Text and picture Björn Bellander.
You can find opening times in official website.
In the small community Sparreholm you can if when driving through choosing main driveway see this house. If you are lucky and there is a beautiful sunny day it may be open. This is not for sure every day. If you plan to visit Gråfors Collections you have to carefully inform yourself about opening times. A nice parking area is arranged behind the house. Furthermore there is an old industrial area if your drive around. I went there twice to be informed about opening times and to be sure I took a photo of the note the second time for my visit. The collection are built up by Stefan and Britt-Marie. They have also an old shop of nostalgi type in Hågelby park Tumba. www.hagelby.se.
After going around among all odds and ends which Stefan collected you can buy a cup of coffee and cake. This handle Britt-Marie. At this opportunity Stefan played on his old barrel organ and ground a melody on the organ. The sun was shining and everything was under control.
He has organized his museum with different kind of tableaus. Old shops for different kind of wares, like old shops, music machines, motorcycles and early cycles with help engines. They have a slight larger cylinder volume. there are also a lot of odd things.
2 interesting things things. The one to the left is an automatic telephone selector which Ericsson constructed and earned much money for. It was used with the automatic telephone system in Sweden. If you remember there was a wheel with ten numbers were you dialed the telephone number. You got some crushing noise in the receiver. Just like sliding a pin on an old washboard. This happened when the long arm in the middle noted every dialed number. There were as many devices as there was numbers in the number. These units had very long term of life. This was installed 1924 and worked up to 1984 when it was exchanged by the digital AXE system.. All these mechanical equipments became old fashioned when this happened.
If we went further back in time he has an old sit on eggs device. This type was very important for the farmer who had a chicken farm. All eggs had to be hatched about at the same time. This one is from 1929 and was warmed by kerosene burner. The time wa 22 days. A nice coupling is Assar Gabrielsson, the Volvo inventor, whose father was a large importer of eggs from Russia. These eggs were only for reseller and were imported from St. Petersburg area.
This kick-sledge is equipped with a help engine. This was the forerunner for the snowmobile. In Dalarna and Småland counties private handy people build these stuff for fun and daily use. This one is equipped with a so called Smith wheel. It was normally used as help engine for cycles. The engine worked as a separate wheel in the rear.
In a magazine outside the museum I found this boxcar. As I once organized boxcar racing during the boxcar great times 1978 - 1984 at Elmia fair, I became interested. I could not remember that this car had taken part in these competitions. This car was well built with the main importing thing making it to role fast. Narrow light wheels and a hard thin rolling thread surface. The steering facility seemed to be of an exact type. Sorry to say that Stefan could not tell more than he had bought it for 50 Skr.
This engine has grat historical interest. If the note is right. Probably Volvo and their technical boss Gustaf Larson had many inquiries for engines when deciding the motor choice for the first Volvo. Now Volvo constructed their own engine for the Volvo car delivered 1927. The engine was produced in Skövde at Pentaverken. Maybe Penta bought this engine from Örebro and rebuilt it to en boat engine for kerosene. Penta made also boat engines from the Volvo construction. May be some Volvo historical may know more about this.
Once USA built the first atomic driven submarine. The boat sailed under the north pole. This sailing trip became very famous all over the world. Stefan has apparently visited this ship. The streamer is a proof of that. This small compression ignition engine delivered from Säffle had to be shown outside. May be because running the motor. It looked like themotor hade done it's last working stroke. Interesting though it was equipped with a cooler container. The engine is from early 19th and lastly was installed in a private boat on lake Båvern. With it's 12-15 hp it was puffing good , when owner was out fishing. See info page 2.
This is a photo of an iron shop and the model is a shop in Tumba hardware store. The Gråfors family have even today an old grocery shop in Tumba. This shop is handled by one of the family members.
The hardware store in the photo might have been one that Gråfors owned in Tumba.
The chemical shop just as in old times. Shell Dilutin is one of the names for kerosene at that time. This was just for cleaning and for lamps. Do you remember that Martin Ljung played a role as Viking (name). In this he was so weak that he could not turn a somersault. This character was played at Ide'on theatre Stockholm. Before he could not lift a brick. I was there. Sunlight, Radion, Fenom and Caustic soda.
The last was the best cleaning means for the kitchen at that time. The hairdresser had terrible things for help. The were also highly dangerous. The electric cables at that time became easily worn. Just look at an old flat iron. This old fashion hair blower to make the hair curly was impressing for all customers.
Tumba Special is sa soft drink which is sold at Gråfors museums. This pearling drink was popular around 1950 and was then forgotten for 50 years. The widow after the shut downed Tumba brewery found the secret recipe and gave it to the local pension union. As time went on Gråfors got it in his hands and now they produce it in small scale after this recipe through brewery in county of Dalarna. Tumba Special has the same taste and also the same label as before. The taste is reminding of a mixture with Champis, Trocadero, citron and secrete flavour. The last component is up to the drinker.Text after Gråfors website.
Behind the museum there is a nice old petrol station. A small car has "just rolled in" in order to fill up. I don't think it was good petrol in the container of the tank filler. The liguid was quite dark. Dream away to the Castrol oil container, sweet glas containers from which the children got a piece when the seller was in good mode. STP, methylated spirit, oil can and spare parts for Amal carburetors. This type was general for motorcycles.
This is the story how cycle light was developed. Carbide was a poisoned and dangerous gas. As son as the dynamo was ready to be sold the carbide disappeared. During the war carbide was used as propelling force in smaller boats.
1953 it was on the way to be a catastrophe for HD when Norton was the name on all lips at Daytona Show. HD could not accept this so the gave their test driver, Paul Goldsmith, order to bring back the record from Norton, to drive again with a 37 hp bike and raised the record for highest speed with 42 km/h.
HD was though created long before by the 2 mates William Harley and Artur Davidsson. They started to produce motorcycles in Milwaukee. The two men were a good combination and already after some years they had developed a V-twin, a layout that should remain till today. They understood that in order to sell they must have several resellers and they created that. Already 1912 they had over 200 in America.
The models replace each other but engine type and layout were the same. To get the name known they joined all types of competitions in America. Like dirt track and hill Climb. At these types of tracks the English bikes could not compete. There only fighter was Indian, but this mark was ceased 1953.
The main engine was designed 1926 and was still in production till 1972. American Machinery Foundry bought the company 1969 and it came into finance difficulties because of the US Tariff Commission. The company went down on number of employees and become in conflict with the labors. The quality fell drastically and the cycle got the nickname "Hardly ablesome". AMF sold 1981 and HD got its good reputation back. New models were developed and with background of nostalgia HD can sell cycles with a much higher price than the Japanese bikes and yet they have full time job.
DKW was a name formed by the words "Dampf-Kraft-Wagen". It was founded 1916 by the Dane Jörgen Skafte Rasmussen who from 1920 built light 2-stroke bikes. During time between the wars DKW was the largest mc producer. After WWII the Zschopay factory was in the east zone and cycles from here were named MZ. Compare with the BMW situation.
East Germany was not allowed to use the name DKW. In 1949 production started in Ingolstadt in the west zone, using the name DKW, main place for Auto Union to produce mc and cars. In the 50th DKW designed several models which were copied on the terms of war compensation claims and were sold almost identically. For ex. the RT 125 cc was copied by BSA to a new name Bantam. Several fusions took place on the market and when those have ended, DKW as a mark came to a halt. DKW is replaced by Auto-Union with parent VAG concern 1964. The last 2-stroke engine was made 1976.
1900 Johan Phelon and Harry Rainer shared their MC patent. The idea was that the cylinder replaced the front frame pipe as far as the cylinder reached. This was a distinctive mark for a Panther mc. All their mc:s had this construction. The shown panther must be a homebuilt pedal cycle with a panther engine. Harry Rainer died in a traffic accident already 1903. He was replaced by Richard Moore. He had constructed a two gear unit working with two chains and a coupling. The company was named P&M and the motorcycle was developed slowly with better constructions. Production was reduced considerable during the 60th and the last Panther was delivered from the factory in Cleackheaton 1967.
Colibri was also available as a frame mounted engine 1919. It had several similarities with FN from this time.
For once the Nimbus production didn't start by a company that earlier began with bicycles. 1919 Nielsen and Fisker merged to produce a motorcycle. They had already earlier established a company which 1910 started with vacuum cleaners. The main plan was that together with their already established product trying to earn more money through a motorcycle. This won't be any problem as the market at this time was positive.
Now any problem didn't show up as their motorcycle Nimbus was well looked forward and totally 12000 machines were sold.
The Swede Song Group Swe-Danes, included among the three singers Alice Babs, told once why they had got popular with "You got to have your own style".
Nimbus had this unusual style.
No other cycle had the same construction. 4 cylinders engine, engine block from Austin seven, telescope in front, shaft drive and a frame of flat iron which were riveted together. This became their developed model named Nimbus C.
The interest for this Nimbus didn't raise until a company with the name Nimbus was officially started. After 1920 the sales started to expand. This was of course why buy a motorcycle by a vacuum cleaner salesman.
Selling a motorcycle in Denmark was though not easy when government in Denmark often put on taxes for motor vehicles. The luck for Nimbus factory was that they got a rolling contract from the Danish army. This made them continue with production despite low civil sales.
The two stroke engine was from the beginning invented 1881 by the Scotsman Dugald Clerk. A new and better construction was shown by Joseph Day 1892. Even a new way came 1901 from different producers. Blomster in Sweden built his mc already 1902. The engine was French built by the firm Ixion. It was meant to be placed on the steering wheel of the pedal cycle, but Blomster mounted it in the frame to get a better weight ratio. Cylinder volume was 50 cc. It had dry-cell battery and coil. The electricity ignition was activated by a cam on it's engine crankshaft. A ratio with a v-belt was there down to a lower pulley. From this it was a chain to the coupling and then a v-belt further to the rear wheel. A brake was mounted in the rear nave and also a brake block on one of the pulleys. It is quite complicated.
One note. Stefan Gråfors intend to take the cycle over to England in order to drive the Brighton run. I think it will be difficult to get the cycle in order and accepted as original. It is very accurate in this run.
Original details for the ignition coil are in this picture dismantled. It is made of one iron core and copper plates which i wrapped and isolated with glasswork pieces. All these are placed in a wooden box which is placed just under the saddle. See picture. Inside the box all was covered with stearin. Because the spark was too bad when renovation was done all this original stuff were replace by an ignition coil from a moped by Lennart Nordström 2002. The motorcycle was made by a man in Kinna Sweden. His name was Blomster. He use an engine from Ixion in France. It was suposed to be mounted above the front wheel and give power by a friction wheel. Blomster didn't like this placement and instead placed it inside the frame most because of a better center of gravity and center of weight. Then he converted it for belt-driving. The engine is probably the first commercially produced two stroke engine.
It had dry battery and ignition coil. Just like T-Ford. The ignition breaker was activated by a cam lope which was placed on the crankshaft. One gearing with a belt left power to a lower belt pulley, which is also the coupling. From this point it is chain over to the rear wheel. Brake is mounted in the rear wheel hub and also on one brake block. This is quite complicated.
The oldest two stroke engine in Sweden.
The above cycle with 50cc is made 1902. The principle fro two stroke engine was invented 1901. During 25 years the construction of this cycle was changed. Documentation says that Blomster drove it to the Gothenburg Fair 1923. The carburettor was made from a cycle pump by Blomster's son.
This cycle is bought by Stefan Gråfors 1982. Renovated by Lennart Nordström i Tillberga 2001. He has built a new carburettor and others. Gråfors says that he has in mind to drive London Brighton run in England some day. This is less likely.
Engine: Ixion one cylinder 50 cc two stroke.
Ignition: Dry cell battery and coil. Vraker on crankshaft by a cam.
Carburettor: Float chamber carburettor equipped with adjustable jet and and carburettor strangler.
Transmission: Belt drive from crankshaft to the lowere drive. Then chain to coupling and then belt drive over to rear wheel.
Tyre: Clincher rim 28x1.5 inch clincer tyre.
Brakes: Usual rear brake in hub and one kloss actiing on one of the belt pulleys.
Other motorcycles/moped at Gråfors collection.
This play work with a vacuum cleaner and is made 1960. Type writer tangents has been used to activatre the players.
Stored beside the petrol station Gråfors has gathered som 3 wheelers. These kind of transport lorries were very common during the war and 50th. The first types came before war from Germany and already before WW1, but sson Swedish producers constructed own types. During the war most of them were rebuilt to electric power up to 2hp. There was a Swedish importer already 1913, Johannes Källander.
Pictures from the followint owners have been used in bjorns-story.se with the necessary allowance.


text:
S Trianguli är en halvregelbunden variabel av SRA-typ i stjärnbilden Triangeln. Variabeln upptäcktes av den ryska astronomen Lydia Ceraski (Tseraski) den 9 april 1909.

Stjärnan varierar mellan visuell magnitud +9,2 och 12,2 med en period av 245,4 dygn.

Se även
 Variabel stjärna

Referenser

Noter

Stjärnbilden Triangeln
Halvregelbundna variabler

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Q: Virus creates exe files with text content
Possible Duplicate:
My server's been hacked EMERGENCY

Something automatically creates exe files like "zytudou.exe" on my PC with text content:
open 122.138.203.175
123
123
get tudou.exe C:\DOCUME~1\sttudou.exe
bye

Is it a virus?
How to disable that or remove it?
Thanks!

A: It's possible that this is innocuous - possible. What I recommend is an offline virus scan using a rescue CD like the one provided for free by Kaspersky. That will tell you for certain if there is a known virus on the PC. If there isn't one, then you're golden. If there is one, then...
↓ Click the Pretty Cloud! ↓

↑ You'll Like It!! ↑

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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CPUs and GPUs and with a bugetof $250 i was able to find these two. will then run dolphin decently?
Did you really need a new topic for this? Are you planning to put them in the system you talked about in your last thread? If so it will not work.
Edit: Yeah these will run dolphin decently. Not the best but significantly better than what you have now.
(02-23-2013, 07:50 AM)Xalphenos Wrote: Did you really need a new topic for this? Are you planning to put them in the system you talked about in your last thread? If so it will not work.
and sorry for making a new thread about this.
Your existing system, being a core 2 duo, is socket lga 775. The CPU you have selected requires socket lga 1155 so it is not compatible with your current motherboard. To use that CPU you will also need a new motherboard and ram too.
(02-23-2013, 09:11 AM)Xalphenos Wrote: Your existing system, being a core 2 duo, is socket lga 775. The CPU you have selected requires socket lga 1155 so it is not compatible with your current motherboard. To use that CPU you will also need a new motherboard and ram too.
this would be compatible with my mother then since its is a lga775.
Probably. You should check with your motherboard's manufacturer first. Even if it is it's kind of a $160 waste of money at this point though.
Edit: Ninja'd also Yeah you could probably get a low end sandy pentium with motherboard and ram for not too much more than that processor. And then you would have somewhat of an upgrade path.
Edit again: Here is most of a system for under your $250 budget it will be vastly superior to what you have now and the power requirements should be really low. I'ts not the best but you can upgrade the cpu when you save up some more money. Also the motherboard is compatible with Ivy Bridge, with a bios update, so after you build this you can save up for a 3570 non k version, can't overclock with this system. You still wont be able to play the most demanding games full speed all the time but everything should be playable.
Yeah I noticed it too. I was going ultra budget to stay under his $250 obviously he can up change out components as his budget allows. The motherboard I picked supports ivy but possibly not right out of the box so I picked the sandy to be on the safe side. Also I wanted to save some on the other components to get a graphics card with gddr5. Oh and the price is with a $20 rebate so its actually slightly over budget already.
But yeah I was really just trying to illustrate how his money could be better spent.
the most i could possibly spend is 300 so thanks for the suggestions i will probably go with these.


text:
Home Ozone News
Earth January 4, 2018
NASA Study Provides First Direct Proof of Ozone Hole Recovery Due to Chemicals Ban
Using measurements from NASA's Aura satellite, scientists studied chlorine within the Antarctic ozone hole over the last several years, watching as the amount slowly decreased….
Earth December 14, 2017
Scientists Monitor Positive Signs of Recovery of the Earth's Stratospheric Ozone Layer
Each year, ozone-depleting compounds in the upper atmosphere destroy the protective ozone layer, and in particular above Antarctica. The ozone layer acts as Earth's sunscreen…
Earth November 6, 2017
NASA Scientists Track Ozone Pollution by Monitoring Key Ingredients
New NASA-funded research has devised a way to use satellite measurements to track ozone formation among three different sets of conditions. Ozone pollution near Earth's…
2017 Ozone Hole is the Smallest Since 1988
This year's ozone hole was similar in area to the hole in 1988, about 1 million miles smaller than in 2016. Although scientists predict the…
Science July 1, 2016
Antarctic Ozone Layer Shows Signs of Healing
New research details the "first fingerprints of healing" of the Antarctic ozone layer. Scientists found that the September ozone hole has shrunk by more than…
Earth October 30, 2015
2015 Antarctic Ozone Hole Larger Than Recent Years
Scientists from NASA and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration reveal that the 2015 Antarctic ozone hole area was larger and formed later than in…
New NASA Study Shows That Hydrofluorocarbons Contribute to Ozone Depletion
According to new research from NASA, chemical coolants known as hydrofluorocarbons that are found in refrigerators and in home and automobile air conditioners, contribute to…
2014 Antarctic Ozone Hole Comparable to Previous Years
Scientists from NASA and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration reveal that the overall 2014 ozone hole is smaller than the large holes of the…
Earth September 11, 2014
Worldwide Action to Phase Out Ozone-Depleting Substances Yields Significant Gains
This short video and new assessment packet reveals the remarkable success of the worldwide action to phase out ozone-depleting substances, reporting that the ozone layer…
Earth August 21, 2014
Earth's Atmosphere Contains an Unexpectedly Large Amount of Ozone-Depleting Compound
A newly published study from NASA shows that Earth's atmosphere contains an unexpectedly large amount of Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), leaving researchers to believe that there…
Earth March 10, 2014
Research Reveals New Man-Made Ozone-Depleting Gases in the Atmosphere
New research from scientists at the University of East Anglia reveals four new man-made gases in the atmosphere that are contributing to the destruction of…
Science February 19, 2013
Study Links Levels of Air Pollution and Ozone to Cardiac Arrest
Based on a massive data set unique to Houston, a newly published study from scientists at Rice University has found a direct correlation between out-of-hospital…
Fluctuations in Weather Patterns Help Decrease the Antarctic Ozone Hole
Data from NASA and NOAA satellites show that the average area covered by the Antarctic ozone hole this year was the second smallest in the…
Science January 30, 2012
Intercontinental Crop Losses Caused by Ozone
Researchers at the University of Leeds, in collaboration with the University of York, published a new study showing the extent of the Northern Hemisphere's intercontinental…

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Category Archives: herstory
Rough Magic: Tracing a creative female corporeality in the archive and the Irish theatre tradition
Posted on January 13, 2020 by manuscriptsattrinity
Photograph by Conor Horgan
As a feminist performance scholar, I am keenly aware of the challenges in uncovering women's theatrical contributions and gathering a legacy of their traces. Without doubt this motivated me to find a way to assemble a tradition of women in modern Irish theatre in my book, Women and Embodied Mythmaking in Irish Theatre. My research is concerned with women's disruption of the perpetuation of mythic narratives and myths of femininity through their own theatrical mythmaking. Rough Magic productions, including Paula Meehan's Mrs Sweeney and Olwen Fouéré's Sodome, my Love, shape the tradition proposed by my book. This is unsurprising given the statistics: The Gender Counts Report: An Analysis of Gender in Irish Theatre, 2006–2015, highlights Rough Magic's strong track record in working with women theatre makers in contrast to the woeful underrepresentation of women artists in the theatre organisations in receipt of the most public subsidy. The company's archive is a valuable resource for Irish theatre scholarship enabling us to further engage with the work and legacies of the independent theatre sector. Moreover, Rough Magic's archive assists in the project of deconstructing the male-dominated literary canon of Irish theatre through analysis of the work of women theatre makers in a variety of roles.
The canon of Irish theatre has served to marginalise women's contributions, a process of erasure that is perpetuated through its retelling. So how might we engage with performance archives in order to build an alternative framework to the canon? In Performing Remains: Art and War in Times of Theatrical Reenactment, Rebecca Schneider warns against the binary logic which opposes archive and performance, aligning the latter with ephemerality, and describes the archive as an embodied encounter: 'a set of live practices of access, given to take place in a house (the literal archive) built for live encounter with privileged remains' (108). Through the process of writing my book I am performing an archive; I am engaged in the act of retrieving and preserving performances in order to house their remains. I acknowledge, as Schneider describes, 'the archive [as] a live performance space, and the performance space [as] an archive for the revenant' (110), and thus the tradition of women's theatre in Ireland which I interlace is one shaped by resurfacing and remains.
The role of the body in the transmission of memory is central to my argument and it is the female writing body which facilitates the reappearance and reassertion of the archive's remains; fleshing out a rich and unmined vein of creativity and resistance in Irish theatre.
Shifting the emphasis from discursively documented history to focus on how history and memory are enacted on and remembered through the body, is an essential step in the process of addressing how women's bodies bear the consequences of the imposition of myths of femininity. Moreover, the erasure of the realities and lived experiences of women's bodies from public discourse in Ireland makes this all the more vital. Bodies expose the gaps and neglected spaces of official histories to form the connective tissue that assembles a body of women's work in Irish theatre.
The Rough Magic archive was a crucial resource in researching the final chapter of my book which focuses on the performer Olwen Fouéré. Through analysis of her work I propose a creative female corporeality, or writing body, and trace the connections back to the earliest performances discussed in my book: the tableaux vivants performed by the Inghinidhe na hÉireann in 1901. Fouéré's Sodome, my Love (2010) was produced by Rough Magic and directed by the artistic director Lynne Parker.
This poetic monologue written by Laurent Gaudé, translated and performed by Fouéré, details the experiences of the last surviving woman of Sodome who has been buried under salt. The salt marks the anxiety of this retelling: it both preserves and denies life, connoting the possibilities for, and limits placed on, female bodily expression. My initial encounter was as an audience member at the Project Arts Centre in 2010, and I later viewed a DVD recording held in Rough Magic's archive.
Furthermore, the archive granted me access to a recording of a special performance of the play in Macedonia on 31 July 2010, staged on the ancient site of the Church of St Sophia. All of these embodied encounters shaped my close analysis of the performance, and persistently forced me to engage with the tangled relationship between performance, memory and history. This between space is where performance remains as we engage with embodied history and challenge conventional notions of the archive. It is through this challenge that women's contributions to theatre history resist what Derrida describes as the 'house arrest' of the archive and, I would add, the canon of modern Irish theatre.
Shonagh Hill
Women and Embodied Mythmaking in Irish Theatre is now available from Cambridge University Press:
https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/women-and-embodied-mythmaking-in-irish-theatre/E82515BA56B7120E90EA19626CDCE162
Posted in Alumni of Trinity College Dublin, herstory, Historical, Photographs	| Tagged Derrida, Laurent Gaude, Lynne Parker, Macedonia, Mrs Sweeney, My Love, Olwen Fouere, Paula Meehan, Rebecca Schneider, Rough Magic, Rough Magic Theatre Company, Shonagh Hill, Sodome, The Project Arts Centre
Rediscovering the voice of poet Ethna MacCarthy
Posted on November 4, 2019 by manuscriptsattrinity
Portrait of MacCarthy by Séan O'Sullivan RHA used as the cover of her published poetry.
Ethna MacCarthy's name is well-known in Irish literary circles but mostly in that way which infuriates those of us energised by the #WTF revolution – as a 'friend' and muse of a Great Man.
MacCarthy (1903-1959) was an undergraduate in Trinity in the twenties; one of her circle was future Nobel Laureate Samuel Beckett who promptly fell in love with her. He was to immortalise her as Alba in Dream of Fair to Middling Women and it was MacCarthy's association with Beckett, along with her beauty and the recorded comments of men such as playwright Denis Johnston, which seemed destined to be all that survived of her biography.
MacCarthy was among the brightest of her undergraduate cohort; she won Scholarship, was a First Class Moderator, and went on to lecture in modern languages. She was a feminist before the word was invented, 'prodigiously' witty in French as well as English, outspoken, intellectually fearless and independent. Not content with her academic career she retrained as a medical doctor, as had her father, and became a pediatrician. And all the while she wrote poetry; a small number of her works appeared in literary journals and newspapers.
Ireland professor of Poetry Eiléan Ní Chuillenáin at the launch.
After the death in 1979 of her husband, theatre critic Con Leventhal, his private papers came into the hands of his friend Eoin O'Brien. Among them was discovered the single notebook which represents all that remains of MacCarthy's poetry. Professor O'Brien began the work of preparing them for publication and, when he showed them to poet Gerald Dawe, this plan grew wings.
The result is a beautiful production by Lilliput Press of MacCarthy's first and only collection which was launched in the Long Room by Ireland Professor of Poetry Eiléan Ní Chuillenáin. The event, which was attended by members of Con Leventhal's family, was enhanced by readings from the poetry by actress Cathy Belton.
'Barcelona' by Ethna MacCarthy (From MS 11602)
Gerald Dawe, who with Eoin O'Brien is an editor of the new collection, outlines in his introduction the many influences on MacCarthy which are revealed in her poetry; her literary and scientific professional experiences, the city of Dublin itself (which inspired some of her best work) and, as Dawe perceptively points out, the tension between the 'performative' and conventional elements of her life.
He goes on: 'It was in the mid- to late 1940s that MacCarthy hit her stride as a poet with several very moving and self-confident poems. The decade sees the writing of 'Lullaby', a truly remarkable poem, which foreshadows the exposed lunar and death-haunted landscapes of Sylvia Plath's poetry by well over a decade:
Each night the dragnets of the tide
take the shattered moon
beyond the harbour bar
but she reluctant suicide
nibbles her freedom and returns
to climb beside the nearest star.
One clear night endures her pain
to plunge to baptism again.'
Given what is known of MacCarthy's personality, it cannot be doubted that, had she lived she herself would have ensured that her poetic voice was heard. Her death in her mid-fifties threatened this voice with being silenced. The editors of this wonderful collection are greatly to be thanked for the act of genuine friendship which secures MacCarthy's place in the history of modernism in Ireland.
Dr Jane Maxwell
Posted in #WTF, Alumni of Trinity College Dublin, herstory, Literary, Samuel Beckett, Uncategorized, Women's history	| Tagged archives of women writers, female paediatricians, female poets twentieth century, Irish female doctors, Irish literature, women in scinece, women's literature, women's voices


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CURVY COUTURE
Curvy Couture: In the Adaption Biz
By Andrew Asch | Thursday, November 5, 2015
Los Angeles' Curvy Couture label is on a mission to open lingerie fashion to plus-sized women.
This summer, Curvy Couture put its own mark on the "Spacer Bra," a lingerie favorite. The Spacer distinguished itself as being a summer bra, or one that provides relief from the heat. It features smooth, padded cups that not only give support but also are made with breathable fabric. The breathable fabric and smooth cups means that the wearer stays cool even on hot days, according to marketing reports on the style.
Dora Lau
But the popular bra wasn't available in plus sizes, said Dora Lau, president and chief executive officer of Curvy Couture.
Lau resolved to make a bra for a market that she said had been ignored. Her firm focuses on making bra sizes from C cup to H cup. Plus-size bra shopping can be an exercise in bland, she said. "You never see anything glamorous," she said.
Before introducing Curvy Couture's Spacer in May, she worked with a fabric mill to build a Spacer bra with a minimal amount of stretch. A garment with a lot of stretch won't hold a big breast, she said.
Black cotton Lux
When Curvy Couture took a bow in 2013, it started business by offering other fashion bras to the plus-size market. There was the "Classic Matte and Shine" T-shirt bra, which provided both matte and shine fabric on the garment. It continues to be among the label's top sellers. She also looks to use high-end and performance fabrics for her line's lingerie.
Before 2013, Lau ran an eveningwear line called Dora L. She sold the now-defunct line's gowns and cocktail dresses to high-end department stores such as Saks Fifth Avenue. She switched gears in the late 1980s and focused on designing private-label lingerie. She hopes that her lingerie designs will offer some of the glamour of eveningwear. She said that 85 percent of her manufacturing work is made up doing private-label work for other companies. Her private-label business of Dora L funded the launch of Curvy Couture.
This August, her label started a special line with actress Vivica A. Fox. One of Lau's upcoming projects includes another effort at adapting a popular style to the plus-size market. It's the sports bra. For more information, call (855) 882-8789.
Single Goes Curvy With Single Plus
Lingerie Entrepreneurs Jump In to Address a Petite-Size Market
Cantiq LA: Lingerie for Everyone
Dita Von Teese Brings Back the Overwire at Faire Frou Frou


text:
Syndic No. 1
Editorial Cartoons by Dennis Renault
♣ ♣ ♣ ♣
DENNIS RENAULT ANECDOTE
Artist Andy Zermeño and the Santa Paula Safeway Library
We were living in Santa Paula when the old Carnegie-era public library moved to the former Safeway site and head librarian Elizabeth Blake prepared to display the work of a Chicano artist at the urging of a committee of long-time Santa Paulans. These folks included Bob & Tillie Borrego, George & Lupe Castañeda, Angela Dominguez, Benny Arelleano, Ophelia De La Torre, Marylou Mercado, Frank and Ramona Chavez, Henry Vela and his, son, Quito, and others. They asked my help in locating an accomplished Chicano artist since I was a local artist and friend.
The Library was already beginning to acquire books by and about Mexican Americans with encouragement and advice from these folks.
To locate an artist, I immediately thought of my former Salinas High classmate, Andy Zermeño, who then lived with his wife and family in Agora, just 36 miles away, and who had excelled in painting, sculpture and illustration from a very early age. He was a natural. And in addition to his success as an animator, sports logo and industrial designer, he was Cesar Chavez's main creator of paintings, posters and brochures, as well as the cartoonist for the United Farm Worker's newsletter, El Malcriado.
The committee of Latinos agreed with his selection, so Andy and I mounted the first art show the Dean Hobbs Blanchard Memorial Library had on its wonderful new walls that formerly displaying Safeway groceries. Art examples from all facets of Zermeño's professional career were included. County public school children toured the exhibit and Andy spoke to many of them, explaining his work.
Santa Paula was headquarters for the Sunkist Growers, Inc., Calavo Growers, Inc. and various other conservative AgriBiz interests — in addition to the site of Union Oil Corporation's first oil discovery, so it didn't take very long for some members of these interests to object loudly to the UFW references in "their" library.
The horse manure hit the proverbial fan. Some Valley growers complained bitterly about those parts of the exhibit representing the unionizing efforts of farmworkers by the UFW and wanting them removed.
Head Librarian Elizabeth Blake stood her ground, risking her job, God bless her, refusing to take down any of Andy's art as the "controversy" swirled around town for several weeks.
Concerned citizens made after-hours visits to the "controversial" exhibit to see what the fuss was about.
Dick Vincent, an oil executive and a friend who had lived in Santa Paula for years, subsequently told me he was privy to a conversation at Rotary Club between the conservative publisher of the Santa Paula Chronicle, Mr. Ross Phillips, and an agitated local rancher who was complaining about the exhibit. "Well," said the publisher, "at least the exhibit got you to visit your local library!"
The publisher knew that public libraries were intended to be learning experiences and he probably enjoyed driving that point home.
I think the controversy also resulted in my subsequent cartoon on the editorial page of the Ventura Star-Free Press [attached] comparing the objectives of a farm labor union and grower organizations, which was intended to be a learning experience


The Department of Physiology is dedicated to helping medical, paramedical science students and postgraduates to understand how the human body works through the fundamental physiological processes and translating these to clinical practice. The department plays a major role within the faculty teaching activities and collaborates with teaching activities in many other departments and units, including the Allied Health Sciences Unit and the Postgraduate Institute of Medicine as well.
The department also conducted the first International course on Laboratory Animal Science in the Asian region in collaboration with the Utrecht University, Netherlands in 2011 and the first Certificate Course on Medical Laboratory Technology in 2013.
The development of a Physiology Museum, a Certificate course for Medical Laboratory Technicians and the development of a Neurophysiology laboratory are some of the new advances in the department. It has a spacious air-conditioned lecture theatre which can accommodate up to 200 students. There are two student laboratories, research laboratories, staff rooms, office area and a rest room.
The department also provides diagnostic services through both basic laboratory testing as well as specialized services such as lung function testing.
To produce a graduate who understands the normal body functions, links pathological conditions to the derangement of normal physiology and applies this knowledge in the treatment of human diseases.
To contribute to research in basic and applied physiology in collaboration with other disciplines and institutions.
To provide a supportive environment for optimal teaching, learning, research and self development.
The academic and non-academic staff members extend their united efforts to maintain the excellent academic standards in the faculty. The staff members actively participate in all faculty and university activities and contribute to the optimum functioning of the department.


Our latest issue opens with Risky Business by Sharon Shepherd, making her debut in the Friend. Welcome, Sharon. Dog groomer Katie meets Matt. How can she tell if he's a good guy or not? His liking dogs is a start…. A romance, this story is also about being brave and taking the plunge.
The Home Bird by Annie Harris is on a similar theme. Carol meets old friend Lily, who makes her realise she's not doing much with her life. Time to do something about that. Illustration by Mandy Dixon.
Annie's my Writer of the Week to talk about the story, and about writing in general.
Kev loves his family, and his four grandchildren. If only they weren't so darned noisy! Teresa Ashby's story Silence Is Golden has made us smile here in the Friend office – we hope it works for you, too. Illustration by Kirk Houston.
Alison Carter has set her story Like A Butterfly in Oklahoma of 1936, the time of the terrible dust storms that displaced tens of thousands – people like Marie, for whom it's time to move on.
Him Up The Hill is by Jessma Carter, a story about Alistair, once a figure of dislike and disapproval. That's how Jemima remembers him. But apparently he's changed….Illustration by Ruth Blair.
I wonder how many of us can identify the event or person that's made us who we are now? For Olly it's Zuri, the girl who came over from Kenya every summer. Inseparable by Alice Elliott is illustrated by Sarah Holliday.
Shifting Priorities by Wendy Clarke actually reflects the theme of Alison Carter's Dust Bowl story: misfortune, displacement, making the best of things. For Olivia, it's leaving her comfortable life for a tower block flat. Both stories, too, highlight our instinct for human kindness….Illustration by Jim Dewar.
Ooh, it's the village duck race in Busy Bees by Della Galton. I do live a duck race…..
There's a wedding to plan in Riverside, and some very special invitations to issue. You can't miss the latest in our weekly soap by Glenda Young.
In The Show Must Go On by Anne Stenhouse, Jenny and Angie have their suspicions. But about whom, and are they true? Illustration: Sailesh Thakrar. Final instalment next week – the pace is hotting up!
The Girl From Amherst Island by Katharine Swartz reaches part 6 – and I don't know about you but I don't want this one to end. But I do want Ellen to be happy. Dilemma. Illustration by Mandy Dixon.


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| 'Vagina Monologues' raises over $43,000 for rape victims
'Vagina Monologues' raises over $43,000 for rape victims
The annual performance raised awareness for various issues of women's self-image and abuse
By andie davidson 02/12/12 10:01pm
Vagina monologues dress rehearsal Credit: Meredith Stern , Meredith Stern
Past tables piled with lacy underwear, saucy buttons and vagina-shaped lollipops, the auditorium fills with an anticipatory hum.
For the next hour or so, everyone's attention will focus on a normally private subject: vaginas.
The Vagina Monologues, which took place at Irvine Auditorium Friday and Saturday night, featured 17 vignettes addressing various issues of women's self-image and abuse.
"These are completely in-your-face things that women think about, things that might be talked about behind closed doors, but the fact that there's a performance that is so well-attended is great," Wharton senior Sachi Sobti said.
Though the lively crowd at Friday's performance was mostly women, a scattering of men in the audience testified that the movement didn't scare away all of Penn's testosterone.
"Obviously guys deal with girls," College junior Arka Mallela said. "Guys may feel more uncomfortable coming in and discussing vaginas, but I think people at Penn are mature enough to handle this."
As part of the international V-Day movement, the monologues aimed to raise awareness about struggles facing women around the world.
"I think a lot of people view the show and the movement as this kind of man-bashing, scary feminist movement, but it's really not," College senior and producer Mady Glickman said. "In general, I think that we're talking about women's issues, but women's issues are human issues."
Although she supported the movement's goal, College junior Simcha Katsnelson questioned the method The Vagina Monologues used to spread the message on campus.
"I think that some of the skits were actually counterproductive," she said. "For example, having the audience yell 'cunt.' I don't think it reclaims the word, I think it makes it laughable. It takes the whole issue and puts it in a perspective where people can't take it seriously."
Judging by the hearty and occasionally raucous laughter sweeping through Irvine Friday night, The Vagina Monologues drew strongly on laughs to spread its message. Katsnelson agreed humor presents a way to raise awareness but added that it has to be used effectively.
"It was done well in the show but definitely not on Locust Walk," she noted.
Strolling down Locust Walk in the past week might have brought an encounter with a fleshy pink figure yelling about vaginas. Both the vagina costume and certain aspects of the movement elicited mixed reactions.
Sobti felt the marketing campaign "set the tone for the performance."
"It was explicit, it was funny, it was kind of in-your-face, which is exactly what the performance is like," she added.
Despite the generally humorous tone of the show, the audience occasionally fell silent, struck by a decidedly serious scene.
Noting the mention of serious issues such as female genital mutilation and real-life inspirations for the skits, Sobti found the show effective for its less comedic moments also.
"I think maybe that gave the performance a bit more of a serious tone, and I think those are really the monologues that I specifically will remember," she said.
Whether the serious or humorous notes stick the most, the show is far from merely a quick bit of entertainment. Glickman stresses the focus on awareness of issues facing women, a message she hopes the Penn campus will absorb beyond the nights of the performances.
"This is not just a two-week thing," she said. "There's not just a two-week movement that all of a sudden we're empowered to say the word 'vagina' on the Walk. The show is one part of our campaign [to combat sexual violence]," Glickman added.
This year's Vagina Monologues raised over $43,000 for Women Organized Against Rape, Philadelphia's only rape crisis center.
Get our newsletter, The Daily Pennsylvanian, delivered to your inbox every weekday morning.
Despite feeling The Vagina Monologues didn't quite go about creating its desired "sexual revolution" the right way, Katsnelson recognized the problem in society that the show targets. In fact, this was the reason the movement concerned her.
"I feel like people in our society have a really twisted conception of sex. Instead of talking about women being liberal with their bodies, we should have the opposite and talk about how sex is such a beautiful thing."
"It's not a commodity," Katsnelson said. "It's not something that you can just give to everyone like you give out a puss pop to everyone."
Please note All comments are eligible for publication in The Daily Pennsylvanian.


The purpose of Teen Mother Choices (TMC) is to show the love of Jesus Christ to teen mothers and their children. The goal is to empower teen mothers to become contributing members of their community, as they offer the best life start to their children, by addressing their physical, emotional and spiritual needs. TMC offers weekly Lifeskills Workshops™, mentors, financial counselling & support, goal setting, counselling and program referrals.
Contact [email protected] for volunteer/donor information or teen mom application.


If your extradition has been requested by a foreign country then what you will have to do is consult experienced Toronto criminal lawyers. This way you will be able to understand your position in the case as well as work with lawyers to develop best defense which will help you get a favorable verdict. Let us go through details of role Toronto criminal lawyers play in helping an accused get bail, go through the process of show cause and challenge records presented at the time of hearing.
As soon as foreign country releases a warrant to get you arrested, Supreme Court will be issuing what is known as the provisional arrest warrant. It is worth mentioning here that it will be possible to execute this type of arrest warrant anywhere within the country. After your arrest you will get the opportunity to utilize your right of getting a bail. However, your bail application will not be approved if Attorney General is able to specify valid reasons that highlight necessity of detention in the extradition case.
These steps when taken in right manner will ensure that bail application has all the necessary details and there are better chances of bail request getting accepted.
What happens during extradition hearing?
This is one of the most important phases of extradition process where it will be the responsibility of Toronto criminal lawyers to take required steps for challenging various records that are presented in the case. These records provide a summary of all the evidences prosecutorial authority of the country that has requested extradition certifies as available. It will be important for Toronto criminal lawyers to careful analyze available evidences that Attorney General has provided to take a decision about some of the details which they should challenge. In addition to it, lawyers will have to examine the position case is in for ascertaining usefulness of someone testifying in your favor.
We will summarize here by saying that it will be imperative to take assistance of knowledgeable Toronto criminal lawyers for getting a favorable decision in your extradition case. Experienced lawyer have required expertise and are fully aware of the process as well as rules to follow to get the best possible verdict in such cases.
Choose Karate Sydney; choose better life!


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Fiesta Rancho
Fiesta Henderson
Bret Michaels with Jack Russell's Great White Sandbar 11011 W Charleston Blvd, Las Vegas, NV 89135
20jul7:00 pmFeaturedBret Michaels with Jack Russell's Great White
(Saturday) 7:00 pm
11011 W Charleston Blvd, Las Vegas, NV 89135
Doors open at 6:00 pm All ages welcome, guests under the age of 21 must be accompanied by an adult over the age of 21 All tickets are Standing
Doors open at 6:00 pm
All ages welcome, guests under the age of 21 must be accompanied by an adult over the age of 21
All tickets are Standing Room Only *VIP/PIT Tickets are available*
No outside food or beverage allowed inside the venue
Please allow enough time for security and bag check
No backpacks, waist packs or large purses/bags
No Lawn/beach/folding chairs
Professional photography and video is strictly prohibited
Show is subject to change without notice
Management reserves all rights
PURCHASE YOUR TICKETS AT ANY STATION CASINOS REWARDS CENTER , SAVE ON FEES AND EARN BOARDING PASS POINT!
Berlin Featuring Terri Nunn
20jul8:00 pmFeaturedBerlin Featuring Terri Nunn
Club Madrid - Sunset Station
On-Sale May 10th 10:00am Tickets from $30 + tax/fees All ages accompanied by an adult Doors open at 7:00pm Free Parking No outside food or beverage allowed inside the venue Please allow
On-Sale May 10th 10:00am
Tickets from $30 + tax/fees
All ages accompanied by an adult
Boulder Blues - Coco Montoya Railhead at Boulder Station 4111 Boulder Hwy, Las Vegas, NV 89121
25jul6:00 pmFeaturedBoulder Blues - Coco Montoya
Railhead at Boulder Station
4111 Boulder Hwy, Las Vegas, NV 89121
Boulder Blues ~ Featuring Coco Montoya 6:00 pm to 8:00 pm $5.00 cover at the door General Admission Seating Must Be 21+ Free Parking No outside food or beverage allowed
Boulder Blues ~ Featuring Coco Montoya
$5.00 cover at the door
General Admission Seating
Must Be 21+
No backpacks, waist packs, and large purses/bags
Sunset Rockfest - Dee Snider, Dokken & L.A. Guns featuring Steve Riley & Kelly Nickels Sunset Station Amphitheater 1301 W Sunset Rd, Henderson, NV 89014
27jul6:00 pmFeaturedSunset Rockfest - Dee Snider, Dokken & L.A. Guns featuring Steve Riley & Kelly Nickels
Sunset Station Amphitheater
1301 W Sunset Rd, Henderson, NV 89014
Sunset Rockfest - Dee Snider -Dokken - L.A. Guns featuring Steve Riley & Kelly Nickels Tickets from $25 + tax/fees All ages accompanied by an adult Doors open at 5:00pm Free Parking
Sunset Rockfest – Dee Snider -Dokken – L.A. Guns featuring Steve Riley & Kelly Nickels
Gypsy Kings Sandbar 11011 W Charleston Blvd, Las Vegas, NV 89135
27jul8:00 pmFeaturedGypsy Kings
Tickets On-Sale May 3rd, 2019 10:00am Reserved Seating and Standing Room Only All Ages Accompanied by 21+ Free Parking No outside food or beverage allowed inside the venue Please allow
Tickets On-Sale May 3rd, 2019 10:00am
Reserved Seating and Standing Room Only
All Ages Accompanied by 21+
The Bacon Brothers - Shaky Ground Tour Rocks Lounge 11011 W Charleston Blvd, Las Vegas, NV 89135
03aug8:00 pmFeaturedThe Bacon Brothers - Shaky Ground Tour
Rocks Lounge
Doors open at 7:00pm Free Parking No outside food or beverage allowed inside the venue Please allow enough time for security and bag check No backpacks, waist packs or
Phil Vassar
03aug8:00 pmFeaturedPhil Vassar
Chrome Showroom ~ Santa Fe
Boulder Blues - Jimmy Thackery Railhead at Boulder Station 4111 Boulder Hwy, Las Vegas, NV 89121
08aug6:00 pmFeaturedBoulder Blues - Jimmy Thackery
Boulder Blues ~ Featuring Jimmy Thackery Doors Open at 6:00pm $5.00 cover at the door General Admission Seating Must Be 21+ Free Parking No outside food or beverage allowed inside
Boulder Blues ~ Featuring Jimmy Thackery
7th Annual Nevada Boxing Hall of Fame Induction Weekend Red Rock Ballroom 11011 W Charleston Blvd, Las Vegas, NV 89135
09aug6:00 pmFeatured7th Annual Nevada Boxing Hall of Fame Induction Weekend
Red Rock Ballroom
Friday, August 9, 2019 and Saturday, August 10, 2019 It's time for us to roll out the red carpet for the Nevada Boxing Hall of Fame's 7th Annual Induction Weekend. This fan
Friday, August 9, 2019 and Saturday, August 10, 2019
It's time for us to roll out the red carpet for the Nevada Boxing Hall of Fame's 7th Annual Induction Weekend.
This fan friendly star-studded weekend consists of multiple events leading up to the Induction of several boxing greats. The 2019 Induction Class consists of Nevada Resident Boxers Joel Casamayor, Leroy Haley, Wayne McCullough and Hasim Rahman. Non-Nevada Resident Boxers "School Boy" Bobby Chacon, Humberto "Chiquita" Gonzales, Bernard Hopkins, Juan Manuel Marques, "Terrible" Terry Norris and Ronald "Winky" Wright. Non-Boxer Participants Duane Ford, Dan Goossen, Dr. Flip Homansky, Floyd Mayweather Sr. and Marc Risman.
Join us in celebrating those that contributed greatly to the advancement of the sport of Boxing in Nevada with past, present and future Nevada Boxing Hall of Famers. Sugar Ray Leonard, Floyd Mayweather Jr., Mike Tyson, Evander Holyfield, Terrance Crawford, Sugar Shane Mosley, Shawn Porter, Jessie Vargas, Badou Jack, Tommy Hearns and many more have all attended previous years Inductions.
You don't want to miss it!!! Last year was a smash and sold out quick.
*Please visit NVBHOF.com for a complete list of events.
Friday August 9th Meet & Greet tickets $TBA
Come get autographs, take pictures or just have a conversation with some of your favorite boxers or industry contributors. Previously attended by Boxing Legends such as Michel & Leon Spinks, Evander Holyfield, Sugar Shane Mosley, Shawn Porter Terrance Crawford and many more
Saturday August 10th Induction Ceremony ticket options:
Bronze Ticket – $95 (Ceremony Only)
Silver Ticket – $250 (Dinner and Ceremony)
Gold Ticket – $350 (Preferred Seating. Dinner and Ceremony)
VIP Ticket – $500 (Premium Seating. Access to all weekend events)
Lee Ritenour
10aug8:00 pmFeaturedLee Ritenour
Lonestar Sunset Station Amphitheater 1301 W Sunset Rd, Henderson, NV 89014
10aug8:00 pmFeaturedLonestar
Lonestar has charted more than 20 singles on the Hot Country Songs chart, including 9 that reached No. 1: "No News", "Come
Lonestar has charted more than 20 singles on the Hot Country Songs chart, including 9 that reached No. 1: "No News", "Come Cryin' to Me", "Amazed", "Smile", "What About Now", "Tell Her", "I'm Already There", "My Front Porch Looking In", and "Mr. Mom". "Amazed" also charted at No. 1 on the Billboard Hot 100, becoming the first country song to do so since "Islands in the Stream" in 1983.
No backpacks, waist packs, large purses/bags or strollers
PURCHASE YOUR TICKETS AT ANY STATION CASINOS REWARDS CENTER, SAVE ON FEES AND EARN BOARDING PASS POINT!
Billy Bob Thornton & The Boxmasters Rocks Lounge 11011 W Charleston Blvd, Las Vegas, NV 89135
10aug8:00 pmFeaturedBilly Bob Thornton & The Boxmasters
John Waite Chrome Showroom Santa Fe Station Hotel, 4949 N Rancho Dr, Las Vegas, NV 89108
17aug8:00 pmFeaturedJohn Waite
Chrome Showroom
Santa Fe Station Hotel, 4949 N Rancho Dr, Las Vegas, NV 89108
On-Sale June 14th Doors open at 7:00pm Free Parking No outside food or beverage allowed inside the venue Please allow enough time for security and bag check No backpacks, waist
On-Sale June 14th
Boulder Blues - Hadden Sayers Railhead at Boulder Station 4111 Boulder Hwy, Las Vegas, NV 89121
22aug8:00 pmFeaturedBoulder Blues - Hadden Sayers
Boulder Blues ~ Featuring Hadden Sayers Doors open at 6:00pm $5.00 cover at the door General Admission Seating Must Be 21+ Free Parking No outside food or beverage allowed inside
Boulder Blues ~ Featuring Hadden Sayers
Average White Band Club Madrid 1301 W Sunset Rd, Henderson, NV 89014
24aug8:00 pmFeaturedAverage White Band
Club Madrid
Doors open at 7:00 pm All ages welcome, guests under the age of 21 must be accompanied by an adult over
Boz Scaggs: Out Of The Blues Tour 2019 Green Valley Ranch Grand Events Center 2300 Paseo Verde Parkway, Henderson, NV 89052
24aug8:00 pmFeaturedBoz Scaggs: Out Of The Blues Tour 2019
Green Valley Ranch Grand Events Center
2300 Paseo Verde Parkway, Henderson, NV 89052
On-Sale April 12th 10:00am Doors open at 7:00pm Free Parking No outside food or beverage allowed inside the venue Please allow enough time for security and bag check No backpacks,
On-Sale April 12th 10:00am
Brian Setzer's Rockabilly Riot! Green Valley Ranch Grand Events Center 2300 Paseo Verde Parkway, Henderson, NV 89052
30aug8:00 pmFeaturedBrian Setzer's Rockabilly Riot!
On-Sale March 29th 10:00am Doors open at 7:00pm Free Parking No outside food or beverage allowed inside the venue Please allow enough time for security and bag check No backpacks,
On-Sale March 29th 10:00am
Russell Peters Pearl Concert Theater 4321 West Flamingo Road
01sep9:00 pmFeaturedRussell PetersDeported World Tour
Pearl Concert Theater
4321 West Flamingo Road
Doors open at 8 pm Children 6 and up are permitted in the Pearl Concert Theater. Everyone, regardless of age, must have a ticket to enter the theater. Free Parking No outside food
Children 6 and up are permitted in the Pearl Concert Theater. Everyone, regardless of age, must have a ticket to enter the theater.
No outside food or beverage allowed inside the venue.
No backpacks, waist packs, or large purses/bags
Show is subject to change without notice.
PURCHASE YOUR TICKETS AT ANY STATION CASINOS REWARDS CENTER , EARN BOARDING PASS POINTS!
Global comedy superstar Russell Peters brings his Deported World Tour to the newly renovated Pearl Concert Theater at Palms Casino ResortThis show will feature all new material including plenty of Peters' own signature interactions with the audience. Peters says, "I love getting to know my audience. It's collaboration between us. I've been building the new act in clubs across the States over the past year and I'm very happy with it."The comedian returns to live touring after taking time off to film his smash hit Netflix series "The Indian Detective," which also stars Anupam Kher (The Big Sick, Silver Linings Playbook), William Shatner (Star Trek), Christina Cole (Suits, Casino Royale) and Mishqah Parthiephal (Keeping Up with the Kandasamys).Peters has also appeared in the yet to be released films, "The Clapper" with Ed Helms, Amanda Seyfried and Tracy Morgan, as well as "Supercon" with Ryan Kwanten and John Malkovich, and "Public Schooled" with Judy Greer.The Deported World Tour kicked off earlier this year in in Australia and New Zealand in February and saw Peters travel around the world with planned shows well into 2019. His last tour travelled to more than 26 countries with more than 200 performances and more than 300,000 fans in attendance.
Richard Cheese & Lounge Against The Machine Rocks Lounge 11011 W Charleston Blvd, Las Vegas, NV 89135
06sep8:00 pmFeaturedRichard Cheese & Lounge Against The Machine
On-Sale March 1st 10:00am Doors open at 7:00pm Guests must be 18 or older Free Parking No outside food or beverage allowed inside the venue Please allow enough time for
On-Sale March 1st 10:00am
Guests must be 18 or older
America's loudest lounge singer Richard Cheese performs swingin' Vegas versions of rock and rap songs, "swankifying" popular Top40 hits into retro vocal standards. Imagine Sinatra singing Radiohead, and you've got Richard Cheese & Lounge Against The Machine. Since 2000, Cheese has released 20 albums and sold more than 225,000 CDs.
Richard Cheese's songs have been featured in the movies "The LEGO Batman Movie," "Batman v. Superman: Dawn Of Justice," and "Dawn Of The Dead," on HBO's "The Leftovers" and on ABC-TV's "Dancing With The Stars," and he's performed on Jimmy Kimmel Live, CNN with Anderson Cooper, ITV's The Jonathan Ross Show, Jack Black's "Festival Supreme," England's Sonisphere, MTV's Say What Karaoke?, KROQ's Kevin & Bean Show, Howard Stern, The Jonathon Brandmeier Show, Opie & Anthony, and as the house band 20 times on NBC's Last Call with Carson Daly. The lounge legend has played hundreds of sellout concerts all over the world, from Las Vegas to London, from Portland to Portugal, from Honolulu to Hollywood. With his snappy jazz trio, his tiger-striped tuxedo, and his enormous microphone, Richard Cheese presents the perfect mix of music, martini, and madcap. Viva Las Queso!
http://richardcheese.com
Ottmar Liebert Club Madrid 1301 W Sunset Rd, Henderson, NV 89014
07sep8:00 pmFeaturedOttmar Liebert
David Crosby & Friends - Sky Trails Tour 2019 Red Rock Ballroom 11011 W Charleston Blvd, Las Vegas, NV 89135
13sep8:00 pmFeaturedDavid Crosby & Friends - Sky Trails Tour 2019
Tickets On-Sale May 17, 2019 10:00am Reserved Seating All Ages Accompanied by 21+ Free Parking No outside food or beverage allowed inside the venue Please allow enough time for security
Tickets On-Sale May 17, 2019 10:00am
David Crosby & the Sky Trails Band – US Tour
Two-time Rock and Roll Hall of Famer and co-founder of the Byrds and Crosby, Stills & Nash, David Crosby is heading out on tour in May and June. Joining him will be five musical friends, collectively and affectionately known as the 'Skytrails Band'. James Raymond on keys, Mai Agan on bass, Steve DiStanislao on drums, Jeff Pevar on guitar and Michelle Willis on keyboards and vocals. Crosby is in the midst of an incredibly creative and powerful period, showcasing his skills as the brilliant songwriter that he is. On this tour, he will be performing some of his best loved songs and greatest hits from right across his illustrious career, alongside material from the Skytrails album, plus a few surprises as well.
Boulder Blues - The Dennis Jones Band Railhead at Boulder Station 4111 Boulder Hwy, Las Vegas, NV 89121
19sep6:00 pmFeaturedBoulder Blues - The Dennis Jones Band
Boulder Blues ~ Featuring The Dennis Jones Band Doors open at 6:00pm $5.00 cover at the door General Admission Seating Must Be 21+ Free Parking No outside food or beverage
Boulder Blues ~ Featuring The Dennis Jones Band
Peter Frampton - FINALE - The Farwell Tour Sandbar 11011 W Charleston Blvd, Las Vegas, NV 89135
28sep8:00 pmFeaturedPeter Frampton - FINALE - The Farwell Tour
Tickets On-Sale March 1, 2019 at 10am Reserved Seating and Standing Room Only All Ages Accompanied by 21+ Free Parking No outside food or beverage allowed inside the venue Please
Tickets On-Sale March 1, 2019 at 10am
Billy Currington Sunset Station Amphitheater 1301 W Sunset Rd, Henderson, NV 89014
05oct8:00 pm11:50 pmFeaturedBilly Currington
(Saturday) 8:00 pm - 11:50 pm
Tickets from $25 + tax/fees All ages accompanied by an adult Doors open at 7:00pm Free Parking No outside food or beverage allowed inside the venue Please allow enough time for
Todrick: Haus Party World Tour 2019 Green Valley Ranch Grand Events Center 2300 Paseo Verde Parkway, Henderson, NV 89052
18oct7:30 pmFeaturedTodrick: Haus Party World Tour 2019
TICKETS ON-SALE FRIDAY, MAY 17TH Free Parking No outside food or beverage allowed inside the venue Please allow enough time for security and bag check No backpacks, waist packs or
TICKETS ON-SALE FRIDAY, MAY 17TH
Website: http://todrickhall.com/
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/toddyrockstar
Twitter: https://twitter.com/todrick
Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/todrick/
YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/user/todrickhall
Chase Rice Sandbar 11011 W Charleston Blvd, Las Vegas, NV 89135
25oct7:00 pmFeaturedChase Rice
With special guest Cale Dodds Tickets On-Sale June 21, 2019 at 10am Standing Room Only All Ages Accompanied by 21+ Free Parking No outside food or beverage allowed inside the venue
With special guest Cale Dodds
Tickets On-Sale June 21, 2019 at 10am
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Seal Pearl Concert Theater 4321 West Flamingo Road
19jul8:00 pmSeal
Award-winning singer and songwriter Seal brings his smooth sounds to The Pearl at Palms Casino Resort on Friday, July 19, 2019. In a remarkable career that spans more than two decades, London-born multi-platinum singer-songwriter Seal has been focused on a single creative pursuit: expressing the full experience of love through song.
Known for his one-of-a-kind soaring, husky baritone voice and classic songwriting, Seal has seen success across numerous genres of music. His smooth vocal delivery on hits like "Crazy" and "Kiss from a Rose" quickly cemented his status as a formidable singer, and over the years he's extended his influence with a wide catalog of original music and soulful covers earning him multiple GRAMMY awards and selling more than 30 million albums worldwide.
Seal – Kiss from a Rose
Kenny Cetera's Chicago Experience Green Valley Ranch Grand Events Center 2300 Paseo Verde Parkway, Henderson, NV 89052
26jul8:00 pmKenny Cetera's Chicago Experience
All Ages Accompanied by 21+ Free Parking No outside food or beverage allowed inside the venue Please allow enough time for security and bag check Show is subject to
PURCHASE YOUR TICKETS AT ANY STATION CASINOS REWARDS CENTER, SAVE ON FEES AND EARN BOARDING PASS POINTS!
Whether belting them out with the rhythm driving and horn section blaring or singing them stripped down to their acoustic essence, a concert with Kenny Cetera's Chicago Experience is an engaging musical event that is sure to capture audiences of many ages and genres and be a highlight of your concert series.
https://www.facebook.com/kennyceteramusic/
Rick Springfield Best in Show with Eddie Money & Tommy Tutone Pearl Concert Theater 4321 West Flamingo Road
27jul8:00 pmRick Springfield Best in Show with Eddie Money & Tommy Tutone
Over the past four decades, Rick Springfield has worn many hats as an entertainer and performer. The creator of some of the finest power-pop of the '80s, a GRAMMY award-winning singer, songwriter, and musician who has sold 25 million albums and scored 17 U.S. Top 40 hits, including "Jessie's Girl," "Don't Talk to Strangers," "An Affair of the Heart," "I've Done Everything for You," "Love Somebody," and "Human Touch." He's an accomplished actor who has starred opposite Meryl Streep in the feature film "Ricki and the Flash," gave a chameleonic performance as the creepy Dr. Pitlor in HBO's prestige drama "True Detective," earned great reviews for his portrayal of Lucifer on the CW hit "Supernatural" and most recently played Pastor Charles on "American Horror Story." In 2014, Springfield was honored with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, located around the corner from the first apartment he lived in when he first arrived in the U.S. from Australia in 1971. Springfield's upcoming album Orchestrating My Life is due out April 2019.
Eddie Money joins Rick for the Best in Show Tour. With a legendary career spanning more than 40 years, Money has long-established himself as one of rock's most beloved entertainers. After leaving his native Brooklyn for the Berkeley music scene in the 1970s, Money quickly rose to fame on the strength of a slew of successful albums and Top 40 hits including "Take Me Home Tonight," "Shakin'," "Think I'm In Love," "Baby Hold On," and many more. Money continues to tour across the country with his band, which includes three of his equally talented offspring who also appear with him currently along with the rest of his family in AXS network's "Real Money" which is entering its second season.
Rounding out the tour, Tommy Tutone will perform to open up the night. In 1982, Tommy Tutone exploded onto the music scene with what is one of the best known songs in history. The song that sparked millions of prank calls is none other than "Jenny/867-5309." Coming on the scene at the same time as MTV certainly didn't hurt at all either, thus cementing him a place in the culture of the '80s.
Eclipse: 80'S Dance & Rock Experience Green Valley Ranch Grand Events Center 2300 Paseo Verde Parkway, Henderson, NV 89052
27jul8:00 pmEclipse: 80'S Dance & Rock Experience
TICKETS ON SALE FRIDAY, JUNE 07, 2019 AT 10AM All AGES Accompanied by 21+ Free Parking No outside food or beverage allowed inside the venue Please allow enough time for
TICKETS ON SALE FRIDAY, JUNE 07, 2019 AT 10AM
Voted "Best Local Band" five years in a row by Inland Empire Magazine, Eclipse is a high energy dance band with an emphasis on classic rock music. This female fronted four-piece group is able to satisfy diverse listeners and bring a new flavor to classic rock hits.
LIVE NIGHTLY
Tammy Graham Band Coco Lounge 777 W Lake Mead Pkwy, Henderson, NV 89015
18jul6:00 pmTammy Graham Band
Coco Lounge
777 W Lake Mead Pkwy, Henderson, NV 89015
Join the Tammy Graham Band for Thirsty Thursdays and live Country/Rock Music inside the Coco Lounge every week! No Cover Must be 21+
Join the Tammy Graham Band for Thirsty Thursdays and live Country/Rock Music inside the Coco Lounge every week!
DJ Dig Dug Lucky Bar 11011 W Charleston Blvd, Las Vegas, NV 89135
18jul8:00 pmDJ Dig Dug
Lucky Bar
Known as one of the originators of the Las Vegas Rave scene in the mid 1990\'s Dig Dug quickly rose thru the ranks ascending to the position of resident DJ/Music
Known as one of the originators of the Las Vegas Rave scene in the mid 1990\'s Dig Dug quickly rose thru the ranks ascending to the position of resident DJ/Music Director for the world famous Hard Rock Hotel and Casino and its entertainment hotspots Babys Nightclub, Rehab at The Hard Rock Pool, and the one time center of the party universe Body English. After a ten year residency, DigDug moved on and began playing at multiple venues around the country as well as his hometown of Las Vegas. Soon after, he received a position working full time with Nightlife Powerhouse TAO GROUP, eventually receiving residencies for all of their Las Vegas Venues; TAO, TAO BEACH, LAVO, MARQUEE and MARQUEE DAYCLUB to which he currently plays at on a weekly basis on top of a monthly residency for Downtown Las Vegas newest hotspot COMMONWEALTH.


Wake up and enjoy a morning stroll to the placid banks of Hanoi's West Lake. A popular place for Hanoi's local residents to socialize and enjoy performing early morning exercises, time spent here provides unique insight into local life. Here we visit a small local pagoda rarely frequented by Westerners and take a break for a traditional Vietnamese coffee with locals before visiting a lacquer school run by local artist Tran Anh Tuan.
The school, opened by famous lacquer painter Saeko Ando, provides visitors with an excellent opportunity to discuss, learn and explore one of the most difficult art subjects with a foreign lacquer painter. As lunchtime approaches guests make their way to Seasons of Hanoi. This legendary dinning establishment is housed in a beautifully restored French villa on a picturesque tree lined street between the Old Quarter and the West Lake.


text:
Climate change will turn all sea turtles into females
Gender of sea turtles depends on the temperature of the sand at the place of instillation of eggs. If the sand was warm, the eggs will hatch female, and if the cold male. This relationship seems very interesting, however, scientists have discovered a great danger — if the Earth's temperature will continue to rise, all sea turtles will be female. The future of the turtles depends on the mating of males and females, so that they may be on the verge of extinction.
The study, which allowed to know in advance about the danger of extinction of sea turtles, published in the journal "Biology of global change". In the framework of the scientists tried to find out what will be the life of sea turtles in the context of global warming. The subject of research became the marine national Park Pailan in West Africa.
The researchers announced that the worst-case scenario of global warming over 90% of sea turtles in this region are female. Even if people minimize the amount of harmful emissions and reduce the greenhouse effect, in 20 years, the proportion of female sea turtles will make an impressive 80%.
Fortunately, the main author of the study named Ana Rita Patricio is good news. She recalled that sea turtles always have a choice where to lay their eggs. If they will nest on the sun-baked sand, of them, of course, will hatch females. But if there are those who are smart enough to lay eggs in the shade of trees, the possibility of the hatching of males is greatly increased.
The researchers believe this is as effective, but not very humane experience. They put temperature sensors at different nests, and then broke 5 eggs in each to know the sex of the cubs. Indeed, in cold nests were much more males than females.
The increase in the number of female species of sea turtles — this is not news. Previously, scientists found that the population of Pacific green sea turtle Great Barrier reef in the last 20 years is almost entirely composed of females.
Previous Latest experiment proved that the quantum message can transmit far faster than classic
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← Gethsemane, Part 4: To Drink Or Not To Drink?
A favorite daily amusement of mine is visiting the blog Jesus Needs New PR, maintained by Christian author Matthew Paul Turner. Among other things, Matthew posts photos of all the Jesus junk he encounters, many of which are submitted by his readers.
I . . . don't even know how to respond to these. I'll just let the comments on Matthew's posts speak for me.
Update, 10/23/13: I discovered that the second image is a painting by Nathan Greene called The Introduction. On another note, Jesus Needs New PR is now defunct; Turner now blogs at www.matthewpaulturner.com.
This entry was posted in Jesus Kitsch and tagged Jesus billboard, Jesus with Adam and Eve, Jesus with chickens. Bookmark the permalink.


text:
Le code génétique est l'ensemble des règles permettant de traduire les informations contenues dans le génome des cellules vivantes afin de synthétiser les protéines. Au sens large, il établit la correspondance entre le génotype et le phénotype d'un organisme. Ce code repose notamment sur la correspondance entre, d'une part, des triplets de nucléotides, appelés codons, sur l'ARN messager et, d'autre part, les acides aminés protéinogènes incorporés dans les protéines synthétisées lors de la phase de traduction de l'ARN messager par les ribosomes.

À quelques exceptions près, chaque codon correspond à un seul et unique acide aminé protéinogène. Dans la mesure où l'information génétique est codée exactement de la même façon dans les gènes de la très grande majorité des différentes espèces vivantes, ce code génétique spécifique est généralement désigné comme code génétique standard, ou canonique, voire tout simplement comme « Le » code génétique ; il existe cependant un certain nombre de variantes à ce code génétique, mais qui restent limitées en général à quelques codons. De telles variantes existent par exemple au sein même des cellules humaines entre leur cytosol et leurs mitochondries.

La correspondance entre codons d'ARN messager et acides aminés protéinogènes est généralement présentée sous forme de tableaux associant chacun des , ou triplets de quatre bases nucléiques possibles (), avec l'un des  aminés protéinogènes.

Par extension, et de façon impropre, le grand public appelle parfois « code génétique » ce qui est en fait le génotype d'une cellule, c'est-à-dire l'ensemble de ses allèles.

Caractéristiques principales

Lors de l'expression des protéines à partir du génome, des segments de l'ADN génomique sont transcrits en ARN messager. Cet ARN messager (ou ARNm) contient des régions non codantes, qui ne sont pas traduites en protéines, et une ou plusieurs régions codantes, qui sont traduites par les ribosome pour produire une ou plusieurs protéines. L'ARNm est composé de l'enchaînement de quatre types de bases nucléiques, A, C, G et U, qui constituent les « lettres » avec lesquelles est écrit le code génétique. Ce dernier est constitué de « mots » de 3 lettres (nucléotides) appelés codons. Dans les régions codantes de l'ARN messager, chaque codon est traduit en l'un des  aminés protéinogènes dans la protéine à synthétiser.

Le nombre de mots de trois lettres pris dans un alphabet de quatre lettres étant de 43, le code génétique comporte  différents, codant directement  aminés dits « standards », ainsi que le signal de fin de la traduction, ce dernier étant codé par l'un des 3 codons-stop ou codons de terminaison. Deux acides aminés rares, la sélénocystéine et la pyrrolysine, sont insérés au niveau de certains codons-stop, dont le recodage en codons d'acides aminés intervient en présence de structures particulières de type tige-boucle, ou épingle à cheveux, induites par des séquences d'insertion spécifiques sur l'ARN messager.

Cadre de lecture

Un codon est défini par le premier nucléotide à partir duquel la traduction commence. Ainsi la chaîne GGGAAACCC peut être lue selon les codons GGG·AAA·CCC, GGA·AAC et GAA·ACC selon que l'on commence la lecture des codons à partir du premier, du deuxième ou du troisième nucléotide, respectivement. Toute séquence nucléotidique peut ainsi être lue selon trois cadres de lecture distincts, qui résultent en des traductions en acides aminés totalement différentes : dans notre exemple, on aurait respectivement les acides aminés Gly–Lys–Pro, Gly–Asn et Glu–Thr.

Dans les gènes, le cadre de lecture commence généralement avec un codon AUG codant la méthionine, ou la  chez les bactéries et dans les mitochondries et les chloroplastes des eucaryotes.

Codons d'initiation, de terminaison

La traduction génétique par les ribosomes commence avec un codon d'initiation, parfois appelé codon de démarrage. Contrairement aux codons-stop, le codon d'initiation seul ne suffit pas à commencer la traduction. Le site de fixation du ribosome () chez les procaryotes et les facteurs d'initiation chez les procaryotes et les eucaryotes sont indispensables à l'amorçage de la traduction. Le codon d'initiation le plus courant est AUG, correspondant à la méthionine ou, chez les bactéries, à la . GUG et UUG, qui correspondent respectivement à la valine et à la leucine dans le code génétique standard, peuvent également être des codons d'initiation chez certains organismes, étant dans ce cas interprétés comme des codons de méthionine ou de .

Les trois codons-stop UAG, UGA et UAA, se sont vus attribuer des noms lors de leur découverte, respectivement ambre, opale et ocre. Ils sont également appelés codons non-sens ou codons de terminaison. Ils provoquent l'arrêt du ribosome et la libération de la chaîne polypeptidique néoformée par absence d'ARN de transfert ayant des anticodons adaptés (il n'y a pas d'acide aminé correspondant aux triplets UAG, UGA et UAA), ce qui provoque la liaison d'un facteur de terminaison.

Effet des mutations

Lors de la réplication de l'ADN, des erreurs de transcription sont susceptibles de se produire lors de la polymérisation du second brin d'ADN par l'ADN polymérase. Ces erreurs, appelées mutations, peuvent avoir des conséquences sur le phénotype d'un être vivant, notamment si elles surviennent dans les régions codantes d'un gène. Le taux d'erreur est généralement très faible, de l'ordre d'une erreur de réplication sur dix à cent millions de bases répliquées, grâce à la fonction de relecture et correction d'épreuve () des ADN polymérases.

Les mutations faux-sens et les mutations non-sens sont des exemples de mutations ponctuelles, susceptibles de provoquer des maladies génétiques telles que, respectivement, la drépanocytose et la thalassémie. Les mutations faux-sens qui ont un impact physiologique important sont celles qui conduisent à changer la nature physicochimique — par exemple l'encombrement stérique, la nature hydrophile ou hydrophobe, la charge électrique, la nature acide ou basique — d'un résidu d'acide aminé important pour la fonction de la protéine modifiée. Les mutations non-sens conduisent à introduire prématurément un codon-stop dans la séquence de la protéine à transcrire, qui s'en trouve tronquée et donc la fonction physiologique dans les tissus se trouve généralement altérée.

Les mutations qui affectent la transcription par indels — insertions et délétions — d'un nombre de nucléotides qui n'est pas multiple de 3 correspondent à un décalage du cadre de lecture. De telles mutations conduisent généralement à un polypeptide totalement différent de l'original, aussi bien dans la séquence des résidus d'acides aminés traduits que dans la longueur de la chaîne polypeptidique produite, puisque la position des codons-stop est généralement modifiée lors d'une telle mutation. Ces mutations sont susceptibles de rendre les protéines résultantes inopérantes, ce qui les rend très rares dans les séquences encodant des protéines car elles sont souvent incompatibles avec la survie de l'organisme affecté. Lorsqu'elles surviennent, elles peuvent provoquer des maladies génétiques graves telles que la maladie de Tay-Sachs.

Si la grande majorité des mutations qui ont un impact sur la séquence des protéines sont délétères ou sans conséquences, certaines peuvent avoir des effets bénéfiques. Certaines de ces mutations peuvent par exemple permettre aux organismes chez lesquels elles surviennent de supporter des conditions de stress environnemental mieux que la forme sauvage, ou de se multiplier plus rapidement. Ces mutations se trouvent alors favorisées par sélection naturelle. Les virus à ARN présentent un taux de mutation élevé, ce qui constitue pour eux un avantage leur permettant d'évoluer continuellement et de se soustraire au système immunitaire de leur hôte. Au sein de grandes populations d'organismes qui se reproduisent de façon asexuée, par exemple chez , plusieurs mutations bénéfiques peuvent survenir en même temps ; ce phénomène est appelé interférence clonale et se manifeste par la compétition entre ces différentes mutations, conduisant souvent à la généralisation de l'une d'elles au détriment des autres.

Dégénérescence du code génétique

Le fait que les  codent seulement  aminés protéinogènes, plus les codons de terminaison, conduit à de très nombreuses redondances. Ceci fait qu'un acide aminé standard est codé en moyenne par trois codons distincts — jusqu'à six codons différents. On parle de codons synonymes. Parmi les  aminés standards, seuls la méthionine et le tryptophane ne sont codés que par un codon, tandis que l'asparagine, l'aspartate, la cystéine, le glutamate, la glutamine, l'histidine, la lysine, la phénylalanine et la tyrosine sont codés par deux codons distincts, l'isoleucine et la terminaison de traduction sont codées par trois codons distincts, la thréonine, la proline, l'alanine, la glycine et la valine sont codées par quatre codons distincts, et l'arginine, la leucine et la sérine sont codées par six codons. Il existe donc souvent plusieurs ARN de transfert associés à un même acide aminé, capables de se lier aux différents triplets dégénérés de nucléotides sur l'ARN. On parle alors d'ARNt isoaccepteurs, car ils acceptent le même acide aminé.

L'utilisation par un organisme donné des différents codons synonymes pour un acide aminé n'est pas aléatoire. On observe en général ce qu'on appelle un biais d'usage du code. La cellule exprime en général des préférences assez marquées dans le choix des codons synonymes, ainsi par exemple, le codon AUA qui code l'isoleucine est largement évité chez l'homme comme chez Escherichia coli, par rapport aux deux autres codons synonymes AUU et AUC. Cette préférence d'usage des codons est très variable selon l'organisme, et dépend, au sein d'un même génome, de la fraction considérée (nucléaire, mitochondriale, chloroplastique). Elle est en revanche assez générale pour l'ensemble des gènes portés par la même fraction du génome.

Si le code génétique est dégénéré, il n'est en revanche pas ambigu : chaque codon ne spécifie normalement qu'un acide aminé et un seul. Chaque acide aminé standard est encodé en moyenne par trois codons différents, de sorte que, statistiquement, une mutation sur trois n'entraîne aucune modification de la protéine traduite : on dit alors qu'une telle mutation est silencieuse. Une conséquence pratique de cette dégénérescence est qu'une mutation sur le troisième nucléotide d'un codon n'engendre généralement qu'une mutation silencieuse ou bien la substitution d'un résidu par un autre présentant les mêmes propriétés hydrophiles ou hydrophobes, acides ou basiques, et de même encombrement stérique.

Prévalence des codons
On pourrait s'attendre à ce que les fréquences des codons synonymes pour un acide aminé donné soient équivalentes, mais au contraire les études constatent une prévalence de codons (en anglais : codon bias) qui tend à affecter la structure finale des protéines. Cette prévalence connaîtrait par ailleurs une certaine variabilité entre lignées.

Table des codons d'ARN messager

C'est sur le code génétique que repose la biosynthèse des protéines. L'ADN est transcrit en ARN-messager (ARNm). Celui-ci est traduit par les ribosomes qui assemblent les acides aminés présents sur des ARN de transfert (ARNt). L'ARNt contient un « anti-codon », complémentaire d'un codon, et porte l'acide aminé correspondant au codon. L'estérification spécifique de l'acide aminé correspondant à un ARNt donné est réalisé par les aminoacyl-ARNt synthétases, une famille d'enzymes spécifiques chacune d'un acide aminé donné. Pendant la traduction, le ribosome lit l'ARNm codon par codon, met en relation un codon de l'ARNm avec l'anti-codon d'un ARNt et ajoute l'acide aminé porté par celui-ci à la protéine en cours de synthèse.

Le tableau suivant donne la signification standard de chaque codon de trois bases nucléiques d'ARN messager. Les principaux codages alternatifs sont indiqués après une barre oblique :

Une façon compacte de représenter la même information fait appel aux symboles à une lettre des acides aminés :

  Acide aminé : FFLLSSSSYY**CC*WLLLLPPPPHHQQRRRRIIIMTTTTNNKKSSRRVVVVAAAADDEEGGGG
  Initiation  : ···M···············M···············M····························
  1re base    : UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG
  2e base     : UUUUCCCCAAAAGGGGUUUUCCCCAAAAGGGGUUUUCCCCAAAAGGGGUUUUCCCCAAAAGGGG
  3e base     : UCAGUCAGUCAGUCAGUCAGUCAGUCAGUCAGUCAGUCAGUCAGUCAGUCAGUCAGUCAGUCAG

 Tableau inverse

Comme chaque acide aminé d'une protéine est codé par un ou plusieurs codons, il est parfois utile de se référer au tableau suivant ; les principaux codages alternatifs sont indiqués en petits caractères entre parenthèses.

La région codante d'un ARNm se termine par un codon-stop. Il existe trois codons-stop (UAG, UAA et UGA) qui déclenchent l'arrêt de la traduction par le ribosome et la libération de la protéine terminée.

Variantes du code génétique

L'existence de variantes au code génétique a été mise en évidence en 1979 avec le code génétique des mitochondries humaines, et plus généralement celui des mitochondries de vertébrés :

  Acide aminé : FFLLSSSSYY**CCWWLLLLPPPPHHQQRRRRIIMMTTTTNNKKSS**VVVVAAAADDEEGGGG
  Initiation  : ································MMMM···············M············
  1re base    : UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG
  2e base     : UUUUCCCCAAAAGGGGUUUUCCCCAAAAGGGGUUUUCCCCAAAAGGGGUUUUCCCCAAAAGGGG
  3e base     : UCAGUCAGUCAGUCAGUCAGUCAGUCAGUCAGUCAGUCAGUCAGUCAGUCAGUCAGUCAGUCAG

De nombreuses autres variantes au code génétique ont été observées depuis lors, dont plusieurs variantes mitochondriales et de légères variantes telles que la traduction du codon UGA par le tryptophane plutôt qu'un codon-stop chez Mycoplasma et la traduction du codon CUG par la sérine plutôt que la leucine chez certaines levures telles que Candida albicans. Le tableau ci-dessous résume quelques variantes importantes du code génétique :

Dans la mesure où les virus se reproduisent en utilisant les ressources métaboliques — et donc le code génétique — de leurs hôtes, une variation du code génétique est susceptible d'avoir une incidence sur les protéines synthétisées et donc leur capacité à se reproduire ; certains virus, comme ceux du genre , se sont ainsi adaptés aux variations du code génétique de leur hôte. Chez les bactéries et les archées, GUG et UUG sont des codons d'initiation courants mais, dans certains cas rares, certaines protéines utilisent des codons d'initiations qui ne sont normalement pas ceux de ces espèces.

Certaines protéines utilisent des acides aminés non standards codés par des codons-stop en présence de séquences particulières sur l'ARN messager. Ainsi, le codon-stop UGA peut être recodé en sélénocystéine en présence d'un  tandis que le codon-stop UAG peut être recodé en pyrrolysine en présence d'un . Contrairement à la sélénocystéine, la pyrrolysine est liée à son ARN de transfert par une aminoacyl-ARNt synthétase dédiée. Ces deux acides aminés non standards peuvent être présents chez le même organisme mais utilisent des modes d'expression différents. Une archée telle que Acetohalobium arabaticum est capable, selon les conditions de son environnement, d'étendre son code génétique de  aminés en y incluant la pyrrolysine.

Toutes ces différences demeurent malgré tout marginales, et les codes génétiques de tous les organismes restent essentiellement très semblables : ils reposent sur des codons adjacents de trois nucléotides d'ARN messager lus toujours dans le même sens par des ribosomes qui assemblent des protéines à partir d'acides aminés protéinogènes selon une séquence déterminée par l'appariement des anticodons des ARN de transfert sur les codons d'ARN messager.

Théories relatives à l'origine et à l'évolution du code génétique

Il existe pas moins de 1,5 possibilités de coder  d'information (les  aminés standards + la fin de la traduction) par , chiffre qui correspond au nombre de combinaisons possibles permettant d'associer  à  d'information de telle sorte que tout codon et tout élément d'information soit associé à au moins une combinaison. Malgré ce nombre astronomiquement grand, tous les codes génétiques de toutes les formes de vies connues sont quasiment identiques, se limitant à un petit nombre de variations mineures. Les raisons d'une telle homogénéité universellement observée demeurent fondamentalement inconnues, bien que diverses hypothèses aient été formulées pour expliquer cette situation. Elles sont essentiellement de quatre types :

 Les acides aminés et l'ARN présenteraient des affinités chimiques réciproques à l'origine de certaines propriétés du code génétique. En particulier, des expériences avec des aptamères ont mis en évidence que certains acides aminés présentent une affinité chimique spécifique pour les triplets de bases nucléiques qui les encodent. D'autres expériences ont mis en évidence le fait que, sur huit acides aminés étudiés, six présentent des associations ARN-acide aminés. Enfin, les ARN de transfert semblent être apparus avant leurs aminoacyl-ARNt synthétases associées.

 Le code génétique actuel aurait été plus simple par le passé, avec incorporation progressive de nouveaux acides aminés, présents par exemple comme métabolites dans les cellules. Certaines études ont ainsi tenté de déterminer, par une extrapolation statistique, les acides aminés présents chez le dernier ancêtre commun universel, tandis que d'autres études, bien plus controversées, ont proposé des mécanismes expliquant comment le code génétique aurait pu incorporer progressivement un nombre croissant d'acides aminés différents.

 La sélection naturelle aurait conduit à retenir un code génétique qui minimise les effets des mutations génétiques. Il est également possible que des codons plus longs (par exemple, des quadruplets de nucléotides et non des triplets comme aujourd'hui) aient existé par le passé, ce qui aurait présenté un plus haut niveau de redondances et aurait donc été moins sujet aux erreurs que les triplets. Cette propriété aurait permis de préserver un décodage fidèle avant que les cellules disposent de la machinerie de traduction génétique complexe que sont les ribosomes.

 La représentation du processus de décodage de l'information génétique en acides aminés à travers la théorie de l'information conduit à des modèles de flux d'information sujets aux erreurs. Le bruit propre à ce flux de données pose un problème fondamental aux êtres vivants, obligeant les systèmes biologiques à en supporter les conséquences tout en décodant l'information génétique de manière fiable et efficace. Des analyses s'apparentant à l'optimisation débit-distorsion en compression de données avec pertes suggèrent que le code génétique résulterait de l'optimisation entre trois principes antagonistes : le besoin d'un éventail d'acides aminés suffisamment diversifié, la nécessité de limiter l'impact des erreurs et l'avantage de réduire le coût du processus en termes d'utilisation des ressources de la cellule.

Par ailleurs, la distribution des codons assignés aux acides aminés n'est pas faite au hasard. Cela s'observe par le regroupement des acides aminés en codons adjacents. De plus, les acides aminés qui partagent une voie métabolique de biosynthèse commune tendent également à avoir la même première base nucléique dans leurs codons, tandis que ceux dont la chaîne latérale présente des propriétés physicochimiques semblables tendent à avoir également des codons semblables, ce qui a pour effet de limiter les conséquences des mutations ponctuelles et des erreurs de traduction. Enfin, une théorie permettant d'expliquer l'origine du code génétique devrait également rendre compte des observations suivantes :
 l'absence de codon pour les acides aminés D ;
 le fait que seule la troisième base des codons est différente entre codons synonymes ;
 la présence de jeux de codons secondaires pour certains acides aminés ;
 la limitation à 20 acides aminés standard plutôt qu'à un nombre plus proche de 64 ;
 la relation entre les caractéristiques des codons-stop et celles des codons d'acides aminés.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Article connexe
 Biais d'usage du code

Liens externes

 les 23 codes génétiques sur le site du

Génétique


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