text:
Fuller July 31, 1984
Paper incorporating a partially embedded strip
A method of forming a paper comprises depositing paper fibres onto a support surface from a furnish by drainage, laying a strip having fibre deposition blocking regions and fibre deposition permitting regions onto the deposited fibres and continuing deposition to form a paper having the strip partially embedded in the paper and partially exposed.
Inventors: Fuller; James S. (Platford, GB2)
Assignee: Portals Limited (Hampshire, GB2)
Jul 13, 1981 [GB] 8121564
Dec 09, 1981 [GB] 8137104
Mar 22, 1982 [GB] 8208348
Current U.S. Class: 162/103 ; 162/109; 162/140; 283/58; 283/72; 283/85
Current International Class: D21H 27/34 (20060101); D21H 21/42 (20060101); D21F 11/00 (20060101); D21H 27/30 (20060101); D21H 21/40 (20060101); D21D 003/00 ()
Field of Search: 162/103,105,110,108,116,140,109 428/915,916
3880706 April 1975 Williams
19963 Jun., 1910 GB
237828 Aug., 1925 GB
423281 Jan., 1935 GB
1008703 Nov., 1965 GB
1074118 Jun., 1967 GB
1127043 Sep., 1968 GB
1354414 May., 1974 GB
1498037 Jan., 1978 GB
Primary Examiner: Chin; Peter
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Buell, Blenko, Ziesenheim & Beck
I claim:
1. A method of forming a paper for security documents which method comprises depositing paper fibres from a liquid suspension onto a support surface from a furnish by drainage through the support surface, laying a strip over the deposited paper fibres, which strip has first regions of predetermined shape which will obstruct further drainage sufficiently to prevent any substantial deposition of paper fibres thereover and second regions which will obstruct further drainage insufficiently to prevent further deposition of paper fibres thereover, and depositing further paper fibres by drainage through said second regions and support surface so as to form a paper having the strip in part embedded therein and in part exposed on one surface thereof, the embedded part corresponding with said second regions and the exposed part corresponding with said first regions.
2. A method as claimed in claim 1 wherein the strip comprises permeable regions constituting the said second regions and relatively impermeable regions constituting the said first regions.
3. A method as claimed in claim 2 wherein the permeable regions of the strip have a grammage of from 5 to 50 gms per square meter.
4. A method as claimed in claim 2 wherein the grammage of the impermeable regions of the strip is from 10 to 100 gms/m.sup.2.
5. A method as claimed in claim 2 wherein the permeable regions of the strip when subjected to the moisture, heat and pressure conditions experienced by paper in the papermaking process do not suffer any substantial permanent compression and have thicknesses before insertion into the paper of between 12 and 75 microns.
6. A method as claimed in claim 2 wherein the permeable regions of the strip when subjected to the moisture, heat and pressure conditions experienced by paper in the papermaking process suffer substantial permanent compression and have thicknesses before insertion into the paper of between 75 and 300 microns.
7. A method as claimed in claim 1 wherein the regions of the paper where the strip is exposed are regions in which a watermark is formed.
8. A method as claimed in claim 1 wherein the strip includes a security feature selected from the group consisting of magnetic, fluorescent, phosphorescent, metallic, and electrically conductive materials, dichroic filter materials, diffraction gratings, and holograms.
9. A method as claimed in claim 1 wherein the strip is made from a material selected from the group consisting of plastics film, metal film, textile material, non-woven fabric, paper and a plastics netting material.
The present invention relates to paper, such as security paper, containing a strip in part embedded in the paper, to security documents made from such paper and to methods of making such paper.
In our British patent specification No. 1365876, we described a security paper having a porous tape incorporated therein as a security device. The provision of a security device in the form of a tape or strip is conventional. The tape or strip is normally incorporated in the paper as the paper is made on a cylinder mould papermaking machine. In such a machine paper is deposited on a mesh which rotates in a paper furnish whilst liquid flows from the furnish into the mesh. The tape or strip usually incorporated into paper as a security device is normally very narrow, e.g. 0.5 mm in width. This narrow width is necessary because the tape or strip is of impermeable material, e.g. polyester plastics film and therefore blocks the flow of liquid through the mesh at the point where it lies. If the tape or strip is too wide, paper fibres cannot bridge the tape or strip and the tape is therefore exposed on one side of the paper instead of being incorporated into the thickness of the paper. The tape or strip disclosed in our specification No. 1365876 was porous and therefore could be incorporated into paper on a cylinder mould-making machine even when of substantial width, e.g. 11/2" wide since it did not block the flow of liquid from the furnish through the wire mesh of the cylinder mould machine.
It has now been found that by providing regions offering a differing obstacle to fibre deposition, e.g. regions of permeability and regions of impermeability, along a strip or tape, it may be incorporated in a paper on a cylinder mould-making machine so that some regions, e.g. the permeable regions are embedded in the thickness of the paper and others, e.g. the less permeable regions, are exposed on one surface of the paper. The invention provides a method of forming a paper as described above which comprises depositing paper fibres onto a support surface from a suspension by drainage of the suspension fluid through the support surface, laying a strip over the deposited paper fibres which strip has first regions which will obstruct further drainage sufficiently to prevent any substantial deposition of paper fibres thereover and second regions which obstruct further drainage insufficiently to prevent further deposition of paper fibres thereover, and depositing further paper fibres by drainage through the support surface so as to form a paper having the strip in part embedded therein and in part exposed on one surface thereof.
The present invention also provides a paper containing a strip having first regions exposed at one surface of the paper and second regions embedded in the thickness of the paper produced by such a method.
By the term "exposed" as used herein is meant that the strip is substantially more visible at "exposed areas" than where disposed in the thickness of the sheet. This may be by virtue of being overlaid by little or none of the fibre material making up the sheet. Alternatively, it may be by virtue of being overlaid by a substantially lower weight per unit area of fibres than in unexposed areas, which overlying fibres are rendered transparent by appropriate treatment in the "exposed" areas. It is also permitted that the sheet include a transparent or translucent overlay which covers the "exposed" areas of the strip.
Preferably the paper is a security paper and preferably the regions of the paper where the strip is exposed are regions in which a watermark is formed. Preferably this watermark is a cylinder mould watermark but it would be possible to form a dandy roll watermark instead or additionally.
The strip may be from 0.5 mm wide to the full width of the sheet in which it is to be incorporated. Preferably, however, the width will be between 1 and 30 mms. The width of the sheet is preferably from 500 to 5000 mm.
When incorporated into paper, the strip will preferably not increase the thickness or weight per unit area of the finished plain paper by more than 100%.
The second regions of the strip may obstruct drainage insufficiently to prevent themselves being covered by paper fibres by virtue of their being permeable to the suspending medium of the furnish or they may be too small, e.g. too thin, to pose such an obstruction. Where they are permeable, the strip may be considered to be made up of permeable and impermeable regions.
The permeable regions of such strips are permeable so as not to provide such a barrier to water flow in the paper making process as to prevent a sufficient rate of paper fibre deposition thereover. The rate of deposition must be great enough to ensure that these portions become incorporated in the body of the paper.
The permeable regions therefore should preferably allow substantially free flow of water therethrough. Accordingly, the invention also provides paper containing a strip partially embedded in the paper and characterised in that the strip has permeable regions embedded in the thickness of the paper and relatively impermeable regions exposed at one surface of the paper.
The strip may be made from generally impermeable materials in which selected regions have been made permeable.
For example, the strips may be made from:
(a) Close-structured or coated papers.
(b) Films extruded from thermoplastics materials such as polyethylene or polypropylene.
(c) Films formed by casting from materials such as regenerated cellulose or polyvinylalcohol.
(d) Closely woven textiles made from natural or synthetic materials.
(e) Dense non-woven fabrics produced by dry or wet-lay processes from, for example, rayon or polyethylene teraphthalate fibres.
(f) Any suitable permeable material which has been made generally impermeable by the application of a coating, film or other suitable treatment such as fusion.
Selected regions may be made permeable by any convenient method such as will readily occur to those skilled in the art, for example, by selective perforation, by repetitive slitting or bursting or by repetitive removal of small areas of material by cutting or melting, or by combinations thereof.
Alternatively, the strips may be made from generally permeable materials in which selected regions have been impermeable. For example, the strips may be made from:
(g) fabrics consisting of one or more thin individual elements so constructed as to form an open mesh structure, for example, by weaving, knitting, glueing or spin bonding.
(h) Open-structured tissues or papers.
(i) Thin non-woven fabrics produced by dry or wet-lay processes from, for example, rayon or polyethylene teraphthalate fibres.
(j) Plastics netting, for example, a netting of a thermoplastics material such as polyamide, polyethylene or polypropylene.
Selected regions may be made impermeable by any convenient method such as will readily occur to those skilled in the art, for example, by fusing selected areas of the material together to form a continuous film or by coating selected areas with impermeable materials.
Strips which incorporate regions of permeability and impermeability may also be made by bonding together materials of different permeabilities to provide the requisite drainage pattern in the composite strips.
The strip materials of the invention in which selected areas are permeable and other are impermeable will preferably incorporate characteristics which are selected to act as security features in the finished sheet. These may be intended to be sensed visually, tactilely and/or by appropriate instrumentation. Of course, a security feature should ideally be chosen so as to be easy to incorporate during manufacture of a genuine product yet difficult to provide in imitation sheets.
For example, in permeable regions of strips made from netlike materials, nodules or knuckles may be incorporated to cause variations in contours of the finished sheet whose tactile effect may readily be detected by hand or by instrument.
Similarly, such materials may form a characteristic pattern readily detectable by transmitted, but not reflected, light. This optical effect may be enhanced by any convenient means; for example, by vacuum metallisation of the permeable regions of the strip prior to incorporation into the sheet. The presence of such metallisation may also be detected by appropriate means by virtue of its substantially greater electrical conductivity or density than that of the sheet.
The permeable regions of the strip may form a characteristic mesh pattern readily recognisable in transmitted light but not in reflected light. The pattern may be cut into the strip by, for example, a laser beam to produce pattern difficult to imitate by other means.
Again, permeable regions of strips provided by the invention may incorporate or be coated with magnetic materials whose field pattern after magnetisation can be detected by appropriate instruments and which may correspond with the structure or surface discontinuities of the strip itself. Alternatively, metallic or magnetic materials may be selected to provide predetermined hysteresis, eddy current, remanent flux or coercivity phenomena detectable by instruments external to the sheet.
Permeable regions of strips may, nevertheless, provide sufficient surface continuity to receive coatings of materials which respond to various forms of excitation. For example, materials which fluoresce or phophoresce when irradiated with ultra-violet light. Such coatings may be discontinuous and may, for example, be printed or otherwise applied to form a pattern or series of numbers and/or letters to form a progression along the length of the strip.
The invention includes papers containing strips with permeable regions incorporating characteristics as described hereinabove. It is to be particularly noted, however, that the invention also includes papers containing strips wherein any of the above characteristics may additionally, or alternatively, be incorporated into impermeable regions of the strip.
The invention also provides papers containing strips incorporating characteristics which may be more easily sensed or detected when they coincide with exposed regions of the strip. These characteristics are therefore preferably included in the impermeable regions of the strip but may, of course, extend into the permeable regions. Characteristics of this kind include those provided by thin film dichroic filters, by diffraction gratings, by magnetic materials, by electrically conductive or phosphorescent materials or materials incorporating hologram or providing holographic effects or a combination of two or more of the above.
Preferably the permeable regions of the strip have a grammage of from 5 to 50 gms per square meter.
Preferably the grammage of the impermeable regions of the strip is about 25 gms/m.sup.2 although grammages of as low as 10 and as high as 100 gms/m.sup.2 may be used.
Some materials which may be used for the strip are such as will be permanently compressed by normal papermaking machinery. The paper itself is normally considerably compressed after the first stage of its manufacture. In general therefore strip materials which are bulky but easily permanently compressed under pressures of the order of 10,000 lbs. per square inch i.e. 68,950 kilonewtons per square meter or whose materials are such that permanent compression occurs under pressures substantially less than 10,000 lbs per square inch provided that the web is first saturated with water or, alternatively, heated to temperatures up to 150.degree. C. or both may have substantially greater initial thicknesses. For example, a permeable web made from thermoplastic filaments and having an initial thickness of 350 microns (measured at 20.degree. C., 65% relative humidity under a uniform pressure of 7.3 lbs/in.sup.2 i.e., 50 kilonewtons per square meter) was subsequently found to be satisfactory.
Permeable regions of strips which do not easily permanently compress as defined above will preferably be between 12 and 75 microns in thickness.
Permeable regions of strips which easily permanently compress as defined above will preferably be between 75 and 350 microns on thickness.
A strip for use in the invention may include a magnetic, fluorescent, phosphorescent, metallic, electrically conductive or dichroic filter material or a diffraction grating or a combination of two or more of these features.
The strip may have permeable parts made from a plastics or metal film, a textile material, a non-woven fabric, a paper or a plastics material.
Where the permeable material is in the form of a narrow ribbon (i.e. 1.0 to 30 mms. wide), the impermeable regions will preferably be narrower than the ribbon width, where possible by at least 2 mms., but preferably not less than 0.75 mm. wide.
The strip may be formed by attaching pieces of impermeable material as spaced locations along a permeable base strip. For instance discs or other shapes of plastics or metallic film or foil may be attached by adhesive to a permeable web.
More preferably however, the strip may be composed of a permeable base strip bearing an impermeable strip having a series of spaced regions sufficiently large to interfere with fibre deposition linked by narrow bridge portions to form a continuous strip. The narrow bridge portions are sufficiently narrow not to interfere with fibre deposition and so become buried during the papermaking process. The spaced "islands" constituted by the larger regions of the impermeable strip are left revealed.
Impermeable strips of the kind may be incorporated into paper without being supported on a permeable carrier and such methods of incorporation and papers thereby produced form part of this invention.
The invention includes a security document such as a banknote made from a paper of the invention.
The invention will be illustrated by the following description of a preferred embodiment with reference being made to the accompanying drawing in which:
FIG. 1 shows a cylinder mould papermaking machine in the process of making a paper according to the invention;
FIG. 2 shows a cross-section through a paper according to the invention; and
FIG. 3 shows a plan view of a suitable strip for use in forming a paper according to the invention.
FIG. 4a shows a plan view of a suitable strip incorporated into paper.
FIG. 4b shows a section through the paper of FIG. 4a on the line b--b.
FIG. 5 shows a plan view of a further strip suitable for use in the invention.
FIG. 6 shows a plan view of another strip suitable for use in the invention.
FIGS. 7, 8 and 9 each show yet other strip suitable for use in the invention, in each case in plan view.
As seen in FIG. 1, a cylinder mould papermaking machine comprises a bath containing a paper furnish 1 wherein a papermaking mould in the form of a cylinder having a wire mesh surface 2 rotates whilst suction is applied to the interior of the cylinder. Fluid is drained through the wire mesh causing paper fibres to deposit upon the cylinder as it rotates. Finished paper is removed from the surface 2 by couch roll 3 and is transferred to belt 6 for subsequent treatment such as drying.
A strip 4 having a series of permeable regions and impermeable regions spaced along its length is fed over a guide 5 into the bath of paper furnish so as to contact the mould after a certain thickness of paper fibres has been deposited thereon. As the mould rotates past the point at which the strip contacts the initial deposit of paper fibres, further fibres are deposited over the strip at those regions where the strip is permeable. The impermeable regions of the strip however serve to block the deposit of fibres thereover so that the strip lies exposed on one surface of the paper where it is impermeable.
By arranging for the impermeable region of the strip to come to lie over areas of the cylinder mould wire mesh carrying the impression of a desired watermark, the finished paper can be made so that the exposed portions of the strip 4 lie over a watermark on the paper.
Alternatively or additionally, the feeding of the strip and the rotation of the mould may be synchronised so that the impermeable areas of the strip come to lie over areas of the mould wire mesh surface alongside which are areas of the mesh surface which lie below the general level of the mesh surface. The effect of this on the paper produced is that in register with the exposed areas of the strip will be flanking areas of paper which are somewhat thickened, thus providing some reinforcement of the paper and reducing feathering of fibres over the impermeable feature.
FIG. 2 shows a cross-section through a paper according to the invention in which a strip 4 is generally embedded within the thickness of a paper 7. The strip 4 has interstices 8 rendering it permeable except in the region 9 where the strip is impermeable. In the region 9, the strip is exposed on one side of the paper and on the other side of the paper, is covered by paper fibres. As indicated by numeral 10, the paper adjacent the exposed impermeable portion of the strip 4 bears a watermark and has an irregular thickness.
FIG. 3 shows a suitable strip 4 incorporated into paper according to the invention. The strip shown is a strip of plastics film approximately 20 mm wide and approximately 13 microns thick. The film is divided into regions containing numerous perforations 8, such as pinholes, rendering the strip permeable and regions 9 which are not perforated.
FIG. 4a is a plan view of a strip 4 incorporated into paper in accordance with the invention. The strip was made from continuous filaments of polyamide material spun-bonded to form a water-permeable, fabric-like sheet. The strip shown was slit from a continuous web of the above material and is 15 mms. wide. Before insertion into the paper, the strip was 140 microns thick and had a density of 25 gms. per square meter.
At regular intervals of 15 mms. along the length of the strip, discs 14 each of 5 mms. in diameter (cut from a sheet of impermeable polyester film carrying multiple depositions to form a thin film dichroic filter) were bonded to the strip prior to insertion in the paper.
The paper was made from stock which included some long fibres (5 to 10 mms. long) and the strip was run into the machine so as to lie in the centre of the section of the paper.
It was found that the longer fibres in the stock formed a matrix which bridged over each disc but, because the discs were impermeable and prevented direct drainage, the layer of fibres in the matrix was extremely light i.e., no more than a few grammes per square meter, compared with the paper sheet which weighed 80 gms. per square meter.
After pressing and drying the paper, a continuous coating from a paraffin wax emulsion was applied to the paper over the position occupied by the strip.
It was found that the strip was barely visible within the paper but, because of the low weight of fibre over each disc and the transparentising effect of the wax applied thereto, the variation in colour and reflectively of the discs when viewed, first, in reflected and then in transmitted light could be clearly discerned.
Closer examination revealed a variation in thickness of fibres overlying each disc making it evident that the discs had been incorporated into the body of the paper and had not merely been applied thereto after manufacture as shown in the enlarged sectional view on one of the discs in FIG. 4b.
The paper was later printed and cut into security documents each 60 mms. wide so that each document contained four visible discs within its width.
FIG. 5 is a plan view on another strip prior to incorporation into a sheet of paper in accordance with the present invention.
In this case, the "strip" 4 has been prepared for incorporation into a web of paper 1.6 meters wide intended for eventual sub-division into individual security documents each 150 mms. wide. Thus, during sub-division, ten documents will be cut from the width of the web, the remainder of the sheet being waste.
The strip is also approximately 1.6 meters wide and contains, within its width, ten rectangular, impervious regions 14 to provide ten areas of exposure in the sheet i.e., one exposure per document. The lines of impervious regions are repeated at regular intervals of 65 mms. along the length of the strip so that, when the strip is stretched as it is incorporated into the paper, the interval between lines of impervious regions will increase to 68 mms. to correspond with the eventual document height.
A strip of the dimensions shown in FIG. 5 was manufactured from high density polyethylene melt extruded to form a permeable mesh. The rectangular impermeable regions 14 shown in FIG. 5 were cut from 12 micron thick polyester film coated with magnetic oxide each rectangle then being bonded to the mesh to form the pattern indicated in FIG. 5. Each rectangle was 15 mms. long by 10 mms. wide.
The entire strip was run into a papermaking machine so that in the permeable areas 60 gsm of fibres lay below the strip and 20 gsm of fibres lay above it. The paper was then pressed, dried, printed and cut into documents so that each document incorporated one rectangle of impermeable material.
It was found that the heat used to dry the paper had melted the polythene mesh causing it to adhere strongly to the surrounding paper fibres.
In those regions occupied by the impermeable rectangles, no fibre deposition had occurred over the rectangles except at their peripheries and, as a result, each printed document contained a rectangular area of about 12 mms. by 7 mms. in which the magnetic coating was completely exposed.
It was found that, when the documents were first placed in a magnetic field and then moved past a device sensitive to magnetic flux, the presence of the magnetic material could be more readily detected than would have been the case had the rectangles been overlaid with fibres.
A web of dry laid and bonded viscose fibres was slit into continuous strips (4) 22 mms. wide. At regular intervals, discs 14 of paper each having a central aperture 14a were bonded along the length of the strips with a polyvinylalcohol adhesive as shown in plan view in FIG. 6.
Each paper disc 14 was 15 mms. in diameter and contained a central hole 5 mms. in diameter. The discs were printed in multiple colours and coated with silicone.
The strip was run into a papermaking machine so that the strip lay in the centre of the section of the paper.
It was found that the annular area of impermeability provided by each disc had prevented fibre deposition thereon and fibres which had temporarily adhered were easily washed off the silicone coated discs as the paper left the forming zone of the machine. The discs were therefore strongly bonded to the paper at their edges and at the central hole but the striking printed colours on the surface of each disc were directly exposed to view.
FIGS. 7, 8 and 9 illustrate three strips for use in the invention made by laminating two continuous strips, one permeable and one impermeable together. In each case, a permeable base strip 1 bears a ribbon 12 of impermeable material such as plastics film or metal foil bonded thereto. For instance the strip may be of 12 micrometer polyester film metallised on one side.
Ribbon 12 is cut to have a varying with and has narrow bridges 13 linking wider "islands" 14. The bridges are narrow, generally less than 3 mm, preferably less than 0.75 mm and preferably about 0.5 mm so that in the papermaking process they are bridged by depositing fibres and are buried. The "islands" are too large to be bridged, e.g. have an area of more than about 3 mm square or 3 mm diameter.
The ribbon shown in FIG. 8 is so shaped that a plurality of identical ribbons can be cut from a sheet without waste. The area 16 cut from ribbon 12 serves as an "island" in a second ribbon.
The embodiment shown in FIG. 9, the space between the "islands" 14 is 50 mm long and the "islands" themselves are 16 mm long. The "islands" have been formed in a plastics film strip by cutting by laser or by water jet to leave two connecting bridges at each end of each "island".
Impermeable strips 14 of the kind shown in FIG. 9 are particularly suitable for incorporation in paper without a permeable carrier. The visual effect produced is of course essentially the same whether a permeable carrier is present or not. The carrier naturally greatly increases the robustness of the strip.
Strips provided and incorporated into sheets in accordance with the invention will, preferably, be bonded with the fibres of the finished sheet. Appropriate methods of strip-to-sheet bonding include heat treatment to cause thermoplastic materials provided in or on the strip (or sheet) to melt and fuse with similar thermoplastic materials provided within the sheet (or strip). Alternatively, water soluble bonding materials may be incorporated into the strip and/or with the fibres forming the sheet such that, when wetted, for example, during the sheet formation process, dissolution and migration of the bonding materials occurs and, on drying, strong bonds are formed between strip and sheet.
Or, again, bonds may be developed in the finished product, for example, by coating, impregnating or saturating the finished strip/sheet assembly with suitable materials such as polyvinylalcohol, latex, or polyamide in aqueous or solvent solutions or suspensions. Other methods of developing bonds in the completed strip/sheet assembly will readily occur to those skilled in the art. For example, where the strip and/or sheet contain materials with low melting points, spot welding techniques may usefully be applied.
The first regions of the strip will block any substantial deposition of paper fibres from the furnish subsequent to the point of insertion of the strip into the papermaking machine. However, some fibres may well stray on to these areas, particularly around the edges thereof. It may be desirable to remove such straying fibres whilst the paper is still fresh and wet by such methods as directing a jet of water onto the freshly made paper to remove loose fibres. Such a jet may be arranged to operate only on those areas of the paper where the strip is or, is extended to be, exposed. Alternatively, the freshly made paper may be run underneath a flexible tongue which contacts the paper with a force determined by a weight or other suitable means such as a spring. Water may be sprayed on the paper just before it runs under the tongue to mobilise the paper fibres which it is intended to sweep from the exposed surface of the strip. Other methods for preventing or discouraging the deposition of fibres over these regions of the strip may be employed.
These include raising the surface of the first regions relative to the surrounding permeable regions. This may be achieved by any convenient means such as by embossing the impermeable regions or, in the case of a composite strip, by making the overall thickness of the first regions greater than the surrounding regions.
Other methods of discouraging fibre deposition and retention over these regions of the strip include, for example, the application of non-wetting agents such as silicone or polytetrafluoroethylene to the first regions of the strip. Similarly, the application of smooth, low friction sealing materials such as waxes and cast films have been found to be efficacious in some circumstances.
Where a sheet includes a transparent overlay to protect the exposed areas of the strip, the overlay may for instance be a sheet of plastics film attached to the sheet e.g. by adhesives. Alternatively, the overlay may be applied as liquid, for instance a solution of polymer or of film forming latexes. Alternatively, the protective overlay may be formed by formation of a polymer layer in situ from polymer precursors. An example of this would be the use of a polyurethane varnish.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: In my ASP.net MVC application, a library needs a Page() parameter I am currently coding my first MVC 4 application for a company.
In it, I need to use an internal library developped by another team (I can not have the source code and they can not update the library as fast as I need).
A method in this library needs one System.Web.UI.Page parameter.
With MVC, it seems impossible (or tricky) to be able to have the equivalent object.
I tried different things to try to create an object Page like :
var page = new System.Web.UI.Page();
var requestField = typeof(System.Web.UI.Page).GetField("_request", System.Reflection.BindingFlags.Instance | System.Reflection.BindingFlags.NonPublic);
requestField.SetValue(page, System.Web.HttpContext.Current.Request);

but unfortunately it does not make the job.
I hope I could handle this without rewrite my application in an older way :-/
Thank you all for your ideas!

A: Using a decompiler tool, I saw that the method just returns a Session variable, so I can bypass it.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Employment: 34,360 jobs in the trucking industry in West Virginia, or one out of 16 in the state.
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As an Industry: Recent reports show the trucking industry in WV paid approximately $243 million in federal and state roadway taxes and fees. The industry paid 38 percent of all taxes and fees owed by West Virginia motorists, despite trucks representing only 12 percent of vehicle miles traveled in the state.
Individual Companies: A typical five-axle tractor semi-trailer combination paid $7957 in state highway user fees and taxes in addition to $8,906 in federal user fees and taxes. These taxes were over and above the typical taxes paid by businesses in Weest Virginia.
Continually Improving: At the national level, the truck-involved fatal crash rate for 2014 was 1.23 fatal crashes per 100 million vehicle miles of travel (VMT). This rate is at its lowest point since the U. S. Department of Transportation (DOT) began keeping these records in 1975. Since that time, it has dropped 73%.
Sharing the Road: The trucking industry is committed to sharing the road safely with all vehicles. The Share the Road program sends a team of professional truck drivers to communities around the country to teach car drivers about truck blind spots, stopping distances and safe merging around large trucks, all designed to reduce the number of car-truck accidents. The West Virginia Trucking Association hs entered into a partnership with West Virginia school superintendents where by they have endorsed the showing of the Share the Road video to all high school students. We also travel to give demonstrations to students each year.
The West Virginia Trucking Association has entered into a partnership with the WV Superintendents of Schools where by they have endorsed the showing of the Share the Road video to all high school students. We travel to give demonstrations to students each year.
Safety First: The West Virginia Trucking Association put safety first through improved driver training, investment in advanced safety technologies and active participation in safety initiatives at the local, state and national levels. Annually the Association holds a Truck Driving Championship and a Safety Banquet. These events promote safety and recognize professionals in our industry for their expertise.


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At the base of the medieval city of Carcassonne, these 2 casual hotels share a property that's located 3.5 km from the train station.
Both hotels offer straightforward, casual rooms that sleep from 1 to 5 guests and feature complimentary WiFi and flat-screen TVs. Hôtel Les Oliviers adds some rooms with bunk beds and studios with kitchenettes.
Buffet breakfast is served at both hotels for a surcharge. There's also a restaurant, an outdoor pool and 2 meeting rooms at Hôtel Les Oliviers. Parking is available at either hotel for a fee.


text:
Five Rules to Get State-Building Right
Hard-won lessons from Iraq and Afghanistan are essential to a lasting defeat of Islamic State, al Qaeda and other terrorist groups
Lt. Kimo Bandmann, part of a Provincial Reconstruction Team, speaks with residents during a visit to the village of Pushtay, Afghanistan, on Jan. 9, 2010.
Photo: Spencer Platt/Getty Images
By Roger B. Myerson and J. Kael Weston
Updated Oct. 20, 2016 1:42 pm ET
In the wake of long, painful wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, Americans are understandably wary of the idea of state-building. But the issue won't go away. Last week, the Iraqi military, along with U.S. special operations forces and other partners, launched an offensive to retake the city of Mosul from Islamic State. If such campaigns are to succeed in the long term, state-building is essential. It is the only way to make real progress in defeating Islamic State, al Qaeda and other terrorist groups.
Recent history in the Middle East—from Pakistan to Yemen to Syria—has shown that ungoverned, unstable areas can incubate global threats. But simply launching military strikes to devastate terrorist bases without trying to rebuild afterward—the sort of "bomb the hell out of them" strategies advocated by Donald Trump and Sen. Ted Cruz—is a prescription for failure. Intervening more cautiously and leaving some measure of stability and good government helps to ensure that ousted jihadists cannot return.
Military planning can no longer neglect the urgent question of who will take political power once the battle is won. Fortunately, from the bitter experience of the past 15 years, we now know much more about what it takes to do state-building right.
Forget imperialism. In centuries past, military planners worried far less about postwar rebuilding. Victory was often followed by outright conquest. But trying to install some friendly autocrat after a U.S. intervention won't work anymore: It would stoke distrust, invite uprisings, increase tensions with other major powers and alarm many Americans unwilling to get into the business of permanent occupation. U.S. interests are better served by cultivating legitimate leaders. Today, successful state-building means democratic state-building.


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The Age of Climate
It was difficult for a student in history, even for an Americanist, to avoid encountering the work of the brilliant historian Eric Hobsbawm while blundering through graduate school. He was too influential. He wrote for the most part about Europe and he wrote without apology as a committed Marxist.
Hobsbawm died two months ago, 95 years old. Most people, if they've heard of or read Hobsbawm, know him as the historian that re-classified the centuries, the long 19th century from 1789 to 1914, the short 20th century from 1914-1991. It was his way of defining eras (although he took his inspiration from Braudel) as his book titles make clear: The Age of Revolution, 1789-1848; The Age of Capital, 1848-1875; The Age of Empire, 1875-1914; The Age of Extremes, 1914-1991.
I was thinking about Hobsbawm in those October weeks when the presidential election was thrown into doubt after the first debate. Contemplating a 21st century unfolding under the leadership of Mitt Romney and a resurgent Republican Party was, well, unsettling, and it helped in those doubt-ridden moments to take a longer view of events—Hobsbawm is good for that sort of thinking. And then inevitably, I couldn't help but wonder (probably like everyone else who read his books) what sort of title our strange 21st century deserves. The answer I arrived at (pretty quickly, too) was this: we are in the century of the environment, the age of climate change.
Global warming is a corrupted public debate that really shouldn't be a debate at all. The science is quite clear and absolutely dire. Yet somehow there's a significant portion of the national population that does not believe it or doesn't care. Right-wing media deserves some of the blame. It's easy, for instance, to vilify Fox News for spreading misinformation, and we should since they reach such a large audience. On the other hand there's a good argument to be made that anyone watching a show with hosts this vapid is really looking to be misled. The editors at the Wall St. Journal opinion page, however, really ought to know better. They published this letter by 16 scientists—at least half of whom were linked to the oil and gas industry—claiming there was nothing to worry about regarding global warming. Afterwards the Washington Post and Forbes called the Journal out for biased journalism. Forbes noted that the Journal editors not only published a letter riddled with falsehoods, but refused to publish this letter from 255 other scientists arguing, with actual facts, that global warming was real. (Yes, when Forbes takes on the WSJ, something is afoot.)
If Forbes isn't compelling enough, it might be worth considering this 2011 column from that radical tree-hugging pinko hippie rag known as the Economist:
A HUNDRED years from now, looking back, the only question that will appear important about the historical moment in which we now live is the question of whether or not we did anything to arrest climate change. Everything else—the financial crisis, the life or death of the euro, authoritarianism or democracy in China and Russia, the Great Stagnation or the innovation renaissance, democratisation and/or political Islam in the Arab world, Newt or Mitt or another four years of Barack—all this will fade into insignificance beside the question of whether we managed to do anything about human industrial civilisation changing the climate of Planet Earth.
(Side note: Brits are great—see my love-fest for Hobsbawm above—but they need to use more Zs. "Civilisation" looks too weird to me.)
When climate scientists and environmentalists present the unvarnished truth, the scope of the challenge that climate change presents humanity becomes all too clear. James Hansen, NASA scientist and modern-day climate Cassandra, has been publicly calling for urgent action on climate change ever since he testified before Congress about global warming in 1988. This spring he published an editorial in the New York Times about the Canadian plan to extract oil from its tar sands that would mean "Game Over for the Climate." And that piece was not nearly so grim as Bill McKibben's article in Rolling Stone, "Global Warming's Terrifying New Math," which lays out the tremendous financial stake the fossil fuel companies have in continuing to sell oil, gas, and coal.
As October rolled by, it was all the more depressing to realize that climate change, the most important issue of our time, went virtually unmentioned in the presidential election. Not one of the moderators during the debates raised a question about it. But, as McKibben has noted, nature will provide a series of "teachable moments" as global temperatures continue to rise. Hurricane Sandy was the latest, causing Michael Bloomberg to endorse Obama and Businessweek to publish this cover article in the last week of the campaign.
It would be tempting to read into recent developments, like the acceptance of the climate change scientific consensus by centrist publications like Forbes, the Economist, and Businessweek, that the public debate had passed a tipping point and political action might ensue. It's hard to say, though, since all the political oxygen is getting sucked up by the "fiscal cliff" debate (a jaw dropping irony in which the entire fourth estate agreed to call something that isn't really a crisis at all an apocalyptic name while politicians continue to ignore climate change).
One dismal view is that, as Sandy recedes in the rear-view mirror, climate change will again sink back into the black hole of national politics. After all, there isn't much incentive for Democrats to raise policy initiatives designed to fight climate change when the House is controlled by Republicans who deny that climate change is occurring. In fact, the chairman of the House Committee on Energy and the Environment, John Shimkus, had this to say about rising levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide:
It's plant food ... So if we decrease the use of carbon dioxide, are we not taking away plant food from the atmosphere? ... So all our good intentions could be for naught. In fact, we could be doing just the opposite of what the people who want to save the world are saying.
Yikes. We're in trouble. And while Republican congressmen are the worst offenders, it doesn't help that a supposedly common-sense Republican intellectual (and in this case I use that term loosely) like David Brooks blamed the politicizing of global warming on Al Gore and not Republicans like Shimkus. Why? Because Gore made An Inconvenient Truth and won a Nobel prize. After that, according to Brooks, "no Republican could stand shoulder to shoulder with him and survive." It's a stunner of an analysis, not unlike blaming Lincoln for politicizing emancipation or Gandhi for politicizing nonviolence—"No British imperialist could stand shoulder to shoulder with Gandhi and survive." So true, David.
On the more optimistic side, some people who are fighting for science, for humanity, and for the earth refuse to be silenced. They continue to shift the public discourse. The New York Times featured a series on Hurricane Sandy in this week's Sunday Review. Bloomberg has written about growing momentum for a carbon tax for which even Exxon-Mobil has recently indicated support. Whether the tax becomes reality or not in the coming year (and it's a crazy long shot), the business consensus is building that it will be better to transition to a low-carbon economy in a predictable way facilitated by a tax rather than abrupt emergency actions taken after disasters. Meanwhile, multiple outlets have called for Obama to use his executive authority and the expansive powers of the EPA to fight climate change without Congress. Fredd Krupp in Politico wrote that Obama should take immediate steps to limit methane leaks from natural gas distribution. Chris Mooney in Mother Jones offered this five part climate plan for Obama's second term.
It still looks bleak, but with Obama in the White House and in charge of the EPA, there's a chance for progress in the next four years. What we really need, of course, is consensus for action from across our political spectrum and across the international community. Republicans have to make this their cause too. Climate change is the great test of our era. Sooner or later we will all be soldiers in this fight.
Fossils Unearthed
Election Post-Mortem
The Filibuster Debate
A Few More Climate Thoughts...
Or Old Conservatism...
New Conservatism?
2016 Watch
Luck?
Students Ask...
Moderate Wisdom
The New Republican Party?


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Thought I'd post a tutorial on how to make the felt flowers that I made a couple of weeks ago.
They are really pretty easy to make, not much sewing, and they turn out beautifully. I made my flowers into pins and barrettes, but I am sure they have many other possibilities!
This is the first tutorial I have written so bear with me, hope it comes across clearly, let me know if you try it and have any questions!
If you are making several flowers at once, which is what I did, then it may be helpful to cut the felt into 1" strips first and then cut the strips into 1" x 1.5" rectangles. Stack three rectangles so that you can cut three petals at a time. I found that this method made the petal cutting go much more quickly than cutting each of them individually.
and sew through the petal where you are pinching it together, continue in this manner for all twelve petals. After all of the petals have been sewn together sew through the first one again in the same manner to make a ring.
Pull the thread taut to push all of the petals together and close the ring up tightly, now sew back through the first petal one more time, pull the needle through the loop to knot the thread, trim the tail.
Next, manipulate the petals to form the flower. Push one petal back, the next one forward and alternate until you are happy with the shape of your flower. You should have two rows of petals (I like to have my front row of petals standing almost straight up and down).
Next, feed the stamen pieces through the center hole of the flower with the rounded part up and the pointed part (tails) in the back of the flower.
Put a small dot of hot glue on the stamen tails on the back so that they don't pull through. Once the glue on the stamen is dry you can then place a thin line of hot glue around the outer edge of the flower back circle and press it onto the back of the flower being sure the back row of flowers are firmly pushed together and onto the circle at the same time.
Voila! Done, now time to enjoy!
**A note: You can also make the flowers two different colors as seen in one of the flowers below by alternating two different colored petals as you sew them onto the thread (ie. yellow, red, yellow, red, etc.) Let your imagination and your garden guide you!
Ps. Please share your pictures at my Flickr group!


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Reese's Launches Online "University"
By @joshmradio Dec 2, 2021
Reese's has announced that they are currently accepting new students at "Reese's University".
Don't expect to get earn a degree though in anything other than maybe a doctorate in peanut butter cup studies because the university is fictional.
In fact, the candy company reiterates that "Reese's University is not a real University".
The purpose of the "school" is basically to connect peanut butter cup lovers from all over.
According to Reese's, "Once you're in, you'll join the most iconic fanbase around, load up on college swag from the Reese's U bookstore, and enjoy a few other surprises along the way".
To become a "Fighting Cuppy", just head over to ReesesUniversity.com
Are you going to check it out and enroll in Reese's University? Which Reese's product is best: peanut butter cups, Reese's Pieces, Reese's Outrageous bars?
More HERE and below!
Want to know more about Josh? Get their official bio, social pages & articles!Read More


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Stewart's Notes on Tech, Product Reviews, Hadoop, Spark, Cluster Design, Performance, Linux & Windows, Java, C/C++. Server & Networking Gear. Green Energy – Solar, LEDs, Low Power Servers, Data Centers. Electric Cars. VoIP. IPTV. Automation. Robots. Drupal. Wordpress. Photography. Dobermans. Wine and Coffee.
Using the XFS file system on CentOS / RHEL 7.x
Monitoring RAID drive health using StorCLI and MegaCLI plus other useful commands
RHEL7 & CentOS7 policy based routing
Enabling rsh, rlogin, rexec on Redhat Linux
Building an Open Source NAS
Hardening Router Security on OpenWRT, dd-wrt and other NOS
Stewart on
GFS2: Global File System 2 on RHEL CentOS
This entry was posted by Stewart
Global File System 2 or GFS2 is a shared-disk file system for Linux computer clusters. GFS2 differs from distributed file systems (such as AFS, Coda, InterMezzo, or GlusterFS) because GFS2 allows all nodes to have direct concurrent access to the same shared block storage. In addition, GFS or GFS2 can also be used as a local filesystem.
GFS has no disconnected operating-mode, and no client or server roles. All nodes in a GFS cluster function as peers. Using GFS in a cluster requires hardware to allow access to the shared storage, and a lock manager to control access to the storage. The lock manager operates as a separate module: thus GFS and GFS2 can use the Distributed Lock Manager(DLM) for cluster configurations and the "nolock" lock manager for local filesystems. Older versions of GFS also support GULM, a server-based lock manager which implements redundancy via failover.
GFS and GFS2 are free software, distributed under the terms of the GNU General Public License.
Development of GFS began in 1995 and was originally developed by University of Minnesota professor Matthew O'Keefe and a group of students.[3] It was originally written for SGI's IRIX operating system, but in 1998 it was ported to Linux since the open source code provided a more convenient development platform. In late 1999/early 2000 it made its way to Sistina Software, where it lived for a time as an open-source project. In 2001, Sistina made the choice to make GFS a proprietary product.
Developers forked OpenGFS from the last public release of GFS and then further enhanced it to include updates allowing it to work with OpenDLM. But OpenGFS and OpenDLM became defunct, since Red Hat purchased Sistina in December 2003 and released GFS and many cluster-infrastructure pieces under the GPL in late June 2004.
Red Hat subsequently financed further development geared towards bug-fixing and stabilization. A further development, GFS2[4][5] derives from GFS and was included along with its distributed lock manager (shared with GFS) in Linux 2.6.19. Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5.2 included GFS2 as a kernel module for evaluation purposes. With the 5.3 update, GFS2 became part of the kernel package.
As of 2009, GFS forms part of the Fedora, Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5.3 and upwards and associated CentOS Linux distributions. Users can purchase commercial support to run GFS fully supported on top of Red Hat Enterprise Linux. Since Red Hat Enterprise Linux version 5.3, Red Hat Enterprise Linux Advanced Platform has included support for GFS at no additional cost.
The following list summarizes some version numbers and major features introduced:
v1.0 (1996) SGI IRIX only
v3.0 Linux port
v4 journaling
v5 Redundant Lock Manager
v6.1 (2005) Distributed Lock Manager
Linux 2.6.19 – GFS2 and DLM merged into Linux kernel
Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5.3 releases the first fully supported GFS2
Hardware[edit]
The design of GFS and of GFS2 targets SAN-like environments. Although it is possible to use them as a single node filesystem, the full feature-set requires a SAN. This can take the form of iSCSI, FibreChannel, AoE, or any other device which can be presented under Linux as a block device shared by a number of nodes, for example a DRBD device.
The DLM requires an IP based network over which to communicate. This is normally just Ethernet, but again, there are many other possible solutions. Depending upon the choice of SAN, it may be possible to combine this, but normal practice[citation needed] involves separate networks for the DLM and storage.
The GFS requires fencing hardware of some kind. This is a requirement of the cluster infrastructure, rather than GFS/GFS2 itself, but it is required for all multi-node clusters. The usual options include power switches and remote access controllers (e.g. DRAC, IPMI, or ILO). Fencing is used to ensure that a node which the cluster believes to be failed cannot suddenly start working again while another node is recovering the journal for the failed node. It can also optionally restart the failed node automatically once the recovery is complete.
Differences from a local filesystem[edit]
Although the designers of GFS/GFS2 aimed to emulate a local filesystem closely, there are a number of differences to be aware of. Some of these are due to the existing filesystem interfaces not allowing the passing of information relating to the cluster. Some stem from the difficulty of implementing those features efficiently in a clustered manner. For example:
The flock() system call on GFS/GFS2 is not interruptible by signals.
The fcntl() F_GETLK system call returns a PID of any blocking lock. Since this is a cluster filesystem, that PID might refer to a process on any of the nodes which have the filesystem mounted. Since the purpose of this interface is to allow a signal to be sent to the blocking process, this is no longer possible.
Leases are not supported with the lock_dlm (cluster) lock module, but they are supported when used as a local filesystem
dnotify will work on a "same node" basis, but its use with GFS/GFS2 is not recommended
inotify will also work on a "same node" basis, and is also not recommended (but it may become supported in the future)
splice is supported on GFS2 only
The other main difference, and one that is shared by all similar cluster filesystems, is that the cache control mechanism, known as glocks (pronounced Gee-locks) for GFS/GFS2, has an effect across the whole cluster. Each inode on the filesystem has two glocks associated with it. One (called the iopen glock) keeps track of which processes have the inode open. The other (the inode glock) controls the cache relating to that inode. A glock has four states, UN (unlocked), SH (shared – a read lock), DF (deferred – a read lock incompatible with SH) and EX (exclusive). Each of the four modes maps directly to a DLM lock mode.
When in EX mode, an inode is allowed to cache data and metadata (which might be "dirty", i.e. waiting for write back to the filesystem). In SH mode, the inode can cache data and metadata, but it must not be dirty. In DF mode, the inode is allowed to cache metadata only, and again it must not be dirty. The DF mode is used only for direct I/O. In UN mode, the inode must not cache any metadata.
In order that operations which change an inode's data or metadata do not interfere with each other, an EX lock is used. This means that certain operations, such as create/unlink of files from the same directory and writes to the same file should be, in general, restricted to one node in the cluster. Of course, doing these operations from multiple nodes will work as expected, but due to the requirement to flush caches frequently, it will not be very efficient.
The single most frequently asked question about GFS/GFS2 performance is why the performance can be poor with email servers. The solution is to break up the mail spool into separate directories and to try to keep (so far as is possible) each node reading and writing to a private set of directories.
Journaling[edit]
GFS and GFS2 are both journaled file systems; and GFS2 supports a similar set of journaling modes as ext3. In data=writeback mode, only metadata is journaled. This is the only mode supported by GFS, however it is possible to turn on journaling on individual data-files, but only when they are of zero size. Journaled files in GFS have a number of restrictions placed upon them, such as no support for the mmap or sendfile system calls, they also use a different on-disk format from regular files. There is also an "inherit-journal" attribute which when set on a directory causes all files (and sub-directories) created within that directory to have the journal (or inherit-journal, respectively) flag set. This can be used instead of the data=journal mount option which ext3 supports (and GFS/GFS2 does not).
GFS2 also supports data=ordered mode which is similar to data=writeback except that dirty data is synced before each journal flush is completed. This ensures that blocks which have been added to an inode will have their content synced back to disk before the metadata is updated to record the new size and thus prevents uninitialised blocks appearing in a file under node failure conditions. The default journaling mode is data=ordered, to match ext3's default.
As of 2010, GFS2 does not yet support data=journal mode, but it does (unlike GFS) use the same on-disk format for both regular and journaled files, and it also supports the same journaled and inherit-journal attributes. GFS2 also relaxes the restrictions on when a file may have its journaled attribute changed to any time that the file is not open (also the same as ext3).
For performance reasons, each node in GFS and GFS2 has its own journal. In GFS the journals are disk extents, in GFS2 the journals are just regular files. The number of nodes which may mount the filesystem at any one time is limited by the number of available journals.
Features of GFS2 compared with GFS[edit]
GFS2 adds a number of new features which are not in GFS. Here is a summary of those features not already mentioned in the boxes to the right of this page:
The metadata filesystem (really a different root) – see Compatibility and the GFS2 meta filesystem below
GFS2 specific trace points have been available since kernel 2.6.32
The XFS-style quota interface has been available in GFS2 since kernel 2.6.33
Caching ACLs have been available in GFS2 since 2.6.33
GFS2 supports the generation of "discard" requests for thin provisioning/SCSI TRIM requests
GFS2 supports I/O barriers (on by default, assuming underlying device supports it. Configurable from kernel 2.6.33 and up)
FIEMAP ioctl (to query mappings of inodes on disk)
Splice (system call) support
mmap/splice support for journaled files (enabled by using the same on disk format as for regular files)
Far fewer tunables (making set-up less complicated)
Ordered write mode (as per ext3, GFS only has writeback mode)
Compatibility and the GFS2 meta filesystem[edit]
GFS2 was designed so that upgrading from GFS would be a simple procedure. To this end, most of the on-disk structure has remained the same as GFS, including the big-endian byte ordering. There are a few differences though:
GFS2 has a "meta filesystem" through which processes access system files
GFS2 uses the same on-disk format for journaled files as for regular files
GFS2 uses regular (system) files for journals, whereas GFS uses special extents
GFS2 has some other "per_node" system files
The layout of the inode is (very slightly) different
The layout of indirect blocks differs slightly
The journaling systems of GFS and GFS2 are not compatible with each other. Upgrading is possible by means of a tool (gfs2_convert) which is run with the filesystem off-line to update the metadata. Some spare blocks in the GFS journals are used to create the (very small) per_node files required by GFS2 during the update process. Most of the data remains in place.
The GFS2 "meta filesystem" is not a filesystem in its own right, but an alternate root of the main filesystem. Although it behaves like a "normal" filesystem, its contents are the various system files used by GFS2, and normally users do not need to ever look at it. The GFS2 utilities mount and unmount the meta filesystem as required, behind the scenes.
Free and open-source software portal
Comparison of file systems
GPFS, ZFS, VxFS
List of file systems
SAN file system
Open-Sharedroot
Ceph (software)
^ Teigland, David (29 June 2004). "Symmetric Cluster Architecture and Component Technical Specifications" (PDF). Red Hat Inc. Retrieved 2007-08-03.
^ Soltis, Steven R.; Erickson, Grant M.; Preslan, Kenneth W. (1997). "The Global File System: A File System for Shared Disk Storage" (PDF). IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2004-04-15.
^ OpenGFS Data sharing with a GFS storage cluster
^ Whitehouse, Steven (27–30 June 2007). "The GFS2 Filesystem" (PDF). Proceedings of the Linux Symposium 2007. Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. pp. 253–259.
^ Whitehouse, Steven (13–17 July 2009). "Testing and verification of cluster filesystems" (PDF). Proceedings of the Linux Symposium 2009. Montreal, Quebec, Canada. pp. 311–317.
Red Hat Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6 – Global File System 2
Red Hat Cluster Suite and GFS Documentation Page
GFS Project Page
OpenGFS Project Page (obsolete)
The GFS2 development git tree
The GFS2 utilities development git tree
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Olivier Asselin
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Recent posts by Olivier Asselin
Gracie's Backyard - a new documentary film on the world's northernmost commercial permaculture farm
We just launched a Kickstarter campaign to help fund our latest film, Gracie's Backyard.
Located at 59°N in rural Sweden, Ridgedale Permaculture is allegedly the northernmost commercial permaculture farm on the planet. Integrating several enterprises on a 10-hectare piece of land, the farm offers an example of how holistic design can help pave the way to a new model of food production that is small-scale, profitable and regenerative for the land.
Filmed over a period of 2 weeks in July 2016, Gracie's backyard is a feature-length documentary that offers a candid look into the daily life of Ridgedale Permaculture through the eyes of the people who live and work there.
Three years after acquiring what was an abandoned farm, Richard Perkins and his partner Yohanna Amselem have managed to create a profitable and diversified business that produces healthy food for their community. Broiler chickens, pastured eggs and organic vegetables from no-dig market gardens are sold locally within a 50-km radius. All that laid out over a silvo-pasture system with an impressive array of berry shrubs, fruit and nut trees which will start yielding tons more of marketable produce within a few years.
More than just a working farm, Ridgedale has become a hub for young people eager to learn what it takes to start and run a successful regenerative agriculture business. Thus Gracie's Backyard is also an invitation to hear from volunteers and employees from all over the world about their experience on this nascent and promising farm.
By focusing on the human aspect of what makes this small farm work, we hope this film will appeal to a broad audience, and help inspire a new generation of small farmers and homesteaders.
Thanks for supporting and/or helping to spread the word about our campaign!
http://k1qq8cgo.kckb.st/
dvds, movies, videos and documentaries
tiny homes to inspire
We recently released a video about a Tiny House in Montreal, check it out :
Permaculture Skills: A cold-climate applied permaculture design course
We've made it to 45,000 $ !!!
This means the whole contents WILL be subtitled in French (and English, of course) !!!
For the rest of the day, we're running a little contest on our Facebook page.
Visit the page and share the header image for a chance to win one of three copies of the 3-DVD set! We'll draw winners at random tomorrow among those whose shared the image. Good luck!
We made it to 40K!!! All DVD-level backers will get the streaming version as well!
Can we make it to 45K? If you have French-speaking friends, now's the time to let them know about the project, because if we reach 45K, we'll subtitle in French the entire content of the 3 DVDs and streaming video!
10 days to go!
Hi folks, we've just added a stretch goal! If we reach 40k, we'll give streaming access to everyone who's already paid for the DVD version!
Thanks for helping spread the word, we have another 12 days to go!
P.S. If anyone's interested, the tally for pledges coming through Permies.com is now $7,872.
Oliver, where do the dvds ship from?
If we have enough orders from Europe we'll try to ship from there.
In any case, we'll declare a lower value to minimize import duties.
Do you get charged import duties on DVDs normally? I'd be curious to know how much?
Just a quick update to let you know that pledges through permies.com now amount to $6,218!
Permies.com goofballs will definitely have their name in the credits!
For those who haven't seen it, we added an extra reward a couple of days ago, which I think is a pretty good deal.
For $600 CAD - which is about $530 USD at the moment, you get a ticket for the Permaculture Voices 2 conference in San Diego, March 4-8 2015, plus the Permaculture Skills 3-DVD set, plus the Permaculture Orchard DVD and the Art and Science of Natural Plaster DVD.
Just to make it clear, we're not keeping that money, and most of it is going straight to the organisation of the conference, but we're using this occasion to spread the word about PV2, because we think it's an important event that should get as much P.R. as possible.
Thanks again to everyone who's backed or share this campaign! Seeing this kind of support really makes us want to work twice as hard to deliver a product that'll be worth your money!
After almost exactly 72 hours, we're 128% funded, with $22,745.
Permies goofballs are still a few hundreds short of their credit goal, with $4,635.
Holy grass-fed cow!
Wow, so it took just shy of 53 hours to meet our fundraising goal. Thank you, thank you, thank you so much to everyone who's backed us/and or helped share the campaign!!!
The current tally :
$18,233 pledged
$4,436 came through Permies
It's a surprise that we've reached 75% in 30 hours. We were confident that we could make our funding goal, but this is beyond our expectations for sure!


text:
'use strict';

require('dotenv').config();

Error.stackTraceLimit = 50;

var config = {
  port: process.env.PORT || 3000,

  brightcove: {
    accountId: process.env.BRIGHTCOVE_ACCOUNT_ID,
    client: {
      id: process.env.BRIGHTCOVE_CLIENT_ID,
      secret: process.env.BRIGHTCOVE_CLIENT_SECRET
    }
  },

  aws: {
    region: 'us-east-1',
  }
};

module.exports = config;

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Listen to what WGB Homes has to say about their relationship with Rockland Trust Banking and their relationship manager, Rose Buckley, Vice President, Commercial Lending. Click Here!
Brookmeadow Village was used as a case study to give you examples of what other homeowners, renters, and landlords have done to reduce energy waste and save money in their homes. Features include Ductwork, water heater, windows, doors, insulation, and ENERGY STAR appliances/fixtures.
The park, which includes a baseball diamond with an adjoining soccer field, was donated by Burrill as part of his agreement with the town in creating the nearby 91-plot subdivision, Brookmeadow Village, and Brookmeadow Crossing, the adjacent retail center.


What Is It That Hinders Our Faith Walk?
Let's think a little today about what hinders our daily walk with Jesus? What is it that keeps us from living as a Disciple in all areas of our life? What keeps us from being a complete disciple in Worship – in Fellowship – in Discipleship – in Ministry – and in Evangelism? What hinders us from bringing people into the presence of God – building people up in Christ – and sending people out to serve Christ?
Life keeps changing! The only constant in life is change. A number of things in my own life have changed. I've been married longer than I wasn't married (37 years this past summer verses 25 years not married). I celebrated 44 years since I graduated High School this past June. I saw a picture of me in High School the other day and I do not look the same today!
My children – my babies – are all grown. Two have children (my five granddaughters). My wife and daughters are such a blessing to me along with our granddaughters. I've been in ministry for 41 years. I've begun to think about retirement (although I hope to have a few more years left – maybe more!).
Life keeps changing! This summer the Nationals have played playoff bound baseball – the Orioles are trying to get in but it doesn't seem to be a certainty for sure. The Redskins lost their season opening game while the Ravens won – shutting out the Bengals. The Wizards made the playoffs and so did the Capitals. That's pretty good change for our area and Maryland is 2-0 after two convincing wins.
Are we Masters of anything? My brother is a Master plumber. He is one of the best plumbers in the Annapolis area – maybe in the state. I have often said he is a Jack-of-all-trades and a Master of many. What are we Masters of – if anything?
One thing I feel pretty confident with is the area of finances. My wife and I have made some pretty good investments and have handled our money wisely over the years (thank you Jesus). But even in this area I have a great friend who has given me great advise over the years too.
Many of us if not all of us have prepared for something important. Maybe it was a job interview. Maybe it was the season of time when we were preparing for college or marriage or a career. We have made plans and prepared for something in life that was important. Olympic athletes prepare a lifetime for their moment in the spotlight as they compete for their countries.
I remember when God laid on my heart the calling to be a pastor. In the denomination where I have served for 41 years – I needed a four-year college undergrad degree and a three-year Masters degree – all at accredited schools. I eventually also earned a Doctor of Ministry degree to further my education. Along with the educational requirements – which continue in the form of continuing education credits – I had to undergo examination after examination it seemed as I was first ordained a Deacon in the United Methodist Church and later ordained an Elder.
If there is a subject that comes up the most in ministry – it is determining the will of God for our lives. We're spending a time of prayer – interviews – and discernment right now on our next Contemporary Worship Leader. We're praying about it and some of the candidates for the position are praying about it. We are seeking God's will.
A number of High School students over the years have asked me how they can determine God's will for their future. Where should they go to school? Should they go to college or trade school or some other form of advanced education past High School? What is God's will for me?


America's so-called war on terror that began 17 years ago has killed millions of people, far greater than official estimates, amounting to a "holocaust" and one of the worst war crimes in human history, a US scholar says.
The ongoing US military campaign was aimed at creating "endless wars" to destroy Muslim countries, contrary to Washington's stated goal of fighting terrorism, said Kevin Barrett, an author, journalist and radio host with a PhD in Islamic and Arabic Studies.
Barrett said the actual casualty figures caused by the US wars were far greater than estimates published by the US government and media, citing research by scholars in Australia.
A study released Thursday shows that the US war on terror has so far killed about 500,000 people in Iraq, Afghanistan and Pakistan since 2001.
The death toll include civilians in the war zones, local military and police forces, as well as alleged militants, who have died from war violence, according to the report by Brown University's Costs of War Project.
Fatalities in Afghanistan, as of October 2018, stood at about 147,000 people. War-related violence had killed 65,000 people in neighboring Pakistan.
The rest of the deaths, between 268,000 and 295,000, occurred in Iraq, where the US-led military intervention began in 2003.