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Tag: Early Modern
That darn name!
Who was Shakespeare?
If we anti-Stratfordians are ever successful at raising the issue, the question will someday be opened where it belongs, in the Halls of Academe; academe, a word that the true author took from Greek, knowledge of which he had acquired in childhood from his tutor, the man who put Homeric Greek on the curriculum at Cambridge university in the 1540s.
Meanwhile we can work to unravel the Gordian knot that prevents so much discourse from taking place, that the author's protectors so cleverly left in the way of discovery. Because the name means different things to different people, we never get past the first confusion. To me and others who have realized that William of Stratford simply could not possibly have written the works of Shakespeare, the name Shakespeare has come to mean the author of the works, so we are agreed that the name does not mean the man who was born with it, it refers to the man who made it famous, whoever he turns out to be.
"I thought Shakespeare wrote Shakespeare."
Shakespeare is, and always has been, less a person than a body of work. We refer to Shakespeare as we refer to Mark Twain or Lewis Carroll. When we speak of Lewis Carroll, we don't mean Charles Lutwidge Dodson, the stammering Oxford math professor, or to Mark Twain as Samuel Langhorne Clemens, the quondam steamship tyro and printer's apprentice, or Ellery Queen as the Brooklyn cousins who made up the name for their author cum fictional detective; we mean their works, their books, their stories. Just so, when most of us speak of Shakespeare we don't mean either William of Stratford, deer poacher, butcher's apprentice, or Edward de Vere, rascally Earl of Oxford––we mean the plays and the poems that continue to delight us.
It's the name Shakespeare that brings on the confusion over the authorship, so if we're to understand each other, if we're to sort out the confusion caused by the name, we need to define what we mean by it. When I began writing about Shakespeare I stuck the name Hopkins (that of a revered ancestor) in between my given and my family name for this very reason, to distinguish me from the 13 other women named Stephanie Hughes I found when I googled my name. (By now there would probably be 113!)
We need names in order to communicate with each other. And, although, as the Bard himself put it, a rose by any other name would smell as sweet; conversely, to call a daisy a rose would cause confusion. Just so, when it comes to dissecting the authorship problem, since it is his name that has been the primary cause of confusion, it is to eliminate that confusion that I refer to William Shakespeare of Stratford as William of Stratford––as English a name as ever was.
Where there is cause to write his family name, I spell it Shakspere, one of the more common spellings used by the clerks in his home town and before the world followed the version used by the London acting company on the various title pages and documents that ever since have constituted the paper trail meant to demonstrate authorship. Since we would never have known or cared anything about William of Stratford had it not been for the great writer who used his surname, I believe it's the writer who made the name famous who deserves it, not the man who traded it for a big house, a coat of arms, a monument in his local church, and the right to call himself "Gent." William's defenders should be satisfied by this decision, for clearly the man was well-paid for its use, and so far as we know, he never complained.
In any case, it's far from clear that the name as we know it from the title pages and legal documents was the same name, either as spelled or as pronounced, by William and his family and their Stratford neighbors. Spelling, of course, was all over the map in those days, and Shakspere was a rather unusual name. Although there were other Shakespeares in England at the time, they were not numerous, and most of them lived in Warwickshire where it was spelled in almost as many different ways as there were clerks and scriveners to inscribe it in the town record books, where the variety of spellings reflects their interpretations of how they heard it. We have no spelling of the name by any of the Shakspere family, since none of them could write their names, including, obviously, William himself.
Some of these spellings strongly suggest that the name was not pronounced as we pronounce it today. Spellings that begin with "Shaks," "Shacks," "Shax," or "Shags" suggest that, for William's family and neighbors, the first syllable ended, not after the e, giving the a a long sound (as in bake or rake), but after the s, giving it a short sound (as in axe or sacks). In addition, the occasional spelling of the second syllable as "pyere" or "pyeer" suggests that this part of the name was similar to the French pronunciation of the name Pierre.
In our view, the most likely derivation of the name was an anglicization of the French given name, Jacques-Pierre, which was, and still is, pronounced "Shax-pyair," or, "Shak-es-pyair." (The French pronunciation has some soft g in it, but is really closer to sh.) As French for James Peter, Jacques-Pierre was a favorite with French Catholics, as it combines the names of two of the Galilean apostles, James and (Simon) Peter.
The French have always liked double names; there are a handful of Jacques Pierres on google.com. (I'm particularly taken with the California vintner: Jacques Pierre Schlumberger.) Since we can finally accept the evidence that the Shakspere family were Catholics, it's a good bet that, on his father's side, William was descended from a French workman or bond servant (of the sort often known only by their given names) who imigrated to England at some point during the Norman diaspora that followed the Conquest in 1066.
Among scores of other possible spellings that have been accumulated by scholars from the scrolls and ledgers that constitute what remains of Stratford town records, the modern spelling, S-h-a-k-e-s-p-e-a-r-e, does occur, but it was not the predominant spelling until the 17th century when the title pages of his plays and published references derived from them had made the long a spelling famous. As for the pronunciation, surely it was pronounced as we do today by those who bought the published plays in London, while in Stratford the pronunciation continued as it had always been. Thus over time, as the fame of the canon spread, the pronunciation changed from from the Stratford "Shax-pyair" (accent on the second syllable), to today's "Shake-spear" (accent on the first). Why the change? Because the second spelling and the pronunciation it evokes, creates a pun.
The name's the game
I believe that William Shakespeare was chosen as stand-in or proxy for the nation's leading playwright primarily because of his name. He had other virtues, for instance that he was located far enough away that London gossip would not reach his community of wool dealers and ale brewers anytime soon. That he was illiterate was also a boon, because he would not try, as did Anthony Munday, to palm off his own work on printers as that of his famous boss. As a member of a well-known Catholic family, in that cruelly prejudiced time, he knew how to keep a low profile, and as a man with a large family to care for and no great skills of his own, the money was most welcome.
But his real selling point was none of these, for these could be found in hundreds of Williams throughout the land. It was the addition of his wonderful surname that won him the great windfall, because although spelled William Shakespeare, a name that could be proven to be the real name of a real person, it also holds a magnificent anagram, one that could not possibly be an accident: Will I am shake spear. "I am Will" who "will shake [a] spear!"
This punning anagram, sailing past the heads of the hoi polloi (and today's academics) signaled to the inner circles of his audience––those with an ear for puns––that the author himself was a fictional being like his own Doll Tear-sheet. If they were among that elite minority who could read the Greek philosophers and dramatists in their own language and liked to refer to themselves as Athenians, they would catch the reference to Athena, patron goddess of Athens, always portrayed with a spear in one hand and a helmet of invisibility on her head. And should anyone tried to publish their own stuff under that name, or otherwise cause the hidden author grief, he would shake his spear at them. Though but a little spear, the kind one dips into an inkwell, it drew blood all right, so much so that to stay alive and keep on writing, the Athenian who shook it on the London Stage had to keep his helmet of invisibility on at all times.
I believe that it was in this manner that an anglicized French name that had no connection with shaking a spear became, through a slight modification in spelling and pronunciation, the pen name of England's greatest and most famous writer. And it was also in this manner that William, son of John, husband of Anne, father of three, acquired the biggest house in Stratford, and was able to give his wool-dealer father the social elevation he craved, providing him with a family coat-of-arms and a monument in the local church, himself acquiring enough money to invest locally in land and in buildings in London, hoard grain in time of famine, and take his Warwickshire neighbors to court over a handful of silver.
Anti-Stratfordians should never sneer or laugh at William, for it's largely due to his ability to keep his mouth shut over two long decades that "the grand possessors" were finally able to get the First Folio published. One scholar's term for William, "prudent," seems particularly apt, and though his great silence was no doubt based on self-interest (and perhaps a bit on his suspicion of neighbors out to bring grief to recusant Catholics), it has worked worked well for us, for the true author and his actors, and for the wider worlds of the Theater and English letters.
Posted on May 10, 2010 February 8, 2012 by politicwormPosted in anonymity, Earl of Oxford, Edward de Vere, English Literature, Oxfordian theory, pseudonyms, Shakespeare, Shakespeare Authorship, the London Stage, theater historyTagged anti-Stratfordian, authorship question, Earl of Oxford, Early Modern, Edward de Vere, History of English, pen name, pun name, Shakespeare, Shakespeare Authorship, Shakespeare cover-up, Stratford-on-Avon, theater history. 2 Comments
What, can the Devil speak true?
As you no doubt are aware by now, my scenario for the authorship of the Shakespeare canon is not the standard view. The standard view is the one most people have grown up with, the one that sees William of Stratford as the author of the works of Shakespeare, the view backed by university academics, even more so by their supporters, the ones who write most of the articles in response to our questions, and most of all by pop biographers, who, lacking anything substantive, garnish theirs with what they hope are zesty details of life in 16th-century Warwickshire and London.
Ours is so much a better story, why won't they listen?
For the most part, academics are a very different strain from the artists that they study. If the facts as they are presented don't add up, they don't see it because they don't understand what makes their subject tick. Focused on the trees, they hardly know there is such a thing as the forest. And once having arrived at the pinnacle of Shakespeare studies, the very button on the cap of the Humanities, they are not about to question what lies (pun intended) beneath that pinnacle. One recent literary "historian" got, so we're told, a million dollar advance on his glossy version of the Stratford myth.
There's nothing strange about this. In every area of human endeavor there are those who more or less blindly follow tradition and its rules without allowing themselves (or anyone else) to question them. As for Shakespeare, most academics don't really care who he was; it's the text that interests them, not the author; as far as they're concerned, the less about him the better. When, after 300 years of ignoring him, the universities finally accepted his plays as worthy of their attention, they were perfectly happy with the author as presented to posterity by Ben Jonson, the lifeless woolman stuffed into artist clothing, stuck on a pole, his propped arm pointing towards Stratford.
Academics get to the positions of authority they occupy by being well-behaved all through school, getting good grades by giving their mentors the answers they want to hear, then getting them to sign on as advisors on their dissertation committees so they can get their PhDs and all that goes with it. Once tenured, they produce books in which they dedicate their examination of the symbolism of "eye of newt" to these same mentors. By the time they've reached a point where thinking for themselves is no longer a threat, they've forgotten how, that is, if they ever knew. And if the questions do begin to eat away at the edges of the Stratford myth, they've become too committed to Stratford through the books and articles they've published to allow them entry. How ironic that Shakespeare's "alms for oblivion" got nothing better for him than these latter day Holofernes.
They get away with it by ignoring the big arguments––like why there's nothing in this supposed great writer's handwriting but six clumsy legal signatures––while focusing on details. For instance they defend the Stratford story by saying, "contrary to authorship views, there's more than enough evidence that William Shakespeare wrote the works." What they mean by this is that the name Shakespeare is on various title pages, while documents in Stratford testify that someone of that name lived and died there and sued his neighbors. What they don't tell you is that there is nothing solid to connect the title pages with the man who lived in Stratford. Or with the man who spent a few months in rented quarters in two different neighborhoods in London. Or with Jonson's Sogliardo. Nothing times a thousand still equals nothing.
The ultimate irony of course is the obvious fact that we need the academics. Or, perhaps I should say that we need authorship scholars in academia. The excruciating amount of time, effort, and money it takes to track down documentation in the English libraries and archives requires that this be taken on by professionals, either backed by a university or by patrons who are not seeking some particular result. How many archived references to the Earl of Oxford have academics ignored since the authorship question first raised its annoying head a century and a half ago? How many during the century before that, since he was not the focus of their inquiry? Until the universities open their doors to the question or enough disinterested, deep-pocketed patrons appear, we must struggle along with only our God-given common sense and what facts have slipped past, first the 16th and 17th-century censors, and now the Stratfordian defense.
We also have another sort of adversary. Almost as much of a barrier as the academic who has no understanding of artists or interest in a realistic biography is the Oxfordian who has no understanding of history. If we do not honor the truths of history, if we continue to be enchanted by soap opera fantasies that do violence to genuine historical and psychological truth, we will never gain the respect of the History departments, who realistically are the only ones in any position to do the necessary research, since the English departments simply don't care.
How was it he put it? "If circumstances lead me, I will find where truth is hid, though it were hid indeed within the center."
Posted on December 23, 2009 December 29, 2009 by politicwormPosted in Earl of Oxford, Early Modern literature, Edward de Vere, Elizabethan era, English history, English Literature, Oxfordian theory, Shakespeare, Shakespeare Authorship, the London Stage, theater historyTagged Earl of Oxford, Early Modern, Elizabethan era, English history, History of English, Shakespeare cover-up, theater history. Leave a comment
Why we need a scenario
Recent questions have raised the enduring issue of fact vs. fiction. I've been asked to make it (more) clear where I depart from a structure of known fact to fill in missing areas with a scenario in which areas can't be supported by the kind of cited facts that historians rely upon, or are supposed to rely upon. I've been considering how to deal with this ever since reading Ogburn's The Mysterious William. Deluged with facts, what was missing was the story. Obviously Oxford was the true author, but how to perceive the living being within this mountain of argument and data?
The problem lies with the difference between facts and story, or truth and fiction, as this dichotomy is so often portrayed. It's almost impossible to mix them and come up with something that isn't seen as untrue on the one hand, boring on the other, or both. One touch of supposition and those interested only in so-called hard evidence toss the whole thing in the waste basket as unsupported theorizing. Burden it with documentation and those in search of the story lose interest because it lacks drama. Truth, however, is more than fact. There's truth in story that can never get relayed from just the facts alone. No one knew this better than the author of the Shakespeare history plays.
At a certain point in researching the period it became clear that the lack of facts––not just on Shakespeare but on all the writers and works from that period––wasn't simply due to entropy, the dictum that "things fall apart," or any lack of interest in him in his own time. Facts were missing on purpose, either burned in fireplaces or never exposed to begin with. Confusion was not always due to missing data, but was often intentional. The sources of information relied upon by scholars tracking the stories behind the literature of the period, title pages, entries in the Stationers Register, Revels records, etc., were either purposely ambiguous or flat out false.
Asking why, I began to see a pervasively phobic attitude towards literature, i.e. fiction, i.e. storytelling, that infected the entire culture. Asking why again, it seemed that in rejecting the supersitions and folk tales of medieval Christianity, the reformers in power were doing all they could to throw the baby out with the bath, just as they were doing with the beauties of Renaissance Italian painting out of a Reformation mistrust of Italian sensualism. Poetry was dangerous––the better, the more beautiful the language, the more dangerous. And then there was the age-old threat of dissident voices, so often those of the best writers.
Just the facts, M'am.
None of this is new. All of it has been mentioned, usually in passing, by literary historians, who may question the truth of a title page or two and then go right on repeating the standard account based by earlier historians on those very same title pages! It's as though archaeologists who discover the bones of a prehistoric human simply leave them lying in the order in which they find them, never making any effort to arrange them so they reveal the shape of a human being. As a result, all we have is a pile of facts, no story, no humans struggling to make their way through the difficulties of their lives, loving and hating each other, just a bunch of names without connections to each other or to the stories told by their works.
When I say "not one" has tried to tell the story behind this pile of real and phony facts, that's not quite true. Those who've tried to make sense of it in human terms (I'm thinking in particular of T.W. Baldwin and Penny McCarthy) have been thrown off by the biggest falsification of all, the substitution of the true author of the primary works of the time with someone of an altogether different, even opposite, nature.
The archeology metaphor works well here, where two bodies having been buried together ages ago, their bones becoming mixed through some earth disturbance so that a pelvis, a set of shoulder blades and bits of both spines have gotten lost. Later, when scientists attempt to sort them out, the result is a single two-headed monster with two sets of arms and legs which they then attempt to sell to an ignorant world as the missing link. In Shakespeare's case, the historians either doll up the monstrous Stratford grain hoarder cum literary genius with anecdotes and conjectures, or they ignore him and describe the flowers that "probably" grew in his garden.
At a certain point intelligent readers became sick of this paper monster and began to look for something a little more real. They could just manage to make out a shape out there, moving around in the bushes, but it was hard to define. (Francis? Is that you?) Eventually J.T. Looney gave it a name and Charlton Ogburn a wealth of detail, but we're still stuck, first with the desire to pin the blame on a group, now with the nonsense that almost anyone alive at the time could have tossed off these erudite masterpieces.
My kingdom for a story!
By blogging there seemed the possiblity, finally, of having it both ways. I could tell the story I had begun to perceive some time ago, with links to articles that provide the kind of citations that give at least a minimum of support. With readers able to ask for specifics directly without waiting for an answer to a letter sent through the publisher or finding a booksigning somewhere within driving range, I could finally (I hoped) provide the key to the insight or the missing bit of information that would suddenly (perhaps) bring the scene to life, set the story in motion, for that reader and perhaps others as well.
I've only been at this blogging for a few months now and so the story, while complete in my mind, is far from complete here. I'm still working on background material for the 1580s, the most difficult decade partly because there's so little documentation, but also because it's then that the heart of the story, the drama, begins to take shape. Because I have to conjecture so much for that decade, I need more supportive material than was required for the 1570s or will be for the 1590s.
If it seems that much of what I write is directed to those readers who have already read the biographies (Anderson, Ogburn, Miller, Nelson), it's because for you I don't have to repeat so much, simply filling in a few areas that they ignored (chiefly Oxford's childhood and education). This way I can concentrate on those areas that provide the reasons why he and the actors and their patrons, hid his authorship, reasons of culture, tradition, politics, and religion, and beyond these, the connections to the important figures of his time that he portrayed and satirized in his plays, points that can't be made without showing why he would do such a thing and how he managed to get away with it.
If I can reach you, then together we can find ways to communicate the Authorship Issue, not just as a series of talking points, arguments, and facts, but as a story that, motivated by the life force that is our common heritage as humans, simply tells itself. Surrounded as I am by all the stuff I've accumulated, it's hard for me to see the forest for the trees. By telling it this way in bits and pieces, and by answering your questions, it helps put things in perspective.
So please bear with me, and do ask for clarification of those points that, to you, seem little more than wild surmise. My idea of support may be somewhat different than those historians who, when the paper is lacking, simply skip over the anomalies, but be assured, nothing I suggest is spun purely from thin air.
Posted on September 16, 2009 September 16, 2009 by politicwormPosted in Earl of Oxford, Edward de Vere, Elizabethan era, English Literature, Oxfordian theory, Shakespeare, Shakespeare Authorship, theater historyTagged authorship question, Earl of Oxford, Early Modern, Edward de Vere, Shakespeare, Shakespeare cover-up. 3 Comments
Who Wrote What?
Ockham's razor is a slang term for the simplification that takes place when the truth is finally located at the center of a mélange of clues and complicated hypotheses. We can be fairly certain we have the truth when whole cartloads of contradictions start vanishing, leaving a simply, believable story. But of course, first it's necessary to stop ignoring the contradictions.
In the tiny community that was the English Literary establishment in the 1570s-90s, there were not a dozen different men (and/or women) who, over this 20 year period, wrote for a time and then ceased to write. There were two who for reasons of social propriety and privacy, used a number of different names, most of them the names of friends, family members, or retainers. These two, the pioneers, are Edward de Vere and Francis Bacon. The other two giants of Early Modern English Literature, Philip Sidney and Christopher Marlowe, who both died young, did not take pseudonyms, though for very different reasons. Raleigh probably makes a fifth, if we only knew which of the anonymous poems in the anthologies were his. (Raleigh wrote only for the Court community, he didn't write pamphlets or dramas; his primary art was seamanship and adventure.) Mary Sidney is a transitional figure, carrying the torch from the first, gifted amateur generation to the following, which, if not totally professional in todays terms, was closer. And then came those who, again for different reasons, were far more free to write under their own names, writers like John Donne and Ben Jonson.
Why so much hiding of identities?
All that needs to be said here is that they did. Yes, we don't have much hiding of identities today. Yes, it seems bizarre to us today that anyone would want to hide their identity when getting their precious work published. The reasons why these folks hid are complicated; I've covered some of them in other essays. Other scholars have also dealt with this. All that needs to be said here is that there is no doubt whatsoever that during this period the hiding of identities by poets, playwrights, satirists, writers of romance tales, novelists, and anyone who wrote any sort of imaginative literature was rampant. We may question this, but the readers, writers, and publishers of 16th and 17th-century England certainly did not.
How can we be certain that an identification is correct?
Well, we can't. But we can come awfully close, much closer than any of the guesswork that's gone into turning the handful of prosaic facts we have about William of Stratford into the lifeless biography that haunts us today. Our methods include the following:
Treating the information on title pages and front material with the same sort of rigor that we question anecdotes and rumors.
Understanding how very small were these early literary communities, and so realizing that there could only be a handful of writers involved in the beginnings of the commercial Stage and Press.
Locating repetitive styles and themes: There are habits and quirks that writers simply can't eliminate and themes that they return to again and again. When both of these continue to appear together in a series of works––no matter what their title page attributions––chances are we've located a hidden writer. True, this was a period of experimentation, when styles came and went and when writers delighted in imitating the styles of others, either because they admired them or because they wished to satirize or annoy them. Nevertheless, if there's enough congruence of style and themes, a general profile will appear that goes beyond names.
Locating connections between the names on title pages and the Court writers who had reason to hide their identities: Such connections include Oxford's to John Lyly (secretary 1578-90), Anthony Munday (secretary, 1576?-1580), Thomas Watson (retainer 1583-92), Robert Greene (possibly Essex neighbor), Emilia Bassano (probably lover), William of Stratford (through Richard Field, his neighbor at Blackfriars), and Henry Evans (assistant); Mary Sidney to John Webster (her coachmaker, weak, but plausible) and to a fellow courtier (Fletcher); and Bacon to Spenser (fellow student at Cambridge), Nashe (student at Cambridge), Harvey (fellow at Cambridge), and Whitgift (tutor at Cambridge).
Locating the connections between the themes and subjects of the works in question with the lives of these Court writers: Most notably almost everything ever published under the name William Shakespeare can be connected rather neatly to persons and events in the life of the Earl of Oxford. Mary Sidney can be connected to Webster by the rather obvious reflection of her sons' situation at Court in the events and characters portrayed in The White Devil and between her personal situation in 1601-1612 and the plot and characters of The Duchess of Malfi (and earlier by her personal knowledge of the events portrayed in Lady Jane, written for Philip Henslowe in 1602). Bacon's authorship of Nashe by his financial straits and the theme of Pierce Penniless, his authorship of Spenser by his relationship with Gabriel Harvey from days at Cambridge University and (as Nashe) their pseudo-pamphlet duel, and so forth.
And by connecting them in time: It's no coincidence that Robert Greene and Thomas Watson "died" just before Shakespeare appeared. It's no coincidence that Webster's plays appear only at times in Mary Sidney's life when she isn't busy with family stuff. It's no coincidence that the works attributed to Spenser begin appearing just after Bacon arrives back in England but that Spenser's name isn't used for that or for The Faerie Queene until after Spenser departed for the distant wilds of Ireland. It's no coincidence that Nashe appears for the first time during the ferocity of the Mar-Prelate dustup, or that he suffers nothing for the Isle of Dogs, while Court outsiders like Jonson, Shaa, and Spencer go to jail. The timing of these and scores of other events, set beside each other, form the pattern of a very interesting story, if we let them.
No single one of these points can stand on its own as evidence, but when we find that every item in every one of these categories points in a particular direction, we can be pretty sure we're on the right track.
Posted on August 12, 2009 August 14, 2009 by politicwormPosted in Earl of Oxford, Early Modern literature, Edward de Vere, English Literature, Oxfordian theory, Shakespeare, Shakespeare Authorship, theater historyTagged authorship question, Christopher Marlowe, Earl of Oxford, Early Modern, Edward de Vere, Francis Bacon, History of English, Mary Sidney, Nashe, Philip Sidney, Raleigh, Robert Greene, Shakespeare's style, Spenser, theater history. 2 Comments


We solved the issue. New small device connected to RPM device, one cell battery is connected into that device, instead of SparkSwitch Pro, SparkSwitch Pro battery input is supplied with receiver voltage (Y male/male+male), means data port voltage is shared with battery port V+ pin.
When SparkSwitch Pro is powered ON, then RPM device is powered, additional circuit will connect battery with ignition module.
No warnings, not over-current risk (mainly for Zenoah ZG20 and ZG26 and Saito 60 R3), all is working smoothly.
This updated version will be available on Thursday next week.
Combustion gas engines ignition modules without additional pulse signal with RPM output are unable pass directly RPM information into SparkSwitch Pro (SPW) device. It was the reason, why developed special accessory device for SPW.
First version of accessory was simple circuit, able to read mainly hall sensor signals, and after amplifying of the signal, passing this signal into SPW device. But this accessory was unable read some special signals, mainly from magnetic coil, used in DA ignition modules. Same case for Valach ignition modules, where was also problem with dual controlling of ignition module. Valach ignition modules required connection to receiver for switching on, therefore two control signals needed, for switching on/off of ignition module.
Current version of RPM accessory is designed for usage with all types of ignition modules. It is microprocessor-controlled device, which is able read any input signal from any type of engine sensor. Side effect of the design is fact, that all cables from ignition module are connected to this special accessory, and only one lead is connected to SPW device. It is big advantage also for Valach ignition modules, because module is connected only to accessory device, and is not needed connect ignition module to receiver, functionality of ignition module is controlled only by switching SPW on/off. Accessory device controls the ignition module and read signals from the sensor.
RPM accessory is small device of dimensions 14x32mm, with five JR male connectors in one row, on the left side. All cables from ignition module are connected directly into that device.
RPM accessory device is configurable for different types of ignition modules, but main process of analysis of input signal from engine sensor is done by special firmware, analyzing the signal with fast analog to digital converter. For controlling of all functionalities of accessory was used micro-controller SAMD21 Cortex M0. Accessory device is designed for two independent circuits, separated by optocoupler, to eliminate possible interference's from ignition modules. Accessory power supply circuit is especially designed for elimination of possible noises. Signal from engine sensor is separated using instrumental operational amplifier, to be sure not disturbing ignition module input circuits for right operation of spark timing and distribution.
1. Basic type, engine sensor of Hall type, connected to ignition module, and ignition module powered by second cable, battery connected directly to ignition module (using switch).
2. Ignition module controlled by receiver, means switching on the module using receiver channel. Battery connected directly to ignition module (using switch).
3. Ignition module with magnetic coil engine sensor. Signal generated by magnetic coil is hard to read and pass into SPW, therefore functionalities of RPM accessory are needed for analyzing the signal. Battery connected directly to ignition module (using switch).
(*) – patch leads with JR connectors for all ignition modules excepting OS Max. Futaba connector has guide, which is not possible plug into JR connectors used in most of ignition modules.
(***) – DO NOT USE PATCH LEAD WITH ALL THREE WIRES!
In all cases is ignition module controlled by SPW, not needed additional switch, additional channel. It is better to use accessory device as junction box for all ignition module leads, and single lead connected to SPW. Better organization of cables, better resistance to noise, interferences.
Accessory device firmware is providing small hysteresis for rpm pulses, means the visualization is more stable, not 'jumping' rpm values. Hysteresis is small, not affecting fast rpm changes, but helping out to have stable information about rpm.
For further details, orders please contact me directly.
yes, directly for Valach ignitors we developed new version of SparkSwitch Pro accessory. For 210 Valach the ignitor is connected to receiver. In our solution is connected to our device, device is connected with SparkSwitch Pro and only SparkSwitch Pro is connected to receiver.
On the picture you can see Valach single cylinder version of ignitor. This ignitor is the same as your for multicylinder engines, with one lead for battery, and one lead for receicer. Both leads are connected to our device, and device is connected to SparkSwitch Pro. This device controls igniter, instead of receiver. Means, you will switch on igniter switching on the SparkSwitch Pro.
yes, indeed, you're absolutely right, I tested all with digital servos! Please let me know if in case of digital servos it will be working properly.
do not worry Solution exists! Send my your address as private message and I will send you device, which convert weak magnetic coil signal to clear pulse. It is working properly and new version of this device is microprocessor controlled, analyses input signal and passing clear pulse into SparkSwitch Pro.
No, tacho out lead from ignitor into first Y input, Power lead into second, and Y output into SparkSwitch Ignitor input.
unfortunately in some ignitors with magnetic coil sensor we faced lot of problems with reading the signal. It is a reason why we using additional device for signal level aligning. I measured in three DA ignitors, the same type, three different values. Vendor is using special amplifiers inside ignitor to align input coil signal to usable level.
Device weight is less than 7grams, and dimensions 13x25mm, I'm pretty sure that it is not problem Anyway, device is helping out to have order in cabling, because all cables from ignitor and engine are connected into the device and single output is connected to SparkSwitchPro.
magnum : old 3w ignition modules uses magnetic coil sensor, generating electrical 'spike', the same as in DA ignitions. New 3w using Hall sensor. If you simply connect sensor from old ignitor using Y to SparkSwitch, nobody can guarantee, that in full range of throttle you will able measure correct values. For all ignition modules with 'weak' sensor values we are using some additional hardware to 'clean-up' signal passed to SparkSwitch.
But if you choose right mode, then it really work w/o issues.
I would like inform all pilots, interesting into measuring of temperature for multi-cylinder engines, using SparkSwitch Pro, now is available device, whose is available to send into SparkSwitch Pro Minimum/Maximum/Average temperature of 2/3/4/5 cylinders. Means, this device is connected using patch lead to SparkSwitch Pro Temperature sensor port, and all sensors (available together with the device, cable length 40cm) for each one cylinder are connected into device. Device is controlled by one PWM channel, 3 position switch 0-Avg, 100-Max, -100-Min temperature.
Prototype was tested with MOKI 400cc 5 cylinder engine in the flight.
I saw right now your post, I'm interesting about all related to SparkSwitch Pro. I know, that it is little bit late maybe you resolved your problem using nice device from CB Elektronics, but for one my colleague I developed small device for MOKI 400cc radial 5 cylinder engine. This device is sending maximal temperature from all 5 sensors, and you can switch using one channel to send average temperature. Device has 7 connectors, one input (plugged into SparkSwitch Pro into temperature port), 5 connectors for each one cylinder, connected 5 temperature sensors, and one for PWM signal to switching maximal/average temperature (without using this port the default value is max). Colleague is satisfied, getting right information about the temperature and told me, that he is using mainly maximal temperature information, its important for him, and getting only one temperature info on transmitter screen makes it more readable.
Sure, send me private message with address.
Next week at Wednesday I will have 25 pieces of new signal device for SparkSwitch Pro. Therefore if somebody is interesting into it, please send me PM with address and I will send device.


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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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Presidential Candidate Mike Bloomberg Wants Cannabis Decriminalization in His Criminal Justice Reform Plan
Multiple CBD Brands Receive FTC Fines for Medical Claims
White House Division Welcomes CBD Advocate GNC in Push for Use in Supplements
Canntab CBD Delivery Patent on Multi-Layer (Bi-Layer) Tablets Gets Approved
Congressional Bill on Hemp-CBD Supplementation Makes Way to the House
FDA Seeks Contractor to Examine CBD Oils for Toxic Contaminants
California Bill Could Open Door to CBD-Infused Foods and Supplements
The Navy Expands Its CBD Prohibition with Ban on Hemp Shampoo
NIST Shares New Hemp and Marijuana Testing Program for Cannabis Consumers
Hasan Minhaj of Patriot Act on Netflix Talks Cannabis Legality and Regulation
Denis Mariti
As part of his campaign strategy, 2020 Democratic presidential candidate Mike Bloomberg released his Criminal justice reform plan on Tuesday, February 2020. Mike's plan calls for decriminalization of cannabis possession and the expungement of marijuana convicts. However, this reform plan might seem appealing, but it has attracted a lot of criticism.
A 2015 recording of the former mayor of New York City defending the racially discriminative cannabis arrests and controversial frisking law enforcement strategies resurfaced, contradicting his current purported criminal justice reform plan. The democratic candidate seems to be trying to correct his image on past policies as the presidential run heats up. His reform calls for nationwide decriminalization of possession and use of cannabis, expungement of all records, and commuting all the existing marijuana sentences.
However, Mike seems to miss federal marijuana legalization in his reform plan. All other presidential candidates are backing federal cannabis legalization apart from the former Vice President Joe Biden. This reform plan also leaves out a policy of allowing individual states to enact marijuana laws without interference from the federal government. Bloomberg failed his words in an interview last year, where he promised that independent state policies and laws on marijuana would be part of his reform policy.
Bloomberg's past record reveals that he declines to embrace the reform he purports to be pushing for despite its popularity among the Democratic voters. It does not come as a surprise that before his campaign launch in 2019, Bloomberg said that marijuana legalization is probably the stupidest thing to do. Recently he was pressed regarding that comment and asked if what he really meant was that Colorado voters were stupid for legalizing cannabis back in 2012. In response, he said that states should have the autonomy of implementing marijuana policies, and what he considers stupid is imprisoning people for marijuana possession.
Another recording that tends to scandalize Bloomberg's campaign is one in which he once said that marijuana legalization is a very terrible idea. His critics are particularly concerned with his claim that 95% of all murderers are blacks and that police should focus more on black neighborhoods. He even further acknowledges that racially conceived marijuana arrests are a byproduct of that policy. The Executive Director at NORMI, Erik Altieri said,
"Bloomberg is away from the right side of history. He only calls for decriminalization and not legalization – a policy that pushed for the stop-and-frisk policy against blacks and which saw over 440,000 people arrested for cannabis possession. It's evident that Mike Bloomberg has a huge trust deficit among the voters due to his former drug policies, and his current reform policy might not clear up the air given the damage he has caused throughout his career."
CNN termed his new reform policy as being "In Line with His Democratic Primary Rivals." It fails to address the abolishment of mandatory minimum sentences and the private prison model – reforms that his rivals have taken. The plans exclude the legalization of safe marijuana consumption facilities as Sens, Elizabeth Warren (D-MA), and Bernie Sanders (I-VT) have proposed.
Bloomberg advocates for more modest reforms such as reduction of incarceration by 50% by 2030, ending cash bail, reformation of federal sentencing guidelines, support programs for the youth of color, and a program to transition former prisoners back into the society.
According to Mike Bloomberg's campaign site, his criminal justice reform plan aims at protecting everyone at every point of the justice system. He aims at curbing the use of force by police, breaking the violence cycle, reforming excessive sentencing, addressing injustices in courtrooms, prison reforms, and smooth transition of ex-convicts into the society with dignity.
Where is Colorado at for Cannabis and Crypto Company State Banking Services?
Food Safety Authority of Ireland (FSAI) Alarmed by Possible CBD Risks for Consumer Health
Denis is one of the most experienced researchers for reviews we have with years of experience in writing about CBD products. He will be one of the most viewed authors due to his own thrill in sharing what he is learning about cannabidiol and supplement use. With a goal of providing clarity within the budding CBD oil industry, Denis will be spending much of the year going through a catalogue of cannabis oil companies in the near future.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Taika had an unexpected guest appearance at #SPAKL in Auckland yesterday. There was a reason for it, which was later announced on WWDitS facebook page.
What We Do in the Shadows was lucky enough to be an off-programme guerilla addition to Semi-Permanent, New Zealand in AK today at #SPAKL. We launched a fan art competition for the design of our unofficial release poster.
– email: deliciousnecks@gmail.com to receive high res versions of the available images and have a crack at it.
The imagery and poster competition details will be sent out on Monday at 5pm.
What will happen with the worst projects?


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President Trump impeached for second time
Preserving what we have today for a better tomorrow
Tyson Foods focused on vaccine education and access
Farm Progress America, January 15, 2021
Tyson Foods names Justin Whitmore as first chief sustainability officer
TAGS: Names in the News
Tyson Foods Inc. today announced the appointment of Justin Whitmore to the newly-created role of chief sustainability officer. This follows Tyson's recent introduction of a new purpose and strategy that place sustainability at the center of the company's future plans.
The appointment is effective May 1. Whitmore, who was most recently a consultant at McKinsey & Co., will be part of the company's enterprise leadership team, reporting directly to President and CEO Tom Hayes.
As chief sustainability officer, Whitmore will provide leadership and direction that helps the company achieve its strategic intent of sustainably feeding the world with the fastest growing portfolio of protein packed brands. He will work to implement solutions that drive industry-leading impact on all dimensions of sustainability. Under Whitmore's leadership the company will strive to innovate and simultaneously deliver healthier food, healthier animals, a healthier environment and a healthier workplace.
Instituting a disciplined approach to productivity and financial fitness will also be a key element of Whitmore's sustainability agenda. He will collaborate across the organization in an effort to create efficiency and savings that can be reinvested in the business to fuel growth. Whitmore's experience consulting on strategy, operations and sustainability for food processing, consumer packaged goods and foodservice companies is expected to serve him well in his new role. At McKinsey, he developed innovative solutions to address sustainability issues while considering operational complexity, consumer demand, market share growth and financial discipline.
"I am pleased to welcome Justin to the Tyson Foods family," says Hayes. "We created this new role as part of our commitment to invest in our future through sustainability initiatives while funding them in the present through a best-in-class approach to continuous improvement.
"Justin brings considerable operations experience to Tyson as well as an approach that breaks down barriers and unlocks the potential of teams," he says. "We believe he will not only drive change at Tyson, but across our industry as he partners with the many important stakeholders in our supply chain and food system."
"I'm honored by Tyson Foods' confidence in me to serve as its first chief sustainability officer," Whitmore says. "This is a company I know and respect. I'm excited to contribute to its strong legacy of leadership as we take on the challenge of global food sustainability. I look forward to working closely with Tom and the entire Tyson team to continue to innovate and live out our purpose."
Prior to joining Tyson, Whitmore was a consultant at McKinsey & Co., where he launched the firm's complexity management service line, led the McKinsey Black Network efforts in the Midwest region, and advised leading companies on strategy, operations and sustainability.
Whitmore has held several consulting and executive positions at Strategy& (formerly Booz & Co.) and Johnson Controls. He earned his bachelor's degree in business management from the University of Alabama-Birmingham and his Master of Business Administration from the University of Notre Dame. He serves on the corporate advisory board at Notre Dame's Mendoza College of Business and is a Six Sigma Black Belt.


Mende is considered to be one of the gateways to the Grand Causses and Cevennes region - a magnificent natural setting where a diversity of Mediterranean landscapes have been shaped by man for millennia.
The limestone plateaus of the Causses (Causse Mejean, Sauveterre, Causse Noir) are incised by Gorges (the Gorges du Tarn and Gorges de la Jonte) and valleys (the Valley of the river Lot, for example), with rugged Cévennes schists, Mont Lozère and Aigoual granite. The visitor is confronted with a variety of magical images - geological fingerprints in the rock as the land has been laboriously tamed by local farmers - the caussenards of the Cevennes for whom agro-pastoralism is the way of life.
This culture, witness to a unique agrarian history, is today embodied in the exceptional landscapes and architectural heritage on the small scale - in villages, farm buildings, cattle tracks, sheep shelters, roof cisterns and drinking pools.
In this completely preserved natural space, partially covered by the Cévennes National Park and the Regional Natural Park of Grands Causses, the visitor can relax, recharge and discover the myriad facets of one of the most fascinating territories along the Mediterranean arc.
Hikes through the country are punctuated by stops at the farms and auberges along the way where the local people are used to visitors and are always welcoming. Surrounded by flocks of sheep or goats, and tasting all the natural products of the farms - Pélardon, Roquefort, all kinds of delicious cheeses, and other produce, you'll experience the best examples of the dynamic and inventive art of agro-pastoralism.


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eNews March 15, 2016
Diabetic B6 mice humanized with stem cell derived beta cells
By Brian Soper, Ph.D.
In autoimmune type 1 diabetes (T1D), a patient's own T cells destroy the insulin-producing β cells in the pancreas, leading to progressively worse hyperglycemia. The standard of care for T1D patients is blood glucose monitoring and multiple insulin injections per day. Even with close glucose monitoring, this strategy does not restore physiologic glycemic control, and patients typically suffer a wide range of secondary health complications. Researchers and clinicians have long sought a method to replace the β cells, but these efforts have been hindered by the difficulty in developing a reliable and sustainable donor b cell source and a way to engraft them that avoids both immune-mediated allogeneic rejection and continuing autoimmune b cell destruction. In a recent report in Nature Medicine (Vegas et al. 2016), a multi-institutional team lead by Dr. Daniel G. Anderson of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Boston Children's Hospital describes a new approach in which β cells differentiated in vitro from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) were packaged in a modified alginate matrix and transplanted into immuno-competent C57BL/6J mice (000664) made diabetic by treatment with streptozotocin (STZ), which selectively destroys the mouse b cells. Following engraftment, the encapsulated human cells escaped xenogeneic immune destruction and maintained stable long-term glycemic control for up to six months.
Microencapsulated human β cells evade mouse immunity
Prior attempts to transplant β cells to restore glycemic control to T1D patients have used cadaveric- and porcine-derived cells. These cells typically do not maintain long-term glycemic control because they stimulate strong host-mediated immune reactions leading to cell necrosis and fibrosis. Researchers have attempted encapsulating donor β cells in a variety of materials to prevent allo- and xenogeneic rejection, but these materials themselves can stimulate innate immune responses. In their recent study, Dr. Anderson's team used two new novel approaches. First, they developed an in vitro culture method to create human insulin-producing β cells from huPSCs (stem cell-derived β cells, SC-β). The key advantage of these cells is that large numbers can be created in culture for transplantation. Second, the researchers developed a chemically modified version of alginate microspheres that could evade innate immunity. They discovered that alginate modified with triazole-thiomorpholine dioxide (TMTD) would resist fibrosis in both mice and non-human primates. The Anderson team also examined the influence of microsphere size on glycemic control by comparing 0.5 mm and 1.5 mm unmodified alginate spheres to 1.5 mm TMTD alginate spheres. C57BL/6J (000664) mice made hyperglycemic by STZ treatment were injected intraperitoneally (IP) with 100, 250, or 1,000 SC-b encapsulated microspheres. Mice engrafted with the 0.5 mm alginate spheres showed normal blood glucose levels for about 10 days at the two highest doses tested. Mice engrafted with the 1.5 mm alginate spheres remained normoglycemic for slightly longer – for 10-15 days, and glucose was lowered in a dose dependent manner. The mice engrafted with the TMTD alginate spheres, however, maintained normal glucose levels at all three sphere doses for the full 90 days of the experiment. This experiment demonstrated that the larger TMTD-modified microspheres were most efficient at maintaining long-term normoglycemia in STZ-treated, diabetic mice.
Another important question for the Anderson team was whether the TMTD alginate microspheres would resist host innate immune responses. In a separate experiment, SC-β cell-loaded unmodified and TMTD-modified alginate microspheres were isolated from engrafted mice 14 days post-engraftment, and the presence of host immune cells adhering to the microspheres was examined by flow cytometry. Consistently fewer macrophages, neutrophils, β cells, and cytotoxic T cells were associated with TMTD alginate spheres compared to unmodified alginate spheres. The smallest (0.5 mm) unmodified spheres showed the greatest number of associated immune cells. Next, immunofluorescence was used to examine spheres for fibrosis. Unmodified microspheres showed abundant staining with a-smooth muscle actin (a-SMA), but TMTD alginate spheres did not. This was further verified by immunoblotting extracts of the recovered microspheres for a-SMA protein. Additional proteomic analyses showed that the cells obtained from TMTD alginate spheres had lower levels of multiple host-derived collagen isoforms. Together, these data demonstrate that the TMTD-modified, larger microspheres induced significantly less innate immune cell stimulation and reduced fibrosis.
Microencapsulated human b cells provide long-term glycemic control
Although their initial experiments clearly demonstrated that TMTD-modified microspheres protected the human SC-β cells from the mouse host's immune responses and that the SC-β cells could produce enough insulin to regulate blood glucose, the Anderson team also wanted to evaluate their method's ability to maintain normoglycemia long-term. A separate cohort of STZ-treated C57BL/6J mice were injected IP with 250 TMTD alginate microspheres and were monitored for 6 months. For the entire period, blood glucose in the treated mice was very similar to levels observed in healthy, C57BL/6J control mice. Further, when the treated mice were challenged by a glucose tolerance test at 150 days post-engraftment, they cleared the injected glucose at a rate similar to controls.
One possible explanation for the long-term glycemic control in the TMTD microsphere-treated mice was regeneration of mouse islet β cells, but quantitation of insulin from the pancreas of STZ-treated controls and STZ-treated mice implanted with unloaded TMTD alginate microspheres showed minimal insulin production. Microspheres isolated from long-term, SC-β cell-loaded TMTD microsphere-treated mice showed abundant insulin staining by immunohistochemistry (see figure), but little glucagon co-localization. The SC-β cells also retained expression of the β cell marker NKX6.1 and C-peptide, a surrogate marker for insulin secretion. These data verify that the SC-β cell cells in the injected microspheres retained their differentiated state and continued to produce insulin 6 months post-engraftment. Further, the SC-β cell-loaded TMTD alginate microspheres were able to evade mouse immunity and maintain long-term glycemic control.
Encapsulated human SC-β cells isolated from STZ treated C57BL/6J mice 6 months post-transplant. Human insulin SC-β cells were encapsulated in a triazole-thiomorpholine dioxide (TMTD) modified alginate matrix and were transplanted IP into hyperglycemic mice. The engrafted mice maintained normoglycemia for 6 months, when the implants were removed and evaluated by immunohistochemistry. (A) SC-β cells maintained insulin expression, and were negative for glucagon. (B) The cells expressed the β cell marker NKX6.1 and were also positive for C-peptide expression, demonstrating that the SC-β cells maintained the appropriate expression and differentiation markers long-term and enabled systemic glycemic control in the recipients.
The data presented in the Vegas et al. study clearly demonstrates strong, preclinical evidence that human insulin-producing β cells can be generated in culture from pluripotent stem cells and that these cells can be used to reverse hyperglycemia. To do so, the cells must be encapsulated in a matrix that protects them from host immune cell destruction. In patients, encapsulated β cells will have to evade both allogeneic responses arising from donor/host HLA mismatches, as well as the untreated host's continuing autoimmunity towards antigenic peptides presented on the insulin-producing SC-β cells. The Anderson team's experiments provide hope that this approach may lead to a new treatment strategy that could lead to better glycemic control and diminished primary and secondary complications associated with type 1 diabetes.
Research Highlight September 26, 2018
Making B-lymphocyte targeting work in treating type 1 diabetes
Research Highlight July 30, 2018
Immune system 2.0: Can we re-engineer the human immune response?
CRISPR Cas9 system
Research Highlight October 03, 2017
Helper cells with heightened self-reactivity identified
Press Release September 06, 2017
Genetic 'toolmaker' joins JAX faculty
Our preclinical testing facility offers efficacy studies to evaluate therapeutic compounds to treat a variety of autoimmune disorders using the most robust published mouse...
Type 1 Diabetes Efficacy Studies
In Vivo Pharmacology Services at JAX performs contract efficacy studies using NOD/ShiLtJ (001976) mice to evaluate new type 1 diabetes-related...
Type 1 Diabetes Resource
We collect, cryopreserve and distribute mouse strains important to research in type 1 diabetes.
The Serreze Lab
Investigating the genetic basis of autoimmunity and type 1 diabetes.


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A fire destroyed accommodation in Wismar, NE Germany, where Ukrainian refugees were staying in Germany | Photo: Jens Büttner / dpa / picture alliance
Refugees in Germany
Germany: Fire destroys Ukrainian refugee home
By DW.com Published on : 2022/10/21
An official investigation is underway as to the cause of the fire, though local leaders said arson was considered likely. Residents were able to escape without injury, but the building is badly damaged.
Police in the northern German state of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania said on Thursday that they were investigating whether there was a political motivation behind the fire at a shelter for Ukrainian refugees near the town of Wismar that had broken out the night before.
The case was initially being handled by the police department of Rostock, a city northeast of Wismar, but they said later that it had been handed over to state security services to determine the circumstances behind the suspected case of arson.
Rostock police vice-president Michael Peter said: "Every attack on refugees or their accommodations is also an attack on our basic values — such an attack is both shocking and unacceptable."
Officials said that relevant fire experts had been dispatched to the scene to investigate.
Mostly Ukrainian refugees at shelter
The fire broke out late on Wednesday night at the shelter in a small village northeast of Wismar.
At the time of the fire, 14 residents, mostly of Ukrainian origin, and three staff members were in the building. None of them were injured, as the fire department was able to bring the flames under control.
The damage was such that officials were concerned the building might be in danger of collapsing.
Local politician Tino Schomann said that last weekend the same refugee shelter had called the police because swastika drawings had been found on their entry sign. Schomann added that there was what he saw as obvious evidence of arson.
"It didn't burn on its own," he said.
German Interior Minister Nancy Faeser expressed her outrage at the incident.
"This is terrible news. People who found shelter with us from [Russian President Vladimir] Putin's war had to be rescued from the flames," Faeser said. "If arson is confirmed, it is an inhumane crime that will be prosecuted with all severity."
Faeser is scheduled to visit the site on Thursday evening.
los/es (AFP, AP, dpa)
First published: October 20, 2022
Copyright DW - All rights reserved
DW is not responsible for the content of external websites
Source: dw.com
Accommodation is main problem for Ukrainian arrivals in Germany
Berlin: Former airport expands capacity to house war refugees
Ukrainian refugees push German cities to their limits
Berlin and other German cities struggle to house refugees


How do I change the password of my account within the software? So that it doesn't tell me it is a wrong password, though I managed to change the password on Software Informer.com.
You can't change the password within the Software Informer Client. I have used my account and logged on, but there is no menu to change the password. For this operation, you will have to use the browser to log in on the website.
Note: It requires for you to log-in with the current username and password.
First u see forget password click on it then put your email whichever you have that's it your new password will be sent to your email I'd check it OK I hope this will help you buddy.


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North-JerseyNews.com Roundup for Dec. 31, 2021
COVID-19 surge affecting operations at New Jersey hospitals
The COVID-19 Winter surge is beginning to affect the operations at New Jersey hospitals. As the New Jersey Hospital Association noted COVID hospitalizations increasing 47% in just one week, hospitals in all regions of New Jersey have entered "level red" in their visitation precautions that generally restricts visitors, except under certain circumstances. The new visitation policies come as the state reported 3,604 COVID-19 patients at its 71 New Jersey hospitals as of Dec. 30, the highest amount since 3,553 on Jan. 14. North-JerseyNews.com
Urgent care centers across the U.S. are grappling with what to do as the Omicron variant hits employees and the demand for COVID-19 testing surges. CityMD, a chain of urgent care clinics in the New York City area, closed 31 of its locations in recent weeks, including 12 on Dec. 29. Reported Covid-19 cases in the U.S. increased roughly 60% this week, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, resulting in a seven-day daily average of cases hit about 240,400. The Wall Street Journal
Rep. Bill Pascrell Jr. tested positive for the coronavirus on Dec. 30. The veteran congressman, who represents the 9th District in North Jersey, said he was fully vaccinated, including receiving a booster shot. "Blessedly my symptoms are mild," Pascrell said in a statement. "I am working from home and will closely monitor my health. Omicron spreads like wildfire and is no joke. If you haven't yet, get off your butt and get vaccinated and get boostered; these shots are the only reason my case is luckily mild. Don't worry about me — get your shots!" InsiderNJ
The New Jersey Education Association is calling for school officials to look "carefully and honestly" at the data before telling students and teachers they have to return to the classroom next week. "Based on current conditions, a number of districts have decided to temporarily move to remote schooling, and we support that decision," said Steven Baker, a spokesman for the NJEA. "We believe every district should look carefully and honestly at the data and make the decision that best protects the health and well-being of students and staff." Paterson, Bayonne, Union City, Irvington, South Orange-Maplewood, Camden and New Brunswick are among the districts that have announced they will keep classrooms closed and begin January with remote learning. NJ.com
Four more Hudson County school districts announced today that students returning from winter break next week will learn remotely. Kearny, East Newark and Weehawken will be remote the full week. Hoboken will require all students and staff to take a PCR test Jan. 3, 2022 and is expecting the results back by Jan. 5, 200 before deciding whether to return to in-person instruction. The Jersey Journal
Sussex County Board of County Commissioners has asked its legal counsel to write a letter to the state Attorney General's Office requesting "up-to-date" information on the state's investigation into the COVID-19 deaths of residents at Andover Subacute and other state nursing homes. The letter, to be presented at the commissioners' Jan. 5. 2022 meeting, will request that acting Attorney General Andrew Bruck ask the state to honor all requests for information filed by the county under the Open Public Records Act (OPRA) pertaining to the deaths and the investigation. New Jersey Herald
A new virus surge and Winter storms have left airlines and their passengers in a holiday mess. Airlines have been canceling more than 1,000 flights a day to, from or within the United States. Carriers and their employees say the latest chapter of the pandemic, the Omicron variant, has cut deeply into the ability to staff flights, even though a vast majority of crew members are vaccinated. The New York Times
East Orange will host a federal COVID-19 testing site for 12 days beginning Jan. 1, 2022 as cases in New Jersey and around the country continue to surge. The site—at 90 Halsted St., in the city's Division of Senior Service's multi-purpose room—will be open from 7 a.m. to 5 p.m. Jan. 1 to Jan. 12 to provide free PCR tests to all New Jersey residents. Officials said the site can handle up to 1,000 people per day, and results will be available in about 24 hours. NJ.com
Two doses of Johnson & Johnson's COVID-19 vaccine provided up to 85% protection against hospitalization from the Omicron variant, researchers in South Africa reported on Dec. 30. The study from the South African Medical Research Council evaluated a second booster shot in 69,092 healthcare workers from Nov. 15 to Dec. 20. Researchers observed that effectiveness preventing hospitalization rose to 84% from 63% within 14 days and then 85% one to two months post-boost. PoliticoNJ
New Jersey Republicans have asked the New Jersey Supreme Court to affirm redistricting tiebreaker John E. Wallace, Jr.'s logic in supporting a Democratic congressional map or to order him to go back and reconsider it. In their court filing, Republicans said that Wallace "did not engage in any negotiations with the Republican or Democratic Delegations as part of any of these public hearings, nor did any negotiations or discussions take place in private during the time of the public hearings….At no time during the three-days of discussions did Chair Wallace meet with the two partisan delegations together, nor did the partisan delegations exchange maps." New Jersey Globe
Legislation that would give consumers greater flexibility in transferring or reselling a purchased ticket was approved by the Senate Commerce Committee in early December. Dubbed the New Jersey Ticket Consumer Choice Act, the bill would guarantee the right of ticket purchasers to opt-out of restrictions that limit their ability to transfer the tickets, either by giving them away or reselling them. "Anyone who has bought tickets for a baseball game, a concert or a Broadway show knows that life events can sometimes preempt best-laid plans. When that happens, consumers need to have a practical recourse to resell or give away their tickets without having to go back to the original online vendor and log into their platform," said State Sen. Loretta Weinberg (D-37). North-JerseyNews.com
A proposed new high school in Hoboken has become a contentious issue for a number of residents in the city, and some of them are organizing to tell others to say no to the plan. Matt Majer, a founder of the advocacy group Northwest Hoboken Homeowners Alliance, has raised issues with how the project was introduced, while Pavel Sokolov, the secretary of the Hoboken Republicans and the chairman of the Hudson County Young Republicans, has criticized the lack of community outreach for the proposal. Hudson Reporter
And finally…It has been a long December. Let's hope the Counting Crows are wrong and that the next year is better than the last.
Tags: 37th Legislative DistrictAirlinesAndover Subacute and Rehabilitation CenterBreaking News New JerseyBreaking News NJCityMD Urgent CareCongressional MapCOVID-19 testingCOVID-19 VaccineHoboken School DistrictHospital StaffingHospital VisitorsJohnson & Johnsonlatest political news from New Jerseylatest political news from WashingtonLawsuitLive News New Jerseynew jerseyNew Jersey Breaking NewsNew Jersey Congressional Redistricting CommissionNew Jersey Education AssociationNew Jersey Hospital AssociationNew Jersey Local Newsnew jersey political newsNew Jersey Republican PartyNew Jersey Supreme CourtNew Jersey Ticket Consumer Choice ActNJ political newsNorth JerseyNorth Jersey NewsOmicron variantPolitical NewsPolitical News NJRemote LearningRep. Bill Pascrell Jr.State Sen. Loretta WeinbergSussex County Board of County Commissioners Director Dawn FantasiaWashington Political News
New Jersey Ends Year With Another Record Day of New COVID-19 Cases


One day just before Christmas I returned from the post office, parked the car in the driveway, and sat there alone for a good two hours, consumed in my own pity party. Here we were in the midst of the most joyous season of all, and I was among men most miserable. I scanned social media to find others who had more cause to be miserable than I, and I found some. A widower friend is facing his first Christmas without his wife, another friend is recovering from a fall down the stairs, and a third is continuing to support her husband in a years' long battle with cancer. This third friend floored me by sharing the quote above by Elisabeth Elliot. If anyone has an excuse to wallow in self-pity, it is she. Yet she refuses. Instead, she and her husband both choose every day to trust God, even though they do not understand why He has chosen to send them down this road.
The words I read sank in, and the tears that had been bottled up inside me broke loose and began to flow, because at last I was sorry for my sin… the sin of doubt, the sin of self-pity, the sin of anxiety, and the sin of selfishness. Do I have cause for self-pity? Perhaps, by some standards. But my God's mercy shines brightest when the night is darkest. And right now my night is pretty dark. How much better would it be for me to look up and see the light of His mercy shining on me than to wallow in the murk of my own selfish sorrow.
Yes, it is too true! It's hard to remember it when I really need to, though.
Wow! I love this quote by Elisabeth Elliot. It is so true. It's so easy to get down and have our pity parties when we are focused on ourselves. Truly, when we were are down, the best place is to look up……………into the lovely face of Jesus. I appreciate what you shared here.


Established in 1978, not only is the staff at Sherman's Glass well qualified, but they are very friendly and helpful as well. In our thirty one years of business, we have come to understand that exceptional customer service is the number one priority. As a result, most of our customer base comes from positive word of mouth—testifying to our outstanding business practices and unbeatable relationships with our valued customers.
At Sherman's Glass, we realize that we will be judged by final results. As such, we have a guarantee on all of our products and craftsmanship. If for any reason you are not satisfied with your installation, simply give us a call, and we will work with you until you are fully content.
Thank you for visiting Sherman's Glass. Please take a few moments to look over our site and learn more about us.


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Celebrities' Weight Loss and Transformations: Before and After Pictures
Shocking, indeed! Some celebs seek out extreme methods to shed pounds, while others transform with the aid of healthier methods. From Jonah Hill's impressive trim down for a leaner bod to Mama June's 300 pounds, see before and after pictures of celebrities' weight-loss transformations.
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Ed Sheeran — 50 Pounds
After gaining weight on tour and years of smoking, the "Shape of You" singer has lost 50 pounds. In an interview on "Behind the Medal" podcast released on December 20, 2019, the British singer revealed that he quit smoking three years prior and got into running to "clean my lungs out." He started by only being able to run for "three songs" bit is now fit enough to do 45 minutes in the morning followed by a swim or sit-ups. The "Put It All on Me" singer attributed his weight gain to American food while on tour saying, "You finish a gig in America [and] you get a tray of chicken wings, sit in the back of the bus, watch The Simpsons, drink a couple bottles of wine. Then that's every single day so it just piles on you."
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Ryan Lochte 21 Pounds
After being plagued by scandals following the Rio 2016 games, the Olympic swimmer took a break from the sport. But in October 2019, Lochte shared a before and after photo of himself on Instagram, announcing that he'd lost 21 pounds in just two months and was getting ready for a Tokyo 2020 bid. "Getting my groove back thanks to the help of @fitplan_app," wrote the gold medalist. "I've adjusted my diet and upgraded my fitness routine and I'm down 21 pounds since Nationals in August! Not only is it my goal to make my 5th olympics but it would be an honor to represent USA in Tokyo next Summer!"
Joe Giudice
The Real Housewives of New Jersey star was nearly unrecognizable after the 41 months he spent in prison for fraud. On October 13, 2019, days after Joe was released from ICE custody, his daughter Gia Giudice shared a full-length Instagram photo of him that showed a remarkably slimmed-down frame. At the time, Massachusetts-based nutritionist and trainer Ray Abdwell told Us Weekly the 5-foot-5 reality star could have lost up to 70 pounds of body fat while gaining muscle mass. "Given his height, I would guess Joe has lost anywhere from 40 to 60 pounds of body fat. It could possibly be even more, even up to around 70 pounds," said the pro. "When someone loses a sizable amount of body fat, the greatest indicators are in the belly area and around the face, which Joe has clearly done."
Simon Cowell 20 pounds
Switching to a vegan diet and living a more active lifestyle made a 20-pound difference! "When you're 60, and you have a 5-year-old little boy, who, when he wakes up, is bouncing off the ceiling, it's like, you've got to try and keep that energy yourself," the X-Factor judge told Us Weekly in September 2019 of getting healthier in an effort to keep up with his son, Eric. "So that was my biggest thing, but changing my diet and everything else. I've got to play football with him. I've got to take him go-karting. So that was a much-needed push."
Jenna Jameson 80 pounds
In November 2018, Jameson announced on Instagram that she'd dropped 80 pounds in six months after she'd begun following the high-protein, low-carb keto diet combined with intermittent fasting. The former adult film actress started her new diet regimen at 202 pounds a year after welcoming her daughter, Batel, in April 2017, and had been tracking her progress on Instagram. Besides sharing her keto-approved daily menu — coffee, scrambled eggs with cheese, cottage cheese, arugula salad, a ribeye steak and asparagus — she told fans she'd cut out between-meal bites entirely. "My advice is stop snacking," she wrote. "Results come from work. It's hard, but baby it's SO worth it!"
Gordon Ramsay 50 pounds
The Hell's Kitchen chef dropped weight for love. In January 2018, Ramsay revealed he decided circa 2013 to shape up to save his marriage to his wife, Tana. "I was overweight, 18 stone [252 pounds]. I looked like a sack of s–t. I look at the pictures and think, 'How did Tana stay around?' Because Tana has got better-looking and more gorgeous. And there she is, getting in bed with a fat f–k." Since then, he's competed in multiple Ironman events and kept up his slimmer frame. On October 21, 2018, the cook flaunted his fit physique on the beach in Malibu, CA.
Kevin Smith 37 pounds
After suffering a near-fatal heart attack in February 2018, Smith's physician told him to lose 50 pounds. The director revealed he was halfway to his goal a month later. By May 15, 2018, Smith had shed 37 pounds. He shared in an Instagram post: "I've lost 37 out of the 50 lbs. the doc told me to drop, with 13 more pounds to go to hit my goal — and I lost the last 5 eating fun foods that I actually like!"
Missy Elliott 30+ pounds
Elliott flaunted her new body on Instagram in May 2018. "Proudly to say it's been 4 months I have only drank water no other juices or soda & I cut out bread & Lord knows that's been the hardest for me!" The "Work It" rapper — who looks fantastic now, though her weight has fluctuated a bit — not only showed off a slimmed-down figure, she also said her new diet helped her skin glow and made her feel less sluggish. "Didn't [lose] 70 pounds that was during my Under Construction album," Elliott wrote on Twitter in 2014. "I lost 30 eating healthy/work out to @shauntfitness T25 videos."
Jonah Hill 30+ pounds
From Superbad to super-slim! Hill first revealed his 30-pound weight loss before production began on 21 Jump Street back in 2011. "He got a nutritionist and a trainer," a pal told Us Weekly. Since then, he's continued to slim down and even showed off a much trimmer figure throughout 2017, then donned a slick suit to flaunt his slender profile at the 2018 Met Gala in May.
Tyler Baltierra 35 pounds
The Teen Mom OG star put his slimmer figure on display in February 2018 when he revealed he lost 35 pounds in two months. "I'm not really 'on a diet' I just started caring more deeply about what I was putting in my body," Baltierra tweeted at the time. "To jumpstart the weight loss, I cut out carbs (besides toast in the a.m.) filled up on fruit, smoked fish, & vegetables for lunch & ate lean meats, vegetables & salad for dinner."
Mama June Shannon 300 pounds
Hot mama! June Shannon — a.k.a. Mama June — chronicled her 300-pound weight loss on the WE tv reality show Mama June: From Not to Hot. The once 460-pound TV personality had gastric sleeve surgery in May 2016 and later underwent a tummy tuck. The Here Comes Honey Boo Boo alum also shed pounds by working out with a trainer two to three times a week.
Jimmy Kimmel 25 pounds
The Jimmy Kimmel Live! host wasn't concerned about his weight until Dr. Oz was a guest on his show in 2010. After the doctor said he was worried about the comedian, Kimmel began dieting. Having two protein shakes and a small dinner every day for eight weeks and later moving on to a 2,000 calorie-per-day regimen helped him drop 25 pounds quickly. Now, the late-night host uses intermittent fasting — eating only 500 calories two days a week — to keep his svelte figure, he explained in January 2015.
Rosie O'Donnell 50 pounds
Whopping weight loss! The View alum posted before-and after photos of herself in April 2014, writing: "Almost 50 lbs off – I can see it now." How: The Fosters star revealed that she had dropped 40 pounds back in February 2014 through weight-loss surgery.
Chris Pratt 60 pounds
After deliberately gaining weight to play Andy Dwyer on Parks and Recreation, Pratt lost 60 pounds in six months to become action star material in 2013. The Guardians of the Galaxy actor cut out beer, upped his calorie intake to 4,000 calories a day and drank a bunch of water. He also did a combination of exercises, including P90X, running, swimming and boxing, and worked with a trainer six days a week to maintain his physique.
Snooki 42 pounds
The Jersey Shore party girl showed off her dazzling post-baby body on the cover of Us Weekly in March 2013. Snooki dropped 42 pounds after giving birth to her son Lorenzo and explained to Us, "When you have a baby, everything changes." She added, "I lost it for me."
Christina Aguilera 20 pounds
Your body! The pop diva showed off her noticeably slimmer figure and estimated 20 pound weight loss at the season 4 premiere screening of The Voice in March 2013. Aguilera whipped her body back into prime form by working out with fitness guru Tee Sorge and practicing yoga. "It's more of a mind-body thing for her," a source revealed to Us. "She believes in exercise that she enjoys, doing strength work as opposed to intense cardio."
Miranda Lambert 25 pounds
No baggage here for this "Baggage Claim" crooner! The country star took to her blog in November 2013 to slam weight-loss critics who alleged she underwent surgery to achieve her talked-about slender figure. "I lost my weight the healthy and good old fashioned way," Lambert wrote. "Watching what I eat and working out with my trainer Bill Crutchfield."
Jordin Sparks 50 pounds
The "Tattoo" singer radiated confidence while showing off her 50-pound weight loss at the 2012 Teen Choice Awards. "There is no secret," she told Us on the red carpet. "It's just eating better and working out! It's definitely a daily thing." The Idol winner added that she got her sweat on with high-energy dance classes such as Zumba, in addition to portion control. "I stop now when I'm full," she shared. "I love food and I love to eat. My thing was, do I really need seconds or do I want it just because it tastes good?"
Kirstie Alley 100 pounds
"I've lost a million pounds!" Alley told Us Opens in a new Window.Opens in a new Window.in April 2011. The Fat Actress star dropped a whopping 100 pounds, going from a size 14 to a 6, from 2010 to 2011. The former Jenny Craig spokesperson, who struggled to maintain her weight loss in 2008, later explained that her transformation came from losing weight the right way. "She didn't crash diet," a source told Us. "Nothing was working for her, so she created [nutritionist-developed supplement plan] Organic Liaison."
Kelly Osbourne 42 pounds
"I took more hell for being fat than I did for being an absolute raging drug addict," Osbourne, who checked into rehab for addiction three times prior, told Us Weekly in February 2010. "I will never understand that." To shed 42 pounds, Osbourne did it the healthy way — regular exercise and a portion-controlled diet. "I'm really proud to look in the mirror and not hate every single thing I see," she told Us. "I no longer think, Why don't I look like this girl or that girl?"
Drew Carey 70 pounds
"No doughnuts!" was the host's one strict food rule when shedding pounds back in 2010. "I just got sick of being fat," Carey told Us Weekly. He added that he had also followed a cardio program. "I do work with somebody who gives me advice on what to do, how many minutes to run, what my heart rate should be and all that kind of stuff."
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We have all seen the threads about "how much does this fish weigh". Well the ONLY true way to know is to weigh the fish on a set of scales. Pictures are so misleading and at times I feel like people think they have caught a 6 lb bass and it might have went 4. I am going to show you an example of two fish caught on two different lakes by my fishing partner. Both fish were weighed more than once to ensure they were accurate. The pics were taken from the same distance on the boat. I don't want you to guess the weights, I am going to tell you so that you can see what I mean. Guys with experience already know this, but guys new to fishing apparently don't. Hopefully after reading this, some people will be more inclined to buy a set of scales and take the guess work out of it.
Length and girth were not measured. The fish on the left weighed 4 lb 8 oz. The fish on the right weighed 4 lb 15 oz.
Can't beat a accurate scale.
The vast majority of bass anglers never catch a bass over 5 lbs and have little experience judging the weight by looking at it. 7 lb bass have big heads and look like they weigh 10 lbs as a good example, that is close to a 30% error.
Fish held towards the camera look a lot bigger then they are and unless the angler has big hands the fingers can be used to ball park dimensions for a guesstimate only.
Length X Length X Girth divided by 1200 will get you with in 10% if the measurements are accurate with mouth closed etc.
I love it when TV shows have the pros saying " that was a 10 lber" and never got a glimps of the bass.
Scales turn 5lbers into 3lbers pretty quickly. I usually don't even pull out the scale unless i am sure it is around 5lbs and I am pretty good at guesstimating the weight. if anything, I tend to guess light but that isn't a bad thing. As far as other species go though I am way off...i can't judge the weight of a chain pickerel or a bowfin to save my life.
The guy with the long hair.
I'd guess top one. Bottom fish is much closer to the camera and the angle makes the fisherman look small/fish look large. Judging off the size of his hands compared to the fish though, the top fish looks larger to me. Makes it tougher with 2 different people and not knowing if they're average size adults or if one is much larger or smaller than the other.
first pic, do I win anything? Lol.
Yes. I want the whole world to know that this fish was more than 4lbs d**n it.
@jbsoonerfan's original pictures do a good job showing that bass really don't look that big when people aren't long arming them. People long arming bass makes it so unrealistic often times, no a 4 pounder is not going to be the entire size of your torso. However, if you get a good photo from a good angle while somewhat long arming one, you can get a pretty sweet picture.
However, if you get a good photo from a good angle while somewhat long arming one, you can get a pretty sweet picture.
As a solo kayak fisherman I got to long arm my fish to get a photo. It's really hard to tell how big the fish really is in the end. Photos do usually come out pretty good at least.
Same fish looks much bigger posing for the camera.
She was 7lb's and my new PB. 1st fish I've caught that was worthy of the hawg trough.
Besides long arming it, selecting a wide angle lens and holding it very close to the camera lens makes every dink I catch appear like it's a 6 lb smb or even a 10 lb lmb.
In these pics, for instance, the smb is 6lbs and the lmb is 10 lbs.
So I really needed the smoke & mirrors to pump them up.
I always carry a scale with me when fishing. My LMB PB was caught years ago big old bucketmouth I could fit my fist in.
I didn't have a scale at that time and I vowed never to go on a fishing trip without one again.
I've been staring at @A-Jay pics for a few minutes instead of working lol, spring can't come soon enough up here.
I think long arming a fish in a pic is fine as long as you're doing it for the picture value, and not trying to say it's bigger than it really is. There's a lot of fish, even if they're not giants, that just look cool and should be a focal point of a photo.
And no one wants to see my ugly mug anyway.
Full facial buffs are my friend.
I almost never weigh fish if I'm not in a tournament...Don't even have a scale in my boat. A nice fish is a nice fish and if you're not in a tournament and/or it's not a record (state/lake/world/personal/otherwise) there's no real significance to knowing the exact weight of a fish. I guess what I'm getting at is, if you catch a nice fish be proud of it...Doesn't matter what the number on a scale is (or isn't if you don't weigh it). If I'm posting or showing off a fish I didn't weigh I generally don't bother with a weight estimate unless someone asks.
It's a shame when a guy catches a nice fish only to be 'disappointed' if it doesn't reach a certain threshold...Especially newer anglers if they fall just short of 'milestone' sized fish. Like a 4-15 not cracking the 5lb mark or whatever the local benchmark number is for a big fish.
Bass weights can be funky, especially LM vs SM vs Spots and also at different times of the year...I've weighed in mixed limits of Spots and LM where my heaviest fish was a Spotted Bass, yet it looked like one of the smaller fish in my bag.
For pictures I always hold my fish out and try to make the center of attention...Why not make them look good? The fish is the reason for the picture in the first place.
Top picture is a 14lber. The bottom picture looks like it could be heavier because of the gut size & being held out from the body perspective but it is probably much smaller than the 14lber. I'm guessing the bottom picture weighs 9-10lbs. When I first saw the top picture before Catt posted this I thought the picture didn't support the verified weight of 14lbs.
Size of the angler throws pictures off too. I'm a big dude and a 6lb smallie doesn't look big in my hands with me behind it.
I don't know J.....but I think you need a BIGGER boat!


BATH-Stephen W. Campbell, 66, of E. William St., passed away unexpectedly Monday evening (June 18, 2018) at Ira Davenport Memorial Hospital in Bath, where he was taken after suddenly becoming ill at his home.
Born in Rochester on Oct. 19, 1951, he was a son of the late William V. and Leah B. (Carpenter) Campbell. Besides his parents, he was also predeceased by his nephew, Corey Michael Campbell.
A resident of Bath for most of his life, Steve was a graduate of Haverling High School.
He was previously employed at the Taylor Wine Co. and North American Van Lines, both in Hammondsport before he began his career as a wholesale jeweler and established Campbell Christopher & Co. in Bath; selling certified diamonds, as well as gold and silver.
Steve was a communicant of St. Mary's Church in Bath and was also a Son of the Bath American Legion Post.
An avid pool player, he also especially loved to spend time at Dayton Beach, Fla.
His family includes his brother, Bruce "Bo" Campbell of Eustis, Fla.; his sister, Julie (Henry) Evingham of Bath; who remember him for being the best brother anyone could have; and his nephew, J.R. Evingham, also of Bath.
The Bishop & Johnson Funeral Home, Inc., 285 Main St., Hornell is honored to serve the family of Stephen W. Campbell.


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A true continuum is simply something connected in itself and cannot be split into separate pieces; that contradicts its true nature.
I find this line of reasoning completely unconvincing as motivation for allowing the reals to have nilpotent infinitesimals. I can grant, for the sake of argument, that maybe its unnatural that our model of the line can be split cleanly into two or more parts, but to me this is an argument for constructivism, not infinitesimals.