text:
#include <stdint.h>

#include "gtest/gtest.h"
#include "utils/lock.h"
#include "utils/helpers.h"
#include "application_manager/commands/hmi/sdl_activate_app_request.h"
#include "application_manager/mock_application.h"
#include "application_manager/application_manager.h"
#include "application_manager/policies/mock_policy_handler_interface.h"
#include "commands/command_request_test.h"
#include "application_manager/mock_message_helper.h"
#include "application_manager/event_engine/event.h"
#include "application_manager/mock_event_dispatcher.h"
#include "application_manager/mock_state_controller.h"

namespace test {
namespace components {
namespace commands_test {
namespace hmi_commands_test {
namespace sdl_activate_app_request {

namespace am = ::application_manager;
namespace strings = am::strings;
namespace hmi_response = am::hmi_response;
using am::commands::MessageSharedPtr;
using am::commands::SDLActivateAppRequest;
using am::ApplicationSet;
using testing::Mock;
using testing::Return;
using testing::ReturnRef;
using testing::Mock;
using ::testing::NiceMock;
using policy_test::MockPolicyHandlerInterface;
using am::event_engine::Event;

namespace {
const uint32_t kCorrelationID = 1u;
const uint32_t kAppID = 2u;
const uint32_t kAppIDFirst = 1u;
const connection_handler::DeviceHandle kHandle = 2u;
}  // namespace

MATCHER_P2(CheckMsgParams, result, corr_id, "") {
  const bool is_func_id_valid =
      hmi_apis::FunctionID::SDL_ActivateApp ==
      static_cast<int32_t>(
          (*arg)[am::strings::params][am::strings::function_id].asInt());

  const bool is_result_code_valid =
      hmi_apis::Common_Result::APPLICATION_NOT_REGISTERED ==
      static_cast<int32_t>(
          (*arg)[am::strings::msg_params][am::strings::result_code].asInt());

  const bool is_result_valid =
      result == (*arg)[am::strings::msg_params][am::strings::success].asBool();

  const bool is_corr_id_valid =
      corr_id ==
      ((*arg)[am::strings::params][am::strings::correlation_id].asUInt());

  using namespace helpers;
  return Compare<bool, EQ, ALL>(true,
                                is_func_id_valid,
                                is_result_code_valid,
                                is_result_valid,
                                is_corr_id_valid);
}

class SDLActivateAppRequestTest
    : public CommandRequestTest<CommandsTestMocks::kIsNice> {
 protected:
  ~SDLActivateAppRequestTest() {
    // Fix DataAccessor release and WinQt crash
    Mock::VerifyAndClearExpectations(&app_mngr_);
  }

  void InitCommand(const uint32_t& timeout) OVERRIDE {
    MockAppPtr mock_app = CreateMockApp();
    CommandRequestTest<CommandsTestMocks::kIsNice>::InitCommand(timeout);
    ON_CALL((*mock_app), app_id()).WillByDefault(Return(kAppID));
    ON_CALL(app_mngr_, application_by_hmi_app(kAppID))
        .WillByDefault(Return(mock_app));
  }
  void SetCorrelationAndAppID(MessageSharedPtr msg) {
    (*msg)[am::strings::params][strings::correlation_id] = kCorrelationID;
    (*msg)[am::strings::msg_params][strings::app_id] = kAppID;
  }

  ApplicationSet app_list_;
  ::sync_primitives::Lock lock_;
  policy_test::MockPolicyHandlerInterface policy_handler_;
  application_manager_test::MockStateController mock_state_controller_;
  NiceMock<event_engine_test::MockEventDispatcher> mock_event_dispatcher_;
};

#ifdef EXTERNAL_PROPRIETARY_MODE

TEST_F(SDLActivateAppRequestTest, Run_ActivateApp_SUCCESS) {
  MessageSharedPtr msg = CreateMessage();
  SetCorrelationAndAppID(msg);

  SharedPtr<SDLActivateAppRequest> command(
      CreateCommand<SDLActivateAppRequest>(msg));

  EXPECT_CALL(app_mngr_, state_controller())
      .WillOnce(ReturnRef(mock_state_controller_));
  EXPECT_CALL(mock_state_controller_,
              IsStateActive(am::HmiState::StateID::STATE_ID_DEACTIVATE_HMI))
      .WillOnce(Return(false));

  EXPECT_CALL(app_mngr_, GetPolicyHandler())
      .WillOnce(ReturnRef(policy_handler_));
  EXPECT_CALL(policy_handler_, OnActivateApp(kAppID, kCorrelationID));

  command->Run();
}

TEST_F(SDLActivateAppRequestTest, DISABLED_Run_DactivateApp_REJECTED) {
  MessageSharedPtr msg = CreateMessage();
  SetCorrelationAndAppID(msg);
  (*msg)[am::strings::msg_params][strings::function_id] =
      hmi_apis::FunctionID::SDL_ActivateApp;

  SharedPtr<SDLActivateAppRequest> command(
      CreateCommand<SDLActivateAppRequest>(msg));

  EXPECT_CALL(app_mngr_, state_controller())
      .WillOnce(ReturnRef(mock_state_controller_));
  EXPECT_CALL(mock_state_controller_,
              IsStateActive(am::HmiState::StateID::STATE_ID_DEACTIVATE_HMI))
      .WillOnce(Return(true));

  EXPECT_CALL(
      app_mngr_,
      ManageHMICommand(HMIResultCodeIs(hmi_apis::FunctionID::SDL_ActivateApp)))
      .WillOnce(Return(true));

  command->Run();
}
#else

TEST_F(SDLActivateAppRequestTest, FindAppToRegister_SUCCESS) {
  MessageSharedPtr msg = CreateMessage();
  SetCorrelationAndAppID(msg);

  SharedPtr<SDLActivateAppRequest> command(
      CreateCommand<SDLActivateAppRequest>(msg));

  MockAppPtr mock_app(CreateMockApp());
  EXPECT_CALL(app_mngr_, application(kAppID)).WillOnce(Return(mock_app));

  EXPECT_CALL(app_mngr_, state_controller())
      .WillOnce(ReturnRef(mock_state_controller_));
  EXPECT_CALL(mock_state_controller_,
              IsStateActive(am::HmiState::StateID::STATE_ID_DEACTIVATE_HMI))
      .WillOnce(Return(false));

  EXPECT_CALL(*mock_app, IsRegistered()).WillOnce(Return(false));
  ON_CALL(*mock_app, device()).WillByDefault(Return(kHandle));

  MockAppPtr mock_app_first(CreateMockApp());
  ON_CALL(*mock_app_first, device()).WillByDefault(Return(kHandle));
  ON_CALL(*mock_app_first, is_foreground()).WillByDefault(Return(false));

  app_list_.insert(mock_app_first);
  DataAccessor<ApplicationSet> accessor(app_list_, lock_);
  EXPECT_CALL(app_mngr_, applications()).WillRepeatedly(Return(accessor));

  ON_CALL(*mock_app_first, device()).WillByDefault(Return(kHandle));
  EXPECT_CALL(*mock_app_first, is_foreground()).WillOnce(Return(false));
  ON_CALL(*mock_app_first, protocol_version())
      .WillByDefault(
          Return(protocol_handler::MajorProtocolVersion::PROTOCOL_VERSION_5));
  ON_CALL(*mock_app, protocol_version())
      .WillByDefault(
          Return(protocol_handler::MajorProtocolVersion::PROTOCOL_VERSION_5));

  const std::string url = "url";
  ON_CALL(*mock_app_first, SchemaUrl()).WillByDefault(Return(url));
  const std::string package = "package";
  ON_CALL(*mock_app_first, PackageName()).WillByDefault(Return(package));

  EXPECT_CALL(mock_message_helper_, SendLaunchApp(_, _, _, _));

  command->Run();
}

TEST_F(SDLActivateAppRequestTest, AppIdNotFound_SUCCESS) {
  MessageSharedPtr msg = CreateMessage();
  SetCorrelationAndAppID(msg);

  SharedPtr<SDLActivateAppRequest> command(
      CreateCommand<SDLActivateAppRequest>(msg));

  EXPECT_CALL(app_mngr_, application(kAppID))
      .WillOnce(Return(ApplicationSharedPtr()));
  EXPECT_CALL(app_mngr_, WaitingApplicationByID(kAppID))
      .WillOnce(Return(ApplicationSharedPtr()));

  command->Run();
}

TEST_F(SDLActivateAppRequestTest, DevicesAppsEmpty_SUCCESS) {
  MessageSharedPtr msg = CreateMessage();
  SetCorrelationAndAppID(msg);

  SharedPtr<SDLActivateAppRequest> command(
      CreateCommand<SDLActivateAppRequest>(msg));

  MockAppPtr mock_app(CreateMockApp());
  ON_CALL(app_mngr_, application(kAppID)).WillByDefault(Return(mock_app));

  EXPECT_CALL(app_mngr_, state_controller())
      .WillOnce(ReturnRef(mock_state_controller_));
  EXPECT_CALL(mock_state_controller_,
              IsStateActive(am::HmiState::StateID::STATE_ID_DEACTIVATE_HMI))
      .WillOnce(Return(false));

  EXPECT_CALL(*mock_app, IsRegistered()).WillOnce(Return(false));
  ON_CALL(*mock_app, device()).WillByDefault(Return(kHandle));

  DataAccessor<ApplicationSet> accessor(app_list_, lock_);
  EXPECT_CALL(app_mngr_, applications()).WillRepeatedly(Return(accessor));
  app_list_ = accessor.GetData();

  command->Run();
}

TEST_F(SDLActivateAppRequestTest, FirstAppActive_SUCCESS) {
  MessageSharedPtr msg = CreateMessage();
  SetCorrelationAndAppID(msg);

  SharedPtr<SDLActivateAppRequest> command(
      CreateCommand<SDLActivateAppRequest>(msg));

  MockAppPtr mock_app(CreateMockApp());
  ON_CALL(app_mngr_, application(kAppID)).WillByDefault(Return(mock_app));
  EXPECT_CALL(app_mngr_, state_controller())
      .WillOnce(ReturnRef(mock_state_controller_));
  EXPECT_CALL(mock_state_controller_,
              IsStateActive(am::HmiState::StateID::STATE_ID_DEACTIVATE_HMI))
      .WillOnce(Return(false));
  EXPECT_CALL(*mock_app, device()).WillOnce(Return(kHandle));

  DataAccessor<ApplicationSet> accessor(app_list_, lock_);
  EXPECT_CALL(app_mngr_, applications()).WillRepeatedly(Return(accessor));

  app_list_ = accessor.GetData();

  MockAppPtr mock_app_first(CreateMockApp());
  ON_CALL(app_mngr_, application(kAppIDFirst))
      .WillByDefault(Return(mock_app_first));

  app_list_.insert(mock_app_first);
  ON_CALL(*mock_app_first, protocol_version())
      .WillByDefault(
          Return(protocol_handler::MajorProtocolVersion::PROTOCOL_VERSION_5));

  ON_CALL(*mock_app_first, device()).WillByDefault(Return(kHandle));
  EXPECT_CALL(*mock_app_first, is_foreground()).WillRepeatedly(Return(true));

  EXPECT_CALL(mock_message_helper_, SendLaunchApp(_, _, _, _));

  command->Run();
}

TEST_F(SDLActivateAppRequestTest, FirstAppNotActive_SUCCESS) {
  MessageSharedPtr msg = CreateMessage();
  SetCorrelationAndAppID(msg);

  SharedPtr<SDLActivateAppRequest> command(
      CreateCommand<SDLActivateAppRequest>(msg));

  MockAppPtr mock_app(CreateMockApp());
  ON_CALL(app_mngr_, application(kAppID)).WillByDefault(Return(mock_app));
  EXPECT_CALL(app_mngr_, state_controller())
      .WillOnce(ReturnRef(mock_state_controller_));
  EXPECT_CALL(mock_state_controller_,
              IsStateActive(am::HmiState::StateID::STATE_ID_DEACTIVATE_HMI))
      .WillOnce(Return(false));
  EXPECT_CALL(*mock_app, IsRegistered()).WillOnce(Return(true));

  EXPECT_CALL(app_mngr_, GetPolicyHandler())
      .WillOnce(ReturnRef(policy_handler_));
  EXPECT_CALL(policy_handler_, OnActivateApp(kAppID, kCorrelationID));

  command->Run();
}

TEST_F(SDLActivateAppRequestTest, FirstAppIsForeground_SUCCESS) {
  MessageSharedPtr msg = CreateMessage();
  SetCorrelationAndAppID(msg);

  SharedPtr<SDLActivateAppRequest> command(
      CreateCommand<SDLActivateAppRequest>(msg));

  MockAppPtr mock_app(CreateMockApp());

  const std::string schema("schema");
  mock_app->SetShemaUrl(schema);
  const std::string package_name("package_name");
  mock_app->SetPackageName(package_name);

  ON_CALL(app_mngr_, application(kAppID)).WillByDefault(Return(mock_app));

  EXPECT_CALL(*mock_app, device()).WillOnce(Return(kHandle));
  EXPECT_CALL(*mock_app, IsRegistered()).WillOnce(Return(false));
  EXPECT_CALL(app_mngr_, state_controller())
      .WillOnce(ReturnRef(mock_state_controller_));
  EXPECT_CALL(mock_state_controller_,
              IsStateActive(am::HmiState::StateID::STATE_ID_DEACTIVATE_HMI))
      .WillOnce(Return(false));
  MockAppPtr mock_app_first(CreateMockApp());
  ON_CALL(*mock_app_first, is_foreground()).WillByDefault(Return(false));

  app_list_.insert(mock_app_first);
  DataAccessor<ApplicationSet> accessor(app_list_, lock_);
  EXPECT_CALL(app_mngr_, applications()).WillRepeatedly(Return(accessor));
  ON_CALL(*mock_app_first, protocol_version())
      .WillByDefault(
          Return(protocol_handler::MajorProtocolVersion::PROTOCOL_VERSION_5));
  ON_CALL(*mock_app_first, device()).WillByDefault(Return(kHandle));
  EXPECT_CALL(*mock_app_first, is_foreground()).WillOnce(Return(true));

  EXPECT_CALL(mock_message_helper_, SendLaunchApp(_, schema, package_name, _));

  command->Run();
}

TEST_F(SDLActivateAppRequestTest, FirstAppNotRegisteredAndEmpty_SUCCESS) {
  MessageSharedPtr msg = CreateMessage();
  SetCorrelationAndAppID(msg);

  SharedPtr<SDLActivateAppRequest> command(
      CreateCommand<SDLActivateAppRequest>(msg));

  MockAppPtr mock_app(CreateMockApp());
  ON_CALL(app_mngr_, application(kAppID)).WillByDefault(Return(mock_app));
  EXPECT_CALL(*mock_app, device()).WillOnce(Return(kHandle));
  EXPECT_CALL(app_mngr_, state_controller())
      .WillOnce(ReturnRef(mock_state_controller_));
  EXPECT_CALL(mock_state_controller_,
              IsStateActive(am::HmiState::StateID::STATE_ID_DEACTIVATE_HMI))
      .WillOnce(Return(false));

  MockAppPtr mock_app_first(CreateMockApp());
  ON_CALL(*mock_app_first, device()).WillByDefault(Return(kHandle));
  ON_CALL(*mock_app_first, is_foreground()).WillByDefault(Return(false));

  app_list_.insert(mock_app_first);
  DataAccessor<ApplicationSet> accessor(app_list_, lock_);
  EXPECT_CALL(app_mngr_, applications()).WillRepeatedly(Return(accessor));
  ON_CALL(*mock_app_first, protocol_version())
      .WillByDefault(
          Return(protocol_handler::MajorProtocolVersion::PROTOCOL_VERSION_5));
  EXPECT_CALL(*mock_app_first, is_foreground()).WillOnce(Return(false));

  EXPECT_CALL(mock_message_helper_, SendLaunchApp(_, _, _, _));

  command->Run();
}

TEST_F(SDLActivateAppRequestTest, FirstAppNotRegistered_SUCCESS) {
  MessageSharedPtr msg = CreateMessage();
  SetCorrelationAndAppID(msg);

  SharedPtr<SDLActivateAppRequest> command(
      CreateCommand<SDLActivateAppRequest>(msg));

  MockAppPtr mock_app(CreateMockApp());
  ON_CALL(app_mngr_, application(kAppID)).WillByDefault(Return(mock_app));
  EXPECT_CALL(*mock_app, device()).WillOnce(Return(kHandle));
  EXPECT_CALL(app_mngr_, state_controller())
      .WillOnce(ReturnRef(mock_state_controller_));
  EXPECT_CALL(mock_state_controller_,
              IsStateActive(am::HmiState::StateID::STATE_ID_DEACTIVATE_HMI))
      .WillOnce(Return(false));
  DataAccessor<ApplicationSet> accessor(app_list_, lock_);
  EXPECT_CALL(app_mngr_, applications()).WillRepeatedly(Return(accessor));

  app_list_ = accessor.GetData();

  MockAppPtr mock_app_first(CreateMockApp());
  ON_CALL(*mock_app_first, device()).WillByDefault(Return(kHandle));
  ON_CALL(*mock_app_first, is_foreground()).WillByDefault(Return(false));

  app_list_.insert(mock_app_first);
  ON_CALL(*mock_app_first, protocol_version())
      .WillByDefault(
          Return(protocol_handler::MajorProtocolVersion::PROTOCOL_VERSION_5));
  EXPECT_CALL(*mock_app_first, is_foreground()).WillRepeatedly(Return(true));

  EXPECT_CALL(mock_message_helper_, SendLaunchApp(_, _, _, _));

  command->Run();
}
#endif

TEST_F(SDLActivateAppRequestTest, OnTimeout_SUCCESS) {
  MessageSharedPtr msg = CreateMessage();
  SetCorrelationAndAppID(msg);

  SharedPtr<SDLActivateAppRequest> command(
      CreateCommand<SDLActivateAppRequest>(msg));
  ON_CALL(mock_event_dispatcher_, remove_observer(_, _));
  EXPECT_CALL(app_mngr_, ManageHMICommand(_)).WillOnce(Return(true));

  command->onTimeOut();
}

TEST_F(SDLActivateAppRequestTest, OnEvent_InvalidEventId_UNSUCCESS) {
  MessageSharedPtr event_msg = CreateMessage();
  (*event_msg)[am::strings::params][strings::correlation_id] = kCorrelationID;

  SharedPtr<SDLActivateAppRequest> command(
      CreateCommand<SDLActivateAppRequest>());

  Event event(hmi_apis::FunctionID::INVALID_ENUM);
  event.set_smart_object(*event_msg);
  EXPECT_CALL(app_mngr_, application_by_hmi_app(_)).Times(0);

  command->on_event(event);
}

TEST_F(SDLActivateAppRequestTest, OnEvent_InvalidAppId_UNSUCCESS) {
  MessageSharedPtr event_msg = CreateMessage();
  (*event_msg)[strings::msg_params][strings::application][strings::app_id] =
      kAppID;

  SharedPtr<SDLActivateAppRequest> command(
      CreateCommand<SDLActivateAppRequest>());

  Event event(hmi_apis::FunctionID::BasicCommunication_OnAppRegistered);
  event.set_smart_object(*event_msg);

  MockAppPtr invalid_mock_app;
  EXPECT_CALL(app_mngr_, application_by_hmi_app(_))
      .WillOnce(Return(invalid_mock_app));
  EXPECT_CALL(app_mngr_, GetPolicyHandler()).Times(0);

  command->on_event(event);
}

TEST_F(SDLActivateAppRequestTest, OnEvent_SUCCESS) {
  MessageSharedPtr msg = CreateMessage();
  (*msg)[strings::params][strings::correlation_id] = kCorrelationID;
  SharedPtr<SDLActivateAppRequest> command(
      CreateCommand<SDLActivateAppRequest>(msg));

  MessageSharedPtr event_msg = CreateMessage();
  (*event_msg)[strings::msg_params][strings::application][strings::app_id] =
      kAppID;

  Event event(hmi_apis::FunctionID::BasicCommunication_OnAppRegistered);
  event.set_smart_object(*event_msg);

  MockAppPtr mock_app(CreateMockApp());
  EXPECT_CALL(app_mngr_, application_by_hmi_app(_)).WillOnce(Return(mock_app));
  EXPECT_CALL(*mock_app, app_id()).WillOnce(Return(kAppID));
  EXPECT_CALL(app_mngr_, GetPolicyHandler())
      .WillOnce(ReturnRef(policy_handler_));
  EXPECT_CALL(policy_handler_, OnActivateApp(kAppID, kCorrelationID));

  command->on_event(event);
}

}  // namespace sdl_activate_app_request
}  // namespace hmi_commands_test
}  // namespace commands_test
}  // namespace components
}  // namespace test


text:
OSTI.GOV Conference: Test Selection for Model Calibration and Validation.
Title: Test Selection for Model Calibration and Validation.
Abstract not provided.
Mullins, Joshua Grady; Urbina, Angel; Mahadevan, Sankaran
Sandia National Lab. (SNL-NM), Albuquerque, NM (United States)
USDOE National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA)
SAND2015-3734C
AC04-94AL85000
Conference: Proposed for presentation at the ASME Verification & Validation Symposium held May 13-15, 2015 in Las Vegas, NV.
Mullins, Joshua Grady, Urbina, Angel, and Mahadevan, Sankaran. Test Selection for Model Calibration and Validation.. United States: N. p., 2015. Web.
Mullins, Joshua Grady, Urbina, Angel, & Mahadevan, Sankaran. Test Selection for Model Calibration and Validation.. United States.
Mullins, Joshua Grady, Urbina, Angel, and Mahadevan, Sankaran. Fri . "Test Selection for Model Calibration and Validation.". United States. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1253297.
title = {Test Selection for Model Calibration and Validation.},
author = {Mullins, Joshua Grady and Urbina, Angel and Mahadevan, Sankaran},
abstractNote = {Abstract not provided.},
View Conference (0.44 MB)
Please see Document Availability for additional information on obtaining the full-text document. Library patrons may search WorldCat to identify libraries that hold this conference proceeding.
Optimal test selection for prediction uncertainty reduction
Journal Article Mullins, Joshua ; Mahadevan, Sankaran ; Urbina, Angel - Journal of Verification, Validation and Uncertainty Quantification
Economic factors and experimental limitations often lead to sparse and/or imprecise data used for the calibration and validation of computational models. This paper addresses resource allocation for calibration and validation experiments, in order to maximize their effectiveness within given resource constraints. When observation data are used for model calibration, the quality of the inferred parameter descriptions is directly affected by the quality and quantity of the data. This paper characterizes parameter uncertainty within a probabilistic framework, which enables the uncertainty to be systematically reduced with additional data. The validation assessment is also uncertain in the presence of sparse and imprecisemore » data; therefore, this paper proposes an approach for quantifying the resulting validation uncertainty. Since calibration and validation uncertainty affect the prediction of interest, the proposed framework explores the decision of cost versus importance of data in terms of the impact on the prediction uncertainty. Often, calibration and validation tests may be performed for different input scenarios, and this paper shows how the calibration and validation results from different conditions may be integrated into the prediction. Then, a constrained discrete optimization formulation that selects the number of tests of each type (calibration or validation at given input conditions) is proposed. Furthermore, the proposed test selection methodology is demonstrated on a microelectromechanical system (MEMS) example.« less
An approach to model validation and model-based prediction -- polyurethane foam case study.
Technical Report Dowding, Kevin J. ; Rutherford, Brian Milne
Enhanced software methodology and improved computing hardware have advanced the state of simulation technology to a point where large physics-based codes can be a major contributor in many systems analyses. This shift toward the use of computational methods has brought with it new research challenges in a number of areas including characterization of uncertainty, model validation, and the analysis of computer output. It is these challenges that have motivated the work described in this report. Approaches to and methods for model validation and (model-based) prediction have been developed recently in the engineering, mathematics and statistical literatures. In this report wemore » have provided a fairly detailed account of one approach to model validation and prediction applied to an analysis investigating thermal decomposition of polyurethane foam. A model simulates the evolution of the foam in a high temperature environment as it transforms from a solid to a gas phase. The available modeling and experimental results serve as data for a case study focusing our model validation and prediction developmental efforts on this specific thermal application. We discuss several elements of the ''philosophy'' behind the validation and prediction approach: (1) We view the validation process as an activity applying to the use of a specific computational model for a specific application. We do acknowledge, however, that an important part of the overall development of a computational simulation initiative is the feedback provided to model developers and analysts associated with the application. (2) We utilize information obtained for the calibration of model parameters to estimate the parameters and quantify uncertainty in the estimates. We rely, however, on validation data (or data from similar analyses) to measure the variability that contributes to the uncertainty in predictions for specific systems or units (unit-to-unit variability). (3) We perform statistical analyses and hypothesis tests as a part of the validation step to provide feedback to analysts and modelers. Decisions on how to proceed in making model-based predictions are made based on these analyses together with the application requirements. Updating modifying and understanding the boundaries associated with the model are also assisted through this feedback. (4) We include a ''model supplement term'' when model problems are indicated. This term provides a (bias) correction to the model so that it will better match the experimental results and more accurately account for uncertainty. Presumably, as the models continue to develop and are used for future applications, the causes for these apparent biases will be identified and the need for this supplementary modeling will diminish. (5) We use a response-modeling approach for our predictions that allows for general types of prediction and for assessment of prediction uncertainty. This approach is demonstrated through a case study supporting the assessment of a weapons response when subjected to a hydrocarbon fuel fire. The foam decomposition model provides an important element of the response of a weapon system in this abnormal thermal environment. Rigid foam is used to encapsulate critical components in the weapon system providing the needed mechanical support as well as thermal isolation. Because the foam begins to decompose at temperatures above 250 C, modeling the decomposition is critical to assessing a weapons response. In the validation analysis it is indicated that the model tends to ''exaggerate'' the effect of temperature changes when compared to the experimental results. The data, however, are too few and to restricted in terms of experimental design to make confident statements regarding modeling problems. For illustration, we assume these indications are correct and compensate for this apparent bias by constructing a model supplement term for use in the model-based predictions. Several hypothetical prediction problems are created and addressed. Hypothetical problems are used because no guidance was provided concerning what was needed for this aspect of the analysis. The resulting predictions and corresponding uncertainty assessment demonstrate the flexibility of this approach.« less
Predictive Maturity of Multi-Scale Simulation Models for Fuel Performance
Technical Report Atamturktur, Sez ; Unal, Cetin ; Hemez, Francois ; ...
The project proposed to provide a Predictive Maturity Framework with its companion metrics that (1) introduce a formalized, quantitative means to communicate information between interested parties, (2) provide scientifically dependable means to claim completion of Validation and Uncertainty Quantification (VU) activities, and (3) guide the decision makers in the allocation of Nuclear Energy's resources for code development and physical experiments. The project team proposed to develop this framework based on two complimentary criteria: (1) the extent of experimental evidence available for the calibration of simulation models and (2) the sophistication of the physics incorporated in simulation models. The proposed frameworkmore » is capable of quantifying the interaction between the required number of physical experiments and degree of physics sophistication. The project team has developed this framework and implemented it with a multi-scale model for simulating creep of a core reactor cladding. The multi-scale model is composed of the viscoplastic self-consistent (VPSC) code at the meso-scale, which represents the visco-plastic behavior and changing properties of a highly anisotropic material and a Finite Element (FE) code at the macro-scale to represent the elastic behavior and apply the loading. The framework developed takes advantage of the transparency provided by partitioned analysis, where independent constituent codes are coupled in an iterative manner. This transparency allows model developers to better understand and remedy the source of biases and uncertainties, whether they stem from the constituents or the coupling interface by exploiting separate-effect experiments conducted within the constituent domain and integral-effect experiments conducted within the full-system domain. The project team has implemented this procedure with the multi- scale VPSC-FE model and demonstrated its ability to improve the predictive capability of the model. Within this framework, the project team has focused on optimizing resource allocation for improving numerical models through further code development and experimentation. Related to further code development, we have developed a code prioritization index (CPI) for coupled numerical models. CPI is implemented to effectively improve the predictive capability of the coupled model by increasing the sophistication of constituent codes. In relation to designing new experiments, we investigated the information gained by the addition of each new experiment used for calibration and bias correction of a simulation model. Additionally, the variability of 'information gain' through the design domain has been investigated in order to identify the experiment settings where maximum information gain occurs and thus guide the experimenters in the selection of the experiment settings. This idea was extended to evaluate the information gain from each experiment can be improved by intelligently selecting the experiments, leading to the development of the Batch Sequential Design (BSD) technique. Additionally, we evaluated the importance of sufficiently exploring the domain of applicability in experiment-based validation of high-consequence modeling and simulation by developing a new metric to quantify coverage. This metric has also been incorporated into the design of new experiments. Finally, we have proposed a data-aware calibration approach for the calibration of numerical models. This new method considers the complexity of a numerical model (the number of parameters to be calibrated, parameter uncertainty, and form of the model) and seeks to identify the number of experiments necessary to calibrate the model based on the level of sophistication of the physics. The final component in the project team's work to improve model calibration and validation methods is the incorporation of robustness to non-probabilistic uncertainty in the input parameters. This is an improvement to model validation and uncertainty quantification stemming beyond the originally proposed scope of the project. We have introduced a new metric for incorporating the concept of robustness into experiment-based validation of numerical models. This project has accounted for the graduation of two Ph.D. students (Kendra Van Buren and Josh Hegenderfer) and two M.S. students (Matthew Egeberg and Parker Shields). One of the doctoral students is now working in the nuclear engineering field and the other one is a post-doctoral fellow at the Los Alamos National Laboratory. Additionally, two more Ph.D. students (Garrison Stevens and Tunc Kulaksiz) who are working towards graduation have been supported by this project.« less
DOI: 10.2172/1182667
Experiments for calibration and validation of plasticity and failure material modeling: 304L stainless steel.
Technical Report Lee, Kenneth L. ; Korellis, John S. ; McFadden, Sam X.
Experimental data for material plasticity and failure model calibration and validation were obtained from 304L stainless steel. Model calibration data were taken from smooth tension, notched tension, and compression tests. Model validation data were provided from experiments using thin-walled tube specimens subjected to path dependent combinations of internal pressure, extension, and torsion.
Experiments for Calibration and Validation of Plasticity and Failure Material Modeling: 6061-T651 Aluminum
Technical Report McFadden, Sam X. ; Korellis, John S. ; Lee, Kenneth L. ; ...
Experimental data for material plasticity and failure model calibration and validation were obtained from 6061-T651 aluminum, in the form of a 4-in. diameter extruded rod. Model calibration data were taken from smooth tension, notched tension, and shear tests. Model validation data were provided from experiments using thin-walled tube specimens subjected to path-dependent combinations of internal pressure, extension, and torsion.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Nasir Uddin was a Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami politician and the former Member of Parliament of Naogaon-4.

Career
Uddin was elected to parliament from Naogaon-4 as a Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami candidate in 1991.

Death
Uddin died on 13 April 2017.

References

Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami politicians
2017 deaths
5th Jatiya Sangsad members
Year of birth missing

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
14/03/19: Breckland Council is a finalist at national awards
Breckland Council was a finalist at a prestigious national awards event last night (13 March). The district council was in the running for the Innovation category at the Local Government Chronicle (LGC) Awards 2019, held in London. The award sought to recognise innovation in the public sector and 'celebrate councils which have used innovation to re-think services in order to achieve better outcomes for residents'.
Breckland was a finalist in recognition of the work delivered by the council's external training arm, Breckland Training Services (BTS). The training team delivers unique support to council staff across the country to help them deliver a better service for their own communities, while generating income to support services in Breckland.
The council was in competition with local authorities from across the country and, while Breckland narrowly missed out on the top prize, the LGC judges were impressed by BTS's reputation for creativity, flexibility and one-of-a-kind training offer.
In particular, BTS' Local Authority Challenge events are totally unique and give junior council staff a chance to take on the role of a fictional council's senior management team for a day, helping them pick up valuable experience and preparing them for future leadership roles. Since 2012, BTS has worked with 137 different councils, the equivalent of 39% of England's local authorities.
Cllr Sam Chapman-Allen, Breckland's Deputy Leader, commented: "While I'm disappointed that the council didn't win, being a finalist at these national awards is a fantastic achievement. Breckland was the only district council finalist in its category and this is testament to the excellent work delivered by the BTS team.
"Breckland Training Services is unique to other training services in the country because it offers training to the public sector from within the sector. The team has real insight as to what it is like to work at a council, what the drives are, and what the challenges can be and I'm pleased the LGC judges recognised the exceptional and innovative service on offer."
Other finalists in the category were:
Barnet LBC with Regional Enterprise (Re) Ltd
City of London Corporation
Hammersmith & Fulham LBC - category winner
Reigate & Banstead BC
Rochdale BC
Watford BC with Modern Democracy
Wirral MBC


text:
Q: Matlab to C++ code conversion C++
this is my function call
int gr_tperctile = tprctile(channel_gr, sizeOfChannel, 0.2);

this is the function i wrote
int Detection::tprctile(int* gr, int sizeOfChannel, double pt)
{
    qsort(gr,sizeOfChannel, sizeof(int),compare);
    int ptInd = floor( (pt/100 * sizeOfChannel ) +0.5);

    return gr[ptInd];
}

int compare(const void * a, const void * b)
{
  return ( *(int*)a - *(int*)b );
}

MATLAB
this is the original function call
toolbox.c3d.p.tprctile(Gr(:),0.2)

this is the original function
function val = tprctile(data, pt)
   data = sort(data);
   ptInd = round( pt/100 * length(data) );
   val = data(ptInd);

I am not sure about my implementation and have tested it to limited number of example.
can anyone please tell me if this is correct? or a better way to implement the matlab

A: If you have C++ (and from your use of classes, you clearly do), why would you use the slow, type-unsafe qsort function.  Instead try:
std::sort(gr, gr+sizeOfChannel);
which replaces all of
qsort(gr,sizeOfChannel, sizeof(int),compare);
int compare(const void * a, const void * b)
{
    return ( *(int*)a - *(int*)b );
}

And did I mention it's faster?  That's because the comparison gets inlined.
As Amro points out, you can also use
std::nth_element(gr, gr+ptInd, gr+sizeOfChannel);
which is faster yet.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Q: Pythonic iteration over multiple lists in parallel I'd like to know an elegant, Pythonic way to iterate over a list of lists (or dict of lists) in parallel in Python 3. The number of lists is not known until runtime, so I believe I cannot simply supply them as arguments to the zip() function.
For example, given the following data structure:
var = [['x1' ,'x2' ,'x3'], ['y1', 'y2', 'y3'], ['z1', 'z2', 'z3'], …]

I would like to be able to access the following values on each iteration:
x1,y1,z1 followed by x2,y2,z2 followed by x3,y3,z3 and so on.
Presumably I could achieve this using list indexes directly, or by using itertools.chain, but I'm looking for a more elegant approach using generators or otherwise.

A: zip(*var) will automatically unpack your list of lists.
So, for example:
var = [['x1' ,'x2' ,'x3'], ['y1', 'y2', 'y3'], ['z1', 'z2', 'z3'], ['w1', 'w2', 'w3']]

for ltrs in zip(*var):
    print(", ".join(ltrs))

results in
x1, y1, z1, w1
x2, y2, z2, w2
x3, y3, z3, w3

Edit: per comments below, he wants to use the items from a dictionary,
var = {
    'id_172': ['x1', 'x2', 'x3'],
    'id_182': ['y1', 'y2', 'y3'],
    'id_197': ['z1', 'z2', 'z3']
}

I assume we are using the values with the keys in sorted order:
keys = sorted(var.keys())
for ltrs in zip(*(var[k] for k in keys)):
    print(", ".join(ltrs))

which gives
x1, y1, z1
x2, y2, z2
x3, y3, z3

Warning: do note that this sorts the keys in lexocographic order (ie string alphabetical order), so for example "id_93" comes after "id_101". If your labels need to be sorted in numeric order you will need to use a custom key function, something like
keys = sorted(var.keys(), key=lambda k: int(k[3:]))

A: If you look at the input and output data carefully, you are actually transposing a two dimensional array. That can be done easily with Python's builtin zip function, like this
var = [['x1' ,'x2' ,'x3'], ['y1', 'y2', 'y3'], ['z1', 'z2', 'z3']]
print list(zip(*var))
# [('x1', 'y1', 'z1'), ('x2', 'y2', 'z2'), ('x3', 'y3', 'z3')]

You can iterate over it, like this
for x, y, z in zip(*var):
   print x, y, z

Output
x1 y1 z1
x2 y2 z2
x3 y3 z3


text:
Database details
WoRMS Bryozoa: World Marine Bryozoa Database NEW!
WoRMS Bryozoa
Authors/editors:
Bock P. & Gordon D.
Taxonomic coverage:
Animalia - Bryozoa
English name of the group:
Bryozoans, moss animals
Number of species:
Number of infraspecific taxa:
Number of synonyms:
Number of common names:
Total number of names:
This first ever world database of extant marine bryozoan species is the result of long term accumulation of taxonomic information from the literature. It is the most recent and up-to-date census of the taxon available. Data have been contributed to the Catalogue of Life via the World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS), hosted by the Flanders Marine Institute (VLIZ).
Museum Victoria, Melbourne, Australia; National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Wellington, New Zealand
http://www.marinespecies.org/
Back to last page | New search


text:
in CTX, Science, Terrains, Uncategorized
HiRISE Targets
We started Planet Four: Terrains with the main goal of finding new regions to study during the upcoming seasonal processes HiRISE campaign. The idea was to have people scour low resolution Context Camera (CTX) images for terrains indicative of sculpting during the seasonal processes produced by never-ending cycle of carbon dioxide ice being deposited on the surface in the winter and that ice sublimating in the spring and summer. We would then select a portion of those areas for further study with high-resolution imaging with HIRISE. With the varied textures of the Martian surface it would be difficult for a machine to do this task, but the human brain is well suited to this task.
We launched Planet Four: Terrains at the end of June as part of the launch of the Zooniverse's new citizen science platform and project builder portal. Planet Four: Terrains had little less than a year to review 90 full frame CTX images divided into 20,122 subimages or subjects as their known on the website. With your help, the project was able to get through all 20,122 subjects in time, and even put in more images. Thanks to your classifications and Talk discussions, the science team was able to come up with a list of images and locations for further study. We aim to have the HiRSE camera point at these locations and snap images. Some of these locations will be monitored throughout the Southern spring and summer. Right now these locations have been entered in the HiRISE target database. This means that Planet Four: Terrains has successfully achieved one of its prime goals!
One of the new targets of interest found by Planet Four: Terrains that will monitored by HiRISE during the spring and summer on the south pole of Mars starting in the coming months. This subject was classified as part of the second set of CTX images classified on Planet Four: Terrains Discovery details
Now, Candy Hansen, PI of the project and head of the seasonal processes campaign with HiRISE, will prioritize our targets with the rest of the regions that the HiRISE team wants to study. The first of these should with any luck get images in the next few months. We'll keep you updated here on the blog.The final list of targets from Planet Four: Terrains is a mix of locations found on Talk and through the classification interface. We'll have more details as we get closer to the start of Southern spring (July 5th), but we wanted to share one of the new locales,spotted thanks to the volunteer contributions on Planet Four: Terrains, that will be imaged by HiRISE. This specific region shown above was highlighted on Talk. It was noticed by the science team, and we agree it is an interesting area to look at how spiders develop. We're interested to see how the seasonal fans and blotches over the coming Martian Southern spring and summer. We're currently planning a sequence of images at this location. CTX has a resolution of 6-8 meters per pixel. HiRISE has a resolution of 30 centimeters per pixel, so we'll get to see a lot more detail particularly in the structure of the spider channels than what's current visible in the CTX image above.
This isn't the end of the project, we're really just getting stared. Because of your classifications, we've found spiders in interesting and potentially unexpected regions so we've decided to keep the project going with new locations to review. Help today at http://terrains.planetfour.org
2 responses to "HiRISE Targets"
John Vandenberg says : June 19, 2017 at 10:24 pm
I have a suggestion for how we classifiers can pinpoint the location of a feature of interest. I may be reinventing the wheel here. It's based on a simple 'quartering' process. 1 Place a square grid of four cells on the image. 2 Label the quadrants A, B, C, D. , clockwise from top left corner3. Select the quadrant containing the feature of interest. Record quadrant label ( for example, B) 4. Enlarge selected quadrant to full screen. 5. Repeat steps 1to 4 as many times as required to home in on target feature
This produces a unique sequence to associate with an image, e.g. B/A/C/C. That any one else can follow to arrive at the same target point. With four steps you can get to a precisely located subset of the image that is 1/256 the size of the original.
A tool could be added to the website to produce the quartering grid and zoom in process. With further sophistication it could produce a precise latitude and longitude reference for the target point
Mysteries on the Surface of Mars | Daily Zooniverse - June 1, 2016


text:
Phillies need the real Jake Arrieta to help lead 2019 rotation
By Matt Veasey
Following knee surgery back in January to fix a torn meniscus that negatively impacted his 2018 season, Jake Arrieta is ready for a full, strong, contending campaign. (Ian D'Andrea)
It was just over a year ago, on March 12, 2018, that free agent starting pitcher Jake Arrieta finally found a team for his services. Somewhat surprisingly, that team was the Philadelphia Phillies.
His choice was a bit of a surprise in that the Phillies were still trying to find a path back to long-term contending status. The team had not been a winner since 2011. At age 32, Arrieta was coming off a three-year stretch in which he had won both a Cy Young Award and World Series with the Chicago Cubs.
But with no other suitors willing to meet his price on a multi-year deal, Arrieta accepted the Phillies offer of a guaranteed $75 million over three seasons with two additional club option years.
The Phillies hoped that the eight-year veteran could provide leadership to an otherwise young rotation as well as deliver consistently strong outings to help push the team closer to contention.
The leadership has come. The consistent strong outings came as well, but only for the first two months of the 2018 season. On May 29 of last season, Arrieta went seven shutout innings at Dodger Stadium in Los Angeles as the Phillies downed the hosts by a 6-1 score.
He allowed just six hits, walked two and struck out five in raising his record to 5-2 on the year to that point. Over those first two months the right-hander allowed just a .230 batting average against. He yielded 48 hits over 58.1 innings with a 40/19 K:BB ratio and had given up just two home runs over his first 10 starts in a Phillies uniform.
But trouble suddenly developed in June. He suffered losses in four of his five outings and produced a frightening 6.66 ERA while surrendering seven long balls. Arrieta bounced back in July, when he pitched to a 2.80 ERA and .238 BAA across six starts. He went 4-0 in that stretch and allowed just two balls to leave the yard.
His August began with a gem in the Arizona desert. Arrieta went eight shutout innings against the host Diamondbacks, allowing just three hits and two walks. Unfortunately, young closer Seranthony Dominguez came on and blew a 2-0 lead in the bottom of the 9th of a game that the Phillies would ultimately lose in 14 innings.
Arrieta was rocked in San Diego six days later but recovered with a strong outing at home against the Mets on August 18. However, the offense let him down in that one for a 3-1 defeat. That was the first of eight losses in ten games that would drop the Phillies from a neck-and-neck battle with the Atlanta Braves at the top of the NL East standings to 4.5 games out.
By the end of the season it would grow to a 10-game deficit, and the pitching of Arrieta was partially to blame. Over his final seven starts beginning on August 24 he went just 1-3 with a 6.82 ERA, allowing 40 hits including nine homers over 34.1 innings.
We would later learn that Arrieta had suffered an injury to his left knee, possibly in June of last year or earlier when his results first began to deteriorate. He pitched through discomfort the rest of the way and was still trying to work through it when, during a workout this off-season, something popped. It turns out that he had a torn meniscus.
"I was able to pitch pretty effectively and it didn't bother me too much in between starts," Arrieta said per Todd Zolecki of MLB.com after undergoing surgery in January of this year. "Then in the offseason training, just doing some routine stuff, moving around a little bit, I came up out of the seated position and there were a couple pops. It didn't feel right."
"Jake's a tough individual, so he's not the kind of guy who's going to let on that something's bugging him, because there's a lot of pride there," manager Gabe Kapler said per Zolecki. "My understanding was that it was an injury that he sustained during one of his workouts. … Obviously, Jake knows his body very well and he was feeling it last season."
Now as they prepare to open the most anticipated season for the team and its fans in eight years, Arrieta has a key role to play in the rotation once again. With the knee fixed it is hoped that he can put together a complete season closer to his Cubs years.
Arrieta wrapped up his and the Phillies spring training preparations with a strong Grapefruit League outing on Monday afternoon. Over six innings against the Tampa Bay Rays in Clearwater he struck out eight and walked no one while allowing two earned runs on six hits.
"Of course I think we're a playoff team," Arrieta said following that outing per Tom Housenick for The Intelligencer. "Look at our team last year. We were borderline. We had our chances, but some youth, some inexperience, maybe some hangover from some tough series carried over to the next (series) instead of the cliché of turning the page quick. … This group is much better suited to take on that task and deal with adversity, process it and move forward in a positive way…"
With the additions of Bryce Harper, J.T. Realmuto, Jean Segura and Andrew McCutchen, the Phillies lineup is anything but "borderline" now. If what we saw on Monday is any indication of what we're going to get most of this coming season from Arrieta on the mound, that will help to ensure that there is no collapse over the final month this time around.
He takes the mound for the first time next Sunday night in front of a packed house against the defending NL East champion Atlanta Braves in a nationally televised game. It will be the first of hopefully some 35-40 starts for Arrieta in the coming season…and postseason.
MORE FROM PHILLIES NATION:
Phillies Nuggets: 2019 MLB Previews and Predictions
Gabe Kapler hints at fairly predictable Opening Day lineup for the Phillies
Phillies and Braves will make history on Opening Day 2019
Phillies have made subtle tweaks to their uniform ahead of the 2019 campaign
Phillies starting pitching rotation has reasonable fall-back options this time around
Locked On Phillies Podcast 3/26: Interview with Darian Howard
Related Items:featured, Jake Arrieta, Philadelphia Phillies
Locked On Phillies Podcast 3/27: Will the Phillies win the National League East?
Cesar Hernandez, Maikel Franco set to open pivotal season for each of their careers


Air purifiers not only clear the air in your home or office of particles as small as dust, they actually get down to filtering the air at a microbial and even viral level.
While many doctors and researchers are saying that we should cut back on our use of antibiotics as they are making us less resistant to common harmless infections and maladies while also making the diseases themselves mutate, evolve, and become more resistant to the drugs we have and possibly many new drugs. Currently broad spectrum antibiotics are used in surgery to fight off potential infection until the stitches are all healed, if bacteria become resistant to this type of clinical practice there could, theoretically be a retrograde step where surgery carried out today will no longer be possible.
When Jenner noticed that milkmaid who had caught cow pox, a relatively harmless skin condition which was passed on by contact with cows, didn't get the far more harmful small pox he developed the idea of vaccination. Today, with our near obsession with cleanliness, we are avoiding harmless illnesses but at the risk of making ourselves weaker when it comes to common, harmless germs.
Since viruses are unaffected by antibiotics they do represent pathogens which should be avoided. As these too mutate and evolve regular vaccinations are necessary for the old and vulnerable, it's their propensity to evolving that makes them incurable, however, inoculation and hygiene do make them avoidable. That's where air filters come in.
Not only do air filters make summer bearable for hay fever sufferers they can reduce the environmental viral and bacterial load meaning that you are still exposed to 'friendly' bacteria as well as the bad, however, in much smaller numbers than you might otherwise be.
When diseases become airborne they can travel great distances and then survive on surfaces for quite some time. They become aerosolised by sneezing, coughing, even laughing and breathing. Combine a susceptibility to infection, more resistant bacteria, air pollution, pollen and tobacco smoke for example and it's easy to see why doctors, hospitals and even the government are taking the threats of pandemics more seriously than they have since the 1918-20 Spanish flu which killed between 50 and 100 millions.
Removing these potential risk factors from your environment will have the effect that you will be healthier, have a stronger immune system and therefore be better able to fight off any infection on your own without any clinical intervention, should you catch any disease.


An exquisite selection of brushed drum loops and samples to download, presented in a custom Kontakt GUI complete with full multitrack mixer, convolution reverbs and drum bus effects. Packed full with delicate jazz grooves, cymbal artistry, country shuffles, intricate dnb beats, straight up pop drum loops and much more.
Mixes can be adjusted to suit your track with the on board mixer, and tempos can be synced at the flick of a switch to give ultimate flexibility over the final sound. The samples have been looped using an intelligent 12 bar system, meaning there is no cymbal wash on the first hit, but there is during the loop point, creating a flawless drum groove that can be used in a wide variety of music styles. Recorded by session drummer Paul Robinson, who has worked with Paul Mcartney, Nina Simone, Van Morrison and Rod Stewart to name a few, and edited and mastered here in Samplephonics' studios to ensure pristine sound quality and precision looping.
Samplephonics Brushed Grooves KONTAKT Fast Download via Rapidshare Hotfile Fileserve Filesonic Megaupload, Samplephonics Brushed Grooves KONTAKT Torrents and Emule Download or anything related.


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{{cite web | title = Native Hawaiians - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia | url = http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Hawaiians | date = 2015-04-30 | archiveurl = http://archive.today/jgyr3 | archivedate = 2015-04-30 }}
Native Hawaiians
"Hawaiians" redirects here. For other uses, see Hawaiians (disambiguation).
"Kanaka Maoli" redirects here. For other uses of Kanaka, see Kanaka (disambiguation).
(Kānaka Maoli)
Kalaimanokahoʻowaha
Kamehameha I
Kamehameha III
Kalākaua
David Malo
Bernice Pauahi Bishop
Joseph Nāwahī
Herb Kawainui Kāne
Winona Beamer
alone: 164,918, any combination: 527,077 as of the 2010 census.[1][2]
Regions with significant populations
English, Hawaiian, and Pidgin
Protestantism, Roman Catholicism, Hawaiian religion
Native Hawaiians (Hawaiian: kānaka ʻōiwi, kānaka maoli, and Hawaiʻi maoli) are the indigenous Polynesian people of the Hawaiian Islands or their descendants.[3] Native Hawaiians trace their ancestry back to the original Polynesian settlers of Hawaii.
According to the U.S. Census Bureau report for 2000, there are 401,162 people who identified themselves as being "Native Hawaiian" alone or in any combination, but they are not considered Native Americans.[1] 140,652 people identified themselves as being "Native Hawaiian" alone.[2] The majority of Native Hawaiians reside in State of Hawaiʻi, California, Nevada and Washington. Two-thirds live in the State of Hawaii while the other one-third is scattered among other states, with a high concentration in California.
The history of Native Hawaiians, and of Hawaiʻi in general, is classified into four major periods: antiquity (Ancient Hawaiʻi), monarchy (Kingdom of Hawaiʻi), territorial (Territory of Hawaiʻi), and statehood (State of Hawaiʻi).
3 Hawaiian language
5 Hawaiian cultural revival
6 Office of Hawaiian Affairs
7 Federal developments
7.1 Native American Programs Act
7.2 United States apology resolution
7.3 Native Hawaiian Government Reorganization Act of 2009
7.4 Ka Huli Ao: Center for Excellence in Native Hawaiian Law
8 Notable Native Hawaiians
9 Culture and arts
One hypothesis is that the first Polynesians arrived in Hawaiʻi in the 3rd century from the Marquesas and were followed by Tahitians in AD 1300, who conquered the original inhabitants. Another is that a single, extended period of settlement populated the islands.[4]
Evidence for a Tahitian conquest of the islands include the legends of Hawaiʻiloa and the navigator-priest Paʻao, who is said to have made a voyage between Hawaiʻi and the island of "Kahiki" (Tahiti) and introduced many customs. Early historians, Fornander and Beckwith, subscribed to this Tahitian invasion theory, but later historians, such as Kirch, do not mention it.[citation needed] King Kalakaua claims that Paʻao was from the South Pacific.
Some writers[which?] claim that other settlers in Hawaiʻi were forced back into remote valleys by newer arrivals. They claim that stories about the Menehune, little people who built heiau and fishponds, prove the existence of ancient peoples who settled the islands before the Hawaiians.[5]
Demographics[edit]
See also: Demographics of Hawaii
At the time of Captain Cook's arrival, the population is estimated to have been between 250,000 to 800,000.[6][7] Over the span of the first century after first contact, the native Hawaiians were nearly wiped out by diseases introduced to the islands. Native Hawaiians had no resistance to influenza, smallpox, measles or whooping cough, among others. The 1900 U.S. Census identified 37,656 residents of full or partial native Hawaiian ancestry.[8] The 2000 U.S. Census identified 283,430 residents of Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander ancestry, showing a dramatic growth trend since annexation by the U.S. in 1898.[9]
Hawaiian language[edit]
Main article: Hawaiian language
The Hawaiian language was once the primary language of the native Hawaiian people. Today, native Hawaiians predominately speak the English language. Another large contributing factor was an 1896 law that required that English "be the only medium and basis of instruction in all public and private schools." This law prevented the Hawaiian language from being taught as a second language. Some native Hawaiians (as well as non-native Hawaiians) have learned the native Hawaiian language as a second language.[citation needed] As with others local to Hawaii, native Hawaiians often speak Hawaiian Creole English (referred to in Hawai'i as Pidgin), a creole which developed during Hawaiʻi's plantation era in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries with the influence of the various ethnic groups living in Hawaii during that time.[citation needed]
The Hawaiian language has been promoted for revival most recently by a state program of cultural preservation enacted in 1978. Programs included the opening of Hawaiian language immersion schools and the establishment of a Hawaiian language department at the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa. As a result, Hawaiian language learning has climbed among all races in Hawaiʻi.[citation needed]
In 2002, the University of Hawaii at Hilo established a masters program in the Hawaiian Language.[10] In fall 2006, they established a doctoral (Ph.D) program in the Hawaiian Language. In addition to being the first doctoral program for the study of Hawaiian, it is the first doctoral program established for the study of any native language in the United States of America. Both the masters and doctoral programs are considered by global scholars as pioneering in the revival of native languages.
Hawaiian is still spoken as the primary language by the residents on the private island of Niʻihau.[citation needed]
See also: Education in Hawaii
Native Hawaiian schoolchildren, circa 1900
Hawaiian children are publicly educated under the same terms as any other children in the United States. In Hawaii, native Hawaiians are publicly educated by the Hawaiʻi State Department of Education, an ethnically diverse school system that is the United States' largest and most centralized. Hawaiʻi is the only U.S. state without local community control of public schools.[citation needed]
Under the administration of Governor Benjamin J. Cayetano from 1994 to 2002, the state's educational system established special Hawaiian language immersion schools. In these schools, all subject courses are taught in the Hawaiian language and use native Hawaiian subject matter in curricula. These schools were created in the spirit of cultural preservation and are not exclusive to native Hawaiian children.[citation needed]
Native Hawaiians are eligible for an education from the Kamehameha Schools, established through the last will and testament of Bernice Pauahi Bishop of the Kamehameha Dynasty. The largest and wealthiest private school in the United States, Kamehameha Schools was intended to benefit indigents and orphans, with preference given to native Hawaiians. Although the "Hawaiians-only" preference is not explicitly stated in her will, subsequent Bishop Estate trustees have interpreted her wording to mean that.[citation needed] Kamehameha provides a quality education to thousands of children of whole and part native Hawaiian ancestry at its campuses during the regular school year, and also has quality summer and off-campus programs that are not restricted by ancestry. Kamehameha Schools' practice of accepting primarily gifted students, in lieu of intellectually challenged children, has been a controversial topic amongst the native Hawaiian community. Many 'rejected' families feel that the gifted students could excel at any learning institution, public or private. Thus, the Hawaiian community may be better served by educating children from high-risk, high-crime districts so that a greater proportion of disadvantaged youths may grow up to be responsible community contributors.
As with other children in Hawaiʻi, some native Hawaiians are educated by other prominent private academies in the Aloha State. They include: Punahou School, Saint Louis School, Mid-Pacific Institute and Iolani School.
Hawaiian cultural revival[edit]
Native Hawaiian culture has seen a revival in recent years as an outgrowth of decisions made at the 1978 Hawaiʻi State Constitutional Convention, held 200 years after the arrival of Captain Cook. At the convention, the Hawaiʻi state government committed itself to a progressive study and preservation of native Hawaiian culture, history and language.
A comprehensive Hawaiian culture curriculum was introduced into the State of Hawaiʻi's public elementary schools teaching: ancient Hawaiian art, lifestyle, geography, hula and Hawaiian language vocabulary. Intermediate and high schools were mandated to impose two sets of Hawaiian history curricula on every candidate for graduation.
Statutes and charter amendments were passed acknowledging a policy of preference for Hawaiian place and street names. For example, with the closure of Barbers Point Naval Air Station in the 1990s, the region formerly occupied by the base was renamed Kalaeloa.
Office of Hawaiian Affairs[edit]
Main article: Office of Hawaiian Affairs
Another important outgrowth of the 1978 Hawaiʻi State Constitutional Convention was the establishment of the Office of Hawaiian Affairs, more popularly known as OHA. Delegates that included future Hawaiʻi political stars Benjamin J. Cayetano, John D. Waihee III and Jeremy Harris enacted measures intended to address perceived injustices toward native Hawaiians since the overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi in 1893. OHA was established as a trust, administered with a mandate to better the conditions of both native Hawaiians and the Hawaiian community in general. OHA was given control over certain public lands, and continues to expand its land-holdings to this day (most recently with Waimea Valley, previously Waimea Falls Park).[11]
Besides purchases since its inception, the lands initially given to OHA were originally crown lands of the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi used to pay the expenses of the monarchy (later held by the Provisional Government following the fall of the monarchy in 1893). Upon the declaration of the Republic of Hawaiʻi, they were officially designated as public lands. They were ceded to federal control with the establishment of the Territory of Hawaiʻi in 1898, and finally returned to the State of Hawaiʻi as public lands in 1959.
OHA is a semi-autonomous government body administered by a nine-member board of trustees, elected by the people of the State of Hawaiʻi through popular suffrage. Originally, trustees and the people eligible to vote for trustees were restricted to native Hawaiians. Rice v. Cayetano reached the United States Supreme Court suing the state to allow non-Hawaiians to sit on the board of trustees and for non-Hawaiians to be allowed to vote in trustee elections. Justices ruled in favor of Rice on 23 February 2000 forcing OHA to open its elections to all residents of the State of Hawaiʻi regardless of ethnicity.
Federal developments[edit]
Native American Programs Act[edit]
In 1974, the Native American Programs Act was amended to include native Hawaiians. This paved the way for native Hawaiians to become eligible for some, but not all, federal assistance programs originally intended for Continental Native Americans. Today, Title 45 CFR Part 1336.62 defines a Native Hawaiian as "an individual any of whose ancestors were natives of the area which consists of the Hawaiian Islands prior to 1778."
There is some controversy as to whether or not native Hawaiians should be considered in the same light as Native Americans.[12][13]
United States apology resolution[edit]
On 23 November 1993, U.S. President Bill Clinton signed United States Public Law 103-150 also known as the Apology Resolution which had previously passed Congress. This resolution "apologizes to Native Hawaiians on behalf of the people of the United States for the overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii".[14]
Native Hawaiian Government Reorganization Act of 2009[edit]
In the early 2000s, the Congressional delegation of the State of Hawaiʻi introduced the Native Hawaiian Federal Recognition Bill that would establish the process of recognizing and forming a Native Hawaiian government entity to negotiate with state and federal governments. The significance of the bill is that it would establish, for the first time in the history of the islands, a new political and legal relationship between a Native Hawaiian entity and the federal government. This Native Hawaiian entity would be a newly created one without any historical precedent in the islands or direct institutional continuity with previous political entities (unlike many Native American Indian groups, for example).[citation needed]
This bill came under scrutiny by the Bush administration's Department of Justice as well as the United States Senate Judiciary Committee. The political context surrounding the Akaka Bill is both controversial and complex. Proponents, who consider the legislation an acknowledgement and partial correction of past injustices, include Hawaiʻi's Congressional delegation as well as the former Republican Governor Linda Lingle. Opponents include the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights who question the constitutionality of creating race-based governments, libertarian activists who challenge the historical accuracy of any claims of injustice, and other Native Hawaiian sovereignty activists who feel the legislation would thwart their hopes for complete independence from the United States.[citation needed]
A Ward Research poll commissioned in 2003 by the Office of Hawaiian Affairs reported that "Eighty-six percent of the 303 Hawaiian residents polled by Ward Research said yes. Only 7 percent said 'no,' with 6 percent unsure ... Of the 301 non-Hawaiians polled, almost eight in 10 (78 percent) supported federal recognition, 16 percent opposed it, with 6 percent unsure."[15] A Zogby International poll commissioned in 2009 by the Grassroot Institute of Hawaii indicated that a plurality 39% of Hawaiʻi residents opposed the Native Hawaiian Reorganization Act of 2009 and that 76% indicated that they were unwilling to pay higher taxes to cover any loss in tax revenues that might be incurred by the act.[16]
Ka Huli Ao: Center for Excellence in Native Hawaiian Law[edit]
In 2005, with the support of Senator Daniel Inouye, federal funding through the Native Hawaiian Education Act created the Center for Excellence in Native Hawaiian Law at the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa's William S. Richardson School of Law. A few years later, the program became known as Ka Huli Ao: Center for Excellence in Native Hawaiian Law. The inaugural director of Ka Huli Ao is Honolulu attorney Melody Kapilialoha MacKenzie. MacKenzie is also recognized as the chief editor of the Native Hawaiian Rights Handbook which is a legal publication that describes Native Hawaiian law, a subset of laws of the State of Hawaiʻi. Melody MacKenzie worked as a clerk to the schoolʻs namesake, William S. Richardson for four years and also served as the Executive Director of the Native Hawaiian Legal Corporation for four years, then worked as a senior staff attorney for another six years.
Ka Huli Ao focuses on research, scholarship, and community outreach. Ka Huli Ao provides a monthly lunch time discussion forum referred to as Maoli Thursday which is free and open to the public. Ka Huli Ao maintains its own blog as well as a Twitter account and a Facebook group. Ka Huli Ao also provides law students with summer fellowships. Law school graduates are eligible to apply for post-J.D. fellowships that last for one year.
Notable Native Hawaiians[edit]
Main article: List of Native Hawaiians
Culture and arts[edit]
Main article: Culture of the Native Hawaiians
Hawaiian man with his two children, circa 1890.
Several cultural preservation societies and organizations have been established over the course of the twentieth century. The largest of those institutions is the Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum, established in 1889 and designated as the Hawaiʻi State Museum of Natural and Cultural History. Bishop Museum houses the largest collection of native Hawaiian artifacts, documents and other information available for educational use. Most objects are held for preservation alone. The museum has links with major colleges and universities throughout the world to facilitate research.
With the support of the Bishop Museum, the Polynesian Voyaging Society's double-hulled canoe Hōkūle'a has contributed to rediscovery of native Hawaiian culture, especially in the revival of non-instrument navigation by which ancient Polynesians originally settled Hawaiʻi.[17]
One of the most commonly known arts of Hawaii is hula dancing. It is an interpretive and expressive dance famous for its grace and romantic feel that expresses stories and feelings from almost any phase of life.
Council for Native Hawaiian Advancement
Culture of Hawaii
Hawaiian sovereignty movement
Population history of American indigenous peoples
History of Hawaii
Hawaiian kinship
^ Jump up to: a b U.S. 2000 Census
^ Jump up to: a b US Census Bureau. American FactFinder
Jump up ^ "American Heritage Dictionary Entry: native hawaiian". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (Fifth ed.). Retrieved March 23, 2015.
Jump up ^ Kirch, Patrick (2001). Hawaiki. Cambridge University Press. p. 80. ISBN 978-0-521-78309-5.
Jump up ^ The best survey of these stories, all collected in the latter part of the 19th century, is found in Beckwith's Hawaiian mythology, pp. 321-336.
Jump up ^ Schmitt, Robert C. (June 1971). "New Estimates of the Pre-censal Population of Hawaii". Journal of the Polynesian Society (Auckland, New Zealand: Polynesian Society) 80 (2): 237–243. ISSN 0032-4000. OCLC 557485930. Retrieved May 19, 2012. Contemporary estimates for the date of first contact ranged from 200,000 to 400,000, and retrospective guesses by later historians dipped as low as 100,000. Most modern authorities, however, seem to agree on a 1778 total close to 300,000, although on evidence of the flimsiest kind. (subscription required)
Jump up ^ Stannard, David E (1989). Before the horror : the population of Hawaiʻi on the eve of Western contact. Honolulu, HI, USA: Social Science Research Institute, University of Hawaii. pp. 78–80. ISBN 0824812328. OCLC 596521023. LCC GN 875 .H3 S731 1989. Retrieved May 19, 2012. The obvious conclusion, then, is that a population for Hawaiʻi of about 800,000 at the time of Western contact seems a restrained and modest figure. (subscription required)
Jump up ^ US Census Bureau - Population Division (September 13, 2002). "Table 26. Hawaii - Race and Hispanic Origin: 1900 to 1990" (PDF). People and Households - Data By Subject - People and Households. Washington, DC, USA: U.S. Census Bureau. Second table. Retrieved June 2, 2012.
Jump up ^ U.S Census Bureau (sherr310) (May 25, 2010). "Table 3. Annual Estimates of the Resident Population by Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin for Hawaii: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2009" (MS-EXCEL). State Characteristics: Population by Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin. U.S. Census Bureau. Cell M18. Retrieved June 2, 2012. Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander ancestry alone or in combination, both sexes, for 2000 Census
Jump up ^ Master's Degree in Hawaiian, npr.org
Jump up ^ Boyd, Manu (July 3, 2006). "OHA gains Waimea Valley title". Honolulu, HI, USA: Office of Hawaiian Affairs. Archived from the original on September 27, 2006. Retrieved May 19, 2012.
Jump up ^ Editors Report (August 13, 2001). "Native Hawaiian recognition is overdue". Indian Country Today (New York, NY, USA: Indian Country Today Media Network). ISSN 0744-2238. OCLC 61312545 and 43291273. Archived from the original on October 25, 2006. Retrieved May 19, 2012. Native Hawaiians have rightfully demanded recognition of their aboriginal standing by the United States.
Jump up ^ Questions regarding the indigenous nature of Hawaiians
Jump up ^ s:US Public Law 103-150
Jump up ^ Apoliona, Haunani (April 3, 2005). "Another Perspective: Scientific poll shows majority favors Hawaiian programs". Honolulu Star-Bulletin (Honolulu, HI, USA: Black Press Group Ltd). ISSN 0439-5271. OCLC 9188300, 433678262 and 232117605. Retrieved June 2, 2012.
Jump up ^ Korn, Cheryl (November 24, 2009). "Results from Zogby International interactive poll commissioned by the Grassroot Institute of Hawaii" (PDF). Akaka Bill Poll Findings Released. Zogby International. Honolulu, HI: Grassroot Institute of Hawaii. Retrieved June 2, 2012.
Jump up ^ Unattributed (2007-07-25). "Hawaiian Cultural Heritage". Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument (in en-US and portions in haw). United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 2008-09-06. Discusses Hōkūle'a's Navigating Change voyage which also raised consciousness of the interdependence of Hawaiians, their environment, and their culture.
Maenette K. Nee-Benham and Ronald H. Heck, Culture and Educational Policy in Hawaiʻi: The Silencing of Native Voices, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc., 1998
Scott Cunningham, Hawaiian Magic and Spirituality, Llewellyn Worldwide, Ltd., 2000
Rona Tamiko Tamiko Halualani, In the Name of Hawaiians: Native Identities and Cultural Politics, University of Minnesota Press, 2002
Marshall D. Sahlins, How Natives Think: About Captain Cook, for Example, University of Chicago Press, 1995
Thomas G. Thrum, Hawaiian Folk Tales: A Collection of Native Legends, International Law & Taxation Publishers, 2001
Thomas G. Thrum, More Hawaiian Folk Tales: A Collection of Native Legends and Traditions, International Law & Taxation Publishers, 2001
Houston Wood, Displacing Natives: The Rhetorical Production of Hawaiʻi, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 1999
Kanalu G. Terry Young Rethinking the Native Hawaiian Past, Taylor & Francis, Inc., 1998
Hanifin, Patrick (2002). "To Dwell on the Earth in Unity: Rice, Arakaki, and the Growth of Citizenship and Voting Rights in Hawaii" (PDF). Hawaii Bar Journal (Honolulu, HI, USA: Hawaii State Bar Association) 5 (13): 15–44. ISSN 0440-5048. OCLC 1775767 and 474805275. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 3, 2002. Retrieved May 19, 2012.
Hanifin, Patrick W. (1982). "Hawaiian Reparations: Nothing Lost, Nothing Owed" (PDF). Hawaii Bar Journal (Honolulu, HI, USA: Hawaii State Bar Association) XVII (2). ISSN 0440-5048. OCLC 1775767 and 474805275. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 4, 2000. Retrieved June 2, 2012.
Kauanoe, Derek; Breann Swann Nuuhiwa (May 11, 2012). "We are Who We Thought We Were: Congress' Authority to Recognize a Native Hawaiian Polity United by Common Descent". Asian-Pacific Law & Policy Journal 13 (2): 117. Retrieved July 1, 2013.
Garcia, Ryan William Nohea (April 14, 2010). "Who Is Hawaiian, What Begets Federal Recognition, and How Much Blood Matters" (PDF). Asian-Pacific Law & Policy Journal » Volume 11, Issue 2 (Honolulu, HI, USA: William S. Richardson School of Law at the University of Hawaii) 11 (2): 85. Archived from the original on February 21, 2011. Retrieved June 2, 2012.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Native Hawaiians.
Office of Hawaiian Affairs (OHA)
Ka Huli Ao Center for Excellence in Native Hawaiian Law official website
Ka Huli Ao Blog
U.S. Census Bureau. "Newsroom: Facts on the the [sic] Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander Population". Washington, DC, USA: U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved June 2, 2012.
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Shoestring Apple Pie is the recipe of the week, but Lovina also baked an oatmeal pie, which her family clearly enjoyed.
Any guesses who shouted "Happy New Year" to the neighbors?
Lovina's newest grandchild, Timothy, has a cozy outfit to keep him warm riding in the buggy.
A brand-new year lies before us! What does it hold? Last year brought us two more grandchildren who bring us joy. But Joe and I each had a brother pass away unexpectedly which brought much sadness into our lives. We need to remember that God is in control and to fully put our trust in Him. He knows best and makes no mistakes.
Our year started out with our whole family coming for the night on New Year's Eve. We played games around the kitchen table until midnight. (Sometimes I think I'm getting too old for this. Ha, ha!) My bed looks so much more inviting than staying up late in the evening.
The next morning we had a late breakfast together, or rather brunch. We didn't do much else other than wash dishes and clean up the house. Games were played and we had fun spoiling the little ones. Baby Timothy is so sweet to hold. Abigail and Jennifer on the other hand take up way more energy to entertain. So precious to us!
Church services were held at Jacob and Emma's house on Sunday. Joe and I went to assist them with their work the Thursday before. I'm sure they are ready to relax now that their daughter's wedding and hosting church services are over.
We will host the Christmas gathering for our Michigan family. Every year Jacob and Emma, and Joe and I, take turns hosting the gathering of us four sisters here in the community. Since our extended family gets together in the summer months now, it is nice to get together with those in our community. We are now a total of 27. We will get together on Sunday, January 6 for a 10:00 a.m. brunch and gift exchange. We also play games after dishes are washed; snacks are served in the afternoon before everyone leaves for home.
Son Benjamin, 19, will return to work at the RV factory on January 8. Son Kevin, 13, and daughter Lovina, 14, go back to school on January 7. My husband Joe has another week off. It's not often that he has three weeks off for Christmas. Although its nice to get some work done around home its harder to not have a paycheck for three weeks. Joe has been at this factory 14 years. In March it will be 15 years that we moved here from Indiana. Years go by much too fast!
Joe and our sons-in-law were disappointed to not go on their ice-fishing trip last week after all, but I'm sure it was smarter with the weather being warmer than usual. Our weather has sure been warmer than most winters and no snow over the holidays. Usually, they can go sledding in the fields this time of year.
Lovina's children love this thinly sliced and fried beef hot out of the pan and covered with cheese. Yum.
Now that the holidays are over, we think of work, or so it seems. Yesterday sons Benjamin, Joseph, Joe and I cut up the beef we had hanging in the cold part of the pole barn. What a big job but I think we did well even though we were all tired by night time. Of course we couldn't do that without having what we call rare beef for supper. We slice steak real thin and put salt and black pepper on both sides, and then deep fry it in oil. The oil has to be really hot; then take a slice and stir once, flip and stir again and its ready to eat. Usually I make it while they eat it. It's best to eat fresh from the pan. It's a greasy job but a favorite meat around here. Our children like eating Colby cheese with it.
Today the hamburger will be ground, steaks sliced, beef chunks canned, and I will also can a little hamburger. The rest will be packaged for the freezer. It looks like another busy day.
The girls did the housework, folded laundry, etc., while we worked on the beef. I enjoyed coming back to a clean house after working out in the pole barn all day. But we are so thankful for the meat to put in the freezer for the year ahead. So many are less fortunate!
Next week our church members that are able will go help can meat to send to other countries or to those that have no food. God bless everyone!
Sift flour and spices and set aside. Cream butter and sugar together, then add eggs and beat thoroughly. Add flour and spice mix to the butter, sugar, and egg mixture, alternately with buttermilk. Then stir in apple butter and pour into greased 9x5x3-inch loaf pan. Bake at 350 degrees for 55-65 minutes.
Apple Butter BreadApple Butter CakeLovina EicherLovina's Amish KitchenNew Year's Amish traditionsNew Year's CustomsThe Essential Amish Cookbook: Everyday Recipes from Farm and Pantry.
Family Bibles are used in devotions, as Lovina mentions in this column, and at other times. These are in German.
Christmas 2018 is now history. We hope you all had a blessed Christmas with loved ones, and remembering that Jesus is the reason for the season! Our wish is for God's blessings on each of you in the coming New Year, 2019, and always.
We had a very nice Christmas with our whole family here several nights and on Christmas Day. Everyone came over Christmas Eve. Baby Timothy—Elizabeth and Tim's newest—is nine days old today but they still came over. We tried to make Elizabeth take it easy but with two little ones to care for, she is kept busy. Of course while Abigail is here with us she is pretty well occupied. We had a light supper for whoever didn't eat before they came on Christmas Eve. Everyone went to bed early to get rested for Christmas morning. Elizabeth had a doctor appointment earlier on Christmas Eve, so she was more than tired.
Christmas morning it was so good to wake up and know that our whole family of 16 were all here. How sweet to greet the grandchildren in the morning! After devotions with the family, we had a 10 o'clock brunch. On the menu were fried eggs, potatoes, bacon, biscuits and sausage gravy, cheese, hot peppers, clementines, cookies, orange juice, white or chocolate milk, and coffee. We set the table for 14 and Jennifer sat in the high chair. Baby Timothy was passed around and not left too long in the crib. He is a quiet baby other than when he wants to be fed. Abigail was a little more fussy so this makes it nicer for Elizabeth.
The dishes were washed up quickly with everyone's help. Abigail loves singing and wanted to sing "We wish you a Merry Christmas" while we washed dishes. She really knows the words to the song if we ask her what words come next.
Jennifer is walking behind a push toy and will stand alone if she's not thinking about it. When she realizes she's standing all alone, she grabs for support.
After dishes were put away, we all gathered to open gifts. The children and in-laws all exchanged names so it was interesting to see who had whose name and what they had shopped to buy them. After that our children wanted to give their gifts to Joe and me. They gave us some nice, useful gifts. We then passed out our gifts to the children and grandchildren. Everyone was happy for what they received. We need to remember the true meaning of Christmas, but we can also have joy in giving. I really enjoy giving gifts that the children need. For our married daughters and families, we raised a beef, for them to share the meat. It is something they can use.
After gifts were all passed out, we played games together; I had fun entertaining the grandchildren.
Later in the day we got out snacks that everyone brought. I put a turkey in the oven to cook through the day, so we enjoyed that with the meal. Later in the evening we made an easy supper of grilled cheese sandwiches for whoever was still hungry.
Tim, Mose, and Dustin went to deliver presents and do evening chores over at Tim's and Moses's places. They all decided to spend the night here again. This morning Dustin and Mose went hunting. Tim and Elizabeth took baby Timothy for a check up at the doctor's office. Abigail stayed here with us. I made a breakfast casserole for everyone to enjoy around 9:30 a.m.
Mose and Dustin helped Joe and the boys dress our beef and hang it in the pole barn to chill. It is a big beef and looks like work for next week. Tomorrow, plans are to go help Jacob and Emma prepare for church services they will host at their house Sunday.
On Friday, Joe and our sons-in-law have a paid trip to Cadillac, Michigan, to go ice fishing for the day. Elizabeth and Susan and their littles ones will come here to spend the day with us.
Blessings to all! Enjoy this recipe for something different!
Heat oven to 350 degrees F. Stir together the chicken, rice, eggs and onion in a medium bowl. Stir in lemon juice, soup, mayonnaise and cheese. Season with black pepper. Spoon the chicken mixture into a 3-quart shallow baking dish. Bake for 45 minutes or until the mixture is hot and bubbling.
Favorite Christmas goodies from the Eicher home to yours!
We are still busy getting prepared for niece Emma's wedding next week. So this week I will share some recipes that we use over the holidays. Sour cream cut-out cookies are still our favorite Christmas cookie to decorate.
Enjoy! God bless you all!
Preheat the oven to 350 degrees. Lightly grease a baking sheet.
Cream the butter and sugar together in a large bowl. Stir in the eggs, sour cream, and vanilla. Combine the flour, baking powder, and baking soda in a medium bowl and stir with a whisk to blend. Add the dry ingredients to the wet ingredients and stir until a soft, firm dough is formed. Roll the dough out to about 1/2-inch thickness on a floured surface. Use your favorite shaped cookie cutters to cut out shapes and place them on prepared baking sheet. Gather leftover dough, re-roll, and cut some more until all the dough is used up.
Bake until just turning golden brown around the edges, about 10 minutes. Remove from the oven and let cool on the pan for 5 minutes, then transfer to wire racks to cool completely. Makes about 18 – 24 cookies, depending on shapes.
To make frosting: Cream shortening with vanilla and 1 cup of the powdered sugar. Gradually add the milk and the rest of the powdered sugar, beating constantly. More powdered sugar can be added to give you your desired thickness. Food coloring can also be added if you like. Spread the frosting on the cookies and decorate with colored sprinkles or chocolate chips. Let the frosting set before storing.
Combine all ingredients in a large bowl. Blend well. Chill dough at least one hour before handling. Roll out dough on floured surface to 1/8 inch thickness. Use gingerbread-man cookie cutter. Place on ungreased cookie sheet. Bake at 400 degrees for 8 to 10 minutes. Cool and decorate.
Mix peanut butter and margarine, then work in powdered sugar. Shape into balls the size of big marbles. Dip in melted chocolate.
Mix together real good and shape into patties. Dip in hot melted semi-sweet chocolate. Cool.
Note: this recipe contains one egg which is not cooked. Perhaps look for other alternatives, such as found here. Or simply leave the egg out. Thank you to RN Marjorie for alerting us to the potential risk for salmonella here.
Cream well the butter and sugars. Blend in peanut butter, egg, salt, and vanilla. Stir in flour and oatmeal. Spread in greased 9×13-inch pan. Bake at 350 degrees for 19-20 minutes Sprinkle with the chocolate chips. Let stand 5 minutes. Spread chocolate, then spread peanut butter frosting on top; swirl.


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iOS 11 Device Compatibility List for iPhone, iPad, iPod touch
by Gary Ng – Tue, June 6, 2017
It seems with each new release of iOS, some older devices are left in the dust, and with iOS 11 this is no exception. Apple says only 64-bit devices will work with iOS 11, so that means your aging iPhone 5 and iPhone 5c won't get the newest update.
When iOS 11 releases this fall, the new redesigned App Store won't support 32-bit devices and apps as well. Here are the 32-bit devices set to miss out on iOS 11:
Here are the 64-bit devices that will support iOS 11:
iPod touch (6th gen)
If you have a device that supports iOS 11, once installed, older 32-bit apps will no longer work. You can check which apps on your device will be affected by going to:
Settings > General > About > Applications > App Compatibility
In order for these 32-bit apps to work in iOS 11, you'll need to contact developers to update their apps to 64-bit for them to continue to exist in Apple's new App Store.
For example, some Canadian apps set to bite the dust in iOS 11 include the National Post, Telus Optik TV, Bell Self Serve, Toronto Eaton Centre, Save on Foods, SN Now and TSN Golf, to name a few.
Apple says "these apps may slow down your iPhone and will not work with future versions of iOS if they are not updated. If no update is available, contact the app developer for more information."
Did your iPhone or iPad make the cut for iOS 11? If it didn't, just hold out for 'iPhone 8' this fall, right?
Uber Still Expects to Launch in BC Despite Government Uncertainty
Tue, June 6, 2017


Finally! A decent calendar and clock when you click the time in the Taskbar.
A separate dialog enables you to change the date and time. The shields indicate actions that require elevated privileges. These are now used pretty consistently throughout the UI.
The new standard Save dialog caught me off guard, but clicking "Browse Folders" gives a familiar experience.
The Control Panel now has a Recent Tasks section in the lower left corner. That's handy!
Also, be sure to check out the December CTP for the Microsoft Visual Studio Blah Blah Blah WinFX Development Tools. It's an add-on for Visual Studio 2005 that includes a first peek at "Cider," the WPF designer for Visual Studio!
Where can we find the download?
It is not yet available under MSDN Subscriber downloads?
just a question regarding the fx, assuming you're a clock cycle nazi like me, can you really bash it down to classic windows style? i.e. turning off all menu transitions, smooth scrolling, and "show window contents while dragging/resizing"?
as well as being a mhz hoarder i actually prefer windows life without these enhancements, as i can get stuff done very fast without waiting for the effects to finish, e.g. have menu sub menus that pop out instantly, not wait 2 seconds first, which i find quite annoying, to speed that up they could always cache the loading of submenu icons, so they appear after it has opened where they are needed. in fact i think that philosophy could be extended to much of windows at present. instead of forcing me to wait for it to show the "handy" icons and effects, show me the information first and pretty it up as it goes along. all optional of course, some people like their computers warm, friendly and fun. personally i prefer it cold and harsh and as fast as possible.
Yeah! What gives, I checked the MSDN download site and no December CTP. I got exited there for a bit!
Why has this not made it onto MSDN yet.
Why tell people then fail to deliver.
Yikes, sorry for the confusion… apparently the Windows Vista December CTP was only released to private beta program participants. I didn't realize that!
Wow, that looks interesting Adam.
And that clock looks a lot like the one seen on the Longhorn era sidebar (http://www.eweek.com/image_popup/0,1871,s=25983&iid=52041,00.asp).
I know that this blog focuses a lot on WinFX and WPF, but it would be really great if Microsoft would document and support non-.NET apps using the DirectUI APIs. It is used to do a lot of cool stuff in XP and even more stuff in Vista — e.g. all the control panel pages. It would be great if other apps could use these APIs as well.
That looks nice, I am trying to work with January CTP. I have the following.
System.Windows.Serialization.BamlParseException: Error at element 'StaticExtension' in markup file " : Could not load type 'System.Runtime.CompilerServices.NGenAttribute' from assembly 'mscorlib, Version=2.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=b77a5c561934e089'.. —> System.TypeLoadException: Could not load type 'System.Runtime.CompilerServices.NGenAttribute' from assembly 'mscorlib, Version=2.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=b77a5c561934e089'.
Adam, when you click on the click and click the small arrows to move the next month, click them VERY fast, as if you were impatiently trying to get to a far away year. It will NOTICED that and switch the view to "decades" which is worth seeing.
but I know it is a good thing.