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Author: John Cropley | The Daily Gazette
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John began his newspaper career as a reporter in 1989 at the Hudson Reporter Newspapers in Hoboken, N.J., and later was a reporter at the Daily Sentinel in Rome, N.Y. He came to The Gazette as a copy editor in 1993 and has worked in various writing, editing and supervisory capacities since then.
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DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361:20031010
On non-linear hydrodynamic instability and enhanced transport in differentially rotating flows
D. Richard 1-3
1 - NASA, Ames Research Center, MS 245-3, Moffett Field, California 94035, USA
2 - LUTH, Observatoire de Paris, 92190 Meudon Cedex, France
3 - GIT-SPEC, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique, l'Orme des Merisiers, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
Received 12 June 2002 / Accepted 17 June 2003
In this paper we argue that differential rotation can possibly sustain hydrodynamic turbulence in the absence of a magnetic field. We explain why the non-linearities of the hydrodynamic equations (i.e. turbulent diffusion) should not be neglected, either as a simplifying approximation or based on boundary counditions (Hawley et al. 1999). The consequences of lifting this hypothesis are studied for the flow stability and the enhanced turbulent transport. We develop a simple general model for the energetics of turbulent fluctuations in differentially rotating flows. By taking into account the non-linearities of the equations of motions, we give constraints on the mean flow properties for the possible development of shear instability. The results from recent laboratory experiments on rotating flows show - in agreement with the model - that the pertinent parameter for stability appears to be the Rossby number Ro. The laboratory experiments seem to be compatible with Ro<-1/2 and Ro > 1 in the inviscid or high rotation rates limit. Our results, taken in the inviscid limit, are coherent with the classical linear stability analysis, in the sense that the critical perturbation equals zero on the marginal linear stability curve. We also propose a prescription for turbulent viscosity which generalize the -prescription derived in Richard & Zahn (1999).
Key words: hydrodynamics - instabilities - turbulence
Differentially rotating flows are present in a wide variety of Astrophysical systems, including stellar interiors, accretion disks, or gaseous planets. Analytical studies teach us that differentially rotating flows are unstable, according to linear stability theory, whenever their angular momentum is decreasing outward (Rayleigh 1916). These flows have been extensively studied but they do not exist in astrophysical context. Nevertheless, linear stability does not mean stability. This is because turbulence is genuinely a non-linear phenomenon. Even when the primary instability is linear in nature, the self-sustenance of fully-developed turbulence requires for the non-linearities to enter the game at least - but not only - for the saturation of amplitudes. In that sense, linear stability analysis is limited to predict, for a restricted class of flows, their instability and only the very early development of the bifurcated solution. It also means that linear analysis predicts instabilities but does not predict unconditional stability. Numerical models fail to maintain hydrodynamical turbulence in Keplerian flows (Balbus et al. 1996). Based on past laboratory experiments from the 1930's (Taylor 1936; Wendt 1933), differentially rotating flows can become unstable for Reynolds numbers of order 10 000, a figure that to our knowledge has not been reached in published numerical simulations of Keplerian flows.
Richard & Zahn (1999) have shown, using laboratory experiments published in the 1930's, that differentially rotating flows exhibit finite-amplitude instabilities in the case where both angular velocity and angular momentum are increasing outward, a class of flows relevant for stellar interiors models. Recent laboratory studies (Richard et al. 2002), showed that the class of flows experiencing shear instabilities is much wider, as demonstrated by experimental results. We aim in this paper to find some hints about the physical mechanisms involved in these instabilities.
2 Background and motivations
In this section we present the basic equations for the evolution of turbulent fluctuations. We discuss the relevant approximations that can be done and their implications regarding the properties of the turbulence and the mean flow.
2.1 Turbulent transport equations
We consider the equation of motion for a viscous incompressible flow,
and we decompose the flow as its mean velocity and pressure fields and their fluctuations, namely
where and P are the total velocity and pressure fields, and p are the time averaged velocity and pressure and and p' are their time dependent fluctuations. Multiplying the equations of motion by the fluctuation field and averaging over time, considering that
(where is the time average of x) we find the evolution equations for the turbulent fluctuations kinetic energy (i.e. the diagonal components of the Reynolds stress tensor) reported in Appendix A. Note that viscous diffusion has been neglected, but viscous dissipation has been kept. We consider circular motion ), with axial and azimuthal symmetries ( ) for the mean fields and define . The time averages of axial and azimuthal derivatives of fluctuating terms is neglected (i.e. net turbulent transport is only radial).
This set of equations can be simplified by making the assumption that the turbulence is close to isotropy. This allows us to neglect the time averaged pressure fluctuations terms (see for example Kato & Yoshizawa 1997). We further assume that the characteristic spatial variation scale of the fluctuating components is smaller than the local radius (i.e terms of order u'i u'j u'k / r can be neglected compared to the ones of order ). The above equations then become,
The total turbulent kinetic energy, defined as
then obeys the following equation
The first term of the rhs in Eqs. (7) and (8) represents the production of turbulence. We will also refer to them as "coupling" terms, as they couple the turbulent fluctuations to the mean flow. The second term of the rhs in the same equations and the first one of Eq. (9) describe the diffusion due to turbulence. The last term of Eqs. (7)-(9) is the viscous dissipation.
2.2 About linearized equations
In this section we will be considering the effect of neglecting the non-linear terms (i.e. turbulent diffusion) in Eqs. (7)-(9) and (11). There are several reasons why one would neglect the non-linearities of the hydrodynamic equations. The first one is to simplify the system by neglecting terms that are difficult to treat in an analytical stability analysis. Other reasons might include the belief that the physical system is such that the non-linearities actually have a negligible effect on its local or global evolution. Neglecting a priori such terms based on their local effect is rather difficult, considering that little is know on their actual amplitude which does depend closely on the intrinsic nature of the turbulence. Another option is to consider spatially averaged equations and make some hypothesis on the boundary conditions of the systems. For accretion disks, it has been argue that the average over the whole flow or part of the flow of the turbulent diffusion terms eventually vanishes. Making this hypothesis is equivalent to saying that there is no energy flux through the boundaries of the system. This is valid for an isolated system, but it seems unlikely for a disk, as it would not allow for energy transfer with its surroundings, in particular the central star. It does not seem realistic just by considering the mass flux between the two objects. It is likely that such energy transfer occurs through the boundary layer between the star and the disk. Imposing that condition also formally implies that the turbulent stress tensor vanishes on all boundaries, meaning that there is no turbulent viscosity at the edges of the disk. Furthermore, the radial velocity also has to vanish at the boundaries. We could also consider the properties of the boundaries beyond which the system cannot be considered as a continuous medium, hence cease to be described accurately by the equations of hydrodynamics. The description of the interactions between the fluid component of the disk and its outer non-continuous part is not a straightforward task. Our last argument on this matter is to point that these turbulent diffusion terms are the ones that are modeled by the anomalous turbulent viscosity. Neglecting them is equivalent to making the assumption that there is no turbulent viscosity, no enhanced transport. It is then an inevitable result that starting with such a truncated set of equations, one reaches the conclusion that there is no such transport.
Considering only the linear terms of the turbulent transport equations will give us insights - by definition - only on the linear stability of the flow. The linearized set of equations is:
= (12)
From Eq. (15) we conclude that a stationary turbulent state ( ) can exist only if the following condition - depending on the sign of the angular velocity gradient - is satisfied
For Rayleigh unstable flows (where and therefore ), Eqs. (12), (13) and (16) show that the linear coupling terms with the mean flow are always a source for turbulent fluctuations, a property that reflects the global linear instability of this class of flows. The non-linearities are needed there only for the saturation of amplitudes of the radial and azimuthal velocities along with the redistribution of energy towards axial motions of the new bifurcated flow. In the case of stable angular momentum stratification ( ), the first order coupling terms have opposite signs in Eqs. (7) and (8). This means that one of them is an energy sink for one of the component of the velocity fluctuations (Balbus et al. 1996). It then looks impossible to allow for the growth or to maintain turbulence as long as the angular momentum is increasing outward. This actually reflects the linear stability of such flows.
3 Considerations on the non-linear stability
In the following sections, will focus on the case of linearly stable flows (i.e. where ) and consider the energy equations including the turbulent diffusion.
3.1 Inviscid flow
We first consider the case where dissipation due to molecular viscosity can be neglected. We define u the characteristic turbulent velocity (e.g. the root-mean-square velocity) and the length scale characteristic of the spatial variations of the velocity fluctuations, and we pose
We have introduced the correlation coefficients Crnl, , Czn, and . By imposing simple constraints, we can deduce the signs of these parameters, which depend on the sign of the angular velocity gradient. In the case of a negative gradient for example, we know from Eq. (15) that the correlation product has to be positive, which translates into . It also implies that a stationary state can be reach only if Cnr is positive and is negative. Note that Cnz must be zero in that case because we neglected the viscous dissipation. These properties for all introduced coefficients are summarized in Table 1. From Eq. (20) we derive the amplitude of the fluctuations vorticity:
This relation express that the vorticity extracted from the background flow by the fluctuations is proportional to the local shear.
Figure 1: Stability diagram of Couette-Taylor flow in the ( , ) plane where and are the angular velocities (in Hz) of the outer and inner cylinder respectively; solid line: solid body rotation; dotted lines: viscous stability criteria; dashed lines: inviscid stability criteria (see text for detail). On the right (resp. left) of the solid body rotation curve, the angular velocity gradient is positive (resp. negative). The flows within the dark surface are Rayleigh unstable. The dots are the experimental instability boundaries within which the flows exhibit self-sustained turbulence; The lined surfaces stand for the predicted non-linearly instability. Experimental results are from Richard et al. (2002).
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Table 1: Correlation coefficients properties (Inviscid case).
We have seen that there always exists a sink term for one of the components of the energy fluctuations. A necessary condition for the existence of self-sustained turbulence is then that the non-linear terms overcome this negative production term (for the azimuthal component when , for the radial one when ). Namely, from Eqs. (17) and (18)
which reduces to,
Finally, using Eq. (21), we obtain the following relations,
Introducing the dimensionless Rossby number, , and using the property we obtain the necessary conditions for instability:
Here we have introduced the parameter . A similar result can be derived by simply posing and reducing Eqs. (17) and (19), which leads to Ro = - Cn / Crn. The quantity can be seen as constant by assuming that the ratio Crn/Cn is independent from the mean flow. This ratio quantify the redistribution of the energy extracted for the mean flow between the velocity components, by the non-linearities. Note that the coefficients Crn, ,Czn and Cn themself most likely depend on the mean flow (see Younis et al. 1999). Within this picture, is a constant critical stability parameter, and we expect the flow to become turbulent for either (when ) or (when ). Townsend (1976) already noted that the Rossby number should approach a constant value when a linearly stable rotating shear flow becomes turbulent, by arguing that "it is conceivable and even likely that an asymptotic state can be reached with a constant ratio of transfer from the transverse motion to total energy transfer from the mean flow". The two actors in the balance are the gradient of angular velocity, shearing the velocity fluctuations, creating small scale vorticity, feeding the turbulent cascade, and the gradient of angular momentum, stabilizing the flow by damping the fluctuations through a "spring" mechanism. The energy extracted from the background flow into small scale vorticity must reach a critical value in order to overcome the constraint introduced by the stable gradient of angular momentum. The Rossby number, as a measure of the ratio between the shear and the angular momemtum gradient, appears a posteriori as a natural control parameter of the flow stability.
3.2 Viscous flow
Following the same path as in the inviscid case, we now add the viscous constraints to Eqs. (17)-(20):
where . The properties of the correlation factors are reported in Table 2. The extraction of vorticity from the mean flow now becomes:
and the relations (24) and (25) translate into
and after some rearrangement we finally obtain,
where we have introduced the following quantities,
The correction due to viscous dissipation lies in the 1 / Re+ and 1 / Re- terms. The necessary condition for instability reduces to the results found for the inviscid case, if is set to zero. For high rotation rates, the critical values of the Rossby number will eventually tend to the inviscid values.
Table 2: Correlation coefficients properties (Viscous case).
Considering all of the above, we expect that there exists a critical Rossby number for each class of flows - namely flows with and flows with . This result can be verified by using experimental results on differentially rotating flows. This can be done by examining the value of the Rossby number at the onset of shear turbulence observed in laboratory Couette-Taylor experiment. The Couette-Taylor experiment consist of two coaxial cylinder between which the fluid is sheared, resulting in a differentially rotating azimuthal flow. Experimental results on stability (Richard et al. 2002) can actually be fitted with the values for , , for , and . This is consistent with the picture of a constant critical Rossby number with a viscous correction vanishing for high rotation rates or low viscosity.
4 Turbulent transport and viscosity
Radial turbulent transport of angular momentum is quantified by the second-order correlation product . The time evolution for this quantity after some rearrangement and spatial averaging over the azimuthal direction , and the introduction of correlation coefficients, is given by:
where is the pressure-strain correlation tensor. Following Kato & Yoshizawa (1997), in the case of isotropic turbulence, and with their notations, we have
We can derive a formal expression for the turbulent diffusion of momentum, using the classical definition,
For steady turbulence, in the limit where molecular viscosity in negligible compared to turbulent transport, from Eq. (41),
Richard & Zahn (1999) derived an expression for the turbulent viscosity from Taylor (1936) and Wendt (1933) experimental data,
where was found to be independent from the geometry and the background flow (see also Longaretti 2002 and Duschl et al. 2000 for other arguments in favor of this prescription). Identifying this expression with Eq. (44), one finds,
Richard & Zahn (1999) also identified the Re* parameter (named "gradient Reynolds number") as the control parameter for stability. This derivation was acheived by identifying the values of the Reynolds number for which the measured torque from laboratory experiments starts to differ from its theoretical value for the laminar Couette flow. For small gap Couette-Taylor apparatus, the classical Reynolds number defined as (where is the gap between the cylinders, their differential angular velocity, and R the mean radius) was identified as the relevant control parameter. For gaps bigger than the critical Reynolds number behave like , which means that Re* takes a constant value. To be more proper, this is a measure of the efficiency of the turbulent transport. The bifurcation identified from the torque data is then not directly linked to the stability of the flow, but is the threshold for which turbulent transport becomes appreciably more efficient than molecular viscosity. It should be read as the following condition
This is consistent with the numerical values from Richard & Zahn (1999) ( and ).
5 Geometrical constraints
5.1 General case
In the case of a bounded flow, keeping up the assumption of isotropic turbulence, we have to assume that will be of order of a macro-scale d. The stability criteria for a viscous flow is modified as is constrained to smaller values than for a free shear flow (therefore being closer to the inviscid values of , according to Eqs. (37) and (38)) while for the inviscid case it remains unchanged. The radial transport will also be modified, as we have, according to Eq. (44)
5.2 Narrow gap Couette-Taylor experiment
This expression can be approximated in the case of narrow-gap Couette-Taylor experiment by taking for d the distance between the two cylinders .
The bifurcation threshold identified on torque measurement aforementioned will then scale as the classical Reynolds number, in agreement with the results from Richard & Zahn (1999).
6 Discussion
We have shown that a simple model of turbulent fluctuations energetics can explain laboratory experiment results on differentially rotating flow. The equations of motion show that shear instabilities can develop in rotating flows, as long as the non-linearities are taken into account. Making reasonable assumptions about the necessary properties of the velocity correlation products, we derived formal expressions for the control parameters for stability. Comparison with laboratory results confirms that the relevant parameter is the Rossby number. In the case of a viscous flow, the critical Rossby numbers exhibit a correction, therefore converging toward the same constant critical Rossby numbers as in the inviscid case, for large rotation rates. The turbulent viscosity inferred is consistent with the prescription previously proposed by Richard & Zahn (1999). The critical amplitude of perturbations are also consistent with linear stability theory results in the inviscid limit. We would like to stress the importance of the pressure fluctuations in the growth and self-sustaining of this kind of turbulence. Even though the time average of the related terms vanish from the velocity fluctuation equations, they can be seen as the main engine for isotropizing the turbulence, hence disappearing in time average when isotropy is acheived.
Complementary work is needed, in the laboratory or numerically, in order to seek whether the two particular values or the critical Rossby number matching the experimental results on the Couette-Taylor experiment are genuine to that system or are of more "universal" value.
The author would like to thank J.-P. Zahn, O. Dauchot, B. Dubrulle, F. Daviaud, S. Davis, J. Cuzzi, R. Young, A. Steinacker, F. Hersant and J.-M. Huré for stimulating discussions and support. This work was supported by the Programme National de Physique Stellaire (PNPS), the Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique and by a Research Associateship from the National Research Council/National Academy of Sciences.
Balbus, S., & Hawley, J. 2002, to appear in Turbulence and Magnetic Fields in Astrophysics, ed. E. Falgarone, & T. Passot, Lecture Notes in Physics
Balbus, S., Hawley, J., & Stone, J. 1996, ApJ, 467, 76 In the text NASA ADS
Bardou, A., Heyvaerts, J., & Duschl, W. 1998, A&A, 337, 966 NASA ADS
Dubrulle, B. 1992, A&A, 266, 592 NASA ADS
Dubrulle, B., & Knobloch, E. 1992, A&A, 256, 673 NASA ADS
Duschl, W. J., Strittmatter, P. A., & Biermann, P. L. 2000, A&A, 357, 1123 In the text NASA ADS
Hawley, J., Balbus, S., & Winters, W. 1999, ApJ, 518, 394 In the text NASA ADS
Huré, J.-M., Richard, D., & Zahn, J.-P. 2001, A&A, 367, 1087 NASA ADS
Kato, S., & Yoshizawa, A. 1997, PASP, 49, 213 In the text
Longaretti, P. 2002, ApJ, accepted [astro-ph/0205430] In the text In the text NASA ADS
Richard, D. 2001, Thèse de doctorat: Instabilités hydrodynamiques dans les écoulements en rotation différentielle (Université Paris VII Denis Diderot, also available electronically http://wendt.obspm.fr)
Richard, D., Dauchot, O., Zahn, J.-P., Daviaud, F., & Dubrulle, B. 2002, in preparation In the text
Richard, D. & Zahn, J.-P. 1999, A&A, 347, 734 In the text NASA ADS
Stone, J., Gammie, C., Balbus, S., & Hawley, J. 2000, Protostars and Planets IV, 589
Taylor, G. 1936, Proc. Roy. Soc. London A, 157, 546 In the text NASA ADS
Townsend, A. 1976, The Structure of Turbulent Shear Flow (Cambridge University Press) In the text
Wendt, F. 1933, Ing. Arch., 4, 577 In the text
Younis, B., Gatski, T., & Speziale, C. 1999, NASA Report NASA/TM-1999-209134 In the text
Appendix A: Turbulent fluctuations equations
The turbulent transport equations are given here in cylindrical coordinates ( ). Viscous diffusion is omitted
(A.1)
Copyright ESO 2003

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Here is a video review of the house rental in Chatham, Cape Cod. It was an excellent house located on a quiet street about 1 mile away from downtown Chatham. We loved having the space for our family and grandparents. We would definitely stay there again!


AAP's maverick rise to success has set many precedents. That the voters of Delhi were willing to vote Arvind Kejriwal back into power is testament enough to the belief they continue to have in the strength of the people and the possibility of an honest leader! Despite the scale of our victory in the north, AAP's term in office has been marked by rivalry and murky maneuvers: in these circles, if you can get away with it, there's nothing holding you back. These are battles that we have required to fight in seemingly paradoxical circumstances: to meet our rivals on their battlefield will mean a compromise of the Aam Aadmi Party's principles.
How much of this has made it to the mainstream media? And if it has, how much has taken precedence over the relentless litany of scams presented to to the reading public? The many achievements of the Delhi government — and this is something the media will shy away from – are greater still, were one to take into account the restricted atmosphere in which Arvind Kejriwal has to make his mark.
He entered on a tidal wave of enthusiastic support: the 'Panch Saal Kejriwal' slogan became an anthem which was sung from the grassroots to the elite.
Right through history, political accusations and name-calling have been a daily routine. For the first time, 25 defamation cases have been filed against Delhi Chief Minister Arvind Kejriwal, only for stating matters that are common public knowledge.
We do however, have one thing that threatens the Congress and the BJP, both of whom represent two sides of the same coin. We are a people's party. We don't play by the rules they understand. They cannot comprehend the logic that drives a people's movement and simply cannot understand our motivations. Most people believe we are the underdogs, like David was to Goliath. I beg to differ, for we are the giants of truth and democracy. The shrewdness of a few need not overwhelm the might of the many. We just might send traditional politics running for cover.
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Echo Lake Leaders Reflect on 20 Years of Indie Film: "The Best Stories Are Going to Rise to the Top"
Raped of her innocence. Robbed of his manhood. In search of a second chance.
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A compelling film. This film really touched my heart. While the film is certainly far from perfect, I thought it dealt wonderfully with the subject matter and showed such a sensitivity towards not only victims of violence but also towards how scars incurred in childhood can mar us forever.
Gabriel Mann was awesome in this. He gave the role such a conscience and it was nice to see him used fully as an actor as opposed to his rather less than full role in 'High Art' (which I happen to love nonetheless). But whereas High Art was Radha Mitchell and Ally Sheedy's film, this film really, for me, belonged to Mann. Kim Dickens did a great job also, but Mann still takes top billing in my book. My hat off to Allison Anders - it's nice to know that there are filmmakers out there that are not so concerned with commercialism as they are with substance and exploration. The fact that it says that the film is semi-autobiographical just makes me applaud her more. If you're into character studies and the way the past effects ones life, this is a movie worth seeing.


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Berghin (, ) ist eine rumänische Gemeinde im Kreis Alba in der Region Siebenbürgen.

Lage

Berghin liegt im Zekesch-Hochland (Podișul Secașelor) im Südwesten des Siebenbürgischen Beckens, in einer hügligen Landschaft, durchquert vom Bach Gârbău, einem Zufluss des Secaș (Zekesch). Die Kreishauptstadt Alba Iulia befindet sich 13 km westlich (Luftlinie).

Geschichte
Auf dem Territorium der Gemeinde gibt es zahlreiche archäologische Fundstätten. Eine Fundstätte von 1961 – ein Gräberfeld etwa 2,5 Kilometer nordöstlich des eingemeindeten Dorfes Ghirbom – zeugt von einer Besiedlung von der frühen Jungsteinzeit bis zum Mittelalter. Zwischen 1978 und 1987 wurden Reste von Behausungen und Werkzeuge aus geschliffenem Stein gefunden.

Berghin wurde 1332 erstmals unter der Bezeichnung "villa Bervini" in päpstlichen Steuerlisten erwähnt.  1348 geht aus einer Urkunde hervor, dass der Ort zum Besitz des Bistums Weißenburg gehörte. Die nächsten schriftlichen Hinweise auf den Ort ("Berven") stammen erst wieder von 1554. Bereits damals hatte er einen siebenbürgendeutschen Pfarrer; der deutsche Ortsname "Blutroth" ist allerdings erst 1678 bezeugt. Zu dieser Zeit war das Dorf nicht mehr in kirchlichem, sondern in adligem Besitz. Es lag nicht auf Königsboden; die Bewohner waren Hörige. 1784 kam es zu Erhebungen siebenbürgisch-sächsischer und walachischer Höriger. Im Februar 1849 wurde das Dorf von ungarischen Revolutionstruppen des Generals Józef Bem besetzt.

Wie überall in Siebenbürgen verließen vor und vor allem nach der Revolution 1989 nahezu alle Siebenbürger Sachsen den Ort, um nach Deutschland auszuwandern.

Bevölkerung
Die Bevölkerung der Gesamtgemeinde entwickelte sich wie folgt:

Während in den eingemeindeten Dörfern Ghirbom (Birnbaum), Straja (Hohenwarthe) und Henig (Henningsdorf) seit den Volkszählungen 1850 nahezu ausschließlich Rumänen wohnen, lebten im Dorf Berghin selbst bis etwa in die 1970er Jahre etwa zu gleichen Teilen Siebenbürger Sachsen und Rumänen, bevor seit der Massenauswanderung der Siebenbürger Sachsen auch hier fast durchweg Rumänen und Roma leben. 2002 betrug die Einwohnerzahl des Dorfes Berghin 743. Alle Dörfer der Gemeinde haben seit dem Zweiten Weltkrieg einen drastischen Bevölkerungsrückgang zu verzeichnen, der zwischen 60 und 70 % beträgt.

Sehenswürdigkeiten
 Die Holzkirche Sf. Petru, 1707 in Berghin errichtet, steht unter Denkmalschutz.
 Die Holzkirche Sf. Nicolae, 1688 im eingemeindeten Ort Ghirbom errichtet und im 19. Jahrhundert erneuert, steht unter Denkmalschutz.

Weblinks
 Berghin bei ghidulprimariilor.ro
 Blutroth bei siebenbuerger.de

Einzelnachweise

Ersterwähnung 1332

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#### Published in
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#### Original name
Ascomyces fuegianus Speg.

### Remarks
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Between 2008 and 2016, the Straits Exchange Foundation (SEF) and the Association for Relations Across the Taiwan Straits (ARATS) held 11 rounds of high-level talks. The talks resulted in the two sides signing 23 agreements and issuing two consensuses as well as three common opinions. In addition the two sides signed numerous Memorandum of Understanding (MoU).


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As a top real estate keynote speaker and an award-winning Broker & CEO of the Atlanta based Egypt Sherrod Real Estate Group, she's been chosen as one of Network Journal's 40 Under 40, made recurring appearances as the home buyers/sellers "go-to girl" on NBC's Today Show, CNBC, FOX, CNN, HLN as well as being featured on Fast & Company, Yahoo, Homes.com, Rolling Stone, Black Enterprise, and a host of other publications and digital platforms.
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In today's super fast world, it can feel impossible to make your mark. We consume so much noise and messaging on a daily basis. How does one stand out? Better yet, how does one thrive? The answer? Instead of building your profile or building random followers, BUILD A BRAND &...
In today's super fast world, it can feel impossible to make your mark. We consume so much noise and messaging on a daily basis. How does one stand out? Better yet, how does one thrive? The answer? Instead of building your profile or building random followers, BUILD A BRAND & MAKE YOUR MARK!
1. Discover what distinguishes you from the pack.
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4. Identify what really matters to agents.
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Hear from HGTV's Egypt Sherrod on how you can find the strength, develop the knowledge, and summon up the power in you to make every day count! Let live, not die. Believe in the ability to find and align with your higher purpose. Find courage to color outside of the ...
Hear from HGTV's Egypt Sherrod on how you can find the strength, develop the knowledge, and summon up the power in you to make every day count! Let live, not die. Believe in the ability to find and align with your higher purpose. Find courage to color outside of the lines and to live outside of the box. Give more than you take, to live in service of others, and to live with GPS… GIVING, PURPOSE, and SERVICE!!!
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Ownership doesn't just apply to housing or businesses. OWN YOUR LIFE by being intentional in thought and tongue. The power of life and death is in the tongue. Speak Life! BE INTENTIONAL. BE INTENTIONAL IN ALL THINGS. The universe believes that is what you want for your life, whether you meant it or not. You'll be successful by default! We each have the ability to be successful and write our own page in the history books. But together, we can build a legacy that will resonate to our children for generations to come!
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About Keynote Speaker Egypt Sherrod
"Tough love with a hug," is what fans have come to affectionately expect from home space expert, Egypt Sherrod. She is best known as host of HGTV's "Flipping Virgins" and its long running show, "Property Virgins." The bubbly Sherrod has also hosted HGTV's White House Christmas Special, the Rose Parade, and the HGTV Urban Oasis Giveaways.
A powerhouse speaker and moderator, Egypt hosted the stage at Oprah's "The Life You Want Tour", and countless business conferences. As a 20 year award winning radio personality, Egypt has been syndicated in more than 60 cities throughout the USA, landing critically acclaimed interviews with Prince, James Brown, Leonardo Di Caprio, Martin Scorsese, Oprah & Tyler Perry to name a few. With her diverse background and hearty sense of wittiness, Egypt has been invited as a recurring 'Hot Topics' guest and lifestyle pundit on Dish Nation, Steve Harvey, Showbiz Tonight, Larry Wilmore Show and a variety of others.
Egypt has 3 children, Infant Harper, 7 year old Kendall and 17 year old step-daughter Simone with her husband of 9 years Mike Jackson. She counts motherhood as her greatest achievement, as she says "Honestly it's the best job I never knew I wanted. In my circle I'm the last of the mohicans. All my friends have kids graduating from college, and I'm still having babies. But I have zero regrets on waiting until later in life. I'm settled, grounded, and can actually laugh at myself now when I make mistakes. No mother is perfect."
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As an award winning Broker & CEO of the Atlanta based Egypt Sherrod Real Estate Group, she's been chosen as one of Network Journal's 40 Under 40, made recurring appearances as the home buyers/sellers "go-to girl" on NBC's Today Show, CNBC, FOX, CNN, HLN as well as being featured on Fast & Company, Yahoo, Homes.com, Rolling Stone, Black Enterprise, and a host of other publications and digital platforms. Egypt drives her lovable but no-nonsense approach home, with her NAACP Image Award nominated "Keep Calm…It's Just Real Estate: Your No-Stress Guide To Buying A Home," on Running Press/Perseus Books which became a bestseller in its genre.
Egypt is a graduate of Temple University in Philadelphia with a Bachelors degree in Broadcasting, Telecommunications & Mass Media. She holds the designation of Master Certified Negotiator, Accredited Buyer Representative, Certified Residential Specialist and Certified Distressed Property Expert. Devoted mom, loving wife, lifestyle humorist, respected entrepreneur and focused community advocate—Egypt is seamlessly using the power of television and the microphone to help others, all the while living her own life to the fullest.
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During her speech at the opening of the CTD conference, the CTD project leader Mirjam de Bruijn projected a slideshow of pictures showing images from the different researchers' fieldworks. This series of landscapes, portraits, people, everyday life scenes was used by Prof. De Bruijn to introduce a reflection on the role of technologies as a crucial element in shaping the methodology and the content of CTD programme, and even to influence the possibility of research to be carried on and shared inside and outside of academia. Here you can see the whole gallery!


text:
Lamont says order on $10,000 fines sends 'bad actors' a message
By Brian Hallenbeck Day staff writer
b.hallenbeck@theday.com bjhallenbeck
Gov. Ned Lamont on Wednesday defended his executive order increasing the fine on businesses that violate the state's COVID-19 rules regarding hours of operation and capacity limits from $500 to $10,000.
The edict takes effect at 12:01 a.m. Thursday.
During a virtual press briefing, Lamont said that while the vast majority of restaurants and retail establishments observe the rules, the state must be able to hold "outliers" and "bad actors" accountable. He said he took the action now to help prevent the COVID-19 spread from worsening and necessitating stricter measures. Some states, he said, have shut down restaurants.
Guidelines Lamont adopted earlier this month require Connecticut restaurants to stop serving by 9:30 p.m., close by 10 and limit seating capacity to 50%.
Other COVID-19 fines, which can be issued by local health directors or municipal officials, with the help of law enforcement, include $500 for organizing an event that exceeds capacity limits, $250 for attending an event that exceeds capacity limits and $100 for failure to wear a mask in public.
State Senate Republican Leader-elect Kevin Kelly of Stratford issued a statement critical of Lamont's order.
"While I understand the Governor's goal to deter bad actors who ignore the rules and contribute to the community spread of the virus, it's wrong to provoke fear and implement enormous fines without defining a clear appeal process and making a concerted effort to increase communication and assistance to those trying to create jobs and figure out how to navigate the pandemic," he said.
Both Lamont and David Lehman, commissioner of the state Department of Economic and Community Development, were receptive to a suggestion that any COVID-19 fines the state collects be used to fund grants to businesses harmed by the pandemic.
"Sounds like a good idea to me," the governor said.
Lamont reported the state had counted 1,872 new COVID-19 cases among 31,232 tests for the disease, a one-day positivity rate of 5.99%. Hospitalizations had increased by 77 to 968, and 45 additional deaths had pushed the cumulative toll since the pandemic began to 4,926.
Josh Geballe, the state's chief operating officer, said the one-day death toll, considerably higher than in recent days, reflected the way data had been released rather than any specific circumstance.
The state Department of Public Health issued its weekly COVID-19 alert map, which shows that 150 of Connecticut's 169 cities and towns are now in the "red alert" zone, meaning their average daily case rate over the last two weeks exceeds 15 per 100,000 population.
All but two of the 21 towns in New London County are in the red zone. North Stonington and Preston, which were in the red zone last week, have been downgraded to orange alert, meaning their averge daily case rate ranges from 10 to 14 per 100,000 population.
Forty-eight COVID-19 patients were hospitalized in New London County, up from 45 the previous day.
b.hallenbeck@theday.com


text:
\section*{Introduction}

In \cite{G,PEVSMS} the surjectivity of the natural Milnor--Chow homomorphism
$$
\rho: K^M_n(A) \to CH^n(A,n)
$$
between Milnor $K$--theory and higher Chow groups for any essentially smooth (semi--)local $k$--algebra $A$
with $k$ infinite was shown. This morphism associates to a symbol
$\{f_1,\ldots,f_n\}$ the graph cycle of the map $f=(f_1,\ldots,f_n)$. \\
In this note we want to give a very simple argument which uses two basic ingredients.
The first is a new argument derived from fairly elementary properties
of the norm--map for the Milnor $K$--theory of rings which were sketched in \cite{Ke}
and build up on the theory of Bass and Tate \cite{BT} (see section 2). The idea in \cite{Ke} was to use
a Milnor $K$--group which is not induced directly from a ring (or algebra) but only from certain generic elements
of a ring. The same technique can also be used to show the Gersten conjecture for Milnor $K$--theory
of regular (semi--)local rings \cite{Ke}.
The second input is a standard application of the easy moving lemma of Bloch--Levine \cite{B1, L} which
implies that we can restrict to the case of cycles with smooth components. This was also used in the proof in \cite{PEVSMS}.

Our main theorem is:

\begin{theo} \label{main-theorem} Let $A$ be an essentially smooth (semi--)local $k$--algebra with infinite residue fields.
Then the homomorphism $\rho : K^M_n(A)\to CH^n(A,n)$ is surjective for $n \ge 1$.
\end{theo}

Here for a field $k$ we say that a $k$--algebra $A$ is essentially smooth
if $A$ is the localization of a smooth affine $k$--algebra.
In fact under the conditions of the theorem one can show $\rho$ is bijective \cite{Ke}.
This theorem has a few beautiful applications:

\begin{coro} Let $A$ be as above and $X=Spec(A)$ integral (i.e., $A$ a domain with quotient field $F$).
Then the Gersten resolution for Milnor $K$--theory is exact at the generic point:
$$
K_n^M(A) {\buildrel i_* \over \to} K_n^M(F) {\buildrel T \over \to} \bigoplus_{x \in X^{(1)}} K_{n-1}^M(k(x)) \to \ldots,
$$
i.e., $\mathrm{ker}(T)=\mathrm{im}(i_*)$, where $T$ is the tame symbol.
\end{coro}

The exactness of this complex is well known in codimensions $p \ge 1$ by the work of Gabber and Rost \cite{R}
and follows in degree zero with the same proof as in \cite{PEVSMS} by comparing with the corresponding sequence for higher Chow groups \cite{B1}.
Note that the work of Kerz \cite{Ke} implies also the Gersten conjecture, i.e.~the injectivity of $i_*$ for such $k$--algebras $A$.
There is another nice application to \'etale cohomology:

\begin{coro}
Assume the Bloch--Kato conjecture \cite{Vn}. Let $A$ be a (semi--)local ring containing an
infinite field and $l>0$ prime to $char(A)$. Then the graded ring
$H^*_{\rm et}(A,\mu_l^{\otimes *})$ is generated by elements of degree one.
\end{coro}

{\em Proof.}  First assume that $A$ is essentially smooth over an infinite field.
The Bloch--Kato conjecture implies that we have an isomorphism
$$CH^n(A,n)/l {\buildrel \cong \over \to} H^n_{\rm et}(A,\mu_l^{\otimes n})$$ for any $l$ prime to $char(A)$.
Composing with $\rho$ we get a surjective ring homomorphism $K_n^N(A)/l \to H^n_{\rm et}(A,\mu_l^{\otimes n})$ which
shows the corollary in this case, because Milnor $K$--theory is generated in degree one.

Let $A$ be arbitrary. By a direct limit argument we can assume $A$ to be a localization of an affine algebra.
Now Hoobler's trick \cite{H} can be applied: There is a Henselian pair $(A',I)$ with $A'$ essentially smooth
and $A=A'/I$. In this situation $H^n_{\rm et}(A,\mu_l^{\otimes n})$ and $H^n_{\rm et}(A',\mu_l^{\otimes n})$
are isomorphic \cite{H}. The commutative diagram
$$
\begin{CD}
K^M_n(A')/l @>{nat}>> K^M_n(A)/l\\
\rho @VVV \rho @VVV \\
H^n_{\rm et}(A',\mu_l^{\otimes n}) @>>{nat}> H^n_{\rm et}(A,\mu_l^{\otimes n})
\end{CD}
$$
implies immediately that $\rho:  K_n^N(A)/l \to H^n_{\rm et}(A,\mu_l^{\otimes n})$ is surjective.
\hfill $\Box$

\begin{coro}[Bloch] Again assuming the Bloch--Kato conjecture,
let $X/\mathbb{C}$ be a variety and $\xi\in H^i(X,\mathbb{Z})$ an element of prime exponent l. Fix some
points $x_1,\ldots ,x_n\in X$. Then there exists an effective divisor $D\subset X$ such that
$\xi$ restricted to $X-D$ vanishes and $x_j\notin D$ for all $j=1,\ldots ,n$.
\end{coro}

{\em Proof.} This is essentially the same argument as in the proof of Corollary 7.7 of \cite{V2}. \hfill $\Box$

\section{The Milnor--Chow map $\rho$}

\subsection{Higher Chow groups}

S.~Bloch~\cite{B1} defined {\sl higher Chow groups} as a candidate for
motivic cohomology, i.e. an algebraic singular (co)homology. They form a Borel--Moore
homology theory for schemes over a field $k$, which we fix from now on.
In order to define them we use the algebraic $n$--cube
$$
\square^n=({\mathbb P}^1_k \setminus \{1\})^n.
$$
The $n$--cube has $2^n$ codimension one faces, defined by $x_i=0$ and
$x_i=\infty$ for $1 \le i \le n$. An integral subvariety $W \subseteq \square^n$
of codimension $p$ is called admissible if its intersection with all faces
is again of codimension $p$ or empty.  For each face $F=\{x_i=0\}$ or $F=\{x_i=\infty\}$
we have a pull--back map $\partial_i^0$ resp. $\partial_i^\infty$ which sends a subvariety
$W \subseteq \square^n$ to the intersection product of cycles $W \cdot F$ with appropriate
multiplicities in the sense of Serre's Tor--formula. A total differential is given by
$$
\partial=\sum_{i=1}^n (-1)^{i-1} (\partial_i^0 -\partial_i^\infty).
$$
Let $X$ be a quasi--projective variety over $k$ (standard techniques allow
to extend this definition to equidimensional schemes over $k$ and even, but much harder,
to schemes over Dedekind rings). The notion of faces, restriction maps, and differentials extends to
$\square^n_X=X \times_k \square^n$. $Z_c^p(X,n)$ is defined to be the quotient of the group
of admissible cycles  of codimension $p$ in $X \times \square^n$ by the group of degenerate cycles
as defined in \cite{T}, p.180 (where they are denoted by $d^p(X,n)$).
Let $CH^p(X,n)$ be the $n$--th homology of the complex $Z_c^p(X,\cdot)$ with
differential $\partial$.

\subsection{Milnor $K$--theory}

Milnor $K$--theory of a ring $A$  is defined as the quotient
$$
T(A)/S(A)
$$
of the free graded tensor algebra $T(A)={\mathbb Z} \oplus A^\times \oplus A^\times \otimes A^\times \oplus \cdots$
over the units $A^\times$ of $A$ by the ideal $S(A)$ generated by the degree two relations of the form
$(f,1-f)$ for all $f$ with $f, 1-f \in A^\times$ and $(f,-f)$ for all $f \in A^\times$.
Note that in the case of fields or (semi--)local
rings with large residue fields the relation $(f,-f)$ follows from the usual Steinberg relation $(f,1-f)$.

\subsection{The map $K^M_n(A)\to CH^n(A,n)$}

Now we consider the special case where $A$ is a localization of an affine $k$--algebra with $k$ an arbitrary ground field.
Denote by $CH^p(A,n)$ the higher Chow groups of ${\rm Spec}(A)$. In particular we have
the series of abelian groups $CH^n(A,n)$. To any tuple $f=(f_1,\ldots,f_n)$ of elements $f_i \in A^\times$
we can associate a map
$$
f=(f_1,\ldots,f_n): {\rm Spec}(A) \to ({\mathbb P}^1)^n
$$
and hence by restricting to the cube a graph cycle
$$
\Gamma_f={\rm graph}(f_1,\ldots,f_n) \cap \square_A^n.
$$
Since such graph cycles have no boundary, we immediately get a map
$$
\rho: (A^\times)^n \to CH^n(A,n).
$$
One can show that $\rho$ preserves bilinearity, is skew--commutative, and obeys the Steinberg relations
$\rho(f,1-f,f_3,\ldots,f_n)=0$ and $\rho(f,-f,f_3,\ldots,f_n)=0$ \cite{PEVSMS}.
Therefore it descends to a well--defined homomorphism
$$
\rho: K^M_n(A)\to CH^n(A,n)
$$
for all $n \ge 0$. If $A$ is essentially smooth $CH^*(A,*)$ has a ring structure and $\rho$
becomes a ring homomorphism. In the special case where $A$ is a field $F$ the following result is classical.

\begin{theo}[Nesterenko/Suslin, Totaro]
$\rho$ is an isomorphism for every field $F$.
\end{theo}

{\em Proof.} Totaro's proof \cite{T} uses cubical higher Chow groups as defined above.
He shows that any cycle $Z \in CH^n(F,n)$ is equivalent (cobordant) to a norm--cycle
which has all coordinate entries in $F$. This already gives the surjectivity of $\rho$.
The inverse map $\rho^{-1}$ is defined using the norm as follows: By linearity it is sufficient to define
$\rho^{-1}$ for $Z$ irreducible. In this case we choose a minimal finite field extension
$L/F$ such that $Z$ corresponds to an $L$--valued point $(z_1,\ldots,z_n)$.
Then $\rho^{-1}(Z)=N_{L/F}(\{z_1,\ldots,z_n\})$ as an element of $K^M_n(F)$, where
$ N_{L/F}$ is the norm map of Bass and Tate \cite{BT}.
\hfill $\Box$\\

\section{Symbols in general position}

The main result of this section is Proposition 2.8 which in some sense represents the idea that for good extensions
of (semi--)local rings there should be norms of Milnor $K$--groups as in the field case. In fact such norms can be
constructed by an extension of the methods described below \cite{Ke}.

\subsection{The group $K^t_n(A)$}

Let $A$ be a (semi--)local UFD and $F=Q(A)$ its quotient field. The group $K^t_n(A)$, we are going to define, should be thought of
as the proper Milnor $K$--group of the ring $A[t]_S$, where $S$ denotes the multiplicative system of all
monic polynomials.

\begin{defi}
An $n$--tuple of rational functions
\[
\left( \frac{p_1}{q_1},\frac{p_2}{q_2},\ldots ,\frac{p_n}{q_n} \right) \in F(t)^n
\]
 with $p_i,q_i\in A[t]$ for $i=1,\ldots n$ is called feasible if
\begin{enumerate}
\item{The highest nonvanishing coefficients of
$p_i,q_i$ are invertible in $A$ for $i=1,\ldots ,n$.}
\item{For every irreducible factor $u$ of $p_i$ or $q_i$ and $v$ of $p_j$ or $q_j$ ($i,j=1,\ldots ,n$, $i\ne j$)
$u$ is either equivalent or coprime to $v$.}
\end{enumerate}
\end{defi}

Before stating the definition of $K^t_n(A)$ we have to replace ordinary tensor product.

\begin{defi}
Define
\[
\mathcal{T}^t_n(A)=\mathbb{Z}<\{(p_1,\ldots ,p_n)|(p_1,\ldots ,p_n) \text{ feasible, }p_i\in A[t] \text{ irreducible
or unit}\}>/L
\]
\end{defi}
Here $L$ denotes the subgroup generated by elements
\[
(p_1,\ldots ,a p_i,\ldots ,p_n)-(p_1,\ldots ,a ,\ldots ,p_n)-(p_1,\ldots ,p_i,\ldots ,p_n)
\]
with $a\in A^\times$.

By bilinear factorization the element
\[
(p_1,\ldots ,p_n)\in \mathcal{T}^t_n(A)
\]
is defined for every feasible $n$--tuple with $p_i\in F(t)$.

Now define the subgroup $St\subset \mathcal{T}^t_n(A)$ to be generated by feasible $n$--tuples
\begin{equation}
(p_1,\ldots ,p,1-p,\ldots , p_n)
\end{equation}
and
\begin{equation}
(p_1,\ldots ,p,-p,\ldots ,p_n)
\end{equation}
with $p_i,p\in F(t)$.

\begin{defi}
Define
$$
K^t_n(A) = \mathcal{T}^t_n(A)/St
$$
\end{defi}

We denote the image of $(p_1,\ldots ,p_n)$ in $K^t_n(A)$ by $\{p_1,\ldots ,p_n\}$.

\subsection{The tame symbol}

Recall that Milnor constructed so called tame symbols
$$
\partial_\pi:K^M_n(F(t)) \longrightarrow K^M_{n-1}(F[t]/(\pi))
$$
for every irreducible $\pi\in F[t]$ \cite{M} -- in fact this construction works for all discrete valuation rings in
contrast to our generalization below.

\begin{prop}[Tame symbol]
For every irreducible, monic polynomial $\pi\in A[t]$ and $n>0$ one has a unique well defined tame symbol
$$
\partial_\pi : K^t_n(A) \longrightarrow K^M_{n-1}(A[t]/(\pi))
$$
which satisfies
\begin{equation}
\partial_\pi : \{\pi, x_2,\ldots , x_n\} \mapsto \{\bar{x}_2,\ldots ,\bar{x}_n\}
\end{equation}
for $x_i\in A[t]$ and $x_i$ coprime to $\pi$.

For $\pi=1/t$ there is a similar tame symbol
$$
\partial_\pi : K^t_n(A) \longrightarrow K^M_{n-1}(A)
$$
which satisfies (3) for $x_i\in A[1/t]$.
\end{prop}

{\em Proof.} Assume $\pi\in A[t]$. Uniqueness is easy to check.
In order to show existence, introduce according to an idea of Serre a formal
skew--commutative element $\xi$ with $\xi^2=\xi \{-1\}$ and $\deg(\xi)=1$.
Define a formal map (which is clearly not well defined)
$$
\theta_\pi: \mathcal{T}^t_*(A) \longrightarrow K^M_*(A[t]/(\pi))[\xi]
$$
by
$$\theta_\pi(u_1 \pi^{i_1} ,\ldots ,u_n \pi^{i_n} ) = (i_1\xi + \{\bar{u}_1\})\cdots (i_n\xi + \{\bar{u}_n\})\; .$$
We define $\partial_\pi$ by taking the (right--)coefficient of $\xi$. This is a well defined homomorphism.
So what remains to be shown is that
$\partial_\pi$ factors over the Steinberg relations.

Let $x=(\pi^i u,-\pi^i u)$ be feasible, then
\begin{eqnarray*}
\theta_\pi(x)&=&(i\xi +\{\bar{u}\})(i\xi + \{-\bar{u}\}) \\
 & = & i\xi \{-1\} -i\xi \{\bar{u}\} +i\xi \{-\bar{u}\}+\{\bar{u},-\bar{u}\} = 0\; .
\end{eqnarray*}
For $i>0$ and $x=(\pi^i u,1-\pi^i u)$ feasible one has
$$
\theta_\pi(x)= (i\xi +\{\bar{u}\})\{1\} = 0\; .
$$
For $i<0$ and $x=(\pi^{i} u,1-\pi^{i} u)$ feasible one has
\begin{eqnarray*}
\theta_\pi(x) &=& (i\xi + \{\bar{u}\})(i\xi +\{-\bar{u}\})\\
&=& i\xi\{-1\} +i\xi\{-\bar{u}\}-i\xi\{\bar{u}\}+ \{\bar{u},-\bar{u}\} =0\; .
\end{eqnarray*}
\hfill $\Box$\\

The tame symbols from Proposition 2.4 are compatible with the corresponding symbols of the quotient field of $A$.
This is the content of the next lemma.

\begin{lem}
Fix either an irreducible, monic $\pi\in A[t]$ as above and let $B=A[t]/(\pi)$ and $L=Q(B)$ or set $\pi=1/t$, $B=A$
and $L=F$. The square
$$
\begin{CD}
K^t_n(A) @>{\partial_\pi}>> K^M_{n-1}(B)\\
@VVV @VVV\\
K^M_n(F(t)) @>>{\partial_\pi}> K^M_{n-1}(L)
\end{CD}
$$
is commutative.

Moreover for monic $\pi\in F[t]$ but $\pi\notin A[t]$ the composition
$$
K^t_n(A)\longrightarrow K^M_n(F(t)) \stackrel{\partial_\pi}{\longrightarrow} K^M_{n-1}(F[t]/(\pi))
$$
vanishes.
\end{lem}

\begin{prop}
If the residue fields of $A$ are infinite the map
$$
\oplus_\pi \partial_\pi: K^t_n(A) \longrightarrow \oplus_\pi K^M_{n-1}(A[t]/(\pi))
$$
is surjective, where the sum is over all monic, irreducible $\pi\in A[t]$.
\end{prop}

In fact the kernel of $\oplus_\pi \partial_\pi$ is precisely $K^M_n(A)$, but this is more difficult to show \cite{Ke}.

{\em Proof.} Consider the filtration $L_d\subset K^t_n(A)$, where $L_d$ is generated by the feasible $(x_1,\ldots ,x_n)$ with
$x_i\in A[t]$ of degree at most $d$. One has to show
$$
\oplus_{\deg(\pi)=d} \partial_\pi: L_d \longrightarrow  \oplus_{\deg(\pi)=d} K^M_{n-1}(A[t]/(\pi))
$$
is surjective. Fix $\pi$ of degree $d$. For a symbol $\xi=\{\bar{x}_2,\ldots ,\bar{x}_{n}\}\in K^M_{n-1}(A[t]/(\pi))$
we can according to the following sublemma suppose without restriction that
$\zeta=\{\pi,x_2,\ldots ,x_n\}\in K^t_n(A)$ is well defined assuming $x_i$ to be choosen of degree $d-1$.
As we have $\partial_{\pi'}(\zeta)=0$ for
$\pi'\ne \pi$, $\deg(\pi')=d$, and $\partial_\pi(\zeta)=\xi$, this proves the proposition.

\begin{sublem}[Gabber]
Given monic $y_1,\ldots ,y_k\in A[t]$ and an arbitrary $x\in A[t]$ coprime to $\pi$ there exists a factorization
$$
x \equiv x' x''   \text{ mod } (\pi)
$$
such that $x', x''\in A[t]$ have invertible highest coefficients, $\deg(x')=\deg(x'')=d-1$
and $x', x''$ are coprime to $y_j$ for $j=1,\ldots ,k$.
\end{sublem}
{\em Proof.} Using the Chinese remainder theorem and reduction modulo all maximal ideals
we can assume that $A$ is an infinite field. The moduli space
of factorizations $x \equiv x' x''   \text{ mod } (\pi)$ is a nonempty Zariski open subset of $\mathbb{A}_A^{d}$.
As finite intersections of such subsets contain a rational point, the sublemma is proven.
\hfill $\Box$\\

\subsection{Norms}

With the notation as above ($B=A[t]/(\pi)$, $F=Q(A)$, $L=Q(B)$) let $i:A\to F$ and
$j:B\to L$ be the natural embeddings. For the convenience of the reader we recall the construction of
norms $$N_{L/F}:K^M_n(L)\to K^M_n(F) $$ from \cite{BT}.

Given $\xi\in K^M_n(L)$ choose $\zeta\in K^M_{n+1}(F(t))$ such that $\partial_{\pi'}(\zeta)=0$ for
$\pi'\ne \pi$ and $\partial_\pi(\zeta)=\xi$.
Set $N_{L/F}(\xi)=-\partial_{1/t}(\zeta)$. Kato showed this norm depends only on the isomorphism class of $(L,\xi)$ over
$F$ and is functorial \cite{K}.

\begin{prop} \label{main-prop}
We have $$N_{L/F} (\mathrm{im}(j_*)) \subset \mathrm{im}(i_*)$$
with $i_*, j_*$ the homomorphisms induced on Milnor $K$--groups.
\end{prop}

{\em Proof.} Given $\xi\in K^M_n(B)$ choose by Lemma 2.6 $\zeta\in K^t_{n+1}(A)$ such that
$\partial_{\pi'}(\zeta)=0$ for $\pi\ne\pi'\in A[t]$ and $\partial_\pi(\zeta)=\xi$. Set $\xi'=-\partial_{1/t}(\zeta)\in K^M_n(A)$.
It follows from Lemma 2.5 that
$$
N_{L/F}(j_*(\xi)) =i_*(\xi')\; .
$$
\hfill $\Box$

\section{Proof of Theorem \ref{main-theorem}}

Assume that $[Z] \in CH^n(A,n)$ is a higher Chow cycle. We want to construct an element $\xi \in K_n^M(A)$ such that
$\rho(\xi)=[Z]$.

\begin{lem}
$Z$ is cobordant to a sum of irreducible cycles $Z'$ such that
\begin{enumerate}
\item $Z' \subset \square_A^n$ does not intersect any face.
\item With the coordinate functions $t_1,\ldots ,t_n\in \mathcal{O}_{Z'}$ one has $A[t_1,\ldots ,t_i]$ essentially
smooth over $k$ and finite over $A$ for every $1\le i\le n$.
\item $ \mathcal{O}_{Z'}= A[t_1,\ldots ,t_n]$.
\end{enumerate}
\end{lem}

{\rm Proof.} This follows immediately from the ``easy moving lemma" of Bloch and Levine~\cite[chap. II, 3.5]{L} and is also
applied and explained in \cite{PEVSMS}. \hfill $\Box$.

Without loss of generality we may therefore assume that $Z$ is irreducible and already in good position as in the lemma.
Look at the following diagram:
$$
\begin{CD}
K^M_n(A) @>{i_*}>> K^M_n(F)\\
\rho @VVV \rho @VVV \\
CH^n(A,n) @>>{i_*}> CH^n(F,n)
\end{CD}
$$
where -- by abuse of notation -- we use the same symbols $\rho$ and $i_*$ for the corresponding maps of rings or fields
and $F$ is the quotient field of $A$.
Since $\rho$ is an isomorphism on the level of fields, we know that there is an element $\tau \in K_n^M(F)$ such that
$\rho(\tau)=i_*[Z]$. By the description of $\rho^{-1}$ in Totaro's proof of Theorem 1.1, we know that one has
$\tau=N_{L/F}(\{t_1,\ldots,t_n\})$ where $L$ is the quotient field of $\mathcal{O}_Z$ and $N_{L/F}$
is the norm on Milnor $K$--theory of fields. Now look at the consecutive extensions
$$
A \subset A[t_1] \subset A[t_1,t_2] \subset \ldots \subset A[t_1,\ldots,t_i] \subset \ldots
$$
These rings are all essentially smooth and hence factorial. Each extension is of the type
$$
A[t_1,\ldots,t_{i+1}]=A[t_1,\ldots,t_i][t]/(\pi_{i+1}).
$$
Therefore we may apply Proposition~\ref{main-prop} and conclude that there is an element $\xi$ with $i_*(\xi)=\tau$.
But the map $i_*:CH^n(A,n)\to CH^n(F,n)$ is injective by \cite{B1} and therefore we have $\rho(\xi)=[Z]$, since $i_*(\rho(\xi))=i_*[Z]$.
\hfill $\Box$.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


Love audio books? These audio works are packed with Mary's juicy philosophical world view, and her soothing and compelling storytelling. Recorded in Minnesota Public Radio's finest studio, they have a warm, intimate sound and gentle musical breaks for heart-nourishing enjoyment.
Still using a cassette tape player? They're so handy for listening to an audio book and getting right back to the exact place you left off. Get this set of four of Mary Hayes Grieco's earlier works on cassette tape – beautifully produced audio books that includes material not included in her current books.


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Om UiB
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Midtveisevaluering - Benedicte Sjo Tislevoll
Mass cytometry reveal early signaling responses to induction therapy in immunophenotypically defined leukemic cell subsets that predict survival in AML
Benedicte Sjo Tislevoll 1, Oda Helen Eck Fagerholt 1, Monica Hellesøy 2, Stein-Erik Gullaksen1, Maria del Pilar Ayuda Duran 3, Laure Isabelle Piechaczyk 3, Jørn Skavland 1, Sonia Gavasso1, Randi Hovland 4, Tobias Gedde-Dahl 5, Øystein Bruserud 1,2, Jorrit Enserink 3,
Yngvar Fløisand 3,5, Nello Blaser 6 and Bjørn Tore Gjertsen 1,2
1. Centre for Cancer Biomarkers (CCBIO) Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
2. Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology Section, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
3. Department of Molecular Cell Biology, the Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway
4. Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
5. Department of Hematology Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.
6. Department of Mathematics, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
Current clinical practice in intensive induction treatment of AML recommends morphological response evaluation on day 14-17 after start of induction therapy. (Lowenberg B. et al NEJM 1999) However, alterations in genes and proteins related to chemotherapy resistance and cell survival can also be detected in vivo within hours after start of therapy. (Anensen N. et al Clin Cancer Res 2006, Gausdal G et al. Blood 2008, Øyan M. et al BMC Cancer 2009). The rapid kinetics in cell response to perturbation is underscored by in vitro studies that have shown an immediate response in intracellular signalling networks which can be detected within minutes after cells are exposed to perturbators. (Irish J. et al 2004).
Cytometry by time-of-flight (CyTOF) combines the platforms of conventional flow cytometry with mass spectrometry. This dramatically increases the numbers of antibodies that can be analyzed per single cell (>40) and permits a simultaneous analysis of both intracellular signaling networks and phenotypic complexity of AML cells.
Immediate evaluation of intracellular signaling after start of treatment in malignant and non-malignant cellular subsets could reveal the functional properties of resistant AML cancer clones, and how they may be therapeutically targeted.
We performed a 36- dimensional CyTOF analysis of 21 surface markers (CD66b, CD16, CD45, CD11b, CD25, CD3, CD4, CD8, CD56, CD20, CD38, CD34, CD117, CD33, CD64, CD14, HLA-DR, Axl-1H12, CD90, CD7, CD123) and 15 intracellular markers (cCaspase-3, p-4EB-P1, p-Stat 5, p-Stat 3, p-Stat 1, p-p38, p-ERK ½, p-Akt, p-NFkB, p-CREB, p-S6, p-Axl, p-Rb, Cyclin B1, p-Histone H3) of 32 de novo AML patients. Peripheral blood was sampled at 4 hours and at 18- 24 hours after start of standard "7+3" induction therapy (Lowenberg B. et al Blood 2017). Bone marrow and peripheral blood from healthy donors were also analyzed. Samples were barcoded, and a reference sample was included in each barcode for normalization of potential batch effects. FlowSOM, which applies self-organizing maps (SOMs), were used to perform unsupervised identification of leukemic and non-leukemic cell populations across the patient cohort (Van Gassen S. et al Cytometry A 2015).
FLOWSOM identified 10 different metaclusters in the 32 AML patients and 7 healthy donors based on well- characterized surface markers, as shown in the t-SNE (Fig 1A) and heatmap plots (Fig 1B).
To identify markers that could predict patient outcome, a lasso regression analysis correlating intracellular signaling markers to patient survival was performed.
Basal pre-treatment signaling levels were not found to be significantly correlated to survival in any of the signaling markers investigated. However, we found that the ratio of pERK 1/2 at 24 hours relative to pre-treatment in metacluster 9, significantly correlated to overall survival (p=5,93e-4) (Figure 1D). Thus, an increase in pERK1/2 at 24 hours compared to the pre-treatment sample, seems unfavorable. At the four-hour time point, we did not find any signaling alterations that correlated to patient survival in any of the markers investigated.
Unsupervised clustering analysis of over 30 de novo AML patients identified leukemic cell subpopulations that had unique patterns of intracellular signaling in response to induction therapy. We found that alterations in pERK1/2 during the first 24 hours after start of induction therapy significantly correlated with patient survival. The MAPK/ERK pathway is dysregulated in nearly 50% of all human malignancies and has an important role in cell proliferation, differentiation and survival. Cells with an increase in pERK as response to chemotherapy might represent cancer cell subsets that are resistant to conventional chemotherapy, indicating that ERK could potentially be an interesting therapeutic target in AML. Monitoring of AML patients by CyTOF during therapy seems feasible in a clinical setting, using the therapy as a perturbator for unraveling functional defects in intracellular signaling that could identify suboptimal therapy responders.
28.05.2019 - 14.00–14.45
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The Summer Wind is #2 in the Lowcountry Summer trilogy written and narrated by Mary Alice Monroe. This book takes up the story of the three half sisters, Dora, Carson and Harper. Not to forget Nate, Dora's son. Of course Mamaw and Lucille are very much part of their lives again too. They are all still at Sea Breeze on Sullivan's Island for the last summer before the house must be sold.
This book focuses on Dora, her marriage seems to be over and it is time for her to pick up her life and maybe let the reins go too a little where Nate is concerned. Mamaw, Carson and Harper all take it in turn to help and support Dora in the process of healing. It doesn't hurt either that she meets an old friend who seems exactly right for her.
We also are updated on Delphine's progress, the dolphin that was badly injured in Book one. There is also a delightful scene with turtles.
The winds of change are moving through the house for Mamaw, Lucille and the girls. Carson is thrown a curve ball that leaves her all at sea, what she will decide remains to be seen. Dora is realising it is time for her to be independent and make choices that will take her into the second half of life a happy person. Harper too is beginning to think through her future. And someone says a last goodbye.
This trilogy is definitely one where to pick up just one would be dissatisfying. It is one story told in three parts. I look forward to the last one to pick up the lives of these mostly southern women.
Again the book is narrated by the author, she has a feel for the story and I enjoyed listening to her tell it.
I'm glad you enjoyed this book. I loved this series.
Do you do something while listening like clean or drive? I don't think I could just sit and listen, but so many people are advocating audiobooks these days that I am feeling some pressure to try them more. When I used to be crafty I would listen to books, but it's been years.
Elizabeth I listen while walking. Lately I have been driving a bit to visit a family member in hospital so have been using driving time as well. I know a lot of people listen while housecleaning etc. But me not much. I love silence so happy to have nothing going on around me. Sometimes I listen before I go to sleep too, but only sometimes. However audio is fantastic and when you are tired it's also great to sit and listen. But hey no pressure!
I have the first book in the trilogy, and hope to read it soon. I enjoy this author. Thanks for sharing!
I can't wait to start on this trilogy. I have the eBooks but after reading your reviews I'm seriously considering getting the audio!


text:
New Cumberland PA Weather
The New Cumberland PA climate is a typical mix of humid summers and cold winters. The average highs are in the low seventies and the low eighties, and days are often partly cloudy throughout the year. During the summer months, the probability of precipitation varies throughout the year, with the highest number of wet days occurring in June.
The coldest month in New Cumberland is January. The average high temperature in this month is 38.8degF, and average low temperatures are around 25 degrees Fahrenheit. The shortest growing season, December, has nine hours and 18 mins of daylight. June, on the other hand, has fifteen hours and three minute of daylight. The figure below shows the average temperatures by hour.
The year is full of variations in wind speeds in New Cumberland. The windiest month is February, while the calmest month is August. The windiest period is 5.7 months long, with an average hourly wind speed of over six miles per hour. Winds in New Cumberland generally move from the east to the west, but are not uniform throughout the year.
In addition to this, today is mostly cloudy with a chance of rain in the morning. There is a 40% chance of thunderstorms and showers in the evening. Lows will reach the mid sixties. A rainy night is possible, but it is unlikely to be a major concern.
New Cony and Brown Gif
The Gretsch New Yorker


In this episode, Dr. Julie Colwell teaches how to shift out of toxic relationship patterns such as reactive brain, blame and criticism and instead, show appreciation for our partner.
Dr. Julie Colwell is a psychologist based in Boulder, CO. She has spent her career developing and refining methods for individuals, couples, families, groups, and organizations to shift out of energy-draining power struggles into reconnection, innovation and flow. Her methods are clear, research-based and powerful. Dr. Colwell also hosts workshops and classes and is the author of the bestseller, The Relationship Skills Workbook and The Relationship Ride.
Since we are such cheerleaders of Julie's work, we decided to add another amazing bonus to the course — her book, The Relationship Skills Workbook.
With The Relationship Skills Workbook, Dr. Julia Colwell presents a practical guide for building a conscious partnership based on cooperation and trust—offering relationship-saving techniques and on-the-spot conflict resolution tools for disarming the explosive clashes that most commonly break couples apart.
This bonus will only be included if you purchase during our launch promo period ending on August 2.
Don't forget, use the special I Do Podcast Listener promo code to get an additional 10% off.
P.volve: P.volve's streaming service offers a large library of videos, including structured workout plans and new videos updated weekly. Users can stream to sculpt, tone and define anytime, anywhere from any device!
Interested in trying the P.Ball? To buy a P.Ball and receive 2 months of free streaming, visit Pvolve.com/ido and enter "ido" at checkout.


text:
A 'fast lane' for electrons
The study of ultra-pure materials still has many ways to surprise and delight! For delafossite metals it was shown that wires sculpted from the same single crystal have very different resistivities depending on the angle at which they are cut. From the fundamental physics point of view, the laws of bulk resistivity are being broken.
Focus on quantum optics: X-ray physicist holds new professorship at JMU Würzburg
Adriana Pálffy-Buß has been appointed to the new W2 professorship for Theoretical Quantum Information and Quantum Optics at the University of Würzburg. She is an expert in the new research field of X-ray quantum optics.
Claudia Felser receives the Wilhelm Ostwald Medal
Claudia Felser receives the Wilhelm Ostwald Medal of the Saxon Academy of Sciences in Leipzig. She is one of the 25 principal investigators of the Cluster of Excellence ct.qmat.
Great honor for "Kitty Q": The game app wins Spanish Game Award & is nominated for important German media awards
+++ Award-winning science communication: game app "Kitty Q" wins "Best Mobile Indie Game" at the Valencia Indie Summit +++ Nominations for DEUTSCHE COMPUTERSPIELPREIS (DCP) and children's media award GOLDENER SPATZ +++ DCP awards gala tonight +++
Coffee, networking, and, above all, physics – ct.qmat's hybrid in-person retreat
Highly motivated speakers, a buzz of voices in the foyer, and lively discussions about the presentations and the posters on display: More than 100 participants attended the first on-site Cluster Retreat – and the second one since the launch of the Cluster of Excellence ct.qmat – Complexity and Topology in Quantum Matter in 2019 – in the placid town of Merseburg from March 23 to 25, 2022. A further 30 retreat guests joined virtually.
Training future scientists: Teaching quantum physics through play at an early age
The ct.qmat Cluster of Excellence has launched a new project in collaboration with the national network of STEM schools of excellence, MINT-EC. The aim is to incorporate the latest quantum physics research results into the school curriculum as quickly as possible. Drawing on the award-winning app "Kitty Q – A Quantum Adventure," quantum physics content will be added into school curricula as early as grade 6.
Dresden physicist belongs to the best early career scientists in Germany
Dr. Tobias Meng is awarded the Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Prize 2022 by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft and the Federal Ministry for Education and Research. This Prize is considered Germany's most important award for early career researchers, and is endowed with 20,000 Euros.
Electron conspiracy in a Japanese lattice pattern: Kagome metals baffle science
The special structure of the atomic lattice of potassium-vanadium-antimony leads to an extraordinary combination of outstanding quantum properties, which have now been demonstrated for the first time and could enable a completely new type of superconductivity. Prof. Ronny Thomale, Würzburg researcher of the Cluster of Excellence ct.qmat, predicted such quantum effects theoretically already ten years ago. The latest experimental results have been published in the journal Nature.
Quantum physics explained simply! Award-winning game app "Kitty Q" launches "QUANTube" series with explainer videos
+++ Game app " Kitty Q" wins the 2nd prize of the Games Innovation Award Saxony +++ As of January 2022, early career researchers will answer questions on quantum physics asked by players in the follow-up project "QUANTube" +++ German Research Foundation awards "QUANTube" with one of the Community Prizes +++ App reaches 65,000 downloads +++
"Crazy" light emitters: Physicists see an unusual quantum phenomenon
Scientists of the Cluster of Excellence ct.qmat have experimentally discovered an unusual quantum phenomenon for the motion of luminescent electronic quasiparticles in atomically-thin semiconductors. The results were published in the Physical Review Letters journal.
Claudia Felser receives Max Born Prize
Prof. Claudia Felser, Director at the Max Planck Institute for Chemical Physics of Solids Dresden and principal investigator of the Cluster of Excellence ct.qmat, will be awarded the Max Born Prize 2022 for her outstanding scientific contributions to physics.
International science prize for Würzburg physicist
Ronny Thomale, a founding member of the Cluster of Excellence ct.qmat, has been awarded the Raymond and Beverly Sackler International Prize in Physics.


text:
Q: MySQL: Get resultset based on a match criteria (pattern like structure) I only want to display results based on a certain match criteria (ONLY the results that follows that pattern)
This is my expectation
sample image
I expect a result set with ID 1 to 5, and 12-16 in that sequence or order only as shown below
ID  W1  W2  W3  W4  W5
1   1   43  72  10  33
2   61  38  16  68  51
3   80  54  62  87  45
4   73  39  64  77  22
5   49  82  32  56  41

12  1   43  72  10  33
13  61  38  16  68  51
14  80  54  62  87  45
15  73  39  64  77  22
16  49  82  32  56  41

and this is what I have tried
SELECT T1.ID, T1.W1, T1.W2, T1.W3, T1.W4, T1.W5

FROM drvdb.scores t1
JOIN drvdb.scores t2 ON t1.ID = t2.ID

WHERE (T1.W1 ='1' AND T1.W2 = '43' AND T1.W3 = '72' AND T1.W4 = '10' AND T1.W5 = '33')
OR (T2.W1 ='61' AND T2.W2 = '38' AND T2.W3 = '16' AND T2.W4 = '68' AND T2.W5 = '51')
OR (T2.W1 ='80' AND T2.W2 = '54' AND T2.W3 = '62' AND T2.W4 = '87' AND T2.W5 = '45')
OR (T2.W1 ='73' AND T2.W2 = '39' AND T2.W3 = '64' AND T2.W4 = '77' AND T2.W5 = '22')
OR (T2.W1 ='49' AND T2.W2 = '82' AND T2.W3 = '32' AND T2.W4 = '56' AND T2.W5 = '41')

GROUP BY T1.ID
HAVING COUNT (DISTINCT T1.W1, T1.W2, T1.W3, T1.W4, T1.W5) = 1

I have tried several queries, I still end up with the same undesired results
i want row 1 because it is exactly 1/43/72/10/33 AND is followed by a row 61/38/16/68/51 AND is followed by 3 rows with 80/54/62/87/45 AND 4th row with 73/39/64/77/22 AND the 5th row /49/82/32/56/41 in that order.I want the query to return results based on that hierarchy or rank.
 within my table i only have two of such hierarchy
Isn't there a way around this? Is this impossible? I have been stuck on this for the past two months trying to figure out how best I can do this...my back just aches.
Now is time to call for help.
I'm new to SQL and trying to get acquainted with this language
any ideas on how to go about this would be much appreciated
This is my script file
CREATE DATABASE IF NOT EXISTS `drvdb`;
USE `drvdb`;

CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `scores` (
  `ID` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
  `W1` varchar(2) DEFAULT NULL,
  `W2` varchar(2) DEFAULT NULL,
  `W3` varchar(2) DEFAULT NULL,
  `W4` varchar(2) DEFAULT NULL,
  `W5` varchar(2) DEFAULT NULL,
  PRIMARY KEY (`ID`),
  KEY `W1` (`W1`),
  KEY `W2` (`W2`),
  KEY `W3` (`W3`),
  KEY `W4` (`W4`),
  KEY `W5` (`W5`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=28 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci;

INSERT INTO `scores` (`ID`, `W1`, `W2`, `W3`, `W4`, `W5`) VALUES
    (1, '1', '43', '72', '10', '33'),
    (2, '61', '38', '16', '68', '51'),
    (3, '80', '54', '62', '87', '45'),
    (4, '73', '39', '64', '77', '22'),
    (5, '49', '82', '32', '56', '41'),
    (6, '68', '8', '30', '35', '1'),
    (7, '20', '21', '22', '23', '24'),
    (8, '61', '38', '16', '68', '51'),
    (9, '1', '43', '72', '10', '33'),
    (10, '80', '54', '62', '87', '45'),
    (11, '49', '82', '32', '56', '41'),
    (12, '1', '43', '72', '10', '33'),
    (13, '61', '38', '16', '68', '51'),
    (14, '80', '54', '62', '87', '45'),
    (15, '73', '39', '64', '77', '22'),
    (16, '49', '82', '32', '56', '41'),
    (17, '61', '38', '16', '68', '51'),
    (18, '80', '54', '62', '87', '45'),
    (19, '49', '82', '32', '56', '41'),
    (20, '61', '38', '16', '68', '51');

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Our Values & Ethos Facilities (current) Meet our Principal Our Board Term Dates Employment Out of School Hours Care Publications
Paul Teys serves the HVGS community with passion, vision and clarity.
Service isn't just something he gives lip service to; he is a principal with a mission to sustain a school where people are treated with respect and dignity and he backs this up with his own actions, words and deeds. It is what he does and says on a daily basis, that is the essence of his effectiveness.
His positive and decisive leadership style, focus on continual improvement and his ability to innovate and motivate, has earned our School a strong reputation as the premier educator and employer of choice in the region.
Paul joined Hunter Valley Grammar School in 2006 and has thirty-five years' experience in independent schools. He embodies a set of core values that support student and teacher learning.
As a progressive thinker, he is dedicated to the overall development of well-rounded productive young people ready to thrive in a global workforce.
He is a Board Director of the Association of Heads of Independent Schools of Australia (AHISA), Chairman of the NSW Combined Independent Schools Sports Council (CIS), an Observer on the Board of the Association of Independent Schools of NSW (AISNSW), a Director of the Head of Independent Coeducational Schools (HICES) and of Hunter Region Independent Schools (HRIS) and the Chairman of HICES Debating; highlighting his commitment to education not just in the Hunter, but beyond.
"It takes staff commitment to core values to ensure that a positive, learner-centered school culture is built and maintained. Our School's core values are embodied in a culture that supports students to reach their full potential."
Paul Teys, Principal
by Paul Teys
Witnessing the International Baccalaureate in action.
6 ways to raise resilient kids
6 tips to help you help children navigate the stresses of daily
Dandelions and Orchids
Dandelion or orchid? It depends on where they're planted!
Worrying about the kids?
Experienced consequences – life's way of teaching us not to do something!
Jobs of the future
Ways to plan for jobs that won't go out of style
10 tips to tackle the back to school blues


text:
Editor's note: This article recently appeared in the July 2004 issue of Homiletic & Pastoral Review, edited by Fr. Kenneth Baker, S.J. © 2004.
A recent study of clergy trends shows that while Catholic clergy numbers are declining, clergy in other denominations are on the rise (Davidson, J.D., 2003). Of late a sizable number of priests from various U.S. Dioceses, e.g., Milwaukee, New Ulm and Albany, have asked the U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops to begin a discussion on optional celibacy. While some see the admission of married men to the priesthood as a solution to the priest shortage others just hope that it will alleviate their loneliness. Recently, a 66-year-old Chicago priest, highly regarded by clergy and laity alike, married saying that the system no longer gave him the support he needed to remain emotionally healthy. He put it this way: "At a certain point I realized my parents were gone, my brothers and sisters were off in their own lives, and at the end of the day when I returned at night to a dark rectory, who did I have that belonged to me?" He said that if being married were an option he would still love to be a priest today (Marin, C., 2003).
It is perhaps this older gent's comments that touch the heart of the problem of the vocation dearth and the present discontent among priests. The priesthood as we knew it prior to Vatican II has undergone a systemic breakdown. Although the traditional theology seems to have remained the same, certain structures that provided for its maintenance have crumbled. Abraham Maslow has posited–and research has corroborated his thesis–that after people's primary physiological needs, such as food, water and shelter are met, secondary needs, such as the need for security, love and belongingness, emerge as necessary for human well-being (Simmons, J.A. et al. 1987). It is my contention that these next two levels of need are missing from the present structure of priestly life in the United States. I believe that this is the cause of the vocation crisis and the continuing exodus of clergy from the active ministry.
The Church has always recognized the importance of marriage as an institution uniquely geared to provide the aforementioned human needs. The model of family had been virtually emulated for priesthood prior to Vatican II. Even the title "Father" lent itself to the family model. However, enamored with a naïve optimism regarding the modern world, the bishops after the Council decided to imitate the techniques of contemporary business for human resource management. In doing so they created structures whereby the bishops became CEOs and their priests employees. This surreptitiously eroded the priest's sense of security, belongingness and love, and eventually began to change his identity. Sociologists tell us that structures do shape reality. Theologians are also well aware that polity goes hand in hand with belief (Pelikan, J., 2003). The new structures began to undermine the traditional theology of the priesthood. They particularly affected the system that supported a celibate priesthood. Pious words and protestations of support for celibacy are not enough.
If bishops are serious about promoting vocations and desirous of maintaining a celibate clergy, the following changes should be made to certain policies affecting the lives of their priests.
1. Get rid of the priest personnel board
Any priest can attest to the widening gulf that exists between priests and bishops. Although many would like to attribute this to the recent pedophile scandals, which have caused bishops to act like Assistant District Attorneys instead of pastors, "fathers, brothers and friends" (The Bishop Servant of the Gospel, 2001, #9), the separation actually began when bishops placed a personnel board and personnel director between themselves and the priests. In my own diocese, a layman now holds the position.
The theology of Holy Orders demands an intimate relationship between a bishop and his priests. After all, the priest shares in his bish-op's priesthood. All the Vatican documents on the priesthood up to the most recent on the role of bishops reminds them that they are to be a father to their priests and responsible for their welfare. In an "Address to the Bishops Attending a Formation Course Sponsored by the Congregation For Bishops" (September 18, 2003), Pope John Paul II noted that "Bishops should treat priests with a special love; they should show concern for the spiritual, intellectual and material conditions. It is certainly a blessing for a diocese when every member of its presbyterate can rejoice to have found in the Bishop his best friend and father." How many bishops act this way toward their priests? How many priests feel this way about their bishop?
When assignments are made, they are more often than not due to the deliberations of the board and are usually given to the bishop for his approval. The sense of closeness, concern, relationship–family–has been lost. The organization has made a decision that "it" thinks is best for the priest and the parish. The question is often asked by priests what is behind the move? Is this move prompted by my friends or enemies? Or am I just a moveable part? Does the bishop really care about me or know my situation? Am I just filling a slot or is there a genuine pastoral need for my talents? Does anyone care about my needs?
All psychological studies and sociological data indicate that people will take a challenge and overcome great adversity if they feel particularly needed, recognized and called upon by a respected authority to fulfill a task. Contact, concern and a sharing of a common vision with a genuine father figure will move people to do extraordinary things. Throughout the history of the Church, leadership exercised through personal relationships, not human resources management has been the key to promoting the Church's mission.
A recent situation in the Diocese of Rockville Centre, New York emerged as a good example of the current breakdown between priests and their bishops. Bishop William Murphy finally agreed, according to newspaper reports, to meet with the 400 priests of the diocese after a grassroots request from the priests for a meeting. In a long letter to the bishop signed by scores of priests they stated that they were not confident with the bishop's leadership and were unhappy with the way he related to other priests. The letter cited a "sadness and sense of desperation" among the priests of Long Island. This is only one example of what is felt in many other dioceses throughout the country (Healy, P., 2003).
Why would one want to become a priest in this type of environment? What normal man would want to entrust his life to another man with whom he has little or no relationship? Since we are not usually ordaining ascetics or saints, wouldn't marriage at least offer some security, a sense of belongingness and love vis à vis the impersonal control and loneliness created by an alienating bureaucrat and his bureaucracy?
2. Abandon terms for pastors
It has been the long tradition of the Church that a pastor should hold that office for life, barring resignation or some grave problem. If there is a grave problem, canonical mechanisms are in place for a bishop to remove a priest. However, many American bishops have requested an indult from Rome, which is always granted, to establish terms of office for pastors. Usually these are renewable every six years. Renewal depends once again on the personnel board, or on the whim of the bishop. Oftentimes the renewal is one time only at the same parish. In the renewal process the priest is usually subjected to the evaluation of his parishioners regarding their pastor's suitability.
If the priest is supposed to be the "pater familias," the father of the parish family,– after all, doesn't his title connote as much–is it right to vote dad out of the family? It happens! Once again the family model has been sacrificed replacing a father with a manager. Furthermore, sometimes a good father has to do unpopular things for the welfare of his family. Under this scenario, who would dare to make the tough decisions knowing that he may be removed if he becomes unpopular?
It takes a secure man to do what needs to be done in any situation. Sometimes six years are necessary just to establish the respect and authority over a parish that a priest needs to be effective. Often simply getting used to a priest leads to love and acceptance, enabling people to overlook some of his weaknesses, failures and eccentricities. Knowing parish families, being with them during life's good times and bad, and presiding over baptisms, weddings and funerals creates bonds that no managerial skills can ever attain. Even if the priest is a little kooky, I have heard it said, "Well he is our kook, we want to keep him." Most people get used to their priests and love them for who they are and not for what some parish council survey–often a few people with gripes–say or what personnel board members think about them.
The greatest damage caused by terms of office is the instability it has caused in the life of a priest. Most priests are not missionaries. Their parish becomes their family. It provides the man with mothers, fathers, brothers and sisters, and in time, if he stays long enough, he bonds with many spiritual children. A long-term relationship with a parish provides him with love and belongingness. The constant moving or fear of being moved has caused the priest to be more isolated and insecure than ever.
Read Part 2 of "The Real Reason for the Vocation Crisis" here.
Related Ignatius Press titles on the priesthood:


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