Noel: All of these things you are saying are classic neo-liberal arguments that have been put forward for the last 10 or 15 years about what needs to be done. There needs to be more competition. We need to break up the monopolies. We need to privatise. Blah, blah, blah. It hasn't delivered a better outcome for most people though. It's delivered a good outcome for a lot of businesses and people who have got a stake in there, but it hasn't delivered a good outcome for workers. It's increased insecurity; there's lower real wages; there is all those issues that we have been talking about right through, and I am extremely cynical and skeptical about all those things. They have not delivered in the way that has been promised. All those things have been put in place and maybe BHP did have its problems and maybe Smorgens has become more competitive - you can put all that anecdotal evidence forward but what does the big picture tell us?
Sean: I think that the fundamental problem in that model is that security has been placed in the enterprise, not in community structures.
Noel: What has happened has been a complete abandonment of responsibility by government and by the democratic processes that are meant to be there. That whole free market approach means there has been power translated both in an economic and political sense, out to people who do not have the interests of workers at heart.
Sean: I would agree with you on a commercial basis, and I would agree that's what has ended up happening in government. I don't think that, per se, means that for the future we decide that we are not going to change, because I would have to say that my view is that there is not really a choice for us. I think the choice for us, is how can we make the change work for us better, and I agree that there is a lot of work, we can do this better. Now fundamentally, I think our sense of security has to be vested in our community infrastructures, not in individual enterprise, and that's why I think things like long service leave being a superannuation entitlement, rather than being invested in a company that might go broke, is really important.
Michael: Noel, I just want to pick up on your point where you said that it's no different to the neo-liberalist argument. It's a really valid criticism. It's one that's going to come up, so it might be worth expanding a bit..
Noel: It's a slavishness to a new orthodoxy and it's not actually paying the results that we've been promised. And it's so important to stop and say at a macro level - this ain't working. Go down to a micro level and say, yeah, you need to be more competitive, or this enterprise is doing much, much better. But if you look at the over all results in that general approach, is it working for most workers? And the thing that is really disturbing is that there is a complete abandonment of responsibility by the political process.
Noel: Well, the word "inevitability" is something that scares me about the whole of this debate. It is that it is allowed to carry on no matter what the consequences are, because everyone thinks it's inevitable.
Michael: Or there's the other way of going, and saying "it is inevitable", it's going to happen, let's not ignore it anymore, let's face up to it and if that's going to be the case, how do we make it acceptable?
Noel: Well let's at least have a genuine debate about it. What really scares me when you have these sort of debates, there is an incredible repression about challenging it. You are a dinosaur - you're an old Marxist - if you challenge these new shibboleths of the neo-liberal age. I just think if you say I oppose the break up, the privatisation of Telstra or whatever, people come back with these arguments about well, it's inevitable, this is the way globalisation is going. All it just leads to is an incredibly sterile debate that is actually in favour of those trends that make it inevitable.
Michael: The problem is the debates on the Left have been quite sterile.
Noel: It's not a question of being on the Left.
Michael: My problem is that I think that there has been a crisis in progressive politics in dealing with the information age, because I think the neo-liberalists were very well placed for the emerging age of global capital, and I think probably the progressive side of politics was very badly placed. What we want to try and do with this book is to try and reclaim that agenda, but by doing so I think what we have to do is to give some intellectual rigour to the left/progressive side of politics. But to do that we have to acknowledge where the neo-libertarians were right and accurately state where they were wrong. And I think they were absolutely wrong in the way they wanted to manage the transition, which was f... you, you've lost your job, it's going offshore, and that has led to the breakdown of the social contract and the emergence of One Nation, Pauline Hanson's movement, the crisis in government that we've got at the moment.
Noel: Yes I agree with those things you have just said, but there are other things as well. There is still a persistence of elements of power from the past that still go into the present. It's true that there is a change in the nature of work and in the nature of the workplace, but power hasn't changed that much. If you look at those realities for workers - that their real wages have gone down and their insecurities are there - Why is that? There are power relationships involved in all those changes - not just technical changes.
Sean: But I have to say Noel that the stats would say that overall wealth has gone up. The real problem is distribution of wealth in this country. And that's an important stat because in a sense these neo-liberal changes have delivered something, which is an increase in total social wealth, but the way it's been implemented has ended up being a much greater concentration of that wealth. What I'm concerned about is getting the best of both worlds.
Michael: People who have slipped into the information age have done very well, it's the people still locked in the industrial age that have actually not done well at all.
Sean: I genuinely believe it's possible to continue and to increase the total wealth - putting aside the issue of environmental sustainability which is a concern of mine separately. But I don't think that's necessarily exclusive to this issue - whilst also ensuring a reasonable and much fairer distribution of that wealth. And that is for me what the problem is about. Not that the changes haven't delivered wealth, but rather we have done them in a way that has marginalised a whole group of people and marginalised further a whole group of people who are already marginalised.
Michael: Particularly in certain regions, the unemployed, and those that are locked into the Tayloristic industrial age.
Noel: But the other issue is, was there another alternative in the way that that done. It was always the neo-liberal argument from the beginning. We've got a crisis and there is no other alternative except to do it this way - and that is a point that is very thinly debated.
Noel: And is now struggling to try and get back there.
Michael: Because they didn't manage their transition properly.
Noel: And they also didn't deliver. That neo-liberal agenda in its purest form - which is what it was - you wouldn't have got it in a purer form in the Western world than what you got in New Zealand - didn't deliver. Their economy shrunk for about the first seven or eight years of that experiment and they slid down the OECD ladder.
Michael: There's two debates. The transition itself: Is it worth making? And is there another way of doing it?
Sean: I suppose I'm putting a case to you that I still think yes the transition and the transitions are in fact essential and I think the internet age is only going to heighten that transition.
The critical issue for us becomes how to work towards a fairer distribution of that wealth. That fair distribution is in two places. One is within countries like ours but it's also internationally. In other words, its globally as well. It's a concern to me for example, that at the moment I think Africa is the continent that's going to be slowest to be able to take up this revolution. And I don't think, by the way, that it is very hard to do something about that. Especially, with some of the technological advances and you will find that a whole lot of people in silicon valley who were quite keen on the idea of helping Africa take a leap beyond the industrial age because our wealth really is linked to theirs anyway in the long run. The basic principle behind this which I have to say I do subscribe to now, is that there is a kind of a mentor about creating wealth.
Michael: As opposed to economic nationalism, mercantilism. The failure of Japan's economy is the ultimate proof that mercantilism didn't work, that economic nationalism is a complete failure, that wealth is a collective thing. Wealth is created by spreading it around and the more evenly we can distribute wealth the greater that wealth can be for everyone.
Sean: Well, the big change though in economics in the last few years - which not everyone accepts - is that you are not dealing with finite resources. Wealth isn't a finite thing. But in fact, it's a product of imagination.
Michael: It's particularly easy now to see when the real value added is the imagination anyway. It was harder to see when what was primarily being traded were goods and commodities whereas now what is being traded is primarily services. It's easy to see that there is no limit to those resources.
Noel: You said you can't argue with the fact the proof of the pudding has been an increase in wealth. There has been a growth figure. But the argument for me there is to have an analysis of why is that so. Is it because of all those changes that have been made - like increased competition or whatever, or have they just leveraged on the technology changes that have come about. Could those technological changes have led to an increase of wealth being harnessed in a different way? Or could you actually have done it - for me it's not just a left perspective - but just this idea about privatisation and things like that. These have always been mechanisms of how you redistribute wealth. By having a reasonable state sector involvement in the economy and having a public service and a strong involvement in the economy and having a good union movement, have been two of the big ways that you have redistributed wealth. That's the debate that you have to address without in some way being pejorative and saying 'that's a dinosaur argument'. Was there another way, where you could have held on to those redistributed mechanisms but still leveraged the technological changes that in to increase the wealth? I think it's a pretty unexplored sort of line thought.
Sean: That's not strictly speaking correct because there's a pretty massive bourgeois class in the western world now - middle class - and that in fact is an outcome of the distribution of wealth. I think the debate is not that it hasn't been distributed, but rather could it have been done sooner or something like that.
Michael: I think you can say that in the industrial age wealth didn't tend to flow down to the bottom very well at all. OK you had a growing middle class, but you had a third of the population in the middle class and basically two-thirds of the population who were an under class, who were the working class.
Sean: ... in the early stages of the industrial revolution. Which is going to happen with the information revolution too unfortunately. This is what we have got to fight against. The only thing it will be in a shorter period. But I think you also have to say that in the latter part of the industrial revolution in western countries it became a two-thirds: thirds. Someone earning $50,000 or $40,000 a year now is in material terms earning a lot more than their father earned 20 or 30 years ago. In terms of purchasing power and in terms of relative wealth, a lot more. And the per capita income in western countries is far, far higher, even taking into account quality of life issues, than it was a generation ago.
Michael: And a range of basic things like food and basic lifestyle products are cheaper.
Sean: A wide range of things. Now, why it is useful to think about this in terms of the next age which we are entering into? It is because the real value, the real change to that wealth has come from different kinds of applications and imagination. Now, the application and imagination initially was reorganising forms of work - like Henry Ford, Taylorists treating people as pieces in a game.
Sean: Although I must say, remember that Henry Ford actually guaranteed his staff a good wage. So, we've got to remember that about Ford.
Michael: He had to compensate that they had a boring job.
Noel: No. He put purchasing power in their pockets.
Sean: He had a view which he had to pay people so they could buy his cars. It was an economic view. A damn good idea.
Micahel: But that was at the start of the Industrial Age.
Sean: No. We are talking about 1906. This is 100 years into the industrial age. This is the beginning of the mature phase. What I'm saying is that the wealth that we've got has been added by imagination. A lot of that wealth has been generated from individual products. Like the usage of cars, putting aside the environmental disaster they have been. But the usage of your crops. People's ability to live off their own products. The spread of that sort of wealth.
Now in the new age you are going to get a lot more of that because: (a) there's a bigger market, and (b) there's a lot more tools available to individuals to apply their own imagination. If that works well it could mean an exponential growth in wealth, if you accept the theory that wealth flows from the successful application of the technology.
Michael: That really then goes to the whole theory of individualism. Because where you've got people all locked together in step - and I guess in the traditional industrial age the collectivist model is... people were very treated similarly and there was an enormous sense of collectiveness across the workplace. People did the same job in the same way.
Sean: Which is a temporary hiatus to history, which lasted 150 to 200 years. Prior to that people were crafts people.
Michael: In the information age people are going to go back to having an individual job. People are all going to do things their own way.
Sean: That's right. We are going to become intellectual craftspersons.
Michael: So they are going to become in one sense more individualistic. Because they are doing work differently, they are leading their lives differently. They've got a car rather than public transport.
Sean: They can choose to work at home, work at the office, do a range of things.
Michael: And because they are more unique, they are more of an individual, then they are more likely to come up with a unique idea. And so their imagination grows. But does that necessarily mean that they lose their sense of collectivism? Do they still have collective needs?
Noel: I'd question this idea that brilliant ideas come from individuals. I think they come from groups. They come from teamwork. People spark off each other and an idea grows.
Michael: I think they are coming from individuals synergising.
Noel: People come together and you get more of a brainstorm than you do on your own.
Michael: That's true, but if you have got a unique group of people who all live different kinds of lives and come from different cultures and backgrounds, then you are going to get much more interesting ideas than you are than if you take a bunch of people who all do the same thing.
Noel: There's merit in that. The value of diversity.
Michael: But diversity is increasing. People are becoming more unique, but I don't necessarily accept that statement that individualism is growing, because I still think that people have enormous collective needs. OK our lives are all changing. This is why industrial awards don't work as well as they used to. Awards worked really well in an age when everyone had a very similar kind of job. You neatly fitted into that Clerk Grade 3. You had the same kind of job and the same kind of work patterns. You worked 9 to 5.
In the information age everyone is going to have their own unique pattern of work; their own way of doing things. It will suit them, so you can't lock everyone into that one-size-fits-all industrial age model. But that doesn't mean they don't still have collective needs. In fact, maybe my collective needs which were met because I could identify with every other Clerk Grade 3 in the world. That was a collective need that was met in that way. I have got to find a much more imaginative and different ways of meeting that collective need. Which means I still think in a world full of individuals, you still need unions, but the unions role has to change. They have to recognise and allow for the individual.
Noel: It is not just unions. It is the whole of the left wing thought.
Sean: And a lot of right wing thought. Institutional thought.
Michael: Let's say conservative thought.
Sean: Of left and right. That's true - that's institutional thinking.
Michael: The old left and the old right I think are the same. I see them both as conservative. There is a new mode of progressives that maybe come from elements of the old right - maybe are progressive nowadays.
And I think maybe the fact that Sean is in this room, contributing to this book - and he's an employer - he's a boss - he's on the other side of the fence. I think you can find conservatives in the old left and the old right, and I think you can find progressives in the old left and the old right too. I think there's a re-shaping of the political paradigm.
Noel: Coming from the Left I definitely accept that there is a kernel of truth in a whole lot of things that the Right have been coming out with. I am a very severe critic of the neo-liberal agenda and there are lots of areas where people call me a dinosaur, but I always listen to what the Right say, because what they do, is quite cleverly identify the kernel of dissatisfaction that there is out there within society and in the workplace and then hijack it for their own agenda.
Michael: Exactly. And what we have to do is we have to find out where they are right and accept that they are right and then work out where they are wrong and nail them all.
Noel: They identify the dissatisfaction really well. It's the agenda they use it for. So we have got to go back and concede that there is dissatisfaction there - and it is quite often with us. It is quite often with the union or a political party or whatever. And we have to deal with it.


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Model Quadrifoglio Ceiling Light by Gae Aulenti for Guzzini, 1970s
No shipping price available Insured Delivery from Denmark to: Australia Austria Bahrain Belgium Canada Czech Republic Denmark France Germany Hong Kong SAR China Hungary Ireland Israel Italy Japan Luxembourg Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Qatar Singapore Slovakia South Africa South Korea Spain Sweden Switzerland Taiwan United Arab Emirates United Kingdom United States
This beautiful model Quadrofoglio light was designed by Gae Aulenti for Guzzini in the 1970s. The four-leafed clover shade consists of polished chrome with a white-colored plastic shade. The iconic Italian design piece is surely a statement of stunning art. There are two E14 / E12 bulbs (US standard, max 40W) inside the lamp and, surrounding the lower part of lamp, sits an E27 bulb (max 75W). The lamp comes with the original canopy (14cm wide and 7cm high) and a new 150cm long white wiring. The lamp will be carefully packed and shipped with a tracking number.
This piece is a well-known design that is well documented in general design literature
Good — This vintage item remains fully functional, but it shows sign of age through scuffs, dings, faded finishes, minimal upholstery defects, or visible repairs.
Light wear consistent with age and use, Rewired and/or new electrical components, New wiring and steel wire suspension, Cleaned and polished
ECR-380252
Chrome Plating, Plastic
Italian architect-designer Gaetana "Gae" Aulenti (1927-2012) was born in the town of Palazzolo dello Stella, near Trieste. Defying her parents' wishes, she studied architecture at the Politecnico di Milano, graduating in 1954—one of only two women in a class of 20.
From 1955 to 1965, Aulenti was a contributor and Art Director for architectural magazine Casabella. During this time, she became an active proponent of the Neo Liberty movement and championed the revival of traditions motifs and individual expression, which had been discouraged during the years dominated by modernism. Through her wide-ranging work—covering industrial and exhibition design, furniture, graphics, stage design, lighting, and interior design—she became a leading voice of postmodernism as the 20th century progressed. Notably, her work was featured in MoMA's landmark 1972 exhibition, Italy: The New Domestic Landscape, which also spotlighted the work of pioneering talents like Mario Bellini, Joe Colombo, Ettore Sottsass, and Superstudio, to name a few.
Aulenti's architectural career is remarkable for the fact that she salvaged and repurposed a substantial number of buildings that were neglected or even set for demolition. In 1980, she was offered the difficult challenge of reinventing the old Beaux-Arts-style Gare d'Orsay railway station in Paris, transforming it into the famous Musée d'Orsay. In this project, she chose to bridge the architectural gap between the Louvre and the Pompidou Centre by creating a cavernous and expansive interior for the museum. When the Musée d'Orsay opened in 1986, it was deemed too radical by many critics. Aulenti, however, was quick to point out the thousands of visitors who lined up each day to visit.
Soon after, Aulenti took on more large-scale museum re-designs, including the Musée National d'Art Moderne at the Centre Pompidou (1982-85); Palazzo Grassi in Venice (1985-86); and the new Asian Art Museum in San Francisco (1996-2003). Other architectural achievements include the new entrance for Santa Maria Novella Train Station in Florence (1990); Palazzo Italia at EXPO in Seville (1992); the restoration of the Scuderie Papali at the Quirinale in Rome (1999); the renovation of Piazzale Cadorna in Milan (2000); the Museo and Dante stations on underground line 1, alongside the redesign of Piazza Cavour and Piazza Dante in Naples (1999-2002); the Catalan Museum of Art in Barcelona (1985-2004); the restoration of the Palavela in Turin for the Winter Olympic Games in 2006; the Istituto Italiano di Cultura in Tokyo (2006); and the restoration of Palazzo Branciforte in Palermo (2011).
In the areas of furniture, branding, and interior design, Aulenti was regularly commissioned by major international companies, such as Artemide, Banca Commerciale Itliana, Fiat, Ideal Standard, Knoll International, Louis Vuitton, Martinelli Luce , Olivetti , and Pirelli , among others. Iconic designs by Aulenti include the Pileino Lamp for Artemide (1972); the Giova Lamp (1964), Tavolo Con Ruote Table (1980), and Tour Table (1993) for Fontana Arte; the Sgarsul Rocking Chair (1962) and Locus Solus Chair (1963) for Poltranova ; and April Folding Chair (1964), and Sanmarco Table (1984) for Zanotta. Many of her designs remain in production today.
Aulenti won many awards over the course of her career, including the Ubi Prize for Stage Design in 1980; the Architecture Medal from the Academie d'Architecture, Paris in 1983; the Josef Hoffmann Prize from the Hochschule fur Angewandte Kunst, Vienna in 1984; France's Chevalier de la Légion d'Honneur in 1987; the Praemium Imperiale for Architecture in 1991; and the title of "Knight Grand Cross" of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic in 1995.
Aulenti passed away in 2012 at the age of 85. She remains a significant architectural influence who made incredible strides for women in her profession.
*Images courtesy of Archivo Gae Aulenti, Artemide, Martinelli Luce, Zanotta
Harvey Guzzini is often mistakenly thought to be the name of a lighting designer active in the 1960s and 1970s. But in fact the label belongs to a lighting manufacturing company, which was founded by six Guzzini brothers—Raimondo, Giovanni, Virgilio, Giuseppe, Adolfo and Giannunzio—who were inspired by the 1950 film Harvey starring James Stewart. Compounding the historical record even further, it seems that the Guzzini company rebranded many times in the 20th century, going by, at various points, Harvey Creazioni, Harvey Guzzini, Guzzini, iGuzzini, and Illuminazione Guzzini.
Harvey Creazioni was originally founded in 1959 in Recanti (on the east central coast of Italy) by Raimondo, focusing on the production of copper-plated decorative objects. Four years later, in June 1963, the six brothers joined together and established Harvey Creazioni di Guzzini, expanding production to include pendant lighting, sconces, and lamps, floor lamps. The brothers employed architect-designer Luigi Massoni—who was introduced to the Guzzini brothers by leading plastic importer Maurizio Adreani—as head of design, branding, public relations, and advertizing.
Famous Harvey Guzzini designs include Massoni and Luciano Buttura's Mushroom Table Lamp (1965), as well as the in-house designed Arc Floor Lamp (1968), Faro Table Lamp (1970), and Toledo Table Lamp (1973). Studio 6G, an interning design team, developed the collectible Clan Table Lamp (1968); and designers Ermanno Lampa and Sergio Brazzoli were responsible for the Nastro Series (1970), Orione Pendant (1970), Sirio Table Lamp (1970), Alba Floor Lamp (1973), Albanella Table Lamp (1973), and Alf Series (1976).
Around 1976, Harvey Guzzini ceased the production of copper-plated items to concentrate on lighting made almost exclusively from methacrylate plastic (acrylic). The company also dabbled in furniture production, collaborating with Yugoslavian furniture producer Meblo, located in Nova Gorica in present day Slovenia.
In 1967-68 the company exhibited at Domus: Formes Italiennes in the Galeries Lafayette in Paris under the name Design House (DH), where the company featured Gio Ponti'sMedia Lamp. A retail outlet was opened in central Milan under the name Harvey Guzzini-DH in 1969, situating the brand literally and figuratively among the best known Italian design houses.
In 1974 the company rebranded once more as iGuzzini—adding "Illuminazione" in 1981—which still exists today with headquarters in Recanati, Italy.
Vintage Quadrifoglio Table Lamp by Gae Aulent for Guzzini
Quadrifoglio Floor Lamp by Gae Aulenti for Guzzini, 1970s
Vintage Quadrifoglio Floor Lamp by Gae Aulenti for Guzzini
Vintage 6G Table Lamp by Gae Aulenti for Guzzini
Vintage Quadrifoglio Floor Lamp by Gae Aulenti for Guzzini, 1974
Vintage Quadrifoglio Pendant by Gae Aulenti for Guzzini
Quadrifoglio Hanging Light by Gae Aulenti for Guzzini, 1970s
Space Age White Alba Floor Lamp by Gae Aulenti & Sergio Brazzoli for Guzzini, 1973
Quadrifoglio Pendant by Gae Aulenti for Guzzini, 1970
Italian Quadrifoglio Ceiling Lamp by Gae Aulenti for Guzzini, 1970s
Vintage Italian Floor lamp by Gae Aulenti for Guzzini
Pendant Lamp by Gae Aulenti for Guzzini, 1970s
Vintage Quadrifoglio Pendant Lamp by Gae Aulenti for Guzzini
Pileino Table Lamp by Gae Aulenti for Artemide, 1970s
Table Lamp by Gae Aulenti & Livio Castiglioni for Stilnovo, 1970s
Model 54 A Dining Set by Gae Aulenti for Knoll International, 1975
Floor Lamp by Gae Aulenti & Livio Castiglioni for Stilnovo, 1970s
Industrial Scissor Wall Lamp from Reif Dresden, 1950s
Mid-Century Type 30 Desk Lamp by Georges Frydman for Temde, 1950s
Vintage Space Age HBH Maxi Desk Lamp
Large Space Age Table Lamp by Staff, 1970s
German Space Age Table Lamp, 1970s
Danish Blue, Green & Turquoise Ceramic Table Lamp by Einar Johansen for Søholm Stentøj, 1970s
Danish Ceramic Table Lamp from Søholm, 1970s
Danish Solid Brass Desk Lamp, 1940s
Yellow Kaskade Chandelier by Klaus Hempel for Kaiser Leuchten, 1972
Danish Pendant by Leif Alring & Sidse Werner for Fog & Mørup, 1970s
Danish Stoneware Vase by Karen Boel, 1960s
Danish Opaline Glass Ceiling Lights, 1950s, Set of 2
The Roulette Copper Ceiling Light by Jo Hammerborg for Fog & Mørup, 1960s
Swiss Chrome Minimalist Wall Lights by Trix & Robert Haussmann for Swiss Int, 1970s, Set of 2
Space Age Dice Plastic Ceiling Light, 1970s
Copper Eifel Hanging Lamp by Johannes Hammerborg for Fog & Mørup, 1960s
Corda Wall Lamp by Jo Hammerborg for Fog & Mørup, 1970s
Vintage German Radio Clock from Intercord, 1970s
Mid-Century Italian Jucker Table Lamp by Tobias Scarpa for Flos, 1962
Danish Brass Ceiling Lamp, 1960s
Salvage & Restore
Skinflint breathes new life into vintage industrial lighting
What the future used to look like
The Legacy of Osvaldo Borsani
Villa Borsani and archives now open to the public
The ongoing romance with Deco glamour, from the 1960s to the 1990s
Inspired by the roots of Minimalist design
Children of the Revolution
Roberta Meloni reminds us why the Radical Design movement was so awesome
The brilliant and bombastic Pasquale Leccese shares the stories behind his favorite mementos from a lifetime of art collecting
All Ceiling Lamps & Pendants
Vintage Ceiling Lamps & Pendants
Gae Aulenti Ceiling Lights
Guzzini Ceiling Lights
Mid-Century Ceiling Lamps & Pendants
Contemporary Ceiling Lamps & Pendants

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Built on the OGL material of the most recent edition of the fantasy adventure game that created the OGL, the NEC RPG is about making your living by being a hero and an adventurer in a modern world, and your role in a society that needs such heroes. In a world where humankind is plagued by nightmare monsters that will consume people's spirits as readily as their physical bodies, there is a powerful incentive for society to reward Light Bearers and others with the ability to stand against the threat. Luckily, the corpses of the Beasts are valuable for their alchemical utility. Further rewards for powerful and skilled warriors lie in the treasure offered by the Dungeons, as the utility of the gold and other treasure for magical purposes results in a need for people willing to and capable of going down and extracting those resources.
The game will task players with managing their character's time and training, using a downtime system inspired by the Persona series of video games referred to as the campaign mode. Beginning characters will need to balance their combat training and monster hunting with how they interact with society, and the game is meant engage with the friction where those two realities meet. Eventually, characters may wish to pursue larger goals, such as assembling and leading their own expeditions and delves. Many immature dungeons exist, with smaller hordes, in such quantities that local city-states will often throw in additional rewards for sealing them and marking them so that they can be monitored. And mature dungeons await, those that can be followed as deep as explorers wish to go, with huge rewards for those who can assemble an effective delving expedition capable of surviving the delve and transporting the treasure back up to the surface.
Assembling such an expedition requires resources and experience, and even those who have spent years hunting bounties on Beasts and plundering immature dungeons may need an additional leg up. Learning to navigate the high society of successful Light Bearers and other delvers, along with the other sorts of people who might be able to fund an expedition, may be a valuable thing for characters to spend time on. Successful characters will have opportunities to rub elbows with society's elite, making friends and enemies along the way, and be forced to contend with their own growing celebrity, the fame brought by the successes necessary to accumulate a fortune; in United City-States of America, the most successful warriors are as celebrated as movie and sports stars. Indeed, maybe the most popular sport in the land is Tourney, the modern descendant of the medieval knightly tournament, with non-combat sports extant but correspondingly less central to the culture.
A social bond system will allow player characters to form lasting connections with both non-player characters and each other; bonds with NPCs will improve a character's ability to navigate social encounters with them, while bonds between PCs improve their ability to work together in battle and adventuring challenges.
To fight, on the tourney field or against the Beast Below, martial characters will learn a variety martial techniques and maneuvers. Based on the fourth edition principle that everyone should have a interesting choices to make during combat, melee characters can learn maneuvers that allow them to build momentum (represented by momentum dice) when they successfully hit an enemy during combat. They can spend this momentum to make more powerful attacks and perform finishing moves. Ranged characters can accumulate marksmen dice by spending actions or moves aiming, which serve a similar purpose. This system of building up to performing more powerful attacks was originally inspired by the resource building system of The Secret World MMORPG. My hope is that this system solves the problem from fourth edition of every PC using their daily/encounter power on round one and then spending the rest of every fight slugging away at sacks of hit points.
And of course, martial skill is not the only route to success in the neverending conflict. Magical might can be just a valid route to fortune. Magicians can spend actions to draw in magical energy from the environment that they then use to cast spells, and can learn other methods of powering their magic as well. Alchemists may learn to create a variety of useful magical potions and other magical substances that can grant advantage in the field, while enchanters and artificers can supplement their combat abilities with magical arms and equipment.
The NEC game boils the resource management inherent to the experience of the fantasy adventure game genre to three key resources; Focus, supplies, and time. For player characters and important, intelligent NPCs, Focus replaces the concept of hit points, serving as a representation of both a character's ability to avoid injury in battle, as well as a general representation of a character's ability to function; as a character gets tired, they lose Focus, and for a tired enough character a single night's sleep may not serve to completely restore their lost Focus. Most actions in the campaign mode will cost a character Focus, and characters can substitute Focus for maneuver, marksmen, or magic dice they haven't had an opportunity to accumulate to gain an early advantage in combat. In addition to Focus, there is a Health pool, with the loss of Health representing actual injuries.
A simplified, slot based encumbrance system designed in conjunction with a follower and hireling system makes managing supplies for long expeditions and deep delves an important challenge for successful higher level characters. The huge quantities of treasure in the deeper dungeons will make even the most skilled characters require help to acquire these fortunes.
As discussed above, players will need to manage their character's time. Training will be required to improve in both combat and non-combat skills, while out in the field, the more time spent exploring the wilderness or a dungeon, the more Focus and supplies will be spent and the more likelihood characters will encounter dangerous Beasts or other spirits and creatures using old school random encounter and wandering monster checks. While an encounter with a Beast will almost invariably result in combat or retreat, encounters with other creatures will have the opportunity to go in a wide variety of directions, as the attitudes and actions of intelligent creatures that do not serve the Powers Below can be determined with a reaction system similar to those used by early editions. Many spells and magical effects are additionally only available as rituals that require valuable time if you wish to take advantage of them.
Finally, I hope to write the rules in such a way that there will be three tiers of complexity: a set of basic rules that should not be much more complex than the fifth edition is: an intermediate ruleset that will break skills, combat maneuvers, and magic out of being tied to class level, allowing character to learn them with a sufficient time investment; and a set of super optional advanced rules, for other early millennials like me who grew up on the second edition and other nineties era RPGs and just love themselves some fiddly simulationist systems.
The combination of these features will, hopefully, create something that is fairly unique in the tabletop roleplaying ecosystem, while paying tribute to fantasy adventure gaming's roots. I hope it turns out to be fun. Many of the systems planned are inspired by things written by the many amazing people in online DIY roleplaying communities, and whenever a feature of the game builds on ideas I first encountered elsewhere on the internet, I plan to acknowledge this and encourage interested readers to check out the sources of my inspiration, without whom I could never have even formulated the idea for this game.


The robust Ricoh Aficio MPC4503SP colour multifunction printer is designed for departmental use. This multifunction laser printer can also scan, fax and copy. It has impressive print and copy speeds and delivers professional documents. What's more, the Ricoh Aficio MP C4503SP colour laser MFP can handle a wide range of media, including SRA3. It comes with standard networking connectivity for easy sharing among workgroups and is compatible with Windows, Mac and Linux.
The massive Ricoh Aficio MPC4503SP laser printer measures 587 x 685 x 963mm and weigh 100kg. It comes with a standard memory of 2GB and a hard disk drive of 250GB. For connectivity, SUB and Ethernet ports as well as an SD slot is on the Ricoh Aficio MPC4503SP colour copier. This model comes with a large touchscreen display. For paper handling, it has a maximum input capacity of 4,700 sheets and an output capacity of 3,625 sheets.
Print speed can go as fast as 45ppm for monochrome and full colour. The Ricoh MP C4503SP printer can also improve uptime as it has a continuous copy of up to 999 pages and features a single-pass automatic document feeder. To reduce paper waste, a duplexer is also integrated into the MP C4503SP multifunction printer. Scanning speed is quite quick too at 110ipm on simplex mode. The SuperG3 fax machine has a modem speed of 33.6kbps and can transmit at 2 seconds per page. A standard memory of 4MB is allotted to the fax but it can be upgraded to 28MB.
The Aficio MPC4503SP colour MFP would be better if it had standard Wi-Fi. This model does offer excellent finishers but only at an additional cost.


Years later, a condemned murderer, who claims he was abandoned by the CIA, and who starred in an early episode of Bullseye, is finally executed for killing two supposed Soviet spies back in the 1970s. Jake Boxer, still trying to piece his life back together, is on his honeymoon in a posh ski resort in the Alaskan mountains when he gets word of the inmate's execution...and the old killer's final words: "The good spy dies twice".
Those five words, seemingly meant for Jake, draw the ex-reporter out of his forced retirement and into a complex and deadly global conspiracy involving his newlywed wife, the secretive New World Order, and the hotel's 100 or so guests.
The Good Spy Dies Twice is an action-packed, psychological thriller that never lets up. Jack Boxer is a newlywed, ex-investigative journalist and ex-host of Bullseye as well as a man tortured by the death of his sound man. Add in the Cold War, double agents, a lost painting and greed to complete the psychological thrill and mystery of this book.
Recovering from a nervous breakdown, Jack comes face to face with espionage and the New World Order in Alaska at an isolated ski resort. Having lost his sound man to the New World Order and espionage, Jack is taken by surprise when he discovers his new wife is neck-deep in spying where she texts him the same words as a recently executed killer. Jack discovers that Claire (his wife) is writing an earth shattering news story that is Bullseye worthy.
Trapped in a closed resort facing starvation, starving wolves and members of the New World Order, Jack is left to save the day. Can he get those few left with him to a safe place before the bomb arrives or will they all meet the same fate as his sound man? Recovering from a near death experience and crippled with a broken back, Jack pushes forward to tell the world.
Mark Hosack creates a world where the Cold War still exists and there are mind-blowing twists and turns in this thriller that keeps the listener mesmerized. The Good Spy Dies Twice is a well-written plot with characters that are developed in a realistic way. The situations that Jack finds himself are realistic as well. Hosack describes the helplessness of Jack not being able to find Claire to the possibility of being wolf food in a vivid and detailed style. Hosack does an excellent job of tying everything together and in growing Jack into a character that connects to the listeners.
The narrator, also the author Mark Hosack does his novel justice as the listener is treated to a passionate performance and the smooth flow of a narrator connecting to the story. He speaks clearly and concisely. His passion, excitement, doubt, fear, pain and more are portrayed in a riveting performance.
While this story kept me riveted and entertained I can certainly understand why some may find it tedious. Most of all you should know it's good enough for me to purchase the coming sequel.
For all it's good aspects there are several glaring flaws. The author is a good narrator, but he and the producer made the huge mistake of using sound effects and music introducing every chapter. It not only is distracting, but it takes away from an otherwise good performance. If the story is good, it needs nothing but a good narrator.
The second is not a flaw at all. Our hero is a former investigative journalist and star of a once popular show entitled Bullseye. He is now disgraced, having fallen victim to paranoia. This paranoia is a continuous thread that permeates his thought process. It is as exhausting to read about as it is to actually live through.
My last criticism is that the author does a poor job of explaining who the villain is and especially revealing his demise.
In the end it is indeed an excellent mystery, worthy of your time.
What did you love best about The Good Spy Dies Twice?
The Good Spy Dies Twice was a riveting spy novel, perfect for the conspiracy theorists. I was hook on page one. The author weaves a fantastic tale of global espionage. Every one has a secret and no one is whom they appear in this story I was glued to the story and shocked by the outcome.
My favorite character was the MC, Jake Boxer. He is like a dog with a bone when he gets on the trail of a story. Pure genius!
Have you listened to any of Mark Hosack's other performances before? How does this one compare?
I have not listened to any other of Mark Hosack's performances but I am definitely adding him to my list. Mark did a wonderful job with narrating the story. The added sound effects and music interludes at the being of each chapter was a unique aspect and set the tone of the chapter.
I look forward to reading and listening to other books by Mark Hosack.
Authors voice is so engaging and leaves you wanting more of his books on tape. A wonderful thriller with twists and turns you didn't see coming. As a fan of Mark Hosack's books I was prepared for twists and still didn't see them coming.
What about Mark Hosack's performance did you like?
Mark's voice is perfect for this on edge thrill seeker, deep voice keeps you alert.
I wish, with kids and a full time job, I couldn't make this happen, but I would have likes to.


'Teen Mom 2' Lowry welcomed her third son in early August.
Kailyn Lowry is still the queen of her household! The Teen Mom 2 star shared the cutest photo of her three sons just weeks after giving birth.
"Nothing compares! ? #mythreekings," the MTV star wrote.
Kailyn welcomed her third son earlier this month with her ex and third baby daddy, Chris Lopez.
Almost a month old...Baby Lo still doesn't have a name!
Kail's older sons, Isaac and Lincoln, adore their little bro!
What do you think Kail should name her son? Let us know your thoughts in the comments section!


The Vienna Cheese Board Set is a Bamboo Board that amazingly transforms from a wedge to a circular, multi level cheese board with three stainless steel tools in a pull out drawer. This ingenious high quality board will impress guests when entertaining, and is a unique special upscale gift. Includes cheese tools.


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One of the biosphere reserves of the world that is registered by UNESCO is Arasbaran. This region is located in north-west of Iran, south of Aras River, and in East Azerbaijan Province.
This region offers mountains, valleys, forest areas and rangelands. Its wonderful rich nature has created wildlife in which animals such as caracals, leopards, and brown bears live.
Red deer, which were brought from Golestan Jungle to this region, are found in the protected area of Arasbaran as well. Therefore, wildlife enthusiasts have an exceptional chance to observe these animals.
Another feature of Arasbaran that attracts so many tourists is its hot spas in the region's villages where one can find well-organized services for tourists. Moreover, the many rivers formed by these springs join Aras River which is just spectacular.
Besides natural attractions, there are some historical attractions in Arasbaran as well. Babak Khorramdin Castle for example is located in this region and you should pass a narrow stone path to get there. Babak Khorramdin (Death: 838 AD) was the main leader of the Persian revolutionaries who rose and fought against Abbasid Caliphate. In addition to this castle, Aynaloo Mansion, historical mausoleums, and the ancient tree of Kavanaq are some other tourist attractions that you can find and visit in Arasbaran.
Arasbaran region has some beautiful villages with hotels or hotel apartments where tourists can stay and spend their nights. Some tourists prefer to have a one-day trip to Arasbaran and then return to the nearby cities (such as Tabriz which is three to four hours away from Arasbaran) to rest. However, we recommend that tourists spend more than one day in Arasbaran to have a calm enjoyable trip. Furthermore, visiting villages in Arasbaran helps you learn about local people's lifestyle. So, we recommend you to stay in the local lodgings, buy souvenirs from the local handicrafts, etc.
Balan rug, woven in Kaleybar city or in Balan village bears especial patterns and designs. Varni rug, also woven in the region, is believed to be the most primitive type household mat after wicker mat. They are both valuable handicrafts that you can buy in the beautiful region of Arasbaran.


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Each week brings new projects, emails, files, and task lists. Just how much of that is completely different from the work you've done? Odds are, maybe not much. A number of our daily tasks are variants on something we've done hundreds of times before.
Do not reinvent the wheel every single time you start something fresh. Use templates–standardized documents as starting point for work. As soon as you save a separate version of the template, simply add, eliminate, or change any info for that exceptional record, and you are going to have the work.
Templates work everywhere: in word processors, spreadsheets, project management apps, survey platforms, and email. Here's the way to use templates from your favorite programs –and how to automatically generate documents from a template–so you can get your tasks done faster.
That is only one advantage: Using a template means you are not as inclined to leave out key information, too. By way of example, if you need to send freelance writers a contributor arrangement, changing a standard contract template (rather than composing a new contract every time) ensures you won't depart out that crucial clause about owning the material as soon as you've paid for this.
Templates additionally guarantee consistency. You send clients or investors regular job updates. Using a template, you know the upgrade will have the formatting, layout, and standard structure.
First, templates must be comprehensive. So err on the side of adding also rather than too little, it's more easy to delete info than add it .
Imagine you're creating a template of your own resume. You'd want to list facts so you'll have all the information you need to apply for any job.
Some applications will automatically fill in all these factors for you (more on that in a little ). But if you need to fill in the data by yourself, include some text that is easy and obvious to look for so you can locate text that has to be altered without much work.


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text:
Who's Blowing Smoke, Arnold?
RUSH: Arnold Schwarzenegger, the governor of California, said today that politicians who suggest that lifting a ban on offshore oil drilling would ease rising fuel prices in the US were 'blowing smoke.' Actually, I guess he said this yesterday in Miami. This is what he said.
SCHWARZENEGGER: From the rethinking nuclear power to pushing biofuels and more renewables and ending the ban on offshore drilling, and it goes on and on the list. But anyone who tells you that this will bring down our gas prices immediately or any time soon, is blowing smoke.
RUSH: Now, governor, you and I know each other, and you're smarter than this. You are smarter. Nobody is saying, nobody has ever said that drilling is going to bring down the gas price tomorrow or next week. Governor, that's not what this is about. What this is about is eventually increasing the supply. What this is about is coming up with ways — real ways right now — to establish energy independence. You know, this argument… We had a great call about this, this week. This argument that if we start drilling today, it's not going to have any effect tomorrow. Well, then why do anything? Why start college? Why start? Why take the first step on your career ladder? If you have a 500-mile trip to drive, why even leave? You're not going to get there tomorrow; you're not going to get there tonight. Where did this come from? This is designed not just to depress people. This is designed to suppress the whole notion of energy independence.
All of their alternatives? We're all blue in the face from saying this: Do you think wind power is going to reduce prices tomorrow? Name for me the alternative energy. We have Senator McCain out there offering a $300 million award for somebody who comes up with a mechanism by which an automobile can get a hundred miles to the gallon, or whatever his deal is. Do you think that's going to happen tomorrow? You think you're anywhere nearer an automobile that gets a hundred miles to the gallon, when we start working on it tomorrow? Is that going to happen the next day? And, by the way, there's a little hypocrisy here. Governor Schwarzenegger lives in Pacific Palisades, I believe. He lives somewhere in Los Angeles, and Governor Schwarzenegger, as governor, works in Sacramento. Governor Schwarzenegger commutes every day up to Sacramento and back from Los Angeles. You can do it in about an hour, 45 minutes.
He does it in a Gulfstream G550. One guy. Maybe he's got a little entourage on the plane. I don't know, and I don't care. It doesn't matter to me, but if he's going to tell everybody else they gotta cut back and that we can't start drilling for oil and yet he's up there burning all these millions of gallons of jet fuel over the course of a year, flying back and forth to Sacramento to do his job. You know how he says he gets away with it? Well, I'm buying carbon offsets. I'm investing in carbon offsets that compensate entirely for my use of fuel, here. Well, that's absurd. This state, California… Every time I go out there — and I love it there. I lived there for 3-1/2 years. I have a lot of friends, and I love it out there, but I would never live there. I would love to, but the tax rates, the illegal immigration, that state is precariously balanced.
The overall liberal tilt of that state, the absence of any significant Republican Party opposition. California just passed their big global warming plan, cap-and-trade plan. Is that going to work tomorrow? It's not going to work period, but is it going to work tomorrow, the cap-and-trade plan? So all these things that they're coming up with, to so-called save the country, save the state, save the planet, are they going to work tomorrow? No, they're not. It's just a very frustrating thing, and all these people know it. Schwarzenegger knows damn well we're not talking about getting oil out of the ground tomorrow and lowering the pump price tomorrow. He knows exactly what this is. So there's an opposition to oil here that's based on reasons these people are not telling us. Their opposition to oil is based on things they don't want us to know they believe.
If you have a basic understanding of the role oil has played in the enrichment of peoples across this planet, if you understand the role that oil has played in the expansion of freedom and opportunity and the creation of wealth, if you understand that — and most people do — how in the world can you be Obama and say, 'Well, drilling for oil right now, well, that's a failed policy of the past. It's another one of those failed policies of the past.' Failed policy of the past. Where would we be without it? So why do they want us to not drill for more oil? Do you think it's about 'saving the planet'? Do you think that it is about all of this global warming stuff? Do you think it's about preventing oil spills? Do you think that's why they're opposed to drilling for oil? It isn't. It has nothing to do with that. It has everything to do with liberalism and the expansion of government and the reduction, ever so slowly, of individual liberties, and it has everything to do, within the minds of some, of weakening this country on purpose.
I will never forget — and I caught hell for this on this program — I caught hell for it. I remember during the recall election out there when Gray Davis was on the outs and Arnold was running, and he's showing up on Jay Leno's show, and everybody is going gaga.
'Arnold's a great conservative!'
I said, 'He's not a conservative, folks. He's not a conservative. He may be a Republican, but he's not a conservative,' and I gave them examples.
They did not want to hear it. I got grief. You remember this. I had people calling me and telling me that I didn't know what I was talking about, that I was sabotaging this good man and his race for governor.
I said, 'No, no, no. I'm not telling you not to vote for him. I'm just telling you he's not a conservative.'
Ahem. Where are you now? Where are all of you who told me I didn't know what I was talking about? Where are all of you who told me I was sabotaging Arnold's campaign for governor? I haven't heard from you lately. I haven't heard you call and say what great conservative things Arnold is doing for the state of California. The lesson here? Don't doubt me.
RUSH: Hey, Governor Schwarzenegger, you're big on CAFE standards. A lot of you liberals are big on CAFE standards, the fleet mileage standards that automobile manufacturers must meet, standards established for them by the wizards of smart in the US Congress, right? Now, the CAFE standards are always meant to be reached in five, six, seven, ten years, right? So let me ask you people a question. Why even have CAFE standards? CAFE standards are blowing smoke. You got these new mileage requirements, they're not going to happen for ten years, not going to happen tomorrow, why do it at all? It's going to take another ten years to replace all the existing cars on the road that violate these. You just can't go taking them away from people. It's not going to happen tomorrow, so why do CAFE standards? These people are starting to make me mad, and they ought not get away with this kind of ignorance. That kind of ignorance that Schwarzenegger uttered ought to provoke an outrage, mass outrage from intelligent, engaged citizens in California, because that is not smart, it's not caring, it's not compassionate. Why invest in biofuels? It's going to be a long time before biofuels — well, we actually know they're bombing out.
Try this. This is from the Associated Press. 'Growing global demand and supply constraints will push oil prices to $200 a barrel and gas prices to $7 a gallon within four years, forcing 10 million U.S. cars off the road, according to Jeff Rubin, chief economist at CIBC World Markets.' So that's where this started, some guy on Wall Street. Two hundred a dollar barrel oil in four years, seven dollar a gallon gasoline. This is news, right? And guess what. Ten million fewer cars by 2012? Really? They know this, do they? "Many of those in the exit lane will be low-income Americans from households earning less than $25,000 per year,' Rubin said in a statement. 'At their current driving habits, filling up the tank will have risen from about seven percent of their income to 20 percent, an increase that will see many start taking the bus." Which is exactly what they want. They want as many of you in suburbia to get on mass transit because then you are theirs. You travel on their set schedule. You travel where their mass transit takes you. You think I'm making this up and you think I'm exaggerating, but I'm telling you, what else can this be? Ten million fewer cars. Again, speculation about what's going to be the case four years from now that makes its way into the AP as a news story.


text:
The Chocolatey team has very explicit information here regarding the process for contributions, and we will be sticklers about the way you write your commit messages (yes, really), so to save yourself some rework, please make sure you read over this entire document prior to contributing.

<!-- TOC -->

- [Are You In the Right Place?](#are-you-in-the-right-place)
  - [Reporting an Issue/Bug?](#reporting-an-issuebug)
    - [SolutionVersion.cs](#solutionversioncs)
  - [Package Issue?](#package-issue)
  - [Package Request? Package Missing?](#package-request-package-missing)
  - [Submitting an Enhancement / Feature Request?](#submitting-an-enhancement--feature-request)
    - [Submitting an Enhancement For Choco](#submitting-an-enhancement-for-choco)
- [Contributing](#contributing)
  - [Prerequisites](#prerequisites)
    - [Definition of Trivial Contributions](#definition-of-trivial-contributions)
    - [Is the CLA Really Required?](#is-the-cla-really-required)
- [Contributing Process](#contributing-process)
  - [Get Buyoff Or Find Open Community Issues/Features](#get-buyoff-or-find-open-community-issuesfeatures)
  - [Set Up Your Environment](#set-up-your-environment)
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  - [Prepare Commits](#prepare-commits)
  - [Submit Pull Request (PR)](#submit-pull-request-pr)
  - [Respond to Feedback on Pull Request](#respond-to-feedback-on-pull-request)
- [Other General Information](#other-general-information)

<!-- /TOC -->

## Are You In the Right Place?
Chocolatey is a large ecosystem and each component has their own location for submitting issues and enhancement requests. While the website (the community package repository) may be all you know for packages, it represents only a tiny fraction of existing packages (organizations typically maintain and host their own packages internally). This is the repository for choco.exe (the client CLI tool) for Chocolatey, which spans multiple types of environments.

Please follow these decision criteria to see if you are in the right location or if you should head to a different location to submit your request.

### Reporting an Issue/Bug?
![submitting issues](https://cloud.githubusercontent.com/assets/63502/12534440/fc223b74-c21e-11e5-9a41-1ffc1c9af48f.png)

Submitting an Issue (or a Bug)? See the **[Submitting Issues](https://github.com/chocolatey/choco#submitting-issues) section** in the [README](https://github.com/chocolatey/choco/blob/develop/README.md#submitting-issues).

#### SolutionVersion.cs
Do not submit issues for missing `SolutionVersion.cs`. Please see [Compiling / Building Source](https://github.com/chocolatey/choco#compiling--building-source).

### Package Issue?
Please see [Request Package Fixes or Updates / Become a maintainer of an existing package](https://docs.chocolatey.org/en-us/community-repository/users/package-triage-process).

### Package Request? Package Missing?
If you are looking for packages to be added to the community feed (aka https://community.chocolatey.org/packages), please see [Package Requests](https://docs.chocolatey.org/en-us/community-repository/users/package-triage-process#package-request-package-missing).

### Submitting an Enhancement / Feature Request?
If this is for choco (the CLI tool), this is the right place. See below. Otherwise see [Submitting Issues](https://github.com/chocolatey/choco#submitting-issues) for enhancements to the website, enhancements to the ChocolateyGUI, etc.

#### Submitting an Enhancement For Choco
Log a github issue. There are fewer constraints on this versus reporting issues.

## Contributing
The process for contributions is roughly as follows:

### Prerequisites
 * Submit the Enhancement ticket. You will need the issue id for your commits.
 * Ensure you have signed the Contributor License Agreement (CLA) - without this we are not able to take contributions that are not trivial.
  * [Sign the Contributor License Agreement](https://cla-assistant.io/chocolatey/choco).
  * You must do this for each Chocolatey project that requires it.
  * If you are curious why we would require a CLA, we agree with Julien Ponge - take a look at his [post](https://julien.ponge.org/blog/in-defense-of-contributor-license-agreements/).
 * You agree to follow the [etiquette regarding communication](https://github.com/chocolatey/choco#etiquette-regarding-communication).

#### Definition of Trivial Contributions
It's hard to define what is a trivial contribution. Sometimes even a 1 character change can be considered significant. Unfortunately because it can be subjective, the decision on what is trivial comes from the committers of the project and not from folks contributing to the project. It is generally safe to assume that you may be subject to signing the [CLA](https://cla-assistant.io/chocolatey/choco) and be prepared to do so. Ask in advance if you are not sure and for reasons are not able to sign the [CLA](https://cla-assistant.io/chocolatey/choco).

What is generally considered trivial:

* Fixing a typo
* Documentation changes
* Fixes to non-production code - like fixing something small in the build code.

What is generally not considered trivial:

 * Changes to any code that would be delivered as part of the final product. This includes any scripts that are delivered, such as PowerShell scripts. Yes, even 1 character changes could be considered non-trivial.

#### Is the CLA Really Required?

Yes, and this aspect is not up for discussion. If you would like more resources on understanding CLAs, please see the following articles:

* [In defense of Contributor License Agreements](https://julien.ponge.org/blog/in-defense-of-contributor-license-agreements/)
* [Contributor License Agreements](http://oss-watch.ac.uk/resources/cla)
* Dissenting opinion - [Why your project doesn't need a Contributor License Agreement](https://sfconservancy.org/blog/2014/jun/09/do-not-need-cla/)

Overall, the flexibility and legal protections provided by a CLA make it necessary to require a CLA. As there is a company and a licensed version behind Chocolatey, those protections must be afforded. We understand this means some folks won't be able to contribute and that's completely fine. We prefer you to know up front this is required so you can make the best decision about contributing.

If you work for an organization that does not allow you to contribute without attempting to own the rights to your work, please do not sign the CLA.

## Contributing Process

Start with [Prerequisites](#prerequisites) and make sure you can sign the Contributor License Agreement (CLA).

### Get Buyoff Or Find Open Community Issues/Features
 * Through a GitHub issue (preferred), through the [mailing list](https://groups.google.com/forum/#!forum/chocolatey), or through [Community Chat](https://ch0.co/community-support), talk about a feature you would like to see (or a bug fix), and why it should be in Chocolatey.
   * If approved through the mailing list or in Community chat, ensure the accompanying GitHub issue is created with information and a link back to the mailing list discussion (or the Community Chat conversation).
 * Once you get a nod from one of the [Chocolatey Team](https://github.com/chocolatey?tab=members), you can start on the feature.
 * Alternatively, if a feature is on the issues list with the [Up For Grabs](https://github.com/chocolatey/choco/issues?q=is%3Aopen+is%3Aissue+label%3A%22Up+For+Grabs%22) label, it is open for a community member (contributor) to patch. You should comment that you are signing up for it on the issue so someone else doesn't also sign up for the work.

### Set Up Your Environment
 * Visual Studio 2010+ is recommended for code contributions.
 * For git specific information:
    1. Create a fork of chocolatey/choco under your GitHub account. See [forks](https://help.github.com/articles/working-with-forks/) for more information.
    1. [Clone your fork](https://help.github.com/articles/cloning-a-repository/) locally.
    1. Open a command line and navigate to that directory.
    1. Add the upstream fork - `git remote add upstream git@github.com:chocolatey/choco.git`
    1. Run `git fetch upstream`
    1. Ensure you have user name and email set appropriately to attribute your contributions - see [Name](https://help.github.com/articles/setting-your-username-in-git/) / [Email](https://help.github.com/articles/setting-your-email-in-git/).
    1. Ensure that the local repository has the following settings (without `--global`, these only apply to the *current* repository):
      * `git config core.autocrlf false`
      * `git config core.symlinks false`
      * `git config merge.ff false`
      * `git config merge.log true`
      * `git config fetch.prune true`
    1. From there you create a branch named specific to the feature.
    1. In the branch you do work specific to the feature.
    1. For committing the code, please see [Prepare Commits](#prepare-commits).
    1. See [Submit Pull Request (PR)](#submit-pull-request-pr).
 * Please also observe the following:
    * Unless specifically requested, do not reformat the code. It makes it very difficult to see the change you've made.
    * Do not change files that are not specific to the feature.
    * More covered below in the [**Prepare commits**](#prepare-commits) section.
 * Test your changes and please help us out by updating and implementing some automated tests. It is recommended that all contributors spend some time looking over the tests in the source code. You can't go wrong emulating one of the existing tests and then changing it specific to the behavior you are testing.
    * While not an absolute requirement, automated tests will help reviewers feel comfortable about your changes, which gets your contributions accepted faster.
 * Please do not update your branch from the develop unless we ask you to. See the responding to feedback section below.

### Code Format / Design
#### CSharp
 * If you are using ReSharper, all of this is already in the shared resharper settings.
 * Class names and Properties are `PascalCase` - this is nearly the only time you start with uppercase.
 * Namespaces (and their representative folders) are lowercase.
 * Methods and functions are lowercase. Breaks between words in functions are typically met with an underscore (`_`, e.g. `run_actual()`).
 * Variables and parameters are `camelCase`.
 * Constants are `UPPER_CASE`.
 * There are some adapters over the .NET Framework to ensure some additional functionality works and is consistent. Sometimes this is completely seamless that you are using these (e.g. `Console`).

#### PowerShell
 * PowerShell must be CRLF and UTF-8. Git attributes are not used, so Git will not ensure this for you.
 * The minimum version of PowerShell this must work with is v2. This makes things somewhat more limited but compatible across the board for all areas Chocolatey is deployed. It is getting harder to find a reference for PowerShell v2, but this is a good one: http://adamringenberg.com/powershell2/table-of-contents/.
 * If you add a new file, also ensure you add it to the Visual Studio project and ensure it becomes an embedded resource.
 * The last parameter in every function must be `[parameter(ValueFromRemainingArguments = $true)][Object[]] $ignoredArguments`. This allows for future expansion and compatibility - as new parameters are introduced and used, it doesn't break older versions of Chocolatey.
 * Do not add new positional elements to functions. We want to promote using named parameters in calling functions.
 * Do not remove any existing positional elements from functions. We need to maintain compatibility with older versions of Chocolatey.
 * One of the first calls in a function is to debug what was passed to it - `Write-FunctionCallLogMessage -Invocation $MyInvocation -Parameters $PSBoundParameters`

### Debugging / Testing
When you want to manually verify your changes and run Choco, you have some options.

**NOTE:** Chocolatey behaves differently when built with `Debug` and `Release` configurations. Release is always going to seek out the machine installation (`$env:ChocolateyInstall`), where Debug just runs right next to wherever the choco.exe file is.

#### Visual Studio
When you are using Visual Studio, ensure the following:

 * Use `Debug` configuration - debug configuration keeps your local changes separate from the machine installed Chocolatey.
 * `chocolatey.console` is the project you are looking to run.
 * If you make changes to anything that is in `chocolatey.resources`, delete the folder in `chocolatey.console\bin\Debug` that corresponds to where you've made changes as Chocolatey does not automatically detect changes in the files it is extracting from resource manifests.
 * The automated testing framework that Chocolatey uses is [NUnit](https://www.nunit.org/), [TinySpec](https://www.nuget.org/packages/TinySpec.NUnit), [Moq](https://www.nuget.org/packages/moq), and [Should](https://www.nuget.org/packages/Should/). Do not be thrown off thinking it using something else based on seeing `Fact` attributes for specs/tests. That is TinySpec.
 * For a good understanding of all frameworks used, please see [CREDITS](https://github.com/chocolatey/choco/blob/master/docs/legal/CREDITS.md)

##### Automated Tests

> "Testing doesn't prove the absence of bugs, they can only prove code works in the way you've tested."

The design of our automated test suite is to get the testing framework out of the way and make it easy to swap out should it ever need to be (the former is the important goal). We test behaviors of the system, which doesn't simply mean ensuring code coverage. It means we want to see how the system behaves under certain behaviors. As you may see from looking over the tests, we have an interesting way of setting up our specs. We recommend importing the ReSharper templates in `docs\resharper_templates`. This will make adding specs and new spec files quite a bit easier.

The method of testing as you will see is a file that contains many test classes (scenarios) that set up and perform a behavior, then perform one or more validations (tests/facts) on that scenario. Typically when in a unit test suite, there would be a file for every representative class in the production code. You may not see this as much in this codebase as there are areas that could use more coverage.

We recognize the need for a very tight feedback loop (running and debugging tests right inside Visual Studio). Some great tools for running and debugging automated tests are [TestDriven.NET](http://www.testdriven.net/) and [ReSharper](https://www.jetbrains.com/resharper/) (you only need one, although both are recommended for development). We recommend TestDriven over other tools as it is absolutely wonderful in what it does.

With the way the testing framework is designed, it is helpful to gain an understanding on how you can debug into tests. There are a couple of known oddities when it comes to trying to run tests in Visual Studio:

 * You can run a test or tests within a class.
 * You can also right click on a folder (and solution folder), a project, or the solution and run tests.
 * You can ***not*** click on a file and attempt to run/debug automated tests. You will see the following message: "The target type doesn't contain tests from a known test framework or a 'Main' method."
 * You also cannot run all tests within a file by selecting somewhere outside a testing class and attempting to run tests. You will see the message above.

Some quick notes on testing terminology (still a WIP):

 * Testing - anything done to test, whether manual, automated, or otherwise.
 * Automated Testing - Any type of written test that can be run in an automated way, typically in the form of C# tests.
 * Spec / Fact / Observation - these are synonyms for a test or validation.
 * System Under Test (SUT) - the code or concern you are testing.
 * Mock / Fake / Stub / Double - an object that provides a known state back to the system under test when the system under test interacts with other objects. This can be done with unit and whitebox integration testing. This allows for actual unit testing as most units (classes/functions) depend on working with other units (classes/functions) to get or set information and state. While each of [these are slightly different](https://martinfowler.com/articles/mocksArentStubs.html), the basic functionality is that they are standing in for other production code.
 * Concern - an area of production code you are testing in e.g. "Concern for AutoUninstallerService".
 * Regression Test Suite / Regression Suite - The automated tests that are in the form of code.
 * Whitebox Testing - tests where you access the internals of the application.
    * Unit Testing - We define a unit as a class and a method in C#. In PowerShell this is per function. If it involves another class or function, you have graduated to an integration. This is where Mocks come in to ensure no outside state is introduced.
    * Whitebox Integration Testing - testing anything that is more than a unit.
    * System Integration Testing - testing anything that goes out of the bounds of the written production code. Typically when running the code to get or set some state is where you will see this. And yes, even using DateTime.Now counts as system integration testing as it accesses something external to the application. This is why you will see we insulate those calls to something in the application so they can be easily tested against.
 * Blackbox Testing - tests where you do not access internals of the application
    * Physical Integration Testing - This is where you are testing the application with other components such as config files.
    * Blackbox Integration Testing / End to End Testing - This is where you are testing inputs and outputs of the system.

As far as testing goes, unit tests are extremely quick feedback and great for longer term maintenance, where black box tests give you the most coverage, but are the slowest feedback loops and typically the most frail. Each area of testing has strengths and weaknesses and it's good to understand each of them.

**NOTE**: One of the hardest forms of automated testing is unit testing, as it almost always requires faking out other parts of the system (also known as mocking).

#### Chocolatey Build
**NOTE:** When you are doing this, we almost always recommend you take the output of the build to another machine to do the testing, like the [Chocolatey Test Environment](https://github.com/chocolatey/chocolatey-test-environment).

 * Run `build.bat`.
 * There is a detailed log of the output in both `build_output` and `code_drop\build_artifacts`. The `build_artifacts` folders contain a lot of detail with each individual tool's output and reporting (helpful when wanting to see a visual of what tests failed).
 * There are two folders created - `build_output` and `code_drop`. You are looking for `code_drop\chocolatey\console` or `code_drop\nuget`. The `choco.exe` file contains everything it needs, but it does unpack the manifest on first use, so you could run into [#1292](https://github.com/chocolatey/choco/issues/1292).
 * You will need to pass `--allow-unofficial-build` for it to work when built with release mode.
 * You can also try `build.debug.bat` - note that it is newer and it may have an issue or two. It doesn't require `--allow-unofficial-build` as the binaries are built for debugging.
 * Use `.\choco.exe` to point to the local file. By default in PowerShell.exe, if you have Chocolatey installed, when you call `choco`, that is using the installed `choco` and not the one in the folder you are currently in. You must be explicit. This catches nearly everyone.

### Prepare Commits
This section serves to help you understand what makes a good commit.

A commit should observe the following:

 * A commit is a small logical unit that represents a change.
 * Should include new or changed tests relevant to the changes you are making.
 * No unnecessary whitespace. Check for whitespace with `git diff --check` and `git diff --cached --check` before commit.
 * You can stage parts of a file for commit.

A commit message should observe the following (based on ["A Note About Git Commit Messages"](http://tbaggery.com/2008/04/19/a-note-about-git-commit-messages.html)):

  * The first line of the commit message should be a short description around 50 characters in length and be prefixed with the GitHub issue it refers to with parentheses surrounding that. If the GitHub issue is #25, you should have `(#25)` prefixed to the message. **NOTE:** Previously, the requirement was to use something like `(GH-25)` in commit messages, however, that approach has been deprecated.
  * If the commit is about documentation, the message should be prefixed with `(doc)`.
  * If it is a trivial commit or one of formatting/spaces fixes, it should be prefixed with `(maint)`.
  * After the subject, skip one line and fill out a body if the subject line is not informative enough.
  * Sometimes you will find that even a tiny code change has a commit body that needs to be very detailed and make take more time to do than the actual change itself!
  * The body:
    * Should wrap at `72` characters.
    * Explains more fully the reason(s) for the change and contrasts with previous behavior.
    * Uses present tense. "Fix" versus "Fixed".

A good example of a commit message is as follows:

```
(#7) Installation Adds All Required Folders

Previously the installation script worked for the older version of
Chocolatey. It does not work similarly for the newer version of choco
due to location changes for the newer folders. Update the install
script to ensure all folder paths exist.

Without this change the install script will not fully install the new
choco client properly.
```

### Submit Pull Request (PR)
Prerequisites:

 * You are making commits in a feature branch.
 * All specs should be passing.

Submitting PR:

 * Once you feel it is ready, submit the pull request to the `chocolatey/choco` repository against the `develop` branch ([more information on this can be found here](https://help.github.com/articles/creating-a-pull-request)) unless specifically requested to submit it against another branch (for example, a `hotfix` or `release` branch).
  * In the case of a larger change that is going to require more discussion, please submit a PR sooner. Waiting until you are ready may mean more changes than you are interested in if the changes are taking things in a direction the committers do not want to go.
 * In the pull request, outline what you did and point to specific conversations (as in URLs) and issues that you are are resolving. This is a tremendous help for us in evaluation and acceptance.
 * Once the pull request is in, please do not delete the branch or close the pull request (unless something is wrong with it).
 * One of the Chocolatey Team members, or one of the committers, will evaluate it within a reasonable time period (which is to say usually within 2-4 weeks). Some things get evaluated faster or fast tracked. We are human and we have active lives outside of open source so don't fret if you haven't seen any activity on your pull request within a month or two. We don't have a Service Level Agreement (SLA) for pull requests. Just know that we will evaluate your pull request.

### Respond to Feedback on Pull Request
We may have feedback for you in the form of requested changes or fixes. We generally like to see that pushed against the same topic branch (it will automatically update the PR). You can also fix/squash/rebase commits and push the same topic branch with `--force` (while it is generally acceptable to do this on topic branches not in the main repository, a force push should be avoided at all costs against the main repository).

If we have comments or questions when we do evaluate it and receive no response, it will probably lessen the chance of getting accepted. Eventually this means it will be closed if it is not accepted. Please know this doesn't mean we don't value your contribution, just that things go stale. If in the future you want to pick it back up, feel free to address our concerns/questions/feedback and reopen the issue/open a new PR (referencing old one).

Sometimes we may need you to rebase your commit against the latest code before we can review it further. If this happens, you can do the following:

 * `git fetch upstream` (upstream would be the mainstream repo or `chocolatey/choco` in this case)
 * `git checkout develop`
 * `git rebase upstream/develop`
 * `git checkout your-branch`
 * `git rebase develop`
 * Fix any merge conflicts
 * `git push origin your-branch` (origin would be your GitHub repo or `your-github-username/choco` in this case). You may need to `git push origin your-branch --force` to get the commits pushed. This is generally acceptable with topic branches not in the mainstream repository.

The only reasons a pull request should be closed and resubmitted are as follows:

  * When the pull request is targeting the wrong branch (this doesn't happen as often).
  * When there are updates made to the original by someone other than the original contributor (and the PR is not open for contributions). Then the old branch is closed with a note on the newer branch this supersedes #github_number.

## Other General Information
The helpers/utility functions that are available to the packages are what we consider the API. If you are working in the API, please note that you will need to maintain backwards compatibility. If you plan to rename a function or make it more generic, you must provide an alias in the [chocolateyInstaller.psm1](https://github.com/chocolatey/choco/blob/develop/src/chocolatey.resources/helpers/chocolateyInstaller.psm1) as part of what gets exported. You should not remove or reorder parameters, only add optional parameters to the end. They should be named and not positional (we are moving away from positional parameters as much as possible).

If you reformat code or hit core functionality without an approval from a person on the Chocolatey Team, it's likely that no matter how awesome it looks afterwards, it will probably not get accepted. Reformatting code makes it harder for us to evaluate exactly what was changed.

If you do these things, it will be make evaluation and acceptance easy. Now if you stray outside of the guidelines we have above, it doesn't mean we are going to ignore your pull request. It will just make things harder for us.  Harder for us roughly translates to a longer SLA for your pull request.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub