful journalism and first-person storytelling as a way to highlight issues we and our communities face.
I learned youth journalist are to be a force of change in the world.
Aubrey Jasso
Aubrey Jasso is a youth reporter from Delano.


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Documentary Photography: Abandonment, assignment (Five) OCA, Photography Two: Documentary barry511915 Personal Project.
May 3, 2019 January 3, 2020 / barrysenior	/ Leave a comment
Oakwood mill Stavely lane Millbrook Stalybridge
Oakwood, mill partly collapsed, the mill had been neglected as it was a listed building and the cost of repairs was very high. The mill had been robbed of some stone, and the roof was also partly gone the rain got in and filled the floors with water. February 2018 the freezing weather caused a build-up of ice and causing the floors to collapse.
" Built as a specialised spinning mill, it is no longer is use and is derelict. It is in millstone grit, and had Welsh slate roofs. There are two ranges at right angles, forming a U-shaped plan. The south range, a warehouse, had three storeys, and sides of 19 and four bays, and the north range, the mill, had four storeys and sides of 28 and six bays. There is an embattled clock tower and a chimney.[53][54] " ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listed_buildings_in_Stalybridge )accessed 01/05/19
Oakwood mill
Inside Oakwood mill
Further inside the darker, it gets
The Buts is part of a rifle range last used in 1945 by the Cheshire Regiment. The Regiment had a Barracks in the Town of Ashton Under Line. the staff were mainly clerical staff sorting out the soldiers' wages and things of that nature. As we were at war at the time every able-bodied man had to learn how to shoot.
(Information obtained from Trevor Thornycroft age 85, Range House Stalybridge)
The old Power Station buildings below, the power station at Stalybridge was opened in 1926 by the Stalybridge, Hyde, Mossley and Dukinfield Transport and Electricity board. The station was closed on the 29 of October 1979. Most of the power station was demolished in the 1980s, but some building still remains. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartshead_Power_Station)
Old power station buildings below
This is an old warehouse that is positioned near the old railway that used to supply the power station the warehouse was built approximately 1800 and is a listed building and as a consequence has fallen to a state of dilapidation (https://www.theviewfromthenorth.org/millbrook-railway-warehouse)
The sidings
In these buildings, old steam engines were stored and maintained the engines supplied the power station with cole. When I was very young my mother told me that after the war people used to walk along the railway and collect the cole that had fallen from the wagons
Entering Abandoned buildings is likely to be illegal because in the UK there are trespass laws that prevent you from entering land or property. Still, if you take the view the law is not going to be followed up just for someone having a look and maybe taking a few pictures, then that is up to you to assess and decide if you should take the risk. What I would say is if the building is not secured and is open to the elements reasonably easy to excess is of some interest to the local area and would benefit from some pictures being taken. I personally would take the risk. Finding the owner to obtain permission would be the legal way to go, And the only way you should gain entry if the property is all locked otherwise you would be committing the crime of breaking an entry. Much more serious offence than simple trespass.
Exploring abandoned building is exciting and has a certain appeal, most people will know that its probably not legal, but that is part of the appeal even more so if the building has some sort of intriguing history. Most people that go urban exploring are in it for the excitement and the striking Images they make. The interest generated by the Images, some would say out weights the risk of a fine for trespassing or injury, they don't consider death as a possibility, but it is a real concern as people have died. On the other hand, why do people climb mountains?
Feedback for the original assignment 5, see below 5.Barry-Senior
I found my first choice for this assignment People of Stalybridge that lived in the area called Castle Hall, challenging to get to grips with it was challenging to get enough information from the people in the street. Although very lovely they found it difficult talking to a stranger about there past relatives. I also found it difficult to find the right approach to ask questions. I needed to collect some personal information for the assignment, I had to first convince them to let me take their picture, ask questions and at the same time try and write down there answers, by this time they just wanted to leave and get on with there one agenda.
My next choice of assignment Abandonment of Property as seen above.
I decided a change of subject was necessary not just for the convenience of not having to approach people, but my work was also calling more on my time. I went for a complete change and although I failed to discuss it with my tutor I hope he will understand. The subject was the abandonment of property touching on urban photography and some of the aspects and dangers surrounding the Urban explore. This was more up my street as I like getting up to mischief even though I am now getting on a bit I still feel I can and want to if needed. My first pictures were Bukton castle and the quarry, this is a feat in its self as it is a steep climb, a very large steep hill but a good feeling when you reach the top it takes about an hour to climb. I was hoping to find an awesome view of the quarry, but it was smaller than I remembered, It's still big though.
While working on the assignment and after having some feedback from my tutor, reluctantly I have decided to remove the section and images relating to Buckton Castle has mentioned above. I decided the images didn't flow with the rest of the pictures, I say reluctantly because the took at least half a day to make the image counting all the hill walking involved, and as I reflect on my work as I edit and rethink the layout I do think it is the right decision, after all the images can still be seen below so not lost completely.
Getting into the mill was a little more challenging and a little bit dangerous, but the only thing I left was footprints. Getting into these buildings is fun, and I can see why some people do more of it. Going in the dark as some would be very dangerous and not recommended. The building I entered was reasonably accessible only an odd broken fence to get through. Getting out and about with the camera and entering the buildings was fun and in all, I found the assignment enjoyable.
What I learned from my first attempt at the assignment is, when taking on a project that seems relatively straight forward, that is not always the case. Subjects can grow into something big and get out of control if I had continued on my original path the assignment would have become a monster. I know I couldn't control, to give it justice I would have needed a considerable amount of time.
The images of the power station I think have the strongest shots some of them remind me of the walking dead or images you would find in a shooting game. It is strange but the graffiti adds a lot to this type of image, it lets you know people come and go it changes an image and adds to its appeal with clour and grittiness in this context people just want to view them for reasons only known to them.
With my Images, I have tried to convey a sense of loss for the buildings and disappointment in a system that allows the buildings that are deemed to be of importance, listed as historical value, have been left to dilapidate into a state of no return. While chatting to my tutor in the feedback session, he pointed out that he thought the mixed format of the images i.e. landscape and portrait didn't flow and suggested changing the portrait ones for landscape images. I have taken this on board and changed all but one to landscape format, and as I am reflecting on the assignment, I think it only fair to reflect on the feedback, while I agree with him as far as the flow is concerned, I don't necessarily agree that it was necessary to change the pictures just for the sake of flow, as each Images is viewed individually on the screen. He probably was thinking about the assessment team when talking about flow, and ease of viewing. He pointed out that he thought I had some stronger images in my contact sheets than some of the ones I had used; I had a reshuffle and change the images for stronger ones. The only image that is in portrait format is the header image, I felt that it was a strong image and would stand the contradiction of being in portrait format Chris my tutor also pointed out the image as being useable. A lesson learned, I needed one or two landscape shots of the doors that were in portrait format but unfortunately, I had failed to take any, but the mill was not far away. Arriving at the mill I gained access to the grounds but the entrance fenced off. Luckily there was a small window with the board missing I got in retook some shots and made my escape. I will remember this in the future and make sure I take both format shots.
My abandonment assignment is small but informative something that could be of interest to some. I enjoyed doing it and would do some urban exploring in the future if an exciting place came to my attention that would have the prospect of getting some good images.
Images below changed for different ones, some after feedback, and others because as I started editing the images I realised that some were out of context and didn't flow as I thought they should. I have reflected on the reasons why.
Buckton quarry although not abandoned at the moment it has been in the past for several years and will be again as there is very little stone left to quarry. The quarry has been closed on several occasions, the villagers have campaigned to make the quarry companies put restrictions on times that the trucks can drive through the village. The time restrictions cause a financial burden on the quarry companies as they need to make their money in a shorter working day. At the moment the quarry is being used as a stone storage yard. This has led to increased traffic through the village. And now again the villagers are campaigning to get it stopped.
Buckton Castle
Buckton Castle is situated in the town of Stalybridge in an aria Called Carbrook. It was thought to be a small hill fort of little importance and Abandoned for almost 900 years. "Excavating the site, a team from the University of Manchester Field Archaeology Centre expected to find an earthwork of little importance.
But what they found left the archaeologists stunned: a 'massive' stone outer wall, 2.8 metres wide, indicating that Buckton was a castle on the scale of Beeston Castle near Chester.
"The discovery of a high ranking castle in England is a tremendously rare event – and was definitely not what we were expecting," said Director Mike Nevell." ((http://www.bbc.co.uk/manchester/content/articles/2008/07/23/230708_buckton_castle_feature.shtml) Accessed 23/04/19)
The castle is not visible to the untrained eye and is entirely covered by peat and grass the defences on the north side are still recognisable, see below.
The castle defences
I have removed this picture of the police station, as it isn't really urban exploring. I decided it was out of context with the rest of the images it would have been different if I could have gained excess.
Below is Stalybridge police station built-in 1968. The station was closed in 2005, it is now falling into a state of disrepair. Planning has been put forward to turn the station into apartments, but the request was rejected as the application contained very little information on various matters. The information was needed as the building is in a conservation area, even information for refuge disposal and collection and any information on carbon emissions were missing from the report.
The police station from the rear looking up from the river Tame
Nature is slowly taking over an old waterboard cottage on the river tame
The old cole conveyor below
The conveyor delivered cole to the power station from the railway siding, the sidings could hold130 12-ton wagons. The conveyor has been left partly un demolished since the 80s. Pieces of the conveyor do fall off occasionally on to or very near the footpath below.
The assignment below was scrapped because In the limited time I had and the difficulty in finding and obtaining information about the people and their relatives was very difficult so I have decided to move on to a different subject. See the new Assignment five above.
OCA Photography Two: Documentary barry511915 Assignment Five Personal Project
For this assignment, I have decided to do a project of the people of Stalybridge, but only those that have relatives that worked in the cotton mills of the nineteenth and twentieth century a sort of a nod to the relatives of the people that still live in the town, I wanted to concentrate on people that lived up Castle Hall as this was one of the first areas that had mill workers homes
I have had to approach people in the street and ask the question about there past relatives and if they worked in the cotton mills and lived in the up Castle Hall as we say around here.
Below, John Schofield. He and some of his family worked at Copley Mill a weaving mill in Stalybridge.
Mr Cooper, An engineer. His mother worked as a weaver.
Celestino Senior, His Grandmother was brought up in Castle hall, worked at Bottomly cotton mill, and his Grate Grandmother worked as a weaver and ran several looms at once.
Maria from the flower shop, she wasn't sure where but she says several of her family worked in the cotton mills in Stalybridge.
The plaque below in on the wall of what used to be a pub famous for its name in the area of Castle Hall
I found my choice for this assignment difficult to get to grips with it was difficult to get enough information from the people in the street, and although very nice they found it difficult talking to a stranger about there past relatives. I also found it difficult to find the right way to ask the questions I needed to get the information I wanted for this assignment, I had to first convince them to let me take their picture to ask questions and at the same time try and write down there answers, by this time they just wanted to leave and get on with there own things.
August 29, 2017 July 22, 2019 / barrysenior	/ Leave a comment
Abandoned, In the time I had and the difficulty in finding and obtaining information about the people and their relatives was very difficult so I have decided to move on to a different subject. See Assignment five A.
I found my choice for this assignment difficult to get to grips with it was difficult to get enough information from the people in the street, and although very nice they found it difficult talking to a stranger about there past relatives. I also found it difficult to find the right way to ask the questions I needed to get the information I wanted for this assignment, I had to first convince them to let me take their picture to ask questions and at the same time try and write down there answers, by this time they just wanted to leave and get on with whatever.


On the border I had to fill out a zillion forms and my panniers were x-rayed again.
I had to tell the officials how much money I had with me, the value of my bicycle, electronic equipment and so on.
But everything went rather well, so I was quickly back on the road again.
A sandstorm was in progress, but luckily the wind switched around so that I finally had the wind pushing me lightly from behind.
Actually it would have been appropriate for me just sit down and rest somewhere, but I felt a need for contact with the outside world. I hoped to find a nice accommodation in Bukhara where I could exchange my experiences with other travelers and that drove me onward.
I hadn't stayed overnight in a hostel since Yazd and that was nearly 4 months ago.
It was almost another 100 km to Bukhara, but I knew I could still manage that. Unfortunately, I couldn't find a really nice hostel, but I found a room with a bath.
To appease the stress of acquiring the Turkmenistan visa, I sat for hours in the bathtub in an attempt to regenerate myself. Somehow, it felt like both Christmas and my birthday at the same time.
But, somehow, the excitement of traveling was totally gone. I was in a new country filled with grandiose mosques; the temperatures were now Spring-like and actually, I should have been turning somersaults out of sheer joy because I was finally in Uzbekistan, a country which I had wanted to visit for so many years.
But it didn't interest me.
I had no desire to visit any mosques, especially since the city is more like a museum. Instead of displaying Islamic life, the mosques here were full of Souvenir stands.
After arriving from Iran, it was a real disappointment.
The cries of the cashiers at the entrance of the mosques "Ticket, Ticket" made me lose my appetite for any more such visits. In a small restaurant when I asked for some sugar for my tea and then had to pay an additional 1500 Som for it, although the tea itself had only cost 1000 Som, the enjoyment I had vanished (3900 Som are 1 Euro).
I had landed in a tourist trap, but I didn't see anyone interesting.
There were only the typical tourists, but no one with the same interests.
I was really wiped out; I dragged myself from one day to the next and didn't really know how I could become motivated again.
I had absolutely no desire to do anything and everything was just too much for me.
I was nearly in tears because I was totally travel weary and surprised that anyone had noticed it right away how bad I felt.
They invited me to dinner and tried to keep me in a good mood the entire evening. When we said good-bye, they gave me a book in German to get my mind off of things.
but unfortunately, as expected, from the wrong direction – a bothersome headwind.
I began to set goals for myself and to conjure up incentives to keep me going. The best method was the appeal of reading another chapter in the book.
I pedaled 20 kilometers, sat down at the roadside and then devoured the next chapter of this exciting book.
I didn't care what was happening around me.
For once, I was traveling only in my own world and that kept me busy enough.
because I didn't want to be given special treatment again.
The host breaks the bread and distributes it in small chunks on the tablecloth. It is important that the top of the bread is facing upwards. It may never be lying upside down.
Before the main meal is served, biscuits (cookies) and sweets are served and, of course, always tea.
Afterwards we played chess and cards together and, after a power outage, we sat beside a warm stove in the candlelight. It was really nice; even though we couldn't converse with each other, it didn't matter.
The next morning, they convinced me to stay another night, so the entire day, I played chess with half the people in the village.
In Uzbekistan, every 3 days you have to register with the police through a hotel. However, no one seemed to really understand the exact regulation. Supposedly, there are hefty fines for non-compliance when leaving the country.
Since Uzbekistan is not as inexpensive as I thought, I wanted to attempt to do that alone to keep from having to pay the hotel charges. So, I went to the police.
When I arrived, the place was in total chaos. Dozens of people were standing in line to fill out one kind of form or another. With all the people talking loudly and pushing and shoving, a really unpleasant atmosphere prevailed at the police station.
In the end it was all in vain. I was unsuccessful and was sent away again without being able to register.
The Uzbeks tended to speak very loudly, and when they learned that I couldn't understand them, they thought that if they yelled even louder it would get better.
I was also asked if I was married or if I had children, but the questions were not too many. It was pleasant and the people were really nice. I have to admit that they were more skeptical about me than the people in other countries I had visited before.
In the evening I was invited to a birthday party – the men in one room, women and children in another. For the men, a lot of vodka was consumed while the women drank Coca Cola. With a snap of fingers on the neck, it was made symbolically clear that I should also drink alcohol, but I vehemently refused it.
However, I was forced to do my best to dance to some folk music in front of all of the women.
It was only 280 kilometers to Samarkand, but the scenery was unbearably desolate and my mood was still at zero. I shortened my motivational reading distance to 10 kilometers and also treated myself to ice cream at every shop I passed.
It's amazing how much harder it is to travel when you're not in the right mood – when you just don't want to continue anymore and you feel like throwing the bike into the next gully.
When that happens, the bike just stops rolling. You continuously have the feeling that the brakes are on or that someone has secretly placed bricks into your pockets.
The contents of the panniers varied only marginally, so it absolutely can only have to do with the mood I'm in and not the weight of the bicycle itself.
My bum had suffered badly in Turkmenistan. One spot had really become sore and hurt every time I moved.
Eventually I made it to Samarkand and found exactly the kind of hostel I had hoped for. I discovered a small paradise where I could stay until I wanted to experience the world again – namely for 10 whole days.
The first 7 days I didn't step out of the hostel. I looked at the mosques from the rooftop terrace and that was close enough for me.
I met people from everywhere; other cyclists; strangely enough, a Dutch couple whom I had met already in Iran; a Spaniard who was headed in the direction of Iran; two motorcyclists who had been traveling for more than 10 years; several jeep tourists who, more or less, had raced all the way from Europe to Central Asia; and a few backpackers – Japanese, French, Poles, Italians, Spaniards, Australians and even a Kazakh.
Heaven itself had given me this hostel. I could recharge my batteries again wonderfully, collect some new ideas, share thoughts and finally converse again in my own two languages. It was just plain awesome.
For the first time in 8 days, I finally went outside the door of the hostel together with a Japanese woman Megumi Okamoto who had organized a photo shooting with me.
We had an incredible time of fun together, partly because our communication was amusing because she sometimes said the letter L instead of R, which often led to humorous misunderstandings.
Samarkand has quite a lot to offer, but due to a construction site on the main square and the many tourists, it didn't leave much of an impression on me.
With new strength and new thoughts I continued on my cycling tour.
The desert transformed itself gradually into green fields of grain, flowers bloomed along the way, and the cherry trees were in full bloom; it was finally spring – colorful again – and I was finally in a good mood again. The first snow-capped mountains embellished the landscape. The closer I got to the mountains, the more it smelled like adventure.
But I was also worried because the Spanish cyclist who just returned from the Pamir Highway in Tajikistan said that the nights there were as cold as minus 18 degrees Celsius.
I'm sure that many might wonder why I didn't want to cycle through the Pamir Mountains. The reason is simple: I had already cycled on the Pamir Highway on the Tajikistan side 4 years ago, so I was ready to put all my focus on Kyrgyzstan.
I stayed overnight on a farm where I was awakened in the morning before 6 a.m. to help milk the cows.
The lifestyle of the people in Uzbekistan was again completely different to that in the nations I had visited since I was in Bulgaria. Here, the people get up early, work all day and go to bed early. People just hanging around and doing nothing are nonexistent here.
The "bathroom" here, as is so often the case, is located outside the apartment. And no wonder, in the outhouses you can't stand it very long because the acrid odor is unbearable. A bathroom of your own is rare. After going to the toilet, someone comes from the family – at least it had been that way everywhere before – who runs up to you and pours some water from a jug over your hands and then gives you a towel. Soap? Never.
As usual, the national dish "plov" was served: rice with carrots, chickpeas, raisins, meat and pieces of flabby fat and a lot of oil; the garnish was a boiled egg. Very tasty.
Everyone in the family eats from a large communal pot, which I personally don't like at all, but it's ok – I can live with that.
Normally, the food is served only Luke-warm, never hot. But quite often it is really very tasty.
A rainy day came along and on that day I found only a very pitiable settlement where a family wanted to invite me into a house where, as was often the case, I had to sleep in an oxygen-poor room with all the others.
Ants were running around everywhere, the sugar was more black than white, and the cats and the dog nibbled on everything edible in the house. After a lengthy discussion, when I realized they couldn't understand anything, I put my tent up under the roof of a shed and hoped that no rats would chew on me that night.
In the end, however, it was an annoying dog that kept me from sleeping the entire night – it constantly whined to itself and howled incessantly around the tent.
At noon I always took a break somewhere, eating at a small restaurant along the roadway. Frequently, I found delicious raviolis, known as "mandis" here; tasty noodle soups; bread filled with meat and onions and cooked in a stone oven; filled puff pastry and delicious spinach pockets that you can get at food stands directly on the roadside.
To keep them warm, the vendors wrapped them in a dozen towels and, odd to behold, transported them in very old baby strollers.
What I had learned from underdeveloped countries nearly everywhere is also practiced here. There are often 10 food stands virtually next to each other on the roadside that all sell the same thing and who attempt to grab their customers from each other by persuading them like crazy and offering their goods persistently.
I'll never understand why no one gets the idea that they would have a better opportunity to sell their wares if they would offer something different from everyone else. Thus, there might be 10 food stands selling bread that spread over 200 meters, 20 kilometers of nothing, then 10 more stands with drinks, then nothing for a long way again, and so on.
In the restaurants, many people begin to ask who I am and where I come from. When I tell them how many kilometers I've cycled, which everyone always asks about here, lots of eyes become very wide.
They frequently shake my hand and congratulate me on what I've done. Sometimes, even the boss gives me my food free of charge.
Finally, I arrived at the terrible industrial city, Olmalik. It was the 4th day without overnighting in a hotel, so I had to get back on a hotel registration list. In that town there was only one completely run-down Soviet shack – a huge colorless building with a receptionist who had hair on her teeth and only fussed at me.
On the street outside, several people were fighting rudely with each other and the whole atmosphere had a totally Russian character, well, let's say a former East Bloc character. There are absolutely no prissy people here at all.
The room was absolutely filthy and was completely saturated with old smoke, yellowed wallpaper, and the East Bloc literally stuck to the walls. After tough negotiations, I still had to pay a hefty $15 and I almost didn't dare to turn over during the night because I was afraid with every movement that the bed would come crashing down.
The first 2000-meter pass lay before me; but, unfortunately, it was raining in torrents and the traffic was extremely unpleasant. The road was surrounded by old patches of snow and the asphalt looked like a single large patchwork quilt.
I was lucky and found a truck that I could easily hold onto, so I allowed myself to be pulled up the switchbacks part of the way. However, my arm felt soon like it was about to fall off. It's extremely exhausting, because you almost never have a chance to switch arms. If you let go once, you have little chance of catching up to the truck again.
When I arrived at the pass, I was standing in front of the tunnel and was searching for my taillight in the handlebar bag when a soldier armed with a machine gun began to rummage around in my things. I took his hand out of my pannier and told him in a forceful tone of voice that that was the last straw.
When something like that happens, I really get pissed off. Give somebody a uniform and he believes he can be tough. He wagged his machine gun around in front of me in an attempt to impress me, but that didn't worry me at all. He wanted to see my passport.
that he wouldn't let me continue unless he saw my passport. But when he wanted to look at all my other visas and stamps, I took my passport out of his hand and drove away. All harassment and pure curiosity.
More frequently, I noticed that China could not be far away. The soup was slurped loudly, people began to spit everywhere, the teacups looked the same as the Chinese use and, in the public outhouses, it didn't seem that you needed to aim for the hole.
Instead of toilet paper, people were beginning to use note paper that had been written on.
Suddenly, it became brutally hot during the night. It was already over 30 degrees Celsius and the heat was miserably oppressive. Strange, because the Spring had actually just begun.
During the last kilometers on the way to the border, unfortunately, I had to repeatedly ask for directions because there were often almost no signs.
Based on my rough map it was impossible to recognize exactly where the border was located.
However, asking for directions is not always easy, because the people often have no idea at all.
The information about distances in kilometers that people offer me are pulled arbitrarily out of thin air and the actual distance is usually much further than the intended goal.
Instructions about the direction I should go are often not easy to understand because the people tend not to want to use their hands to confirm their words, or at least I have that impression.
Their favorite word "priamo" (straight ahead) frequently ends 100 meters later at a T-junction. If I ask three people at a crossroads where to go, all three sometimes point me in a different direction.
My last night I spent in a small village barely 5 kilometers from the border. The environment was primarily agricultural in nature and, once again, unsuitable for camping.
Additionally, border areas are never safe areas. A family invited me into their home and I was given a room for myself alone. As I found in Iran, Uzbeks have significantly more rooms at their disposal.
There are often large courtyards with plenty of space.
I went to bed early and had the bicycle in the room and opened the window to the street to have fresh air during the night. One of the two doors to the room was lockable, the other was not. I didn't worry about that; I heard a few dogs outside yapping and then immediately fell asleep.
Sometime in the middle of the night someone suddenly shined a flashlight from the window into my eyes. I heard men's voices and was immediately wide awake. It's amazing how quickly adrenaline racing through the body can transform you for an emergency.
I responded immediately. I pulled my trousers on, fumbled for my pepper spray and yelled at the people to disappear.
I was completely surrounded and was thinking about how I could block the second door because, most certainly, someone would realize that the other door was not locked.
I was really scared because I couldn't assess the situation properly and I also had the impression that the woman, who had taken me in so nicely, was no longer there.
The man pounded incessantly on the door and the other men were watching me in the glow of their flashlight while, even though I knew it was completely nonsensical, I was holding on tightly to the handle of the other door.
Eventually – at least it seemed like an eternity – one of the men said "Police". He pushed his way in front of the others so I could see him at the window. He was in uniform and wore a police hat.
"Passport" he said. "What?" Was there actually a policeman standing next to my window in the middle of the night, shining a flashlight into my eyes, and asking for my passport?
I thought "He can't be serious at this time of the night." I snapped at him and asked him in German if he was crazy to frighten me so much. But he was dead serious. He had a notebook with him in which he wanted to enter my data.
I just shouted at him, perhaps out of sheer relief, or maybe just to deal with my stress, because I had reached my limit. I snipped my fingers at my neck to ask him if he had been drinking, whereupon he breathed toward me to show me he was sober.
I found it almost comical that I had asked a cop to prove that he had not been drinking. He made the impression of a little school boy who looks up to his teacher while being punished by her because of some prank.
I must have made a pretty authoritarian impression. I took his notebook out of his hand and wrote my name and nationality in the book, then gave it back to him. I was completely surprised that he was happy with that.
All of them, including the policeman, walked back toward the car; I heard the lock of the courtyard door slamming shut, and the man who was in the house got into the car with the rest. They drove away noisily.
Eventually, the street yappers calmed down again and I could only hear the crickets. Where the family had disappeared to, I have no idea. I think the only one in the village who couldn't sleep that night was me.
The next morning I was expected at the breakfast table by a man I hadn't met yet. There was no trace of the woman I had met the previous day. Eventually, I rode away irritated because I had not understood anything about the whole situation and it had gotten me pretty steamed up.
I realized how quickly it's possible for you to get into a hopeless situation, because, if the men had had something else up their sleeves, it would have been all over for me.
The supposed protection I would expect by staying with a family would have been useless. The incident will certainly be on my mind for a while.
I pedaled to the border. No one asked for the registration slips that had cost me a lot of money. Instead, they wanted to see my cash which, even though I had nothing to hide, I avoided with a diversionary tactic. But then, who likes others to sniff around in one's private affairs?
However, I couldn't avoid showing them the contents of my panniers. I opened the desired bicycle bag, the customs officer fiddled around in it a little and then asked about the other bags. Whereupon I said, "I think that's enough; I'm a German citizen. I come from a good country. I'm OK." That was enough for him and I was allowed to ride on.
Normally, I would never say anything like that, but sometimes it helps to come from a popular country to have an advantage.
Overall, I had not become very enthusiastic about Uzbekistan, which certainly also had to do with my mood, but it really had nothing to offer except the well-known cities along the Silk Road. It's not a country that I would visit again.
And now, on to the next adventure. The mountains in Kyrgyzstan are already waiting for me.


text:
TV ReviewsThe Simpsons (Classic)Season 7
The Simpsons (Classic): "Who Shot Mr. Burns? (Part Two)"
The Simpsons (Classic)Season 7
Who Shot Mr. Burns? (Part Two)
"Who Shot Mr. Burns, Part Two" (season 7, episode 1, originally aired 9/17/1995)
The Simpsons could have kicked off its seventh season pretty much any way it wanted. The publicity, hype and fan attention from the genius cliffhanger of "Who Shot Mr. Burns?" was at fever pitch, but the show's status as a self-aware comedy meant that pretty much any answer would be a good one. Looking back, it's kind of funny to imagine people poring over little clues to try and figure out whodunit, since the answer is a circular bit of irony that maintains the status quo.
Maggie shot Mr. Burns, who, on top of the world after blocking out the city's sunlight, experienced the ultimate hubris: he failed to take candy from a baby. His attempts to steal her lollipop ended with his gun in her hands, and it misfired, or went off accidentally…or maybe she pulled the trigger on purpose. We'll never know. All we know is what Chief Wiggum says at the end of the episode: "No jury in the world's gonna convict a baby. Maybe Texas."
The revelation is very cleverly done, in that a main character did it and there's even a weird motivation to it. I'd argue that it is absolutely the best answer the show could have come up with. Sure, one of the obvious culprits could have done it and gone to jail—Smithers is the red herring suspect in the first part of the episode, and Bill Oakley and Josh Weinstein (the episode's writers) pitched Barney for the deed, thinking that putting him in jail might be an interesting spin for the character.
But David Mirkin pitched Maggie Simpson, and the rest is history. The clues are all there if you look hard enough, but beyond that Maggie's triumph is the comeuppance Mr. Burns truly deserves. Having anyone else kill Burns for one of ten thousand reasons would have been fine, but only Smithers has the truly grand, operatic motive (maybe Homer, whose complaint is so simple and yet so profound, but we can't have Homer in jail for the rest of the show). Better to have Smithers as the red herring, though, since robbing him of his relationship with Mr. Burns forever after would be a body blow to the show.
Yes, it wasn't Mr. Smithers (nor was it Dr. Colossus). He certainly did get drunk and buy a gun, but all he shot was Jasper's foot, just because he wanted to get back home to see Pardon My Zinger (lord, I wish that was a real show). As any Simpsons-phile already knows, an alternate ending where Smithers was the shooter was written to throw people off the scent, but it doesn't make any sense. One of the Simpsons had to do it, and not just because of the DNA evidence—because this is their show.
One of the rare things that sets "Who Shot Mr. Burns, Part Two" apart in The Simpsons' golden years is that it's a Wiggum-centric episode. Is there any other Wiggum-centric episode in the first nine seasons of the show? I guess he's pretty prominent in "Marge On The Lam" and "Mother Simpson," but "Who Shot Mr. Burns" sees him at his most straightforward. Sure, he's still an incompetent cop, but he's trying his best, dammit, and he interrogates many of the crucial suspects before drinking some warm cream and having a Twin Peaks-inspired dream that tells him to run a DNA test.
The Twin Peaks dream is great because it's both a little creepy and an excellent poke at the Wiggum character more than at David Lynch's weirdness. Wiggum has to have a backward-talking dream just to remember to order a DNA test? It's not quite the deus ex machina Dale Cooper's dreams could be, and Wiggum's ultimate conclusion that Homer Simpson is the culprit is a pretty logical one, since Mr. Burns finally wakes up repeating the name over and over again.
As I said before, it would be quite something if Homer had done it. There's a beautiful simplicity to Mr. Burns' transgression with Homer, which sums up everything about the oligarchical evil Burns represents—he's had countless dealings with the Simpson family, watches Homer through his surveillance camera every day, and still can't remember his name. Is death not a worthy sentence for such behavior? Could Burns not at least do Homer the courtesy of mocking him by name?
So in that way it's also fitting that Maggie is the culprit. Whether she knows it or not, she's exacting sweet revenge for her father, just the latest in a heap of wonders she's performed on the show. She tried to kill Burns—and she woulda got away with it, too, if that damned hospital hadn't upgraded his condition to alive.
Smithers has some great dreams. "The year is 1965, and you and I are undercover detectives on the hot rod circuit!"
Kent Brockman is rightfully disgusted by the reporting chops of the Springfield Shopper.
Wiggum lets Colossus out. "But stay away from Death Mountain!" "But all my stuff is there!"
Jasper can't stand the drunken stagger. "Slow down. Sidewalk's for regular walkin', not for fancy walkin'."
Willie has arthritic fingers. "I got it from Space Invaders in 1977." "Oh yeah, that was a pretty addictive video game." "Video game?"
"Homer Simpson, you're under arrest for attempted murder." "D'oh!" "Yeah, that's what they all say. They all say 'D'oh.'"
Dr. Nick examines Ms. Burns. "When you were in that coma, did you feel your brain getting damaged?"


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Eddie Brady's on Genesee Street
by Ellen Mika Zelasko | Oct 22, 2021 | Buffalo Buildings, Buffalo Businesses, Buffalo Eats, Buffalo People, Food Stuff | 4 comments
Disclaimer: We've received no compensation for writing this post. We simply want to highlight locally owned small businesses for their hard work supporting our neighborhoods.
Some of you may have been expecting to see a story about an Italian restaurant today. Well, like Mick says, you can't always get what you want. Things didn't quite work out the way we expected this week, but we did get exactly what we needed at Eddie Brady's.
Patrick drawing a tall one.
Tim and I used to go to Eddie Brady's after seeing bands down at Lafayette Square on Thursday nights. Anybody remember the real Thursday in the Square? Well, afterwards Eddie Brady's would be absolutely packed, with the crowd spilling out onto the sidewalk. Ah, good times.
Tim's meatloaf special. He's still talking about it.
Nowadays we go there to eat because about six or seven years ago they added a full kitchen. And the food is good. Real good. But, like I promised when I started writing about these locally owned eateries, this is not just about the food. This is also about the history of the place and the people behind the food.
The History of the Building
The history of this place is cool. The property was purchased in 1857 by Nicholas Losson as a harness and saddle shop. He tore town the existing wood frame building, and built the three story structure we know today. It is believed it was built around 1863. Civil War era. Love it. Not the Civil War, that the building is that old.
The Losson family owned the building until 1897, when they sold it to Emil Brombacher. He opened the first tavern on the site. John Lang was the next owner, from 1902 until Prohibition, when the tavern was closed. In the 20s the building was transformed into a candy manufacturing company called Honey Dew Candy Company. Nice.
Buffalo Courier – my first employer (Express).
In the 1950s another reno took place, transforming the building into the Kitty-Cat Lounge, owned by Henry and Eda Korman. This raises the question, was Chippewa, only a block away, a red light district in the 50s? I'm not sure. I mean, maybe the Kitty-Cat was just a men's kind of bar with good looking wait staff (am I allowed to say waitresses?). I picture an old black and white movie where men meet after work at the Kitty-Cat Lounge for a couple of martinis or manhattans. Once in a while one of them gets a little blotto and makes a pass, and the waitress stalks off in a huff (and rightly so).
Let's just hope it wasn't that other kind of lounge. Interesting, this little tidbit. Had never heard this part of the story. The Kitty-Cat was closed in 1968.
Here's where it gets a little blurry. No more information until 1985 when the building housed another tavern, Bremer's Pub, which didn't last long. Then it was a restaurant, Gandy's.
Eddie Brady
Finally, we come to Eddie Brady, who bought the place in 1990. And the rest is history. Well, almost.
We gotta give Eddie props for opening this place when he did. I mean, Chippewa was still pretty active, if you know what I mean. Mark Goldman bought the Calumet Building in 1988 and the turnaround had begun, but it took years to get where we are today. Thank you Eddie, for being there from the beginning of the comeback.
Patrick Brady
Now, to Patrick. In or around 2015, Eddie's brother, Patrick, came into the business and has since taken over Eddie Brady's. He expanded the food from just a few sandwiches to a full menu, along with chef Dan Quinn, and has been cranking out fantastic pub food ever since. Patrick also serves up a side of sarcasm and wit along with everything else. As an Irish pub owner should.
Patrick, left and Eddie, right. Photo from Eddie Brady's facebook page, used courtesy of Patrick Brady.
My Impressions
Eddie Brady's is an old time saloon, with dark wood accents and furniture. Lots of exposed brick, a vintage looking bar back and beer coolers all add to the charm of the tavern. There is a definitely a 'feel' to the place. Comfortable and friendly.
While on a pub run on which Eddie Brady's was a stop, Tim and I noticed the Courier Express and Iroquois Beer paraphernalia on the walls. One of the 'regulars' at the bar filled us in. Eddie had a Courier route as a kid, and one of his customers was the wife of the owner of Iroquois Brewing. He could always count on a good tip around the holidays at their home. Thus Eddie's love of the old memorabilia. Patrick confirmed the story.
As a former Buffalo Courier Express carrier, I can attest to the lasting memories of certain generous customers. Love this story.
And I have to say that this trip was the first one for us since Covid, and for the first few minutes, I was the only woman in the place. I thought "Where are all my single friends? This place is full of decent looking men."
I'll let you in on an an inside joke Tim & I have shared for years now. When a friend of ours was told her husband was good looking, her response was, "He's decent." We thought that was hilarious, and have been using it ever since to describe each other, and other people we think are good looking. So, no offense guys who were at the bar that night. And girlfriends, you know where to go…haha. Everybody else should go too. You'll all be glad you did. The atmosphere is fanstastic and the food is even better. Be sure to tell Patrick we sent you!
Visit Eddie Brady's Tavern, 97 Genesee Street, Buffalo
**Use the 'contact' button at the top of this page to email me your suggestions on your favorite Mom & Pops, or locally owned places in and around Buffalo!
My reuben sandwich. Melted in my mouth.
Current menu.
Lucy Siracuse on October 23, 2021 at 3:46 pm
Thank you Ellen for another great article.??
Ellen Zelasko on October 23, 2021 at 6:06 pm
Bonnie Rogers on October 25, 2021 at 9:50 am
Haven't been in Eddie's in many years. Didn't know they added a full menu. Thanks for the info. We'll be going as soon as we get the chance.
And the food is great! Thank you for reading.
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Motor Vehicle Manufacturers Association v. State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Co., 463 U.S. 29 (1983), is a United States Supreme Court decision concerning regulations requiring passive restraints in cars. In it, the Court struck down an order by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration rescinding regulations that required either airbags or automatic seat belts in new cars.

It held that the same arbitrary and capricious standard for reviewing agency actions applied to rescind regulations as that to enact regulations. It also held that the rescission of the rule requiring some sort of passive restraint was arbitrary and capricious because it failed to consider the alternative of requiring all cars to have airbags. Finally, it held that the agency had too quickly dismissed the safety benefits of automatic seat belts.

The case is noteworthy not only for its effects on car safety but also in clarifying the Court's approach to reviewing agency actions under the Administrative Procedure Act.

Background
The National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act of 1966 directs the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) to issue safety standards that "shall be practicable, meet the need for motor vehicle safety, and be stated in objective terms.". The resulting regulations went through a tumultuous history, with over 60 rulemaking notices having been amended, rescinded, reimposed, and then re-rescinded.

The original rulemaking simply mandated seat belts. However, that soon proved to be ineffective, as more than half of people never wore their seat belt during that time period. The NHTSA proposed using passive restraint systems, devices that would protect drivers even if drivers took no action other than that necessary to drive the car. The two main proposed mechanisms were automatic seat belts and airbags. In 1969, the NHTSA proposed a standard requiring installation of some kind of passive restraint for drivers, which was later amended to include all front seat passengers. The regulations adopted required passive restraints for vehicles built after 1975 and allowed those built between 1973 and 1975 to use a system in which the car would start only if the seatbelt was in use.

This "ignition interlock" option proved unpopular and resulted in Congress passing the Motor Vehicle and Schoolbus Safety Amendments of 1974, which disallowed ignition interlocks and required restraint systems other than seat belts to be approved by congressional resolution before going into effect.

In 1976, the optional alternatives were extended indefinitely by Secretary of Transportation William T. Coleman Jr., and the passive restraint requirement suspended because of expected public resistance. They were then reinstated by Coleman's successor, Brock Adams, and then they were re-rescinded by his successor, Andrew L. Lewis Jr. The last rescission is the action that the Supreme Court reviewed.

The NHTSA justified the rescission by saying that there was no longer sufficient evidence for the efficacy of the regulations. That was because of not a change in judgment about the technology but a change in car manufacturers' plans. Whereas the NHTSA originally estimated that 40% of new cars would have automatic seat belts, it turned out that 99% of cars would use them. In addition, they were going to use a detachable type of automatic seat belt, which could easily be detached, when they would operate like normal seat belts. The NHTSA also worried that the change would be expensive and sour the public's view towards safety regulations, as it would be seen as a wasteful, imposing example of bureaucratic overreach.

Though the DC Circuit found that rescinding a rule has "parallels" to failing to act and agency's failure to act was subject to only "very narrow" review, thus suggesting a narrow review in the case of rescission, it still vacated the rescission partially because of congressional action in response to NHTSA regulations, which it saw as heightening the standard of review. It gave the following reasons for vacating the rescission: there was insufficient evidence to sustain the conclusion that it could not predict an increase in seat belt usage and "only a well-justified refusal to seek more evidence could render rescission non-arbitrary," the NHTSA had inadequately considered the possibility of requiring nondetachable automatic seat belts, and it had inadequately considered the possibility of requiring airbags.

Decision
Justice White, writing for the majority, disagreed with the DC Circuit and held that the scope of judicial review is the same for rescission as it is for enacting regulations in the first place. The Supreme Court explicitly rejected the view that it should treat rescission the same as a refusal to regulate in the first place: "The Motor Vehicle Safety Act expressly equates orders 'revoking' and 'establishing' safety standards; neither that Act nor the APA suggests that revocations are to be treated as refusals to promulgate standards."

It also rejected the view that the congressional action, after the enactment of the National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act, had affected the standard of review even if it could inform the Court's interpretation of the statute.

However, the Court agreed with the DC Circuit that the rescission was arbitrary and capricious for failing to consider the possibility of requiring airbags. Although agencies need not consider every possible alternative, requiring air bags was an obvious option since that was part of the original regulations. The fact that the car companies, which "waged the regulatory equivalent of war" against airbags, would try to evade the regulations was not a reason to repeal them. The Court also refused to consider rationales that the NHTSA raised in court but had failed to raise in the original order.

Although the Court considered this a "closer issue," it held the rescission to be also arbitrary and capricious, based on the dismissal of automatic seat belts' effectiveness.

Concurring opinion
In a concurrence, Justice Rehnquist defended agencies that changed their minds on policy issues because of a changing political climate. He noted that the NHTSA's change of heart on safety regulations likely reflected the election of President Ronald Reagan but defended that as a reason for agency reconsideration of previously-adopted rules:

Arbitrary and capricious review
The decision is notable for laying out the Supreme Court's interpretation of arbitrary and capricious review, also known as "hard look" review, as set out by the Administrative Procedure Act:

Legacy
After this Supreme Court case many cars sold in the United States began to have airbags in them, and also this case became a precedent to help justify legislation requiring seat belt usage among drivers and passengers in many states which became numerous in the 1980s and early 1990s.

References

Further reading

Wiseman, A., & Wright, J. (2020). "Chevron, State Farm, and the Impact of Judicial Doctrine on Bureaucratic Policymaking." Perspectives on Politics

External links

United States Supreme Court cases
United States administrative case law
United States statutory interpretation case law
1983 in United States case law
State Farm
United States Supreme Court cases of the Burger Court

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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