Thinking really long term, what would it be like if all matter, including life, could be designed and built to specification with nanotechnology and synthetic biology? Form factor could become ephemeral and purpose-driven. An intelligence could embody as a human, as a fleet of starships, as a crane, as a school of nanoparticles, or remain digital.
Some interesting issues could come up, say from having multiple persistent copies of one intelligence. What would the social, legal, economic etiquette and governing laws be? Or would these words even make sense anymore? The notion of the distinct individual may become obsolete.
Transhumanism will be an interesting and certainly divisive step, when groups or all humans have radically enhanced capabilities as compared with today. Posthumanism, the moment of speciation, may be quite a shock.
What about utility functions? In a digital format, traditional biological functions make a lot less sense. And what about emotion? Is there a relevant adaptation for the digital substrate or is emotion just another biology-based information system?
What is intelligence and is it reflected differently in a digital medium without the sensory input context of the physical world? Maybe intelligence is nothing more than manipulating patterns of information.
Finally, what are the ultimate possibilities for life and technology once joined? What if any would the activity be? Would the focus be on aesthetics? Analytics?
The most pressing issue in Synthetic Biology is building the groundwork to eventually advance to large-scale commercialization. How can the field's growth from fringe to core be accelerated? A strategic plan for the Synthetic Biology ecosystem addressing academic, commercial, geopolitical and policy issues would help.
Academically, how many new bioengineering departments per year could be added? Open source course materials are available. Undergraduate and graduate bioengineering program templates including financing guidance, an industry association, faculty databases and implementation mechanisms are needed. Current academic conferences and journals could be expanded to reflect industry growth. There could be regional hands-on workshops for different levels of trained professionals and interested high-school students, similar to Math Jamborees.
Regarding enabling tools, there is a need for research and development, access ease, standardization and scale-up. Existing tools such as the PartsRegistry, OpenWetWare and Gingko Bioworks need to be taken to the next level. Academic and corporate research programs and incubators could develop a strategic roadmap for tools. An IEEE committee could be devoted to Synthetic Biology.
Commercially, there could be specific programs to involve the financing community. Venture Capital-backed SynBio Incubators could be initiated with conferences, programs, technology transfer and onsite startup incubation. Non-academic conferences, marketing and outreach programs, contests, prizes and X Prize grand challenge competitions could reside at incubators.
Safety protocols for practitioners and public discourse is a critical area for the success of Synthetic Biology. Asilomar and the Geneva Conventions could be helpful analogs for policy development.
A tremendous resource would be an open gene database of all of the genes present in eukaryotic, archaeal and bacterial life. There are several open genomic databases now but the information is organized around genomes and organisms rather than specific genes and gene function.
A gene database of all life is in the same vein as E.O. Wilson's Encyclopedia of Life, but at the next level of detail. The Encyclopedia of Life hopes to provide a webpage with scientific information for every known species on Earth. The gene database would provide a webpage and scientific details for each gene present in life and include other information such as a cross reference to all of the different species in which the gene is expressed.
The foundations and perhaps the vision and obviousness of a gene database of all life exist but not its targeted pursuit as a funded research priority. Existing genomics databases such as the U.S. NCBI's Entrez Genome Project database could be extended and merged into one database that is more explicitly searchable by gene function, possibly joining forces with the PartsRegistry from synthetic biology which provides a homepage, datasheet and genomic sequence by gene or biological function.
An interesting project would be the unification of the Encyclopedia of Life, genomics-by-organism databases and parts registry-by-gene databases together with the aggressive pursuit of cataloguing and sequencing newly discovered organisms and genes. A gene encyclopedia could rapidly extend human knowledge and facilitate the era of personalized medicine as these novel genes could have extensive application in human therapies and pharmaceuticals, energy, climate management, agriculture and other areas.
Tremendous novelty and diversity remains unstudied with species (E.O. Wilson), with organisms in the sea (Craig Venter), and with extremophile life in caves (Penny Boston); 70-90% novel organisms, most of which have not had any gene identification and sequencing, functional assessment and cataloging.
A data resource like a gene encyclopedia could also uplevel the research focus to analytics. It will be interesting to see if an era of fully fungible genes across life arises, how easy it is to transplant function and how function expresses differently in different life forms.
Social construction and economic design like that in Dubai/the UAE is particularly interesting in two ways: what it suggests for the future of technology on Earth and in the context of designing space-based societies such as on the Moon, Mars, asteroids and orbiting satellites.
On Earth, as technological advances are accelerating and emerging in more areas, early adopter societies, particularly less democratic ones, could mandate technology implementation and move ahead quickly. Imagine that Singapore for example, has a big push into molecular nanotechnology and develops diamond mechanosynthesis or requires adoption of life extension technologies, generating a citizenry suddenly much healthier and more productive with longer life spans, perhaps increasing GDP by one or more orders of magnitude. There will likely be a variety of worldwide responses and uptake patterns to futuretech as it emerges, possibly creating a far greater range of human diversity than currently exists. Genetically-modified food, human genomic testing and stem cell research are contemporary examples of diverse national responses to newtech.
Constructed rather than organically grown Earth-based societies are a good template for a potential Moon base and other space-based communities; societies like the Antarctic science outposts and managed economies such as Dubai and the UAE. There could certainly be any variety of non-Earth-based societies with differing levels of political and social restrictions and freedoms. Especially in the early days, stricter regimes are more likely to prevail for survival, safety and cohesion reasons.


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On this We The Podcast, we sit down with Lina Khan (Open Markets Institute) and Stacy Mitchell (Institute for Local Self-Reliance) on the monopolistic rise of the Amazon corporation and what it means for workers, small business and local power.
This week, Keith revisits the topic of franchising, with former guest Megan Edwards, who joined with other franchisees to successfully sue Curves Gym for unfair treatment of franchisees.
Keri Leigh Merritt is the author of Masterless Men: Poor Whites and Slavery in the Antebellum South. Keith and Keri Leigh Merritt discuss the link between economic hardship and the spread of racism throughout American history.
Barry Lynn is the head of the Open Markets Institute, a think tank that examines the problem of corporate consolidation, market concentration, and monopoly power. These issues make it hard for workers to find jobs, take power away from working people, and make it hard for small businesses to break into the market. This week, Keith and Barry explore monopoly power, and why it matters to you - yes, you!
On this special Labor Day episode of We The Podcast, Keith interviews Lee Saunders, President of AFSCME, about the history and future of labor rights in America.
George Lakoff is a professor of cognitive linguistics and philosophy at the University of California at Berkeley.
Now, you might be asking yourself, "what does cognitive science, linguistic science, and phenomenology have to do with working families and the economy?" Well, as it turns out, quite a bit. Professor Lakoff studies the way that human beings think about ideas, including politics, and the way that the things we hear and say affect the things we believe.
When talking about our economy, nightly newscasts only seem to report on the stock market and the unemployment rate. But that doesn't tell us much about how millions of Americans are getting by. From prison phone rates to the high cost of diapers, Congressman Keith Ellison looks at how the people outside of the billionaire and millionaire class (you know, most of us) engage the economy.


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When we talk about the future it's usually more about some distant fantasy world rather than the place we live in. But sometimes a tiny fraction of this future vision gets through and takes a place in the present. We have all heard about the many attempts to digitize our world and create autonomous analytic engines that can manage themselves, but this still lies in the field of fiction. Or does it? Today, we have the honor of meeting with Toby Simpson, CTO and Co-founder of the "decentralized digital world" called Fetch AI. With the power of blockchain technology, the Fetch team is going to create a global infrastructure for data gathering, recognition, and analytical features that can drastically change the world we leave in. How so? Let's find out together. Our conversation had lasted for quite a while, so we have split this interview into two parts, with first being more about business and second about the technical aspects of the project.
Hello, Mr. Simpson. We're excited to have this opportunity to discuss your project. First, could you tell us a bit about yourself? By the way, we're big video game fans as well. Do you have some personal favorites? Did building the video game "Creatures" in the 90s help you gain experience in terms of project development and community relationships?
Hello! It's great to be here with you guys. I've been building computer games since I first got my hands on a computer in the 80s, but just got involved commercially in the early 90s on the Amiga. My first game, Global Effect, was a great example of over-complexity in software. I developed it from the top down and it ended up being nearly a hundred thousand lines of the 68000 assembly language. I pretty much fell into "luck and good fortune" department after around 40,000 lines. It was, to say the very least, tough to debug and we were all relieved to squash enough of the bugs to release the game. As I journeyed through the 90s, I learned a more bottom-up, agent-based approach to software design that allowed for complex emergent behavior from large populations of simple things. It was incredibly exciting to see such complexity just happen without rules for it. As my games became richer with more features and gameplay, they actually got smaller and smaller in code.
This approach was shown best in Creatures, which I produced and directed from 1996 until Creatures 3 a few years later. In Creatures, a large population of biologically inspired small, simple things (such as reactions, chemical emitters, receptors, and neuron dynamics) combined to produce a digital organism that could learn how to live in its environment by itself. That was very, very cool, and also the start of watching the Internet enable the growth of communities around a project. With Creatures, we had it all: poetry, stories, artwork, fan sites, genetic editors, new objects, new creatures, and so much more. It was amazing and a huge privilege to be involved with such a project.
To answer the question about my favorites: I have many, so I'll limit my list to three. I loved the original Elite in the 80s; so much from so little, an incredible achievement. Then there's Bubble Bobble. Let's face it, the world would be a poorer place without Bubble Bobble. But from a pure value for money and raw enjoyment perspective, the original Command and Conquer, played in multiplayer using a local network or over modems (yeah, I'm that old), was an absolute winner. Many happy evenings trying to figure out if there was a guaranteed winning strategy (my friends and I never found it)!
Could we ask you to introduce the Fetch team to us? Even with a brief overlook it seems like your team is heavily oriented towards mаchine-learning, while only a few people deal with marketing. Is this a policy of yours? Could you also unravel the mystery regarding the start of the project? Why did you decide to call it "Fetch"? This word seems to have a lot of meanings and we'd love to get some clarity on the matter.
The founders, Thomas, Humayun, and I, have been fortunate enough to assemble such a fantastic (and rapidly growing) team. We have incredible machine-learning and blockchain guys like Troels and Jon, great commercial direction by Arthur, our community management is by Josh, and our cryptically titled "Chief Amazement Officer", Catherine, we could not be better positioned to deliver Fetch. You're right in noting that we have a lot of machine-learning and software engineers, but that's key to getting the technology right. We're hiring more community management, developer support, and commercial partnership management as the project matures and heads towards a public release.
As for the mystery of the start of the project: a touch of mystery is a good thing! But this question is not so mysterious after all: the other co-founders and I have been talking on and off for many years (over a decade now for me and Humayun) trying to figure out how to create a new kind of economy: one that is fairer, enables complexity to emerge from simplicity, and one where everything was in play and everything was able to make its own decisions, be it from digital or human representatives. This would be a unique combination of AI, ML, virtual worlds, agent-based systems, and more, but it took us a while to figure out how to make it scale. We'd need tens or hundreds of billions of digital entities (our Autonomous Economic Agents) and conventional client/server technology, no matter how groovy it was, just can't deliver that sort of scalability. Decentralized ledger technology put us on the road to finally come up with a solution. Our amazing team worked through 2017 and this year to make Fetch a reality.
As for why it's called Fetch? Well, there are many reasons. The main one is pushed by the idea of agents working tirelessly to gather (or fetch) the parts of a puzzle in order to offer solutions to life's problems. Plus, Fetch does stand for something: Framework for Economic Transaction and Communication Hierarchies.
It seems that there are some connections with DeepMind. Also, a lot of the team members mention this as well. Could you tell us a little more about DeepMind? What is their role in your project? Are they official partners of Fetch?
Our CEO, Humayun, was one of the original investors in DeepMind, and I was there from the very beginning to examine how nature can influence the journey towards machine intelligence. It was a wonderful experience to be working with so many of the greatest minds in AI. Their achievements in the field speak for themselves: they continue to build so many incredible technologies. There is no on-going relationship, though. Fetch and DeepMind are two different organizations with different objectives. I follow what they are doing out of keen interest — they are at the very forefront of AI and machine learning, and I believe that what they are doing will benefit us all.
It seems that your concept of the Fetch ecosystem seems to be very grand. Actually, it seems so grand that it's kind of hard to imagine the overall mechanics of the system as opposed to its separate elements. It seems as though a lot of people think this as well. So, could you explain how Fetch works?
We have moments when the grandness of it does make us kick ourselves to make sure we're not dreaming, but yes, to be able to create a world of such magnitude, populate it with so many things, and enable all that by converging the latest ideas in AI, machine-learning, and decentralized ledgers is an incredible opportunity. I guess we have to remind ourselves that even though it's huge, it is made of many smaller things: the nodes, the agents, the individual components of each, and so forth, and that these allow for the complexity, the grey areas between black and white, to emerge without having to be specified. It is this that lets us represent data, services, infrastructure, IoT devices, people, and more in a world that constantly adapts itself in real time to suit each observer. I refer to it as the world in which the things in the economy of things live: the ultimate dating agency for value providers. No matter what you need or what you have, Fetch will tailor a view into its world just for you.
Now, all of us know about recent the Facebook scandal revolving around them selling private information. From this perspective it looks like the people are not that eager to willingly share most of their information with anyone. On the other hand, you promote the idea of monetizing this type of data. Is this what regular people look for? If not, then how could you preserve the integrity of the data? And if the answer is "yes," then is there a mechanism to check if the received data is biased or not? Also, with the growth of the importance of singular data, agents will diminish, meaning a decrease of contributions, is it right? So would there be other means of rewarding users other than for the information they provide?
I must confess, I do wish people cared more about their privacy and security and when these things happen, it is a reminder of what we can lose. The decentralized space generally does help: it puts more control over your stuff with you. And technologies such as verifiable claims, multi-party computation, homomorphic encryption, and more allow for the data you value to remain secure whilst still having useful work done with just what is required of it. With your information, we're not monetizing anything that the user does not wish to monetize: we're bringing your sensors to life and allowing them to monetize themselves. Do you care that the weather information you have is sold as you walk down the street? Or that your current activity allows someone else to plan their day? If it is not personally identifiable, then this is a wonderful way of getting value from things whose value would otherwise simply go to waste. We're surrounded in underutilized assets, and for them to be exploited by you rather than sucked off your device by centralized entities feels like a much fairer way of conducting business, particularly when you are in complete control over what happens.
Fetch is ultimately about solving complex problems with large numbers of moving parts by bringing these parts to life, letting them deliver their value and structuring a world to make that possible. This is stuff that's terribly hard to solve from the top-down by any form of centralized control because it changes so fast and every second counts: each moment spent deciding on a course of action through a hierarchical centralised control structure reduces response times, flexibility and strips out opportunities to get things done.
While you're using a revolutionary approach to gather data and analysis, it's still too early to write off conventional companies. Some cartography-based applications allow the community to share their information about road incidents and their GPS data as well, so there is a lot of data that they get to sell or analyze. How would a decentralized approach rival the established players?
Agreed, it is revolutionary, but change is rarely instantaneous, nor should it be. Traditional examples of such applications provide more up-to-date information, and that reduces frustration and gives us, as the users of these systems, options. Fetch turns this inside out: each of the individual parts is its own entity, in charge and control over its own destiny and able to deploy its value as and when it wishes to. It happens to exist in a space that almost magically adapts itself to help that deployment and collectively, this allows that information to be pushed to you rather than pulled by you. Instead of relying on one centralized entity or a few different apps or websites, you can have all the information in one place, one decentralized world, owned by its parts and delivered to you – on demand – when it is needed. This changes the role of intermediaries as they no longer act as sole connectors of those that want with those that have, as the connections are delivered by the network to any and all in a decentralized world. We believe that this democratizes learning and intelligence, as well as the data it is drawn from – providing access to trust, market information, and solutions to problems that would have been challenging and expensive before.
While it's trendy to discuss all things spiritual nowadays, it's still good old consumerism that rules the game. And what better way is there to analyze people's behaviors than by analyzing their purchases? Usually, this data goes right to the hands of the banks and payment services, but do you also have a way to gain access to it? Is it legally and technically possible, or is this not worth the effort?
This is an interesting question, especially in today's curious mix of GDPR (General Data Protection Regulation) and the monetization of users' activities and data. It's an old and tired phrase, but it's accurate: if you're not paying for the product, then you are the product. Fetch is not a database. It does not store personal information or the specifics of what you did and when. It stores the data of that and combines it with everyone else's in order to better place value providers with those who want, or may want, that value.
We're trying to bring the world's bits and pieces to life, providing them with a world that allows them to interact effectively with our world. They can then work together to collectively solve problems, and the Fetch network ensures that those who are together should be together. This is a different type of connection; it doesn't analyze people's behaviors as an individual personal preference. Instead, it looks at the likelihood that given a certain set of circumstances (I want this, at this time, in this place) what choices should probably be presented. The user can release certain information as a one-shot release ("I am over 18," "I hate coffee," or "I prefer to fly British Airways" – but not if they leak my credit card information) to their representative agent to refine results, but they are in control over this and representative agents can be duplicated, cloned, or created on demand to obfuscate or prevent the ability of other network agents to assign actions to an individual.
We believe that users have a right to privacy. By turning all of the components into value creators, there is no longer the need to monetize an individual: the world isn't free anymore, it is just very low cost and friction free. If there was a trivially easy way of popping 1 cent in a website's jar without having to register, set up an account, give away email addresses, or other personal information, would you do it? Quite possibly. I know I would for a bunch of the websites I visit regularly, particularly if that meant I no longer needed to see irritating, resource-sucking, privacy-invading advertisements all the time. Fetch, as well as other decentralized technologies, introduce such possibilities, and that is an exciting new model where content creators are rewarded in a different way.
It's true that everyone has to start somewhere, and in your case, starting out seemed particularly difficult. Because you need new users, you can only get them by having users on the platform in the first place, so this turns into a "chicken or the egg" situation where new users don't come because there are not enough users there already. Do you have some means of overcoming this phenomenon? Do you have some special projects prepared for the industries that you want to start with?
You're right to raise the chicken and egg point. We refer to it as the "grand bootstrapping issue:" if you create a network that can do everything, how does anyone know where to start? And how do you reach critical mass so that useful work can be achieved? These are big questions and ones that we have invested a lot of time into working on. For these reasons, we're focusing on some key initial application areas for Fetch: transport and mobility, energy, supply-chain optimization, hospitality and healthcare. These are all areas that have problems featuring large numbers of moving parts that could be improved if those parts were brought to life and given the autonomy to make decisions without the input from centralized entities. With a powerful prediction economy refining who talked to who and when, these problems can be solved in a more personal, tailored way. To help in these areas, we're working with key commercial and academic partners to get things rolling, and on top of the partnerships that we've already announced, we have a whole host of others coming in the next few months.
We're also ramping up our meet-ups and our developer and community engagement efforts. We've recently had meetups in London, Berlin, Amsterdam, Toronto and Chicago and have many more planned. Fetch is an incredibly exciting project and we can't even begin to imagine what people will build with it. Supporting those that are going to start pushing the boundaries is very important. We're also making it super easy to get involved: that dumb sensor you have? Why not turn it into a Fetch AEA and make something from it. All those sensors on your mobile device? Why not turn them into Fetch AEAs and make something from those, too?
Sorry for all the skepticism, it's just really interesting to hear your opinion on all the hardships you may face. In fact, we're fascinated by this grand undertaking of yours. But instead of more of our praises, lets get closer into points that piqued our interest. Could your tell us more about the Fetch network and it's ledger? Is it open source? It seems to be innovative and lots of projects may want to incorporate themselves with it. Do you have any plans to make it a framework for other projects to build on and create a network out of them?
Fetch is indeed open source. Anyone is free to download the code, compile it themselves (or not!), and run a node. Likewise, anyone is free to get started developing autonomous economic agents (AEAs), useful proof-of-work programs, and much more. There are many ways in which other projects can integrate with or connect to Fetch: via data sources to useful proof-of-work programs, through AEAs, and more. We encourage and support all such efforts.
So the AEAs (autonomous economic agents) were mentioned a lot, but exactly how do they interact with the platform? Is there some specially designated software prepared? What devices is it compatible with?
Fetch can be thought of as the world in which the "things" in the "economy of things" live. It's an economic Internet, a world that digital entities can go, explore and exist. If you have a thing, be it a piece of hardware, some data, a service, a person, or some infrastructure, then you can turn it into an AEA and release it into the Fetch world for it to find things it wants or sell whatever value it has. The Fetch world will take care of connecting agents together to reduce the friction of getting useful work done.
Making an AEA is deliberately made easy. We will provide documentation and several examples in a variety of computer languages, including C++. It's also possible to create drag-and-drop AEAs using our mobile app and we expect others will create systems like this, too. AEA code is light: while you can have highly advanced AEAs packing a great deal of AI, you don't have to. Simple data representative agents can be short, sweet, and resource light: this makes the ability to turn something into an AEA or create one from scratch very easy and possible on a very broad range of computing devices.
We think that a useful proof of work could become your strongest selling point. Just the concept of using all of this electricity and hardware for useful deeds is simple, yet still untouched. But when distributing such tasks between multiple calculation sources, there should be some algorithm present that could manage all of this in real time. Do you have one? Is it an autonomous system or should it be handled by specific personnel to look after it? What about the computational power output? Are there enough tasks for it to handle?
That's a lot of questions in one! First, yes. The concept itself is a strong selling point. The idea that the computing power of the overall network can be harnessed to deliver useful work to the network and its users is a transformational concept, especially with Fetch, where we really do need that power to be used effectively. Without it, we couldn't optimize network performance or deliver trust information or the predictions and other knowledge from data that allows us to create a real-time digital world that adjusts itself to be perfect for each inhabitant.
The real bonus point is that anyone can create algorithms on the Fetch ledger and have them used by other people in order to reach a consensus on the network. This is a cool idea – if you wrote a "dinosaur recognizer" that could take a PNG or JPG images and return the likelihood that it contained a dinosaur, then you could submit that to the Fetch ledger. The smart contract and the interface functions would be on the ledger and the data and algorithms would be on the DAG where we can afford to trim them at a later date (or replace with better ones). You, as the author, would earn value each time it was used, as would the nodes that executed the code as part of the consensus. Then, if someone came up with an alternative one that was 10% better at recognising dinosaurs, then there is a mechanism for allowing that one to supersede.
But that's just the start of it – you can submit problems without solutions, allowing other users of the network to then submit answers that perform the jobs you require. Given that our custom VM allows for various data connections (on other protocols, data sources, etc.), it is also possible to connect many of these together to form a "swarm" intelligence at a useful proof-of-work level.
Of course, you also have to remember that on top of this vast decentralized programmable AL/ML machine, you have the individual agents, of which there may be hundreds of billions. These together exist in a space that is trying to connect them in real-time in the most effective way possible. Imagine the combined intelligence they could develop given the right circumstances? I recall Creatures where we had a thousand or so neurons and a few hundred reactions and other biological components. Here we are, at the start of Fetch, imagining being able to support so many billions. It's almost unimaginable. I can't wait!
It's also smart of you to use percentage-based trust information in your network. Turning transaction lag into nothing might solve one of the biggest blockchain issues to date. What models are being used for this estimation? How much data is needed for it to learn? Could there be any scaling errors or other issues?
Trust information is indeed vital. Being able to make a snap decision on how likely a bunch of transactions are to make it to the global state before they do speeds things up enormously. When agents are working with potentially hundreds of other agents to solve complex problems, the difference is between hours and seconds. All of this adds up to creating a new kind of economy where billions of digital entities can work tirelessly to transform, process, receive and deliver information that allows complex problems to be solved almost magically for those that have them.
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1.Heat quinoa and rice as label directs; cool slightly.
2.In large bowl, toss quinoa, 50/50 mix, oranges, apple, onion, chickpeas, walnuts, sunflower seeds and vinaigrette. Serve salad topped with sliced eggs.
fragrant and lightly browned, stirring frequently. Transfer walnuts to plate to cool completely.
> Add a lean protein such as grilled chicken or shrimp to the salad for a complete meal.


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Evidence of a Syndemic Among Young Canadian Gay and Bisexual Men: Uncovering the Associations Between Anti-gay Experiences, Psychosocial Issues, and HIV Risk
Syndemic has become an important theoretical model toward understanding how psychosocial issues may interact to increase HIV acquisition among gay and bisexual men. We measured the extent to which anti-gay experiences are associated with psychosocial issues, which in turn were hypothesized to have an additive effect on HIV risk, in a sample of Canadian young gay and bisexual men. Sixty-eight percent of men reported at least one form of anti-gay experience. For each additional form of antigay experience, our data demonstrated increased likelihood of psychosocial issues. Psychosocial issues had an additive effect, increasing the risk of unprotected intercourse in the last 12 months (doubling the risk for those with 3? issues OR 1.95 [1.39–2.75]). Overall, our findings suggest that a syndemic is occurring among young Canadian gay and bisexual men, highlighting the need to expand HIV prevention efforts beyond sexual risk, to address stigma and gay men's broader health concerns.
We measured the extent to which anti-gay experiences are associated with psychosocial issues, which in turn were hypothesized to have an additive effect on HIV risk, in a sample of Canadian young gay and bisexual men. Sixty-eight percent of men reported at least one form of anti-gay experience. For each additional form of antigay experience, our data demonstrated increased likelihood of psychosocial issues. Psychosocial issues had an additive effect, increasing the risk of unprotected intercourse in the last 12 months (doubling the risk for those with 3? issues OR 1.95 [1.39–2.75]). Overall, our findings suggest that a syndemic is occurring among young Canadian gay and bisexual men, highlighting the need to expand HIV prevention efforts beyond sexual risk, to address stigma and gay men's broader health concerns
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A view of monastery in Suzdal, one of the eight cities included in the tourist route of the Golden Ring.
Outgoing tourism during the upcoming May holidays, traditionally a popular time for Russians to holiday abroad, has dropped by 25 percent compared with last year, while tourism within the country has increased by 15 percent, the Kommersant newspaper reported Tuesday, citing Russia's Association of Tour Operators.
"Many clients cannot now afford a summer vacation and to travel during the May holidays," the association's executive director Maya Lomidze was cited by the paper as saying.
The period from April 30 to May 11 is a popular time for Russians to travel abroad because there are several bank holidays in that period which celebrate Labor Day and the end of World War II.
The drop of 25 percent was significantly less than analysts had predicted, Kommersant reported, saying international tourism among Russians had been expected to fall by about 50 percent as a result of tumbling oil prices and the ruble's devaluation.
Fewer Russians can now afford to go to Europe and Southeast Asia, opting instead for cheaper, all-inclusive package deals to Egypt and Turkey.
Among domestic holiday destinations, the Krasnodar region in southern Russia leads the way, accounting for 60 percent of all sales, Lomidze was cited as saying, followed by trips around the Golden Ring — a set of ancient cities northeast of Moscow — and to spa resorts in the Caucasus town of Mineralnye Vody.
Sales of airplane tickets to foreign destinations during the May holidays have slumped by 20 percent year-on-year, while domestic flight ticket sales have grown by 15 percent, Kommersant cited Dmitry Gorin, head of the VIP Service booking agency, as saying.
The average budget for a May holiday ranges from 12,000 rubles ($212) to 22,000 rubles ($390), up 15 percent on the previous year, Kommersant reported, citing Sergei Romashkin, head of the Delfin travel agency.


text:
namespace System.Data.Mapping.ViewGeneration.Structures
{
    using System.Collections.Generic;
    using System.Data.Common.CommandTrees;
    using System.Data.Common.CommandTrees.ExpressionBuilder;
    using System.Data.Common.Utils;
    using System.Data.Mapping.ViewGeneration.CqlGeneration;
    using System.Data.Metadata.Edm;
    using System.Diagnostics;
    using System.Text;

    /// <summary>
    /// This class denotes a constant that can be stored in multiconstants or projected in fields.
    /// </summary>
    internal abstract class Constant : InternalBase
    {
        #region Fields
        internal static readonly IEqualityComparer<Constant> EqualityComparer = new CellConstantComparer();
        internal static readonly Constant Null = NullConstant.Instance;
        internal static readonly Constant NotNull = new NegatedConstant( new Constant[] { NullConstant.Instance });
        internal static readonly Constant Undefined = UndefinedConstant.Instance;
        /// <summary>
        /// Represents scalar constants within a finite set that are not specified explicitly in the domain.
        /// Currently only used as a Sentinel node to prevent expression optimization
        /// </summary>
        internal static readonly Constant AllOtherConstants = AllOtherConstantsConstant.Instance;
        #endregion

        #region Methods
        internal abstract bool IsNull();

        internal abstract bool IsNotNull();

        internal abstract bool IsUndefined();

        /// <summary>
        /// Returns true if this constant contains not null.
        /// Implemented in <see cref="NegatedConstant"/> class, all other implementations return false.
        /// </summary>
        internal abstract bool HasNotNull();

        /// <summary>
        /// Generates eSQL for the constant expression.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="outputMember">The member to which this constant is directed</param>
        internal abstract StringBuilder AsEsql(StringBuilder builder, MemberPath outputMember, string blockAlias);

        /// <summary>
        /// Generates CQT for the constant expression.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="row">The input row.</param>
        /// <param name="outputMember">The member to which this constant is directed</param>
        internal abstract DbExpression AsCqt(DbExpression row, MemberPath outputMember);

        public override bool Equals(object obj)
        {
            Constant cellConst = obj as Constant;
            if (cellConst == null)
            {
                return false;
            }
            else
            {
                return IsEqualTo(cellConst);
            }
        }

        public override int GetHashCode()
        {
            return base.GetHashCode();
        }

        protected abstract bool IsEqualTo(Constant right);

        internal abstract string ToUserString();

        [System.Diagnostics.CodeAnalysis.SuppressMessage("Microsoft.Performance", "CA1811:AvoidUncalledPrivateCode")]
        internal static void ConstantsToUserString(StringBuilder builder, Set<Constant> constants)
        {
            bool isFirst = true;
            foreach (Constant constant in constants)
            {
                if (isFirst == false)
                {
                    builder.Append(System.Data.Entity.Strings.ViewGen_CommaBlank);
                }
                isFirst = false;
                string constrStr = constant.ToUserString();
                builder.Append(constrStr);
            }
        }
        #endregion

        #region Comparer class
        private class CellConstantComparer : IEqualityComparer<Constant>
        {
            public bool Equals(Constant left, Constant right)
            {
                // Quick check with references
                if (object.ReferenceEquals(left, right))
                {
                    // Gets the Null and Undefined case as well
                    return true;
                }
                // One of them is non-null at least. So if the other one is
                // null, we cannot be equal
                if (left == null || right == null)
                {
                    return false;
                }
                // Both are non-null at this point
                return left.IsEqualTo(right);
            }

            public int GetHashCode(Constant key)
            {
                EntityUtil.CheckArgumentNull(key, "key");
                return key.GetHashCode();
            }
        }
        #endregion

        #region Special constant classes (NullConstant, UndefinedConstant, AllOtherConstants)
        private sealed class NullConstant : Constant
        {
            internal static readonly Constant Instance = new NullConstant();

            private NullConstant() { }

            #region Methods
            internal override bool IsNull()
            {
                return true;
            }

            internal override bool IsNotNull()
            {
                return false;
            }

            internal override bool IsUndefined()
            {
                return false;
            }

            internal override bool HasNotNull()
            {
                return false;
            }

            internal override StringBuilder AsEsql(StringBuilder builder, MemberPath outputMember, string blockAlias)
            {
                Debug.Assert(outputMember.LeafEdmMember != null, "Constant can't correspond to an empty member path.");
                EdmType constType = Helper.GetModelTypeUsage(outputMember.LeafEdmMember).EdmType;

                builder.Append("CAST(NULL AS ");
                CqlWriter.AppendEscapedTypeName(builder, constType);
                builder.Append(')');
                return builder;
            }

            internal override DbExpression AsCqt(DbExpression row, MemberPath outputMember)
            {
                Debug.Assert(outputMember.LeafEdmMember != null, "Constant can't correspond to an empty path.");
                EdmType constType = Helper.GetModelTypeUsage(outputMember.LeafEdmMember).EdmType;

                return TypeUsage.Create(constType).Null();
            }

            public override int GetHashCode()
            {
                return 0;
            }

            protected override bool IsEqualTo(Constant right)
            {
                Debug.Assert(Object.ReferenceEquals(this, Instance), "this must be == Instance for NullConstant");
                return Object.ReferenceEquals(this, right);
            }

            internal override string ToUserString()
            {
                return System.Data.Entity.Strings.ViewGen_Null;
            }

            internal override void ToCompactString(StringBuilder builder)
            {
                builder.Append("NULL");
            }
            #endregion
        }
        private sealed class UndefinedConstant : Constant
        {
            internal static readonly Constant Instance = new UndefinedConstant();

            private UndefinedConstant() { }

            #region Methods
            internal override bool IsNull()
            {
                return false;
            }

            internal override bool IsNotNull()
            {
                return false;
            }

            internal override bool IsUndefined()
            {
                return true;
            }

            internal override bool HasNotNull()
            {
                return false;
            }

            /// <summary>
            /// Not supported in this class.
            /// </summary>
            internal override StringBuilder AsEsql(StringBuilder builder, MemberPath outputMember, string blockAlias)
            {
                Debug.Fail("Should not be called.");
                return null; // To keep the compiler happy
            }

            /// <summary>
            /// Not supported in this class.
            /// </summary>
            internal override DbExpression AsCqt(DbExpression row, MemberPath outputMember)
            {
                Debug.Fail("Should not be called.");
                return null; // To keep the compiler happy
            }

            public override int GetHashCode()
            {
                return 0;
            }

            protected override bool IsEqualTo(Constant right)
            {
                Debug.Assert(Object.ReferenceEquals(this, Instance), "this must be == Instance for NullConstant");
                return Object.ReferenceEquals(this, right);
            }

            /// <summary>
            /// Not supported in this class.
            /// </summary>
            internal override string ToUserString()
            {
                Debug.Fail("We should not emit a message about Undefined constants to the user.");
                return null;
            }

            internal override void ToCompactString(StringBuilder builder)
            {
                builder.Append("?");
            }
            #endregion
        }
        private sealed class AllOtherConstantsConstant : Constant
        {
            internal static readonly Constant Instance = new AllOtherConstantsConstant();

            private AllOtherConstantsConstant() { }

            #region Methods
            internal override bool IsNull()
            {
                return false;
            }

            internal override bool IsNotNull()
            {
                return false;
            }

            internal override bool IsUndefined()
            {
                return false;
            }

            internal override bool HasNotNull()
            {
                return false;
            }

            /// <summary>
            /// Not supported in this class.
            /// </summary>
            internal override StringBuilder AsEsql(StringBuilder builder, MemberPath outputMember, string blockAlias)
            {
                Debug.Fail("Should not be called.");
                return null; // To keep the compiler happy
            }

            /// <summary>
            /// Not supported in this class.
            /// </summary>
            internal override DbExpression AsCqt(DbExpression row, MemberPath outputMember)
            {
                Debug.Fail("Should not be called.");
                return null; // To keep the compiler happy
            }

            public override int GetHashCode()
            {
                return 0;
            }

            protected override bool IsEqualTo(Constant right)
            {
                Debug.Assert(Object.ReferenceEquals(this, Instance), "this must be == Instance for NullConstant");
                return Object.ReferenceEquals(this, right);
            }

            /// <summary>
            /// Not supported in this class.
            /// </summary>
            internal override string ToUserString()
            {
                Debug.Fail("We should not emit a message about Undefined constants to the user.");
                return null;
            }

            internal override void ToCompactString(StringBuilder builder)
            {
                builder.Append("AllOtherConstants");
            }
            #endregion
        }
        #endregion
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


News that Jaguar Land Rover is moving its Castle Bromwich workers to a three-day working week until Christmas isn't a surprise, sadly.
A JLR spokesperson said that "in light of the continuing headwinds impacting the car industry, we are making some temporary adjustments. We are however continuing to over-proportionally invest in new products and technologies, and are committed to our UK plants".
JLR said the decision was "temporary" and came after a "regular review of production schedules to ensure market demand is balanced globally".
It's thought that JLR isn't currently considering similar moves at any of its other UK factories.
There were extended shut downs earlier in the year at JLR plants and 1,000 agency staff were laid off at Solihull.
JLR has been hit by a double whammy of Brexit uncertainty, which has impacted on economic growth and confidence and dragged the car market down, combined with a huge shift away from diesels.
The latter has especially impacted on JLR given that last year over 90 per cent of its UK sales were diesel.
No deal "bad for JLR"
Car drivers are holding off buying diesels, worried the Government is planning to discourage diesel cars through higher taxes, with city councils looking at clean air zones and congestion charges for older diesels in particular so as to improve air quality.
Add in the model mix at Castle Bromwich and you can see how the plant is exposed: despite all being great cars, the XE, XF and XJ are all 'traditional' saloons that aren't doing as well as the firm's crossovers and SUVs, given shifting market tastes.
That leaves them vulnerable to any downturn.
The firm cut production of Land Rovers at its Halewood plant on Merseyside earlier this year and recently said that it will - as expected - shift production of its Discovery model to its plant in Slovakia.
The latter move in turn leaves spare capacity available at Solihull.
I had expected by now to hear what models - including electric vehicles - will be made there in the wake of the Discovery shift but no such announcement has yet been made.
That reflects ongoing uncertainty for the firm, including over Brexit. Nor have we heard what new models will go into Castle Bromwich or whether a mooted battery production facility will go ahead in the region.
The fear is that investment in production in the UK is stalling at the firm.
But, as chief executive Ralf Speth noted to the Financial Times earlier this year: "At the end of the day, we're in a cycle plan that means I have to make a decision. I can't just wait, wait, wait, wait."
And he has warned that "we built up this company over eight years. All that will be undone. It can go down the river so quickly".
Going forward, I have fears for the Castle Bromwich plant in particular in the event of a 'hard Brexit'.
In the aftermath of the global financial crisis, JLR tried to close Castle Bromwich and only a major effort by management at the plant and unions kept it going by pulling out all the stops and working flexibility to get cost down.
But Castle Bromwich is a small plant by today's car industry standards and can't match the economies of scale in assembly seen at Halewood or Solihull or a massive new plant now up and running in Slovakia.
A hard Brexit would bring supply chain disruption, extra costs and tariffs - all of which will badly affect JLR.
Last week, Mr Speth talked of "ten of thousands" of job losses in the event of hard Brexit.
Castle Bromwich is especially vulnerable, I fear, in the event of production shifting post-Brexit to somewhere like Slovakia.
Mr Speth also said that "Brexit is due to happen on the March 29 next year… currently, I do not even know if any of our manufacturing facilities in the UK will be able to function on March 30".
A hard Brexit would be especially damaging for the firm, costing it up to £1.2 billion a year.
As he noted: "Bluntly, we will not be able to build cars if the motorway to and from Dover becomes a car park, where the vehicle carrying parts is stationary… unfettered access to the single market is as important a part to our business as wheels are to our cars."
Tory MP Bernard Jenkin accused him of "scaremongering" and "making it up". I disagree.
Mr Speth has been quite clear on the consequences of Brexit for JLR.
Let's be clear: a hard Brexit will mean considerable damage for the UK auto industry.
Output will fall, jobs will be lost and plants will close.
JLR's warnings are not 'project fear' as extreme Brexiters like Mr Jenkin claim but rather the voices of increasingly frustrated businesses calling on the Government to make the right call.
For the car industry, that means membership of the customs union and access to the single market, a point I have been making here at the Post for the last two years.
As it stands, the firm doesn't even know if it will be able to run its UK plants after Brexit.We're six months away and the clock is ticking.


text:
Gardone puede referirse a:

 Gardone Riviera, localidad de la provincia de Brescia, en Lombardía, Italia
 Gardone Val Trompia, localidad y comuna de la provincia de Brescia, región de Lombardía, Italia

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


If you wish to make money online, you are going to HAVE to get results in sales.
There is NO other way around it. You need to make sales, and get paid.
So the smart thing to do would be to find which step in the process you struggle with, and to fix it.
This is what you are selling. It is where we all begin. The best thing to do in this case, is not to find a new offer, but look at having a funnel or a process that people can go through when they view the offer.
There are several ways to get traffic, but where many go wrong is they get bad traffic. If you are getting clicks, but no leads, you are using bad traffic.
Check to see how many visitors it takes to get an opt-in or a lead. If you are seeing about 4 to 5 visitors for a lead, your traffic is good. If you see thousands or hundreds of clicks, but no leads, your traffic is useless. Change your plan.
Here is where you have someone who has shown interest in the offer. You need email campaigns and as many ways to reach the prospect as possible. Converting the leads is the only way to make money, so if your getting lots of leads, with no sales, you know to work on your converting and follow up.
The sale is made here. If you are making it to the step 3, and are seeing lots of leads, you know the work is in the conversion. If you are not even seeing many leads, then the work is in the traffic you get, advertising you do, or a weak funnel to your offer.
Conversions are the hardest part, but if you get lots of leads, have strong follow up and email campaigns, then you will have lots of practice to get it right.
Which Part Do You Find The Hardest?
Which Part Do You Feel You Do Best?
P.S The best way to know what traffic sources and strategies are working, is to use the "REAL TRACKER". It's a free tool, and earns you extra money using it as well. Try it out and take your business to a new level.


The wedding business is a great one to be in.
There are always newly engaged couples looking for the right vendors at the right time and place, and for the right budget.
Whether you're a photographer, an event planner, a dressmaker, a florist or a caterer, you can get tons of press for your business with just a few tactics.
And you're in for a treat, 'cause I'm gonna tell you exactly what those tactics are.
The trick to getting featured in the bridal mags and websites of your dreams is to remember what you already know: journalists, just like brides and grooms, want to SEE your business. They're on pinterest, instragram and wedding websites searching for something that inspires their own and their audiences' little pupils.
But there's one major difference: many editors and bloggers want stories about entire weddings, in which each aspect of that wedding (food, flowers, dress, venue, etc.) are all equally stunning with beautiful, high resolution images.
So first things first, make sure you're peas in a pod with other beautiful makers, and – if you're not a photographer – buddy-up with some great ones that you can refer your clients to, so you can maximize your chances of having pin- and magazine-worthy pictures.
#2 Research your heart out.
If they're not already, make Pinterest, Instagram, wedding websites, and wedding magazines your new guilty pleasures. Spend at least 30 minutes each week reading or browsing these sites to get know your competitors, your influencers and future peas (partner vendors).
Not only will this keep your rolodex updated with other vendors that could beautifully accompany your work, it'll give you perspective on what types of businesses and weddings get the most media coverage and what story angles or descriptions they use.
#3 Get approval if you need it.
Once you're reading blogs and magazines regularly, you'll start to notice which outlets prefer which types of stories and need what information.
Micro-wedding details (for instance '5 beautiful minimalist cake designs' or 'The funniest wedding invitations from 2017').
Stories of 'real' couples and their entire wedding in which every vendor is given credit where it is due.
For story #1, you can pitch detailed photos of your cake design, invitations, catering, flowers, or the entire event design without the need for photos of the couple.
But for story #2, you'll want photos that reflect the entire wedding and its vendors, including those of the couples. This is important to keep in mind when asking your couple if they are OK with sharing photographs of their wedding with blogs and magazines and/or making requests from photographers (or, for photographers, responding requests for photos).
Now – some blogs like to interview wedding couples or at the very least receive a description of the wedding or how they met. Other media outlets are fine with the description you provide them. Make sure you know what journalists might need before you pitch them so that you can have everything ready (including approval from the couple and/or other vendors as needed). This is SUPER IMPORTANT! You don't want to pitch a journalist, get approval for a story, and then take a week to get back to them. You also don't want to offer something to them that you don't have. That's a sure way to get on their bad side.
#4 Pitch bloggers and journalists.
Lucky for you, wedding blogs and magazines are always on the lookout for new stories. And once they know they can count on you for concise emails, great photos, timely responses, and touching stories (the whole package), they'll be rushing to open your emails every time.
It's important that you start off your press relationship on the right foot, so I've created a handy checklist and proven fill-in-the-blank pitch email template to help you create pitches that win.
It has the information you need to create pitches like a media pro, get on journalists' good side, and create lasting relationships with the press.
But the most important nugget of knowledge I can share with you is to help journalists do their job. It's crucial that your pitches come from a place of respect, admiration and helpfulness rather than self-interest. The last thing journalists want is a long email from someone who doesn't respect their time, hasn't read any of their work, and hasn't considered what kind of story would most interest that journalist.
Journalists are people (like us!) who want to get ahead in their careers. They have tight deadlines and a lot of writing to do, and they need people like you sending them stories they can use. So before you send any pitches, ask yourself – is my pitch going to help? Is my email coming from a place of fear (ie. desperation for coverage, fear of rejection) or love (sincerely wanting to help this journalist get a great story)?
Then download my free checklist and email template for pitches that win and follow my proven techniques to get press coverage wedding-after-wedding.


text:
MUST SEE VIDEO: Greene, Gaetz, Gohmert, And Gosar Release "Unusually Cruel" Report On DC Gitmo And Horrifying Treatment Of J6 Defendants
December 8, 2021 admin News 0
(TeaParty.org Exclusive) – US Representative Marjorie Taylor Greene (R-GA) and fellow GOP lawmakers, Reps. Matt Gaetz (R-FL), Louie Gohmert (R-TX) and Paul Gosar (R-AZ) held a news conference on Tuesday to bring light to the current cruelty taking place in DC Gitmo being experienced by Trump-supporting patriots who were present at the Capitol on Jan. 6.
The political prisoners are being held basically indefinitely. Some don't even have court dates. Conditions are cruel and unusual as was revealed by the lawmakers' report, titled, "Unusually Cruel."
Greene opened the event by pointing out the obvious and blatant hypocrisy and double standards of the justice department which has done virtually nothing about the over 500 violent and destructive Black Lives Matter and Antifa riots that took place throughout 2020 all across the US.
The riots resulted in over $2 billion in damages, over 700 police officers being injured, and many citizens killed.
In Minneapolis alone, where George Floyd was killed, BLM terrorists damaged or destroyed over 1,500 businesses and buildings.
Black Lives Matter, which was linked to 91% of the riots that caused the most property damage in US insurance history, has walked away from it all scot-free. Meanwhile, freedom-loving patriots who did nothing more than enter the US Capitol on January 6, are being held as political prisoners and treated like terrorists in the DC federal prison.
Black Lives Matter may have been the ones engaging in the violent riots but they were certainly encouraged and incited to violence by Democrats in both federal and state governments. None of them have ever faced any consequences for their words either, while President Trump was put on trial by Congress for supposedly inciting the Jan. 6 riot, which was orchestrated by the FBI.
It's all a sham.
On Tuesday, Greene called the Jan. 6 investigation a witch hunt on Trump supporters and called the treatment of the political prisoners unconstitutional. She described the way in which they are being beaten, labeled as supremacists, denied basic grooming such as haircuts and are also being denied bail.
Today, I released Unusually Cruel: An Eyewitness Report From Inside The DC Jail.
READ THE FULL REPORT HERE: https://t.co/epgcvvQPPd pic.twitter.com/5B4NyDcmdM
— Rep. Marjorie Taylor Greene (@RepMTG) December 7, 2021
The majority of these prisoners have absolutely no idea when they are going to have their day in court. Despite the fact that they are not guilty of any violent crimes they have not been given the ability to be released on bail. Their families are not allowed to come visit them and they are being mistreated worse than actual terrorists.
This is a group of men who have no idea of when they are going to court, no ability to bail out, no ability to see their family, and being mistreated and abused worse than terrorists at Gitmo.
Today, I released my report called Unusually Cruel.
READ: https://t.co/y7ns0mBxGY pic.twitter.com/eJBQpYw1W1
Judge Lamberth just found the DC Jail Warden and DC DOC Director in contempt of court for refusing to turn over requested documents related to care for cancer-stricken J6 detainee. Says civil rights are being violated at the jail, will refer to Attorney General office.
FINALLY!! https://t.co/bDHakwBFj4
— Julie Kelly (@julie_kelly2) October 13, 2021
Ryan Nichols POW on phone with @gregkellyusa . Subjected to mold, racial slurs. Solitary confinement 22 hrs a day, no family visitation. No haircuts no hygiene , Was 33 hrs at a time solitary. Accused of spreading some pepper spray. @Liz_Cheney witch! pic.twitter.com/rGYLmotHDh
— Bonnie (@BonBee81) November 9, 2021
What they are doing to these Americans is truly deplorable and disgusting. The worst part is there's really nothing anyone can do about it. The US Department of Justice is corrupt beyond comprehension. The only viable solution is to burn the entire DC swamp and all of its Deep State-controlled entities to the ground and rebuild from the ashes.
Copyright 2021. TeaParty.org
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Encouraging Day: Supreme Court's Oral Arguments Suggest Roe v. Wade May Be in Trouble
Ashli Babbitt's Killer Raises $122,000 On GoFundMe After Shooting Unarmed US Veteran In Cold Blood
First Waves Of A Tsunami Reaches The West Coast Of United States After Massive 7.4 Earthquake In Tonga, Experts Say More Shock Waves Coming
By 2024, Meta, Microsoft, Google And Amazon Will Have A Stranglehold On The Internet By Owning A Majority Of The World's Fiber Optic Capabilities


When Buddha taught the Perfection of Wisdom Sutras he explained ultimate truth emptiness by elaborating all the different categories of phenomena and showing how each in turn exists as mere imputation of the mind and does not exist from its own side.
This teaching touches the very core of reality and understanding it and fully realizing its meaning is the key to liberating the mind from the ignorance of self grasping and attaining true inner peace.
Over the centuries, great Mahayana scholars – especially Nagarjuna and Chandrakirti – have elucidated the meaning of the Perfection of Wisdom Sutras in their commentaries.
Chandrakirti, in his commentary to Aryadeva's Four Hundred, and Je Tsongkhapa, in Clear Illumination of the Intention, use the analogy of an imagined snake to show how all phenomena are merely imputed by thought.
A man walking through a field at dusk comes across a coil of speckled rope in the grass and, mistaking it for a snake, develops fear. Even though a snake appears vividly to his mind, that snake does not exist from its own side. It is merely a projection of his mind, imputed by conceptual thought in dependence upon the rope. Other than this, no snake can be found because neither the coil of rope as a whole nor any part of it is a snake.
In just the same way, all phenomena are merely imputed by conceptual thought. For example, the I does not exist from its own side. It is merely a projection of the mind imputed by conceptual thought in dependence upon the aggregates.
If we try to find an I other than the mere conceptual imputation 'I' we shall not succeed because neither the collection of the aggregates nor any individual aggregate is the I. Existing phenomena such as the I differ from the imagined snake in that they are valid imputations; but there is no difference from the point of view of their being merely imputed by conceptual thought.
In the analogy, because the man sees the rope in the twilight he mistakenly apprehends a snake and develops fear. To remove this fear he must remove the mind apprehending a snake by realizing that there is no snake. Even then, if the rope is left in the same place there is a danger that the same mistake will be made in the future. The only way to remove this danger is to remove the rope.
Similarly, sentient beings observing their aggregates in the darkness of their ignorance mistakenly apprehend an inherently existent I. This mind grasping at an inherently existent I is the root of samsara and the source of all fear. To remove the fears of samsara we must remove this mind by realizing that there is no inherently existent I.
Even then, there will be a danger of the mind grasping at an inherently existent I recurring if we continue to grasp at inherently existent aggregates. Therefore, the only way to remove the fears of samsara entirely is first to realize the lack of inherent existence of the I, and then to realize the lack of inherent existence of the aggregates.
Again, we can use other analogies such as seeing a spider on a wall where there is only a mark, seeing a person in the distance where there is only a pile of stones, or generating fear during a film. By contemplating these analogies we can understand how all phenomena are merely imputed by thought.


The Union Pacific has two lines running south out of Salt Lake City. One, of course, is the former Los Angeles & Salt Lake line via Las Vegas, Nevada; the other was part of the Oregon Short Line system and runs via Provo and Nephi, eventually turning west via Leamington Canyon between the Gilson and Canyon Mountains to join the LA&SL at a location called Lynndyl, Utah. In this view looking north from appropriately named Railroad Avenue the OSL line via Provo is at right, with the LA&SL main at left. The Gilson Mountains are visible at right.


Michael Bambery, Ph.D., is a fully licensed Clinical Psychologist in the State of Michigan. He has over fifteen years of clinical experience. He earned his Ph.D. in Clinical Psychology from the University of Detroit Mercy. He completed his doctoral-level clinical training at Children's Hospital of Michigan and his pre-doctoral internship in Clinical Psychology at the University of Michigan's Psychological Clinic and Center for the Child and the Family.
For seven years following the completion of his clinical training at the University of Michigan, Dr. Bambery worked at the Center for Neuropsychology, Learning & Development (CNLD) in Ann Arbor, where he provided psychological, psychoeducational and neuropsychological assessments, as well as individual and family psychotherapeutic services. Dr. Bambery also served as a clinical supervisor for members of CNLD's therapeutic staff and as a consultant to area schools during this time.
He has presented at local and national conferences, and published numerous empirical and theoretical articles in the areas of: evidenced-based practices in psychology, personality assessment, the measurement of psychotherapy processes and psychotherapy effectiveness, and the diagnosis and treatment of emotional and behavioral disorders.
Dr. Bambery is an adjunct faculty member at the University of Detroit Mercy, where he has taught abnormal and personality psychology, as well as assessment methods will children, adolescents and adults. Dr. Bambery holds memberships in numerous professional organizations including the Learning Disabilities Association of Michigan, the American Psychological Association (APA), APA divisions 40 (Clinical Neuropsychology), 53 (Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology) and 54 (Society of Pediatric Psychology).
Dr. Bambery's practice is focused on comprehensive psychological and neuropsychologically-based assessments and intervention plans for learning, attention, emotional, behavioral and developmental disorders, as well as individual and family psychotherapeutic services. Dr. Bambery works with young children to teenagers, college students, and adults. Working compassionately and collaboratively with clients to help them achieve their specific treatment goals is of utmost importance in his work. Dr. Bambery is committed to using evidence-based interventions to help clients and families develop their ability to manage challenges and improve their overall level of functioning.
Bambery, M., Porcerelli, J.H., & Ablon, J.S. (2009). Prototypes of Psychodynamic and CBT psychotherapy with adolescents: Development and applications for training. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 57, 175-181.
Bambery, M., Porcerelli, J.H., & Ablon, J.S. (2007). Measuring adolescent psychotherapy process with the adolescent psychotherapy q-set (APQ): Development and applications for training. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 44(4), 405-422.
Porcerelli, J.H., Dauphin, V.B., Ablon, J.S., Leitman, S., & Bambery, M. (2007). Psychoanalysis with Avoidant Personality Disorder: A systematic case study. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 44(1), 1-13.
Bambery, M., & Abell, S. (2006). Relocating the nexus of psychopathology and treatment: The contributions of Erich Fromm to contemporary psychotherapy. Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy, 36(4), 175-182.
Bambery, M., Porcerelli, J. (2006). Psychodynamic therapy for Oppositional Defiant Disorder: Changes in personality, object relations, and adaptive functioning after six-months of treatment. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 54(4), 1334-1339.


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text:
Saffransfly (Jodia croceago) är en fjärilsart som beskrevs av Ignaz Schiffermüller 1776. Saffransfly ingår i släktet Jodia och familjen nattflyn. Enligt den svenska rödlistan är arten nationellt utdöd i Sverige. . Arten har tidigare förekommit i Götaland men är numera lokalt utdöd. Artens livsmiljö är skogslandskap, jordbrukslandskap. Inga underarter finns listade.

Bildgalleri

Källor

Externa länkar

 Artfaktablad för Jodia croceago

Nattflyn


text:
Follow Donn
Donn's Bets
Horses To Follow
Donn's Articles
Things We Learned
Book Donn
Past Winners » Mirza
9th-Jun-2012
Pearl Ice may turn out to be a very good sprinter, or at least a high class handicapper, but he is a fashionable horse now and he is very short at 2/1 for a competitive Saturday handicap, especially when his main target, the Wokingham at Royal Ascot, is in two weeks' time.
He obviously has a big reputation – he has been sent off at no bigger than 3/1 for each of his three runs this season despite field sizes of 20, 12 and 13 – he was undeniably unlucky two runs ago at Thirsk, and similarly undeniably impressive at Ripon on Wednesday, but this is a big step up, even if it is still not his main target. The fact that his trainer believes he needs a further penalty to get into the Wokingham field, and that he is running him back so quickly today in order to try to pick one up, has led to him being a false price today. He may well win, but he beat a field of largely exposed handicappers at Ripon, several of whom had been in good form at the start of the season but who are now higher in the handicap as a result, and he is up in grade today. Today's ground will be the softest he has ever encountered and, while he handles good to soft, there has to be a slight concern on genuinely soft ground until he has proved himself on it. Assessing his chance today in isolation, he is a fair bit too short at 2/1.
With the favourite taking up so much of the market there are several in here at bigger prices than they probably should be … Mirza also looks overpriced (as well as Irish Heartbeat) and I am getting him on side too at 10/1. Rae Guest's gelding has been as good as ever this season, winning well at Newbury on his return from 3lb out of the limited handicap, and that has turned out to be a strong race. Lui Rei, who was third, has won twice since, and Confessional, who was sixth, won next time and has run two other crackers since then.
Mirza holds Medicean Man on that form, he ran another really good race next time at Pontefract, just having to give best to Seal Rock, and although on the face of it he ran slightly below par at Newmarket on his latest run, he was stuck out on the outside of the near side group there, possibly not the best of the ground, and he ran on well enough.
Today's race probably isn't quite as competitive as that one, Richard Hughes takes over in the saddle today – he has won on the horse twice before from three rides – the horse is still lightly-raced, he has his conditions, and he has the ability to win this.
MIRZA WON (ADV 10/1 [R4], SP 7/1)
Email info@donnmcclean.com
Registered in Ireland Number 412909
Registered Address 12 Northbrook Road · Ranelagh · Dublin 6
© copyright 2008 Donn McClean
development Built At 80


preparing to launch our first ever World Food Store at Asda Hounslow this week.
Asia, who helped organise the event.
well as our our our new range of Asian clothing at George.
products for our Asian, Caribbean, Mediterranean and Polish customers.
so pop in if you're in the area and let us know what you think.


A gift to GHC Robotics helps our students achieve!
The Robotics team is a home for students to gain hands-on experience with engineering in a professional environment, while providing opportunities to make an impact on the community. The Robodox are motivated and passionate about our work.
Our goals are to win regional competitions and perform well at the World Championships for both VEX and FRC (First Robotics Competition). We also hope to make a positive impact on our community and show gracious professionalism to all teams, regardless of opponent or ally.
Your contribution will help fund team transportation, competition hotels, competition fees, community outreach programs, the machine shop, and electronics and computers.
Please join us in our journey of reaching our goals!
Our son is enjoying this program and is challenging him to practice technics that will help him for his future. Awesome program!


To build closer links with our local community.
For our learners to understand they are part of the different communities (e.g. school, Brompton, Scarborough, North Yorkshire, the World!).
To raise awareness of the work that takes place at BHS and the positive impact our learners can make.
To understand the true impact of human activity on the environment for future generations.
For our learners to be aware of the impact of key environmental issues (e.g. recycling, loss of habitats on numbers of wildlife living in a particular area, etc.).


Literary Lindsey: It's Monday and I'm ready for the new week!
It's Monday and I'm ready for the new week!
Hey friends. How are you doing?
We had a really good weekend. My husband had some days off, so he turned off the cell phone and computer and it was so nice. We had a lazy afternoon after church on Sunday and read (me and David), watched football (hubby and David) and napped (everyone except David!).
I wasn't sure I was going to finish We Are Water this week, but I did it. Now onto the giant stack of library books, all of which have come in during the past week!
Oooh I like Diane Setterfield. How did you like Bellman and Black?
I do too! Bellman and Black was good, although I liked The Thirteenth Tale better!
Thanks so much Shellyrae! I am looking forward to reading The Returned.
Now that's a perfect weekend!
Hope you will stop by my It's Monday! And don't forget to enter my giveaway for the Literary Blog Hop!
I am making my way through the Literary Blog Hop giveaways. I should try to participate next time!
Sounds like a great weekend! What did you think of We Are Water? I was thinking about adding it to my tbr but I'm on the fence. Lamb's previous books have been hit or miss for me.
I liked it. When I'm reading his work, I feel like it's difficult to read because it really packs an emotional punch. I'm always glad I stuck it out, though.
The Wally Lamb book caught my eye! looking forward to your thoughts on this one.
I really enjoy his novels. We Are Water is one of his shorter ones - it has fewer than 600 pages!
Bellman and Black sounds great. Enjoy reading this week!
Check out what I'm reading this week.
It seemed to be the popular choice for Halloween this year! I hope you have a great reading week too.
Thanks. I hope you read great books this week!
Sounds like a good way to spend a weekend! The Returned looks interesting, it looks like a lot of people are reading that and it sounds good. Have a great week!
It is certainly an interesting premise. We will have to see if it lives up to it!
I'm glad you had a relaxed weekend! I am curious to find out what you think of The Returned.
Relaxed weekends are the best, aren't they?
The Returned is good, but very eerie.
I've been curious about Bellman & Black. I hope to get to is some day. Come see my week here. Happy reading!
Have you read her other novel The Thirteenth Tale?
We Are Water was good. Are you a Wally Lamb fan??
The Returned is good, but eerie.
I am going to start Bellman & Black today. A lot of mixed reviews.
I'm glad to hear it. I should have my B and B review up on Thursday. I will be interested to see what you think of it!
I want to see what you have to say about Bellman & Black.
It is ok so far. I am only on page 100.
Oh, The Returned! Another book I can't wait to read. Looking forward to hearing what you thought of Wally Lamb's latest, too.
Enjoy your books this book!
Book by Book is now on Facebook!
I really like Wally Lamb. His novels are not quick reads though - you really have to commit to reading them!
Wednesdays with David: Weird But True!
It's Monday and I need to get reading!
It's Monday and this week flew by!
It's Monday and November Is Here!


How many druids out there dream of a golden sickle? How many would be romans dream of a bronze shortsword? A silver bell for those priests wishing to exorcise evil spirits. Stone tools for those primitive cultures.
Essentially I think a wider variety of possible uses for each material would be very nice, even if some of those uses are a bit strange. Just allowing existing components to be made with a larger variety of metals. This could open up interesting crafting options requiring unusual components (think of a silver sword, doing higher damage against spirit templars but reduced damage to everything else).
When talking of stone I was actually just thinking the ability to make more crude tools. For those times when you need a tool for a single use and then never again. Rather than having to set up a forge, look for metal etc you can just knock out a low QL tool that decays quickly. A stone sickle, a stone axe (how on earth do we not have stone axes?!) things of that vein.
I would love to be able to use dye as paint on BSB and not need 120 kg of it.
Or any other item, the amount is kind of crazy.
And you can only paint stuff on your deed, before anyone says they don't want to see pink crap all over the place.


text:
A `test_lib_num_to_formatted_str.ks` is a set of tests to verfy the basic functioanlity of the library.
As many edge cases as I could reasonably think up are covered but there might still be others out there.

### instructions:
* Copy all files from "unit_tests/lib_num_to_formatted_str/" and "library/lib_num_to_formatted_str.ks"
  to the archive ("<ksp_folder>/Ships/Script")
* Change the current working directory of the core to be the rood director of the archive
  (`CD("0:/")` or `SWITCH TO 0.`).
* Then run `test_lib_num_to_formatted_str.ks`

### what to expect:

If everything is fine then "all test passed" will be printed in the terminal.

Should however a test fail then an exception will be thrown for the given test.

---
Copyright © 2021 KSLib team

This work and any code samples presented herein are licensed under the [MIT license](../LICENSE).


Textile campsite with an FKK beach.
Textile campsite with a large naturist area located in the rear part of the main campsite. The total length of the nudist area is more than one kilometer.
The FKK camping site lies on the banks of the Rätzsee and is surrounded by pine forest. The terraced terrain is covered with shrubs and trees.
The nudist camp is located between Useriner lake and forest surrounded by the beautiful landscape of the Müritz National Park.


The main reason for this release over the recent 3.5.1 release is a fix for a bug where the px4io co-processor on a Pixhawk can run out of memory while booting. This causes the board to be unresponsive on boot. It only happens if you have a more complex servo setup and is caused by too much memory used by the IO failsafe mixer.
a minimum level of integrator in the pitch controller has been added. This level has a sufficiently small time constant to avoid the problem with the TECS controller in an underspeed state.
the underspeed state in TECS has been modified so that underspeed can end before the full target altitude has been reached, as long as the airspeed has risen sufficiently past the minimum airspeed for a sufficient period of time (by 15% above minimum airspeed for 3 seconds).
Many thanks to Marc Merlin for reporting this bug!
The default P gains for both roll and pitch have also been raised from 0.4 to 0.6. This is to help for users that fly with the default parameters. A value of 0.6 is safe for all aircraft that I have analysed logs for.
The default gains and filter frequencies of the QuadPlane code have also been adjusted to better reflect the types of aircraft users have been building.
What's particularly impressive about this particular bug fix (which is actually more an edge case) is that it was reported just once and the team rather than simply dismissing it as a very unusual series of conditions and events that was unlikely to happen again, decided that it represented an opportunity to make the code more robust. That's the sign of a really responsive dev team and a commitment to code quality that will benefit all of us, even if this edge case never crops again. Bravo.
Chris, while I appreciate the kind words, it isn't quite as impressive as it seems!
Marc originally reported the bug based on a near-miss he had in mid December. I spent quite a few hours analysing it, but didn't come to a firm conclusion as to the cause. Marc was then bitten by this bug again on the 21st of March and had a nasty crash as a result. Luckily the log of that crash made the problem a lot clearer, and helped Paul and me work out a strategy for fixing it.
So I'm glad its fixed, but I really should have been able to find a fix without Marc having to spend the time building a new plane!
@Tridge, Sorry for the delay, where I am is Semana Santa and the entire country is on vacation and I didn't have access to my workshop.
Just tested 3.5.2 and its working perfect. Thank you again for the quick response and fix! Truly amazing!
tridge, the problem I am facing is not related to this blog but may be I can discuss it here. when I do auto air speed ratio calibration the ARSP_OFFSET parameter reaches very high figures of around 400 where as it should be around 2.0. I am using AP3.1.1. because of this problem I am not being able to use airspeed sensor. this happens with pixhawk as well with APM2.6. I am using I2C sensor in pixhawk.
@Ravi, can you post a tlog of the flight? The tlog telemetry log has detailed logging of the ARSPD_AUTOCAL function.
btw, I assume you mean the ARSP_RATIO not the ARSP_OFFSET? The airspeed autocal only learns the ratio, not the offset.
Thx for this update. Must calibration be redone or can we keep the one done in 3.5?
Well, what are the odds, thanks Andrew, that was fast.
Just finished building my new plane after 4 days of solid work, I was going to install 3.5.1, and now I see 3.5.2 with your fix. Thanks much. Hopefully the other details and logs I gave you where we discussed the bugs, can help validate if the fix also would have handled the other weird behaviour issues I had and posted there.
@Marc, I do hope it helps for you!


Formulated for your skins pleasure with its unique blend of salt to help purify the skin combined with milk to help purify the skin combined with milk to help hydrate skin and retain moisture. A soothing and non irritating cleansing scrub for the hands and body it contains collagen to helpmaintain skins elasticiity and firmness. It is also enriched with licorice extract for brighter and clearer skin.
Pour watsons milk and salt scrub on your palm. Rub gently in circular motion on wet skin. Leave it on your skin for three minutes then rinse off thoroughly.
Do not apply on burned or damaged skin. Avoid contact with eyes. If contact occurs rinse immediately with water. If irritation occurs Discontinue use and consult a doctor.


text:
Jean Mauriac (15 August 1924 – 24 August 2020) was a French writer and journalist.

Biography
Jean was the son of writer François Mauriac and Jeanne Mauriac. He was also the brother of writer Claude, Claire, and Luce Mauriac.

Jean Mauriac joined the Agence France-Presse as a political journalist in 1944, and reported on Charles de Gaulle until the general's retirement in 1969.

Mauriac died on 24 August 2020 in Paris at the age of 96.

Memoirs of Gaullism
In 2006, at the age of 82, Mauriac released a collection of comments from Gaullist political figures.
"Gaullism, this great adventure started on 18 June 1940, was fatal. It is its degeneration that Jean Mauriac traces in this relentless and, frankly, demoralizing book. Five hundred pages of confidences collected over three decades from the heirs, who recount their rivalries, their recurrent hatred and their blindness, interspersed with rare flashes of lucidity." – Le Monde
"It is a psychodrama of jealousy and quarrelsome ambitions which seizes, the day after the departure of the General, of those who served him, and which will be further exacerbated, five years later, with the death of Pompidou , around the rivalry between Chaban and Giscard  ; rallying to the latter being even more badly perceived, and with more reasons, than those from which Pompidou could benefit." – Le Figaro

Works
Malagar (1998)
Mort du général de Gaulle (1972)
L'après-de Gaulle. Notes confidentielles 1969-1989 (2006)
Le Général et le journaliste, conversations avec Jean-Luc Barré (2008)

References

1924 births
2020 deaths
Writers from Paris
20th-century French journalists
French male journalists
20th-century French male writers
20th-century French non-fiction writers
French male non-fiction writers
21st-century French male writers
21st-century French non-fiction writers
Agence France-Presse journalists


text:
Q: create an array of objects from objects javascript I have this objects from google API, if I console.log(ret) I have this:
{name:x, stars:5},
{name:y, stars:4},
{name:j, stars: 3}

I am getting this result from the following loop:
  for (let i = 0; i < fromGoogle.length; i++) {
    let ret = fromGoogle[i];

  }

I want to create an Array of Objects like:
[{...},{...},{...}]

How do I do it?
Thank you, I am new at JS

A: If you have, for instance, objects referenced by individual variables:
let a = {name:x, stars:5};
let b = {name:y, stars:4};
let c = {name:j, stars: 3};

you can create an array of them using an array initializer (aka "array literal"):
let array = [a, b, c];

You don't need the individual variables, though, you can do this:
let array = [
    {name:x, stars:5},
    {name:y, stars:4},
    {name:j, stars: 3}
];

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Click here to download the 2018 Cactus Classic Registration Form.
We will be holding a free banquet dinner at the Indoor Air Rifle Range on Friday, March 9th, 2018, after practice at 5:30pm. During this banquet we will be giving away prizes that were donated by our sponsors.
We highly encourage shooters that would like extra practice to attend the 2018 LV-HV Arizona State Championship.
Practice days for the Cactus Classic are March 5 – March 9, 2018.
You can register for the match anytime during the day.
FREE coffee and drinks will be provided.
At 5:30pm we will be holding a free banquet dinner in the Indoor Air Rifle Range.
All matches shot at the bench you were given at sign up.
All benches rotate at the end of the day 30 benches to your right. For example, if you were assigned bench 15 for Saturday you will be shooting on bench 45 on Sunday.
All Benches Rotate. All of today's matches will be shot 30 benches to the right of where you shot yesterday.


text:
Difference between revisions of "Gerald Ford"
RobSmith (Talk | contribs)
(→Economy)
Oil prices were also a major concern. Congress turned down Ford's proposals for phasing out the federal ceilings on the price of most domestic oil. Senate Majority Whip, the Exalted Cyclops [[Robert Byrd]] (D-West Virginia) explained why Democrats rejected Ford's plans: "After all, he doesn't have a national constituency, his is an inherited Presidency." Ford and Congressional Democrats finally reached a compromise with the Energy Policy and Conservation Act of 1975. "Half a loaf was better then none, so I decided to sign it," Ford explained.
Oil prices were also a major concern. Congress turned down Ford's proposals for phasing out the federal ceilings on the price of most domestic oil. Senate Majority Whip, the [[Exalted Cyclops]] [[Robert Byrd]] (D-West Virginia) explained why Democrats rejected Ford's plans: "After all, he doesn't have a national constituency, his is an inherited Presidency." Ford and Congressional Democrats finally reached a compromise with the Energy Policy and Conservation Act of 1975. "Half a loaf was better then none, so I decided to sign it," Ford explained.
The initial goodwill toward Ford steadily eroded as the numbers turned sour. Unemployment went from 4.8% in 1972 to 8.0% when he took office; consumer price inflation jumped from 3.4% to 11.0%. Unexpectedly high inflation, fueled by soaring oil prices, made it difficult to plan for the future; cheap imports from Germany and Japan for the first time became a threat to autos and electronics; high unemployment troubled industrial areas. By early 1975 the jobless rate was the worst since the [[Great Depression]]. Ford insisted that inflation was the greater problem. He sought to slow it, as Nixon had, by severe restraints on government spending for social programs. He also tried to curb private spending by asking Congress to raise the taxes on personal incomes. But the Democratic majority refused, and in congressional elections in November 1974 Democrats increased their majorities to three-fifths in the Senate and two-thirds in the House. In January 1975 Ford finally yielded to liberals' demands for a program to stop the economic slump and promote hiring. He proposed personal [[income tax]] rebates, especially to higher-income people, who might spend extra money on durable goods such as automobiles. Liberals criticized Ford's proposal for offering little relief for the poor, so they pushed through Congress a modified, though modest, tax rebate bill favoring lower-income people. Ford signed it reluctantly. He continued to resist liberal demands for massive public works spending to employ the jobless, and vetoed many bills.
Ford was a conservative, pro-business, local activist, and was known as a decent person and good family man; in his three years in office, he did much to heal the deep national wounds he had inherited from Nixon.
4 Presidency (1974-1977)
Presidency (1974-1977)
President Ford chats with Chief of Staff Donald Rumsfeld and Rumsfeld's assistant Richard Cheney in the Oval Office, 04/28/75
The weak economy was a major concern during the Ford administration. Inflation was in the double digits, unemployment was rising and the gross domestic product was in decline.[9] Ford proposed a tight lid of $300 billion on the federal budget and asked for a $5 billion surtax (additional income tax) on corporations and families in the higher income bracket. These were part of his "whip inflation now" (WIN) program; they proved ineffective.