text:
/* -*- Mode:C++; c-file-style:"gnu"; indent-tabs-mode:nil; -*- */
/*
 * Copyright (c) 2005,2006 INRIA
 *
 * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
 * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 as
 * published by the Free Software Foundation;
 *
 * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
 * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
 * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
 * GNU General Public License for more details.
 *
 * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
 * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
 * Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA  02111-1307  USA
 *
 * Author: Mathieu Lacage <mathieu.lacage@sophia.inria.fr>
 */
#ifndef INTERFERENCE_HELPER_H
#define INTERFERENCE_HELPER_H

#include <stdint.h>
#include <vector>
#include <list>
#include "wifi-mode.h"
#include "wifi-preamble.h"
#include "wifi-phy-standard.h"
#include "ns3/nstime.h"
#include "ns3/simple-ref-count.h"
#include "ns3/wifi-tx-vector.h"

namespace ns3 {

class ErrorRateModel;

/**
 * \ingroup wifi
 * \brief handles interference calculations
 */
class InterferenceHelper
{
public:
  /**
   * Signal event for a packet.
   */
  class Event : public SimpleRefCount<InterferenceHelper::Event>
  {
public:
    /**
     * Create an Event with the given parameters.
     *
     * \param size packet size
     * \param payloadMode Wi-Fi mode used for the payload
     * \param preamble preamble type
     * \param duration duration of the signal
     * \param rxPower the receive power (w)
     * \param txvector TXVECTOR of the packet
     */
    Event (uint32_t size, WifiMode payloadMode,
           enum WifiPreamble preamble,
           Time duration, double rxPower, WifiTxVector txvector);
    ~Event ();

    /**
     * Return the duration of the signal.
     *
     * \return the duration of the signal
     */
    Time GetDuration (void) const;
    /**
     * Return the start time of the signal.
     *
     * \return the start time of the signal
     */
    Time GetStartTime (void) const;
    /**
     * Return the end time of the signal.
     *
     * \return the end time of the signal
     */
    Time GetEndTime (void) const;
    /**
     * Return the receive power (w).
     *
     * \return the receive power (w)
     */
    double GetRxPowerW (void) const;
    /**
     * Return the size of the packet (bytes).
     *
     * \return the size of the packet (bytes)
     */
    uint32_t GetSize (void) const;
    /**
     * Return the Wi-Fi mode used for the payload.
     *
     * \return the Wi-Fi mode used for the payload
     */
    WifiMode GetPayloadMode (void) const;
    /**
     * Return the preamble type of the packet.
     *
     * \return the preamble type of the packet
     */
    enum WifiPreamble GetPreambleType (void) const;
    /**
     * Return the TXVECTOR of the packet.
     *
     * \return the TXVECTOR of the packet
     */
    WifiTxVector GetTxVector (void) const;
private:
    uint32_t m_size;
    WifiMode m_payloadMode;
    enum WifiPreamble m_preamble;
    Time m_startTime;
    Time m_endTime;
    double m_rxPowerW;
    WifiTxVector m_txVector;
  };
  /**
   * A struct for both SNR and PER
   */
  struct SnrPer
  {
    double snr;
    double per;
  };

  InterferenceHelper ();
  ~InterferenceHelper ();

  /**
   * Set the noise figure.
   *
   * \param value noise figure
   */
  void SetNoiseFigure (double value);
  /**
   * Set the error rate model for this interference helper.
   *
   * \param rate Error rate model
   */
  void SetErrorRateModel (Ptr<ErrorRateModel> rate);

  /**
   * Return the noise figure.
   *
   * \return the noise figure
   */
  double GetNoiseFigure (void) const;
  /**
   * Return the error rate model.
   *
   * \return Error rate model
   */
  Ptr<ErrorRateModel> GetErrorRateModel (void) const;

  /**
   * \param energyW the minimum energy (W) requested
   * \returns the expected amount of time the observed
   *          energy on the medium will be higher than
   *          the requested threshold.
   */
  Time GetEnergyDuration (double energyW);

  /**
   * Add the packet-related signal to interference helper.
   *
   * \param size packet size
   * \param payloadMode Wi-Fi mode for the payload
   * \param preamble Wi-Fi preamble for the packet
   * \param duration the duration of the signal
   * \param rxPower receive power (w)
   * \param txvector TXVECTOR of the packet
   * \return InterferenceHelper::Event
   */
  Ptr<InterferenceHelper::Event> Add (uint32_t size, WifiMode payloadMode,
                                      enum WifiPreamble preamble,
                                      Time duration, double rxPower, WifiTxVector txvector);

  /**
   * Calculate the SNIR at the start of the packet and accumulate
   * all SNIR changes in the snir vector.
   *
   * \param event the event corresponding to the first time the packet arrives
   * \return struct of SNR and PER
   */
  struct InterferenceHelper::SnrPer CalculateSnrPer (Ptr<InterferenceHelper::Event> event);
  /**
   * Notify that RX has started.
   */
  void NotifyRxStart ();
  /**
   * Notify that RX has ended.
   */
  void NotifyRxEnd ();
  /**
   * Erase all events.
   */
  void EraseEvents (void);
private:
  /**
   * Noise and Interference (thus Ni) event.
   */
  class NiChange
  {
public:
    /**
     * Create a NiChange at the given time and the amount of NI change.
     *
     * \param time time of the event
     * \param delta the power
     */
    NiChange (Time time, double delta);
    /**
     * Return the event time.
     *
     * \return the event time.
     */
    Time GetTime (void) const;
    /**
     * Return the power
     *
     * \return the power
     */
    double GetDelta (void) const;
    /**
     * Compare the event time of two NiChange objects (a < o).
     *
     * \param o
     * \return true if a < o.time, false otherwise
     */
    bool operator < (const NiChange& o) const;
private:
    Time m_time;
    double m_delta;
  };
  /**
   * typedef for a vector of NiChanges
   */
  typedef std::vector <NiChange> NiChanges;
  /**
   * typedef for a list of Events
   */
  typedef std::list<Ptr<Event> > Events;

  //InterferenceHelper (const InterferenceHelper &o);
  //InterferenceHelper &operator = (const InterferenceHelper &o);
  /**
   * Append the given Event.
   *
   * \param event
   */
  void AppendEvent (Ptr<Event> event);
  /**
   * Calculate noise and interference power in W.
   *
   * \param event
   * \param ni
   * \return noise and interference power
   */
  double CalculateNoiseInterferenceW (Ptr<Event> event, NiChanges *ni) const;
  /**
   * Calculate SNR (linear ratio) from the given signal power and noise+interference power.
   * (Mode is not currently used)
   *
   * \param signal
   * \param noiseInterference
   * \param mode
   * \return SNR in liear ratio
   */
  double CalculateSnr (double signal, double noiseInterference, WifiMode mode) const;
  /**
   * Calculate the success rate of the chunk given the SINR, duration, and Wi-Fi mode.
   * The duration and mode are used to calculate how many bits are present in the chunk.
   *
   * \param snir SINR
   * \param duration
   * \param mode
   * \return the success rate
   */
  double CalculateChunkSuccessRate (double snir, Time duration, WifiMode mode) const;
  /**
   * Calculate the error rate of the given packet. The packet can be divided into
   * multiple chunks (e.g. due to interference from other transmissions).
   *
   * \param event
   * \param ni
   * \return the error rate of the packet
   */
  double CalculatePer (Ptr<const Event> event, NiChanges *ni) const;

  double m_noiseFigure; /**< noise figure (linear) */
  Ptr<ErrorRateModel> m_errorRateModel;
  /// Experimental: needed for energy duration calculation
  NiChanges m_niChanges;
  double m_firstPower;
  bool m_rxing;
  /// Returns an iterator to the first nichange, which is later than moment
  NiChanges::iterator GetPosition (Time moment);
  /**
   * Add NiChange to the list at the appropriate position.
   *
   * \param change
   */
  void AddNiChangeEvent (NiChange change);
};

} // namespace ns3

#endif /* INTERFERENCE_HELPER_H */


text:
City Lodge reports major expansion programme on track
Despite weak trading conditions as a result of the slump in the domestic and global economies, the JSE-listed City Lodge Hotels group's turnover slipped just 1% to R339-million in the six months to 31 December 2009.
While occupancies across the group's four brands – Courtyard, City Lodge, Town Lodge and Road Lodge – fell to 70% from 81% a year earlier, they remained well above the South African hotel industry average.
Normalised headline earnings fell by 14% to R106.1-million and fully diluted normalised headline earnings per share also decreased by 14% to 246.1 cents.
Due to the lower profitability, as well as a reduction in the payout ratio from 70% to 60% of normalised headline earnings, an interim dividend of 150 cents was declared, 26% lower than in the previous corresponding period.
Meanwhile, the group said the biggest ever expansion programme in its near-25 history is on track to lift its number of hotels to 52 with 6 442 rooms by the end of 2010. The group currently has 44 hotels offering 4 989 rooms.
In the second half of the current financial year to 30 June, the group will fully open City Lodge Fourways (211 rooms), City Lodge at OR Tambo Airport (303 rooms), Road Lodge Bloemfontein Airport (66 rooms), Road Lodge Port Elizabeth (90 rooms) and Road Lodge Southgate (118 rooms). It will also partially open City Lodge Lynnwood (205 rooms), with half of the rooms expected to be available for the 2010 FIFA Soccer World Cup, and add 70 rooms to Town Lodge Grayston.
By the end of the 2010 calendar year, the group will fully open City Lodge Lynnwood, City Lodge Hatfield (187 rooms) and Town Lodge Port Elizabeth (203 rooms).
The group continues to research opportunities in other parts of the world, including in neighbouring countries and in emerging markets, such as India.
Commenting on the upcoming 2010 Fifa Soccer World Cup, City Lodge CEO, Clifford Ross, said the group is "fully primed and prepared" for the event, which will straddle the current financial year and the 2011 financial year.
Ross furthers: "Bookings for the duration of the tournament are looking promising, especially in the major host cities. In the smaller cities, there are still rooms available for normal business and leisure travel throughout the tournament."
"It is important to note that throughout the event in all parts of the country, there are opportunities for normal business travel to take place, keeping the wheels of commerce and industry turning."
Ross adds that while trading conditions remained tough in January and the first half of February, it was anticipated that demand for hotel accommodation could increase in the lead-up to the World Cup, enabling the group to achieve an improved performance in the second half of the financial year.
Bistro Sixteen82 sets new standards for casual restaurants
Floating pool a point of difference at new Crystal Towers Hotel & Spa
Michael Kewley is new GM of The Fairlawns
Provence Côte d'Azur Sights
SAB predicts World Cup will boost beer sales by 4%
Cru Caf in Cape Town introduces new menu items
Quake injures 5 at Monticello in Chile
Casino survey shows SA government is major beneficiary

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


A festival for practicing film directors to shoot 1 minute film on mobile devices. I find this film particularly interesting, it a love story of two people in a lift.
Here is a documentary about the mobile film festival on BBC .
Promise and vision, but I actually prefer this over the Nokia concept.


In this extract from a longer essay* Richard Maloney (Bede's School) ponders the role of governments, schools and individual teachers in combating radicalism.
In January this year, the 100 Group of Heads – a body of fifty state school and fifty independent school Heads who have a commitment to furthering co-operation between the two sectors – met for a conference on "British values".
schools are to "actively promote" these British values rather than, as was the case, ensuring that pupils "respect" them.


text:
Q: PHP: why is my date formated on the server differently? With following source code I get different outputs on dev (local-maxOSX) and live (debian):
setlocale(LC_TIME, 'de_DE' );
$intervalOutput = strftime('%a %d.%m. %H:%M', $start->getTimestamp());
echo $intervalOutput;

local (correct formatting of the day): Do 01.03. 20:00
live server (incorrect- i need german weekday output): Thu 01.03. 20:00
Can someone tell my why this happens?

A: try using date_default_timezone_set or try using LC_ALL

A: I thought this worked for me (thats why I wrote this answer here), but later on I realised that this is not working on the dev (OSX) machine now. (So I just edited this answer)
You can try it anyway:
1.) installing locales on the live server (as root):
aptitude install debconf
dpkg-reconfigure locales

2.) changing:
setlocale(LC_TIME, 'de_DE')

to
setlocale(LC_TIME, 'de_DE.UTF8')

The reason why this is not working for me, seems to be that on OSX the locale is called
"de_DE.utf-8" whereas it is called "de_DE.UTF8" on the debian machine.

A: Try the following on both machines.
$loc_de = setlocale(LC_ALL, 'de_DE@euro', 'de_DE', 'de', 'ge');
echo "Preferred locale for german on this system is '$loc_de'";

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Old fashioned, home made root beer.
Located just steps from the Xcel Energy Center in Downtown St. Paul is the classic brew pub Great Waters Brewing Company, offering a diverse brewpub menu and award-winning beers in a historic building with year-round patio.
Founded in 1997 Great Waters has produced over 85 different styles, and proudly uses well water for all of their beers; which enables them to create one of a kind Minnesota brews.
Join the drink better movement!


text:
54 Sings Sinatra: Starring Tom Wopat, Giuseppe Bausilio & more
Cover charge: $35/40/45/70
Cover Charge Additional $5 At Door
Food & Beverage Minimum: $25
Wed, Oct 8 9:30pm Doors 8:45pm Tickets
Featuring an all-star cast of Broadway & cabaret luminaries to be announced…
Frank Sinatra is the most beloved and admired singer of our lifetime. He sold 150 million records and won 11 Grammy Awards, but that hardly begins to tell his story. 54 Below will honor Francis Albert Sinatra with an extraordinary evening of his most famous hits from throughout his career. The concert will offer Sinatra's early songs like "All or Nothing at All" and "I'll Never Smile Again," mid-career hits like "In the Wee Small Hours" and "Come Fly With Me," and from there to the classic years with songs like "It Was a Very Good Year," "Strangers in the Night," and "That's Life." Fascinating and little-known Sinatra anecdotes will pepper the evening, but the show will ultimately be all about the music, highlighting his greatest hits. The stars who sing his songs will be among the best and the brightest New York has to offer. And most important, the songs will be performed in the style that made them famous by Sinatra in the first place. Simply put, this will be an unforgettable tribute to America's greatest star.
The show's creator and host, Scott Siegel, has written, directed, and produced concerts for Michael Feinstein; created, written and hosted the critically-acclaimed and long-running concert series Broadway by the Year at Town Hall (to begin its 15th season in February); and created and hosted Broadway Unplugged (12th annual edition at Town Hall on Jan. 26, 2015) and more than 100 other major concerts from coast to coast.
Tom Wopat (Tony Nominee, Annie Get Your Gun)
Giuseppe Bausilio (Billy Elliot, Newsies)
Sal Viviano (Broadway star and concert artist)
Jack Noseworthy (Sweet Smell of Success, movie star)
Kendrick Jones (The Scottsboro Boys)
Danny Gardner (NY Song & Dance Co.)
Douglas Ladnier (Jekyll & Hyde, rare NY appearance!)
Todd Murray (critically acclaimed nightclub crooner)
and more stars to be announced!
Musical Director: Ian Herman
Produced and Hosted by Scott Siegel
There will be a 15 minute intermission.
Buy Tickets View Seating Chart Find Out about Group Sales View Seat Map


The second volume in Stephen King's acclaimed, epic Dark Tower series.
After his confrontation with the man in black at the end of The Gunslinger, Roland awakes to find three doors on the beach of Mid-World's Western Sea-each leading to New York City but at three different moments in time. Through these doors, Roland must "draw" three figures crucial to his quest for the Dark Tower. In 1987, he finds Eddie Dean, The Prisoner, a heroin addict. In 1964, he meets Odetta Holmes, the Lady of Shadows, a young African-American heiress who lost her lower legs in a subway accident and gained a second personality that rages within her. And in 1977, he encounters Jack mort, Death, a pusher responsible for cruelties beyond imagining. Has Roland found new companions to form the "Ka-tet" of his quest? Or has he unleashed something else entirely?
The stunning Plume edition features full-color illustrations by Phil Hale and is a collector's item for years to come.
5/30/2010 Ben Fichter said: I was just as swept away in this book as the first one.


text:
#import <UIKit/UIView.h>

@class NSAttributedString, NSMutableArray, NSString, UIGestureRecognizer, UIImage, UIImageView, UILabel, UIPopoverController, UIToolbar, UIWindow, _UIBackdropView;

@interface UIActionSheet : UIView
{
    id <UIActionSheetDelegate> _delegate;
    UILabel *_titleLabel;
    NSAttributedString *_attributedTitleString;
    UILabel *_subtitleLabel;
    UILabel *_bodyTextLabel;
    UILabel *_taglineTextLabel;
    double _startY;
    id _context;
    long long _cancelButton;
    long long _defaultButton;
    long long _firstOtherButton;
    UIToolbar *_toolbar;
    UIWindow *_originalWindow;
    UIWindow *_dimWindow;
    long long _suspendTag;
    long long _dismissButtonIndex;
    double _bodyTextHeight;
    NSMutableArray *_buttons;
    NSMutableArray *_buttonsInTable;
    NSMutableArray *_textFields;
    UIView *_keyboard;
    UIView *_table;
    UIView *_buttonTableView;
    UIView *_dimView;
    UIPopoverController *_popoverController;
    double _fontSizeInTableView;
    double _iconOffset;
    double _labelOffset;
    double _labelWidth;
    double _titleWidth;
    _Bool _oldIgnoreTapsValue;
    struct {
        unsigned int numberOfRows:7;
        unsigned int delegateAlertSheetButtonClicked:1;
        unsigned int delegateDidPresentAlertSheet:1;
        unsigned int delegateDidDismissAlertSheet:1;
        unsigned int hideButtonBar:1;
        unsigned int alertStyle:3;
        unsigned int dontDimBackground:1;
        unsigned int dismissSuspended:1;
        unsigned int dontBlockInteraction:1;
        unsigned int sheetWasPoppedUp:1;
        unsigned int sheetWasShown:1;
        unsigned int animating:1;
        unsigned int hideWhenDoneAnimating:1;
        unsigned int layoutWhenDoneAnimating:1;
        unsigned int titleMaxLineCount:2;
        unsigned int bodyTextMaxLineCount:3;
        unsigned int runsModal:1;
        unsigned int runningModal:1;
        unsigned int addedTextView:1;
        unsigned int addedTableShadows:1;
        unsigned int showOverSBAlerts:1;
        unsigned int showMinTableContent:1;
        unsigned int bodyTextTruncated:1;
        unsigned int orientation:3;
        unsigned int popupFromPoint:1;
        unsigned int inPopover:1;
        unsigned int delegateBodyTextAlignment:1;
        unsigned int delegateClickedButtonAtIndex:1;
        unsigned int delegateClickedButtonAtIndex2:1;
        unsigned int delegateCancel:1;
        unsigned int delegateCancel2:1;
        unsigned int delegateWillPresent:1;
        unsigned int delegateWillPresent2:1;
        unsigned int delegateDidPresent:1;
        unsigned int delegateDidPresent2:1;
        unsigned int delegateWillDismiss:1;
        unsigned int delegateWillDismiss2:1;
        unsigned int delegateDidDismiss:1;
        unsigned int delegateDidDismiss2:1;
        unsigned int dontCallDismissDelegate:1;
        unsigned int useAutomaticKB:1;
        unsigned int shouldHandleFirstKeyUpEvent:1;
        unsigned int cancelWhenDoneAnimating:1;
        unsigned int useThreePartButtons:1;
        unsigned int useTwoPartButtons:1;
        unsigned int displaySelectedButtonGlyph:1;
        unsigned int indexOfSelectedButton:7;
        unsigned int useCustomSelectedButtonGlyph:1;
        unsigned int usesNewStyle:1;
        unsigned int isDesaturated:1;
        unsigned int creatingPopoverForDisplay:1;
    } _modalViewFlags;
    long long _actionSheetStyle;
    UIImage *_selectedButtonGlyphImage;
    UIImage *_selectedButtonGlyphHighlightedImage;
    UIImageView *_shadowImageView;
    _UIBackdropView *_backdropView;
    UIGestureRecognizer *_dimViewGestureRecognizer;
    UIImage *_dimViewImage;
    UIImageView *_dimViewImageView;
}

+ (id)_newCancelButtonFont;
+ (id)_newFontForButtons;
+ (struct CGRect)_visualAltitudeSensitiveBoundsWithActionAltitudeInfiniteEdges:(unsigned long long)arg1 view:(id)arg2;
+ (Class)_popoverControllerClass;
+ (id)_popupAlertBackground;
+ (struct CGSize)minimumSize;
- (id)_normalInheritedTintColor;
- (id)tintColor;
- (void)setTintColor:(id)arg1;
- (void)_transitionUIInView:(id)arg1 toSaturated:(_Bool)arg2;
- (double)_separatorInset;
- (void)_removeBackdropViewIfNecessary;
- (void)_applyParallaxToContentIfNecessary;
- (_Bool)_shouldHaveBackdropView;
- (_Bool)_shouldParallax;
- (void)_transitionToLegacyAppearanceIfNecessary;
- (void)_keyboardWillHide:(id)arg1;
- (void)_keyboardWillShow:(id)arg1;
- (void)showFromBarButtonItem:(id)arg1;
- (void)showFromRect:(struct CGRect)arg1 inView:(id)arg2 animated:(_Bool)arg3;
- (void)showFromBarButtonItem:(id)arg1 animated:(_Bool)arg2;
- (void)showFromTabBar:(id)arg1;
- (void)showFromToolbar:(id)arg1;
- (void)showInView:(id)arg1;
- (void)_assertIfValidForView:(id)arg1;
- (id)_presentingViewForView:(id)arg1;
- (void)_presentPopoverInCenterOfWindowForView:(id)arg1;
- (void)_presentViaResponderChain:(id)arg1 asPopoverFromBarButtonItem:(id)arg2 orFromRect:(struct CGRect)arg3 inView:(id)arg4 withPreferredArrowDirections:(unsigned long long)arg5 passthroughViews:(id)arg6 backgroundStyle:(long long)arg7 animated:(_Bool)arg8;
- (void)presentFromRect:(struct CGRect)arg1 inView:(id)arg2 direction:(unsigned long long)arg3 allowInteractionWithViews:(id)arg4 backgroundStyle:(long long)arg5 animated:(_Bool)arg6;
- (void)presentFromBarButtonItem:(id)arg1 direction:(unsigned long long)arg2 allowInteractionWithViews:(id)arg3 backgroundStyle:(long long)arg4 animated:(_Bool)arg5;
- (void)_presentFromBarButtonItem:(id)arg1 orFromRect:(struct CGRect)arg2 inView:(id)arg3 direction:(unsigned long long)arg4 allowInteractionWithViews:(id)arg5 backgroundStyle:(long long)arg6 animated:(_Bool)arg7;
@property(nonatomic) long long destructiveButtonIndex;
@property(nonatomic) long long actionSheetStyle;
- (id)initWithTitle:(id)arg1 delegate:(id)arg2 cancelButtonTitle:(id)arg3 destructiveButtonTitle:(id)arg4 otherButtonTitles:(id)arg5;
- (id)initWithFrame:(struct CGRect)arg1;
- (void)dismissWithClickedButtonIndex:(long long)arg1 animated:(_Bool)arg2;
@property(readonly, nonatomic) long long firstOtherButtonIndex;
- (void)_setFirstOtherButtonIndex:(long long)arg1;
@property(nonatomic) long long cancelButtonIndex;
- (long long)defaultButtonIndex;
- (void)setDefaultButtonIndex:(long long)arg1;
@property(readonly, nonatomic, getter=isVisible) _Bool visible;
@property(readonly, nonatomic) long long numberOfButtons;
- (id)buttonTitleAtIndex:(long long)arg1;
- (long long)addButtonWithTitle:(id)arg1;
- (id)message;
- (void)setMessage:(id)arg1;
@property(copy, nonatomic) NSString *title;
@property(nonatomic) id <UIActionSheetDelegate> delegate;
- (void)dealloc;
- (id)initWithTitle:(id)arg1 message:(id)arg2 delegate:(id)arg3 defaultButton:(id)arg4 cancelButton:(id)arg5 otherButtons:(id)arg6;
- (_Bool)_isSBAlert;
- (void)setSelectedButtonGlyphHighlightedImage:(id)arg1;
- (void)setSelectedButtonGlyphImage:(id)arg1;
- (void)setIndexOfSelectedButton:(long long)arg1;
- (void)removeFromSuperview;
- (_Bool)resignFirstResponder;
- (_Bool)becomeFirstResponder;
- (_Bool)canBecomeFirstResponder;
- (void)_handleKeyUIEvent:(id)arg1;
- (_Bool)useThreeColumnsButtonsLayout;
- (void)setUseThreeColumnsButtonsLayout:(_Bool)arg1;
- (void)setInPopover:(_Bool)arg1;
- (void)presentSheetFromButtonBar:(id)arg1;
- (void)tableView:(id)arg1 didSelectRowAtIndexPath:(id)arg2;
- (void)tableView:(id)arg1 willDisplayCell:(id)arg2 forRowAtIndexPath:(id)arg3;
- (id)tableView:(id)arg1 cellForRowAtIndexPath:(id)arg2;
- (long long)tableView:(id)arg1 numberOfRowsInSection:(long long)arg2;
- (void)layout;
- (struct CGSize)_maxSize;
- (void)_truncateViewHeight:(id)arg1 toFitInFrame:(struct CGRect)arg2 withMinimumHeight:(double)arg3;
- (int)numberOfLinesInTitle;
- (double)_buttonHeight;
- (double)_maxHeight;
- (struct CGRect)titleRect;
- (_Bool)runsModal;
- (void)setRunsModal:(_Bool)arg1;
- (_Bool)blocksInteraction;
- (void)setBlocksInteraction:(_Bool)arg1;
- (int)suspendTag;
- (void)setSuspendTag:(int)arg1;
- (_Bool)dimsBackground;
- (void)setDimsBackground:(_Bool)arg1;
- (void)setAlertSheetStyle:(int)arg1;
- (int)alertSheetStyle;
- (long long)numberOfRows;
- (void)setNumberOfRows:(long long)arg1;
- (void)_alertSheetAnimationDidStop:(id)arg1 finished:(id)arg2;
- (void)_appSuspended:(id)arg1;
- (void)drawRect:(struct CGRect)arg1;
- (_Bool)_canDrawContent;
- (double)_bottomVerticalInset;
- (double)_titleHorizontalInset;
- (double)_titleVerticalBottomInset;
- (double)_titleVerticalTopInset;
- (struct CGSize)backgroundSize;
- (void)dismissAnimated:(_Bool)arg1;
- (void)dismiss;
- (void)_slideSheetOut:(_Bool)arg1;
- (void)_presentSheetStartingFromYCoordinate:(double)arg1 inView:(id)arg2;
- (void)_presentSheetStartingFromYCoordinate:(double)arg1;
- (void)_resizeDimViewAnimatingUp:(_Bool)arg1;
- (void)_handleTap:(id)arg1;
- (void)_installGestureRecognizerInDimView;
- (id)_dimViewWithFrame:(struct CGRect)arg1;
- (id)_dimView;
- (void)setDimView:(id)arg1;
- (void)presentSheetToAboveView:(id)arg1;
- (void)presentSheetInContentView:(id)arg1;
- (void)presentSheetInPopoverView:(id)arg1;
- (void)presentSheetInView:(id)arg1;
- (void)presentSheetFromAboveView:(id)arg1;
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


It MUST be true! I saw it on the Internet!
Home/SEO/It MUST be true! I saw it on the Internet!
I know, it's a tired joke, but I suspect we've all seen recent cases of people buying into things that make us think that's what they believe. That anybody can have a website and say whatever they want is the blessing of the Internet… and the curse.
It happens in virtually every niche, but since my niche is SEO, I'll focus on that. And I can even speak from personal experience, because there was a time I was guilty of a variation of this myself.
I set out to educate myself on SEO about nine years ago. I decided to build a website for the company I was consulting for, and they had nobody with any IT experience, and had a desperate need of an online presence. I built the site (it was an embarrassingly crappy job), but they weren't willing to spend more than $50 per week on AdWords.
Don't laugh! Getting them to spend even that was like pulling teeth.
While researching ways to make the program more effective, I came across this "SEO" thing that was totally new to me, that sounded like an interesting way to get millions of dollars into the company coffer.
Being an engineer, I naturally planned my studies of this sure-fire way to swamp the production floor with new work. I started spending 2-3 hours every day, reading the blogs of all the most prominent SEO folks I could find.
I also joined three or four forums that had sections devoted to SEO, search and internet marketing, and racked up thousands of posts, and probably read tens of thousands.
And of course, the end result was that I was totally confused, because it seemed that nearly anything that was said was followed by something else that contradicted it.
Some of what I found, of course, was great information… pearls of SEO wisdom to add to my collection. But there was also a lot of crap, the sort of wacky ideas that could cause real problems. The problem was that it was sometimes difficult to figure out which was which.
And in my opinion, my friends, that is the biggest problem today that faces the folks that want to learn what's right or wrong, safe or risky, effective or a waste of time, for their sites.
Too much noise, not enough music!
So what's the solution? While a person is still learning, how can he/she tell if some SEO "celebrity" is talking through his hat? There may be other ways to go about it, but I'll tell you what worked for me.
While I was hanging out in forums and commenting on popular blogs, plus a little interacting on Facebook and Twitter, I got to "know" a few people. I tried to ask intelligent questions (I had plenty of stupid questions at hand too… but I kept them to myself, for the most part), and refrained from stating any opinions that I couldn't back up.
In short, I kept my mouth shut unless I had something worthwhile to say. And I listened. To everyone.
And believed nobody. At least until either they proved their position or they were supported by others in whom I had already begun to trust.
That helped me start to sort the wheat from the chaff, but it still wasn't enough. I needed to understand before I could really believe, and forums and blogs usually didn't fill that need. People often aren't willing to share publicly, as much as they might in a more private setting.
Then, a friend pointed me to a different kind of community: the SEO Training Dojo. By the end of my first month, I was hooked. At first, most of the discussions were over my head. but the members in the Dojo's chatroom shared a lot of information and didn't hold much back when discussing the more technical aspects of SEO, the reasons behind certain practices and the risks/rewards of others.
After a few months, I had learned enough to be able to contribute a little to the discussions. As I sat in on some of those deeper discussions, I began to realize that even some of the "name" blogs I'd been reading for a couple of years were either outdated or just flat wrong.
I started trying the things we discussed myself, and in the process, learned a lot more. In fact, hardly a day went by that I didn't learn something in that chatroom.
I was fortunate, in that I'd been guided to a community where the majority of the members knew what they were talking about and were perfectly willing to admit when they weren't sure about something. Egos were left at the door.
Not to mention that they were more than willing to share with someone that was willing to learn. And boy! Was I willing to learn!
You may have a different style from mine, or be comfortable in a different sort of group, but I suggest you find one like I did, where the egos wait outside, while folks are happily sharing inside. It's the fastest way I can imagine to learn what's what, without any stupid personality games to muddy the water.
The larger the community, the more likely it is that you'll encounter less sincerity and more polarization. All of them may have value present, but in some, it's harder to sort it out. The same is true of forums, as well. And if you're very fortunate, you'll not only learn a lot, you'll also build some great relationships.


Within less than ten minutes, VMI Can's drying ovens are fully heated and operational. With operating temperatures of 150 to 230 degrees Celsius, the cans are dried ultra-fast. The machine has been very well insulated, to keep the heat in and assure that outside wall panels stay cool. Not only making the machine safer, but foremost considerably saving on energy costs.
The highly efficient 325 kW gas burners in the direct air-heated ovens use less than 20 m³ of natural gas per hour, based on 2,400 cans per minute. Gas consumption can be even further reduced by using LPG. With lengths of only 2.4 meter per section, the compact design takes up limited floor space. The internal belt return path guarantees a minimal heat loss.
The VMI dry-off ovens are equipped with stainless steel wire mesh conveyor belts, resulting in reduced maintenance. The rooftop safety railing and insulated inspection doors allow for easy entrance and maintenance. By means of adjustable nozzles, you can process a wide variety of can sizes.
VMI dry-off ovens are designed to dry two piece beer, beverage and food cans. A vacuum transfer unit transfers the cans from the washer onto the oven belt. At the same time the vacuum transfer reduces the amount of liquid going into the oven and sorts out tipped cans.
While the cans are transported through the oven, hot air is blowing down over the cans and is re-circulated by centrifugal fans through ducting at both sides of the drying chamber. An exhaust fan is drawing off the evaporated water and keeps the oven at a negative pressure to prevent it from steaming.
To ensure the dry-off oven is as efficient as possible, the oven temperature is controlled by a high tech temperature control system. Furthermore, the oven side walls are insulated with a combination of Rockwool and air. The outside wall temperature will always be maximum hand warm.


Discover what kids think about art when they got to take over Tate Modern for a day.
Tate Kids got the chance to interview a class that came to the opening of the new Tate Modern. They were Year 5 and 6 pupils from Ysgol Tudno in Llandudno, Wales.
What do you expect to find at Tate Modern?
Mark: Splat paintings, a graffitied wall and pieces of rubbish turned into something brilliant and creative and beautiful.
Dominik: I expect lots of unusual objects hung from the ceiling.
What's the best bit about art at school?
Aurelia: The best bit about art in school is that that you can be free and be creative and do art in any style you want.
Lucia: We get to go to the art gallery, be creative and let our mind go wild.
Do you think art is important?
Libby: I think art is important because there are some things that you can't put into words.
Demi-Lee: Art can change the world, art sends us on an adventure.
Maddison: It can represent people, lives and nature. It makes people let their emotions out.
If you imagined a gallery in the future, what do you think it would look like?
Celia: It would have holographic art and art that children have made.
Maddison: Lots of technology, maybe animals and people as art.


text:
For $129, Nest's New Smoke Detector Talks to You
Tony Fadell's startup unveils the Protect, a smoke detector far less annoying than others on the market
Tuan C. Nguyen
Nest Protect, the latest product to come from Nest Labs, reimagines the lowly household smoke detector. Image courtesy of Nest Labs
The designer who helped create the iPod has just done for smoke detectors what he did for thermostats. Ex-Apple Senior VP Tony Fadell, along with his team at Nest Labs, has made them smarter—much smarter.
For a pricey $129, the new and admittedly very pretty Nest Protect not only activates that familiar piercing sound in case of a fire, but (thankfully) it'll also warn you beforehand using its most polite robo-voice and allow you an opportunity to wave it off. The device also tips you off to hazardous levels of carbon monoxide in the air, sends message alerts to your smartphone or tablet when you're not home and even turns on a room light when it senses that that you've returned. And no, it doesn't do the dishes.
As the second product in what's expected to be a line of networked "smart home" devices, the Protect shares much of the same technological DNA as Nest's Learning Thermostat. Both rely on an elaborate array of sensors to gauge its surroundings and interact with the occupants. Similar to how the thermostat's motion sensors can figure out when you're home or not, the smoke detector's activity sensor helps it know when your signaling it to not go off or to instantly light a room you've just entered. (With the thermostat, this data can even be sent to the device to better learn activity patterns and alter the temperature accordingly. "If we don't see you active around eight or nine or 10 in the morning during the weekdays, we suspect that you are going to work, so we will turn that down much more rapidly than maybe if you go away on the weekend or later in the afternoon," Fadell told Smithsonian.com.) Protect also features a photoelectric smoke sensor, heat sensor, light sensor, ultrasonic sensors and carbon monoxide sensor, which allows the detector to turn off your furnace in the event of elevated levels of carbon monoxide.
Integral to Nest's vision of an interconnected and intelligently automated home are the devices' ability to communicate via Wi-Fi. In the Protect's case, this baked-in functionality lets homeowners set up detectors in multiple rooms so that the alarm in the bedroom is also aware that there's a fire in the kitchen. The implied logic here is that if you can afford to outfit your home with more than a handful of these, you probably own the type of expansive property where its difficult to know what's exactly happening in the other wings. In addition, iPhone and iPad users can download an app that allows notifications to their personal devices.
But Fadell and company aren't the only ones sprucing up smoke detectors for our increasingly automated lifestyles. ADT, the security company, designs smoke detectors to directly alert its agents; this way, the agents, who may be better equipped to act as first responders while you're away from home, can respond to the situation. In the nascent "smart home" market, you'd have to wonder about the networking compatibility between Nest's line of products and its competitor's. The company, I'm sure, would prefer that consumers fully invest into their home automation ecosystem.
Still, in turning his attention to some of the more overlooked household appliances, Fadell is making good headway in his efforts to help us cultivate a happier relationship with them. First, the uncooperative thermostat, and now Nest Labs has remade the lowly household smoke detector, which all too often ends up being on the receiving end of our ire.
"We're about reinventing unloved categories," Fadell told The Verge.
Tuan C. Nguyen | READ MORE
Tuan C. Nguyen is a Silicon Valley-based journalist specializing in technology, health, design and innovation. His work has appeared in ABCNews.com, NBCNews.com, FoxNews.com, CBS' SmartPlanet and LiveScience.


Clintonville, WI – November 2017 – CTK Precision, a manufacturer of innovative shooting equipment and gun accessories, is excited to offer a new buy now, pay later option for online shoppers.
CTK Precision now offers shoppers the option to pay with PayPal, including PayPal Credit. For those unfamiliar with PayPal Credit, this option gives shoppers the benefit of no payments and no interest on purchases over $99, if paid in full in 6 months.
Add desired products to shopping cart.
Checkout with PayPal. Choose PayPal Credit as your payment option.
Apply for PayPal Credit. Upon approval, your order will be on its way.
For more information about CTK Precision, please visit www.ctkprecision.com and follow us on Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter.
CTK Precision is a U.S. based manufacturer of shooting equipment and gun accessories. Their products are designed to maximize firearm efficiency, giving shooters more accuracy and range time. See the full lineup of CTK Precision products at www.ctkprecision.com.


text:
"Jessie's Song" Continues Lanark Tour After Powerful Perth Opening
Burning Passions Theatre 25 April 2016 Uncategorized 0 Comments
Kaija Evangelho plays a student confronting a bully, played by Tara Kreissler (photo by Jean-Denis Labelle)
"Jessie's Song," a powerful work about the lives of Lanark County youth, played to an overflow audience of adults and teenagers at YAK Youth Services in Perth last Friday night, inspiring an extended audience discussion after the show. The touring show, which has also played in Smiths Falls and Carleton Place, closes Thursday night (April 28) at 7 pm at the Almonte Old Town Hall, 14 Bridge Street.
All performances of this play, which deals with the aftereffects of suicide on a community, begin at 7 pm, and are free and open to members of the public (though donations will be gratefully accepted.) Produced by Burning Passions Theatre, "Jessie's Song" is always followed by a talkback session, allowing audience members to discuss issues raised by the play with cast members Ruby Davidson, Kaija Evangelho, Tara Kreissler, and Garrett Pipher, along with social support worker Gillian Scott and technical assistant Vincent Bracegirdle.
Garrett Pipher and Ruby Davidson share a tender moment as grieving parents (photo by Madeleine Labelle).
Cast members agree that at its heart, "Jessie's Song" is really about learning to pay attention to and act on the significant challenges that afflict young people in a rural setting, many of which can lead to depression and despair. From self-harm and sexual assault to poverty and concern about being judged or not accepted for who they are, all are major concerns for which young people often feel there are not enough resources to help them cope.
"If you have a kid, you really need to check in on them and see how they're doing," says Kreissler. Pipher agrees, finding that all too often, the standard "how was your day at school?" question, often met with a simple reply, "fine", is the extent of much parental-teenager interaction.
Davidson, who plays the mother of Jessie, says, "A lot of parents want to pretend their kid isn't struggling as much as they are. Some parents may have gone through stuff when they were teenagers, and they know what's going on, but they are scared to face it because they're worried they may not have been a good enough parent."
Evangelho concurs, and says, "A lot of parents think their child is number one, that they're the best, but do they really know their child at the same level that their kid's friends know them? It's so important to have an honest, strong connection with your kids. But sometimes, youth helping youth makes a big difference, because there's this generational gap. Sometimes you don't want to tell an adult things you would tell your friend."
Gillian Scott, who facilitates the show's talkback sessions, believes that "theatre is very different than talking about an issue, and when you give youth a platform like this, it's so expressive and creative. There is some healing that can be done for the actors as well as the audience, in terms of not feeling all alone when you are sharing this very authentic space."
Members of the troupe say that all too often, the problems they face are unfairly tagged as "youth issues" when in fact they may well be parent issues, school issues, and societal issues.
"We tend to dump all of our problems on young people, because it's so easy to avoid our responsibility when we see it as a so-called youth problem," says Laurel Smith, who directed and dramaturged the show. "That's why 'Jessie's Song' is a show for everyone. It's not to judge anybody, but rather to open the door to the kind of truthful dialogue we really need to improve our communities. We're all in this together, and we can all help with the solutions. "
The show is supported by the Ontario Arts Council, the Perth & District Community Foundation, YAK Youth Services, Kiwanis Club of Perth-on-Tay, Lioness Club of Perth, First Baptist Church, Unifor, Basilian Human Development Fund, and the Crabtree Foundation.
For more information, visit www.burningpassionstheatre.com or call (613) 264-8088.
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Making Migration Work for Everyone...
Making Migration Work for Everyone
August 24 , 2019 . By Md. Shahidul Haque
In a globalised world, migration is a fact of life that should be governed accordingly. To that end, it is time to establish what I call "Migration Order 3.0," a new framework that would make migration work for everyone.
Until World War II, transnational human mobility was subject to Migration Order 1.0: immigration controls were established solely at the national level by governments. After the war, international institutions such as the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees and the forerunner to the International Organization for Migration (IOM) were created to manage refugee and migrant flows, primarily from and within Europe. During this era of Migration Order 2.0, the movement of people across national borders was governed by mutually agreed norms, standards and practices.
Large-scale, cross-border movements of people, however, have exposed fault lines in that post-war framework. We now know that Migration Order 2.0 is inadequate to the task at hand. According to the UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs, most migrants tend to move within their own continents, and not necessarily toward the destinations that one would assume.
Moreover, interconnected global forces are ushering in a new phase of migration, defined by different dynamics than in the past. A global shift in the balance of power has created new geopolitical tensions, and governance failures have led to armed conflicts and civil wars, violent extremist movements, and the rise of ultra-nationalism and populism in many countries. The world is experiencing a violent backlash against globalisation, rising inequality, and sudden labor-market disruptions.
Social inequities, humanitarian crises, demographic changes, and identity politics all pose a challenge to a development paradigm that was supposed to leave no one behind. At the same time, climate change and biodiversity loss are threatening to displace entire populations from vulnerable locations around the world.
In the past, the movement of people tended to follow four broad patterns: migration for work, education, and family; irregular migration, mostly due to human trafficking; cross-border displacements triggered by conflicts and natural disasters; and refugees fleeing persecution. But these four categories have increasingly begun to overlap, which places strain on a system that was designed to manage each type separately.
Today's mixed migratory patterns demand a more cohesive yet differentiated approach. The costs of maintaining the status quo in response to disorderly migration cannot be ignored. Growing anxieties among host populations are causing an unwarranted backlash, with far-reaching negative implications for economic and political systems. There is also a moral dimension to consider: migrants in all categories are increasingly vulnerable to abuse, owing to lack of access to resources and power.
Fortunately, there are realistic options for improving migration governance. With objective information about migration and its consequences, we can dispel popular misperceptions and reduce social tensions. We can also design and implement policies that will secure the many benefits of migration. Investment in empowering migrants is a win-win proposition for everyone. The vicious cycle of migration, economic hardship, and social backlash can be turned into a virtuous cycle of integration and economic growth.
Of course, all of this is easier said than done. National sovereignty and universal human rights can be difficult to reconcile. Governments struggle to strike a balance between realizing the economic gains of migration, protecting native-born citizens' interests, and ensuring national security. And it doesn't help that the capacity and resources for governing migration effectively are often in short supply.
Nonetheless, the international community is making progress toward overcoming these challenges. The UN Sustainable Development Agenda includes a specific target (Target 10.7) for optimising migration governance. And the new Global Compact on Safe, Orderly, and Regular Migration (GCM) provides a non-binding framework to guide countries and other stakeholders toward a more comprehensive approach.
The GCM's implementation is being overseen by the IOM. Astute observers will note that the GCM's provisions are perfectly aligned with the principles and objectives that governments have already embraced under the Sustainable Development Agenda and the IOM's Migration Governance Framework. It does not offer a silver bullet, but it will serve as the blueprint for building a workable Migration Order 3.0.
The final text of the GCM was agreed only last year. As always, mustering a constructive multilateral effort will take political will. But the GCM promises to make migration work for everyone. The only question is how long it will take governments and other stakeholders to recognise it as a powerful tool for addressing the geopolitical dimensions of migration and unite around realising its potential.
PUBLISHED ON Aug 24,2019 [ VOL 20 , NO 1008]
Md. Shahidul Haque, former Chair of the Global Forum on Migration and Development, is Foreign Secretary of Bangladesh. This article first appeared on Project Syndicate.
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Thousands of people in Plymouth are cheating on their partners, according to a new "index of infidelity".
Figures from Illicit Encounters - an online dating site for married men and women - have revealed that some 10,063 people in our city are registered as members.
That works out at more than 4 per cent of the adult population of Plymouth - or one in every 23.
While Plymouth doesn't make it into the top 10 cities for affairs, it does mean that a far greater proportion of people are using the site here than they are in other areas.
In London, for example, just over one per cent of the adult population are registered, although that still works out as 121,355 people.
Illicit Encounters mapped the location data of each of their members against each city's adult population to find the most adulterous places in the country.
You can find the local ''adultery figures'' for your postcode using their Infidelity Index which is based on data from one million postcodes.
Around 1.1 million people across the UK have registered with Illicit Encounters since it was first launched 15 years ago.
They claim that 20,000 people cheat on their partners using the site every week.
The website also says that it has seen registrations soar by 20% in the last five years, in part because many couples can't afford a divorce thanks to economic pressures and rocketing house prices.
In Plymouth, the figure has increased by seven per cent in the last year alone, rising from 9,370 registrations in 2017 to the 10,063 members seen this year.
Christian Grant, a spokesperson for Illicit Encounters, said: "We provide an outlet for men and women who would have an affair whether we were there or not.
"In coming to us, they can be assured of meeting a like-minded partner seeking some added excitement in their life who doesn't want to upset things at home."


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T1's Faker On Zed One-Tricks: "They Have Gotten A Lot Better"
Lee Sang-hyeok, known as "Faker," is considered the best League Of Legends player in the world. Additionally, the 25-year-old Korean player has been playing for T1 as a mid laner since 2013.
During a recent interview with Inven Global, Faker talked about how he is improving himself compared to the other players, Zed one-tricks, and many more.
One-tricks are the players who only play a single champion in the game. Right now, we have lots of famous Zed one-tricks in the game such as Zed99, Laceration, Zedxsmurf, and many more.
In the conversation, Faker was asked which champion he would choose if he was becoming a famous one-trick player. His answer was simple and expected from his performance in Worlds back in the days, which is Zed.
While Faker was saying that one-trick Zed players are so famous on YouTube right now, he also pointed out that he would be a good Zed player. Besides that, Faker also shared his opinion about the Zed one-trick.
Faker mentioned that he has been watching lots of Zed videos right now compared to the past and praised the talent of the Zed one-tricks by saying that they have gotten a lot better in time. In addition to that, Faker also said that they are making lots of flashy plays.
Interviewer asked:
"If you were to become famous for one-tricking a champion, which champion would it be?"
Faker replied:
"It would have to be Zed, I think? One-trick Zed players are very popular on Youtube. Also, there's a lot of players that like to play Zed, so I think I'd be the most successful from maining Zed."
"Do you sometimes watch Zed gameplay on Youtube?"
Faker said:
"I sometimes watch Zed gameplay. Unlike in the past, Zed players have gotten a lot better, and they make a lot of flashy plays."
Later in the conversation, Faker also revealed that he would have bring young players if he ever creates a new team because he believes that brining young bloods to the team is usually a better choice.
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Q: What is the definition of a transitive closure? I understand the standard definition that the transitive closure of a relation $R$ on a set $S$ is the smallest relation $T$ on S such that $T$ is transitive and $R\subset T$.
My question is: what does 'smallest' mean here? I'm pretty sure this doesn't refer to cardinality of sets as that definition will be quickly rendered useless for infinite sets. My professor didn't expand on this and I can't seem to find anything online. Could some give a clear definition of a transitive closure and the proper meaning of 'smallest'. I would really appreciate that!

A: "Smallest" in this case means with respect to the partial ordering defined by $\subseteq$, with the relations seen as subsets of $S\times S$. It means that any transitive relations on $S$ that contains $R$ will also all contain $T$.
One should, of course, prove that such a "smallest" relation exists. The easiest way is probably to show that any intersection of transitive relations on $S$ is still transitive, and let $T$ be the intersection of all transitive relations that contain $R$.
One could also build this $T$ up from $R$ by starting with $R$. Then for any triple $x,y,z\in S$ such that $(x,y)\in R$ and $(y,z)\in R$, include $(x,z)$ in $T$, and then repeat until you have a transitive relation.
This is likely where the name "transitive closure" comes from: Start with $R$, which isn't necessarily transitive, and then "close it" with respect to transitivity by adding only the bare minimum of elements you need to satisfy transitivity. Many other so-called closures in math also work this way (such as topological closure and algebraic closure): Intuitively it's about adding elements as necessary until the desired property holds, but formally it's defined as "the smallest such that ..."
As an example, consider the set $S=\{a,b,c,d\}$ with $$R=\{
(a,b),(b,c)\\
(c,d), (b,a)\}$$
To construct the transitive closure, we could note:

*

*we have $(a,b)$ and $(b,c)$, so we need $(a,c)$

*we have $(a,b)$ and $(b,a)$, so we need $(a,a)$ and $(b,b)$

*we have $(b,c)$ and $(c,d)$, so we need $(b,d)$
and so on. This finally yields (I believe)
$$
T=\left\{\begin{array}{ccc}
(a,a),&(a,b),&(a,c),\\
(a,d),&(b,a),&(b,b),\\
(b,c),&(b,d),&(c,d)
\end{array}\right\}
$$
Now for the more abstract approach. Consider a transitive relation $T_1\supseteq R$. And look at any pair in $T$. Clearly any pair that is in $R$ must be in $T_1$. What about the elements of $T\setminus R$? For instance, does $T_1$ contain $(a,a)$? It has to, because it's transitive and it contains $(a,b)$ and $(b,a)$. Every single element of $T\setminus R$ must be in $T_1$ by a similar argument. So we must have $T\subseteq T_1$.


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Обсерваторія Хакос — астрономічна обсерваторія, заснована в 1999 році в Хакосі, Намібія на території приватної ферми вихідців німецького походження з Європи. Обсерваторія входить до складу Міжнародної аматорської обсерваторії (Internationale Amateur-Sternwarte).

Інструменти обсерваторії

 50-см Кассегрена (F/9)
 50-см Ньютон (F/3,7)
 Celestron С14 (35 см, f/11)
 17,5-дюймовий Добсон
 Селестрон 11-дюймів (D=28см, F=2800мм)
 Епсилон Такахасі (D=160мм, f/3.3)

Напрямки досліджень

 Астрофотографія
 Спостереження і пошук малих тіл Сонячної системи
 Спостереження змінних зірок
 Спектроскопія
 Фотографічні спостереження комет

Цікаві факти

 Поруч з обсерваторією Хакос розташовується обсеваторія Гамсберг, так само входить в Міжнародну Любительську Обсерваторію.

Посилання

 Список астероїдів  (в архівному файлі вказані обсерваторії-першовідкривачі)
Засновані в Африці 1999
Астрономічні обсерваторії Намібії

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Oxford University Computing Competition
Home/News/Oxford University Computing Competition
The UK BEBRAS Computational Thinking Challenge, supported by Google, is designed to get students excited about computing and computational thinking. It is a problem-solving contest with questions inspired by topics in computer science. In the first round, held in their own schools, students have to try and solve as many problems as possible in the allotted time. The top 25% then qualify for the TCS Oxford competition which takes place in March. The very highest scoring students are invited to the Department of Computer Science at Oxford for the finals over two weekends in January and February.
After half term, Year 7/8 students at The Ruth Gorse Academy will be taking part in the challenge during their Computing lessons, along with those students who are studying Computer Science in Years 9 and 10.
To try some of challenges of the sort that the students faced earlier in the competition, go to bebras.uk and click on "Past challenges".
[email protected]2019-10-23T12:26:32+01:00


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La route 93 est une route tertiaire de la province de Terre-Neuve-et-Labrador, située dans l'île de Terre-Neuve, sur la péninsule d'Avalon. Elle est plus précisément située dans le centre de la péninsule, au sud de Whitbourne. La 93 est une route faiblement empruntée, connectant notamment les villages de Colinet à Mount Carmel. La limite de vitesse de cette route varie entre 70 et 80 km/h. De plus, elle est nommée Mount Carmel Rd., mesure 17 kilomètres, et est une route asphaltée sur l'entièreté de son tracé.

Tracé
L'extrémité nord-ouest de la 93 est située sur la route 91, à Colinet. Elle commence par se diriger vers le sud pendant 6 kilomètres, jusqu'à Harricott, où elle tourne vers le sud-est pour rejoindre Mount Carmel, 5 kilomètres plus loin. Dans cette ville, elle effectue un virage de 90° pour suivre le bras de mer Salmonier. Elle le suit pendant 6 kilomètres, puis se termine sur la route 90, à Saint-Catharine's .

Communautés traversées
Colinet
Harricott
Mount Carmel
Saint-Catharine's

Notes et références

Annexes

Bibliographie

Liens externes

Route de Terre-Neuve-et-Labrador


Miki King has been promoted Chief Marketing Officer of The Washington Post. King, pictured above, joined The Post in 2016 as vice president of operations. As CEO, she will oversee the subscription acquisition, retention as well as enterprise subscription packages to universities, large companies and non-profit organizations. She'll also lead the team that is developing The Post's national marketing campaigns. Previously, she was one of the architects of Politico's digital subscription business, Politico Pro.
Helmets to Hardhats (H2H) is the latest client signed by Qorvis Communications. The public affairs firm developed a Veterans Day-focused communications campaign on behalf of H2H to raise awareness in the Armed Forces community of the career opportunities available to individuals who have served. In addition, Qorvis announced that Kara Hauck has joined the firm as a vice president of public affairs. Hauck comes from Capitol Hill, where she most recently served as communications director for the House Republican Conference and its chair, Rep. Cathy McMorris Rodgers (R-WA).
Boscobel Marketing Communications has been recognized by the Maryland Department of Commerce and Montgomery County government for 40 years of operations in Silver Spring, Md. Boscobel CEO and President Joyce Bosc, a lifetime resident of Montgomery County, founded Boscobel in 1978. According to a release, one of Boscobel's earliest highlights was the development of the brand, logo and commercial launch of America Online (AOL). Boscobel has since transitioned to serve the federal government industry, focusing on technology marketing to the government contracting community.
Can Washington Post Top N.Y. Times in Unique Online Visitors?


Born and raised in India, Sudha Irwin now draws inspiration from the natural world surrounding her home in Mill Valley, CA and her travels around the world. Her expressive designs are created in silver, gold, precious and semi-precious stones.
marinjewelersguild.com and at the gallery.


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Unveiling the biology of depression
U of T President Meric Gertler (centre) with Arthur Labatt and his daughter Jacquie Labatt
This story is one of many that reveal the extraordinary legacy of Boundless: the Campaign for the University of Toronto, which ended on December 31, 2018. Read more inspiring stories of impact and discover why more than 100,000 people came together to make the Boundless campaign an historic success.
Thanks to a $20-million gift from the Labatt family, the University of Toronto's department of psychiatry is launching a groundbreaking network dedicated to understanding the root causes of one of the world's most devastating illnesses.
The World Health Organization identifies depression as the leading cause of disability on the planet, and it is an illness with no single cause. Symptoms can vary from person to person as depressive disorders come in different forms, and the efficacy of treatments is different for each sufferer.
We hope this work will one day bring relief to the millions of families that depression affects
Understanding the biological underpinnings of depression is widely seen as the next frontier for research in the field, and this is one of the driving causes behind the Labatt Family Network for Research on the Biology of Depression.
Announced in February 2019, the Labatt Family Network will pioneer innovative approaches to depression research, advance our understanding of the biology of depression and foster the next generation of research talent.
The Labatt family's generous $20-million gift establishes two Labatt family chairs at U of T with links to the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH) and the Hospital for Sick Children (SickKids), and funds a professorship, numerous fellows, residents and early-stage scientists working across Toronto's biomedical ecosystem. The Labatt Family Network's principal aim will be to push beyond institutional and disciplinary boundaries to find new pathways of discovery.
"We hope that the fundamental work undertaken here will one day bring relief to the millions of families that depression affects worldwide," says Arthur Labatt. "We know that scientists are only beginning to grasp the complex interplay of genetic and environmental factors that can result in depression. With our gift, the Labatt Family Network will act as a catalyst for the next big wave of ideas for preventing and managing this illness, and develop the talent of tomorrow."
Transforming our


text:
package net.groupbuy.dao.impl;

import net.groupbuy.dao.RefundsDao;
import net.groupbuy.entity.Refunds;

import org.springframework.stereotype.Repository;

/**
 * Dao - 退款单
 *
 * @author SHOP++ Team
 * @version 3.0
 */
@Repository("refundsDaoImpl")
public class RefundsDaoImpl extends BaseDaoImpl<Refunds, Long> implements RefundsDao {

}


Fellow Disney fans are in for a "gigantic" treat this weekend, as Disney Studios has just announced its latest take on the fairy tale classic, Jack and the Beanstalk. The beloved children's entertainment company confirmed yesterday morning at the D23 Expo that the new film will be called "Gigantic." It is set to feature a young boy named Jack who happens to meet an 11-year-old girl, standing proud at 60 feet tall. The Wrap News reported this Friday, August 14, 2015, that the animated film will be a spinoff of the story that many readers may already know and love, with plenty of surprises in store for all.
The project is unfortunately still in its early stages at this point in time, but with the D23 Expo announcement earlier this weekend, we do know some interesting details surrounding this "Gigantic" film. The first photo to be released from the new Disney movie has also been made public, showcasing a cute (yet certainly not little) blonde girl peering nervously at a much smaller Jack climbing up the beanstalk.
In this adaptation of the fairy tale, notes TIME, we have learned that our Jack is situated in Spain sometime in the 1400s. This 15th century is what Greno told audiences at the Disney expo was a time of exploration and an "age of discovery," which ties in perfectly for our main character's adventures in the spinoff. In addition to a massive castle in the sky, it seems our curious protagonist will also meet one giant girl along the way.
Who might this girl's name be? Said to have had her creation encouraged by the unique characters provided to Disney fans in "Frozen," the giant girl is called Inma, and she apparently believes that the much smaller Jack is a toy. She may only be 11 years old, but she stands dozens of feet high and with a quite curious nature of her own.
"She gets her hands on a grown man Jack, and she thinks he's a toy," Greno revealed in a statement to Disney fans at the event. He said that Inma was inspired by a young girl encountered during a previous trip the company took to Spain. This gigantic character will not only be given a starring role in the animated film, but she even will have her own song. The brilliant minds behind the music in "Frozen," Robert Lopez and Kristen Anderson-Lopez, will also be helping to create this classic Jack and the Beanstalk spinoff movie.


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Prince of Stride Alternative – 01
Posted by Jig on January 7, 2016	 January 25, 2016 First Impressions / Prince of Stride Alternative / Series Introduction
Home First Impressions Prince of Stride Alternative – 01
Sushi Police – 01
Musaigen no Phantom World – 01
OP Sequence
OP: 「ストライド」 (Sutoraido) "Stride" by OxT (Masayoshi Oishi x Tom-H@ck)
「ON YOUR MARK 運命のはじまり」 (ON YOUR MARK Unmei no hajimari)
"On Your Mark – The Beginning of Destiny"
It's like they made an anime for high school me. I couldn't be happier.
The Deets
Prince of Stride Alternative follows Sakurai Nana (Hanazawa Kana) who has just moved from the quiet countryside of Hokkaido into the bustling, fast-paced, and ultra-bright neon city of Tokyo in order to become the manager of Honan High School's famous Stride club. Or rather, formerly famous, as she quickly discovers that the club has fallen from its once prestigious status into now near extinction. On the way, she runs (not a pun I swear) into fellow first years Fujiwara Takeru (Okamoto Nobuhiko)—a quiet and offbeat individual who happens to be a prominent Stride athlete of his age, and Yagami Riku (Kimura Ryouhei), a remarkably amiable and athletic guy who's got an apparently muddied history with Stride.
Runnin' and Jumpin'
Okay, so just what the hell is 'Stride?' Well, this first episode doesn't do much in the way of explaining the ins and outs of the activity, but from what the viewer can gather, it's a highly-competitive team-based sport which combines the structure of Track & Field sprint relays, the tempo-varied endurance of a Cross Country race, the calculated efficiency of a parkour course, and the flashy acrobatics of freerunning. All four of which I partook in during my four years of high school. I love it.
It's no secret that this show is tryin' to buy its way into the recent renaissance of contemporary sports anime—from Kuroko no Basket to Haikyuu!! to Yowamushi Pedal, and so on. But one of my first fears going into the anime was that unlike all those shows, Stride—which the whole series will revolve around—is a fictional sport. Did I trust that these writers had the snuff to not only create an entire sport—but one that was engaging and complex—at least enough for a fictional television show?
Though we have yet to be provided a more in-depth explanation on all of Stride's inner mechanics and tinier details, the barely two minute snippet we got at the episode's conclusion was seriously enough to convince me of Stride's potential for intensely captivating action. It dug deep and rekindled the adrenaline-pumping excitement of racing—the anxiety before the start, the cheers from onlookers, the wind in my hair, the shortness of breath. I would've jumped outside and went for a run if it wasn't dark, cold, and raining. The fluidity and accuracy of various vaults and other technical moves showed that the animators certainly did their homework. But of course, you don't have to be a former runner to get swept up in the dazzling flips and sprints of Stride—the races are expertly framed and presented.
With all these fancy new sports anime in the past few years—one of which making a sport as seemingly unfit for the explosive spectacle of Japanese television as cycling into one of the most heart-pumping, adrenaline-inducing watches in recent memory—I was wondering if any of my running-based activities would eventually get any love with anime. I toyed with the thought in my head, but never seriously thought merely running had the chops for a successful modern sports anime.
And now here we are.
Though the show has just barely started, there's a lot of promise with 'Stride,' and the kind of excitement which could come from watching it play out. It's not unlikely that—if the show follows up on its promise for engaging action—Prince of Stride Alternative could spark a cultural movement in running and parkour in much the way that Yowamushi Pedal did for biking across Japan. Though I think I'm getting ahead of myself—we'll just have to wait and see how this quality of the show plays out.
But of course, what is a sports anime without its characters? An absolutely imperative key to the success of sports anime (or any show, for that matter) is not only found in the hysteric blitz and rousing extravagance of its sports matches, or races, or whatever, but equally from the unexpected depth and memorable nature of its characters. Does Prince of Stride Alternative fit the bill in this regard?
The Ensemble
There's not much to go off as of now, but the flashes of quirks and personality from the characters definitely show promise. Many of the characters fall victim (as of now) to stock character roles, but only barely so. What I appreciate is that no person overdoes their trope or defining characteristic, which leave a lot of breathing room for future development and complexity—even the traditional comic relief finds a way to be a tad different from the rest. I'm hoping that as the series continues, each member of the main cast grows and deepens as characters—I see particular potential with Yagami, and his seemingly tattered past with Stride (concerning his brother, a former competitor, apparently?), which suggests more to his over-eager and friendly exterior.
I have another particular concern with Sakurai, the character though which we observe the show's events. After the first episode, she left pretty much no memorable impression—an affliction which is unfortunately not uncommon to many shows based on visual novels. She might serve as little more than a stock cutout through which the viewer could insert themselves into the show—not a trait I like to exclusively define a member of a show's main cast. I have a hard time pinning her as the show's protagonist. Hopefully as the series progresses, Sakurai becomes more developed, and can stand her own as a character among all the runners. Maybe some further exploration of her love of Stride (which is enough to make her cry, apparently) can prove beneficial to her depth. I do appreciate, however, that unlike most other sports anime, the 'female' character is directly involved with the sport, albeit on the sideline.
As impressive as I did say the action was, the rest of the animation unfortunately does not prove nearly as noteworthy. Despite an eye-catching palette, Prince of Stride Alternative's backgrounds are nearly static, character models barely emote, and movement is sometimes awkward and choppy. The show can't compare to the presentation of its fellow sports-anime brethren—it's almost unrecognizable as a Madhouse production. Again, like I can say for any apparent flaw in an initial episode: I'm hoping it will get better. If anything, the Stride races are sufficiently impressive in animation—arguably where it truly matters. That OP is bumpin' doe.
As it stands, Prince of Stride Alternative has the potential for an intensely memorable show. Looking past all of my sports-experience bias, the show proves it can provide some exciting and worthwhile action. In terms of characters and quality of animation, it has a lot of catching up to do in order to be mentioned in even the same breath as many of the shows it aspires to be—but even many of those series took a few episodes to get on their feet and start running (HA HA EY O). As the newest entry in recent years of quality sports anime, Prince of Stride Alternative—with the help of improved animation and greater development of its characters—can hopefully come out as one to remember.
Stride's based on an otome game, although reviewers said the game story reads more like a sports anime, and the romantic elements felt secondary. Reception was mixed – some liked this different approach, while some hated it because it wasn't romantic enough. Regardless, the anime will be better since you can actually see the sport in action – the game just narrated everything in text.
The Stride sport appears to be a fictional take on an track and field relay race with parkour elements – but there's no baton passing, and races are done on a large urban marathon scale.
zztop
January 7, 2016 at 1:36 am	6 years ago
Mirros Edge – Pc Game. This is no fictial Sports, this where born in the Streets of Paris
Worldwidedepp
This made my list for "one to watch a few episodes of" as a taster.
Not being a sporty person, I quite liked this episode, and if it maintains at least this level of interest for me, I can see myself following it all the way.
Kailord
https://randomc.net/image/Prince%20of%20Stride%20Alternative/Prince%20of%20Stride%20Alternative%20-%2001%20-%2009.jpg
It's Nanase Haruka's more intense-looking double!
Hard to say whether I should pick up this series. Though I've become interested in watching certain sports anime, this Stride setting is kind of too "innocent" as I'm seeing MC Yagami displaying his easy-going attitude too much in trying all kinds of sports.
But it's clear that he's only good at running (with a little bit of parkour).
I guess I shall give another chance for next episode. It's hard to believe that this is based on an otome game.
However, I'm glad I won't be worried since so far I don't see any romantic hints between Sakurai Nana and any other male cast.
It'll be a good sign if that continues with the show focusing heavily on the participants and the concept of Stride.
Well now you know I'm NOT into otome animes except this. All this show needs is some gags to be as little as possible if the writers are able to.
Because I'm getting a little annoyed with the shogi-obsessed guy…https://randomc.net/image/Prince%20of%20Stride%20Alternative/Prince%20of%20Stride%20Alternative%20-%2001%20-%2014.jpg
Richie Kim
I say that these series are worth watching and reviewing!
Sindbad Daykay
I watched this because of Kana Hanazawa.
Setsu Henry
I gave this show a shot because of my curiosity on why this sports anime has turned out to be an original otome game from the start.
A sport anime with no sweat (or very few of it) and loads of generic looking bishonen with funky long hairs/pony tails/tied hairs?
Hmmm… the otome game vibes are a bit too strong here.
Nice Tea
Eh, Free! without the water.
Well… out of the three shows I watched so far (Haruchika and Phantom World being the other two), this one is the best in my opinion for actually having some life to its presentation and the way it sticks to its premise for most of the time. It seems like stride is a weird hybrid of parkour and relay. Thankfully, I can associate this more with Kuroko no Basuke (or Haikyuu) than with Free! so I hope it will show more cool moves for the next episodes.
klark
It smells too much like otome game and I'm telling this as a girl. I don't like too much adaptations of otome games for the same reason many men don't like LN harem adaptations – MC is sucked out any personality, because they are [insert player here]. When she almost cried, when they clapped their hands, I rolled my eyes. Dramatic much or what?
But idea of the sport is nice, very nice. Some images and scenes very nice but they didn't mash up well together. And interactions between characters were little cringe worthy. I'd like it better if a club was gender mix, because why not. Then even some hint of romance wouldn't be so bothersome like watching the plucky girl with ring of guys, who see in her I-don't-know-what.
gilraen_tinuviel
https://randomc.net/image/Prince%20of%20Stride%20Alternative/Prince%20of%20Stride%20Alternative%20-%2001%20-%20Large%2008.jpg
Hmmm…reminds me of a certain blond, carefree basketball player who is voiced by the same VA.
Looks promising though artwork could be better. I quite enjoyed the race. Hope future races would be incorporate more action and moves.
WarriorsHeart
FREE (FREE-STYLE) GAY RUNNING / ETC – LOL
January 7, 2016 at 3:46 pm	6 years ago
No GAY stuff here. Sakurai nana is there for a reason.
gustave154
January 8, 2016 at 12:16 am	6 years ago
Loving the Parkour adrenaline run in this anime. The Story was fast paced much like the theme of the anime but I didn't feel rushed. You are thrown into the characters immediately and the scene were Fujiwara is glaring at Yagami was hilarious. (we all been there)
With the jokes, and story plus the artwork I am anxiously waiting for the next episode. I hope they keep it as real as possible and no super moves like Kuroko with the Zone stuff and Godly powers lol. (not saying it was bad but with running keep it at human level)
Next Episode we find out more about the famous two runners. Let just hope they don't squeeze everything in the opening of the anime series.
January 8, 2016 at 12:46 pm	6 years ago
I barely pick up shows based on visual novel. I pick this show cause it has Parkour and Madhouse. So, I guess I will have something that will be pleasing to watch.
Izumi Aiikyo
wish that I could be into this anime as this will (probably) be popular amongst friends. but.
am I the only one who would rather poke my own eye than having to watch this show with it's neon contrast everything.
I have to seriously watch it with brightness all the way down with sunglasses (optional)
I guess I've watched the brightest (literally) anime ever. This show is even brighter than any BONES show.
But it's a worthy premiere since the animation sequence in the last several minutes is stunning. 🙂
January 10, 2016 at 3:19 am	6 years ago


text:
About Rudra
RUDRA infinity
How to help fund the centennial of the game industry
It is hard to overestimate the importance of the centenary of the videogame industry.The games industry is one of the most important industries in the world.It has played a major role in shaping the modern world, and is now at the centre of a huge and evolving global economic system.The industry has also seen the
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The best part of developing software is testing, says David Fauci
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Mobile app development and marketing development for companies with physical headquarters
We have all seen the signs.There's a huge difference between a small, understaffed team and a full-time team.But, in the case of physical headquarters, the difference is much bigger.As you're learning to design a website and a mobile app for your company, you'll also need to think about how to get your team to work
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By: Nabil Ahmed | October 26, 2016 12:30pm GMTI'm a developer, I've been on the hunt for an Android jailbreak app for a while.I found one and had a lot of fun with it.Now I'm back on the phone and want to share the best Android jailbreaks with you.This is the first in a series
Bit casino
Theme made by: JL, for: RUDRA infinity


The Southern Ocean around the coast of Antarctica is a thermally stable environment in which the sea water temperature hovers close to its freezing point around -1.93C. Most marine teleosts have an equilibrium freezing point of about -0.7C, substantially higher than that of sea water, and they therefore cannot survive by supercooling in the icy Antarctic waters (DeVries et al., 1988). Notothenioid fishes thrive in this freezing environment, however, due to their capacity to produce antifreeze glycoproteins (AFGPs). AFGPs bind to and inhibit the growth of minute ice crystals that occasionally enter the fish, thus preventing their body fluids from freezing (DeVries and Cheng, 1992). They are a key evolutionary innovation that conferred freeze avoidance and empowered the adaptive radiation of the notothenioids in the poorly colonised, frigid waters of the Southern Ocean some 5-15 million years ago (Cheng et al., 1997; Eastman and McCune, 2000).
As many as 20 AFGP isoforms, all containing the same glycotripeptide, are synthesized in notothenioid species (Chen et al., 1997; Hsiao et al., 1990). The AFGPs evolved from a pancreatic trypsinogen-like protease (Chen et al., 1990; Cheng and Chen, 1990) and the isoforms are encoded by a large multigene family (Cheng, 1996). While the molecular basis for AFGP production is well understood, the site of AFGP synthesis remains an unresolved question. Unlike most other antifreeze-bearing fishes where the liver is the major synthetic site, adult notothenioids show only minimal AFGP transcription in this organ. Nothing is known about AFGP production in notothenioid larvae, nor when and where AFGPs are first synthesised during their embryogenesis.
In joint work with Art DeVries and Chris Cheng from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, we are currently investigating the sites of tissue synthesis of AFGPs in larval and adult dragonfish (Gymnodraco acuticeps), and the tempo of their upregulation during development. We are in an unique position to undertake these studies because we have ready access to larval, adult and fecund dragonfish in McMurdo Sound (Antarctica).
In preliminary work we have successfully fertilized mature oocytes in vitro, and maintained them throughout embryogenesis. We have also found that dragonfish eggs are laid in freezing seawater in early October. Although they are hypo-osmotic to seawater the eggs do not freeze, suggesting fortification with maternal antifreeze. Newly-hatched larvae swim directly to the surface-ice platelet layer to avoid predators, indicating that they contain AFGP and that a switch to zygotic production must take place during development.
We are using a combination of molecular biology (quantitative RT-PCR to enumerate transcript levels), immunocytochemistry (to localise the sites of AFGP expression and/or storage), and biochemistry (western blotting to identify specific AFGP isoforms) to analyse AFGP synthesis during development. Eggs at different times (before and after fertilisation) are being analysed in parallel for AFGP activity in the perivitelline, yolk and embryonic compartments using differential osmometry to estimate antifreeze activity.
Unique primers designed from dragonfish AFGP cDNAs will then be used in quantitative RT-PCR assays and specific AFGP antibodies will be employed for western blotting and immunocytochemistry in this combinatorial approach to determine the sites and tempo of AFGP synthesis during development.
Surviving the freezing waters of Antarctica demands tightly regulated control of AFGP production at all life stages because its synthesis requires a substantial energy investment. Our studies will open new pathways for gaining insight into how this control is achieved at the molecular and cellular levels. They will also generate information on the rates of larval development and growth relevant to Antarctic fisheries management in which New Zealand has increasing involvement.
A number of different research projects focussing on Antarctica are available in the Evans laboratory. Please contact Clive Evans if you wish to discuss the possibilities of Antarctic research further and receive more specific details.
Chen, L, DeVries, AL and Cheng, C-HC (1997): Evolution of antifreeze glycoprotein gene from a trypsinogen gene in Antarctic notothenioid fish. Proc Natl Acad Sci 94: 3811-3816.
Cheng, C-HC (1996): Genomic basis for antifreeze glycopeptide heterogeneity and abundance in Antarctic notothenioid fishes. In: Gene Expression and Manipulation in Aquatic Organisms, Soc. of Exp. Biol. Seminar Series 58 (Eds. S. Ennion & G. Goldspink), Cambridge University Press, pp. 1-20.
Cheng, C-HC and Chen, L (1999): Evolution of an antifreeze glycoprotein. Nature 40: 443-444. DeVries, AL (1988): The role of antifreeze glycopeptides and peptides in the freezing avoidance of Antarctic fishes. Comp Biochem Physiol 90B: 611-621.
DeVries, AL and Cheng, C-HC (1992): The role of antifreeze glycopeptides and peptides in the survival of cold water fishes. In: Water and Life: Comparative Analysis of Water Relationships at the Organismic, Cellular, and Molecular Levels (Eds. G.N. Somero, C.B. Osmond, C.L. Bolis), Springer Verlag, pp. 303-315.
Eastman, JT and McCune, AR (2000): Fishes on the Antarctic continental shelf: evolution of a marine species flock?. J Fish Biol 57: 84-102.
There are a number of different research strategies available to assess biological impact at the molecular level although all have the same common goals: to provide a measure of the state of the environment though its impact on the biota and, where appropriate, to use the information obtained as a reference database for recommending any necessary environmental improvement. Our basic approach has been to use the extraordinary sensitivity of RT-PCR amplification as a tool in the quantitative assessment of the effects on fish of exposure to environmental pollutants and to use this as one measure of environmental impact (Evans et al., 2000, 2001; Miller et al., 1999).
Correlation between metallothionein induction as determined by quantitative competitive (qc) RT-PCR and hepatic copper levels in the yellowbelly flounder Rhombosolea leporina collected near Auckland, New Zealand.
In our initial studies this was achieved by measuring the induction of specific genes such as those for metallothionein (which reflects heavy metal exposure) and cytochrome P4501A (which reflects exposure to specific hydrocarbons). In order to assess the appropriateness of the RT-PCR approach, correlates have been sought between our molecular biological studies and levels of specific pollutants in fish tissues as well as with a spectrum of fish health indicators.
Stomach contents of Trematomus bernacchii collected near the sewage outfall at McMurdo Station, Antarctica. Peas, corn and carrot are visible in the opened stomach.
Molecular ecotoxicology offers a powerful approach which supplements the more classic procedures of environmental toxicology. Because it provides information at the earliest response level to exposure it has the capacity to serve as an early warning indicator of potentially more significant and widespread effects. Molecular ecotoxicology is thus a key parameter in monitoring the environment and recommending steps for any necessary improvement. Additionally, since knowledge of the molecular and cellular responses to particular pollutants also contributes to our understanding of the aetiology of specific bioeffects, the molecular ecotoxicology approach provides a route to the development of treatments for improving organismal health.
X-cell disease in the gills of Trematomus bernacchii collected from Winter Quarters Bay, Antarctica. The X cells are visible as large cells with distinct nucleoli in the basal region of the lamellae. Thrombus-like inclusions are obvious within aneurysms of the fused secondary gill lamaellae.
A number of different research projects focussing on Molecular Ecotoxicology are available in the Evans laboratory. Please contact us if you wish to receive more specific details.