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En informatique, un logiciel est un ensemble de séquences d'instructions interprétables par une machine et d'un jeu de données nécessaires à ces opérations. Le logiciel détermine donc les tâches qui peuvent être effectuées par la machine, ordonne son fonctionnement et lui procure ainsi son utilité fonctionnelle. Les séquences d'instructions appelées programmes ainsi que les données du logiciel sont ordinairement structurées en fichiers. La mise en œuvre des instructions du logiciel est appelée exécution et la machine chargée de cette mise en œuvre est appelée ordinateur ou calculateur.

Un logiciel peut être classé comme système, applicatif, standard, spécifique, ou libre, selon la manière dont il interagit avec le matériel, selon la stratégie commerciale et selon les droits sur le code source des programmes. Le terme logiciel propriétaire est aussi employé.

Les logiciels sont créés et livrés à la demande d'un client ou sur l'initiative du producteur, et mis sur le marché, parfois gratuitement. En 1980, 60 % de la production et 52 % de la consommation mondiale de logiciels est aux États-Unis. Les logiciels sont aussi distribués illégalement et la valeur marchande des produits ainsi distribués est parfois supérieure au chiffre d'affaires des producteurs. Les logiciels libres sont créés et distribués comme des commodités produites par coopération entre les utilisateurs et les auteurs.

Créer un logiciel est un travail intellectuel qui prend du temps. La création de logiciels est souvent le fait d'une équipe, qui suit une démarche logique et planifiée en vue d'obtenir un produit de bonne qualité dans les meilleurs délais. Le code source et le code objet des logiciels sont protégés par la convention de Berne concernant les œuvres littéraires.

Étymologie
Le terme anglais  a été utilisé dès 1953 pour distinguer la partie modifiable de l'ordinateur, par opposition au  qui est la partie matérielle permanente. Il est apparu dans la littérature pendant les années 1960.

En français, le mot « logiciel » est formé en 1969 en France à partir des mots « logique » et « matériel » comme traduction par la Délégation à l'informatique chargée du Plan Calcul.

Ce terme a été adopté par l'Académie française en 1972. Cette traduction est officialisée par un arrêté publié au Journal officiel de la République française le  et confirmé par l'arrêté du .

Introduction
Un ordinateur est composé de matériel et de logiciels. Le matériel est constitué des musiciens et des instruments, tandis que le logiciel est la partition. Sans logiciel l'ordinateur ne fait rien parce qu'il n'a pas reçu les instructions lui indiquant ce qu'il doit faire. Les logiciels sont composés de programmes informatiques, qui indiquent à l'ordinateur comment effectuer les tâches. Le logiciel détermine les tâches qu'un appareil informatique peut effectuer.

Alors qu'à la vente d'un appareil informatique, l'accent est souvent mis sur le matériel informatique, c'est avant tout le logiciel qui donne à l'ordinateur sa valeur ajoutée. Le mot anglais  (en français : logiciel) était à l'origine utilisé pour désigner tout ce qui est immatériel dans un ordinateur : des programmes, des données, des documents, des photos…

Logiciel n'est pas synonyme de programme informatique. Un logiciel est un ensemble typiquement composé de plusieurs programmes, ainsi que tout le nécessaire pour les rendre opérationnels : fichiers de configuration, images bitmaps, procédures automatiques. Les programmes sont sous forme de code binaire ainsi que parfois sous forme de code source.

Les deux principales catégories de logiciels sont les logiciels applicatifs et les logiciels de système. Le logiciel applicatif est destiné à aider les usagers à effectuer une certaine tâche, et le logiciel de système est destiné à effectuer des opérations en rapport avec l'appareil informatique.

La plus importante pièce de logiciel est le système d'exploitation. Il sert à manipuler le matériel informatique, diriger le logiciel, organiser les fichiers, et faire l'interface avec l'utilisateur. Les logiciels disponibles dans le commerce sont toujours destinés à être utilisés avec un ou plusieurs systèmes d'exploitation donnés.

Typologie
Les logiciels sont couramment classifiés en fonction de :
 la manière dont ils interagissent avec le matériel, directement pour les logiciels système, ou indirectement pour les logiciels applicatifs et les middleware ;
 l'utilisation cible : les entreprises ou les particuliers ;
 leur niveau de standardisation. Les deux extrêmes étant le logiciel standard et le logiciel spécifique.

Les deux principales catégories de logiciels sont le logiciel applicatif et le logiciel de système :
 le logiciel applicatif est destiné à aider les usagers à effectuer une certaine tâche ;
 le logiciel de système est destiné à effectuer des opérations en rapport avec l'appareil informatique.

Les autres types de logiciels sont les applications, les utilitaires, les programmes et les pilotes (anglais driver) :
 les applications sont utilisées pour effectuer une tâche ;
 les utilitaires sont utilisés pour manipuler l'ordinateur ou à des fins de diagnostic ;
 un pilote est un logiciel qui permet d'utiliser un matériel informatique.

Il n'y a pas de distinction claire entre un logiciel standard et un logiciel spécifique, et il existe un continuum entre ces deux extrêmes :
 un logiciel spécifique est construit dans le but de répondre à la demande d'un client en particulier, ce type de logiciel peut être créé par le département informatique de l'entreprise qui s'en sert, ou alors celle-ci fait appel à un éditeur de logiciel ;
 un logiciel standard est créé dans le but d'être vendu en grande distribution, et répond au plus petit dénominateur commun des besoins de différents utilisateurs. Un logiciel standard s'adresse à un marché anonyme, parfois à la suite d'une expérience pilote répondant aux besoins spécifiques de certains consommateurs.

Selon les droits accordés par le contrat de licence, on parle de :
 logiciel propriétaire lorsque l'auteur se réserve le droit de diffuser et de modifier le logiciel ;
 logiciel libre ou logiciel open source lorsqu'il est permis de l'exécuter, d'accéder au code source pour l'étudier ou l'adapter à ses besoins, redistribuer des copies, modifier et redistribuer le logiciel ;
 logiciel gratuit ou gratuiciel, ou (freeware en anglais), pour un logiciel propriétaire qui peut être distribué, copié et utilisé gratuitement, sans frais de licence ;
 partagiciel (shareware en anglais), lorsque l'auteur autorise autrui à diffuser le logiciel.

Secteur industriel

Les principaux procédés de commercialisation des logiciels sont la production sur mesure de logiciels spécifiques pour les entreprises, la vente de logiciels standard destinés aux entreprises et la vente de ces derniers aux particuliers.
 Les logiciels vendus aux particuliers sont distribués dans la grande distribution, ou pré-installés dans le matériel informatique, le consommateur paye les frais uniques d'une licence d'utilisation. Ce procédé est apparu dans les années 1980.
 Pour les logiciels standards vendus aux entreprises, celles-ci contactent généralement directement des producteurs, les coûts des licences sont négociés, et sont souvent accompagnés de contrats de service en rapport avec la mise en place et l'utilisation du logiciel qui sont payés de manière régulière.
 Pour les logiciels spécifiques, le client contacte directement le producteur, et paie le coût de fabrication du produit. Les services additionnels sont souvent demandés par le client et font partie du contrat conclu avec le fournisseur. Ce procédé existe depuis 1960.

En 1990 les plus grands éditeurs de logiciels aux États-Unis sont IBM, Microsoft, Computer Associates, Digital et Oracle. Les États-Unis sont à la fois le premier consommateur et le premier producteur mondial de logiciels, concurrencé principalement par l'Europe et le Japon (SAP, Dassault Systèmes et Sony) : dans les années 1980, la production / consommation des États-Unis représente 60 % de la production mondiale de logiciels, et 52 % de la consommation. 50 % des logiciels standards mis sur le marché sont des logiciels applicatifs.

Les activités des entreprises du secteur du logiciel sont, outre de créer des logiciels, d'assurer l'installation du logiciel chez le client ainsi que son exploitation. Pour une entreprise comme SAP (numéro un du logiciel en Europe) l'installation de leurs logiciels et la formation des utilisateurs est une part non négligeable de leur activité.

Les logiciels libres sont distribués comme des commodités produites en coopération entre les utilisateurs et les entreprises du secteur. Les entreprises qui les distribuent vendent parfois des contrats d'assistance dans l'utilisation et la modification de ces logiciels.

Dans les années 1950 les logiciels étaient souvent créés par les fabricants de matériel informatique et vendus avec le matériel, parfois des sociétés d'ingénierie créaient sur demande des logiciels applicatifs selon les besoins de l'utilisateur, cependant les systèmes d'exploitation étaient exclusivement le fait de fabricants de matériel. Les éditeurs de logiciels - sociétés spécialisées dans le logiciel - sont devenus courants dès les années 1960. Trente ans plus tard il existe plusieurs milliers d'éditeurs de logiciels aux États-Unis.

Pour les produits numériques tels que les logiciels, la création de la première copie coûte très cher, tandis que les copies subséquentes coûtent très peu. Pour un logiciel, la création du code source demande un investissement important, sans aucune garantie de succès. Une fois créé, un logiciel peut être copié sans perte de qualité, la copie étant strictement identique à l'original. Des outils de partage de fichiers en pair-à-pair sont utilisés pour copier, parfois illégalement, des logiciels, comme ça se fait dans le marché de la musique. Les logiciels couramment copiés illégalement sont ceux qui peuvent être utilisés tels quels par les particuliers - logiciels de bureautique ou jeux vidéo. Les éditeurs de ces logiciels disent que ces copies illégales entraînent des manques à gagner et ceux-ci incluent dans leurs produits des mécanismes de protection.

 La valeur marchande des copies vendues illégalement est souvent supérieure au chiffre d'affaires des ventes des producteurs et cette vente illégale est une des principales préoccupations de tous les éditeurs de logiciel.

Les situations de monopole sont caractéristiques du secteur du logiciel : il arrive souvent qu'une seule technologie ou un seul vendeur contrôle un pan du marché. Le marché du logiciel est sujet à l'effet réseau : la popularité élevée d'un logiciel le rend d'autant plus intéressant pour l'acheteur. Ce phénomène renforce les fortes et grandes entreprises et fragilise les fragiles petites entreprises. Ce qui explique que les petites entreprises peu populaires doivent se battre pour survivre, et explique les situations de monopole. L'adhésion des logiciels aux standards technologiques permet aux producteurs de profiter de l'effet réseau : le fait que plusieurs produits adhèrent au même standard facilite les échanges d'informations ce qui les rend plus intéressants pour l'utilisateur.

Philosophie libre
Le logiciel libre est un mouvement social basée sur la philosophie formulée par Richard Stallman dans les années 1980.

Richard Stallman, à l'origine de cette mouvance, se décrit lui-même comme étant . Selon le livre de Steven Levy, les hackers sont une communauté et une culture née en 1960 à l'institut de recherche en intelligence artificielle du MIT et presque disparue dans les années 1980. Dans cet institut de jeunes hobbyistes passent leur temps à étudier les ordinateurs et explorer les possibilités qu'offre la programmation de ces machines. Dans ce milieu les programmes informatiques sont traités de la même manière que n'importe quelle information scientifique : mis à la disposition de tout un chacun pour étude, exploitation et amélioration. Il y règne un fort esprit de coopération et de partage, le code source des programmes est utilisé comme moyen de communication, et le fait de restreindre l'accès au code source limite les interactions de la communauté.

En 1984 Richard Stallman, selon sa philosophie libre - héritée du milieu hacker, lance la création d'un système d'exploitation (GNU) et fait appel à un conseiller juridique de la Free Software Foundation pour créer une nouvelle licence de distribution, la GNU General Public License (abr. GPL), qui garantit que le code source d'un logiciel, initialement publié par son auteur, ne sera jamais mis sous secret industriel en application des lois de copyright par quiconque le récupère et le redistribue.

Dans son ouvrage GNU Manifesto, Richard Stallman suggère aux producteurs de logiciels de changer leur manière de travailler, et, au lieu d'acheter et vendre du logiciel, de le considérer comme une commodité produite en coopération entre les utilisateurs et les entreprises du secteur. Il suggère que même si le logiciel est libre, les utilisateurs auront besoin d'assistance dans l'utilisation et la modification du logiciel, services que les entreprises peuvent vendre.

La GPL est la licence la plus fréquemment appliquée aux logiciels libres. En 2002 plus de 50 % des projets de SourceForge.net sont sous licence GPL, et c'est également la licence appliquée à la plupart des distributions GNU/Linux.

Certains comme Eric S. Raymond considèrent que la supériorité des logiciels libres est avant tout technique. Pour promouvoir cet aspect du logiciel libre ils ont créé l'Open Source Initiative en 1998.

Licence et droits

En Europe de l'Ouest les logiciels sont protégés par la loi en tant qu'œuvres littéraires auxquelles s'applique la convention de Berne. Convention qui prévoit qu'un accord explicite de l'auteur est obligatoire avant de retoucher, de modifier, de publier le logiciel, ou de s'en servir comme base pour réaliser un autre logiciel.

Un contrat de licence fixe les droits et les obligations du fournisseur et de l'utilisateur du logiciel. Ce contrat formalise également les biens et les services qui devront être offerts par le fournisseur. Lorsque les logiciels ont commencé à être vendus en grande distribution, ce contrat - auparavant signé par l'acheteur - a été remplacé par une licence sous emballage (anglais shrink wrap), qui lie automatiquement et tacitement le fournisseur avec l'utilisateur du moment que ce dernier ouvre l'emballage du logiciel.

Les logiciels sont également protégés par les lois du secret industriel, destinées à empêcher la concurrence de se servir des caractéristiques techniques du logiciel dans ses produits. Pour les logiciels vendus en grande distribution sous licence sous emballage, cette protection est assurée en gardant secret le code source du logiciel et en commercialisant uniquement le code objet : la découverte des caractéristiques techniques à partir du code objet nécessite des outils spécialisés et un gros effort de réflexion.

La licence GNU General Public License (abr. GPL) a été créée en 1984 comme outil de soutien de la philosophie libre. Cette licence garantit à quiconque recevant une copie du logiciel d'obtenir les mêmes droits, c'est-à-dire le droit d'exécuter le logiciel dans n'importe quel but, de le copier, de l'étudier, de le modifier et d'en distribuer des copies exactes ainsi que des copies modifiées.

Distribution

Les logiciels peuvent être distribués dans le commerce de détail, téléchargés en libre-service, incorporés dans un appareil informatique, ou mis en ligne sur un ordinateur du fournisseur. La distribution peut être gratuite, peut faire l'objet de commerce et peut être complétée par des contrats de service concernant par exemple de la maintenance ou de l'assistance technique. En plus de la distribution publique, des techniques permettent la distribution automatisée de logiciels aux employés d'une entreprise. La majorité des logiciels continuent d'appartenir à leur producteur après avoir été distribués.

Les logiciels sont « emballés » sous une forme qui facilite le transport avant d'être distribués aux utilisateurs. Pour un logiciel vendu en grande distribution, le colis (anglais package) est conçu pour permettre l'utilisation immédiate du logiciel sans l'intervention d'un informaticien. Il contient généralement le code objet des programmes, le nécessaire pour les installer et la documentation. Le colis est rarement vendu, et généralement mis à disposition assorti d'une licence d'utilisation. Le fournisseur peut y ajouter des services de formation, de maintenance, de mise à jour et de garantie, souvent sur paiement additionnel.

Le déploiement est effectué en plusieurs étapes qui visent à placer le logiciel dans son environnement cible de manière qu'il soit prêt à être utilisé. La première étape consiste à emballer (anglais package) un logiciel en vue de faciliter son envoi vers l'environnement cible. Puis une étape dite d´installation consiste à effectuer les opérations nécessaires pour placer le logiciel dans son environnement cible, ceci peut nécessiter une modification de la configuration des logiciels déjà en place. L'opération de désinstallation consiste à effectuer les opérations inverses de l'installation, en vue de retirer le logiciel.

La procédure d'installation est typiquement automatisée par des logiciels - qui sont essentiellement des outils de décompression. Un logiciel évolue durant toute sa vie, et est typiquement distribué plusieurs fois, à plusieurs stades de son évolution, appelés versions ou release.

Le secteur public a été l'un des secteurs d'activité le plus moteur dans la diffusion et appropriation de l'open source et des logiciels libres. À titre d'exemple, en 2011, près de 19 % du budget informatique de l'administration française est affecté à des projets à composantes open source ou incluant des logiciels libres, générant ainsi un marché de plus de 1,2 milliard d'euros en 2011 (logiciels et services).

Il faut aussi tenir compte des évolutions en cours dans les modèles de distribution des logiciels avec la montée en puissance de l'informatique en nuage, et notamment du mode SaaS (Software as a Service). Celui-ci change les modes de rémunérations associés et la facturation en regard. Même si en 2011, la part du mode SaaS dans l'ensemble du marché des logiciels est encore marginale, sa progression est rapide et devrait devenir un mode à ne pas négliger parmi les différentes formes couramment acceptées. Plusieurs indicateurs confortent l'évolution progressive vers des services applicatifs à la demande via le réseau.

Construction

Créer un logiciel est une activité intellectuelle et prend du temps. La construction d'un logiciel comporte généralement différentes activités telles que l'étude de faisabilité, l'analyse des besoins, la conception, la programmation, les tests, le déploiement et la maintenance. La construction d'un logiciel modérément complexe dans un délai raisonnable n'est généralement pas réalisable par une personne seule. La construction nécessite alors d'être découpée en tâches qui seront réparties entre plusieurs personnes d'une entreprise ou d'une équipe.

L'étude de faisabilité permet de déterminer si le logiciel peut être réalisé : s'il est possible d'apporter une solution technique au problème posé, en tenant compte du système informatique à disposition. L'analyse des besoins permet de produire la spécification fonctionnelle qui servira de référence pour la conception et la programmation. La conception consiste à choisir les technologies et les outils qui devront être utilisés, tandis que la programmation consiste à créer des programmes exécutables en se servant des langages de programmation. Les tests consistent à simuler des scénarios d'utilisation en vue de vérifier le fonctionnement correct du programme. La maintenance est des travaux de modification effectués a posteriori, après la distribution du logiciel.

La construction doit suivre une démarche logique et réfléchie en vue d'éviter des produits de piètre qualité, qui donnent des résultats incorrects et tombent en panne. L'utilisation systématique d'une démarche réfléchie fait du travail de programmation une discipline d'ingénierie. Si créer un logiciel simple, répondant à un problème simple, peut être effectué de manière informelle par une personne seule, plus le logiciel est complexe plus sa construction est complexe, coûteuse en temps et vouée à l'échec. Les principales causes d'échec sont : la construction prend plus de temps que prévu, ce qui peut augmenter considérablement le coût de construction. Le logiciel ne donne pas les résultats attendus ou est abandonné par l'utilisateur parce qu'il tombe trop souvent en panne.

L'évolution du matériel informatique, les nouveaux domaines d'utilisation des ordinateurs tels que la science, l'image et le son, l'industrie ou la communication ont augmenté l'importance du logiciel et la complexité moyenne de celui-ci. Les logiciels simples ne sont alors plus que des exercices ou des résolutions théoriques de problèmes, tandis que la résolution de problèmes concrets nécessite des logiciels complexes où le travail discipliné de construction est une nécessité.

Un logiciel en version bêta (ou bêta-test) est un logiciel non finalisé, pour lequel on effectue une série de tests jusqu'à ce qu'une stabilité relative soit atteinte. Les personnes qui cherchent les dernières erreurs de ces versions de logiciels sont appelés des bêta-testeurs.

Un logiciel qui est opérationnel sera maintenu. La maintenance du logiciel désigne les modifications apportées à un logiciel, après sa mise en œuvre, pour en corriger les fautes, en améliorer l'efficacité ou autres caractéristiques, ou encore adapter celui-ci à un environnement modifié (ISO/IEC 14764).

Eric S. Raymond, dans son livre La Cathédrale et le Bazar, compare la démarche de construction utilisée pour les logiciels  Linux et fetchmail — le bazar — avec la démarche traditionnelle des éditeurs de logiciels — la construction de cathédrales :

Dans la démarche , les usagers sont co-développeurs du logiciel et ont un intérêt personnel pour le produit. Le code source est public et accessible à tout le monde. On considère que plus il y a d'yeux et plus les bugs sont aisés à repérer. Une nouvelle version du logiciel est publiée chaque jour, voire plus, ce qui permet aux utilisateurs de constater une évolution constante.

Dans la démarche classique des éditeurs de logiciels, les développeurs sont des employés qui, la plupart du temps, ne vont jamais utiliser le logiciel qu'ils ont construit. C'est une petite équipe très spécialisée qui s'occupe également de trouver et corriger des bogues éventuels, ce qui peut exiger des mois de travail. Les périodes entre chaque version de logiciel sont relativement longues. D'où de fréquentes déceptions quant aux imperfections du produit publié.

Dans la démarche dite , les développeurs ne sont pas choisis, mais sont le résultat d'une sélection naturelle : pour que le développeur participe il faut qu'il soit intéressé au produit, qu'il ait pris le temps de l'étudier, qu'il ait réussi à en comprendre suffisamment pour arriver à y apporter des modifications au code source. Un individu qui a réussi à aller si loin a forcément le profil adéquat pour devenir co-développeur du logiciel.

Qualité des logiciels

L'évaluation de la qualité d'un logiciel tient compte de :
 la complétude des fonctionnalités
 la précision des résultats
 la fiabilité
 la tolérance de pannes
 la facilité et la flexibilité de son utilisation
 la simplicité
 l'extensibilité
 la compatibilité et la portabilité
 la facilité de correction et de transformation
 la performance
 la consistance et l'intégrité des informations qu'il contient.

Un logiciel est un produit qui ne se détériore pas. Les facteurs de qualité peuvent être directement observables par l'utilisateur, ou alors constatable par les ingénieurs lors des revues de code ou des travaux de maintenance.

Un consortium s'est créé le  aux États-Unis pour établir un standard mondial de la qualité des logiciels. Ce consortium s'appelle le Consortium for IT Software Quality (CISQ).

Bogues

Les bogues, ou bugs, sont des erreurs de conception ou de programmation dans les logiciels, qui peuvent causer des comportements incorrects. La gravité du dysfonctionnement peut aller de très mineure (apparence légèrement incorrecte d'un élément d'interface graphique), à des événements catastrophiques (explosion de la fusée Ariane lors du vol 501, irradiation incorrecte de patients par une machine de traitement…) en passant par des pertes plus ou moins grandes de données, et, rarement, par une détérioration du matériel.

Il est difficile, pour des raisons fondamentales, de produire des logiciels sans bogue. Cependant, il existe des mécanismes par lesquels on peut limiter la quantité de bogues, voire les supprimer. Citons d'une part des préceptes d'organisation des équipes de programmation et leur méthodologie, d'autre part les techniques de recherche de bogues dans les logiciels. La recherche en informatique a développé un domaine d'étude, la vérification formelle, dont l'objectif est de certifier la qualité des logiciels et de garantir leur fiabilité. Dans l'ensemble, l'obtention de logiciels complexes peu bogués est coûteuse en temps et en main d'œuvre. Plus les anomalies sont détectées tôt au long du développement du logiciel, moins leur correction est difficile.

Logiciels critiques

Pour la sécurité globale des systèmes d'information d'une entité, il peut être nécessaire de définir des profils d'application, afin d'identifier les logiciels critiques sur lesquels il est nécessaire de porter une attention particulière du point de vue de la sécurité.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Logiciel en tant que service
 :Catégorie:Logiciel applicatif
 Programme informatique
 Agent logiciel
 Micrologiciel ou firmware
 Génie logiciel
 Brevetabilité du logiciel
 Progiciel
 Éditeur de logiciel
 Industrie du logiciel
 Machine à gouverner

Méthodes informatiques

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Background: We adapted Bayesian statistical learning strategies to the prognosis field to investigate if genome-wide common SNP improve the prediction ability of clinico-pathological prognosticators and applied it to non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) patients. Methods: Adapted Bayesian sequential threshold models in combination with LASSO were applied to consider the time-to-event and the censoring nature of data. We studied 822 NMIBC patients followed-up > 10 years. The study outcomes were time-to-first-recurrence and time-to-progression. The predictive ability of the models including up to 171,304 SNP and/or 6 clinico-pathological prognosticators was evaluated using AUC-ROC and determination coefficient. Results: Clinico-pathological prognosticators explained a larger proportion of the time-to-first-recurrence (3.1 %) and time-to-progression (5.4 %) phenotypic variances than SNPs (1 and 0.01 %, respectively). Adding SNPs to the clinico-pathological-parameters model slightly improved the prediction of time-to-first-recurrence (up to 4 %). The prediction of time-to-progression using both clinico-pathological prognosticators and SNP did not improve. Heritability (h(2)) of both outcomes was < 1 % in NMIBC. Conclusions: We adapted a Bayesian statistical learning method to deal with a large number of parameters in prognostic studies. Common SNPs showed a limited role in predicting NMIBC outcomes yielding a very low heritability for both outcomes. We report for the first time a heritability estimate for a disease outcome. Our method can be extended to other disease models.


Elamarna: Christer we still do not agree on this issue of "Flaps". I doubt unless there is new evidence we ever will.
So please don't claim it is "conclusive evidence" because for others it is not.
I´m afraid I cannot honour that request. It is the exact kind of evidence that would be used to put a case beyond reasonable doubt. It goes without saying that it COULD be two killers who got the same weird idea into their heads, but legally speaking, I believe such a suggestion would not appeal to a jury at all.
I know some posters I deeply respect agree with you, no matter.
Say that "you beleive it's conclusive" but at least aknowledge that others strongly disagree and that some of those views are not a knee jerk reaction.
I know others disagree. The thing is, they can´t actually disagree about the evidence as such, since they have never seen it. Nor have I. What they disagree about is my assertion that no matter the shape or size of the flaps, it nevertheless remains that the practice as such - to cut away the abdominal wall in a few large flaps - is enough to put the case beyond resonable doubt.
They - and you - are welcome to disagree, but I would like to see what a seasoned attorney had to say about it.
Anyway we have debated this many times and I see no need to replay that over Ah a.
I find the thread good reading and it must be one of the fastest growing threads ever?
Fisherman, Mr Richards doesn't even believe the Ripper series was the work of one killer, good luck convincing him that the same man did the Torsos!
What they disagree about is my assertion that no matter the shape or size of the flaps, it nevertheless remains that the practice as such - to cut away the abdominal wall in a few large flaps - is enough to put the case beyond resonable doubt.
Who said anything about LARGE flaps? The only one who fits into that category is Mary Kelly.
As a thought-experiment, substitute "corpse" for "orange", and "removal of abdominal flaps" with "peeling". How many different ways of peeling an orange are there? If you were to find two partly-peeled oranges, both of which had had some of the skin peeled off in segments with a knife, would you think that it was beyond doubt that the same person peeled them?
NB: you found the fruit in a densely populated city, with one orange found in one district, and the other in a different borough 12 miles away.
May I be truly cinical and suggest that the legal profession and truth are often entirely different matters.
You may! That is, if I am allowed to be truly rational and say that verdicts worded "beyond reasonable doubt" will have many, many years of knowledge, experience and practice behind them, handed down over centuries of studies of human behavior.
We are not talking about law-wringing here, Steve.
[QUOTE=Sam Flynn;432459]Who said anything about LARGE flaps? The only one who fits into that category is Mary Kelly.
You may by now have noticed that Jacksons flaps were described as large by Hebbert. So the answer to your question is that - Hebbert did.
As a thought-experiment, substitute "corpse" for "orange", and "removal of abdominal flaps" with "peeling".
No, thank you. This is not a question of oranges - or pizzas. It is a question of something very, very rare as opposed to something very, very common. I find the comparisons totally unrealistic and misleading.
How many different ways of peeling an orange are there? If you were to find two partly-peeled oranges, both of which had had some of the skin peeled off in segments with a knife, would you think that it was beyond doubt that the same person peeled them?
If you found two dead women in the same city with their abdominal walls cut away in flaps, would you say "Oh, women are killed by the millions by millions of killers in this town every year, and they all cut away the abdomen in flaps because that is how you get into a womans innards, so anybody could have done this"?
That, my friend, is what your oranges and pizzas amount to. That is how relevant your comparison is. And if you try apples or Danish pastry the next time, please be adviced that you will be equally quickly revealed.
Nilsen did not burn the bodies in his backyard, but instead on common ground in direct proximity to his lodgings. I absolutely fail to see why Lechmere or anybody else could not have made a bonfire, and fed it with whatever they chose to. Either in his backyard or somewhere else.
The notion that it would be impossible is totally untenable. It would carry risks, but so would any discarding of body parts. It´s anybodys choice, but burning bodies is an age-old method, employed in every civilization throughout history.
Fish, how do you fail to see? Are you blind as a goddamn bat dude? The killer was excellent at dumping parts discreetly and without being seen. The opposite of setting up a ******* bonfire.
You do not have to be that gracious and acknowledging, Rocky.
Incidentally, what we were discussing was whether the suggestion of a bonfire was plausible as an alternative for making bodies go away. That has nothing at all to do with how excellent the killer was or was not when it comes to dumping parts discreetly. We all know he chose that way to do it, but the discussion was one of alternative methods.
I like you too, by the way.
Fish, I was trying to explain it's not feasible to make a body disappear in the urban areas. You used bonfire as an example that it isn't. I thought we were talking about realistic ways to make a body disappear. It's possible to just leave the body under the bed. But it's not an efficient way to get rid of a body. So no a bonfire wouldn't work in a place like whitechapel.
RockySullivan: Fish, I was trying to explain it's not feasible to make a body disappear in the urban areas.
I am aware of that. It was precisely therefore I brought up Dennis Nilsen as an example of somebody who was of another opinion - and acted upon it.
You used bonfire as an example that it isn't.
I actually listed three different ways that the torso killer COULD have used as an alternative way of disposing of his victims, all three methods being more efficient in making the body parts disappear from sight than the method the torso killer used.
I thought we were talking about realistic ways to make a body disappear, not any possible way under the sun.
A bonfire was realistic enough for Nilsen. And I assure you that many, many people have disappeared under the surface of the Thames on account of having been dumped and weighted down successfully. What you need to do is to read up on these matters; how have killers gone about disposing of their victims over the years? Did Christie feel he had to dismember and dump the bodies he wanted to get rid of? No, he placed them in the walls or dug them down. How did Fred West go about it? He dug them down. People have been placed under floorboards, under slabs of stone in the garden, under a layer of concrete in the cellar - you name it. There are many, many ways to dispose of a body that does not require you to dismember it and float it down the Thames, giving away what has transpired.
It's possible to just leave the body under the bed. But it's not an efficient way to get rid of a body.
It´s not getting rid of a body at all. It is keeping it. Like Dahmer did in Milwaukee, for example.
And I still like you!
Last edited by Fisherman; 10-12-2017, 11:47 AM.
torsoman had his own place and obviously knew how to cut up a body. If he really wanted to make the victim disappear he could have.
Just cut them up more into smaller pieces, carry them to the river and dump it in-fish food.
speaking of fires-since torso had his own place he more than likely had a fireplace. just get a big fire going and burn them.
The Ripper was smart, if he lived anywhere like Whitechapel he wouldn't a bonfire, wouldn't weight down. Let's point out one thing about Dennis Nilsen ok, he got caught.
He wouldn't burn bodies and wouldn't anchor the parts down because he was good at disposal.
I really think people don't get how hard it is to make a body disappear. Fish food is another not efficient option. Clearly there was a limited time the torso ripper could keep the victims as they were quickly dismembered and disposed of before they could smell too strongly.
He was much better at disposal than at hiding what he had done, though.
And Nilsen did not get caught on account of the bonfire that turned six people to cinder and ash - he got caught when clogging up the toilet in his house.
There are many, many ways to dispose of a body that does not require you to dismember it and float it down the Thames, giving away what has transpired.


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text:
Bernard Sage est un homme politique français né le  à Tulle (Corrèze) et décédé le  à Tulle.

Avocat à Tulle, il est député de la Corrèze de 1849 à 1851, siégeant à gauche.

Sources

Député de la Corrèze
Député de la Deuxième République française
Naissance à Tulle
Naissance en mai 1807
Décès en avril 1876
Décès à Tulle
Décès à 68 ans


text:
Q: run initialisation and teardown code once while outputting in the constructor and destructor In xUnit I need to run some code once, before any test is executed, and also some code after all tests are done. Although this thread explains how to do it quite well, I want to do some printing inside the constructor and destructor, like shown in the code below, and that's the tricky part. Since Console.Writeline won't work, I looked for a workaround, which I found in this link.
public class TestsFixture : IDisposable
{
    protected readonly ITestOutputHelper _output;

    public TestsFixture(ITestOutputHelper output)
    {
        _output = output;

        // Do "global" initialization here; Only called once.
        _output.WriteLine("global init");
    }

    public void Dispose()
    {
        // Do "global" teardown here; Only called once.
        _output.WriteLine("global teardown");
    }
}

public class HandlerTests : IClassFixture<TestsFixture>
{
    // All my tests are here
}

A brief explanation on what's going on here:

This code uses the IUseFixture interface to ensure that the global
  initialization/teardown functionality is only called once. For this
  version, you don't extend a base class from your test class but
  implement the IUseFixture interface where T refers to your fixture
  class

Everything seems fine, but when I run the tests, I get an error (below). Any idea on how to solve this problem?

Test Outcome: Failed
Test Duration:    0:00:00,001

Result Message:   Class fixture type 'TestsPlatform.TestsFixture' had one or more unresolved constructor arguments: ITestOutputHelper output

A: The documentation says that you can add a parameter of type ITestOutputHelper to the constructor of the test class. I don't see anything that says you can add it as a parameter to the constructor of a test fixture class...
It wouldn't make sense for this output to go via ITestOutputHelper because the whole point of that mechanism is to allow the output to be associated with a specific test. Your setup/teardown is global, not per-test.
You'll need to find another way to output those diagnostics.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Leora Cruddas is Chief Executive of the Confederation of School Trusts – the national organisation and sector body for academy and multi-academy trusts in England. She has advised successive governments and sits on several Department for Education Advisory Bodies. She was recently the vice chair of the Head Teacher Standards Review Group.
Prior to founding CST, she was Director of Policy and Public Relations for the Association of School and College Leaders (ASCL) where she set up the Ethical Leadership Commission. Leora has six years of experience as a Director of Education in two London Local Authorities. She has extensive experience at senior executive level of working with schools and trusts to improve the effectiveness and quality of education. She is a Visiting Professor at UCL Institute of Education, Centre for Education Leadership.
Never has the Wellbeing of Leaders been more Important
Twenty months of Covid-19 is a long time for people to operate in 'crisis response.'
I am delighted to bring you this Autumn edition of Trust Journal. This edition is about the future – how we arise stronger from the global pandemic and...
Five Key Strategic Challenges for the Next Academic Year and Beyond
As we near the end of an extraordinary academic year, I thought it might be worth reflecting on the strategic challenges that next year will bring. I think...
The Case for Collaboration
The Secretary of State for Education set out the Government's ambition for every school to be part of a family of schools in a strong multi-academy Trust...
An Overview of Current Reforms - and the Case for Unprecedented Collaboration and New Forms of Leadership
This is a significant moment in the history of education in England. The policy reforms that are about to be implemented will shift the strategic picture....
This edition of Trust is about building the future together.
Future Schooling
Many in the education commentariat are talking and writing about the future of schooling in England. These arguments, situated in the context of the global...
In the introduction to this edition of Trust, I want to make the case for 'robust' policy. Robustness can be defined as "a system's ability to maintain...
"Rising strong"
We have seen a plethora of articles and blogs written over the past few months, regarding all aspects of education. Many have called for fundamental and...
Leading Ethically During COVID-19
We have seen some magnificent examples of civic leadership exercised by local authorities, schools and trusts during COVID-19 – leaders acting with professional...
The Tenacity of the Human Spirit
Recently I wrote an article in TES about the path from crisis to recovery in the COVID-19 response. In this article, I talked about the need to build resilience...
Maximising Civic Impact
In the last edition of Trust, I wrote about school trusts as an insurgent mission. This is a bold mission, requiring spikiness and limitless horizons....
School Trusts – An "Insurgent Mission"
In their excellent book, The Founder's Mentality, Zook and Allen talk about the insurgent mission as one of the key features of the founders of successful...
School Trusts as New Civic Structures
Earlier this year, I was delighted to give evidence to the UPP Foundation Civic University Commission. It was a privilege to have the opportunity to think...
We launched the Confederation of School Trusts on 11 October 2018. By this edition of Trust, we are thirty-eight weeks old and I thought it would be a...
Reflections on Autonomy
The term 'autonomy' is a highly contested and misunderstood concept. The whole question of the practice of autonomy needs more careful thought and...
At the legal and ethical heart of what we do as academy trusts lies something bold and aspirational – our core charitable purpose is to advance education...
The Importance of the Teachers
Last month, the Department for Education launched the Teacher Recruitment and Retention Strategy, and the Early Career Framework (ECF). There was an astonishing...
Welcome to the second edition of Trust, our Journal for Executive and Governance Leaders.
Over the past decade, academies have become a powerful force in education reform. With half of our children and young people in England educated in the...

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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I think it is one of the best bond songs ever, certainly better than surrender, which is nice, but a little too derivative.
Sheril Crow's song is very emotional, much deeper lyrics and much better preformed. guys, just listen!
Re: Crow's song is great - not!!!!!
> surrender, which is nice, but a little too derivative.
> song is very emotional, much deeper lyrics and much better preformed.
This is not because I'm disagreeing your opinion. Crow's song is a good and a fun piece of ballad -dedicated to 007.
The opening song has to be good, otherwise it screws up the rest of the movie experience. The film crew could have had fun throwing the Moby track into a scene. I would have enjoyed watching that scene.
Yes yes - but the didn't. Ironical, they placed a couple of scenes from the film in Moby's music video.
However the song and its video is not on the DVD-release.


text:
Search in titles only Search in Land Use only
Imperial dunes
ANTI-ACCESS GROUP USES FLAWED SCIENCE IN ATTEMPT TO
LIST DUNE BEETLE AT IMPERIAL SAND DUNES RECREATON AREA
CBD Listing is Little More Than a Shrill Attack on OHV Enthusiasts
SAN DIEGO (Sep. 12, 2003) – With a recent U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service announcement that the threatened Peirson's milk-vetch plant may be removed from Endangered Species Act (ESA) protection at the Imperial Sand Dunes Recreation Area, the Center for Biological Diversity (CBD) is now focusing its attention on a 10-year-old, flawed study to list the Andrews Dune Scarab Beetle.
According to Roy Denner, president of the San Diego-based Off-Road Business Association, the CBD Scarab Beetle listing is "little more than a shrill attack on off-highway vehicle users and has little to do with the actual population dynamics of the species in question."
In a U.S. Dept. of Interior (DOI) letter dated Jan. 13, 1992 to Fred Andrews, author of the Andrews Dune Scarab Beetle study, DOI contracting officer Anne Ferrie said, "the report does not indicate an attempt to evaluate the effects of OHV's on the beetle quantitatively."
Denner said that the CBD petition, using the Andrews study, fails to include basic information regarding the number of beetles residing in the dunes and does not discuss population trends at all.
"In short, the petition does not indicate how many beetles exist or whether their numbers are growing or declining," said Denner. "Further, the petition provides no evidence that off-highway vehicles affect population trends one way or the other."
In a follow-up letter to Andrews dated Feb. 24, 1992, Ferrie said, "your original technical proposal did not address the contract requirement for evaluation of the effects of OHV use on the beetle population in each of the four multiple use classes and you were given an opportunity to correct this deficiency. It is not certain how the impact of ORV (off road vehicles) can be estimated in the short period of this study."
"The American Sand Association's (ASA) legal and biological teams are currently reviewing the CBD's petition," said Grant George, ASA president. "We have found this petition is based on the same flawed science as the Peirson's milk-vetch petition and we are prepared to also take this one to court, if necessary. The Center's efforts are just another attempt at forcing the permanent closure of 49,000 acres of the Imperial Sand Dunes Recreation Area, one of the most popular sand riding areas in the nation."
George said that his organization feels strongly that the CBD knows that they will lose the Peirson's milk-vetch issue because its peer-reviewed studies prove the plant is flourishing in the open areas, proving there is no need for the closed areas.
"Since 1974, special interest groups, including the CBD, have been slowly closing millions of acres of California, Arizona and New Mexico public lands to motorized access using this tactic," said Denner. "It's time to make them stop and use valid science, not ancient or nonexistent data and quit wasting taxpayers' money for frivolous lawsuits."
Denner said that out of the approximately 25 million acres of public land in the California Desert Conservation Area, only about two million acres are open for motorized recreation, according to the Bureau of Land Management's (BLM) Environmental Impact Statement for the Imperial Sand Dunes Recreation Area.


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text:
Timings GF
Timings Sprint
Contacts Follow Us
GranFondo > About > The Organisers
Podium is a Sports Marketing company, specialising in the promotion, advertising and production of events in different sports, with the main focus being on cycling.
It develops sports events within the international calendars of the most varied sports, and we enhance the presence of the brands involved through specific activation actions.
Podium has organised the Volta a Portugal em Bicicleta and other races in the national calendar since 2001.
Podium has organised the Etapa da Volta for the past 12 editions.
Ultra Spirit
Ultra Spirit works between consulting in sports tourism, and the organisation of events, thanks to a team of people with a high degree of experience in the production of international events in Portugal.
It has organised several events, such as: Gran Fondo Serra da Estrela • Gran Fondo Aldeias do Xisto • Mountain Bike World Cup • Mountain Bike European Championship • Camel Trophy – European Qualifying Races • Six Days –Enduro World Cup • Transportugal.
Stream Plan
Stream Plan works with the goal of boosting and promoting the Portuguese territory and its various potentialities through the organisation of sporting events.
Besides Gran Fondo Lisboa, it is responsible for the organisation of competitions such as the Azores Ladies Open, the Iberian Club Trophy and the Azores Trophy, in golf.
It's the club responsible for the organisation of this and other events with the consultancy of the aforementioned brands.
Stream Plan - Podium Events - Ultra Spirit - Chronos © 2018. Privacy Policy
Home About The Event Timings GF Timings Sprint Sponsors


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text:
Q: How can I display the full suit value like Hearts or Clubs? I have a class for storing the details of a single card. Although I have a function to give me the character representing the suit, what I'd really like is the full word representing that suit (like "Hearts").
How can I do this? The code is below:
class Card
{
    private:
        int value;  // stores value of card(1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,0)
        char suit;  // stores suit of card('h','d','s','c'
        char card;  // stores card symbol(1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,0,k,q,j,a)

    public:
        void setValue(int v)         {value = v;}
        void setCard(char c)         {card = c;}
        void setSuit(char s)         {suit = s;}

        int getValue()        {return value;}
        char getSuit()        {return suit;}
        char getCard()        {return card;}

        void display();
};

void Card :: display()   // display member function
{
    cout << "Value is: " << getValue() << endl;
    cout << "Suit is : " << getSuit() << endl;

    cout << "Card is: " << getCard() << endl;
}

A: You can do this with something like:
std::string getFullSuit() {
    if (suit == 's') return "Spades";
    if (suit == 'c') return "Clubs";
    if (suit == 'd') return "Diamonds";
    if (suit == 'h') return "Hearts";
    return "No idea!";
}

But, just as an aside, it's probably better to use an enum (rather than a char) for this sort of thing, since that more naturally lends itself to type checking (almost certainly removing the need for the "No idea!" code above).


text:
Tag: BBC
The Twelfth Doctor
Peter Capaldi… that's who.
Credit: Yahoo! Canada
Yes, ever since Matt Smith announced his pending departure from the much-loved science-fiction television show back in June — which will celebrate its 50th Anniversary with a special program this November — Whovians the world over have been perched on the edge of their seats wondering, debating and asking who the Twelfth Doctor will be.
The rumour mill has churned out everyone from Luther's Idris Elba, to Academy Award winner Dame Helen Mirren. Recently, the likes of BAFTA winner Daniel Rigby and Aneurin Barnard of The White Queen have been the bookies favourites. There have even been those such as Barnard who have explicitly stated their interest in the role.
However, today's unveiling of Peter Capaldi live on BBC1 means that the Tardis will play host to the man who has previously starred in shows such as The Thick of It and even Doctor Who itself, back in series four. Capaldi will join another recent addition to the cast, Jenna Coleman, who after only one season as Clara, the Doctor's companion, will be the show veteran of the duo.
I began watching Doctor Who when Matt Smith landed the role, meaning Smith's upcoming exit is bound to be a sad one for me. Smith's charisma, timing and charm over the past few series' have made the program hugely enjoyable to watch and resulted in myself becoming a really big fan — not to mention his performances earned Smith a BAFTA nomination back in 2011 — meaning he will be leaving a significant gap to fill.
Smith has a two episodes to go — a 50th Anniversary and Christmas special — before handing the Sonic Screwdriver over to Capaldi, who will fully take control of the role when series eight hits television screens around Easter 2014. The immediate reaction to Capaldi's selection as the Doctor has been a positive one, and although I personally have not seen too much of him, I am sure he will be a hit on the show.
Author Adam (Consumed by Film)Posted on August 4, 2013 May 30, 2016 Categories Consumed by TelevisionTags Aneurin Barnard, BBC, Daniel Rigby, Doctor, Doctor Who, Idris Elba, Jenna Coleman, Matt Smith, Peter Capaldi, Sonic Screwdriver, Steven Moffat6 Comments on The Twelfth Doctor
Consumed By Film Blog at WordPress.com.


text:
Scott Walker + Sunn O))) : 'Soused' Album Playback At Basilica Soundscape Festival This Weekend
Ahead of its release in the week of 20th October, there is a unique opportunity to preview the collaborative record between Scott Walker and Sunn O))) in Upstate New York this weekend.
As part of Basilica Soundscape festival, Future Past studio, located in the confines of a former church, will be hosting a unique playback of the full record this Saturday, 13th September. Playing every hour, from 2pm - 9pm (last playback at 8pm), this will be the first opportunity to hear Soused publicly, powered by McIntosh Labs speakers. Details and tickets available here.
Soused will be released the week commencing 20th October, and pre-orders for all formats (double LP, CD and digital download) are now available. The vinyl edition consists of two 180g LPs, pressed on black vinyl and housed in a heavyweight tip-on sleeve. The artwork was designed by Sunn O)))'s Stephen O'Malley, featuring photography by Gast Bouschet. which you can pre-order here.
You can watch a trailer for the album here, or in the player below.
Ariel Pink Returns With New Album 'pom pom', Listen To First Track


I'm re-reading Hundred years of Solitude. last time I read it I was at a very interesting stage in my life, I think it gave me allot of missing perspective. I spend my summer days sitting in my office chair on my flat's balcony reading books instead of studying for exams. I feel I'm not missing out. I was asked once what book I would choose if I could only leave one book to a reborn humanity. I chose Hundred Years over Newton's Principia.
So this is my chair where I read. I sit in it and look over Cape Town and don't learn much about computers. My tan is probably better than my class mates though.
When I finally understand the last lines of the book, I think I'll get them tattooed onto my thigh. Above my shorts line.


text:
Home»Posts tagged with»fine
Facebook's (NASDAQ:FB) Trust Issues are Not Hampering its Stock
By Paul Ebeling on May 2, 2019 Headline News, Investments, Paul Ebeling, Stocks, Top Stories, US Stocks
$FB Last week, Facebook (NASDAQ:FB) announced its Q-1 results, the company said it had set aside $3-B to pay for an expected fine of between $3 to 5-B from the Federal Trade Commission (FTC), and then the company's share price rose by more than 10. The take-away: $3 to $5-B is pocket change to Facebook. […]
Tesla's (NASDAQ:TSLA) Musk Did Not Seek Approval for His Tweets as Required in the Settlement
By Paul Ebeling on March 18, 2019 Headline News, Investments, Paul Ebeling, Stocks, Tesla Inc (NASDAQ:TSLA), Top Stories
$TSLA FLASH: Tesla's Elon Musk says it is up to him when to submit Tweets for company approval. The US Securities and Exchange Commission is 2Xing down on the government's demand to find the Tesla (NASDAQ:TSLA) CEO in contempt of a previous fraud settlement that required him to have the company pre-approve any tweets that […]
Hong Kong Central's Fine Dining Got Finer
By Paul Ebeling on January 18, 2019 Asia, China, Dining, Hong Kong, Lifestyle, Paul Ebeling, Travel
Hong Kong's fine dining scene just got that much fining with the recent opening of 3 new restaurants in Central. 1. Sushi Saito Hong Kong Sushi Saito at Four Seasons Hong Kong Sushi Saito, "the Temple of Sushi in Tokyo", with 3 Michelin Stars and a spot on Asia's 50 Best Restaurants List, has opened […]
If You Do Find Yourself in Central Paris, Here Are a Few Superb Places to Dine
By Paul Ebeling on January 11, 2019 Dining, Lifestyle, Paul Ebeling, Travel
Temples of haute cuisine, bistros guaranteed to stand the test of time, out-of-the-way boîtes where you are unlikely to see or bump into another tourist. The gastronomic excellence in Paris is unrivaled, renowned for its elegance and sophistication. From Michelin-starred palaces to Parisian barges, here is my selection of a few of the best restaurants […]
Use Your Diet to Combat Air Pollution
By Paul Ebeling on November 13, 2018 Health, Paul Ebeling, Top Stories
Use Your Diet to Combat Air Pollution Pollution is the "largest environmental cause of disease and premature death in the world today," according to research published in The Lancet recently. The study revealed that 9-M premature deaths were caused by pollution in Y 2015, which is 16% of deaths worldwide. What's more, among the pollution-related […]
Tesla's (NASDAQ:TSLA) Elon Musk Future Uncertain, Criminal Charges Maybe Ahead
By Paul Ebeling on October 1, 2018 Headline News, Investments, Opinion, Paul Ebeling, Paul Ebeling, Tesla Inc (NASDAQ:TSLA), Top Stories, US Stocks
Tesla's (NASDAQ:TSLA) Elon Musk Future Uncertain, Criminal Charges Maybe Ahead $TSLA Sell all rallies in Tesla is still our call CEO Elon Musk's future with Tesla (NASDAQ:TSLA) is a bit clearer after the company settled a securities fraud lawsuit with the SEC, but there are other clouds hanging over the niche EV maker. Under an […]
Tesla's (NASDAQ:TSLA) Settles with SEC, Musk Ousted as COB
By Paul Ebeling on September 30, 2018 Headline News, Investments, Opinion, Paul Ebeling, Paul Ebeling, Stocks, Tesla Inc (NASDAQ:TSLA), Top Stories, US Stocks
Tesla's (NASDAQ:TSLA) Settles with SEC, Musk Ousted as COB $TSLA Tesla (NASDAQ:TSLA) and its COB/CEO Elon Musk, 47 anni, have agreed to pay a total of $40-M and make a series of concessions to settle an SEC lawsuit alleging Mr. Musk duped investors with misleading statements about a proposed buyout of the company. The settlement […]
Expat Americans Continue to Renounce Citizenship
By Paul Ebeling on July 2, 2018 Lifestyle, Paul Ebeling, Top Stories
Expat Americans Continue to Renounce Citizenship A steady stream of American citizens reportedly have renounced their citizenship since the implementation of stricter tax rules. Many Americans who live in other countries face higher tax bills, difficulty in obtaining and keeping financial accounts and complex retirement savings rules Some advocates urge the US government to tax […]
Nothing Compares to Rare, Fine, Old Scotch Whisky
By Paul Ebeling on May 20, 2018 Investments, Lifestyle, Luxury, Paul Ebeling, Top Stories
Nothing Compares to Rare, Fine, Old Scotch Whisky A rare 60-year-old Macallan whisky fetched $1.01-M at Bonhams Hong Kong Friday, smashing the record for the most expensive bottle ever sold at auction. The record lasted barely a dram, as 2nd bottle, also from the 1926 vintage, went for $1.1- a few hours later at the […]
Sotheby's (NYSE:BID) Fine Wine Sale Indicate Prices are Rebounding
By Paul Ebeling on April 22, 2018 Headline News, Investments, Lifestyle, Luxury, Paul Ebeling, Stocks, Top Stories, US Stocks
Sotheby's (NYSE:BID) Fine Wine Sale Indicate Prices are Rebounding $BID Prices for leading Bordeaux wines are rebounding The 18 April totaled GBP 1.05-M. Auctions are scheduled for New York this week and in London on 16 May. Six magnums of rare Chateau Lafleur 1982 wine from the Pomerol region hammered for $77,095, or more than […]
People Are Eating Fine Meats, the Best in Los Angeles are from Gwen
By Paul Ebeling on January 6, 2018 Dining, Lifestyle, Luxury, Opinion, Paul Ebeling, Paul Ebeling, Top Stories
People Are Eating Fine Meats, the Best in Los Angeles are from Gwen If you are following the latest food trends you know that Americans will consume a record amount of meat in Y 2018 amounting to an average of 222.2 of red lbsmeat and poultry per person. Meat based high-protein diets are popular. Further, we are […]
Fine Arts Investing in 2018 and Beyond
By Paul Ebeling on December 31, 2017 Art, Headline News, Investments, Lifestyle, Luxury, Opinion, Paul Ebeling, Paul Ebeling, Top Stories
Fine Arts Investing in 2018 and Beyond $BAC, $SCHW Global managed money, US hedge funds and some of the world's biggest banks have embraced the predictive properties of machine learning to spot patterns and guide their investment decisions. Could this branch of AI (artificial intelligence) be used to divine the vagaries of the fines arts […]
The Key Points in the Brexit Deal
By Paul Ebeling on December 8, 2017 EU, Investments, Paul Ebeling, Politics, Top Stories
The Key Points in the Brexit Deal From the Irish border to the divorce bill, the deal struck Friday between Britain and the European Union covers the main terms of divorce. It also paves the way for the 2 sides to start negotiating on the Key points of their future relationship, such as trade. Below […]
F1: Schumacher Seen as Ferrari's Greatest Driver
By Paul Ebeling on November 17, 2017 Art, Ferrari, Formula One, Headline News, Investments, Lifestyle, Paul Ebeling, Sports, Stocks, Top Stories, US Stocks
F1: Schumacher Seen as Ferrari's Greatest Driver $RACE Michael Schumacher has been voted the greatest Ferrari driver of all-time in a reader poll conducted by F1 Racing Mag, topping the list ahead of Sebastian Vettel, Kimi Raikkonen and Gilles Villeneuve. To celebrate 70 years of Ferrari, F1 Racing asked its readers and the online forum […]
Sotheby's Contemporary Art Evening Auction Totals $310.3-M
By Paul Ebeling on November 17, 2017 Art, Ferrari, Formula One, Headline News, Investments, Lifestyle, Luxury, Paul Ebeling, Sports, Stocks, Top Stories, US Stocks
Sotheby's Contemporary Art Evening Auction Totals $310.3-M $BID, $RACE Notably, the Y 2001 Ferrari F2001 sold for $7.5-M against a high estimate of $4-M, Michael Schumacher's Monaco Grand Prix-Winning Ferrari F2001 broke the auction record for a modern era F1 car following a 6-min battle between 8 bidders represented by both Sotheby's and Sotheby's specialists. This is […]
China's Money/Hollywood Tie-up, is it Over?
By Paul Ebeling on August 13, 2017 America, Asia, China, China, Headline News, Hollywood, Investments, Lifestyle, Opinion, Paul Ebeling, Paul Ebeling, Politics, Stocks, Top Stories, US Stocks
China's Money/Hollywood Tie-up, is it Over? $VIA, $AMC, $BABA Billions of USDs have been thrown into question as Chinese regulators crack down on overseas investments, Paramount's, a unit of Viacon (NYSE:VIA), backer skips a payment, and both President Trump and some Democrats have taken a protectionist stance. For almost 5 years, Hollywood has been bolstered […]
UAE Bans All Expression of Sympathy Towards Qatar
By Paul Ebeling on June 10, 2017 America, Headline News, Middle East, Opinion, Paul Ebeling, Paul Ebeling, Politics, Terrorism, Top Stories
UAE Bans All Expression of Sympathy Towards Qatar Abu Dhabi Petroleum Ports Authority has re-imposed a ban on Oil tankers linked to Qatar Bahrain demands that Qatar distance itself from Iran Saudi and its allies add people, groups with Qatar links to terrorism lists Qatar vows no surrender in Gulf crisis as US, Kuwait seek […]
Over 50 Countries Will Attend Cuba's Habanos Cigar Festival
By Paul Ebeling on February 21, 2017 Investments, Lifestyle, Luxury, Paul Ebeling, Top Stories, Travel
Over 50 Countries Will Attend Cuba's Habanos Cigar Festival Representatives from over 50 countries will participate in the 19th Habanos Cigar Festival, the event organizer said Tuesday. This year's festival, to be held in Havana from Feb. 27 to March 3, will see a number of star presentations, with the H. Upmann house which received […]
$80 Fine for Saudi Motorists Caught Playing Pokemon Go
By Paul Ebeling on July 22, 2016 Health, Lifestyle, Paul Ebeling, Top Stories
$80 Fine for Saudi Motorists Caught Playing Pokemon Go $NTDOY "Playing Pokemon Go will distract the driver who may hurt himself, other motorists and pedestrians," an official warned. Saudi Motorists found playing mobile game Pokemon Go will be fined SAR 300 ($80), the country's traffic department said. The Traffic Department director general for the Eastern […]
Tips on How to Sell Your Million/s Dollar Vintage or Classic Car
By Paul Ebeling on June 7, 2016 Headline News, Investments, Lifestyle, Luxury, Paul Ebeling, Top Stories
Tips on How to Sell Your Million/s Dollar Vintage or Classic Car $BID Each and every year since 1971 hundreds of millions of dollars' worth of classic and vintage collector cars find new homes via the world's prestigious auctions and private treaty transactions. This year sales predictions this year are cautiously optimistic. But, no matter […]


Robert (John Cassavetes) is a successful novelist (dealing mainly, it's implied, with trashy romances), who populates his spacious house with prostitutes and doesn't know how to start loving. He's quick to develop affection and quick to abandon it, no strings attached… not even to his son. His sister Sarah (Gena Rowlands) is going through a divorce, and her daughter would rather live with her father (Seymour Cassel) than put up with another minute of her mother's zaniness. You see, Sarah doesn't know how to stop loving. She acts on desperate impulses, and when her mad attempts to gain approval and acceptance fail, she's prone to collapsing. When Sarah unexpectedly drops in on Robert, we see that perhaps the only people these two can properly love and be loved by are each other. But even that will be messy.
Cassavetes reinforces Robert's emotional distance by emphasizing his inability to occupy the physical space with others. He's almost constantly on the move, prowling from one room to another. The moment Sarah shows up, he whisks his son off to Las Vegas. The moment they arrive, he's off to find a party and some hookers. He can't decide if he wants to dance with his partner or watch her perform solo. Pushing and pulling, anxious to make connections but utterly unable to commit to them. For Sarah, it's mostly pulling, always trying to draw others into her world, whether it's telling the bowling alley attendant her troubles or roping a cabbie into her plans to shower her brother with livestock.
The sound design also interferes with connections… the music doesn't miraculously get quieter when the phone rings, the noise of crumpling paper or thunderstorms can drown out conversations. People talk over each other, not with precision timing like Hawks, but in stumbling, manic chaos. It can be wearying to the viewer, but it services the film's simmering intensity, which comes and goes in waves.
Cassavetes and Rowlands are, of course, phenomenal. The director's failing health may give him a somewhat gaunt appearance, but his acting is fully vital and on target. And Rowlands, well… I just can't get enough of her. The character is not unlike Mabel in Woman Under the Influence, but the lack of responsibility on her shoulders (and the lack of a frustrated Peter Falk) makes her seem less crazy. The character is clearly unhinged, but in this context her impulsive acts have less damaging consequences… except to herself and her heartbreaking need to be loved. It's never overplayed, we don't see her on her knees begging for affection or anything like that. But we do witness her desires brought to life in a stunning operatic dream sequence. Not something you expect to see in a Cassavetes film, but masterfully done and very moving.
This entry was posted on June 24, 2012 at 8:02 pm	and is filed under Movie Reviews. You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed. You can leave a response, or trackback from your own site.


Cycling is a great way to explore Chattanooga and the surrounding areas. More and more local residents have taken up cycling for fun, for exercise, and for their main mode of transportation. The city has even added bicycle lanes on Broad Street and other places for bicycles in downtown Chattanooga. As the number of bicycles on the road increases so too does the number of bike accidents. Most of these accidents involve a motor vehicle striking a cyclist.
Bicycle accident victims often suffer grave injuries given the nature of the accident. Injuries can lead to expensive medical care, lost wages due to missing work, and damage to the rider's bicycle.
When a negligent driver fails to obey the rules of the road, and that failure causes a bicycle accident, the injured victim can sue for financial compensation. If you recently suffered an injury in a bike crash in Chattanooga, contact a Chattanooga bicycle accident lawyer today. An experienced injury attorney can help to determine what damages may be available to you, and file an injury claim on your behalf.
Motor vehicle drivers' negligence is one of the most common causes of bicycle accidents. Many drivers are still unfamiliar with sharing the road with cyclists, and fail to do so safely. A common misconception is that major intersections pose the greatest risk to riders.
However, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, most bicycle accident fatalities actually occur in urban areas and non-intersection locations.
Tennessee Code Section 55-8-172 states that every cyclist is "granted all of the rights and is subject to all of the duties applicable to the driver of a vehicle." This means that cyclists must obey traffic rules just like every other driver. At the same time, the bicycle has the same right to the roadway as any other vehicle.
Many people wonder whether a cyclist who violates traffic laws, and gets into an accident, can still sue the other driver for compensation. In some cases, the injured cyclist can sue if the other driver was also at fault for the accident, so long as the cyclist was less than 50% responsible for the crash. In Tennessee, both the cyclist's and the driver's level of negligence is compared to the other's. Any compensation an at-fault rider is awarded will be reduced by the percentage to which they were at fault.
For example, if the cyclist was found to be 40 percent at fault, and they receive a $100,000 compensation award, the court would reduce that award by 40 percent to $60,000. The amount of compensation a cyclist may be entitled to vary based on their level of fault, their specific damages, and other facts in their case. Any injured cyclist should contact a Chattanooga bicycle accident attorney as soon as possible after their accident.
The statute of limitation for a bicycle accident lawsuit in Tennessee is one year. The courts strictly enforce this law, known as the statute of limitations. A rider will lose out on their day in court if they fail to file their claim within that one-year period.
If you were recently hurt in a bike crash, contact a Chattanooga bicycle accident lawyer now. Do not hesitate; call a skilled attorney today.


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We have actually put together a list of top 10 finest refrigerators under 15000 readily available in India. The refrigerators in this list have an ability of 185L to 200L which appropriates for a small family members of 2-3 participants. A number of refrigerators of around 215L capability are also detailed.
We have actually aimed to include only the most effective refrigerators from reputed brand names like LG, Samsung, Whirlpool, as well as Godrej. The majority of these refrigerators have built-in stabilizer so you won't have to bother with voltage variations. Most of these refrigerators have a 3-star score which suggests they will take in between 200-300 devices of electrical energy annually.
In this listing of ideal refrigerators priced listed below 15000, you will certainly find 1 or 2 refrigerators rates little bit above 15000. Plus, online rates transform every day so there might be a case where one of these refrigerator rates goes above 15000.
Allow's take a look at the most effective refrigerators under 15000. We have actually listed the major specs with a brief testimonial and also pros disadvantages as well as purchase links. Our favorite refrigerator is noted at the end of this short article.
So this was the list of best refrigerators under 15000 readily available in India. We hope that the list was practical in choosing. If you have any questions or doubts about which refrigerator you want to buy then comment in the comment box. We will help you without hesitation.


The diagnosis of delusional disorder can be made when a person exhibits non-bizarre delusions of at least 1 month duration that cannot be attributed to other psychiatric disorders. Non-bizarre delusions must be about phenomena that, although not real, are within the realm of being possible. In general, the patient's delusions are well systematized and have been logically developed. The person's behavioral and emotional responses to the delusions appear to be appropriate. Usually the person's functioning and personality are well preserved and show minimal deterioration if at all.
Etiology of the delusional disorder is unknown. Risk factors associated with the disorder include advanced age, sensory impairment/isolation, family history, social isolation, personality features (e.g. unusual interpersonal sensitivity), and recent immigration. Some have reported higher association of delusional disorder with widowhood, celibacy, and history of substance abuse. Age of onset is later than schizophrenia and earlier in men compared to women.
Here the person affected believes that he or she is being followed, spied on, poisoned or drugged, harassed, or conspired against. The person affected may get preoccupied by small slights that can become incorporated into the delusional system. These individuals may resort to legal actions to remedy perceived injustice. Individuals suffering from these delusions often become resentful and angry with a potential to get violent against those believed to be against them.
Individuals with this subtype have the delusional belief that their spouses/lovers are unfaithful. Jealousy is a powerful emotion and when it occurs in delusional disorder or as part of another condition, it can be potentially dangerous and has been associated with violence including suicidal and homicidal behavior. Delusions of infi delity have also been called conjugal paranoia . The term Othello syndrome has been used to describe morbid jealousy.
Persons with delusional disorder of the erotomanic type have delusions of being loved by another. The patient believes that a perceived suitor, usually more socially prominent than herself, is in love with her. Erotomania shares many features with, is derived from, and is often referred to as de Clerambault's syndrome.
Delusions of Infestations (Including Parasitosis).
Delusional parasitosis has been described in association with many physical illnesses such as vitamin B 12 defi ciency, pellagra, neurosyphilis, multiple sclerosis, thalamic dysfunction, hypophyseal tumors, diabetes mellitus, severe renal disease, hepatitis, hypothyroidism, mediastinal lymphoma, and leprosy. Use of cocaine and presence of dementia has also been reported. Psychogenic parasitosis was also known as Ekbom's syndrome before being referred to as delusional parasitosis .
This condition includes delusions such as of misshapenness, personal ugliness, or exaggerated size of body parts.
Delusions of Foul Body Odors or Halitosis.
This is also called olfactory reference syndrome.
This is also referred to as megalomania . In this subtype, the central theme of the delusion is the grandiosity of having made some important discovery or having great talent. Sometimes there may be a religious theme to the delusional thinking such that the person believes that he or she has a special message from god.
This subtype is reserved for those with two or more delusional themes. However, it should be used only where it is difficult to clearly discern one theme of delusion. This subtype is used for cases in which the predominant delusion cannot be subtyped within the above mentioned categories. A possible example is certain delusions of misidentification, for example, Capgras's syndrome , named after the French psychiatrist who described the 'illusions of doubles.' The delusion here is the belief that a familiar person has been replaced by an imposter. A variant of this is Fregoli's syndrome where the delusion is that the persecutors or familiar persons can assume the guise of strangers and the very rare delusion that familiar persons could change themselves into other persons at will (intermetamorphosis).
COMPLICATIONS of delusional disorder If left undiagnosed, untreated, or ineffectively treated, schizophrenia can lead to profound inability to function and contribute to the problem of homelessness in our society. Neglect of other medical conditions; therefore, complications due to untreated medical illness are common. Depression and suicide. Substance use, abuse, or dependency.
Nursing Diagnosis for Delusional Disorder determine from what we found in Nursing Assessment Nursing Care Plans for Delusional Disorder.
Nursing assessment nursing care Plans for Delusional Disorders Assess for positive symptoms of schizophrenia. These symptoms reflect aberrant mental activity and are usually present early in the first phase of the schizophrenic illness.
Delusion: false, fixed belief that is not amenable to change by reasoning. The most frequent elicited delusions include: Ideas of reference. Delusions of grandeur. Delusions of jealousy. Delusions of persecution. Somatic delusions.
Loose associations: the thought process becomes illogical and confused.
Neologisms: made-up words that have a special meaning to the delusional person.
Concrete thinking: an overemphasis on small or specific details and an impaired ability to abstract.
Echolalia: pathologic repeating of another's words.
Clang associations: the meaningless rhyming of a word in a forceful way.
Word salad: a mixture of words that is meaningless to the listener.
Nursing Care Plans For Delusional Disorder, delusional disorder diagnosis can be made when a person exhibits nonbizarre delusions of at least 1 month duration that cannot be attributed to other psychiatric disorders. Nonbizarre delusions must be about phenomena that, although not real, are within the realm of being possible. In general, the patient's delusions are well systematized and have been logically developed. The person's behavioral and emotional responses to the delusions appear to be appropriate. Usually the person's functioning and personality are well preserved and show minimal deterioration if at all.
Nursing Care Plans Delusional Disorder with nursing diagnosis; Disturbed Thought Processes, Social Isolation, Activity Intolerance, Ineffective Coping, Risk for Self-directed or Other-directed Violence.
Provide patient with honest and consistent feedback in a nonthreatening manner.
Avoid challenging the content of patient's behaviors.
Focus interactions on patient's behaviors.
Administer drugs as prescribed while monitoring and documenting patient's response to the drug regimen.
Use simple and clear language when speaking with patient.
Explain all procedures, tests, and activities to patient before starting them, and provide written or video material for learning purposes.
Encourage patient to talk about feelings in the context of a trusting, supportive relationship.
Allow patient time to reveal delusions to you without engaging in a power struggle over the content or the reality of the delusions.
Use a supportive, empathic approach to focus on patient's feelings about troubling events or conflicts.
Provide opportunities for socialization and encourage participation in group activities.
Be aware of patient's personal space and use touch judiciously.
Help patient to identify behaviors that alienate significant others and family members.
Assess patient's response to prescribed antipsychotic drug.
Collaborate with patient and occupational and physical therapy specialists to assess patient's ability to perform ADLs.
Collaborate with patient to establish a daily, achievable routine within physical limitations.
Use caution in activities if extrapyramidal symptoms develop.
Encourage patient to express feelings.
Focus on patient's feelings and behavior.
Provide honest perceptions of reality and feedback about symptoms and behaviors.
Encourage patient to explore adaptive behaviors that increase abilities and success in socializing and accomplishing ADLs.
Monitor patient for behaviors that indicate increased anxiety and agitation.
Collaborate with patient to identify anxious behaviors as well as the causes.
Tell patient that you will help with maintaining behavioral control.
Establish consistent limits on patient's behaviors and clearly communicate these limits to patient, family members, and health care providers.
Secure all potential weapons and articles from patient's room and the unit environment that could be used to inflict an injury.
To prepare for possible continued escalation, form a psychiatric emergency assist team and designate a leader to facilitate an effective and safe aggression-management process.
Determine the need for external control, including seclusion or restraints. Communicate the decision to patient and put plan into action.
Frequently monitor patient within the guidelines of facility's policy on restrictive devices and assess the patient's level of agitation.
When patient's level of agitation begins to decrease and self-control is regained, establish a behavioral agreement that identifies specific behaviors that indicate self-control against a reescalation of agitation.


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HomeStatisticsSingerChoi Soo-bin Height, Weight, Age, Body Statistics
Choi Soo-bin Height, Weight, Age, Body Statistics
Choi Soo-bin Quick Info
Zodiac Sign Sagittarius
Choi Soo-bin is a South Korean singer and TV personality who is known for being a member of the Big Hit Entertainment's boy band, TXT, which debuted in March 2019. His TXT bandmates include Yeonjun, Huening Kai, Beomgyu, and Taehyun and they have all released a number of albums, extended plays, and tracks which include the likes of The Dream Chapter: Magic, The Dream Chapter: Star, and 9 and Three Quarters (Run Away).
Choi Soo-bin
Cucumber, Sloth, Shy Flower Boy, Flower Boy, Pure and Clear Visual, Flower-Shaped Sunshine, Flower Prince, Turtle, Spelling Police
Choi Soo-bin as seen in a picture taken at Soribada Awards on August 23, 2019 (Dispatch / YouTube / CC BY 3.0)
Singer, TV Personality
Siblings – Choi Soo-bin has 2 older brothers and an older sister.
He is represented by Big Hit Entertainment.
K-Pop, Hip Hop
Big Hit Entertainment, Co., Republic Records
Choi Soo-bin is of South Korean descent.
Tall stature
Dimpled smile
Choi Soo-bin as seen while going to a Music Bank recording on March 22, 2019 (News in Star / YouTube / CC BY 3.0)
Choi Soo-bin Favorite Things
Movie – Avengers: Infinity War
Color – Sky Blue, Yellow
Fruit – Mangosteen
Animal – Raccoon
Choi Soo-bin Facts
He grew up alongside his siblings in Ansan, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea.
He was TXT's 2nd member to be revealed on January 13, 2019.
TXT released its debut EP, The Dream Chapter: Star, on March 4, 2019, through Big Hit Entertainment and Republic Records. The EP peaked the US World Albums (Billboard) chart and South Korean Albums (Gaon) chart.
As a member of TXT, Choi Soo-bin released his first studio album, The Dream Chapter: Magic, on October 21, 2019, via Big Hit Entertainment and it included songs such as 9 and Three Quarters (Run Away), New Rules, Can't We Just Leave the Monster Alive?, Angel or Devil, and Magic Island.
TXT's debut studio album, The Dream Chapter: Magic, was ranked at number #1 in the South Korean Albums (Gaon) chart, at number #3 in US World Albums (Billboard), and at number #22 in Australian Digital Albums (ARIA) chart.
Choi Soo-bin is known for being one of the tallest idols under Big Hit Entertainment.
He has been nicknamed 'Spelling Police' because one can often find him correcting the spelling mistakes made by his friends.
Along with his TXT bandmates, Choi Soo-bin has also appeared on shows like ONE DREAM.TXT and TALK X TODAY.
He enjoys drinking almond milk and eating Tteok-bokki.
If he were a girl, he would date Yeonjun.
While meeting someone for the first time, Choi Soo-bin feels a little shy.
He enjoys snow but is not a very big fan of rain.
Although he is not a picky eater, he avoids eating spicy food because that makes him sweat and pant.
Choi Soo-bin has a habit of winking while making eye-contacts with his TXT bandmates.
As a member of TXT, he has won several awards which include the Genie Music Award, Asia Artist Award, Golden Disc Award, Gaon Chart Music Award, Soribada Best K-Music Award, Mnet Asian Music Award, V Live Award, and Melon Music Award.
He prefers having fizzy drinks.
Choi Soo-bin enjoys reading books, especially the life-helping ones, and listening to music.
He loves dogs and also has a dog named Sean.
He likes mint chocolate chip ice cream.
Featured Image by Dispatch / YouTube / CC BY 3.0
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A widespread practice for years in Turkey and the Middle East, it has only started to become popular in Europe recently. The way it works is you soak your feet in a tub with little fish for about 20-30 minutes, during which the fish eat cuticles, corns and calluses, and get rid of dry skin.
Doctor Fish is the nickname given to the Garra rufa fish, native to the Kangal region in Central Turkey. These fish have no teeth and use their small sucking mouths to eat algae or, in our case, the skin on our feet.


oooh that trapeze dress is fun! it would probably be too short on me, womp womp. i blame a lot of my purchases on Gina! in fact, 2 things I am wearing today are because of her. But she's awesome, so i forgive her :) happy NYE girl!
Thank you for forgiving me!! LOL!
You need to try those apps! And hopefully use my code so you get some extra money (me too heehee). Their sales are really tempting!
The first outfit is my favorite! Everything just goes together so well, and that cardigan color is perfect for this time of the year! I need to get better with the apps. I use the Target Cartwheel one but even though I have ebates and Ibotta on my phone, I never use them! Have a great New Years!
Thanks Heather! I love it when you put on an outfit and it just works. Best feeling :) I love cartwheel as well! Especially the ability to scan products..so useful.
Thank you so much Kat! I was also looking for a dress like that and this one was perfect. Love the long sleeves and the fabric is SO soft!
You definitely need to check it out! Such great clothes. Shopping spree?! Happy New Year to you too!
I love your outfits! They look comfortable and cute! I am obsessed with Madewell and Ibotta. So lucky we don't have a good mall nearby.. My favorite purchase was a black Lole dress, it has a turtle neck, and it is a really soft material, like a sweatshirt. It is the perfect winter travel outfit with leggings!
Oohhh I haven't heard of Lole before so I'll have to look that up! Sounds great!
First, I have to say how much I love your creativity in blog content. Your favorites series is such a great idea! One of my goals next year is to improve my content. Thanks for inspiring me! Second, I really love all of these. I am so lagging when it comes to fashion! I think I need to start buying and wearing real, non-workout clothes! And I'll definitely check those reebok shoes out once my spending ban is over. They'd go with most of what I wear too. Have a great New Year's Eve!
That is the best comment you could ever give me Jennifer! My main goal and priority for my blog is to share creative content and be a little different from what's out there. I'm so glad that comes across and makes me keep pushing in the future :) Happy New Years to you!
i see why you chose those are your fave looks!! they're gorgeous. and that necklace--it's so different from anything i've seen. i love it!!
Aw, shucks!! I am excited to get a mention for top fashion purchase enabler of the year! LOL! But you made great choices and I'm happy that you feel like you get plenty of use out of your purchases. It's so fun to get to see your outfits now and how you make each piece (even if it's something I own) work for your lifestyle and personal style! So glad I got to know you through blogging this year!
ooh, I really love that first outfit! Happy New Year to you!
I love that dress from Express! I buy a lot of things in multiple colors especially when they are on sale! Rebecca Minkoff everything is so beautiful. I've always wanted one and got one for Christmas last year, but it was in a plum color because they got the order wrong and then when I tried to exchange, they didn't have the brown I wanted so I just returned it! Sad day. I love your style so much!
Madewell is the best! Just wish it was cheaper hah!
I would love to own a leather jacket :) it looks like it can be so versatile!
It definitely is! Worth the investment for me!
You're such an awesome dresser. Please come over and help me. Hahaha. Happy New Year, Gretchen!
Thanks for all the Whole 30 recipes. I'm looking to start doing the Whole 30 as well. By the way, I'm also addicted to Express after this year, thanks to my boyfriend who introduced me to it lol.