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St Mary's Church (Grandtully)
Perth & Kinross | Grandtully | Church | ★★ [St Mary's Church] From the outside it's an unassuming, run-of-the-mill farm building. Why do Historic Environment Scotland bother having this in their tourist portfolio? - you might think. But first appearances can be deceiving: open the door, flick on the lights and gaze upwards. Here you'll find a magnificent painted ceiling, added to the 1533 exterior a century or so later. Portable panels explain the various sections, with death and the final judgement at the centre. Well worth the short drive from nearby Aberfeldy . [Church ceiling] Location & info 📌 St Mary's Church (Grandtully) ★★ By minor road end off A827 2 mi southwest of Grandtully, G.R.: NN 887506 ///templates.lows.limes Always open | Free [River Tay at Grandtully]
Dewar's Aberfeldy Distillery
Perth & Kinross | Aberfeldy | Distillery | ★★★★ [Dewar's Aberfeldy Distillery] The area around Aberfeldy has a long history of whisky production - today, the last distillery standing is just to the east of town - home of Dewar's Aberfeldy Distillery. In addition to the standard whirlwind tour through the production areas, tour tickets also give access to a highly impressive and extensive museum area and auditorium: if possible, visit this part before the guided tour to get the context. Potential information overload specifically about the Dewar's brand (as well known for its blend as for its single malt) probably means this isn't the best place to go for your first distillery tour, but for dedicated Dewar's fans or distillery "collectors" it proves excellent value for money. We're happy to report that the brand's catastrophically confusing website has finally been re-thought, which means it's now possible to find tour times and oth
Castle Menzies & Mausoleum
Perth & Kinross | Aberfeldy | Castle & church | ★★★ [Castle Menzies] Castle Menzies (pronounced Ming-us , or something) is the ancestral seat of Clan Menzies, a proud mansion originally built as a Z-plan tower house in the 1500s. The thriving Menzies Clan Society has been responsible for saving the castle from a somewhat ruinous state in the 1950s: various corners are still undergoing restoration, but there are nevertheless a huge number of rooms to explore once you've watched the optional (and seemingly never-ending) introductory video. The family mausoleum is a short walk or drive down the road at Weem, housed in the village's former parish church and included in the castle entrance ticket. [Old Kirk of Weem, or the Menzies Mausoleum] Location & info 📌 Castle Menzies ★★★ 💬 16th century castle and ancestral home for Clan Menzies. By the B846 half a mile west of Weem village, G.R.: NN 837496 ///remarried.bounty.access Open daily, April to Octo
Perth & Kinross | Town | ★★ [Aberfeldy] A bustling town on the upper reaches of the River Tay, Aberfeldy has many ingredients for a short countryside holiday destination. Many of the local attractions are water-related: this stretch of the Tay is well known for white-water rafting, while many neighbouring burns sport impressive waterfalls after heavy rain or snowmelt - the Birks of Aberfeldy is the closest example, championed by Robert Burns and easily reachable on foot from the middle of town. Local spring water also helped kick-start Aberfeldy's whisky distilling traditions, which continue just up the road at Dewar's Aberfeldy Distillery. The very centre perhaps lacks an "X-factor" - not helped by the main road running diagonally across the middle of the town square - but the variety of surrounding sights more than make up for this. The attractions continue across the 18th century river bridge - check out the full list below. [Wade's Bridge] L
Perth & Kinross | Fortinghall | Nature site | ★★★ [Fortinghall Yew - the posts mark the original circumference of the trunk!] 5,000 years ago, a yew tree seed sprouted in the remote glen of the River Lyon in deepest Perthshire. Astonishingly, this very tree is still alive and thriving (and apparently changing sex according to a recent discovery by staff from the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh ). This is truly one of Scotland's great natural wonders; if the age is right then it could be Europe's oldest tree, though there are other contenders. The yew's notable age has already attracted tourists for millennia - yes, you read that right - and Pontius Pilate is said to have been born in the village, when the tree could have been a mere 3,000 years old. Unsurprisingly, over the centuries visitors have wanted to take home "souvenirs", damaging parts of the tree. It's probably just as well that it's now protected by a stone enclosure, even if it does
Perth & Kinross | Aberfeldy | Garden | ★★★ [Cluny House] Cluny House Garden isn't a typical public garden. If you're expecting perfectly manicured lawns and well-trimmed hedges, forget it. Instead, this hilltop hideaway is an intimate woodland paradise with red squirrels seemingly scampering around every turn of the twisting, narrow paths which you navigate by aid of numbered waymarkers. Himalayan plants are the garden's speciality, but the gardens also boast Britain's widest conifer. With a circumference of 11 metres, it's surrounded by squirrel feeders as well as (hopefully) the rusty rodents themselves; visit early or late in the day for the best chance of spotting them - we've never seen so many at a single location before. [Cluny House Gardens] Location & info 📌 Cluny House Gardens ★★★ Off minor road 3 mi northeast of Aberfeldy, G.R.: NN 879514 ///type.debut.ramble Open daily (probably best in spring / summer) | £5 adult / £1 ch
West Dunbartonshire | Balloch | Park | ★★★ [Balloch Castle - undergoing repairs in June 2016] Balloch Castle Country Park lies just to the north of Balloch town centre, a planned landscape centred around 19th century Balloch Castle. Technically the park is (just) south of the Highland Boundary Fault and therefore in the Lowlands, but there are hints of Highland grandeur in the views across the loch from the shoreline paths. There's quite a lot to see here, and seeking out the various bits and pieces (walled garden, Chinese garden, Fairy Glen and Loch Lomond itself to name a few) is more complicated than you might expect due to the aimlessly meandering paths (who designed these?!). The expanse of open grassland in the middle of the park used to be grazed by sheep and cattle... nowadays, as the park leaflet helpfully informs you, "you're more likely to see a lawnmower". Charming. [Walled garden] Location & info 📌 Balloch Castle Country Park ★★★
Walk: Doon with the Dunoon ducks
Argyll & Bute | Cowal | Short walk | ★★ [Bishop's Glen Reservoir] Bishop's Glen Reservoir is a popular local beauty spot for Dunoonites (yes, that is a thing), within easy walking distance uphill from Dunoon 's town centre. Wide and shady paths set a little way back from the duck-filled waters make a circuit easy, and busy by Cowal's standards. The burn at the head of the reservoir has a bridge for a possible shortcut to the return leg; for more variety, continue up Balgaidh Burn's verdant glen with occasional glimpses of dark pools and rapids. [Looking down Balgaidh Burn towards the reservoir] 📌 Walk: Doon with the Dunoon ducks ★★ Start / finish at car park at upper end of Nelson Street, 1 mi west of Dunoon town centre, G.R.: NS 165767 ///flop.seaweed.hounded ▶ 3 km / 2 mi | ▲ 100 m | ⌚ Short | ⬤ Easy Features: Bishop's Glen Reservoir Terrain: Wide paths (narrower options closer to the reservoir side) with only odd steep sections. S
Argyll & Bute | Town | ★★ [ Dunoon Pier] The only settlement of any significant size on the Cowal peninsula, Dunoon plays an important dual role as both the regional capital and the arrival point for two ferry routes from the "mainland" Central Belt. It's a long way to get here by road alone, and the region's resulting reliance on ferries gives the town an island outpost sort of feel. The main street has that pleasant but slightly faded feel common to many Clyde seaside resorts nowadays, but still with a reasonable selection of places to stay, shop and eat: the 51st State American-theme restaurant has a large menu and even larger portion sizes, magically transforming into an Italian restaurant each evening. Up on the hill above the small pier is Castle House Museum, surrounded by attractive gardens with excellent views over the Firth of Clyde. Overall, pretty much an obligatory stopping point before you head off into Cowal's wilder interior. [Town
Argyll & Bute | Kilmun | Woodland | ★★ [Eucalyptus grove at Kilmun Arboretum] Way back in the 1930s, it was decided that the Cowal Peninsula's cool, moist climate provided ideal conditions to test the worth of hundreds of tree species as possible candidates of timber production. A tiny forest of each species was planted; out of the 300-ish trials, approximately half of the miniature forests have survived into the new millennium, making this a great place for a wander (unless you hate trees...). Admittedly different types of pine all start to look a bit similar after you've passed dozens of signposted groves of them, but more obviously exotic highlights include eucalyptus and monkey puzzle trees. [Wildlife sculpture at the car park] Location & info 📌 Kilmun Arboretum ★★ Off the A880, north end of Kilmun, G.R.: NS 164823 ///items.snug.cove Always open | Free 💬 The lower, waymarked trails are clear and mostly straightforward. Venture higher and the
Argyll & Bute | Kilmun | Church | ★★★ [Kilmun Church & Argyll Mausoleum] On the face of it, Historic Kilmun is simply an attractive parish church above the Holy Loch on the Cowal Peninsula. But by little-visited Cowal's standards, this should be a fairly major tourist attraction. Why? The local area's Christian roots go all the way back to the 7th century, when one of western Scotland's earliest Christian communities was formed here by the Irishman (and later Saint) Fintán Munnu. By the 1400s, the site had also become the Collegiate Church of the Campbell Clan: several of the clan (who later became the Earls and Dukes of Argyll) are buried here in a cavernous mausoleum. The original church is no more, but the depth of history here is tangible, enhanced by an excellent visitor setup which has clearly had a lot of money poured into it over recent years. A couple of other things worth mentioning: the stained glass windows are truly stunning, and the recently re
Glasgow | Govan | Carved stones | ★★★ [Two of the five Viking hogbacks] The Old Church in the once heavily industrial suburb of Govan is the location for no fewer than 31 magnificent medieval stones. Viking hogbacks, standing stones, cross slabs and a single sarcophagus are dotted around the church in a rough clockwise loop. All have been discovered over the centuries in the surrounding area, which was once a key religious centre within the ancient kingdom of Strathclyde. The sheer size of the church is a reminder of the area's long history and former status - once distinct from that of nearby Glasgow - and a fitting place for the stones. [Govan Old Church] Location & info 📌 The Govan Stones ★★★ Govan Old Church, 866 Govan Road, Govan town centre, 2 mi west of George Square, Glasgow, G.R.: NS 553659 ///actor.former.empire Open afternoons only, April to October | Free [Sarcophagus]
Walk: Smirisary's spellbinding sands
Highland | Moidart | Half day walk | ★★★★ [Smirisary beach] As you negotiate the winding road west from Glen Uig on route to the start of this walk, look smug as you gaze out over the often packed Samalaman Beach. You're bound for a much better spot. A rough half mile beyond the road end car park lies the township of Smirisary, a roadless settlement made up of half a dozen scattered houses plus several ruins. As idyllic spot as any in Moidart, sheep wandering between the shelter of the various buildings and keeping the lush grass in check. But the real destination on a hot day is the fantastic, hidden beach a further mile to the south. These miniature, secluded bays are well worth bearing the boggy approach for, carved into intimate sections by rock bands and with brilliant views in all directions. Although best at low tide, part of the beach stays dry even at high water level, so you don't need to worry too much about timing your visit to coincide with tide times.
Walk: Gold star for The Silver Walk
Highland | Moidart | Half day walk | ★★★★ [The Silver Walk] On a sunny day after lots of dry weather, this circular ramble incorporating part of The Silver Walk is probably the most spectacular in Moidart. This mesmerising ribbon of Victorian engineering was originally constructed as a coastal estate path, threading an improbable route between the waters of Loch Moidart and sheer cliffs towering above it. The western half is probably the most dramatic, leading to a boggy inland return route which visits a couple of beautiful lochans nestling between low hills. At the start is Castle Tioram - it's difficult to imagine a more romantically located castle, cradled by the bay of Cùl Doirlinn. [The climb up from the shore away from The Silver Walk is boggy but with superb views over Loch Moidart] 📌 Walk: Gold star for The Silver Walk ★★★★ Start / finish at car park at minor road end 3 mi north of Acharacle, G.R.: NM 664720 ///stun.revise.chum ▶ 6 km / 4 mi | ▲ 270 m |
Walk: Rois-bheinn carousel
Camusdarach Beach (Silver Sands)


When you run out of garden space or you want to try something new, consider the burlap sack. These recycled coffee sacks will probably last one season but they can be plopped down anywhere and blend naturally into your surroundings. We're growing herbs, lettuce, peppers, tomatoes and potatoes. Lay them down, close them up after filling with soil and cut holes to fit your plants. Or use them upright like we did.
~ Burlap/jute/sisal is a biodegradable material. It will rot out on the bottom after a month or two. Position your bags where you want them from the beginning to avoid what we call "sack the ripper"!
~ Sacks lend a soft touch to the landscape and work well in groupings. Maybe tie a piece of rope around the top to give it a cinched look.
~ Bee keepers love using jute. They burn the material to produce a long lasting and mesmerizing smoke to calm the bees.
~ Red wigglers like living around the jute and will actually break it down for you. Use it in your worm bins – shredded for efficiency. We also use a strip of it over our bedding in the bin to prevent fruit flies.
~ Control weeds by laying the burlap on top of problem areas. Add layers of newspaper underneath to prevent growth.
~ Store dry materials in the sacks but make sure not to create a home for unwanted animals.
~ Dogs like to lay on the burlap and we found that many coffee roasters in San Diego are now donating their bags to the Wild Animal Park to use for animal play, bedding and more.
Do you have any other ideas or uses for burlap in and around the garden?
LInking to this post on my blog juliecache.com Thanks!


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Andrea Palladio: Italian Architect
Vicenza is a pleasant, prosperous city in the Veneto, 60 km west of Venice. Its grand families settled and farmed the area from the 16th century. But its principal claim to fame is Andrea Palladio, who is such an influential architect that a neoclassical style is known as Palladian. The city is a permanent exhibition of some of his finest buildings, and as he was born — in Padua, to be precise — 500 years ago, the International Centre for the Study of Palladio's Architecture has an excellent excuse for mounting la grande mostra, the big show.
The exhibition has the special advantage of being held in one of Palladio's buildings, Palazzo Barbaran da Porto. Its bold facade is a mixture of rustication and decoration set between two rows of elegant columns. On the second floor the pediments arc alternately curved or pointed, a Palladian trademark. The harmonious proportions of the atrium at the entrance lead through to a dramatic interior of fine fireplaces and painted ceilings. Palladio's design is simple, clear and not over-crowded. The show has been organised on the same principles, according to Howard Bums, the architectural historian who co-curated it.
Palladio's father was a miller who settled in Vicenza, where the young Andrea was apprenticed to a skilled stonemason. How did a humble miller's son become a world renowned architect? The answer in the exhibition is that, as a young man, Palladio excelled at carving decorative stonework on columns, doorways and fireplaces. He was plainly intelligent, and lucky enough to come across a rich patron, Gian Giorgio Trissino, a landowner and scholar, who organised his education, taking him to Rome in the 1540s, where he studied the masterpieces of classical Roman and Greek architecture and the work of other influential architects of the time, such as Donato Bramante and Raphael.
Burns argues that social mobility was also important. Entrepreneurs, prosperous from agriculture in the Veneto, commissioned the promising local architect to design their country villas and their urban mansions. In Venice the aristocracy were anxious to co-opt talented artists, and Palladio was given the chance to design the buildings that have made him famous – the churches of San Giorgio Maggiore and the Redentore, both easy to admire because the can be seen from the city's historical centre across a stretch of water.
He tried his hand at bridges — his unbuilt version of the Rialto Bridge was decorated with the large pediment and columns of a temple — and, after a fire at the Ducal Palace, he offered an alternative design which bears an uncanny resemblance to the Banqueting House in Whitehall in London. Since it was designed by Inigo Jones, Palladio's first foreign disciple, this is not as surprising as it sounds.
Jones, who visited Italy in 1614, bought a trunk full of the master's architectural drawings; they passed through the hands of the Dukes of Burlington and Devonshire before settling at the Royal Institute of British Architects in 1894. Many are now on display at Palazzo Barbaran. What they show is how Palladio drew on the buildings of ancient Rome as models. The major theme of both his rural and urban building was temple architecture, with a strong pointed pediment supported by columns and approached by wide steps.
Palladio s work for rich landowner alienates unreconstructed critics on the Italian left but among the papers in the show are designs for cheap housing in Venice. In the wider world, Palladio's reputation has been nurtured by a text he wrote and illustrated, "Quattro Libri dell' Architettura". His influence spread to St Petersburg and to Charlottesville in Virginia, where Thomas Jefferson commissioned a Palladian villa he called Monticello.
Vicenza's show contains detailed models of the major buildings and is leavened by portraits of Palladio's teachers and clients by Titian, Veronese and Tintoretto; the paintings of his Venetia buildings are all by Canaletto, no less. This is an uncompromising exhibition; many of the drawings are small and faint, and there are no sideshows for children, but the impact of harmonious lines and satisfying proportions is to impart in a viewer a feeling of benevolent calm. Palladio is history's most therapeutic architect.
"Palladio, 500 Anni: La Grande Mostra" is at Palazzo Barbaran da Porto, Vicenza, until January 6th 2009. The exhibition continues at the Royal Academy of Arts, London, from January 31st to April 13th, and travels afterwards to Barcelona and Madrid.
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1? In boxes 1-7 on your answer sheet, write
1. The building where the exhibition is staged has been newly renovated.
2. Palazzo Barbaran da Porto typically represents the Palladio's design.
3. Palladio's father worked as an architect.
4. Palladio's family refused to pay for his architectural studies.
5. Palladio's alternative design for the Ducal Palace in Venice was based on an English building.
6. Palladio designed for both wealthy and poor people.
7. The exhibition includes paintings of people by famous artists.
Complete the sentences below. Choose NO MORE THAN FOUR WORDS from the passage for each answer.
8. What job was Palladio training for before he became an architect?
9. Who arranged Palladio's architectural studies?
10. Who was the first non-Italian architect influenced by Palladio?
11. What type of Ancient Roman buildings most heavily influenced Palladio's work?
12. What did Palladio write that strengthened his reputation?
13. In the writer's opinion, what feeling will visitors to the exhibition experience?
Broadly speaking, proponents of CSR have used four arguments to make their case: moral obligation, sustainability, license to operate, and reputation. The moral appeal – arguing that companies have a duty to be good citizens and to "do the right thing" – is prominent in the goal of Business for Social Responsibility, the leading nonprofit CSR business association in the United States. It asks that its members "achieve commercial success in ways that honour ethical values and respect people, communities, and the natural environment. "Sustainability emphasises environmental and community stewardship.
A An excellent definition was developed in the 1980s by Norwegian Prime Minister Gro Harlen Brundtland and used by the World Business Council for Sustainable Development: "Meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs." Nowadays, governments and companies need to account for the social consequences of their actions. As a result, corporate social responsibility (CSR) has become a priority for business leaders around the world. When a well-run business applies its vast resources and expertise to social problems that it understands and in which it has a stake, it can have a greater impact than any other organization. The notion of license to operate derives from the fact that every company needs tacit or explicit permission from governments, communities, and numerous other stakeholders to justify CSR initiatives to improve a company's image, strengthen its brand, enliven morale and even raise the value of its stock.
B To advance CSR we must root it in a broad understanding of the interrelationship between a corporation and society. Successful corporations need a healthy society. Education, health care, and equal opportunity are essential lo a productive workforce. Safe products and working conditions not only attract customers but lower the internal costs of accidents. Efficient utilization of land, water, energy, and other natural resources makes business more productive. Good government, the rule of law, and property rights are essential for efficiency and innovation. Strong regulatory standards protect both consumers and competitive companies from exploitation. Ultimately, a healthy society creates expanding demand for business, as more human needs are met and aspirations grow. Any business that pursues its ends at the expense of the society in which it operates will find its success to be illusory and ultimately temporary. At the same time, a healthy society needs successful companies. No social program can rival the business sector when it comes lo creating the jobs, wealth, and innovation that improve standards of living and social conditions over time.
C A company's impact on society also changes over time, as social standards evolve and science progresses. Asbestos, now understood as a serious health risk was thought to be safe in the early 1900s, given the scientific knowledge then available. Evidence of its risks gradually mounted for more than 50 years before any company was held liable for the harms it can cause. Many firms that failed to anticipated the consequences of this evolving body of research have been bankrupted by the results. No longer can companies be content to monitor only the obvious social impacts of today. Without a careful process for identifying evolving social effects of tomorrow, firms may risk their very survival.
D No business can solve all of society's problems or bear the cost of doing so. Instead, each company must select issues that intersect with its particular business. Other social agendas are best left to those companies in other industries, NGOs, or government institutions that are better positioned to address them. The essential test that should guide CSR is not whether a cause is worthy but whether it presents an opportunity to create shared value – that is, a meaningful benefit for society that is also valuable to the business. Each company can identify the particular set of societal problems that it is best equipped to help resolve and from which it can gain the greatest competitive benefit.
E The best corporate citizenship initiatives involve far more than writing a check: They specify clear, measurable goals and track results over time. A good example is General Electronics's program to adopt underperforming public high schools near several of its major U.S. facilities. The company contributes between $250,000 and $1 million over a five-year period to each school and makes in-kind donations as well. GE managers and employees take an active role by working with school administrators to assess needs and mentor or tutor students. In an independent study of Ion schools in the program between 1989 and 1999, nearly all showed significant improvement, while the graduation rate in four of the five worst performing schools doubled from an average of 30% to 60%. Effective corporate citizenship initiatives such as this one create goodwill and improve relations with local governments and other important constituencies. What's more, GE's employees feel great pride in their participation. Their effect is inherently limited, however. No matter how beneficial (he program is, it remains incidental to the company's business, and the direct effect on GE's recruiting and retention is modest.
F Microsoft's Working Connections partnership with the American Association of Community Colleges (AACC) is a good example of a shared-value opportunity arising from investments in context. The shortage of information technology workers is a significant constraint on Microsoft's growth; currently, there are more than 450,000 unfilled IT positions in the United States alone. Community colleges, with an enrollment of 11.6 million students, representing 45% of all U.S. undergraduates, could be a major solution. Microsoft recognizes, however, that community colleges face special challenges: IT curricula are not standardized, technology used in classrooms is often outdated, and there are no systematic professional development programs to keep faculty up to date. Microsoft's $50 million five-year initiative was aimed at all three problems. In addition to contributing money and products, Microsoft sent employee volunteers to colleges to assess needs, contribute to curriculum development, and create faculty development institutes. Microsoft has achieved results that have benefited many communities while having a direct-and potentially significant-impact on the company.
G At the heart of any strategy is a unique value proposition: a set of needs a company can meet for its chosen customers that others cannot. The most strategic CSR occurs when a company adds a social dimension to its value proposition, making social impact integral to the overall strategy. Consider Whole Foods Market, whose value proposition is to sell organic, natural, and healthy food products to customers who are passionate about food and the environment. The company's sourcing emphasises purchases from local farmers through each store's procurement process. Buyers screen out foods containing any of nearly 100 common ingredients that the company considers unhealthy or environmentally damaging. The same standards apply to products made internally. Whole Foods' commitment to natural and environmentally friendly operating practices extends well beyond sourcing. Stores are constructed using a minimum of virgin raw materials. Recently, the company purchased renewable wind energy credits equal to 100% of its electricity use in all of its stores and facilities, the only Fortune 500 company to offset its electricity consumption entirely. Spoiled produce and biodegradable waste are trucked to regional centers for composting. Whole Foods' vehicles are being converted to run on biofuels. Even the cleaning products used in its stores are environmentally friendly. And through its philanthropy, the company has created the Animal Compassion Foundation to develop more natural and humane ways of raising farm animals. In short, nearly every aspect of the company's value chain reinforces the social dimensions of its value proposition, distinguishing Whole Foods from its competitors.
Reading passage 2 has seven paragraphs, A–G. Choose the correct heading for each paragraph from the list of heading below.
i How CSR may help one business to expand
ii CSR in many aspects of a company's business
iii A CSR initiative without a financial gain
iv Lack of action by the state of social issues
v Drives or pressures motivate companies to address CSR
vi The past illustrates business are responsible for future outcomes
vii Companies applying CSR should be selective
viii Reasons that business and society benefit each other
14. Paragraph A
Complete the summary below. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage of each answer.
The implement of CSR, HOW?
Promotion of CSR requires the understanding of interdependence between business and society. Corporations workers' productivity generally needs health care, education, and given (21)……………….Restrictions imposed by government and companies both protect consumers from being treated unfairly. Improvement of the safety standard can reduce the (22)………………………….of accidents in the workplace. Similarly society becomes a pool of more human needs and aspirations.
Look at the following opinions or deeds (Questions 23-26) and the list of companies below. Match each opinion or deed with the correct company, A, B or C. NB You may use any letter more than once
23. The disposable waste
24. The way company purchases as goods
25. Helping the undeveloped
26. Ensuring the people have the latest information
A General Electronics
B Microsoft
C Whole Foods Market
The Significant Role of Mother Tongue in Education
One consequence of population mobility is an increasing diversity within schools. To illustrate, in the city of Toronto in Canada, 58% of kindergarten pupils come from homes where English is not the usual language of communication. Schools in Europe and North America have experienced this diversity for years, and educational policies and practices vary widely between countries and even within countries. Some political parties and groups search for ways to solve the problem of diverse communities and their integration in schools and society. However, they see few positive consequences for the host society and worry that this diversity threatens the identity of the host society. Consequently, they promote unfortunate educational policies that will make the "problem" disappear. If students retain their culture and language, they are viewed as less capable of identifying with the mainstream culture and learning the mainstream language of the society.
The challenge for educator and policy-makers is to shape the evolution of national identity in such a way that rights of all citizens (including school children) are respected, and the cultural linguistic, and economic resources of the nation are maximised. To waste the resources of the nation by discouraging children from developing their mother tongues is quite simply unintelligent from the point of view of national self-interest. A first step in providing an appropriate education for culturally and linguistically diverse children is to examine what the existing research says about the role of children's mother tongues in their educational development.
In fact, the research is very clear. When children continue to develop their abilities in two or more languages throughout their primary school, they gain a deeper understanding of language and how to use it effectively. They have more practice in processing language, especially when they develop literacy in both. More than 150 research studies conducted during the past 25 years strongly support what Goethe, the famous eighteenth-century German philosopher, once said: the person who knows only one language dose not truly know that language. Research suggests that bilingual children may also develop more flexibility in their thinking as a result of processing information through two different languages.
The level of development of children's mother tongue is a strong predictor of their second language development. Children who come to school with a solid foundation in their mother tongue develop stronger literacy abilities in the school language. When parents and other caregivers (e.g. grandparents) are able to spend time with their children and tell stories or discuss issues with them in a way that develops their mother tongue, children come to school well-prepared to learn the school language and succeed educationally. Children's knowledge and skills transfer across languages from the mother tongue to the school language. Transfer across languages can be two-way: both languages nurture each other when the educational environment permits children access to both languages.
Some educators and parents are suspicious of mother tongue-based teaching programs because they worry that they take time away from the majority language. For example, in a bilingual program when 50% of the time is spent teaching through children's home language and 50% through the majority language, surely children won't progress as far in the latter? One of the most strongly established findings of educational research, however, is that well-implemented bilingual programs can promote literacy and subject-matter knowledge in a minority language without any negative effects on children's development in the majority language. Within Europe, the Foyer program in Belgium, which develops children's speaking and literacy abilities in three languages (their mother tongue, Dutch and French), most clearly illustrates the benefits of bilingual and trilingual education (see Cummins, 2000).
It is easy to understand how this happens. When children are learning through a minority language, they are learning concepts and intellectual skills too. Pupils who know how to tell the time in their mother tongue understand the concept of telling time. In order to tell time in the majority language, they do not need to re-learn the concept. Similarly, at more advanced stages, there, is transfer across languages in other skills such as knowing how to distinguish the main idea from the supporting details of a written passage or story, and distinguishing fact from opinion. Studies of secondary school pupils are providing interesting findings in this area, and it would be worth extending this research.
Many people marvel at how quickly bilingual children seem to "pick up" conversational skills in the majority language at school (although it takes much longer for them to catch up with native speakers in academic language skills). However, educators are often much less aware of how quickly children can lose their ability to use their mother tongue, even in the home context. The extent and rapidity of language loss will vary according to the concentration of families from a particular linguistic group in the neighborhood. Where the mother tongue is used extensively in the community, then language loss among young children will be less. However, where language communities are not concentrated in particular neighborhoods, children can lose their ability to communicate in their mother tongue within 2-3 years of starting school. They may retain receptive skills in the language but they will use the majority language, in speaking with their peers and siblings and in responding to their parents. By the time children become adolescents, the linguistic division between parents and children has become an emotional chasm. Pupils frequently become alienated from the cultures of both home and school with predictable results.
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D. Write the correct letter in boxes 27-30 on your answer sheet.
27. What point did the writer make in the second paragraph?
A Some present studies on children's mother tongues are misleading/
B A culturally rich education programme benefits some children more than others.
C Bilingual children can make a valuable contribution to the wealth of a country.
D The law on mother tongue use at school should be strengthened
28. Why does the writer refer to something that Goethe said?
A to lend weight to his argument
B to contradict some research
C to introduce a new concept
D to update current thinking
29. The writer believes that when young children have a firm grasp of their mother tongue
A they can teach older family members what they learnt at school
B they go on to do much better throughout their time at school.
C they can read stories about their cultural background.
b they develop stronger relationships with their family than with their peers
30. Why are some people suspicious about mother tongue-based teaching programmes?
A They worry that children will be slow to learn to read in either language.
B They think that children will confuse words in the two languages.
C They believe that the programmes will make children less interested in their lessons.
D They fear that the programmes will use up valuable time in the school day.
Complete the summary using the list of word, A-J, below
It was often recorded that bilingual children acquire the (31)…………………to converse in the majority language remarkable quickly. The fact that the mother tongue can disappear at a similar (32)……………..is less well understood. This phenomenon depends, to a certain extent, on the proposition of people with the same linguistic background that have settled in a particular (33)………………If this is limited, children are likely to lose the active use of their mother tongue. And thus no longer employ it even with (34)………………….., although they may still understand it. It follows that teenager children in these circumstances experience a sense of (35)………………….in relation to all aspects of their lives.
A teachers
B schools
C dislocation
D rate
E time
F family
G communication
H type
I ability
J area
36. Less than half of the children who attend kindergarten in Toronto have English as their mother tongue.
37. Research proves that learning the host country language at school can have an adverse effect on a child's mother tongue.
38. The Foyer program is accepted by the French education system.
39. Bilingual children are taught to tell the time earlier than monolingual children.
40. Bilingual children can apply reading comprehension strategies acquired in one language when reading in the other.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


HAND originated in Marin County, California, in 1979, and HAND chapters in San Mateo and Santa Cruz counties have been offering support to bereaved families and loved ones since 1981. HAND founded a San Francisco chapter in February 2009, and began to offer support groups and services there as HAND of San Francisco.
HAND of the Bay Area is based in San Mateo county, south of San Francisco. Our vision is to make our services available to parents and their loved ones who are grieving the loss of a child before, during or after birth. HAND of the Bay Area offers its own programs and collaborates on related programs with hospitals, universities and other organizations.


text:
French couple living off-grid wants to leave a trace
Friday, 31 January 2020 10:47 GMT
About our Humanitarian Crises coverage
From major disaster, conflicts and under-reported stories, we shine a light on the world's hotspots
* Activist couple challenges French zoning laws
* Movement to live off-grid, in and with nature
* Landlords let homesteaders use land for free
By Regis Duvignau
CHASTEAUX, France, Jan 31 (Reuters) - In a forested area in central France, a young couple lives off-grid in a wood-and-straw cabin. Their aim is not to hide from the law, but to change it.
Jonathan Attias, 33, and Caroline Perez, 34, are the driving force behind the "Desobeissance fertile" (Fertile Disobedience) movement that links up back-to-nature enthusiasts with landowners willing to let them build dwellings on their land.
Attias and Perez built a cabin on a three-hectare plot shared with them by an older friend. Two other people also live on the site.
"We want to show that it is possible for people to live with and in nature," said Attias, who gives legal and practical advice to people who want to live off-grid in cabins, yurts, tiny houses or other impermanent dwellings.
A year ago, the couple built their "compostable" house with wood, stone, bales of straw and recycled materials like tarpaulins and old doors. When they leave, the house will biodegrade naturally.
But in France, like most of Europe, people are not allowed to build housing in forests or on agricultural land, only in designated housing areas and where they must respect building codes.
Attias wants to change that.
"We will bring our case to the media and we want public debate, we want the law to change," he told Reuters.
His mayor disagrees.
"Everybody wants to change the law when it suits them. What they are doing is forbidden," said Jean-Paul Fronty, mayor of the village of Chasteaux, with 744 inhabitants.
Attias and Perez live in the woods by choice. Two years ago they were urban professionals in Paris. Attias still teaches at a Paris university two days a month and works as a freelance journalist. Perez is a doula who assists with childbirth.
They own a car, they have medical insurance and their four-year-old daughter goes to school in the village, a three kilometre walk from their cabin, which is heated with a cast-iron wood stove and powered by a solar panel.
Both vegetarians, they tend a big vegetable garden, but also get free unsold produce from a bio-store in the village. Water comes from a spring and is made safe with carbon filters.
"We are the guardians of the forest. We don't degrade our environment, we upgrade it," he said. (Reporting by Regis Duvignau and Geert De Clercq; Writing by Geert De Clercq; editing by Mike Collett-White)
EXPLORE MORE Humanitarian Crises NEWS
OBITUARY-E.O. Wilson, naturalist dubbed a modern-day Darwin, dies at 92
IMF head says faster emissions cuts can curb 'dramatic' adaptation needs
Turkey set to receive 3.1 bln euro loans to help Paris climate goals -sources


While most visitors choose the hot summer months to visit Prague, the rewards of bearing the cold of the winter season are great - if you cherish the Christmas spirit! For those in Prague in the month of December will get to experience the beauty and magic of Prague's Christmas markets first-hand. With their many colourful stalls and decorations, as well as several gigantic Christmas trees, like the often snow-covered white Christmas tree of Old Town Square, the Prague Christmas markets are just the touch of Christmas spirit you've been missing since you were a little kid.
You'll find both locals and tourists enjoying the markets, and there are plenty of treats for children and adults alike, from toys and candy to unique gifts and souvenirs, as well as the hot wine that's guaranteed to warm you up on even the coldest winter's day! Children can even enjoy a ride on a pony or pet sheep and goats next to the Bethlehem manger. At various times, you'll bound to hear both traditional Czech and more modern Christmas carols being sung throughout the markets.
The 2010 festivities are scheduled to begin on the first of December and continue through the first of January. The markets run daily from 9 am to 7 pm, and the food and wine stalls generally stay open even later in the evening. Prague's two main Christmas markets are based in the Old Town Square and at the end of Wenceslas Square. There are also smaller markets at Namesti Republiky and Havelske Trziste. You can find a range of traditional handicrafts in the stalls at the Old Town market, or stop by for some hot wine and warm food at both.
Prague is indeed a wonderful city. I was there in October 2010 and I'll be back soon, have left too many beautiful places to visit.
Hello! i was in Prague with boyfriend in 2007 i had best christmas ever in prague!
I am not very interested in reading about Christmas Market 2007, when I already have visited their market of 2008 and would like to know about 2009.
I was there in September, Prague is beautiful! A place everybody should visit! I loved it and so did my friends! Best trip ever!


text:
Those Christmas Angels Page 1
Author: Debbie Macomber
Series: Angels Everywhere #5
Genres: Christian , Romance
Anne Fletcher pulled the last box of Christmas decorations from the closet in the spare bedroom. She loved Christmas—always had and always would, regardless of her circumstances. It was a bit early yet, a few days before Thanksgiving, but some Christmas cheer was exactly what she needed to get her mind off her problems. The grief that had been hounding her since the divorce five years ago…The financial uncertainty she now faced…The betrayal she still felt…
"No," she said aloud, refusing to allow herself to step closer to that swamp of regrets. It often happened like this. She'd start thinking about everything she'd lost, and before she knew it, she'd collapse emotionally, drowning in pain.
Carrying the plastic container down the hallway, she glanced inside her art room and let her gaze drift over to her easel and her latest project. The bold colors of the setting sun against the backdrop of the Pacific Ocean pleased her. Yes, she was divorced, but there'd been compensations, too. Her art had fulfilled her in ways she hadn't even realized were possible.
How different her life was at fifty-nine than she would've imagined even five years ago—before the divorce. What Burton had done was unforgivable. He'd hurt her, and he'd cheated her out of funds that were rightfully hers.
Once again she stopped herself, not wanting to indulge those bitter memories and regrets. She'd done plenty of that in the beginning, when she'd first learned he'd found someone else and wanted out of their thirty-year marriage. It was a fling, or so she'd managed to convince herself. A midlife crisis. Lots of men had them. Any day Burton would come to his senses and see what he was doing to her and to Roy, their son.
Only he hadn't, and Anne walked out of divorce court numb with shock and disbelief. Not until the judge's gavel echoed through the room had she fully believed her husband was capable of such treachery. She should've known, should've been prepared. Burton was a top-notch divorce attorney, a persuasive man who knew all the ploys. But despite everything, she'd trusted him….
Her friends had been stunned, too—less by Burton's deception than by Anne's apparent acceptance of what he'd done to her. It wasn't in her to fight, to drag her marriage and her life through the courts. Burton had recommended an attorney, whom she'd obediently retained, never suspecting that the man who'd represented her in court would apply to Burton's law firm as soon as the divorce was final. Of course, he'd been hired….
Burton had promised to treat her fairly. Because she was convinced that he'd soon recognize what a terrible mistake he was making, she'd blindly followed his lead. Without a quibble and on her attorney's advice, she'd accepted the settlement offer—one that had turned out to be grossly unfair. Although she hadn't been aware of it at the time, Anne was cheated out of at least two hundred and fifty thousand dollars' worth of assets.
Burton's ploy in this particular case had been simple: he'd strung her along. Twice he'd come to her in tears, begging her forgiveness, talking about reconciliation, and all the while he'd been shifting their assets to offshore accounts. All the while, he'd been lying, stealing and cheating. She'd loved him and she'd believed him, and so had taken her husband at his word. Never had she dreamed he could betray her like this. After thirty years, she'd walked away with only a pittance. And, needless to say, no alimony.
Yes, Anne could fight him, could take him back to court and expose him for the thief he was, but to what end? It was best, she'd decided long ago, to preserve her dignity. She'd always felt that life had a symmetry to it, a way of righting wrongs, and that somehow, eventually, God would restore to her the things she'd lost. It was this belief that had gotten her past the bitterness and indignation.
Admittedly she couldn't help lapsing sometimes, but Anne tried not to feel bitter. At this point, she couldn't see how anger, even righteous anger, could possibly benefit her. She'd adjusted. Taking the little she'd managed to salvage from her marriage, she'd purchased a small cottage on St. Gabriel, a tiny San Juan island in Puget Sound. In college all those years ago, when she'd met Burton, she'd been an art student. She had a flair for art and enjoyed it. Given the demands of being married to a prominent divorce lawyer, she'd put aside her own pursuits to assist Burton. Her husband's ambitions had become her own, and Anne was the perfect wife and hostess.
It'd been a disappointment to her to have only one child, a son they'd named after Anne's father. Young Roy was the light of her life, her ray of sunshine through the years. When she wasn't hostessing social events on her husband's behalf, Anne spent her time with Roy, raising him with limitless love and motherly devotion.
If she felt any bitterness about the way Burton had treated her, it was because of what he'd done to Roy. Unfortunately, Roy was the one who'd introduced Burton to Aimee. He'd never forgiven himself for that, despite Anne's reassurances. Still, Roy assumed responsibility for what had happened. He couldn't seem to forgive himself for his role in the divorce, no matter how innocent that role had been.
To complicate the situation even more, he refused to forgive his father, not only for betraying Anne but for stealing Aimee, the woman he himself had loved and planned to marry. Roy's anger was constantly with him. The anger had become part of him, tainting his life, as though he wore smudged, dark glasses that revealed a bleak, drab world. All Roy cared about now was his business, his drive for more and more, and while he'd achieved greater success than most men twice his age, Roy wasn't happy.
Her son's cynicism troubled Anne deeply—even more than the divorce itself. She'd put that behind her, as much as she was able, and built a comfortable life for herself, doing what she loved best—painting. Mainly through word of mouth, her work had begun to sell at the local farmers' market and then at a couple of galleries in the area; it now provided her with a small income.
Anne would've given anything to help her son. Regardless of how much money he made or how many accolades he received, he remained lonely and embittered. She desperately wanted him to find happiness.
In the five years since the divorce, Roy had not spoken to his father once, despite Burton's repeated efforts. Yet Roy was so like Burton. He shared his father's talents, his ambition. They shared another trait, too, the one that concerned Anne the most. He possessed his father's ability to be ruthless about marriage and relationships. He was thirty-three, and in Anne's view, he should get married. However, her son resolutely refused to discuss it. His attitude toward love and commitment had been completely warped. He no longer dated, no longer sought out relationships.
The only thing that mattered to Roy was the bottom line. He'd grown cold and uncaring; little outside of Fletcher Industries seemed to affect him. Anne realized her son was in trouble. He was hurting badly, although he seemed incapable of recognizing his own pain. Roy needed someone to teach him the power of forgiveness and love. She'd wanted to be that person, to show him that forgiveness was possible, but in his zeal to succeed, Roy had started to block her out of his life. It was unintentional, she knew, but nonetheless, it hurt.
Roy had established Fletcher Industries, his own computer security company, in Seattle, shortly after he graduated from college. His innovative, cutting-edge software led the competition in the field. Recent contracts with the government and several banks had given Fletcher Industries a solid position as one of the top companies of its type.
Those first years after he'd formed his business, Roy spent far too many hours at work. It wasn't uncommon for him to stay in the office for two or three days at a time, living on fast food and catnaps. That all changed after he met Aimee. Her son had fallen in love and he'd fallen hard. Anne had been thrilled and Burton was, too. Then Roy had brought Aimee to his parents' home in Southern California to introduce her…and all their lives had exploded.
Following his parents' divorce, Roy had quickly reverted to his old habit of working long hours. Only now a callousness had entered into his business dealings. Anne was aware of this, but she was helpless to change her son, and her heart ached with her inability to reach him. Time and again, she'd tried to tell him what he was doing to himself—that he was damaging his life and his future—but he couldn't or wouldn't hear.
The kettle whistled, and leaving the Christmas box in the hall, Anne moved into the kitchen. She took the blue ceramic teapot from the cupboard and filled it with boiling water, then added a tea bag—Earl Grey, her favorite—and left it to steep. After a moment, she poured herself a cup and took a first sip of the aromatic tea. She frowned, berating herself for allowing her thoughts to follow the path they'd taken. Just when she assumed she was free of Burton, she'd wallow in the pain all over again and realize how far she had yet to go. There was only one cure for this bout of self-pity and for the worry that consumed her. Setting down the china cup, Anne bowed her head and prayed. Sometimes it was difficult to find the words to express what was in her heart, but not today. The prayer flew from her lips.
"Dear Lord, send my son a woman to love. One who'll help him heal, who'll teach him about forgiveness. A woman who'll open his heart and wake him up to the kind of man he's becoming."
Slowly, as if weighed down by her doubts, Anne's prayer circled the room. Gradually it ascended, rising with the steam from the teapot, spiraling upward out of the simple cottage and toward the leaden sky. It rose higher and higher until it reached the clouds and then sped toward the heavens. There, it landed on the desk of the Archangel Gabriel, the same Archangel who'd delivered the good news of God's love to a humble Jewish maiden more than two thousand years ago.
Gabriel, however, was away from his desk.
Shirley, Goodness and Mercy, three Prayer Ambassadors who had a reputation for employing unorthodox means to achieve their ends, stood just inside the Archangel's quarters. Together the three of them watched as the prayer made its way onto his desk. Only the most difficult prayer requests went to the mighty Gabriel—the prayers that came from those who were most in need, from the desperate and discouraged.
"Don't read it," Shirley cried when Goodness, unable to resist, bent to pick up the wispy sheet.
"Why not?" Goodness had always had more curiosity than was good for her. She knew that peeking at a prayer request before Gabriel had a chance to view it was asking for trouble, but that didn't stop her. Mercy was the one most easily swayed by things on Earth, and Shirley, well, Shirley was nearly perfect. At one time she'd been a Guardian Angel but had transferred to the ranks of the Prayer Ambassadors. That had happened under suspicious circumstances, so Shirley's perfection was a little compromised. Shirley never mentioned the incident, though, and Goodness dared not inquire. She knew that some things were better left unknown—despite her desire to hear all the sordid details.
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text:
Home Concealed Carry CNN Wakes-Up to NYC Out-of-State CCW Story
CNN Wakes-Up to NYC Out-of-State CCW Story
Robert Farago
As TTAG has reported, there's been a spate of out-of-state concealed carry weapons (CCW) permit holders getting their pee-pee whacked by The Big Apple. The NYPD has arrested gun owners who carry legally in their home 10-40, but fell afoul of NYC's restrictive gun laws (i.e., only cops, the Mayor and Donald Trump are allowed to carry a concealed firearm legally). Seems that the mainstream media has finally cottoned-on to the story, which pits nice stupid people against gun grabbing bureaucrats gone wild. The DA's office is under even more pressure to make these cases go away. They will, but . . .
the arrogance, stupidity, unconstitutionality and unfairness of NYC's gun laws will be with us for some time. Citizen's Crime Commission? High cap mag ban, interstate illegal gun strike force (ATF redux) and microstamping. Quel surprise.
Meanwhile, H.R.822 – National Right-to-Carry Reciprocity Act of 2011 would increase the pressure by a factor of ten. "You mean someone from Tennessee can carry in New York City, but a native can't?" What are the odds? [h/t Bryan]
Previous articleBonnie and Clyde Tommy Gun Sells for $130K
Next articleIt's Time for State-Mandated Voter Training. Or not.
Robert Farago is the former publisher of The Truth About Guns (TTAG). He started the site to explore the ethics, morality, business, politics, culture, technology, practice, strategy, dangers and fun of guns.
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2Wheels January 22, 2012 At 08:15
Are people still crying over the fact that they're too stupid to check reciprocity laws before crossing state lines? Or any laws regarding when and where you can carry firearms in NY?
Because you know… Even in states that do recognise your permit, you have to abide by their laws regarding where you are allowed to carry…
HSR47 January 22, 2012 At 10:24
Are people still apparently ignorant of the fact that the constitution does not grant the states the right to legislate the bearing of arms out of existence?
Yes, tell that to the NYC cops as they haul you away.
Am I saying these laws are right? No… I'm saying if you'd like to avoid jail and/or fines, you'll take 30 seconds to hop on your smart phone and google "ccw reciprocity".
Ralph January 22, 2012 At 11:16
Right turns on red lights, legal almost everywhere, are illegal in New York City except where specifically permitted. Hundreds of out-of-town drivers get ticketed for that particular violation every month. That's New York.
We're educated when it comes to reciprocity. We know the rules, or at least where to find them. But there are at least 20,000 gun laws, and nobody knows all of them. It's just too easy to screw up, which is what the politicians and LEOs want.
ScottH January 22, 2012 At 12:24
Actually, up until the McDonald decision a couple of years ago, the 2nd amendment in the Bill of Rights did not apply to states. The Bill of Rights originally only restrained the Federal end of things up until the passage of the 14th, followed by SCOTUS selectively 'incorporating' Federal amendments restraining state power. Look up Federalism and Incorporation for more.
6 States have no 2nd protection within their state constitution. CA, my state, could have banned EVERY firearm and it would have been legal. That is, up until the McDonald decision.
Now if you had a 2nd in your state Constitution, you've had some protection since your state constitution was ratified. Some of us haven't been so lucky
Scott Gerard February 3, 2012 At 14:01
Really? Where in the Constitution does it say this?
Let me see what an uneder-educated gun grabber would confuse in the Constitution to think the states can legislate away the Second Amendment.
My guess is the 10th Amendment: The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.
The problem with your very faulty thinking is the 2nd Amendment delegates the Right to Bear Arms to the United States. Therefore, it is not reserved to the states.
Learn to read before you speak.
ScottH February 3, 2012 At 16:54
Scott, I hope your response isn't directed at me. I wasn't stuttering in what I wrote. Any 1st year law students could tell you the same. The Constitution and Bill of Rights are magnificent documents but how they mesh together may have you a little confused.
"…. uneder-educated gun grabber would confuse in the Constitution to think the states can legislate away the Second Amendment."
Actually, up until the McDonald decision States without a 2A amendment within their own state constitutions could indeed legislate it away. As in the 2nd didn't apply to states; only restraining federal power. Those are facts, not conjecture.
BTW – What makes you think the Bill of Rights originally applied restraining state power? Answer. It didn't.
When the 14th amendment came along 100 years later, that changed. Since that time, a bunch of amendments have been 'selectively incorporated' though the 14th to restrain states. The 1st among others were brought into the fold and hashed out over the last 100 years. The 2nd just a few years ago; its scope yet to be determined.
So ask yourself, why can't you demand a jury trial for traffic tickets? Because that portion of the BoR has never been incorporated.
Can states quarter non federal, military units in your home? Answer. Outside of the 2nd circuit, states can. The 3rd amendment has yet to be incorporated against the states.
"The problem with your very faulty thinking…"
There's no faulty thinking here. Local and state restrictions stand because the courts haven't hashed out the scope of the 2A civil liberty recognized by the McDonald decision. That takes time, money, a favorable SCOTUS, and winning court cases. It tool 50-60 years to hash out the 1st amendment issues thereby restraining states (things we take for granted now). Probably take as long to hash out 2A issues before many local and state ordinances are gone. Until then, people must educate themselves on the laws and how they differ whenever they travel.
JTB January 22, 2012 At 08:51
When I hear the stories about the 3 or 4 people being arrested this is my first impression. These people are a new type of CCW permit holder that we haven't seen much of before. They are moms and businessmen who aren't gun enthusiasts and seem more 'middle America' than myself and every other permit holder I know. As more and more people like them learn about CCW permits, take an interest and get one, the more these kinds of stories will show up. Yes they are pretty stupid but its not often that good people are faced with minimum mandatory prison sentences for not knowing the law. Usually a persons morals will keep them out of trouble, and what they did isn't morally wrong, in fact its their right so its easier to understand what they did.
GS650G January 22, 2012 At 10:02
While it's a bad idea not to check local laws and make assumptions about CCW reciprocity I would characterize these offenders more as civil rights pioneers. This is the 21st century equivalent of civil disobedience insofar as the Supreme Law of the Land allows possession of firearms by the people. It is having the effect of questioning the validity of these laws which are decidedly unconstitutional given recent SCOTUS decisions. The last thing Mikey and the NYPD want is a conviction that ends up on the Docket in DC which would most likely end their special rules in NYC.
Then they would have to figure out how to disarm criminals and keep them locked up instead. It's a lot easier to prosecute a nurse from Tenn. than a drug dealer with 20 arrests who jumps bail. At least it seems to be for them.
mikeb302000 January 23, 2012 At 02:52
Listen, GS, the last thing I want to see is for this marine to go to jail. I agree totally with his lawyer and I'd bet in the end he gets a slap on the wrist.
What I object to is Robert's blaming the laws of NY instead of the guy who broke them.
CarlosT January 23, 2012 At 02:58
In the Jim Crow South, who would you blame, the people or the laws?
Totenglocke January 23, 2012 At 05:53
It's absolutely the guy's fault for thinking that NYC follows the US Constitution and therefore the 2nd Amendment.
NR January 23, 2012 At 13:43
Mikeb, don't you believe in rule of law? Granted, there are some cases where a slap on the wrist is appropriate. But we don't want prosecutors and judges arbitrarily deciding when that is- the law should specify the circumstances under which a lesser penalty is appropriate, as is the case with almost every other law on the books. If a law is written so that the only way to serve justice is to IGNORE the law that says the marine should go to jail, then plainly it needs to be rewritten.
Judges always have a sentencing margin within which to work. In a case like this, when the guy shows that he's not smuggling guns into The City go sell them at a profit, he goes home with a fine. That in no way undermines the "rule of law."
Now, if I were in charge, he'd also surrender his gun rights. The one-strike-you're-out rule MUST be upheld.
cmd January 22, 2012 At 10:51
The Constitution has been long ignored by certain policy makers. They seem to enforce to amendments they agree with and belittle the others. This is not a secret. If these individuals who have been arrested for illegally carrying knew what the law was and CHOSE to ignore it and carry anyway, more power to them. But it seems these folks were ignorant of the law as it is enforced. Ignorance of the law is not something we should defend while we are attempting to change the law.
A person cannot practice Civil Disobedence if they are ignorant of the law. A law abiding citizen with a CCW permit, or who open carries, should be held to the standard of KNOWING the laws of the land. It is a choice we make to follow the law. Whether we agree with them or not.
Silver January 22, 2012 At 11:18
As has been said, ignorance of the law can't be counted as civil disobedience. If we want civil disobedience, a large group of people should open carry and march through the streets. Of course, knowing the NYPD, that just might end in another Boston Massacre, but still.
It would take a lot of stones to practice civil disobedience when protestors would be looking at 3.5 years in Dannemora or Green Haven, two of New York's most spectacular prison sh!tholes. And they'd be doing that trip-and-a-half only if they survived the initial encounter with New York's Finest and didn't wind up with plunger handles shoved up their collective a$$es.
BTW, Abner Louima, who took one for the team, was granted his CCW in an act of magnificent municipal munificence. I guess that's what it takes in Mayor Blamebag's urban paradise.
Tom January 22, 2012 At 16:36
Well, at least the issue is on the national news….
Chuck Sherwin February 24, 2012 At 15:34
"…shall not be infringed," means what? The "Fully Incorporated" into the 14th Amendment means what? In plain language: The States must not and cannot "bite away" Our Rights to "…keep and bear arms" unless to keep them from being "borne" by Felons and people that are "mentally challenged" which is reasonable. The 14th Amendment says that if you are a Citizen of a State and "move about" into another State, you enjoy the "Rights" enumerated in the US Constitution and its Amendments within ALL of the States, i.e., if one has a license to drive in NY and he moves around to say PA, or Ohio, that "privelege of Citizenship" MUST be honored in the deal–Federal Law, especially the Bill of Rights, once incorporated, are the SUPREME Law of the Land. If one is married, legally, in one State, he, or she, or he and he, or he, she LEGALLY married to whatever gender, is married everywhere within the USA. The SCOTUS did not Selectively Incorporate the 2d into the 14th; it FULLY INCORPORATED the two Rights. All it is going to take is for one of the persons being denied his-or-her Rights to sue both the arresting officer, Bloomberg, the DA under 42 USC Section 1983 and get some damages AS INDIVIDUALS for "Acting outside the scope of their duties by violating the Constitutional Rights of ," which is "necessarily a fact, as the Constitution is clear that government officials are only granted Qualified Immunity for violating any Citizen's Constitutional Rights "…to keep and bear arms for self defense," especially if anyone has been granted a Carry Permit from another State. Don't believe me? Call the ACLU and ask them.
ScottH February 25, 2012 At 17:27
""…shall not be infringed," means what?"
Doesn't seem to mean much of anything really. Scalia in the Heller decision pretty much discarded that concept. Tell you what, find any SCOTUS or circuit opinion where the question of 'shall not be infringed' has been addressed. I'd wager its never been a question before the court.
"if one has a license to drive in NY and he moves around to say PA, or Ohio, that "privelege of Citizenship" MUST be honored in the deal–Federal Law…"
Hold on there chief. Driving isn't a 'negative' right protected under our constitution but that gets into 'negative vs positive' rights which as a discussion topic is better left elsewhere. Driving, like traveling freely is a 'positive right.' And i think what you're alluding to is with regards to the P&I clause of the 14th (Privilege and Immunity) which was gutted by the Slaughterhouse cases. By the way, NOTHING must be honored. All incorporation did you us was give us the legal framework to limiting state/local power. Its a beginning; let the bull dozing commence!
Got some reading for you. It might be beneficial to others. The following books are published by the NRA. The Second Amendment Primer, DC vs Heller: An Anatomy, and The Adoption of the 14th Amendment by Flack. If anyone wants to understand how the Constitution/Bill of Rights/Federalism works, the books will be a nice intro.
IF One has a "permit" issued in ANY State to CCW, that permission is valid in ALL of the (as BHO, Jr., says) 57 states as the "Right" is a "Right of Citizenship" as in FUNDAMENTAL and must be enforcable against the States…"We HOLD that the 2d Amendment right is FULLY applicable to the States," and described this RIGHT is not in a "watered-down right," or even eligible for "selective enforcement" by the States by the "Third-Tier of Government" (Art III Courts), as the 14th Amendment must be viewed as a privelege and fundamental right of American Citizenship–there are to be NO BORDERS to Freedom within the (57) States…if a Civil Right is LEGAL in TN, or FL, it is, and has to be LEGAL everywhere, for the Bill of Rights, after being FULLY INCORPORATED as was the 2d Amendment, to have any force at all. This is a "Plain Language" Reading that is REQUIRED by the Bill of Rights authors, and the "Right to keep and bear arms cannot be Infringed."
1. You're rambling without paragraphs and complete thoughts so its hard to respond to you.
2. You don't understand how the Constitution works so while i'd like to agree with your sentiment, much of what you've written just isn't grounded in reality. Not to be condescending, but its why I've given you the reading assignments noted above. If you want to be passionate about the Bill of Rights, the Constitution, and the 2nd, great. Try to learn how they work
BTW – There is no immediate reversal of state/local laws that were in effect before McDonald decision. Each must be challenged for them to become nullified.
chuck sherwin June 23, 2015 At 13:06
American Jurisprudence: 2d Edition, Section 177, Late 2d Edition, Section 256: "States can only add-to your Bill of Rights Federal Constitutional Rights…they cannot legislate laws that restrict these Rights enumerated in the Bill of Rights. No One is bound to obey an unconstitutional law and no courts are bound to enforce it. Constitutional Rights are only validated when enforced. When Right is incorporated it is BINDING and cannot restrict." This is now 2015–I shall add-to my points until all are properly informed.
The 10th Amendment nullification theory not applicable. State Law CANNOT trump Federal Constitutional Right. Ask Professor "Zero" about that, or Rahm Emanuel, or brother Izzy.
Chuck Sherwin December 23, 2015 At 13:51
Virginia today effective 1 Feb 17 will nullify their CCW Reciprocity Agreement with 28 other States…VA's democrat AG says it is to protect (his) citizens from less-intelligent other States that VA agreed to honor made by his republican counterparts in previous administrations. I see McAwful's prints all over this. ALL agreements have to be legislated, especiallyif they are nullified; this moron is NOT a King and cannot rule by Fiat, especially since the "fully applicable" Incorporation of the 14th Amendment of this Civil Right to "…keep and bear arms," for self-defense, a "central component of the 2d Amendment." We, the People, of these United States have e Right to Travel, Right to Marry any sex, Right to self-defense, and the States cannot RESTRICT any Right that has been licensed in another State–PERIOD!!!


When it comes to getting table reservations at Oktoberfest, the amount of misinformation out there is hilariously unhelpful.
The truth is, most articles will try to sell you on expensive packaged tours, or otherwise skimp out on important details like when and HOW you actually make these reservations for yourself.
So, frustrated and tipsy (the name of my autobiography, really), I busted out my Google translate and pawed through a cesspool of broken links, redirects and confusing German reservation systems, all to bring you this step by step, no BS guide to securing table reservations at Oktoberfest (whether you're a local or a tourist).
So, are you hoping to snag a reservation for this year's Oktoberfest? Not all the tents have opened up for bookings yet, but some have, so get to it! Hopefully this guide will help you get the Oktoberfest table reservation of your dreams.
Below, I've broken down the individual reservation system step by step for 16 of Oktoberfest's biggest tents. Enjoy!
First: Do you need Oktoberfest Tent Reservations?
Any other questions about Oktoberfest reservations?
The short answer? No, not really.
Unless you're a big group of people and you want to make sure you get a full table together, then I wouldn't be too stressed over getting a reservation. It's still 100% possible to have an awesome time since the tents are all free to enter and they save a portion of the tables for walk-ins anyway. If you're smart, arrive early and plan to visit during off-peak periods like weekdays, then you'll have no trouble finding a table to slot in, even without a reservation. I explain a bit more in this Oktoberfest "tickets" guide.
But hey, having a reservation at Oktoberfest certainly doesn't hurt, and it can help you do the trip on a budget (through dodging expensive 3rd party reservation sellers). So, I'm hoping this guide de-mystifies that process a little! It's surprisingly simple if you know where to look and when to start booking.
With that said, let's get to the reservation process.
See those happy people drinking? That could be you!
For the most part, there's no such thing as making an Oktoberfest reservation for 1 or 2 people. When you commit to reservation at Oktoberfest, you're committing to booking out the entire table which seats 8-10.
That said, what you're REALLY committing to is paying for enough food/drink to feed 8-10 people. That's because to hold your reservation, you need to pay a minimum consumption amount beforehand which is then given to you in the form of vouchers to spend throughout Oktoberfest. If you are a party of 4 but are happy to pay for 10 people's worth of vouchers, then you can, in theory, still reserve a table.
NOTE: Käfer's Wies'n-Schänke offers reservations for smaller groups, but only for lunch. This is a really nice "tent" but it doesn't offer the traditional Oktoberfest tent atmosphere – it's more like a cozy little ski chalet where you can enjoy gourmet food… so it's nice, but if you want the classic 'dancing on benches' Oktoberfest experience, you should book elsewhere.
I mentioned this above, but just to be clear: while it doesn't cost anything to reserve a table at Oktoberfest, you DO need to pay a minimum consumption per person upfront (or once they invoice you, usually sometime from June onwards).
For a full table, this adds of up to hundreds of euros.
While researching for this article, I've noticed (rather consistently) that most of the tent's official websites have outdated information and broken links when you browse the English versions.
For many of the tents where reservations are already open on the German language part of the site, forms aren't even available or bring up a "404 error" on the English sites. So, keep that in mind when browsing – the German versions of the sites are the ones you want to be on to get the most up-to-date info.
Last but not least, if you're currently living in Munich, that makes you eligible for a special class of tables that they call the München-Kontingent tables.
Several tents offer them. So far, Marstall Festzelt and the Ochsenbraterei have already announced how they'll be handling these bookings for 2019, and you'll find those details in their respective sections below. BUT in previous years, many of the big tents offered them, including the ever-so-exclusive Augustiner Festhalle.
Long story short, these are special tables reserved for people who live in Munich. Generally, they're special tables available during peak times like weekends that you can reserve for a small fee (10 or 20 euros for the entire table, depending on the tent). Tables are assigned on a first come, first serve basis and based on previous years, they are usually reserved by going in-person to the tent's respective offices. The best part? You don't need to pay for vouchers upfront – just the reservation fee.
NOTE: These tables are usually not released until May-June, so hang tight. Again, details are added for these tables below if they've been made publicly available, and I'll be regularly updating this list as I learn more.
Alrighty, let's get to the good stuff.
As I mentioned earlier, every tent at Oktoberfest has its own separate system set up for reservations, which means every tent starts taking reservations at different times of the year and has a different system in place. Here are the reservation systems step by step for 16 of the biggest tents at Oktoberfest. There are a lot of smaller tents too that handle reservations differently, but then this article would be ten million words long.
Anyways, in alphabetical order, here's how you make Oktoberfest table reservations for each tent, along with important info like WHEN reservations open and how reservations are made. You can read a full breakdown of the different tents/their vibes in this post.
According to the tent's official website, reservations for the Armbrustschützen-Festhalle will only be taken from April 1st onwards and they've said on their official website that they won't honour any requests that come in before that.
Basically, you can request a reservation by fax or by post, with certain dates bookable through this online form. Some time slots are also blacked out/fully booked already, but they've provided this colour coded chart to help you understand. Green slots are bookable via the online form or fax/post, blue and yellow slots are bookable only by fax and post, while red ones are fully booked or unbookable.
Where to send your reservation request: 089/23703705 or by mail to Sparkassenstr. 12, 80331 Munich.
NOTE: Processing time is said to be about 4 weeks, so if you don't hear back, hang tight!
No I'm not joking – you actually can't. This is definitely one of the most popular tents among locals at Oktoberfest, and they've announced that they have so many repeat reservations (i.e. people who reserve every year) that they aren't able to accept any new customers. You can keep an eye on their official website here in case anything changes, but I wouldn't get my hopes up.
Special notes: This tent is located in the "Oide Wiesn" part of Oktoberfest which has a 3 euro admission fee, but your reservation package will come with entry bracelets. Bracelets and tickets are sent by mail in August after payment is received.
The website for the Festzelt Tradition tent hasn't yet been updated for 2019, but they have detailed information from last year so I'm going to assume things will be similar this year.
Reservations for the Festzelt Tradition (when they do open) can only be made either through their online form (accessible here) or in-person at the Ratskeller restaurant in Munich's Marienplatz on certain dates. Last year, these dates were Thursdays and Saturdays from Saturday, July 28, 2018 to Thursday, September 13, 2018, from 10 am to 6 pm.
One of the prettiest tents at Oktoberfest!
Details are scarce for the 2019 reservation process at Fischer Vroni, but what we do know based on their official website is that more info will be released in May 2019 and this year, online reservations will not be possible.
Details have not yet been released for 2019, but based on the FAQ page, here's what we do know: reservation requests are only processed via their online form and through their reservation page which is updated frequently once they open up for "new inquiries" in March. That means that people who have had reservations in the past ("repeat customers") get first dibs.
It's a little complicated though: you make your reservation request, then you get an email within a few days to confirm it, BUT the reservation isn't binding until you actually pay for your vouchers, which takes place in July. Apparently, you are sent a voucher order form in mid-June, where you need to request a bill for the vouchers, and must pay within 14 days, otherwise you lose the reservation. Last year, if you didn't pay up by July 23, you forfeited your reservation, SO remember, even if you get through the online reservation system, your reservation isn't confirmed until you actually pay for your vouchers.
Reservations open in March for this super popular tent!
Special notes: This is a very small tent and it's located in the "Oide Wiesn" part of Oktoberfest which has a 3 euro admission fee, but your reservation package will come with entry bracelets. Bracelets and tickets are ONLY available via mail, and will be sent to you after you'd paid your invoice.
Details haven't yet been released for 2019's Herzkaspertzelt's Oktoberfest tent, but given that it's a small one, it's likely there won't be a lot of free slots for reservations. When the opportunity to reserve does come up though, bookings will be made online only or on select days by calling "Frau Neubert" as per their contact page on Thursdays and Fridays from 10am-2pm at 089 – 45 21 50 57.
NOTE: This process is taken directly from the tent's official website here.
STEP TWO: Wait for either a reservation confirmation or a 'rejection' via email, which takes up to 6 weeks.
STEP FOUR: Wait for your invoice which will be sent in June. You must pay within 14 days of receiving the invoice. Apparently you can also pay in-person with cash or EC card, and vouchers can be mailed within Germany if you've paid in July or August.
STEP FIVE: Pick up your vouchers after your payment has been received. Up until early September, you can get them from their city office (Hofbräukeller, Innere Wiener Str. 19, 81667 Munich) OR otherwise, you can pick up your vouchers in the tent office when you actually arrive at Oktoberfest.
NOTE: Based on the Reservation page (currently showing all the full 2018 bookings), you'll be able to click on time slots when appointments open on March 1 and presumably, you send an email from there. The "Rules" page is pretty clear on reservations being email only.
This is by far one of the most exclusive tents at Oktoberfest, and is known for being the "celeb" hang-out – a cozy, intimate tent with gourmet food options. It's so exclusive in fact that reservations aren't even allowed in the evenings and weekends.
BUT, if you want to get a taste of the Käfer's Wies'n-Schänke tent, the process is simple. Reservations are released on April 1st for new customers, and basically you go on the online form here and select three time slots that you're interested in, how many of the above dates you'd like to book (1, 2 or 3) and finally, your contact info.
The reservation process for Oktoberfest's cozy wine tent is already open for 2019 and is surprisingly simple. All you need to do is visit the GERMAN version of the Reservation page here, enter your contact information and then choose the time slot of your desired reservation, along with the number of people you're reserving for. This by no means secures your reservation though – you'll need to wait for an official confirmation, but it's a straight-forward, electronic process! The prices you see correspond to the amount of vouchers you're required to purchase, so for example, it's small amount (10 euros) if you're popping in for lunch on a Monday, but it's way more if you're booking for a Sunday evening until closing time (80 euros).
NOTE: Assuming you are a new customer, make sure you press the "Reservierung ohne Kundennummer – Neukunde" menu which is for new customers with no prior reservations made at this tent.
While no reservations can be made in the evenings or weekends at Löwenbräu-Festhalle, their process for weekday afternoon table reservations is relatively straightforward. According to their official website, reservations for Monday – Thursday lunch slots (12-4:30pm) can be made by emailing [email protected] from March 4 onwards.
When reservations for the Marstall Festzelt open at the end of March, requests can be made ONLY through the online form on their website (or in person if you live in Munich and qualify for their "München-Kontingent" tables, but more on this later).
STEP ONE: Starting at the end of March, you can submit your reservation request through their official online form which shows the dates they have available.
STEP TWO: You have to wait to hear back – processing can take up to ten weeks. If they have space for you, you'll get an offer via email which you can accept through a special activation code. The confirmation and payment request will come to you via email by the end of May at the latest.
STEP THREE: Once you receive it, you must then pay your invoice amount via bank transfer.
STEP FOUR: If you live in Germany, Austria or Switzerland, your reservation package will be mailed to you at the beginning of August. Otherwise, you can pick up your vouchers, etc. on the day of the reservation at the office in the tent.
If you live in Munich, you may be eligible for what they call their "München-Kontingent" tables reserved solely for Munich residents.
For Marstall Festzelt, reservations for these special tables must be made in person at their office (Lindberghstraße 4, 80939) from July onwards (exact date TBA).
Reservations are taken until all the spots are claimed. For this, you must pay in cash or debit card and you pay a processing fee of 20 euros.
To save time, you can download the reservation form in advance on their official website.
Look at how pretty the tent is though!
STEP TWO: Wait until June, at which point you'll get an email back regarding whether or not your reservation request has been accepted.
STEP THREE: If your request has been accepted, you must fill out the attached order form for vouchers and send it back via email or fax. Remember, vouchers must be paid for by the beginning of September or you forfeit your reservation.
STEP FOUR: Wait for your vouchers to be mailed to your address in July, or you can pick them up at their city office from end of August to early September OR pick them up in-person once Oktoberfest begins.
STEP ONE: Wait for München-Kontingent bookings to open by the end of May and then send an email to [email protected] with your Munich address, contact person (in this case, also your pick-up person) alongside your email address to confirm the reservation.
STEP TWO: If your booking is successful, then you must go in person to their office at the end of August/early September (exact dates TBA) and pay a ten euro processing fee in CASH to secure your reservation.
A little known secret is the Ochsenbraterei actually has special tables they release a day or two before the actual dates that you can book instantly online. They call these their "Spontan-Kontingent" and you can find them through the "Spontan-Kontingent" tab on the GERMAN version of the Reservation page here. This is probably the best way to secure a last-minute table.
STEP TWO: Wait to hear back. If successful, you should get a confirmation in April with your specific terms and conditions. Otherwise, you are put on a waiting list and will be notified if you can be accommodated.
STEP THREE: Wait until June, at which point the collection/shipment of vouchers will be ready.
For what it's worth, this is by far the easiest, least stressful system of making Oktoberfest table reservations, so if you want something stress-free, go for this one. As of writing (Feb 2019), there are still LOTS of tables, and you get immediate confirmation, so no waiting game.
STEP TWO: Select your desired date and then look for green tables which are available. Click on the table you want to reserve.
STEP THREE: Select your meal option. If you're not sure how much you're going to eat, just go for the minimum (usually 1-2 1 Maß and a half chicken depending on the timeslot you book for). Final 2019 prices won't be confirmed until June, but they give you an estimation of prices based on last year.
STEP FOUR: Enter your contact information.
STEP FIVE: Happy dance and wait for your confirmation! You'll be invoiced in June once prices are solidified. Be sure to pay as soon as you receive the invoice so that your reservation can be 100% confirmed.
NOTE: For all its convenience, this is one Oktoberfest tent that DOES charge a fee for reservations, but don't worry, it's only 1 euro per person.
STEP ONE: Head over to their online reservation system here and select your desired date, time slot, number of tables, etc.
STEP TWO: Choose your desired food options. FYI, when I was testing the system, it was a little weird and required you to input a number for every field, even if it's zero, so let's say you're not interested in a bottle of schnapps, you actually need to put "0" in the field instead of leaving it blank.
STEP THREE: Enter your personal information and submit your request.
STEP FOUR: Wait patiently for an email confirmation, and then (if successful) watch out for your invoice coming in June. Pay it ASAP to secure your reservation.
I hope you enjoyed that step by step guide to scoring a table reservation at Oktoberfest! Good luck and have an awesome time at Oktoberfest!
Oktoberfest has been on my bucketlist for so long. It seems a little complicated/intimidating but this guide is so helpful. So many useful tips and suggestions. Thank you!!
How complicated! Once the teens are at University we shall be heading to Munich so thank you for this!


text:
10th Lithuanian Police Battalion (; ) was a Lithuanian auxiliary police battalion first formed in August 1941 and disbanded in January 31, 1943. The original 10th Battalion is known to have partaken in the Holocaust. A new battalion with the same name was formed after a few months and was renumbered as Schutzmannschaft Battalion 256.

History
The 10th Schutzmannschaft Battalion was formed in Panevėžys in August 1941. The battalion had a total strength of 280 to 300 men, with three companies each of 80-90 men. It was disbanded on 31 January 1943 and its men absorbed by the 14th Schutzmannschaft Battalion. This battalion took part in the Holocaust.

References

Sources

Lithuanian Schutzmannschaft Battalions
Military units and formations established in 1941
Military units and formations disestablished in 1943

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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