Today we will learn how to troubleshoot common errors faced in openstack setups. Openstack is one of the most widely used open source application for setting up public and private cloud. It lets you build and manage complex data center infrastructure with great ease. It has been in industry for more than 6 years now and it is being evolved continuously to meet the challenging needs of modern day computing. If you have a pool of resources like Compute, Storage and network components, you can use openstack on top of this pool to build a working cloud setup. Latest release of openstack; known as Mitaka; has simplified cloud setup and management to great extent but still you might run into many issues when creating instances, or setting up networks/router or configuring object storage etc. Let's see how to proceed with troubleshooting of different components of openstack.
Here are main components of openstack which are usually present in medium to large scale installation of openstack. We will go ahead with troubleshooting tips for every component in details here.
Let's review how to troubleshoot each of the above mentioned components in details.
Controller is the most important component of openstack setup. Controller is responsible for proper communication between all other components (computes, networks, storage etc). Controller runs message broker service and uses this to facilitate communication between all pillars of a cloud. Controller also runs database service, and all other openstack services uses this controller for the storage of their databases. Controller is usually the main face of the cloud, it is where dashboard (horizon) is usually running and Controller's interface may be exposed to external world for successfully access to the cloud. If you are seeing errors on Controller, here are the log files you should check to identify and correct these errors.
/var/log/keystone/keystone.log > Check this file is you are facing authentication related errors on different services.
/var/log/messages > Check this file if you are seeing errors on access among different cloud nodes.
/var/log/firewalld > Check this file if you are having hard time getting your services to bind to certain ports/IPs.
Here are the services that must be running on Controller node(s), if any one of them is failing, your cloud must be showing errors (Use following commands to verify services status on CentOS system, you can use similiar utility for Ubuntu to verify service's status).
Compute is the main component that is used to store data about virtual machines and their related aspects. Compute can be a single node or a set of nodes, depending on your infrastructure. If you are unable to launch new instances, then its 90% sure that something might be messed up on Compute component. Compute related issues can be troubleshooted on both Controller and Compute nodes. Here are some common log files you should peek into if you are seeing compute related errors.
/var/log/nova/nova-api.log > This log file is located on both controller and compute nodes. Open this file to see whats exactly error your compute component is throwing when using compute related operation from horizon or command line.
/var/log/nova/nova-cert.log > Check this file if you compute node is throwing errors related to secure layer protocol. This file will be available on controller node only.
/var/log/nova/nova-novncproxy.log > If you are able to launch instances but can not access their VNC console, then this is the correct log file to look for. It is located on Controller node only.
/var/log/nova/nova-compute.log > This is the most important log file and is located on Compute nodes only. If you are unable to launch new instances, use this log file to identify the exact source of problem.
/var/log/nova/nova-api-metadata.log > If your openstack instances are complaining about instance's meta data , you should check this file on both Controller and Compute nodes to find out the problem.
In case of compute related errors, always make sure that all required services are up and running. Here are the compute services that should always be in running status.
Following compute related services should be in "Running" status on Controller nodes.
Following services should be in "Running" status on Compute nodes.
Neutron is the networking component for openstack, you need to create networks, routers, VPNs etc in this component and all traffic coming into openstack cloud is first filtered at Neutron level, so in order to achieve network connectivity and enable inter communication among virtual machines, Neutron should be working fine. In old versions of Openstack, neutron was the part of Compute (Nova), but in recent release, openstack development team has removed it from Nova and made it a seperate component. Lot of features are being added to Neutron so that it may cope with growing needs of modern day network virtualization. Neutron/Network is usually an independent node just like Controller and Compute, but sometimes, Controller and Neutron components are installed on the same machine, which works too. Let's see how to troubleshoot Neutron related issues and which services should be running on Controller, Compute and Network node for sucessful working of Neutron.
/var/log/neutron/server.log > If you are unable to create networks or routers, this is the very first log file to check. It is located on Neutron/Network node.
/var/log/neutron/openvswitch-agent.log > It is located on both Network and Compute nodes. If your virtual machines are failing to reach external network or virtual routers, you should check this file for identifying the exact errors.
/var/log/neutron/metadata-agent.log > This file can be found on either Controller or Compute node. It stores common neutron errors with respect to metadata.
/var/log/neutron/vpn-agent.log > If you have VPN component of Neutron enabled, then this log file will store VPN related error logs. If your site-to-site VPNs are not working or you are having issues with IPSEC, this is the place to look for root cause of problem.
Alright, lets see which services need to be in running status on Controller, Compute and Neutron nodes.
Following are the commands to verify that all neutron related services are running fine on Network Node. If any one of the followings returns failed status, Neutron is likely to not function to its fullest.
Following are the services that must be in "Running" state on Compute nodes.
Openstack image service is also called Glance, it is the service which is responsible for storing cloud images for various operating systems and our openstack setup uses these images to spin up new instances. Glance is not as complex componet as Neutron or compute, so its pretty easy to troubleshoot. Let's see which log files to view in case of problems with Glance images. Please note that Glance is usually installed on the Controller node, so you should be seeing following mentioned files/services on Controller component.
/var/log/glance/api.log > This file stores all communication between Glance and Openstack Dashboard, so if you are unable to perform any Glance related operation from Horizon, check logs in this files to find out the exact cause of problem.
/var/log/glance/registry.log > It's another file to look for when facing problem with Glance and its flavors, this file stores logs for different operations between keystone, glance, and compute.
On Controller node, following command should return service status as "Running"; otherwise your openstack setup will be unable to launch new instances and existing instances will show unpredictable behavior.
Horizon is the dashboard for openstack, all operations within your cloud infrastructure are performed from Horizon. If your Horizon is not loading or not responding to external requests, its probably problem with Apache Web Server or Memcachd. Horizon uses Apache web server, so in order to troubleshoot errors related to Horizon, we need to go deeper into Web Server logs.
/etc/httpd/logs/error_log > This file should contain apache web server error logs, check this file to find out the problems with Horizon Dashboard.
Following services should be in "Running" state on Controller node for the successful operations of Dashboard.
Openstack is really good at logging errors, so almost all openstack related issues/errors can be easily identified and troubleshooted using log files mentioned above. We just need to act smart, make sure we are looking in correct log files and reading the proper information in logs. Hope you enjoyed this article, do let us know in comments please!
Hello is possible to track and create sequence diagram of a use case (ex: Create Network) using logs.
For Create network: Neutron client has to communicate with Keystone through HTTPD and after authentication, checking the space and later the network will be created the info will be stored in keystone and neutron logs. would it be possible to create flow diagrams using this logs. Do we have any opensource tool to do log analysis.?
Hi Sandeep, Thanks for comment, there is no such tool at the moment !


Murdering Iranian scientists has become a disturbing pattern of "covert actions" against Iran, which has taken the lives of at least four scientists since 2010. The Iranian community and all who support peace, human rights and international law must take action to express their outrage at these acts of violence. They must also demand that these murders be stopped and the perpetrators brought to justice!


I got tired of lambasting macroeconomics a while ago, and the "macro wars" mostly died down in the blogosphere around when the recovery from the Great Recession kicked in. But recently, there have been a number of respected macroeconomists posting big, comprehensive criticisms of the way academic macro gets done. Some of these criticisms are more forceful than anything we bloggers blogged about back in the day! Anyway, I thought I'd link to a couple here.
First, there's Paul Romer's latest, "The Trouble With Macroeconomics". The title is an analogy to Lee Smolin's book "The Trouble With Physics". Romer basically says that macro (meaning business-cycle theory) has become like the critics' harshest depictions of string theory - a community of believers, dogmatically following the ideas of revered elders and ignoring the data. The elders he singles out are Bob Lucas, Ed Prescott, and Tom Sargent.
Romer says that it's obvious that monetary policy affects the real economy, because of the Volcker recessions in the early 80s, but that macro theorists have largely ignored this fact and continued to make models in which monetary policy is ineffectual. He says that modern DSGE models are no better than old pre-Lucas Critique simultaneous-equation models, because they still take lots of assumptions to identify the models, only now the assumptions are hidden instead of explicit. Romer points to distributional assumptions, calibration, and tight Bayesian priors as ways of hiding assumptions in modern DSGE models. He cites an interesting 2009 paper by Canova and Sala that tries to take DSGE model estimation seriously and finds (unsurprisingly) that identification is pretty difficult.
As a solution, Romer suggests chucking formal modeling entirely and going with more general, vague but flexible ideas about policy and the macroeconomy, supported by simple natural experiments and economic history.
In response to the observation that the shocks [in DSGE models] are imaginary, a standard defense invokes Milton Friedman's (1953) methodological assertion from unnamed authority that "the more significant the theory, the more unrealistic the assumptions (p.14)." More recently, "all models are false" seems to have become the universal hand-wave for dismissing any fact that does not conform to the model that is the current favorite.
The noncommittal relationship with the truth revealed by these methodological evasions...goes so far beyond post-modern irony that it deserves its own label. I suggest "post-real."
The mistake that the novice made is to think that the macroeconomist would rely on data alone to build up his/her theory or model. The expert knows how to build up theory from a priori restrictions that are accepted by a large number of scholars...[I]t's a little disturbing how little empirical work underlies some of those agreed-upon theory-driven restrictions – see p. 711 of Lucas (JMCB, 1980) for a highly influential example of what I mean.
Observational equivalence, partial and weak identification problems are widespread and typically produced by an ill-behaved mapping between the structural parameters and the coefficients of the solution.
That just means that the model elements aren't actually real things.
So what seems to unite the new heavyweight macro critics is an emphasis on realism. Basically, these people are challenging the idea, very common in econ theory, that models shouldn't worry about being realistic. (Paul Pfleiderer is another economist who has recently made a similar complaint, though not in the context of macro.) They're not saying that economists need 100% perfect realism - that's the kind of thing you only get in physics, if anywhere. As Paul Krugman and Dani Rodrik have emphasized, even the people advocating for more realism acknowledge that there's some ideal middle ground. But if Romer, Kocherlakota, etc. are to be believed, macroeconomists aren't currently close to that optimal interior solution.
Olivier Blanchard is a bet less forceful, but he's definitely also one of the new heavyweight critics. Among his problems with DSGE models, at least as they're currently done, are 1. "unappealing" assumptions that are "at odds with what we know about consumers and firms", and 2. "unconvincing" estimation methods, including calibration and tight Bayesian priors. Sounds pretty similar to Romer.
We [macroeconomists] tend to view research as being the process of posing a question and delivering a pretty precise answer to that question...The research agenda that I believe we need is very different. It's hugely messy work. We need...to build a more evidence-based modeling of financial institutions. We need...to learn more about how people actually form expectations. We need [to use] firm-based information about residual demand functions to learn more about product market structure. At the same time, we need to be a lot more flexible in our thinking about models and theory, so that they can be firmly grounded in this improved empirical understanding.
Kocherlakota says that this isn't a "sociological" issue, but I think most people would call it that. Since journals and top researchers get to decide what constitutes "good" research, it seems to me that to get the changes in focus Kocherlakota wants, a sociological change is exactly what would be required.
Kocherlakota now has another post describing how he thinks macro ought to be done. Basically, he thinks researchers - as a whole, not just on their own! - should start with toy models to facilitate thinking, then gather data based on what the toy models say is important, then build formal "serious" models from the ground up to match that data. He contrasts this with the current approach of tweaking existing models.
My question is: Who is going to enforce this change? If a few established researchers start doing things the way Kocherlakota wants, they'll certainly still get published (because they're famous old people), but will the young folks follow? How likely is it that established researchers en masse are going to switch to doing things this way, and demanding that young researchers do the same, and using their leverage as reviewers, editors, and PhD advisers to make that happen? This doesn't seem like the kind of change that can be brought about by a few young smart rebels forcing everyone else to recognize the value of their approach - the existing approach, which Kocherlakota dislikes, already succeeds in getting publication and prestige, so the rebels would simply coexist alongside the old approach, rather than overthrowing it. How could this cultural change be put into effect?
Sounds right to me. The old like that "it takes a theory to kill a theory" just seems wrong to me. Sometimes all it takes is evidence.
I've already commented at lenght on Romer at Mark Thoma's. So I'll just use something you wrote on physics to make a tangential comment on unrealistic assumptions.
"They're not saying that economists need 100% perfect realism - that's the kind of thing you only get in physics, if anywhere"
This is a somewhat misleading way of putting it, but it allows me to illustrate some important points about 'unrealistic' assumptions.
In real world modelling in Physics 'unrealistic' assumptions are ubiquitous. What matters is not literal realism of assumptions but robustness.of conclusions.
1. Simplifying assumptions are context specific, ie ad hoc, and never axiomatic.The ad hoc nature of simplifying assumptions is a feature, not a bug as the above example illustrates.
2. Robustness is critical. As we move from our simplifying assumptions towards greater realism/precision, the conclusion should not change in any material way, and we use the simplifications because the gain in accuracy of the conclusions is not worth the added complexity and consequent loss of tractability in the model.
3. Out of sample performance of the model.
"...in order to understand physical laws you must understand that they are all some kind of approximation.
The trick is the idealizations. To an excellent approximation of perhaps one part in 10^10, the number of atoms in the chair does not change in a minute, and if we are not too precise we may idealize the chair as a definite thing; in the same way we shall learn about the characteristics of force, in an ideal fashion, if we are not too precise. One may be dissatisfied with the approximate view of nature that physics tries to obtain (the attempt is always to increase the accuracy of the approximation), and may prefer a mathematical definition; but mathematical definitions can never work in the real world. A mathematical definition will be good for mathematics, in which all the logic can be followed out completely, but the physical world is complex, as we have indicated in a number of examples, such as those of the ocean waves and a glass of wine. When we try to isolate pieces of it, to talk about one mass, the wine and the glass, how can we know which is which, when one dissolves in the other? The forces on a single thing already involve approximation, and if we have a system of discourse about the real world, then that system, at least for the present day, must involve approximations of some kind.
This system is quite unlike the case of mathematics, in which everything can be defined, and then we do not know what we are talking about. In fact, the glory of mathematics is that we do not have to say what we are talking about. The glory is that the laws, the arguments, and the logic are independent of what "it" is.
These are good observations. The way "ad hoc" has become a decisive argument against a model, at least in macro, is a symptom of the problem.
For a mathematician to object to ad hoc statements would be understandable, but for someone concerned with real world modelling to do so is mind-boggling.
It is worth pointing out that the economists who do so object have never in their life built a model that works, for any definition of 'works' acceptable anywhere outside economics.
This is indeed excellent. The three criteria for evaluating assumptions/simplifications, the precise definition of ad hoc, and the crystal-clear example of point mass for orbits vs rotation.
The national-accounting sages know that the appropriateness of this basic conceptual construct is a very open question. But that fact is invisible to almost everyone. National accounts could be depicted quite differently (yes, with everything still balancing).
Economists' thinking is completely owned by the conceptual constructs, the idealizations, embodied in our national-accounting structures. And they frequently display zero understanding of the constructs that they are (we are) using to think with.
I've been critical of you in the past, but that is a really good comment, 100% on the ball. But I will add that the simplifying assumption you used to illustrate your point, may not be true, but it is nearly true (without the scales being considered). And many simplifying assumptions used in economics are not nearly true.
Informally we might - and sometimes do - say that the assumption (point-mass) is 'nearly true', but it is not quite correct. It is an idealization that satisfies criterion (2): robustness, and the resulting model satisfies criterion (3); out-of-sample performance.
Of course this is very different from the sort of assumptions common in economics which are often patently false - and this is the critical point - making them more realistic materially changes the conclusions ie the assumptions in the models fail to satisfy the robustness criterion. And, at least in DSGE/RBC macro to talk of in-sample fit or out-of-sample performance of the resulting model would imply a libelous misuse of the terms.
Actually, as Romer notes, the situation in economics is often even worse.with assumptions being not merely false ( with non-robust conclusions) but entirely meaningless in terms of real world observables. Assumptions of the sort that are deservedly derisively dismissed as not even wrong in every scientific or engineering discipline.
I love Macro Wars. Glad it's back on the blog.
It's not just an argument about having models with realistic assumptions. It is also an argument about the extent to which mathematics and models can usefully provide the answers we need to know. Basically we are going back to Keynes's (1937) arguments about the limitations of "pretty and polite techniques". Edgeworth was also very much aware of the limitations of mathematics in economics. And so have many others, for a long time.
I have been critical of Romer in the past. His growth theory for me does not answer the critical questions that I think are the most important into understanding why certain countries get on to a growth curve and others do not. But I now really have to admire his honesty.
I wish him all the best at the World Bank.
You can approximate with vague priors. You can signal intelligence with sophisticated treatments of uncertainty.
Noah, did you catch what the "agreed-upon theory-driven restriction" in Lucas 1980 was?
So, we are witnessing a battle between a declining DSGE scam and ascending "Realistic assumptions" scam.
Both approaches are worthless, but I guess it will give an excuse to macroeconomists why they are useless: we just used the wrong paradigm, now we are switching to the new one. Just many more years of research is needed and we will be ready. Science!, as they say.
I'm curious how many economists are simply too blind to understand that this will lead nowhere and how many are simply cynical beyond belief.
I just don't understand the mentality. Wouldn't you like to do something productive? Like produce actual knowledge? Can you guys be satisfied with infinite curve fitting?
Consensus - a theory which is coherent and consilient should lead to a consensus among practicioners. It is only within a strong consensus that people can talk to each other and extend the field.
It appears that macro misses out on a number of these.
I don't get Kocherlakota. He's a calibrator and an abstract theorist. He's criticizing himself!!!
"Romer basically says that macro (meaning business-cycle theory)"
Are you equating macro with business-cycle theory, or are you saying that Romer does?
In either case, I think this is another big problem with macro, its obsession with business cycles as opposed to long-term thriving and prosperity. eg, Gerald Friedman got tied in knots by this; he was trying to use "stimulus" thinking and arguments to talk about about multi-decadal possibilities.
" (Though I do think he's too harsh on string theory, which often is just a kind of math that physicists do to keep themselves busy, and has no danger of hurting anyone, unlike macro theory.)"
I find it hard to believe Noah understands string theory well enough to justify such a strong opinion of it only existing to keep theorists employed. As much as I like "The Trouble With Physics" those reading should keep in mind that Lee Smolin acknowledges that maybe there is something to string theory.
And again, the focus of string theory in theoretical physics is harmful to the expansion of knowledge and economic growth if too many brains not only barked up the wrong tree - nothing wrong with that - but *continued* to bark up the wrong tree for years, ignoring other paths of understanding physics, which is Smolin's main point.
I'm fond of observing that in addition to "cargo cult science", macroeconomics has often been likened to a religion. What religions do when the mainstream becomes intolerable for one reason or another is schism. Then after a number of years what used to be the mainstream dies out and the former schismatics become the mainstream.
Psychology went through this kind of crisis some years ago when the scientists split off from the clinicians, and created the Association for Psychological Science to contrast with the clinically-oriented American Psychological Association (the APA is the one that publishes the unscientific but influential Diagnostic and Statistical Manual).
All that heterodox economists need to do is gain some self-confidence and stop calling themselves derogatory names. That won't make them scientific, but it'll be a step in the right direction.
In order to be scientific, the standard method is to actually try predicting. Prediction is messy and provably fails to converge to any possible theory, but there are other authentic sciences that have this same theoretical limitation, like meteorology. This doesn't prevent meteorologists from constructing theories which make predictions that demonstrably get better and better year after year.
Why don't all these macro critics stop publishing in "unscientific" mainstream journals and setup their own J.Econ.Sci. that has rigorous scientific standards? Many of them have tenure or non-academic jobs (e.g. Roemer) and don't need to kowtow to committees who care only about established impact factors. It's been done elsewhere. It wasn't so long ago that one of the most prestigious biology journals Cell, was just an upstart new face on the block. All it takes is a strong editor and a pool of like-minded peer reviewers.
I think Paul Romer's self-serving ad hominem attacks should be identified as just that. One would hardly blame the older generation of Nobel laureates of conspiring to deny economic pre-eminence to Romer - look at how he behaves! - but I think they probably have better things to do.
To come back to the current discussion, I have no particular sympathy with the Lucas-Prescott-Sargent rational expectations / microfoundations / real business cycle approach - but the needed discussion of the defects of RBC has been underway for some time. And note that Romer's opening distillation of RBC makes its problems all about a supposed "exogenous" component, for which the subtext is that RBC's authors don't accept Romer's "endogenous" growth theory.
I wish Romer well at the World Bank. There is no doubt that his ideas around urbanization, for example, will bring an important and updated perspective to a development bank. But the very move suggest to me that the World Bank has not failed to note Romer's ability to propagandize an economic agenda - and that it values his political skills as much as his reputation as an economic theorist.
It's easy to poke holes in existing methodology, but it's much more difficult to come up with viable alternatives and solutions. Do those who knock DSGE models really think we should go back to 1970's macro and reuse old-school Keynesian models? The empirical evidence against Keynesian multipliers is overwhelming (See Ramey for an overview). Methodologically, Keynesian models make just as many implausible, ad hoc assumptions as DSGE models, if not more. Their forecast accuracy is no better; private forecasters are mostly selling stories and scenarios, not forecasts that in any way will prove ex post to be accurate.
I think you are repeating - and it is a good reminder - the classic Mark Blaug argument that economists should not abandon the "best available" theory (even if its deficiencies are manifest) if there is no better replacement. I have no problem with that.
3) Some ability to detect pressures that are building toward a major shock. (I call this 'the Cassandra feature', since the predictions are unlikely to be believed or heeded.) Whether any model could really offer this is open to question, but it's a real question. The Fed always talks about "risks to the economy", but is the perception of those risks coming from the model? How did Warren Buffet know that the pile of financial derivatives would collapse, but bankers and regulators and economists not know it? One answer, at least for economists, is that rational expectations theory forces prediction of any kind of discontinuity completely out of the model. That part of Paul Romer's complaint seems to me to be valid.
" think you are repeating - and it is a good reminder - the classic Mark Blaug argument that economists should not abandon the "best available" theory (even if its deficiencies are manifest) if there is no better replacement. I have no problem with that."
Have the RBC people shown that their theories are the best available?
The issue is that DSGE as such has no content. It is just a formalism that can fit anything. By itself, it's obviously not a problem. A Language can help express things that are hard to say otherwise, but does DSGE have anything to say? Does it simplify anything? What's the value proposition there?
Thanks to both Barry and Khryz for the comments.
Khryz: The value prop of DSGE, as modified by new keynesians like Mankiw, (David) Romer, Blanchard, and Fischer was that it provided working short-term forecasts for policy planners - until it didn't. Now, some would argue, absent a crisis, it does so again. People use it, despite this fearful hole, because there is no "better" or more complete theory. So I don't think it is just "formalism", even though I think it is a pretty terrible theory. One might agree Immanuel Wallerstein, as I do to some degree, that a crisis of the capitalist world-system is inevitable. But Wallerstein would be the first to admit that he can't say with certainty whether a specific downturn is cycle or symptom; he has no "better" day-to-day theory for policy makers.
Good point. I think it's more about re-calibrating DSGE models than reverting to the 1970s. With new insights into preferences from behavioral economics, a field that has exploded in the last decade, these models might have better predictive power.
Allie: No, recalibrating DSGE with behavioral assumptions will yield models with no predictive power whatsoever. No matter how great the assumptions are. Even if they are exactly true.
We do not know the aggregation function and never will. Not with a total of 10-20 observations.
We just did not get lucky with the universe.
Tom: No, DSGE is just a formalism and it has no content. That's what you effectively get from the anything goes theorem (Sonnenschein-somebody-somebody, i don't remember anymore).
I'm a little bit confuse. Isn't hypocrite Romer criticize unrealistic hypothesis when his theory of endogenous growth also remains in doubtful endogenous technologies assumptions?
Post-Keynesians have been calling out the mainstream about this very topic for decades at this point. The fact that it's coming to the mainstream via the establishment is a little bittersweet, but at least it's getting attention.
Economics in these days in NOT about criticizing macro in its DSGE/RBC incarnation but to fully replace it because it is beyond repair.
What the respected macroeconomists overlook, though, is that there is NO WAY to improve a dead theory. There is nothing left to do but to bury it. So, what the critique of respected macroeconomists amounts to is the zombiefication of economics. These critical folks cannot be taken seriously as scientists. A scientist does not waste too much time with the critique of an obsolete research program but moves on to a progressive paradigm.
The simple fact is that DSGE/RBC is PROVABLE inconsistent and needs to be replaced. The more embarrassing fact, though, is that this holds to the same extent for Walrasianism, Keynesianism, Marxianism, Austrianism, which means that there is nothing left of economics to be taken seriously.
Lo and behold, this has always been the methodological mantra of those microfoundations lacking Keynesians: "It is better to be roughly right than precisely wrong!"* Science, though, is digital=binary=true/false and NOTHING in between. There is NO such thing in science as roughly right or roughly wrong, there is only materially/formally true/false.
Vague blather, untestable wish-wash and storytelling has always been the hallmark of what Feynman famously called cargo cult science: "Another thing I must point out is that you cannot prove a vague theory wrong." (Feynman, 1992). To immunize a theory/model against refutation and thereby to save their job has always been the apex of smartness of the scientifically incompetent.
Economics has not lived up to scientific standards in the last 200 years. Economists are well aware of this and therefore try to question the standards and to 'play tennis with the net down' (Blaug). Unsurprisingly, the representative economist's methodology of choice turns out to be postmodern-new-age-pluralistic-anything-goes. Make no mistake, the 'throng of superfluous economists' (Joan Robinson) feels at home in the morass where "nothing is clear and everything is possible" (Keynes).
What the Grand Coalition of Failed Economists (Walrasians, Keynesians, Marxians, Austrians) wants least but economics needs most is a new theory, or in methodological terms, a paradigm shift.** The only thing left to do for these scientific deadweights is to get out of the way.
Will economists ever accede to the fact that there are just too damn many variables for models to 1) provide any productive value 2) stand the test of time? Economists want to analyze as if they could really choose all the relevant variables for any experiment. The economy is no college chemistry lab. Take something relatively more simple than economics but still absurdly complicated: medical research. Without randomized controlled trials, much medical research is taken by those in the know with skepticism, AS IT SHOULD BE. The best that economists can ever hope to do is observational trials, but nothing is standing still. Asserted above was that "monetary policy affects the real economy." Does it? Even if it appeared to in the 1980's, can one be sure that it can have the same effect now? Of course not. Much has changed. Perhaps the reasons that monetary policy was effective 40 years ago no longer applies. It would be nice if you could test such assertions. But you can't. You just can't. Economics is necessarily a backward looking endeavor.
People who quote Milton Friedman to the effect that realistic assumptions in a model don't really matter often forget the flip side of that: What Friedman thought does matter is whether or not the model makes good out of sample predictions. DGSE models don't.
The best way I know of to test economic theories is to cast them as restrictions on the parameters of a BVAR (Bayesian Vector AutoRegression). Litterman and Sims showed over 30 years ago that BVARs with simple random walk priors outperformed most economic forecasting models at forecasting out-of-sample. But we know from Statistics that imposing correct restriction on an estimated model should improve its out-of-sample forecasts. By this measure, modern macroeconomics teaches us almost nothing about how the economy behaves. Not that old-style Keynesian models are any better. They stink too.


These sellers of ham radio equipment come recommended by SPARC members. If you want a broader sense of what is available, find a copy of QST Magazine which is always packed with advertisements.
They have a well-stocked Burbank location.
A major patron of our hobby with an extensive catalog.
Known for selling surplus and used equipment.
UC Santa Cruz professor Ed Fong makes and sells well-regarded, affordable VHF/UHF antennas.
A U.S.-based seller of Chinese-made Baofeng equipment. A good option if you like the low price of Chinese radios but want the benefit of customer support.
A ham community site that lists equipment being sold by individuals.
Orange County-based manufacturer of lithium iron phosphate batteries, prized for their portability and long duty cycles.


Twelve whole months of your human time have passed. An entire year of metal releases that have all been building up to one thing: The HMO Top Albums of 2017!
The black metal duo returned with this powerful and deceptively simple set of cold, bleak, groovy and progressive black metal hymns. Following frontman Satyr's recovery from illness, the album was heralded as "day one of a new chapter". But it's no reinvention, just the sound of a band knuckling down with fresh dedication and commitment.
Doom icon Wino returns with a new lineup of his old band The Obsessed and an album that lives up to their classics of old. Hefty biker doom riffs with ace songwriting, soulful maturity and vintage musicianship. Wino's voice and guitar slinging are as badass as ever. He sings "I was born with my heart on my sleeve" and, 56 years later, he's still wearing it well.
No AOTY list would be complete without some death metal in space and this year's guttural cosmic travellers are Long Island's Artificial Brain. Post-humanity, cyborgs ponder life and their predecessors and the wonderfully ambient blend of tech death, beautiful dissonance and filthy vocals suits the theme perfectly. Also… might be the only album in my collection that features the word "urinals".
The King Is Blind make the HMO Top Ten for the second year in a row. No mean feat. This sequel to their debut album Our Father, brings that album's biblical tale into the modern day with harrowing results. The UK headbangers bash out an intelligent, raging and monolithic slab of metal that fuses a whole bunch of styles into a crushing, grooving whole that grows in stature with each listen.
No big back-story, concept or narrative to talk about here. Just straight-up quality death metal from a veteran act that's still hungry. As with other releases this year, it's definitely got a whiff of the end-times about it. But instead of dishing out the political rage, Immolation deal out a restrained, ominous and dark indictment of our times. Crushing, twisted, authoritative and destructive from beginning to end.
Hooded demon Athenar returns with his third full-length album of black thrash hooliganism. No zeitgeist-y vibes here: just Satan, shagging and Venom-worship. But there's a lot of creativity crammed into this album's short running time and its bookended by two epics that push the band's stylistic (long)boat out: swashbuckling, scything mid-tempo metal that invokes the legends of old… the legends of Ye Olde Bathory and Manowar. It's that good.
The loved-or-loathed British institution continues a late-career renaissance that finds them tipping the balance firmly in the loved direction. Themed around the Victorian obsession with death, Cryptoriana… is a darkly fabulous romp of hard-hitting gothic metal delivered with expertise and passion. It's atmospheric, cinematic, galloptastic and just tons of fun with a vocal turn from Dani Filth that cements his place as the veritable metal legend that he is.
Featuring ex-members of Bolt Thrower and Benediction, Memoriam were formed as a tribute to Bolt Thrower's late drummer Martin 'Kiddie' Kearns and what a tribute it is: crusty, primitive old-school death metal with a sense of tragedy and loss. But it's not a total downer, there's enough carnage here to please Bolt Thrower fans. Vocalist Karl Willetts performs with charisma and heart while the band unleashes the kind of filthy, strafing riffage that's guaranteed to have you running for cover.
2015's The Plague Within was a welcome return to growlier death/doom fare but I don't think anyone could have expected Paradise Lost to dredge the depths of misery like they have with this near-flawless album of gothic gloom. Anthemic hooks, crusty riffing, mournful harmonies and a fearless vocal performance from Nick Holmes put Medusa right up there with the band's best work. No small feat, considering the number of innovative and essential albums that make up this legendary band's discography.
The great comeback of 2017 was the return of these much-missed British Satanists with their most progressive, personal and accessible album to date. But the blackened malevolence of old remains and the fact that this album could well lure fans of more classic fare into a more extreme musical realm suggests these suave Londoners are still doing the devil's work. The eclectic variety, complex structures and dreamy introspection make for a fascinating, rewarding listen and the intense, dynamic, neck-snapping skill of the band's performance is the stuff of metal gods.
I've already agonised over my favourite new music of the past year but regular readers will know I'm a big fan of reissues and archive releases. And, as usual (or increasingly?) 2014 found plenty of old music being repackaged and resold with the usual bells, whistles and (hopefully) some unheard or rare tracks added.
Bonus tracks – A big factor, especially if I'm re-purchasing albums I've bought in the past, so reasonably worthwhile reissues like Hear No Evil's reissues of Motorhead's 1916 and Deep Purple's Slaves and Masters didn't quite make the cut.
Curation and selection – I can forgive a lack of bonus material if the reissued material is relatively rare or interesting in the first place. So, despite me absolutely adoring it, Mayhem's Grand Declaration of War reissue missed the cut as it was already readily available and not in particular need of a reissue.
Sound quality – This is always arguable and I'm no hi-fi purist but extra points are awarded if I feel reissues are sonic improvements on previous versions. Although they narrowly failed the cut its worth mentioning Earache's "Full Dynamic Range" releases here. They sound excellent and I hope other labels will follow their example.
Value for money and packaging – Generally I tend to shy away from expensive "super-deluxe" affairs but I do appreciate it when a particularly plush or expansive release manages to avoid breaking the bank. Bon Jovi's New Jersey box and the Super Duper Alice Cooper set are good examples of expansive and luxurious, but still affordable, sets that didn't quite make the cut.
Classic album bolstered with nice packaging, liner notes and an extra disc of bonus tracks. I've always banged on about how KISS should be doing more archive releases so I had to include this solid reissue here. If they had pushed the bonus track boat out a bit more it might have placed higher but I still hope there's more where this came from and if their other albums get this treatment I'll be a happy bunny.
Quality 2CD anthology from the ex-Small Faces/The Faces legend. Many of his solo albums are hard to come by now so this was a welcome release for me. And the inclusion of a BBC session makes it a worthwhile buy for fans of longer standing. This was my first exposure to his post-Faces output and it is charming and heart-warming stuff.
I've been enjoying the previous Pantera reissues and looked forward to this immensely. It's missing B-Sides from the album's era which is a shame but it's still a great sounding reissue with a fantastic live show as a bonus disc. This caught me in the right mood and got heavy rotation.
I'm very excited that this Swiss band's incredible demo has been given an official band-approved release by the No Remorse label. A couple of bonus tracks sweeten the deal but it's fantastic to have such a great sounding copy of this that plays at the right speed! Not enough people know how incredible Coroner are and on this demo they are also fronted by no less than Hellhammer/Celtic Frost/Triptykon legend Tom G. Warrior himself.
I wavered about this but I'm glad I bought it. It's absolutely fascinating to hear the many shows and alternate takes that were whittled down to the perfect At Fillmore East album. I wouldn't replace the original but this is well worth hearing if you're a fan of it. It's a very thorough and plush package for the agreeable price. A great follow-up to 2013's excellent Brothers and Sisters reissue.
This superbly curated labour of love from The Numero Group is the only vinyl release to make my list. It's a charming and fun set of underground US Zep and Sabbath worship from the 70s. It's very rare stuff and a must-have for fans of Stoner Rock and proto-Metal. The appeal of the music is further enhanced by the Dungeons and Dragons-inspired greatness of the packaging which you can see and read more about it here… with added Lego!
Demilich's only studio album Nespithe is a stunning Death Metal masterpiece and receives a well-deserved reissue here. It comes with a brilliantly designed and entertaining booklet and absolutely tons of bonus tracks. It's a truly thorough and well-researched release but special mention has to made of the stunning sound quality too. Congratulations to Svart Records for this: it should be the benchmark for all future Metal reissues.
A fascinating compilation with an interesting theme: Metal bands playing their native country's Folk music. A lot of thought and attention went into this one and it's a mix of old and new. Some new offerings from the likes of Winterfylleth and Primordial made this a must-buy but it also introduced me to some great bands like Ava Inferi and Haive that I may not have discovered otherwise.
Not one, but two powerful live recordings from Queen's early years. I love Queen so any live release of theirs is going to be up my street but it's especially inspiring to hear them at this early stage playing the heavy, epic tracks like Father to Son and Ogre Battle. I love it when the classic bands I love release archive live material and this release enjoyed repeated listens and kicked off a period of full-on Queen worship.
Ulver's first three studios are classics of provocative and adventurous Black Metal and they have been done full justice with this stunning box set by Century Media. The three albums alone are must-haves and personal favourites but there are also some tantalising rarities here too and it's all wrapped up in a stunning box set with a fantastic hardback book with essays, photos and translated lyrics. One of my more expensive standalone purchases of the year but still great value for five superb discs and a seriously luxurious package. It's a release that effortlessly satisfies all my criteria for a top-drawer reissue. Buy it while you can.


Join SSO as they present two classics – Stravinsky's "Petroushka", a classic tale of puppets that come to life and their ever-so-human feelings of unrequited love, jealousy, and revenge and Mendelssohn's Symphony no. 5 "The Reformation", presented in honor of the 500th anniversary of Martin Luther's revolutionary act that began the Protestant Reformation, one of the most important events in the history of western culture. Everything changed in the Reformation, including theology, church life, politics, economics, education, music, and the arts.


There are some myths that are associated with writing essays which sadly some students have been living up to. One of the most important things that you need to make sure as you are working on your paper is to focus on the things that will help you make a strong paper, and discard any ideas that would lead you to do otherwise.
The topic you choose for a definition essay can either earn you or lose you marks. This is something that so many students barely get to think about. Over time and with a good teacher you will come to learn the structure of a proper topic, and how to make it build interest for your work.
A good paper needs to be planned properly. You need to think about the number of words that are necessary for that paper and the number of chapters or pages that are required. Other than that you also need to plan around the duration of time that you have to work on the paper so that you can schedule everything appropriately.
Never write a paper and present it for marking without citing proper sources for it. This is one of the most important things that you should never forget. Examples will make your definitions stronger, while appropriate sources will make your paper credible.
Proofreading your paper is another common mistake that students fail to think about. You must spend some time after writing to go over the task before you send it in for your teacher to mark it.


President Donald Trump said Sunday the release of a summary of special counsel Robert Mueller's report into possible collusion and Russian interference into the 2016 presidential election completely exonerated him of collusion and obstruction.
"No Collusion, No Obstruction, Complete and Total EXONERATION," Trump tweeted Sunday.
U.S. Attorney General William Barr released the four-page letter Sunday.
Update 6:39 a.m. EDT March 25: President Donald Trump broke his tweeting silence Sunday and added a series of tweets Monday morning.
Barr wrote that the special counsel stated "while this report does not conclude that the President committed a crime, it also does not exonerate him."


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"Gentlemen of the Jury: The best friend a man has in the world may turn against him and become his enemy. His son or daughter that he has reared with loving care may prove ungrateful. Those who are nearest and dearest to us, those whom we trust with our happiness and our good name may become traitors to their faith. The money that a man has, he may lose. It flies away from him, perhaps when he needs it most. A man's reputation may be sacrificed in a moment of ill-considered action. The people who are prone to fall on their knees to do us honor when success is with us, may be the first to throw the stone of malice when failure settles its cloud upon our heads.
George Graham Vest (1830-1904) served as U.S. Senator from Missouri from 1879 to 1903. He became one of the leading orators of his time. This delightful speech is from an earlier period in his life when he practiced law in a small Missouri town. It was given in court while representing a man who sued another for the killing of his dog.


text:
The government is planning to scrap off the 12% excise duty tax on the internet which was introduced in this financial year after discovering that it's limiting the growth of the online business.
This has been disclosed by the chairperson of the parliamentary committee of finance Dr. Keefa Kiwanuka upon receiving a petition from civil society activists from Gateway Research Center indicating negative implications of internet tax on the economy.
In July 2021, the government replaced the OTT tax with a direct 12% levy on the net price of internet data, after which a value-added tax (VAT) of 18% will apply. According to Gateway Research Center, a think tank that undertakes research on policies in areas of health, education, and agriculture has petitioned the parliamentary committee of finance today, this has crippled the socio-economic wellbeing of citizens.
It's from this interface that the chairperson of the committee of Dr. Keefa Kiwanuka announced government plans to scrap off the 12% excise duty tax. Kiwanuka revealed that consultations are going on between the ministries of finance to waive off this tax after discovering that it is limiting the growth of the online business which would earn the government more taxes.
According to the Finance committee chairperson Dr.Keeffa Kiwanuka, the government is not planning to bring new taxes in the next financial year but to introduce new policies to enhance compliance and boost revenue collections.
Gateway Research Center has tasked the committee of finance to revise electricity tariff rates by lowering the monthly Yaka service fees by 50% and revising National Water and sewerage corporation charges by lowering the VAT by 10%.
Software Developers Decry High Internet Costs
SOFTWARE DEVELOPERS DECRY HIGH INTERNET COSTS The executive director of the National Identification Registration Authority(NIRA) Rose Kisembo has urged the...
Deputy Speaker Names Select Committee to investigate Dr Musenero
Law to Regulate Social Media in the offing
NMS Prepares to Roll Out Digitized Health Supply Chain System
Four Ugandan Innovators Receive Seed Funding Worth UGX 308 Million from UNICEF
Campaign To Save Children From Online Sexual Abuse Launched

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Purpose: To assess the clinical practices in the management of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) as a basis for establishing a guideline that focuses on risk factors and complications. Methods: We conducted a retrospective audit of the medical records of 450 patients (aged 20–65 years) diagnosed with T2DM attending an employee health clinic at King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh (Saudi Arabia) during the period from 1 January to 1 July 2016. All patients requiring emergency treatment were excluded. A checklist of demographic variables, co-morbidities, clinical examinations, and laboratory investigations was used for collecting data. Results: In total, 303 (67.3%) were women and 312 (69.3%) were Saudis. Forty-five (10%) patients were not receiving current treatment for diabetes and body mass index was not calculated for 117 (26%). Retinal and neurological examinations were not performed in 363 (80.7%) and 109 (24.2%) patients, respectively. Cardiovascular and peripheral vascular system examinations were not conducted for 112 (24.9%) and 114 (25.3%) patients, respectively. For laboratory investigations, 2-h glucose tolerance tests and vitamin B12 tests were not performed for 473 (97.1%) and 436 (96.9%) patients, respectively. Moreover, TSH/T4 and eGFR tests were not performed for 220 (48.9%) and 135 patients (30%), respectively. Conclusions: We concluded that current clinical practice for management of T2DM patients is not comprehensive and that the quality of healthcare should be improved with continuous checking of patient records.
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic and lifelong condition that is characterized by hyperglycemia. There are three major types of diabetes: Type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes, with approximately 90% of all cases diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). More than 347 million patients are affected globally, and this number is expected to increase to 439 million by 2030. In 2013, the cost of diabetes care represented approximately 10.8% of the total amount spent on health worldwide. In the Middle East and North Africa, one in 10 individuals are affected by diabetes mellitus 2, and the incidence is predicted to increase to 67.9 million by 2035.
The injurious effects of hyperglycemia are separated into microvascular and macrovascular complications. Microvascular complications include diabetic nephropathy, neuropathy, and retinopathy, while macrovascular complications include coronary artery disease, peripheral arterial disease, and stroke.
It is crucial to implement multifactorial risk reduction strategies such as weight reduction and blood pressure control early in the course of the disease to prevent both microvascular and macrovascular complications. Furthermore, diabetic nephropathy is a common cause of kidney failure, with a significantly higher incidence among males, smokers and alcoholics which can be reduced by early follow-up and use of specific tests., According to Pruthu et al., clinical practices in the management of T2DM (measurement of HbA1c and cholesterol/lipid levels, annual screening for nephropathy and blood pressure control) were improved in 2012 compared with those adopted in 2010. For example, approximately 63% (2,679) of patients were tested for HbA1c levels in 2012, while 30% were tested from the sample in 2010. Regular clinical and biochemical monitoring of patients helps prevent complications. Good clinical practice regarding follow-up, such as foot, neurological, ocular and fundus examinations, is vital in preventing the complications of diabetes. Absence of visual acuity tests, fundoscopy and foot examination records limit the early detection of complications. "Clinical guidelines for the management of diabetes in adult patients have been designed to aid physicians in providing individualized care and setting treatment goals to improve the quality of patient care.,, Moreover, attitudes influence the behavior of healthcare professionals. The medical records for patients with diabetes mellitus include significant amounts of useful information such as family history, relevant past medical history, clinic visit details, and medication list. The standard interventions achieve a positive effect on both the delivery of diabetes care and clinical outcome in terms of a considerable reduction in FBG and HbA1c levels. However, some of the most critical laboratory tests are not conducted due to lack of access to laboratory facilities to test factors such as HBa1C.
From this perspective, we assessed the clinical practices of physicians in the management of diabetes mellitus to establish a guideline that focuses on risk factors and complications of the disorder.
In August 2016, we conducted a retrospective study of medical records of patients diagnosed with T2DM attending an employee health clinic at King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh during the 6-month period from 1 January to 1 July 2016. All Patients with T2DM aged between 20 and 65 years were included; all patients requiring urgent care were excluded.,, Details of demographic variables, co-morbidities, clinical examinations, and laboratory investigations were collected. In total, the records for 720 patients were identified, of which 270 failed to fit the inclusion criteria; thus, 450 patients were included in our analysis.
SPSS, version 22 was used for both data entry and analysis. All variables were summarized and described using descriptive statistics; numbers and percentages were calculated for all qualitative variables.
In total, 450 patients with T2DM were included in our analysis. Of these, 303 (67.3%) women and 312 (69.3%) were Saudis. Almost two-thirds of the patients (62.9%) were in the 50–65 year age group. Regarding BMI, data were available in only 333 (74.0%) patients, of which 188 (56.5%) were obese. Regarding co-morbidities, 198 (44%) patients had hypertension, 153 (34%) were obese, and 146 (32.4%) had dyslipidemia [Table 1].
As shown in [Table 2], 45 (10%) patients were not receiving diabetic treatment and BMI was not calculated for 117 (26%) patients. Additionally, most patients (363, 80.7%) did not undergo retinal examination and neurological examination was not conducted in 109 (24.2%) patients. Almost one-quarter of the patients (67, 24.9%) did not undergo cardiovascular system examination and 114 (25.3%) patients did not undergo peripheral vascular system examination.
[Table 3] shows that 2-h GTT and vitamin B12 tests were not performed for the majority of patients (473, 97.1% and 436, 96.9%, respectively). Moreover, TSH and T4 tests were not conducted for 220 patients (48.9%) and eGFR tests were not performed for 135 patients (30%).
The importance of auditing the quality of care delivered to diabetic patients in any health care system has been well-documented., More specifically, the assessment of performance indicators for evaluation of the quality of care has been associated with a favorable influence on patient outcomes.
Therefore, the purpose of this study was to assess adherence to clinical guidelines for the care of patients with T2DM by conducting an audit of the medical records of patients. Our findings suggest that comprehensive clinical examinations and laboratory investigations were not completed in a high proportion of patients.
A study conducted in the Department of Family Medicine, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan revealed that the management of type 2 diabetes provided by family physicians was inadequate. Moreover, the majority of patients had poor glycemic control. It was concluded that improvements in the quality of diabetes care were necessary and further large-scale audits and research were recommended.
Moreover, a study conducted at the King Faisal University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) showed that the care provided to diabetic patients was relatively inappropriate. The report recommended implementation of specific measures to promote diabetic care in family health clinics. These measures included formulating and using protocols for diabetes management and better training of health care providers.
The results of a study conducted in Muǧla, Turkey, showed that Primary Care Physicians (PCP) were reasonably confident about initiating oral antidiabetic drugs (OAD) in T2DM patients, but were not confident about either initiating or intensifying insulin therapy. Most PCPs indicated that they refer patients who need insulin treatment when OADs are inadequate to specialists.
In the present audit, the annual retinal examination was not performed in 80.7% of cases. Similar high rates were reported in Pakistan, and in another Saudi study.
This audit was conducted to assess adherence to specific guidelines for the management of patients with T2DM by auditing medical records. Our analysis showed that some of the recommended clinical examinations and laboratory investigations were not completed for a proportion of the patients. Furthermore, some specific medical information, such as smoking habits and BMI, was either omitted or recorded inaccurately. In the light of the result of the present audit, we recommend that the quality of healthcare provided to the patients should be improved and that the records of patients should be checked continuously.
World Health Organization. Diabetes: Fact sheet. 2015. Available from: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs312/en/. [Last accessed on 2015 Dec 17].
Badawi D, Saleh S, Natafgi N, Mourad Y, Behbehani K. Quality of type II diabetes care in primary health care centers in Kuwait: Employment of a diabetes quality indicator set (DQIS). PLoS One2015;10:e0132883.
Yeniçeri EN, Akbaba G, Şahin C, Özdeş İ, Ceyhan MN, Yildirim B, et al. Family physicians' attitudes toward managing diabetes and their self-evaluation of their competencies. Acta Medica Mediterranea 2015;31:309-15.
International Diabetes Federation. IDF Diabetes Atlas 6th Edition. 2013. Available from: https://www.idf.org/e-library/epidemiology-research/diabetes-atlas/19-atlas-6th-edition.html. [Last accessed on 2015 Nov 13].
Fowler MJ. Microvascular and macrovascular complications of diabetes. Clin Diabetes2008;26:77-82.
Kulshrestha M, Seth S, Tripathi A, Seth A, Kumar A. Prevalence of complications and clinical audit of management of type 2 diabetes mellitus: A prospective hospital based study. J Clin Diagn Res 2015;9:OC25-8.
Okafor UH, Ezeala A, Aneke E. Audit of screening for diabetic nephropathy in a teaching hospital in Nigeria. J Diabetes Metab 2015;6:525.
D'Souza M, Kulkarni V, Bhaskaran U, Ahmed H, Naimish H, Prakash A, et al. Diabetic peripheral neuropathy and its determinants among patients attending a tertiary health care centre in Mangalore, India. J Public Health Res 2015;4:450.
Pruthu TK, Majella MG, Nair D, Ramaswamy G, Palanivel C, Subitha L, et al. Does audit improve diabetes care in a primary care setting? A management tool to address health system gaps. J Nat Sci Biol Med 2015;6(Suppl 1):S58-62.
Novo A, Jokić I. Medical audit of diabetes mellitus in primary care setting in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Croat Med J 2008;49:757-62.
Shehab A, Elnour A, Abdulle A. A clinical audit on diabetes care in patients with type 2 diabetes in Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates. Open Cardiovasc MedJ 2012;6:126-32.
Ganda OP, Richard B, Elizabeth B, Patty B, Campbell A. Joslin Diabetes Center and Joslin Clinic guideline for the care of the older adult with diabetes. 2015. Available from: https://www.joslin.org/docs/Gest_guide.pdf. [Last accessed on 2016 Jan].
Baker R, Hearnshaw H, Robertson N. Implementing Change with Clinical Audit. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2009.
Al-Musa H. Audit of diabetics' medical records in a primary health care center. Med J Cairo Univ 2013;81:549-53.
Anderson RM, Fitzgerald JT, Gorenflo DW, Oh MS. A comparison of the diabetes-related attitudes of health care professionals and patients. Patient Educ Couns 1993;21:41-50.
Fraser RC, Lakhani MK, Baker RH. Evidence-Based Audit in General Practice. Oxford, UK: Butterworth-Heinemann; 1998.
Dhanani RH, Qureshi MM, Khuwaja AK, Ali BS, Qureshi R. An audit of the quality of care indicators for the management of diabetes in family practice clinics in Karachi, Pakistan. J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad 2008;20:55-8.
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Fleming BB, Greenfield S, Engelgau MM, Pogach LM, Clauser SB, Parrott MA. The diabetes quality improvement project: Moving science into health policy to gain an edge on the diabetes epidemic. Diabetes Care 2001;24:1815-20.
O'Connor PJ, Bodkin NL, Fradkin J, Glasgow RE, Greenfield S, Gregg E, et al. Diabetes performance measures: Current status and future directions. Diabetes Care 2011;34:1651-9.
Campbell SM, Braspenning J, Hutchinson A, Marshall MN. Research methods used in developing and applying quality indicators in primary care. BMJ 2003;326:816-9.
National Committee for Quality Assurance. The State of Health Care Quality. 2010. Available from: https://www.ncqa.org/report-cards/health-plans/state-of-health-care-quality-report/. [Last accessed on 2016 Jan].
Diabetes UK. State of the Nation 2012 England. 2012. Available from: https://www.diabetes.org.uk/professionals/position-statements-reports/nhs-diabetes-commissioning-documents-guidance. [Last accessed on 2016 Feb].


How often do you stretch your muscles? It's not a trick question. For most of us, the simple answer is: not enough. While there are many different types of stretching out there, the majority of people don't know about them at all. What's more, when you hit the gym, the likelihood is that you simply dive right into activities without stretching first.
If you're guilty of this fitness sin, it's time to change your ways sooner rather than later. You should never forget the importance of stretching. Adding this practice to your daily routine could benefit you in a wide range of ways. Are you excited to learn more? Let's take a look at some of the best types of stretching and how you can try them.
2. What Are the Different Types of Stretching?
Rather than stretching simply before or after exercise, you should make this activity part of your daily health routine. Stretching helps you increase your flexibility, mobility and joint movement. While these aspects of your health may not impact you when you're young, as you age they could become an issue. Taking preventative measures now to keep your body in the best possible condition is an investment in the future of your health.
Should you work a desk job, your typical nine-to-five likely involves sitting in the same position for hours on end. You're not alone. Across the board, US workers spend around 39% of the day sitting or stationary, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics.
While you may think that's the norm, it's not great for your health. Staying seated throughout the day can lead to problems such as tight hamstrings, Harvard Health notes. To combat this problem, you should embark on a dedicated routine of stretches. Remember, it may take a while for the effects to show, but it will be worth it in the long run.
Do you suffer from chronic back pain? This health condition is as widespread as it is hard to manage. Experts believe that around 80% of the population will experience back pain at some point during their life. With that in mind, finding a way to aptly deal with this health issue is vital. Nobody wants to live their life in excruciating pain.
Luckily, stretching could be the answer. Research published in JAMA and Archives Journals found that both yoga and stretching therapies were beneficial in helping people deal with continuous lower back pain. While it's not the only way to relieve the pain and you should consult with a medical professional, the idea is that adding stretching to your fitness regime could help to solve the problem.
If you've done any kind of exercise class before now, you've probably encountered static stretching. It's the most common style of stretching which is often used at the beginning or end of exercise classes or training.
So, what is static stretching? It's actually very simple. These stretches are all about elongating certain muscles. You move into a position or stretch, hold it for around 10-30 seconds, and then release. It's not hard to master this routine but you should make sure that you warm your muscles up well before giving it a go.
These types of stretches are most common in athletic and clinical environments and their aim is to increase the range of movement in joints while reducing the risk of injury. You should also know that there are many different types of stretches beneath this umbrella term. Trainers have changed and adapted the style to suit different needs but the basics are always the same.
This particular exercise targets your pectoralis major muscles or chest muscles. As the name suggests, the stretch opens up the muscle group and warms the area.
Stand with your feet slightly apart and your posture tall. Bend your knees a little. Hold your arms outward and keep them as straight as possible. Gently move them backward as far as you can. (Only move into a position that feels comfortable for you. If you're not super flexible, the last thing you want to do is force it!) You should feel the deep and satisfying stretch throughout your chest area. Hold for 10-20 seconds. Release.
Another form of static stretching is passive stretching. Perhaps the best version of stretching for beginners, this practice allows you to hold the muscle in place with your arms or hands. For example, when you bring your leg up backward to stretch your quads, you have the chance to hold it in position with your hand.
Should you not be able to hold the position yourself, you could use an apparatus or another person to help you along the way. You may have heard this style of stretch referred to by other names including "relaxed stretching" and "static-passive stretching" but it all means the same thing. You don't need to engage your muscles when practicing this one.
Since this is one of the types of stretching that does not exert much force or energy, people often use it as a recovery or cool down routine. If you're currently struggling with a medical condition or an injury, it's important that you speak to your doctor for advice before attempting any passive stretching routines for yourself.
Whether you're about to go on an epic run or just engage in a cardio workout, keeping your legs loose and limber is the key. This stretch targets the quadriceps and hamstring muscles.
Perhaps one of the best-known passive types of stretching is the humble quad stretch. Stand with your feet hip-width apart and then pull one leg up backward. Use your hand to keep your foot close to your buttocks. Make sure that you maintain a straight stance. Hold this position for around 30 seconds (if you can!) and then release.
One adaptation of the standard static stretch is the active stretch. When you first start learning about stretching for beginners, you may well come across this particular practice. Think of this as the next level in static stretching, one in which you need to engage your muscles in order to hold the position. It may take a little getting used to at first, but when you get the hang of this practice, it should come naturally.
Much of the time, you will find this style of stretch in yoga or pilates. The foundation of this particular stretching practice lies in the fact that your agonist muscles (i.e. the muscle group that engages during the stretch) have all the power. You get no assistance from props to stabilize you or keep you balanced. Instead, you will need to train your muscles to hold the position through sheer strength.
Loosening up your biceps and shoulder muscles, the deep arm stretch is one that you should add to your everyday stretching routine. What's more, it's simple to learn.
While standing, arch your arm over your back and try to touch your opposite shoulder blade with it. Do not use your other arm to pull your hand into position as doing so would make it a "passive stretch". Go as deep as possible with your arm and try to weigh it down using only the strength of the muscles that are engaged. Hold for 20 seconds.
It may have a sharp name, but what is dynamic stretching and is it something you should try? Unlike other types of stretching that we've looked at already, this one involves much more movement. The general idea is that you have a "flow" of stretches and positions. You move your body from stance to stance in a fluid manner, maintaining motion at all times.
Yoga lovers will be used to this type of movement as it's somewhat similar to the "flow" of positions you will find in typical yoga sequences. However, if you're used to static stretching, you may find that it takes an extra level of concentration to perfect this activity.
Some experts believe that this is the best type of stretching when warming up. That's because there are many similarities between general physical exercise and dynamic stretching. Plus, the fact that you're raising your heart-rate during types of stretching like this one means that you also increase your core body temperature. That, in turn, could make it easier to transition and start exercising immediately afterward.
When you engage in dynamic stretches, you essentially combine two (or more) different types of stretching. Here's one that will attack your quads as well as your glutes, hips, and core in one simple move.
To get this move right, you first need to push forward into a lunge and then twist to the side. Make sure that the stretch is one swift and easy movement. It may help you to move your arms over to the side toward which you're turning. This should help stabilize you as well as making the most out of the stretch. Hold for a few seconds and then move back to the central lunge position before coming out of the stretch.
If bouncing from stretch to stretch sounds like your idea of fun, ballistic stretching is the way to go. Put simply, this activity involves using controlled bouncing movements to give yourself the momentum to reach certain stretches. The main ethos behind ballistic stretching is that it improves flexibility. However, there are some dangers involved in these types of stretching and you shouldn't try them without proper guidance.
But wait just a minute, what does ballistic stretching actually do for your muscles and body condition? While the research here is inconsistent, some studies suggest that engaging in these stretching movements can help to boost performance. Of course, more evidence is needed to confirm this theory and, at present, there's a lack of it.
Have you tried the butterfly stretch yet? This move directly targets the adductor longus muscle group on the inside of the thighs. It can be hard to attack these muscles, but a ballistic stretch will help you do just that in one simple move.
Sit on the floor with your legs bent at each side and the soles of your feet touching. If you're not very flexible, you may find that it's helpful to hold your feet together. Move your feet as close into your body as possible. When you have got into position, you should move your legs up and down much like a butterfly would flap its wings. Try to create a "bouncing" movement with your legs. It may feel weird at first but you will get used to the sensation.
Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation stretching or, more commonly, the acronym PNF stretching is a style that you may not have heard anything about. To get this stretch right, you need to combine elements of passive stretching and isometric contractions.
Let's clear up some of the terminology here before we go any further. "Isometric contractions" may sound like a tricky phrase but it needn't be. It simply means contracting the muscle without changing its overall length. For example, when you hold a heavy object, it engages the muscle but it does not stretch into a new position. To achieve this state, you need resistance. Much of the time, you work with a partner to help you.
In its most basic form, PNF stretching is all about holding and then relaxing different stances. This next exercise targets your bicep muscles.
To get these types of stretches right, you should move into a simple passive stretch position and hold it for around 10 seconds. With that in mind, bend your arm upward and hold it there. Then, contract your muscles isometrically (you may need a trainer to help you by applying some resistance!) and hold for a further 10 seconds.
Relax for a few seconds and then go straight into another passive stretch which is a little deeper than the first. Hold for 10 seconds and then release completely.
When we talk about the different types of stretching, it's hard to ignore the obvious debate here. Which is better – static vs. dynamic stretching? The answer to that question depends entirely on the reason you're engaging in a routine of stretches. The truth of the matter is that each of these types of stretching routines actually offer something different.
Static stretching is the "go-to" style for many trainers and physicians. The reason for that, as we have already covered here, is that it helps to increase flexibility and reduce the chances of injury during exercise. While the short-term effects of engaging in these types of stretching routines may be minor, the key is persistence. Stretching repeatedly will help you to get a decent grasp on this practice.
On the other hand, there's some evidence to suggest that dynamic stretching is better when it comes to warming up your muscles. The pace of these routines means that the muscles start to prepare for exercise. With that in mind, you should find that doing some cardio work or even weight lifting is easier after a dynamic-style stretch routine.
When you're struggling to work out which is better when it comes to static vs. dynamic stretching, there's one thing to keep in mind. You can add static stretching to your everyday fitness routine whenever you please. The more you do it, the easier the practice will become and the more flexible you should be. Before intense bouts of exercise, though, it may be best to try out some dynamic stretching movements to get warmed up.
Engaging in some form of light activity before you start stretching may sound unnecessary, but it could help you warm those muscles up. This tip is especially crucial if you're planning to execute some static stretches. You might find that jogging or cycling slowly for around 10 minutes first is the smartest and quickest way to get warmed up. Take things easy!
Everybody is different and you need to work to your own limits. If you're not particularly flexible right now, that's not a problem. Don't make the mistake of pushing yourself too far. Instead, you should work to your own skills and keep things comfortable. After all, you don't want to accidentally pull a muscle! In time, you should find that your flexibility levels start to increase and you can go deeper.
Unless you're giving dynamic stretches a shot, there's a rule you need to keep in mind. When you've gotten into a position or stretch, you need to hold it. Moving too quickly between types of stretching positions is not the way to go. You should aim to hold each stretch for around 30 seconds. At first, this may seem impossible. If you're having trouble, try starting small. You could hold each position for around 10 seconds and work your way up, adding a few more seconds each time you try it.
The words "exercise" and "fun" are rarely used in the same breath. However, when you start some stretching for beginners, there's one thing that you should remember. This activity is meant to be enjoyable. As you're going through the motions, be sure to take deep breaths and truly think about what you're doing. You could even go one step further and put on some relaxing, calming music too.
Ready to give these types of stretching a go for yourself? As we've mentioned here, stretching is a vital part of your health and wellness. Overlooking this activity – or worse – ignoring it completely, is a mistake. If you're looking to improve your overall health, boost your flexibility, and increase your performance, stretching on a regular basis could be the answer. Add a 10-minute stretching routine to your daily fitness regime for killer results.


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Q: How to block a website in Google Chrome? I need to block a couple of websites in Google Chrome. I don't want to edit my hosts file, because I want to get to those sites from other browsers.
Is this possible at all?

A: Block Websites Buddy claims to work with Google Chrome. I'm not sure if the site will be blocked in the other browsers as well however.

A: The AdBlock extension will block all images from a certain site, but it won't block the site content.
Blockit will block entire websites, but it's a bit clunky.

A: Personal Blocklist
The personal blocklist extension will transmit to Google the patterns that you choose to block. When you choose to block or unblock a pattern, the extension will also transmit to Google the URL of the web page on which the blocked or unblocked search results are displayed. You agree that Google may freely use this information to improve our products and services.

A: For Google Chrome you will gets extensions from the Chrome Store. Go to Store and search for BlockSite extension. Add it to your Chrome. It works fine. I used it before.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Q: If $A⊆P_1\cup P_2$, then $A⊆P_1$ or $A⊆P_2$. In a commutative ring $R$, let $A$ be an ideal of $R$ and $P_1$, $P_2$ be prime ideals. If $A⊆P_1\cup P_2$, then $A⊆P_1$ or $A⊆P_2$.
I suppose $x_1\in A-P_1$ and $x_2\in A-P_2$ then $x_1\in P_2$, $x_2\in P_1$, and $x_1x_2\in P_1\cap P_2$. But I don't know what's the contradiction. Any suggestion? Thanks.

A: HINT: Let $x=x_1+x_2$; if $x\in P_1$, then $x_1=x-x_2\in P_1$, so $x\notin P_1$; can you see a contradiction coming?
Added: Note that the suggested argument does not actually use the primality of $P_1$ and $P_2$. The generalization of this result to the union of more than two ideals does require that the ideals be prime, however.

A: We may assume that $P_1\not \subset P_2$ and $P_2\not\subset P_1$. Pick $a\in P_2\setminus P_1$ and $b\in P_1\setminus P_2$, you can get a contradiction considering  $ax_1+bx_2$.


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Broward Health will start lobbyist registration in June, according to CEO
READ 59 Comments
By Dan Christensen and Karla Bowsher
FloridaBulldog.org
As Broward Health's board of commissioners dithered last week about how to implement a 12-year-old, yet newly discovered lobbyist registration policy, reform-minded CEO Pauline Grant said she would have a registration system up and running in June.
Tainted water releases likely to continue even after Lake Okeechobee dike is refurbished
By Ann Henson Feltgen
While Floridians are anticipating the completion of the renovation to the 75-year-old Herbert Hoover Dike surrounding Lake Okeechobee during 2020, more water discharges, like those that occurred this winter, will likely be required after the work is complete, according to the U.S.
In 2015, motorcycle crashes helped drive highway death toll to highest level in years
By Paul Feldman, FairWarning
Last year was a bad one for motorcyclists, with a new estimate showing that 5,010 bikers were killed in crashes nationwide, the worst death toll in seven years.
Florida led the nation with an estimated 550 motorcyclist fatalities in 2015 amid the largest year-to-year surge in such deaths of any state, according to an analysis by the Governors Highway Safety Association. The grim new count pushed the Sunshine State well past last year's leader, California.
'What's going on?' Broward airport contractor said to owe millions may win millions instead
By Dan Christensen
Five months after demanding that contractor Tutor Perini pay Broward more than $34 million in damages for costly airport construction delays, ex-county aviation boss Kent George instead wants the county to pay Tutor Perini $18.9 million.
Fear of stalling as U.S. intelligence chief says Congress must OK release of 28 pages
In a development that could delay the release of 28 classified pages from Congress's report about Saudi Arabia's role in 9/11, the head of the nation's intelligence community has told a delegation seeking their release that the ultimate decision about whether to make


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Dar Al Fouad Hospital is a renowned and accredited medical facility in Egypt with a capacity of 141 beds and has an infrastructure built up to international standards.
The hospital offers trustworthy clinical care and healthcare services in outpatient and inpatient facilities to patients from and outside Egypt.
Dar Al Fouad Hospital has a collaboration agreement with Cleveland Clinic Foundation (CCF) and also with Hartmann Institute, which allows knowledge transfer and accessibility between the institutions.
The hospital houses expert medical professionals and competent support staff, trained in advanced procedures and skilled in handling high-tech instruments.
Radiology department comprising X-Ray, Fluoroscopy and conventional contrast procedures, Ultrasound and Duplex studies including 3D and 4D studies, Trans-cranial duplex, Mammography, PET/CT, 1.5 Tesla MRI, 128 Slice CT Scanner.
Biplane Siemens Artis Zee, an advanced technology to capture high resolution 3D and 4D images which enable diagnosis without the need for surgery.
Dar Al Fouad Hospital is a world class medical centre located in a pleasant and soothing environment, offering healthcare services in a number of specialties.
The International Desk at the hospital aims to provide all the required assistance to patients travelling from overseas for treatment and makes sure of their comfort and needs.
Nearest Airport: Cairo International Airport is 50 km away from the hospital takes approx. 1 hr to reach via road.
Dar Al Fouad Hospital performs 288 different procedures. Click on a procedure name to see more details and to view doctors for that specialty.
4.1 average based on 59 reviews.


If you're still looking for the perfect holiday treat for your holiday party, try these easy homemade Christmas Chocolate Sandwich Cookies. I usually always have all of these ingredients in my cupboard so this means no running to the store either – yay!
Holly mix, sprinkles, winter candies, etc – whatever you have!
Cream together the butter, sugar, water and salt. Then slowly add in the dry ingredients until you have a smooth and almost whipped looking batter. Chill in the fridge for 30 to 45 minutes.
Line a baking tray with parchment paper and roll the dough into uniform sized balls. Bake for about 9 to 11 minutes and then let cool on the tray.
Allow the cookies to completely cool before adding the frosting. While they are cooling, you can pair up similarly sized and shaped cookies to make the best fits possible.
When ready, spread a generous amount of frosting (or even ice cream!) on half of the cookies. Place the tops on and then press in the candies to make sure they stay in place.
Store in an air tight container for up to 5 days or freeze for a couple months. We've done this and they are a super-fast and easy treat to pull out when needed!
What a fun and festive cookie for the holidays! I so love this idea!


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Mutěnice is a municipality and village in Strakonice District in the South Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 300 inhabitants.

Mutěnice lies approximately  south-west of Strakonice,  north-west of České Budějovice, and  south of Prague.

Gallery

References

Villages in Strakonice District

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


As Assad called to crush his enemies, Israel called to fortify security along the Syrian border.
Speaking at the weekly cabinet meeting, Netanyahu noted that the fence built along the Egyptian border has "completely stopped the entry of infiltrators into Israel." Would-be illegal entrants have reached the fence and have been taken to Israeli facilities, he said, but none have stealthily entered Israeli cities.
"We intend to stretch an identical fence, with some necessary changes due to the different conditions, along the Golan Heights," he explained.
"We know that on the other side of our border with Syria today, the Syrian army has moved away, and global jihad forces have moved in," he said.
"We must therefore protect this border from infiltrations and terror, as we have successfully been doing along the Sinai border."
The Golan has suffered "spillover" violence as shells from fighting in Syria hit communities there. Syrian President Bashar Assad's speech Sunday is unlikely to calm the situation; the embattled president called on the country to mobilize to fight his enemies.
In addition to those concerns, "I also submit to the Cabinet the fact that the Syrian regime is very unstable, that the question of chemical weapons there worries us," he continued.
Israel is "coordinating our intelligence and readiness with the US and others so that we might be prepared for any scenario and possibility that could arise," he added.
A security official told AFP that the new fence in the Golan Heights would be along the outline of the old one. The official noted that Israel had already completed some 10 kilometers (6 miles) of the new Golan fence, and had "about 60 kilometers (37 miles) to go."
The official said he believed the work would be completed in the course of 2013.
Israel captured the Golan from Syria during the 1967 Six Day War and annexed it in 1981.


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The relationship between an intimate couple has the potential to enhance happiness and well-being, bringing with it a host of positive emotions and feelings such as love, joy, passion, security and togetherness. Likewise, an unhappy relationship can cause stress, anger, frustration, sadness and disappointment. When left unaddressed, sometimes these negative emotions can become destructive and threaten our well-being, leading to more pervasive conditions such as anxiety and depression.
Naturally, all healthy relationships experience ups and downs. Relationship difficulties challenge both partners in the relationship to grow as individuals, and when navigated successfully through counselling, can lead each person to experience the other in a more connected way.
Couples relationships are by their very nature intimate in communication. In general, all intimate relationships involve some form of communication of one's personal, social and sexual needs. It's how these needs are communicated that defines the health of the relationship.
Relationship counselling provides a safe and mediated environment for each partner to openly express their needs and desires and feel heard, respected, and understood by their partner. That's not to say their partner will like what they hear, or accept it. Conflict is inevitable in any relationship. It is how conflict is handled and resolved that determines whether the relationship can operate at a constructive rather than destructive level.
address alcohol and other drug addiction.
The role of the counsellor in working with a couple is to help both partners to become more self-aware of their thoughts, feelings and behaviours and develop their communication skills so they can better express their needs, whatever they be, in a mutually respectful way. During the counselling process, the counsellor acts as the advocate for the relationship, not the individuals, aiming to maintain a non-biased position for the benefit of the relationship.
Children keep parents in each-other's lives in one way or another, because children need both parents. Whether the parents choose to remain in an intimate relationship, like in a marriage, or whether they choose a 'business-like' relationship like that of couples who choose to separate or divorce, either way, parents who share custody of children need to learn ways of relating to one another and communicating effectively, for the benefit and well-being of their children.