text:
A pyrotechnic valve, also explosive actuated valve, short pyro valve or pyrovalve is a one time use propulsion component often used to control propellant or pressurant systems aboard spacecraft or space probes. The device is activated by an electric signal, upon which one or several small explosive charges are ignited. These in turn produce high-pressure gas which either push a small, perforated piston which initially blocked the flow path of the working fluid forward until the hole aligns with the tubing, allowing the working fluid to flow, or force a sharpened piston through a weakened part of the attached tube to block the flow path of the working fluid. These two versions of pyrotechnic valves are referred to as normally-closed (NC) or normally-open (NO) valves respectively, depending on their initial state before initiation of the pyrotechnic charge.
Modern pyrotechnic valves feature two redundant explosive charges in order to maximize reliability of the valve.

There are several advantages of pyrotechnic valves over other types of valves, such as solenoid valves:

 Pyrotechnic valves have an extremely fast response time (time from the actuation signal reaching the device til the valve has closed/opened), often in the order of a few milliseconds.
 Normally-closed pyro valves have a far lower leak rate than other valves, allowing them to hermetically seal propellant inside a tank to keep it from evaporating into space before activation. This is especially useful on spacecraft which spend years or decades coasting through space before reaching their destination. If propellant is needed only every few years or so, NO pyro valves and NC pyro valves can be arranged in pairs, breaking the seal when required, then sealing it again afterwards. This type of system is being referred to as a pyro ladder.

Examples

 Eight pyrovalves controlled the descent of the Perseverance Mars rover after seven months of flight.

References

External links
 Dassault Aviation: Pyrotechnic valve (Archived)
 Astrium: Pyrotechnic Valves for Space Propulsion Systems (Archived)

Pyrotechnics
Spacecraft pyrotechnics
Valves


text:
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FBI Whistleblower Colleen Rowley al Affiliation FBI Whistleblower Colleen Rowley&nbsp. In the hours after the Sept. 11attack, the FBIagents shared a joke. For days, they had made attempts to create interest in the FBI in Washington, to look into Zacharias Moussaoui, who was the 20th hijacker. They had made attempts to ask the FBI to give them the permission to search Moussaoui's computer. they were denied. Amidst their frustration, they made the joke that the headquarters back in Washington had been working with Osama Bin Laden, as otherwise there would have been no reason for them to turn them down. This was a disturbing story that was told in a 13-page letter that was written to the director of the FBI Robert Mueller, by Colleen Rowley. The letter is documentation of the effort put by Rowley as well as the Minneapolis Chief Division Counsel, to develop an interest in Moussaoui.
Coleen Rowley commenced her career with the FBI in Mississippi and later made relocation to the city of New York in the year 1984. After the 9/11 attacks, Rowley explained to the director of the FBI, how the personnel had not responded to the information that had been providing on Zacharias Moussaoui. In the months that followed, Muller made the acknowledgment that the attack could have been prevented if the FBI had responded the tips that they had been given.
In the month of May 2002, she wrote a letter to the FBI director, Robert Muller. She alleged that the FBI had hampered the investigations into the 20th hijacker, who was Zacharias Moussaoui. She made the claim that the officials at the FBI headquarters were not willing to seek for the search warrants and the agents that sought for assistance from the CIA were admonished.
Ms. Rowley said that Muller had the duty of warning the white house that the bureau was not in a position to be able to eliminate the potential terrorist attack that was imminent. She said that in the weeks before the Sept. 11 attacks, the supervisors at the bureau had blocked the Minneapolis agents that had wanted to take over the investigations of Zacharias Moussaoui, who had long been fingered as a conspirator in the attacks.
She was of the opinion that the invasion of Iraq by America would have resulted in a string of domestic attacks by the Al Qaeda as well as other terrorist groups. In her opinion, the FBI was ill prepared to be able to deal with the attack.
Ms. Rowley made the claim that she believed that the FBI would carry on to mishandle the investigation of domestic counterterrorism, including the follow-up that would lead to the arrest of Mr. Moussaoui as well as Richard Reid. Reid was a terrorist who claimed to be affiliated with the Al Qaeda, and made an attempt to blow up the trans- Atlantic Flight, having hidden explosives in his shoes.
In her letter, she specifically expressed that fact that she was alarmed by the fact that the FBI, as well as the justice department, had failed to question either of the two as to whether they had any affiliations with Al Qaeda. Instead, they chose only to focus on the prosecution. The law enforcement officials had speculations that Mr. Atta, who the leader of the Sept, 11 attacks, looked for information on the crop-dusting planes, which he intended to use to spread biological weapons. Ms. Rowley suggested the fact that there was a lack of confidence in the bureau. it was resulting in turmoil among the staff.
Regardless of the fact that she heavily criticized the FBI, she said that she held the belief that the FBI was to stay intact, as an agency of domestic intelligence. In essence, she made the attempt to make the FBI interested in Moussaoui, but the FBI was negligent in its duties. (Kettle, 2014, pp 50-60)
Kettle, Donald F. (2014). System Under Stress: The Challenge to 21st Century Governance. Washington, D.C.: Sage Publications.
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Anna's Friends go to Preschool is not like any other story book for preschoolers. It's also a workbook. Included on each page are illustrations with text, and a colored text button with notes for mom, dad, and other caregivers explaining the actions of the children on that page based on their motivational gift. This training tool is unique. Parent's and children alike, love it!
This 90+ page book has 4 full-color illustrated stories for your children to read: 1) Anna can be bossy; 2) A Butterfly Goes to Preschool; 3) New Friends and Lizards; and 4) The Good Fun Bible Lesson.
I'm Anna. If you think you are like me, here are some things I do that help me give God's love away. My motivational gift is a really long word. Facilitator! Say it like this: Fa (like pa) cil (like window sill) i ( like ick) tator (like ali – gator). I plan projects!
1. I am always thinking ahead because I am a planner and make lots of notes. Remember, I told my momma to make a list of what I need for pre-school.
2. I love to quickly get to know new kids at school or church. That's why I rushed to meet Sarah and Cayden.
3. Sometimes I boss my friends around, but not ugly like. Did you read how I told everyone to go help Jesse when he dropped his crayons? And, I told Maria to get him a tissue? And I even told everyone where to sit. Watch for this trait in the other stories.
4. Sometimes I don't ask my mom or dad permission before doing things I like to do. This isn't a good idea. I like to have my own way. This isn't cool either! Your mom will show you why.
5. It doesn't take me long to clean up my messy room and I don't get upset if I spill something on my clothes. It will wash out.
6. And, I like active games like jump rope, T-ball, and even hop scotch.
While you are reading, Anna's Friends Go to Preschool, you may want to read the companion book for parent's, A Parent's Guide to Understanding What Motivates Your Child. It's a cool workbook written for mom and dad (and all caregivers of kids) so you'll know what to look for as your little ones are growing up. And, it will give you some excellent tips on how to help them overcome challenges associated with their gifts.
Once your child has read, Anna's Friends Go to Preschool, they can color the illustrations in the companion coloring book, Anna's Friends Love to Color. Preschool children love to color! This 50+ pages coloring book page has a description about the picture your child will be coloring. It also provides some first steps to developing cognitive learning skills. And best of all, you get it FREE with the preschool book!
Lorin age 5: "I go to preschool. It is great! I like the part about Anna and friends "Jesus" and making friends."
Rebekah (Lorin's Mom): "This is a great book to simply challenge you and your family to understand personal giftings. My preschooler, loves to read Anna and friends. The first night he did not want me to stop reading it. He wanted to learn more about his new friends! This book is fun and engaging for preschooler-first grade as well as the whole family! He shouted out that's like me. I am a good teacher!"


text:
The Primary Recognized Use Of Law Was Before The 12th Century
By Horus June 7, 2022 Android
Discover Columbia Law
The prevailing method of imposing international law remains to be basically "self assist"; that is the reaction by states to alleged breaches of international obligations by different states. However, a couple of our bodies, such as the WTO, have effective techniques of binding arbitration and dispute decision backed up by trade sanctions. Freedom of speech, freedom of affiliation and lots of other particular person rights permit folks to collect, discuss, criticise and hold to account their governments, from which the idea of a deliberative democracy is shaped.
Anarchist law primarily offers with how anarchism is implemented upon a society, the framework based mostly on decentralized organizations and mutual aid, with illustration through a type of direct democracy.
In India, the Hindu legal tradition, together with Islamic law, had been both supplanted by common law when India grew to become a half of the British Empire.
A concentrated and elite group of judges acquired a dominant role in law-making beneath this system, and compared to its European counterparts the English judiciary became extremely centralised.
Texas Law students turn into rigorous analytical thinkers and world-changing professionals.
The canon law of the Catholic Church influenced the common law during the medieval period through its preservation of Roman law doctrine such as the presumption of innocence.
Cynicism over "officialdom" is still widespread, and the workings of public servants is typically contrasted to personal enterprise motivated by revenue.
At first, jurists and legal philosophers have been suspicious of sociology of law. Civil law is the legal system used in most nations around the globe today. In civil law the sources recognised as authoritative are, primarily, legislation—especially codifications in constitutions or statutes passed by government—and custom. Codifications date again millennia, with one early instance being the Babylonian Codex Hammurabi. Modern civil law techniques basically derive from authorized codes issued by Byzantine Emperor Justinian I within the 6th century, which had been rediscovered by 11th century Italy.
As the European Court of Justice noted in its 1963 Van Gend en Loos determination, European Union law constitutes "a model new authorized order of international law" for the mutual social and economic benefit of the member states. There are distinguished methods of legal reasoning and strategies of decoding the law. The former are legal syllogism, which holds sway in civil law authorized systems, analogy, which is current in widespread law authorized techniques, particularly within the US, and argumentative theories that happen in each systems. The latter are different guidelines of authorized interpretation such as directives of linguistic interpretation, teleological interpretation or systemic interpretation in addition to more particular rules, as an example, golden rule or mischief rule. There are also many other arguments and cannons of interpretation which altogether make statutory interpretation possible.
Academic opinion is split on whether it's a separate system from civil law, given main deviations based mostly on Marxist–Leninist ideology, similar to subordinating the judiciary to the executive ruling get together. The third sort of authorized system—accepted by some nations with out separation of church and state—is non secular law, primarily based on scriptures. The particular system that a country is dominated by is often determined by its historical past, connections with different international locations, or its adherence to international standards. The sources that jurisdictions undertake as authoritatively binding are the defining features of any legal system. Yet classification is a matter of kind quite than substance since comparable rules usually prevail.
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The time period failed state refers to states that cannot implement or enforce insurance policies; their police and navy not management security and order and society strikes into anarchy, the absence of presidency. The head of state is other than the chief, and symbolically enacts legal guidelines and acts as representative of the nation. Examples include the President of Germany , the Queen of the United Kingdom , and the President of Austria . The other necessary mannequin is the presidential system, discovered in the United States and in Brazil. In presidential systems, the manager acts as both head of state and head of presidency, and has energy to nominate an unelected cupboard. Under a presidential system, the manager department is separate from the legislature to which it's not accountable.
For an outline of legal coaching and a basic background, see legal profession, authorized training, and authorized ethics. Articles that delineate the relationship of law to political buildings are structure; ideology; political party; and political system. For articles that discuss the significance of law relating to social justice and other social issues, see human rights; land reform; and social service. For an examination of comparative authorized systems and the relationship of the law to the social sciences, see comparative law. For an analysis of the function of law within the administration of government, see administrative law.
The basic constitutional principle, impressed by John Locke, holds that the individual can do something except that which is forbidden by law, and the state may do nothing besides that which is authorised by law. Administrative law is the chief method for individuals to carry state bodies to account. People can sue an company, local council, public service, or government ministry for judicial review of actions or decisions, to make certain that they adjust to the law, and that the federal government entity observed law required process. The first specialist administrative courtroom was the Conseil d'État set up in 1799, as Napoleon assumed power in France. As the European Court of Human Rights has acknowledged, the law should be adequately accessible to everyone and folks should have the flexibility to foresee how the law impacts them. Cynicism over "officialdom" remains to be common, and the workings of public servants is typically contrasted to personal enterprise motivated by revenue.
Normally there shall be a quantity of readings and amendments proposed by the different political factions. If a rustic has an entrenched structure, a special majority for adjustments to the structure may be required, making adjustments to the law tougher. A authorities usually leads the method, which may be fashioned from Members of Parliament (e.g. the UK or Germany). However, in a presidential system, the federal government is normally fashioned by an govt and his or her appointed cupboard officials (e.g. the United States or Brazil).
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text:
Company Manager Pleads Guilty To Polluting Newton Creek by Dumping Environmental Waste Using Secret System to Bypass Proper Controls
September 30, 2015 August 23, 2022 by Ernest Johnson
Defendant Will Pay $110,000 Fine and Comply With Monitoring Agreement
Brooklyn District Attorney Ken Thompson, together with New York City Department of Environmental Protection Commissioner Emily Lloyd and New York State Department of Environmental Conservation Acting Commissioner Marc Gerstman today announced that a Bedford-Stuyvesant company and its manager pleaded guilty in connection with rigging a bypass line located underground at its facilities and dumping industrial waste into the sewer system that leads into Newtown Creek in Greenpoint.
District Attorney Thompson said, "This case should make clear that we take environmental crimes in Brooklyn seriously and will vigorously prosecute any company that dumps environmental toxins into our waterways."
Commissioner Lloyd said, "New York Harbor is cleaner today than it has been in more than a century and prosecuting those that illegally discharge pollution into our waterways sends a strong message that we will protect our environment and public health. I'd like to thank District Attorney Thompson and his staff for their work on this, and other important environmental cases."
Acting Commissioner Gerstman said, "DEC is committed to its diligent work in investigating illegal dumping cases around the state. DEC's Law Enforcement Officers and Legal team continue to enforce against any violators that do not respect the quality of our environment and abuse it for personal gain. I commend the joint efforts of our DEC staff, New York City DEP and the Brooklyn DA's Office in their work on this case to protect our state's valuable natural resources."
The District Attorney identified the defendant as Manuel Acosta, 58, of 84-24 109th Street, in Kew Gardens, Queens. He pleaded guilty today to one count of the making or use of an outlet or point source discharging into the waters of the state, of the Environmental Conservation Law, an E felony, before Brooklyn Supreme Court Justice Matthew Sciarrino. Acosta is the manager of Control Electropolishing Corp., located at 109-111 Walworth Street, in Bedford-Stuyvesant, Brooklyn. The corporation pleaded guilty to one count of endangering public health, safety or the environment in the fourth-degree, an A misdemeanor and one count of disposal of hazardous waste without authorization, an unclassified misdemeanor, both of the Environmental Conservation Law.
The judge set sentencing for December 16, 2015. As part of the plea agreement, Acosta and the corporation will pay a fine of $110,000 to the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, the New York City Department of Environmental Protection and the Brooklyn District Attorney's Office.
Control Electropolishing Corp., provides metal cleaning services to a wide array of industries including cleaning medical, surgical and dental instruments; boating, fishing and swimming pool accessories; pharmaceutical equipment; aircraft components; meat and fish hooks; and wire goods, among other items.
The District Attorney said that, according to the complaint and the plea, between November 22, 2013 and January 9, 2014, at the direction of Acosta, the manager of Control Electropolishing Corp., employees at Control's facility introduced hazardous waste into the sewer by disposing of unprocessed and un-neutralized hazardous waste and sludge into the sewer in violation of DEP permits. Control disposed of the hazardous waste in an illicit manner through a bypass line or pipe that operated unless NYCDEP inspectors conducted an inspection of the facility. When NYCDEP conducted inspections at the company, defendant Acosta instructed employees to insert a plug into the bypass line to disable the bypass line thereby concealing their illegal bypass line from the DEP. The waste and sludge that Control dumped into the sewer contained high levels of chromium, copper, lead and nickel. The bypass line bypassed the tank and system that was supposed to properly treat the wastewater before it was released into the sewer.
When the defendants dumped untreated wastewater and sludge directly into the NYC sewers, this waste was carried to the Newtown Creek Water Pollution Control Plant. The plant does not treat industrial process wastewater containing chromium, copper, lead and nickel, so some of the wastewater was introduced, untreated, into Newtown Creek.
Newtown Creek was declared a Superfund site in 2010 by the United States Environmental Protection Agency following decades of oil spills, toxic dumping and other pollution.
To report an environmental crime call the District Attorney's Action Center at 718-250-2340. You may also contact New York State Encon Police at their 24 hour Stop Polluters Hotline at 1-844-332-3267.
The case was investigated by DEP's Industrial Inspection and Permitting staff, led by Chetan Patel, and the Compliance Monitoring Staff, led by Jorge Villacis. It was additionally investigated by Lieutenant John Fitzpatrick, Lieutenant Jesse Paluch, Investigator Jeff Conway and program staffer Rasani Juzer and Captain Cisco Lopez of the DEC's Bureau of Environmental Crimes Investigation (BECI).
The case was also investigated by Supervising Detective Investigator Michael Seminara, of the District Attorney's Investigations Bureau, under the supervision of Chief Investigator Richard Bellucci.
The case is being prosecuted by Assistant District Attorney Felice Sontupe, Chief of the District Attorney's Frauds Bureau, under the supervision of Executive Assistant District Attorney William E. Schaeffer, Chief of the District Attorney's Investigations Division.
Brooklyn Handyman Convicted Of Murder for Killing His Boss
Brooklyn Man Sentenced to 75 Years to Life in Prison for Torturing and Raping Former Girlfriend for Three Days


text:
Encounter in Kitcisakik
Escale à Kitcisakik
Wapikoni's Friends
Mathieu Vachon
French, Algonquin
Wapikoni – Encounter in Kitcisakik documents a visit by the Wapikoni Mobile, the celebrated studio on wheels that for the past six years has travelled through Aboriginal communities in Quebec providing production training to youth. Viewers accompany the Wapikoni Mobile team and young Algonquin singers and filmmakers into a world steeped in history, where they discover a little-known reality, a space-time where the wild beauty of the landscape contrasts with human misery and decay, where self-destruction commingles with an irrepressible will to live. A film testifying to the resilience of First Nations youth and the transformative power of creation.
11.07. Wednesday 17:15
Lucille Veilleux
Manon Barbeau
Line Richard (NFB)
Maxime-Claude L'Écuyer
Julien Fontaine
Simon Carpentier
Production info:
Productions Totam In co-production with The National Film Board of Canada (ONF)
Mathieu Vachon was born in 1986, in Sept-Îles. As an Innu from Maliotenam, he spent his life between the town and the reserve. He directed his first video, Indian Time with Wapikoni in 2014. Since then he has participated in the Innu Nikamu Festival and Montréal First Peoples Festival. In 2016, Mathieu directed the video Loup Garou during his second participation with Wapikoni.


text:
:- expects_dialect(lps).

/* Adapted by RAK from the simplified loan agreement in Flood and Goodenough, March 2017.
Contract as automaton: the computational representation of financial agreements.
https://www.financialresearch.gov/working-papers/files/OFRwp-2015-04_Contract-as-Automaton-The-Computational-Representation-of-Financial-Agreements.pdf

This representation is similar in spirit to the Flood_Goodenough formalisation as a
collection of transitions of the form current-state -> event -> new-state,
represented in LPS in the form: event initiates new-fluent if current-conditions.

Further modified by MC to use LPS real time features.
Dates are represented textually or with Y/M/D terms, assuming time local to the server.
PRELIMINARY, missing:
- more testing
- an Ethereum variant for the loaner, including use of emails (clause 11)
*/

:- include(system('date_utils.pl')).  % get us the end_of_day(Date) event

% These 3 lines are for development only; to be commented on deployment, if this happens at contract start:
simulatedRealTimeBeginning('2014-05-31').
simulatedRealTimePerCycle(RTPC) :- minCycleTime(RTPC).
maxTime(3200). % Not enough time to reach statute of limitations.
%  Therefore 2020/6/1 replaced by 2016/07/1) below. ???

maxRealTime(189216000). % 6 years to reach statute of limitations
minCycleTime(21600). % 4 cycles per calendar day

fluents requested/3, advanced/3, tax_due/2, exceed_assets_liabilities,
		covenant/1, represent_warrant/1, paid/4,notified/3, potential_defaulted/1,
		cured/1, defaulted/2, remedied/1, due_payable/2,total_due/1.

events 	request/2, advance/2, pay/3, file/2, notify/2, start_exceed_assets_liabilities.

actions legal_action_against/1, terminate_correctly, cancel, potential_default/1.

% Note event initiates fluent is a convenient way to remember that an event has happened.
% Note that the Date of the event can be remembered in the fluent initiated by the event.

request(Person, Amount) 		initiates requested(Person, Amount, Date)
								if 	real_date(Date).
advance(Person, Amount) 		initiates advanced(Person, Amount, Date)
								if 	real_date(Date).
pay(Borrower, Lender, Amount) 	initiates paid(Borrower, Lender, Amount, Date)
								if 	real_date(Date).
notify(Person, Requirement) 	initiates notified(Person, Requirement, Date)
								if 	real_date(Date).
% The above could be replaced by
%	happens(E,T,_) initiates happened(E,Date) if real_date(Date).
% ...and revising references below to requested(...) etc. to happened(request(Person,Amount),Date) etc.

pay(borrower, uncle_sam, Amount) terminates tax_due(uncle_sam, Amount).
start_exceed_assets_liabilities initiates remedied(represent_warrant( exceed_assets_liabilities))
if	 potential_defaulted(represent_warrant( exceed_assets_liabilities)).

% Syntax error if "from T" is eliminated from the following three clauses.
terminate_correctly	from T		if lps_terminate(terminate_correctly) from T.
cancel from T					if lps_terminate(cancel) from T.
legal_action_against(X) from T 	if lps_terminate(legal_action_against(X)) from T.

% To explore alternative scenarios, add observations, or include this file from your file
%  Notice that not every scenario makes sense.
% For example, repaying a loan that has not been advanced makes no sense.
% These could be rejected by adding preconditions/constraints.
% Or could be compensated by adding reactive rules, e.g. returning payments.
%
% Try, for example, borrower doesn't pay anything back,
% but lender does not notify default.i.e.
/*
initially exceed_assets_liabilities.
observe request(borrower, 1000) at '2014-06-01T10:00'. % request on time at 10:00.
observe advance(lender, 1000) at '2014-06-01T15:00'. % advance on time at 15:00.
*/

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%   This is where the contract begins.
%
% The following rules and clauses are written approximately in the same order
% in which they occur in the English contract.
% The next two rules could be written as event-initiates-fluent clauses.
%
if 	end_of_day(2014/6/1),
	not requested(borrower, 1000, 2014/6/1)
then terminate_correctly.

if 	end_of_day(2014/6/2),
	requested(borrower, 1000, 2014/6/1),
	not advanced(lender, 1000, _)
then legal_action_against(lender). % not in contract, but in DFA.

due(550, 2015/6/1). % $550 should be paid by the end of the day.
due(525, 2016/6/1).

potential_default(pay(borrower, lender, Amount))
if 	end_of_day(Date), due(Amount, Date),
	% pre-payments made on earlier dates shall not be accepted.
	not paid(borrower, lender, Amount, Date).

potential_default(represent_warrant( exceed_assets_liabilities))
if 	end_of_day(Date), due(_, Date), % One interpretation of
	% "any repayment amount shall be outstanding"
	not exceed_assets_liabilities.

% The English formulation of the contract additionally requires
% assets exceed liabilities  on the execution of the contract,
% which is the same day as the borrower requests the loan.
%
potential_default(represent_warrant( exceed_assets_liabilities))
if 	request(borrower, 1000),
 	not exceed_assets_liabilities.

potential_default(covenant(pay(borrower, Authority, Amount)))
if 	end_of_day(Date), due(_, Date), % One interpretation of
	% "any repayment amount shall be outstanding"
	tax_due(Authority, Amount),
	not paid(borrower, Authority, Amount, Date).

% The English formulation of the contract additionally requires
% the borrower to pay any due tax  on the execution of the contract,
% which is the same day as the borrower requests the loan.
%
potential_default(covenant(pay(borrower, Authority, Amount)))
if 	request(borrower, 1000),
	tax_due(Authority, Amount),
	not paid(borrower, Authority, Amount, Date).

potential_default(bankruptcy_insolvency(borrower))
if 	file(borrower, bankruptcy).

potential_default(bankruptcy_insolvency(borrower))
if 	file(borrower, insolvency).

potential_default(Requirement)
initiates potential_defaulted( Requirement).

end_of_day(Date2)
initiates defaulted(Requirement, Date2)
if 	potential_defaulted( Requirement),
	notified(lender, default(Requirement), Date1),
	real_date_add(Date1, 2, Date2),
	not defaulted(_, _), % In the event of multiple events of default,
	% the first to occur shall take precedence
	% for the purposes of specifying outcomes under this agreement.
	not cured(Requirement).

cured(Requirement)
if 	remedied(Requirement),
	notified(borrower, remedy(Requirement), _).

% Remedies for all potential defaults,
% except for filing for bankruptcy or insolvency.

pay(borrower, lender, Amount)
initiates 	remedied(pay(borrower, lender, Amount))
if 	potential_defaulted(pay(borrower, lender, Amount)).

pay(borrower, Authority, Amount)
initiates remedied(covenant(pay(borrower, Authority, Amount)))
if 	potential_defaulted(covenant(pay(borrower, Authority, Amount))).

end_of_day(Date2)
initiates due_payable(Sum, Date2)
if 	defaulted(_, Date1),
	real_date_add(Date1, 1, Date2), total_due(Sum).

total_due(1075) if not paid(borrower, lender, 550,_).
total_due(525) 	if paid(borrower, lender, 550,_), not paid(borrower, lender, 525,_).
% The following clause is not be helpful,
% because pay(0) is not the same as not paying.
% Legal action can be taken if the borrower does not pay 0.
% total_due(0) if paid(borrower, lender, 550), paid(borrower, lender, 525).

% Alternatively, replace the following four rules by event-initiates-fluent clause.
if  end_of_day(Date), due_payable(Sum, Date),
	paid(borrower, lender, Sum, Date)
then terminate_correctly.

if  due_payable(Sum, Date),
	Date @< 2016/07/1, % within NY's Statute of Limitation. should be 2020/6/1.
	not paid(borrower, lender, Sum, Date)
then legal_action_against(owes(borrower, Sum)).

if   end_of_day(2016/07/1)  %should be 2020/6/1.
then  lps_terminate(statute_of_limitations). % more informative than cancel.

% The following clause is not explicit in the contract.
% It is not obvious whether there should be extra conditions.
% not potentially_defaulted(Requirement)?
% not defaulted(Requirement)?
if  pay(borrower, lender, 525),
	paid(borrower, lender, 550,_)
then terminate_correctly.

/** <examples>
?- go.
?- go(Timeline).
*/

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
World Memory: Lambunao seeks IMM title | Inquirer Sports
World Memory: Lambunao seeks IMM title
Philippine Daily Inquirer / 12:10 AM December 07, 2014
FOR THE past three years Jamyla Lambunao has been a dominant force for the Philippine memory team having set three world records in the 12-under Kids' division in the World Memory Championships.
Now 13, the Philippine memory team's youngest player is competing for the first time in the tougher 17-under Juniors' division, which the Mongolians have dominated in the past two years.
Still, the ninth grader from St. Scholastica's Academy Marikina is confident she can make a mark when she competes in the 23rd World Memory Championship in Hainan, China, on Dec. 11 to 13.
"The Juniors division is a different challenge. Everything should be adjusted to higher standards and my training became more intense," said Lambunao, who is aiming for a medal finish and the International Master of Memory (IMM) title in Hainan.
In last year's event in London, Lambunao brought home 10 medals, making her the event's most bemedalled competitor. She also set two world records in the Kids' division by memorizing a total of 151 random words in 15 minutes and 206 random numbers in five minutes.
The previous world records were made by Lara Hick of Germany (70 words) in 2005 and Hu Xinyun of China (202 digits) in 2010.
Lambunao nailed her first world record in the Kids' division when she was able to recall 280 digits in the 15-minute numbers event last year in Hong Kong.
"At a very young age, Jamyla has shown diligence and extreme passion for memory sports," said Lambunao's coach, Anne Bernadette Bonita. "Since this will be her first year in the Junior division, we had to devise a program especially for her."
Germany, Sweden, Mongolia, USA, China, UK, Japan, Indonesia and India are also competing.
OTHER PH TEAM MEMBERS: GMs of Memory Mark Anthony Castañeda and Erwin Balines, Axelyancy Tabernilla, Roberto Racasa
Lyceum-Cavite cruises to first interschools win over DLSU
TAGS: IMM, Kids, records, World Memory
DMW team off to Kuwait to probe Ranara case


text:
Q: Refresh the page and then go to a specific div that is in another hidden div without using cookies I have a grid of tabs and each tab has items that are hidden by default:
#tab1, #tab2, #tab3 etc.

Each tab has:
#item1, #item2, #item3 etc.

The ids are coming from a cms and cannot be changed so you have duplicate ids: #item1 can refer to the div in both #tab1 and #tab2.
The user clicks on #tab2 and shows the #tab2. The url changes to example.com/page#tab2, then he clicks on an item (#item5) inside that tab and the entire item shows. The url becomes example.com/page#item5.
If the user refreshes that page I would like to show the item5 in tab2.
Is it possible to do it without cookies? Given that the ids cannot be changed or insert some data-attributes I'm not sure how I can show the desired item on page reload.

A: You can get url hash, when page loaded like this: var currentTabId = location.hash.
After that you can scroll page to div element whose id equals currentTabId.

A: Is it possible to change the URL schema to:
domain.ext/page#tabs2/#item5
This will be easily solvable with JS after you parse the URL.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Deep Galaxy survey at 6.75µm with the ISO satellite *
H. Flores 1, F. Hammer 1, F.X. Désert 2, C. Césarsky 3, T. Thuan 4, D. Crampton 5, S. Eales 6, O. Le Fèvre 1, S.J. Lilly 7, A. Omont 8 and D. Elbaz 3
1 Observatoire de Meudon, DAEC and URA 173, associé au CNRS et à l'Université Paris 7, F-92195 Meudon Cedex, France
2 Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale, Orsay, France
3 Service d'Astrophysique, CEA, France
4 University of Virginia, USA
5 Dominion Astrophysical Observatory, HIA, National Research Council of Canada, V8X 4M6, Canada
6 University of Cardiff, UK
7 Department of Astronomy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
8 Institute d'Astrophysique de Paris, France
Received 5 January 1998 / Accepted 7 September 1998
Deep 6.75µm mid-IR ISOCAM observations were obtained from the Canada-France Redshift Survey (CFRS) 1415+52 field with the Infrared Space Observatory. The identification of the sources with optical counterparts is described in detail, and a classification scheme is devised which depends on the S/N of the detection and the inverse probability of chance coincidence. 83% of the 54 ISOCAM sources are identified with 23.5 counterparts. The colors, radio properties, spectrophotometric properties and frequency of nuclear activity of these counterparts differ on average from those of typical CFRS galaxies. CFRS spectra are available for 21 of the sources which have (including 7 stars). Most of the strongest sources are stars or AGN. Among the non-stellar counterparts with spectra, 40% are AGNs, and 53% are galaxies that display star formation activity and/or significant contributions of A stars. The ISOCAM sources also display an IR excess, even when compared with heavily-reddened local starburst galaxies. An upper limit of 30% of extragalactic ISO sources could be at of the 44 sources which are non-stellar (7 "spectroscopic" and 3 "photometric" stars excluded).
Key words: galaxies: active galaxies: evolution galaxies: statistics infrared: galaxies
* Based on observations with ISO, an ESA project with instruments funded by ESA Member States (especially the countries: France, Germany, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom) with the participation of ISAS and NASA.
Send offprint requests to: H. Flores, Observatoire de Paris, F-92195 Meudon Cedex, France
Online publication: March 1, 1999


When you are convicted with a DUI, you might be ordered to install an Ignition Interlock Device (IID) in your car. IIDs are installed into your ignition in your car. They require you blow a breath sample with no traces of alcohol in it before starting your car and periodically while driving. You will have to have it installed by a certified installer and provide proof to the court of its installation. It can vary county to county whether or not you are ordered to install one. California's IID pilot program requires all DUI offenders have one installed, if they meet certain criteria. If convicted in Tulare, Alameda, Los Angeles and Sacramento counties, you will be ordered to install an IID even for your first DUI offense. This program became effective July 1, 2010, so if your violation occurred prior to that, you may not be automatically ordered to have an IID installed. How long you will have to have it installed depends on your offense and the number of offense you have on your record. You will be required to have it a minimum of five months. Refer to the Order the DMV sends you to ensure you meet all the requirements. If you have any questions about your IID order or about having your license suspended, consult with an experienced DUI defense attorney to ensure you take all the right steps to have your license reinstated. There are a lot of stipulations that come along with having an IID ordered and you can be cited for noncompliance, which will result in further restrictions and requirements. Today, with California's strict DUI laws, DUI charges are more common and so the market for IID manufacturers is large. Make sure the device you have installed meets your court ordered requirements and meets federal standards. The offender must cover all costs associated with having an IID, which are plentiful. You will have to pay a $45 administrative fee to the DMV, pay for the installation and usually a monthly rental charge for the device. You will also have to have the device calibrated periodically, every 60 days. There are reduced fee programs if you cannot afford all these costs. Check with your local authorized installer about what discounts you might be eligible for. Failing to install the device and have it regularly inspected and calibrated can result in your license being suspended. If you own a car, even if you do not drive it or it is not running, you must get an IID installed. If you do not own a car or drive someone else's car, you can request an exemption. The effectiveness of IIDs in reducing drunk driving has spurred a market to open up. New IIDs are exceptionally sensitive and can deduct false samples. You may be concerned about different substances giving you a false positive. The most common claim is that alcohol-based mouthwash can give you a false positive. It is recommended you use non-alcohol based mouthwash or just wait 15-20 minutes between rinsing with mouthwash and blowing a sample in your IID. Rinsing your mouth with water can also help with many other causes of false positives. Always rinse with water before you blow a breath sample to avoid any false positives. Having an IID ordered is not the end of the world. Discrete IIDs are starting to come onto the market that resemble everyday items you would have in your car like coffee and drink cups. Having an IID installed will get you driving again and gives you more driving privileges during the mandatory restricted license period after a DUI. An IID will also prevent you from drinking and driving thus reducing your chances for a second DUI offense. Second and subsequent DUI offenders suffer harsh penalties for recidivism so it is in your best interest to do all you can to prevent that from happening.
If you are in the Tulare, Fresno or Kings county area and have been ordered to install an IID, our expert legal team can help. Attorney Christopher Martens is experienced in California DUI defense and can help you understand the IID requirement and get your license back as soon as possible. Call our office at 559-967-7386 or email us at MartensLaw@gmail.com for a free consultation.


It is completely unrealistic to think that a picture-perfect relationship is one that never experiences disagreement. Christians are often the worst for this, believing that to be a Christian means turning a blind eye to every conflict, simply hoping and praying that it goes away. God wants us to forgive but He doesn't tell us to avoid confrontation. Refusing to talk about problems is destructive both to you and the person you fail to confront.
Healthy relationships can only develop between two people who are willing to communicate how they feel. However, be careful to do it the right way. In healthy confrontation, the truth is spoken with love.
Jesus spoke the truth but never maliciously. In Matthew 16:23, Jesus confronted Peter when he attempted to stand in the way of Jesus' calling, saying "Get behind Me, Satan!" His motive wasn't to hurt Peter but help him. Peter wasn't thinking straight and without confrontation he would have continued to go in the wrong direction.
Criticism rips people apart with the intention of bringing them down. It often turns into a debate about who's right and who's wrong. The truth spoken in love doesn't attack people's character; its motive is to strengthen the person and the relationship. Practice the ability to share how you feel while showing respect for the other person's feelings so that you both gain a greater understanding of each other.


text:
Don't Mess with Central Texas: Local Detective Warns Sex Buyers to Stay Away from His Town
Tara Mergener
NewsBlock_9AM_012423_HD1080_831.2_1306
The McLennan County sheriff's office is fighting sex trafficking. (Credit: Reed Klass/CBN News)
WARNING: This story contains mature content that may be inappropriate for some users.
MCLENNAN COUNTY, Texas - Human trafficking is a problem that continues to grow around the world. In the United States, 20 percent of trafficking victims pass through Texas. Here, state legislators recently passed a law making it tougher on criminals and helping the victims stay out of jail.
Texas became the first state to make buying sex a felony. It's a crime that can be easy to miss unless you know what you are looking for, with the victim often punished too. But not here in McLennan County where a sheriff's office detective is changing the game.
"We keep the heat turned up on them and the hammer down on them," said Sheriff Parnell McNamara.
Sex trafficking often conjures up images of big city crime committed quietly under the cover of darkness but it's happening in small towns like Waco too and often in plain sight.
"It's almost easier to order a human than it is a piece of pizza at this point," said Detective Joe Scaramucci who started the human trafficking unit in 2008.
McLennan County sits between Dallas and Austin.
"The numbers of buyers that were reaching out and the number of traffickers that were coming to this city. It's decreased substantially," said Detective Joe Scaramucci who started the department's human trafficking task force in 2014.
Scaramucci's two-man team has been using internet savvy to build intelligence and target hundreds of sex traffickers and buyers, with a finely tuned ground game that's often outpacing much larger agencies.
"They're still trying to build cases based on prostitution and based on the backs of the victims, rather than on the merits of what the suspect has done," he said. "I've had every age from literally 15 years old to mid-80s and every race imaginable."
Regular stings include Scaramucci posing online as a sex worker to lure buyers looking for a tryst.
"We haven't had one yet, where we're like, we're not going arrest you," said Det. Andrew Hermes. "Even if you don't show up, chances are we'll work it backward and get an arrest warrant and go pick you up."
***Please sign up for CBN Newsletters and download the CBN News app to ensure you keep receiving the latest news.***
Scaramucci is the only officer who testified in support of Texas' new law cracking down on predators and shifting blame away from victims.
"Who's creating the demand for trafficking, it's the sex buyers, right? So, if we can take the buyers out of or at least put them in fear of operating in this city, then we can kind of decrease the amount of trafficking because it makes it much more high risk," said Scaramucci.
Online ads selling the same woman across state lines, tattoos consistent with prostitution, and photos other than selfies are telltale signs of sex trafficking. Most of the victims are females lured into prostitution. But in these busts, sex workers get help but not jail time.
"Most of the time these women we've rescued don't want to be prostitutes. They get pushed into it or lured by traffickers. These people are slick," said McNamara.
On standby during stings are members of Unbound Now, which recently opened the state's second residential safe house for trafficked girls.
"Help get the medical, food, shelter. Just really walk with them and then do case management. Recovery from trafficking is very difficult. Their life has really been robbed from them through a lot of complex traumas," said Susan Peters, founder and CEO.
When Scaramucci's unit shut down county massage parlors a few years ago not one sex worker faced charges.
"They feed you drugs. So, then it becomes you're already numb to what you are doing. Then it becomes you must keep that high. So, you give them their money. To make sure you have your drugs, and nobody gets hurt," said sex trafficking survivor Randa Rice.
Traffickers prey on people of all ages and backgrounds, resulting in an estimated 25 million victims worldwide at any given time. Not only is McLennan's no-nonsense approach to the problem getting media recognition and prestigious awards, but international law enforcement agencies are also reaching out to learn from its success.
Still, the work is daunting. In Texas alone, tens of thousands of victims are minors, many peddled through the darkest corners of the internet. Especially troubling to law enforcement is the rising number of parents willing to sell their own children to predators. When Scaramucci enters a chat room claiming to be a father of two willing to make a deal the phone lights up.
"These are from people who want to engage in sex with kids or trade pornography. If we can track them down, we're able to take somebody who runs the potential of sexually abusing children and oftentimes has sexually abused children and created child sexual material, we're able to identify those children in many cases and get them help," he said.
Survival rates for any age are low, with an average life expectancy of just seven years. The hope here is to keep as many people as possible from becoming a statistic.
"What we've done here is evidence, you can get a handle on it I think honestly community members get loud, right? You know tell your police department or sheriff's office. We know what's going on here. What are you going to do about it?"
250+ Human Trafficking Victims Rescued, Including 121 Children
'The Problem Is Gigantic': Dr. Ted Baehr Warns Facebook Allowing Sex Trafficking While Blocking Christian Sites


text:
Archive | Paul Theroux RSS feed for this section
On Travel Writing By Paul Theroux
Lake Palace, Jaipur. Photograph by Norman Koren 2004.
"And then, after lunch one day in Jaipur, I decided to leave. Thanks to the train, it was easy to do. I went to the station, where the train was waiting. I got on. The train left. I simply evaporated."
Quoted from 'Ghost Train to the Eastern Star' by Paul Theroux.
Tags: Paul Theroux, Travel Writing
Categories Jaipur, Paul Theroux, Travel Writing
I have to agree with the writer Paul Theroux and his love of the train as the medium for travelling. Although I have done nothing on his scale (read his books The Great Railway Bazaar or The Old Patagonian Express for a taste of his epic journeys) I, too, feel that the journey matters more then the destination. I believe it to be a fine metaphor for life itself as well.
I found myself, as every Monday and Tuesday morning, pounding down the rail tracks on the way to York. Half way through the journey I was joined by a bulky man sitting opposite me with a large camouflaged backpack, bulging at the sides with this and that. He flew at midnight tonight he said, six and a half hours to a land of camel spiders and the ever present threat of IEDs. It was his second tour, six months long. I wished him luck as he jumped out of the train doors at York station.
Replica Viking skates (credit: Hurstwic).
After a fast and thunderous wheel through the streets, I found myself at the archaeology base ready to start the day properly. As normal the talk flowed easy and well through a variety of topics. The big talking point of the day was the fact that Alice Roberts was on site to film for her Digging For Britain TV series. The topic was Viking age York, and is due to be shown sometime around mid to late Summer on the BBC. Although we didn't really get to talk to her it was interesting to see archaeology being filmed for the masses. Archaeological education and entertainment outreach helping to invigorate the youth of tomorrow, just as the summer season of excavations begin across the country.
After this brief interlude of celebrity archaeological intrusion, we carried on cleaning finds. One of the more interesting finds today was the finding of a single Viking animal metatarsal skate. As described on this interesting site, the skates (likely 10th Century AD) were used as a form of transport across ice during winter, and were tied on using leather thongs whilst the user pushed themselves across the ice with the probable help of two wooden poles.
On the example I helped clean, it was clear that the skate probably hadn't been worn much as the underside was little worn. Nevertheless it was interesting to see such an artefact in the flesh having only heard of them from other Scandinavian sites, both historic and prehistoric.
Viking skates made from bovine metatarsals in York (Image credit: YAT).
On my journey back to the railway station I passed the modern population of York and thought of those that had gone before. The current site at Hungate criss crosses many different historic slices; from 3rd to 4th century AD Roman Eboracum, Viking Jorvik, to the later Medieval and Post Medieval city of York. It is easy to think of past populations as pieces of pottery, discarded brick or tile but this not always the case. As the quite frankly massive Lloyd Bank Coprolite shows, sometimes even the shit survives the journey through time!
The journey home was as pleasant a train ride as I've had. I was thankful that the train slowed several times during the trip, as I had chance to look at and admire the Medieval agricultural technique of the ridge and furrows. They are found throughout the North East, the landscape relics of a bygone age. Today only the cows were happily lying down on them and chewing the grass.
Cows on the ridge and furrows, a feature of the medieval landscape and agricultural practices.
Categories Alice Roberts, Archaeology, Bone Variation, Digging For Britain, Lloyds Bank Coprolite, Paul Theroux, Phenomenology, Ridge & Furrows, Travel, Viking Archaeology, YAT


The construction industry has seen a positive move towards mental health support from the Construction Industry Training Board. Recently, the Board has pledged to offer £500,000 to train 156 construction workers in mental health first aid instruction, in a bid to provide better mental health across the UK construction industry.
The candidates will come from a range of firms, from concrete repair contractors to engineers and will complete a Mental Health First Aid Instruction course, provided by Mental Health First Aid, England. After training is complete, the newly qualified instructions will deliver two MHFA courses each, providing training for on-site mental health first aiders.
Mental Health First Aid England will be working alongside Building Mental Health, to whom the funding has been awarded. Building Mental Health is an enterprise supported by contractors Laing O'Rourke, Lendlease, Mace, Morgan Sindall and Multiplex via the Construction Industry Training Board's Flexible Fund.
The pledge has come at a good time after research conducted by recruitment firm Randstad revealed 32% of men within the construction industry felt their mental health, when surveyed, was average to poor. This rose to 45% of women in the industry, with a rather worrying 23% of all construction workers surveyed considering leaving the industry permanently over the next 12 months.
Up until now, support has been severely lacking across the entire trade industry and the bid comes well-supported by both contractors and executives. The first of the courses will start running in May 2019, with a total of 13 MHFA Instructor courses taking place over the following 18 months.
The expected completion date for the 156 MHFA instructors to have been fully-trained is estimated for September 2019. By 2020, the industry hopes to have a minimum 2,500 on-site mental health first aiders trained across most of UK's construction firms – from micro businesses to national.
While these are much needed positive steps towards better mental health support in the construction industry that will hopefully expand to further trade industries across the UK, the CITB has estimated that an additional 40,000 mental health first aiders are required to provide the necessary level of support the industry needs.
If you work in the construction industry and feel your mental health is inefficiently supported, we urge you to reach out to a mental health charity and have provided links below. Your mental health is important, and no-one should have to suffer in silence.
https://www.matesinmind.org/ Mates in Mind is a registered charity aiming to raise awareness of mental health and mental wellbeing specifically in the UK construction industry.
https://www.mind.org.uk/ Mind is another registered charity that offers ongoing support to those suffering from mental health issues.
https://www.rehab4addiction.co.uk/ - Rehab4Addiction are a dedicated rehabilitation centre and outpatient clinic for individuals suffering from behavioural, drug or alcohol addictions and provide ongoing support to patients across the UK.


Well, got my exhaust gaskets to repair what sounded like blown ones and taking off the rad on this and exposing the damage of rain and neglect by who ever owned this machine was a eye opener!
After leaving overnight with a good squirting of wd40, I tried undoing the nuts on the exhaust studs. These bolts were corroded and a pig to undo, one sheered clean off to the casing and the other one broke in half leaving half the nut still on tight. Now I can see the only way to get this exhaust off and access to the studs is to cut away the corroded on nut and I will have to use a screw extractor to hopefully remove the one that sheered off.
So I got 4 off, but leaves these 1 to remove and 1 broken stub.
As you can see in the pics, this is going to need a lot of cleaning up and painting as there is a lot of rust etc behind the rad, and no surprise really with a design that sits the rad right behind the exhaust headers and all the bolts etc.
I would imagine loads are going to have or had this problem on this model.
There is no space to get a nut splitter in on the half stuck bolt and as its rusted on , I think I will have to drill or grind it off, the one thats sheered off, I shall have to drill a small hole in it and then get a scew extractor into it. I just hope the screw extractor tip dont break off on the hole as that is a worse case sernario of using that tool.


text:
Book Launch: Finding John Rae by Alice Jane Hamilton
Start Date and Time:
Thursday, April 13, 2017, 5:00PM
End Date and Time:
Alice Jane Hamilton
You are invited to the official book launch of Finding John Rae by author Alice Jane Hamilton, a direct descendant of arctic explorer John Rae.
This creative nonfiction biography of the celebrated Arctic explorer Dr. John Rae begins in 1854 when, on a mapping expedition to the Boothia Peninsula, Rae discovers the missing link in the Northwest Passage. On the same trip, a chance encounter with an Inuit hunter leads him to uncover the tragic fate that befell the officers and crew of the long-missing Franklin Expedition when, starving on the ice, they resorted to cannibalism. When the Scottish-born scientist and Hudson's Bay Company Chief Factor reports the shocking details about the men's demise to the British Admiralty, he is publicly belittled by such well-known Victorian society figures as the novelist Charles Dickens and Sir John Franklin's widow, Jane.
From then on, Rae's life becomes a restless journey of soaring hope and bitter disappointment, as he attempts to restore his good reputation with the British public, defend the integrity of the Arctic natives who brought him detailed testimony about the evidence of cannibalism, and rebuild his shattered identity. Rae's search for what has been lost takes him to Hamilton, Lower Canada, across Rupert's Land to the Pacific Coast, to the Faroe Islands, across Greenland, and then finally home to the Orkney Islands where yet another turn of events catches him by surprise.
Massey College
Mark S. Bonham
mark@markbonham.ca
Canadian Business History Association
Upper Library, 4 Devonshire Place, Toronto, ON M5S 2E1 view full map
Book Launches, Lectures
Alumni and Friends, Community, Faculty, Staff, First-Year Students, Graduate Students, Undergraduate Students
Arctic explorer John Rae.


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Writing from her prison cell Julie tells the story of how she came to be there. A young woman convicted of multiple murders. The story goes back to before Julie's mind became disturbed to an encounter with a mystery man and the nightmare that she claims ensued.


Twenty-plus Years As Best Buds!
Language students also know about conjugation.
Such a fun post, Shannon! I saw a pair of whistling ducks with their babies last weekend, and up at the Willow City loop a while back I found two "fierce ground beetles" (Pasimachus californicus) mating. They certainly looked fierce, at about three inches long, but they clearly were in love, and too busy to bother with me. Besides, they don't fly. They just run around in leaf litter, and do their thing.
Happy Earth Day — even though the date has passed. As you say, every day should be earth day.
No photo of the mating Prairie Falcons at Garden of the Gods? I still worry about the poor priests!
Haha! This is a re-post from last year and I completely forgot about the Falcons! Embedding here now, just in case. I'll have to remember add the priest story to my GoG post. Thanks for the gentle reminder!
Thanks, Tanja. I'm afraid my brain hasn't completely returned from Spring Break week.
The wren eggs hatched two days ago, and a herd of pregnant doe bedding down in back, so it's no doubt gonna be a great year here, Jet. Have a wonderful, spring!
Oh to have baboons to watch, Adrian. Hope you and the fam are well.
What a heartwarming post 🙂 We been watching a mating pair of house sparrows make a nest in the hollow of the apple tree in our back yard, so we've also noted a heavy does of amour in the air!
Spring is just so fun that way, isn't it? Enjoy it!
Great photos and captions :-). So sweet that you included your husband and yourself. Congratulations on being best friends for more than 20 years!
Ha! I couldn't resist putting some 'not nature' in it too. Love is definitely in the air over here. Thanks, and enjoy your spring, Myriam!
BTW, the previous post what we DID on our anniversary. We are such birdie addicts!


One Eternal Day: C.S. Lewis, Screwtape, and the Simpsons?!
An interesting C.S. Lewis site, currently serving up snippits from The Screwtape Letters [with Homer - not the Greek poet]: Mere C.S. Lewis.
For an update I just finished working through Book 1 of Mere Christianity (cool pics, but no Simpsons), August 19 to September 3. And I'll be starting a mini series on one of his essays this Sunday.


text:
Stories about storytelling: Kirsty Gunn's preoccupation with words is utterly entrancing
For a marvellous unravelling of women's minds read Infidelities by Kirsty Gunn, suggests Sophia Waugh in a review of this latest volume of short stories
Sophia Waugh
Author Kirsty Gunn Photo: Getty
Infidelities Kirsty Gunn
Faber, pp.207, £12.99, ISBN: 9780571308910
Although entitled Infidelities this collection of short stories could as well be
called Choices, because that is what really preoccupies Kirsty Gunn's characters. Divided into three sections, 'Going Out', 'Staying Out' and 'Never Coming Home', the stories are more linked by style and writing than by any theme. Gunn's style is clear, unaffected and poetic without being pretentious; her descriptions of nature — for instance the sky at the beginning of 'The Wolf on the Road' — are at times almost painfully beautiful.
One stylistic technique she favours is not always as successful as her descriptive writing; often in a story she will slip from a narrative voice to an authorial one, from the past to the present. So in 'The Father', a Highland story seen from the point of view of children, we have 'he'd show them how to do it, he'd show them the way' and then 'Cassie remembers to this day him saying…' This intervention of a current voice, a teller of the story, becomes irritating, and reaches its climax in the title tale 'Infidelity', in which the character becomes a writer who is writing a short story about her own experience; but how much of it is her experience and how much of it is just story? Had it stood on its own, it might have been an interesting story about writing, but we have seen so much of this method in the stories coming before, that it has become more mannered than effective.
Gunn writes about storytelling as much as about infidelity or choice. Elements of this are lovely; her preoccupation with words is more than just 'writerly'. The way she will break off from a train of thought to follow one about the significance of a particular word is entrancing.
And 'embankment' again. See? She wants to stop the story right here with that word. It is a beautiful, beautiful word. It rises up before Helen like a bed and all she wants to do is lie down.
Gunn recognises that some of us really do think in words, stopping and mentally tasting them before we continue on our way.
She remembers how, that morning, certain phrases — new bride, new-minted, and so on — had actually occurred to her in words, one after the next, like words following each other on a page.
The stories are women's stories — they consider relationships, power play, our responsibilities and the questions we are inevitably led to ask ourselves about our own choices and our own lives. The men in this collection do not come across well. A child overhears her mother saying, 'We don't do men', and the same could really be said of Gunn. Marriage is too often seen as a safe, but perhaps cowardly, choice:
It was why she'd married Bobby, wasn't it? To try to protect herself against that feeling [of uncertainty and fear]? It was why she listened to him, let him go on and on. As though she might turn her life into a story told by someone else — one of his stories in fact — like a story might calm a person and quieten them in the dark, fill the void with words and phrases and sentences that they might go to sleep.
The fathers are not much better. One disappears over a cliff, another 'gives' his daughter to a local garagiste, others are just notable by their absence, as are the few 'good' men such as the husband in 'Elegy'.
At their best, these stories are a marvellous unravelling of women's minds and a clever exploration of the links between writing and living, between conventionality and nature.
Available from the Spectator Bookshop, £11.69 Tel: 08430 600033
TaggedBook review - fiction, Short stories, the Highlands
A choice of short stories
Houman Barekat
No one would want to live in Jane Gardam's stories – but they're an amazing place to visit
Cressida Connolly
The problem when novelists write short stories
An utterly charming, totally bonkers short novel
Fathers and sons — seen from multiple angles
Claire Lowdon
John Self


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Collection of data: This stage is the collection of the basic, elementary data. Usually, these data are counts of things. The objective of this stage is to gather the data.
Processing of data into information: This stage usually take counts and make them ratios, although there still may be some counts. The objective of this stage is to take the data and conform it into information, specifically metrics.
Developing KPI: This stage focuses on using the ratios (and counts) and infusing them with business strategies, referred to as key performance indicators (KPI). Many times, KPIs deal with conversion aspects, but not always. It depends on the organization.
Formulating online strategy: This stage is concerned with the online goals, objectives, and standards for the organization or business. These strategies are usually related to making money, saving money, or increasing marketshare.
Experiments and testings: A/B testing is a controlled experiment with two variants, in online settings, such as web development.
The goal of A/B testing is to identify changes to web pages that increase or maximize a statistically tested result of interest.
Each stage impacts or can impact (i.e., drives) the stage preceding or following it. So, sometimes the data that is available for collection impacts the online strategy. Other times, the online strategy affects the data collected.
There are at least two categories of web analytics; off-site and on-site web analytics.
Off-site web analytics refers to web measurement and analysis regardless of whether you own or maintain a website. It includes the measurement of a website's potential audience (opportunity), share of voice (visibility), and buzz (comments) that is happening on the Internet as a whole.
On-site web analytics, the most common, measure a visitor's behavior once on your website. This includes its drivers and conversions; for example, the degree to which different landing pages are associated with online purchases. On-site web analytics measures the performance of your website in a commercial context. This data is typically compared against key performance indicators for performance, and used to improve a website or marketing campaign's audience response. Google Analytics and Adobe Analytics are the most widely used on-site web analytics service; although new tools are emerging that provide additional layers of information, including heat maps and session replay.
Direct HTTP request data: directly comes from HTTP request messages (HTTP request headers).
Network level and server generated data associated with HTTP requests: not part of an HTTP request, but it is required for successful request transmissions. For example, IP address of a requester.
External data: can be combined with on-site data to help augment the website behavior data described above and interpret web usage. For example, IP addresses are usually associated with Geographic regions and internet service providers, e-mail open and click-through rates, direct mail campaign data, sales and lead history, or other data types as needed.
Web servers record some of their transactions in a log file. It was soon realized that these log files could be read b y a program to provide data on the popularity of the website. Thus arose web log analysis software.
In the early 1990s, website statistics consisted primarily of counting the number of client requests (or hits) made to the web server. This was a reasonable method initially, since each website often consisted of a single HTML file. However, with the introduction of images in HTML, and websites that spanned multiple HTML files, this count became less useful. The first true commercial Log Analyzer was released by IPRO in 1994.
Two units of measure were introduced in the mid-1990s to gauge more accurately the amount of human activity on web servers. These were page views and visits (or sessions). A page view was defined as a request made to the web server for a page, as opposed to a graphic, while a visit was defined as a sequence of requests from a uniquely identified client that expired after a certain amount of inactivity, usually 30 minutes. The page views and visits are still commonly displayed metrics, but are now considered rather rudimentary.
The emergence of search engine spiders and robots in the late 1990s, along with web proxies and dynamically assigned IP addresses for large companies and ISPs, made it more difficult to identify unique human visitors to a website. Log analyzers responded by tracking visits by cookies, and by ignoring requests from known spiders.
The extensive use of web caches also presented a problem for log file analysis. If a person revisits a page, the second request will often be retrieved from the browser's cache, and so no request will be received by the web server. This means that the person's path through the site is lost. Caching can be defeated by configuring the web server, but this can result in degraded performance for the visitor and bigger load on the servers.
Concerns about the accuracy of log file analysis in the presence of caching, and the desire to be able to perform web analytics as an outsourced service, led to the second data collection method, page tagging or 'Web bugs'.
The web analytics service also manages the process of assigning a cookie to the user, which can uniquely identify them during their visit and in subsequent visits. Cookie acceptance rates vary significantly between websites and may affect the quality of data collected and reported.
Collecting website data using a third-party data collection server (or even an in-house data collection server) requires an additional DNS look-up by the user's computer to determine the IP address of the collection server. On occasion, delays in completing a successful or failed DNS look-ups may result in data not being collected.
With the increasing popularity of Ajax-based solutions, an alternative to the use of an invisible image is to implement a call back to the server from the rendered page. In this case, when the page is rendered on the web browser, a piece of Ajax code would call back to the server and pass information about the client that can then be aggregated by a web analytics company. This is in some ways flawed by browser restrictions on the servers which can be contacted with XmlHttpRequest objects. Also, this method can lead to slightly lower reported traffic levels, since the visitor may stop the page from loading in mid-response before the Ajax call is made.
Both logfile analysis programs and page tagging solutions are readily available to companies that wish to perform web analytics. In some cases, the same web analytics company will offer both approaches. The question then arises of which method a company should choose. There are advantages and disadvantages to each approach.
The web server normally already produces log files, so the raw data is already available. No changes to the website are required.
The data is on the company's own servers, and is in a standard, rather than a proprietary, format. This makes it easy for a company to switch programs later, use several different programs, and analyze historical data with a new program.
Logfiles require no additional DNS lookups or TCP slow starts. Thus there are no external server calls which can slow page load speeds, or result in uncounted page views.
The web server reliably records every transaction it makes, e.g. serving PDF documents and content generated by scripts, and does not rely on the visitors' browsers cooperating.
Counting is activated by opening the page (given that the web client runs the tag scripts), not requesting it from the server. If a page is cached, it will not be counted by server-based log analysis. Cached pages can account for up to one-third of all page views. Not counting cached pages seriously skews many site metrics. It is for this reason server-based log analysis is not considered suitable for analysis of human activity on websites.
The script may have access to additional information on the web client or on the user, not sent in the query, such as visitors' screen sizes and the price of the goods they purchased.
Page tagging can report on events which do not involve a request to the web server, such as interactions within Flash movies, partial form completion, mouse events such as onClick, onMouseOver, onFocus, onBlur etc.
The page tagging service manages the process of assigning cookies to visitors; with log file analysis, the server has to be configured to do this.
Lately page tagging has become a standard in web analytics.
Logfile analysis is almost always performed in-house. Page tagging can be performed in-house, but it is more often provided as a third-party service. The economic difference between these two models can also be a consideration for a company deciding which to purchase.
Logfile analysis typically involves a one-off software purchase; however, some vendors are introducing maximum annual page views with additional costs to process additional information. In addition to commercial offerings, several open-source logfile analysis tools are available free of charge.
For Logfile analysis data must be stored and archived, which often grows large quickly. Although the cost of hardware to do this is minimal, the overhead for an IT department can be considerable.
For Logfile analysis software need to be maintained, including updates and security patches.
Complex page tagging vendors charge a monthly fee based on volume i.e. number of pageviews per month collected.
Which solution is cheaper to implement depends on the amount of technical expertise within the company, the vendor chosen, the amount of activity seen on the websites, the depth and type of information sought, and the number of distinct websites needing statistics.
Regardless of the vendor solution or data collection method employed, the cost of web visitor analysis and interpretation should also be included. That is, the cost of turning raw data into actionable information. This can be from the use of third party consultants, the hiring of an experienced web analyst, or the training of a suitable in-house person. A cost-benefit analysis can then be performed. For example, what revenue increase or cost savings can be gained by analysing the web visitor data?
Some companies produce solutions that collect data through both logfiles and page tagging and can analyze both kinds. By using a hybrid method, they aim to produce more accurate statistics than either method on its own. An early hybrid solution was produced in 1998 by Rufus Evison.
With IP geolocation, it is possible to track visitors location. Using IP geolocation database or API, visitors can be geolocated to city, region or country level.
IP Intelligence, or Internet Protocol (IP) Intelligence, is a technology that maps the Internet and categorizes IP addresses by parameters such as geographic location (country, region, state, city and postcode), connection type, Internet Service Provider (ISP), proxy information, and more. The first generation of IP Intelligence was referred to as geotargeting or geolocation technology. This information is used by businesses for online audience segmentation in applications such online advertising, behavioral targeting, content localization (or website localization), digital rights management, personalization, online fraud detection, localized search, enhanced analytics, global traffic management, and content distribution.
Click analytics is a special type of web analytics that gives special attention to clicks.
Commonly, click analytics focuses on on-site analytics. An editor of a website uses click analytics to determine the performance of his or her particular site, with regards to where the users of the site are clicking.
Also, click analytics may happen real-time or "unreal"-time, depending on the type of information sought. Typically, front-page editors on high-traffic news media sites will want to monitor their pages in real-time, to optimize the content. Editors, designers or other types of stakeholders may analyze clicks on a wider time frame to help them assess performance of writers, design elements or advertisements etc.
Data about clicks may be gathered in at least two ways. Ideally, a click is "logged" when it occurs, and this method requires some functionality that picks up relevant information when the event occurs. Alternatively, one may institute the assumption that a page view is a result of a click, and therefore log a simulated click that led to that page view.
Customer lifecycle analytics is a visitor-centric approach to measuring that falls under the umbrella of lifecycle marketing. Page views, clicks and other events (such as API calls, access to third-party services, etc.) are all tied to an individual visitor instead of being stored as separate data points. Customer lifecycle analytics attempts to connect all the data points into a marketing funnel that can offer insights into visitor behavior and website optimization.
Other methods of data collection are sometimes used. Packet sniffing collects data by sniffing the network traffic passing between the web server and the outside world. Packet sniffing involves no changes to the web pages or web servers. Integrating web analytics into the web server software itself is also possible. Both these methods claim to provide better real-time data than other methods.
Hit - A request for a file from the web server. Available only in log analysis. The number of hits received by a website is frequently cited to assert its popularity, but this number is extremely misleading and dramatically overestimates popularity. A single web-page typically consists of multiple (often dozens) of discrete files, each of which is counted as a hit as the page is downloaded, so the number of hits is really an arbitrary number more reflective of the complexity of individual pages on the website than the website's actual popularity. The total number of visits or page views provides a more realistic and accurate assessment of popularity.
Page view - A request for a file, or sometimes an event such as a mouse click, that is defined as a page in the setup of the web analytics tool. An occurrence of the script being run in page tagging. In log analysis, a single page view may generate multiple hits as all the resources required to view the page (images, .js and .css files) are also requested from the web server.
Event - A discrete action or class of actions that occurs on a website. A page view is a type of event. Events also encapsulate clicks, form submissions, keypress events, and other client-side user actions.
Visit / Session - A visit or session is defined as a series of page requests or, in the case of tags, image requests from the same uniquely identified client. A unique client is commonly identified by an IP address or a unique ID that is placed in the browser cookie. A visit is considered ended when no requests have been recorded in some number of elapsed minutes. A 30-minute limit ("time out") is used by many analytics tools but can, in some tools (such as Google Analytics), be changed to another number of minutes. Analytics data collectors and analysis tools have no reliable way of knowing if a visitor has looked at other sites between page views; a visit is considered one visit as long as the events (page views, clicks, whatever is being recorded) are 30 minutes or less closer together. Note that a visit can consist of one page view, or thousands. A unique visit's session can also be extended if the time between page loads indicates that a visitor has been viewing the pages continuously.
First Visit / First Session - (also called 'Absolute Unique Visitor' in some tools) A visit from a uniquely identified client that has theoretically not made any previous visits. Since the only way of knowing whether the uniquely identified client has been to the site before is the presence of a persistent cookie or via digital fingerprinting that had been received on a previous visit, the First Visit label is not reliable if the site's cookies have been deleted since their previous visit.
Visitor / Unique Visitor / Unique User - The uniquely identified client that is generating page views or hits within a defined time period (e.g. day, week or month). A uniquely identified client is usually a combination of a machine (one's desktop computer at work for example) and a browser (Firefox on that machine). The identification is usually via a persistent cookie that has been placed on the computer by the site page code. An older method, used in log file analysis, is the unique combination of the computer's IP address and the User Agent (browser) information provided to the web server by the browser. It is important to understand that the "Visitor" is not the same as the human being sitting at the computer at the time of the visit, since an individual human can use different computers or, on the same computer, can use different browsers, and will be seen as a different visitor in each circumstance. Increasingly, but still somewhat rarely, visitors are uniquely identified by Flash LSO's (Local Shared Object), which are less susceptible to privacy enforcement.
Repeat Visitor - A visitor that has made at least one previous visit. The period between the last and current visit is called visitor recency and is measured in days.
Return Visitor - A Unique visitor with activity consisting of a visit to a site during a reporting period and where the Unique visitor visited the site prior to the reporting period. The individual is counted only once during the reporting period.
New Visitor - A visitor that has not made any previous visits. This definition creates a certain amount of confusion (see common confusions below), and is sometimes substituted with analysis of first visits.
Impression - The most common definition of "Impression" is an instance of an advertisement appearing on a viewed page. Note that an advertisement can be displayed on a viewed page below the area actually displayed on the screen, so most measures of impressions do not necessarily mean an advertisement has been view-able.
Single Page Visit / Singleton - A visit in which only a single page is viewed (this is not a 'bounce').
Bounce Rate - The percentage of visits that are single page visits and without any other interactions (clicks) on that page.
Exit Rate / % Exit - A statistic applied to an individual page, not a web site. The percentage of visits seeing a page where that page is the final page viewed in the visit.
Page Time Viewed / Page Visibility Time / Page View Duration - The time a single page (or a blog, Ad Banner...) is on the screen, measured as the calculated difference between the time of the request for that page and the time of the next recorded request. If there is no next recorded request, then the viewing time of that instance of that page is not included in reports.
Session Duration / Visit Duration - Average amount of time that visitors spend on the site each time they visit.It is calculated as the sum total of the duration of all the sessions divided by the total number of sessions. This metric can be complicated by the fact that analytics programs can not measure the length of the final page view.
Average Page View Duration - Average amount of time that visitors spend on an average page of the site.
Active Time / Engagement Time - Average amount of time that visitors spend actually interacting with content on a web page, based on mouse moves, clicks, hovers and scrolls. Unlike Session Duration and Page View Duration / Time on Page, this metric can accurately measure the length of engagement in the final page view, but it is not available in many analytics tools or data collection methods.
Average Page Depth / Page Views per Average Session - Page Depth is the approximate "size" of an average visit, calculated by dividing total number of page views by total number of visits.
Frequency / Session per Unique - Frequency measures how often visitors come to a website in a given time period. It is calculated by dividing the total number of sessions (or visits) by the total number of unique visitors during a specified time period, such as a month or year. Sometimes it is used interchangeable with the term "loyalty."
Click path - the chronological sequence of page views within a visit or session.
Click - "refers to a single instance of a user following a hyperlink from one page in a site to another".
Site Overlay is a report technique in which statistics (clicks) or hot spots are superimposed, by physical location, on a visual snapshot of the web page.
Off-site web analytics is based on open data analysis, social media exploration, share of voice on web properties. It is usually used to understand how to market a site by identifying the keywords tagged to this site, either from social media or from other websites.
By using HTTP Referer, webpage owners will be able to trace which are the referrer sites that helps bring in traffic to their own site.
The hotel problem is generally the first problem encountered by a user of web analytics. The problem is that the unique visitors for each day in a month do not add up to the same total as the unique visitors for that month. This appears to an inexperienced user to be a problem in whatever analytics software they are using. In fact it is a simple property of the metric definitions.
The way to picture the situation is by imagining a hotel. The hotel has two rooms (Room A and Room B).
As the table shows, the hotel has two unique users each day over three days. The sum of the totals with respect to the days is therefore six.
During the period each room has had two unique users. The sum of the totals with respect to the rooms is therefore four.
Actually only three visitors have been in the hotel over this period. The problem is that a person who stays in a room for two nights will get counted twice if you count them once on each day, but is only counted once if you are looking at the total for the period. Any software for web analytics will sum these correctly for the chosen time period, thus leading to the problem when a user tries to compare the totals.
Historically, vendors of page-tagging analytics solutions have used third-party cookies sent from the vendor's domain instead of the domain of the website being browsed. Third-party cookies can handle visitors who cross multiple unrelated domains within the company's site, since the cookie is always handled by the vendor's servers.
However, third-party cookies in principle allow tracking an individual user across the sites of different companies, allowing the analytics vendor to collate the user's activity on sites where he provided personal information with his activity on other sites where he thought he was anonymous. Although web analytics companies deny doing this, other companies such as companies supplying banner ads have done so. Privacy concerns about cookies have therefore led a noticeable minority of users to block or delete third-party cookies. In 2005, some reports showed that about 28% of Internet users blocked third-party cookies and 22% deleted them at least once a month. Most vendors of page tagging solutions have now moved to provide at least the option of using first-party cookies (cookies assigned from the client subdomain).
Another problem is cookie deletion. When web analytics depend on cookies to identify unique visitors, the statistics are dependent on a persistent cookie to hold a unique visitor ID. When users delete cookies, they usually delete both first- and third-party cookies. If this is done between interactions with the site, the user will appear as a first-time visitor at their next interaction point. Without a persistent and unique visitor id, conversions, click-stream analysis, and other metrics dependent on the activities of a unique visitor over time, cannot be accurate.
Cookies are used because IP addresses are not always unique to users and may be shared by large groups or proxies. In some cases, the IP address is combined with the user agent in order to more accurately identify a visitor if cookies are not available. However, this only partially solves the problem because often users behind a proxy server have the same user agent. Other methods of uniquely identifying a user are technically challenging and would limit the trackable audience or would be considered suspicious. Cookies are the selected option because they reach the lowest common denominator without using technologies regarded as spyware.
It may be good to be aware that the third-party information gathering is subject to any network limitations and security applied. Countries, Service Providers and Private Networks can prevent site visit data from going to third parties. All the methods described above (and some other methods not mentioned here, like sampling) have the central problem of being vulnerable to manipulation (both inflation and deflation). This means these methods are imprecise and insecure (in any reasonable model of security). This issue has been addressed in a number of papers    , but to-date the solutions suggested in these papers remain theoretic, possibly due to lack of interest from the engineering community, or because of financial gain the current situation provides to the owners of big websites. For more details, consult the aforementioned papers.
↑ WAA Standards Committee. "Web analytics definitions." Washington DC: Web Analytics Association (2008).
↑ Jansen, B. J. (2009). Understanding user-web interactions via web analytics. Synthesis Lectures on Information Concepts, Retrieval, and Services, 1(1), 1-102.
↑ Marketing Management: A Value-Creation Process (2nd Edition) by Alain Jolibert, Pierre-Louis Dubois, Hans Mühlbacher, Laurent Flores, Pierre-Louis Jolibert Dubois, 2012, p. 359.
↑ "Revisiting log file analysis versus page tagging": McGill University Web Analytics blog article (CMIS 530) Archived July 6, 2011, at the Wayback Machine.
↑ IPInfoDB (2009-07-10). "IP geolocation database". IPInfoDB. Retrieved 2009-07-19.
↑ Hu, Xiaohua; Cercone, Nick (1 July 2004). "A Data Warehouse/Online Analytic Processing Framework for Web Usage Mining and Business Intelligence Reporting". 19 (7): 585–606. doi:10.1002/int.v19:7 – via ACM Digital Library.
↑ "Clicktale: What Google Analytics can't tell you: part 1".
↑ McGann, Rob. "Study: Consumers Delete Cookies at Surprising Rate". Retrieved 3 April 2014.
↑ "Home News Access the Guide Tools Education Shopping Internet Cookies- Spyware or Neutral Technology?". CNET. February 2, 2005. Retrieved 24 April 2017.
↑ Naor, M.; Pinkas, B. (1998). "Secure and efficient metering". Advances in Cryptology — EUROCRYPT'98. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. 1403. p. 576. doi:10.1007/BFb0054155. ISBN 3-540-64518-7.
↑ Naor, M.; Pinkas, B. (1998). "Secure accounting and auditing on the Web". Computer Networks and ISDN Systems. 30: 541. doi:10.1016/S0169-7552(98)00116-0.
↑ Franklin, M. K.; Malkhi, D. (1997). "Auditable metering with lightweight security". Financial Cryptography. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. 1318. p. 151. doi:10.1007/3-540-63594-7_75. ISBN 978-3-540-63594-9.
↑ Johnson, R.; Staddon, J. (2007). "Deflation-secure web metering". International Journal of Information and Computer Security. 1: 39. doi:10.1504/IJICS.2007.012244.
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