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text:
New Play Exchange
Tsehaye Geralyn Hebert
A bona-fide gumbo girrrrrl, the Baton Rouge, LA native grew up in a world of spectacle, shuttled between Baton Rouge, New Orleans and Ventress, LA, her family seat. The family celebrated life, from birth to death, specific to each setting. (And with Mardi Gras as the base line, how exactly does one define hyperbole?)
A prolific writer, Tsehaye Hébert has served as a lead teaching artist, artist...
A prolific writer, Tsehaye Hébert has served as a lead teaching artist, artist-in-residence, consulted or taught at Chicago's premier arts organizations. Born to a family of bibliophiles, Hébert was educated in the Baton Rouge parochial school system at St. Francis Xavier, where her mother taught for 50 years and at St. Joseph Academy, where she attended high school. Her love of story further developed at the Lincoln Theatre, which her father managed along with the Lincoln Hotel. She briefly attended Louisiana State University before relocating to New York City, where she studied at the National Black Theatre with the legendary Barbara Ann Teer. Hébert earned the Bachelor of Science degree from Northwestern University (Evanston, IL) and the MFAW from School of the Art Institute Chicago (Chicago, IL).
An award-winning playwright, in 2015, Hébert was named the Alliance-Kendeda National Graduate Playwriting Award winner for The C. A. Lyons Project, included in Atlanta's Alliance Theatre's 2015 season and is also included in the National New Play Network.
The C. A. Lyons Project by Tsehaye Geralyn Hebert
The C. A. Lyons Project tells the story of three dancers brought together as his muses by dance genius C. A. Lyons: Amandla Sister Afrika (born Amy Kent), a traditional Afrikan dancer; Bethlehem Dunning, a classically trained ballerina raised by a single mother who is deaf; and Chaos Unit (born Chris[tine] Cross, who does "her own thing" that might be the invention of hip-hop. Unable to hide his...
The C. A. Lyons Project tells the story of three dancers brought together as his muses by dance genius C. A. Lyons: Amandla Sister Afrika (born Amy Kent), a traditional Afrikan dancer; Bethlehem Dunning, a classically trained ballerina raised by a single mother who is deaf; and Chaos Unit (born Chris[tine] Cross, who does "her own thing" that might be the invention of hip-hop. Unable to hide his sexual identity or his disease, C. A. Lyons must create a strong core unit out of these three disparate dancers in order for his fledgling and fragile New Black Dance Company to survive.
tsehayegeralynhebert@twitter.com
Kevin Roberts
kevinr247@yahoo.com
Artistic Statement
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The New Play Exchange ® is a streamlined script discovery and recommendation engine for the new play sector. NNPN is an alliance of non-profit theaters dedicated to the development, production, and continued life of new plays.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
The New Yorker Features SAIC Alum's Film Retrospective
A photo of Sang-soo on the set of one of his films accompanies the New Yorker article.
The New Yorker recently published a piece celebrating filmmaker Hong Sang-soo (MFA 1989). A retrospective of Sang-soo's films opened at the Museum of the Moving Image last week. New Yorker writer Richard Brody praised Sang-soo, saying that the retrospective of his work "is one of the most important recent movie events, because Hong is one of the best filmmakers in the world."
The article explores Sang-soo's distinctive styles, discusses his many films, and includes a list of Brody's many other writings on Sang-soo over the last decade. As Brody notes, the retrospective—which is a rare chance to see Sang-soo's films as they appear on DVD or streaming platforms—will run through June 19.
Tamer Hassan Takes off with Debut Documentary
Tamer Hassan (MFA 2019) and Armand Yervant Tufenkian will premiere their innovative 16mm documentary Accession at Art of the Real film festival at the Film Society of Lincoln Center in New York.
FVNMA
Peter Burr joins FVNMA as Full-time Visiting Artist
The Department of Film, Video, New Media and Animation is proud to announce that Peter Burr will be our next Full-Time Visiting Artist for the 2019-20 academic year.
Zhu Shengze's Film Wins Top Prize at the 48th International Film Festival Rotterdam
Zhu Shengze's (MFA 2017) film was named the winner of the 2019 Tiger Award presented at the 48th International Film Festival Rotterdam.
Visual and Critical Studies


text:
HELIOX TO DELIVER CHARGER INFRASTRUCTURE FOR E-BUS FLEET ESWE WIESBADEN
Heliox has been granted the project for ESWE Verkehr Wiesbaden as a subcontractor of "Daimler Buses". The first phase of the electrical bus fleet of ESWE will be 56 Mercedes-Benz eCitaro buses with an option for more. Heliox will provide the charging infrastructure and will be responsible for the electrical installation and medium voltage grid connection.
The scope of Heliox's contract stretches further than the delivery of the Overnight Chargers, but is to be regarded as a complete turnkey project. It includes full installation and service: charging stations, medium voltage connection and a full service and maintenance contract. Heliox charging infrastructure will be compatible with the Fleet management system used, which facilitates monitoring of buses and the charging infrastructure in order to enable smart charge management.
The construction work will start at the end of 2019, the first chargers will be operational in 2020. The charging infrastructure will be fully operational in 2021.
Heliox Bv:
View company profile More articles about this company


Nachamie Spizz Cohen & Serchuk, P.C.
Nachamie Spizz Cohen & Serchuk, P.C. is a general business law firm focused primarily on the middle market. We have combined traditional values with ingenuity, talent and foresight with offices in New York and Milan. Through our membership in Lawyers Associated Worldwide, a global network of more than 100 law firms, we have consistently kept pace with the changing trends in major economic and cultural climates. We are intimately familiar with the current Federal Legislation and U.S. Government Regulations governing financial and business activities, and continuously counsel clients and others to ensure that they have the information necessary to make appropriate management decisions.
Craft solutions for clients utilizing the highest level of legal skills which reflect good business judgment. The Firm's multi-cultural team of lawyers in New York includes those that are fluent in Spanish, French, Italian, and Cantonese.


text:
Nottinghamshire beer shops close down amidst cost-of-living crisis
25 January 2023 By Jessica Mason
Two independent beer shops in Nottinghamshire have gone out of business in what is set to reduce a valuable route-to-market for local craft breweries.
The stores, Hopology Beer Shop in West Bridgford and Kimberley Craft Ales in Kimberley each closed their doors over the weekend, using terms like "disastrous" and "tricky" among their reasons for their premature closure.
Hopology, which has closed after 10 years citing the aftermath of a "disastrous autumn mini budget" as its reason for its recent challenges which has had a knock on effect on making the business financially viable. Over at Kimberly Craft Ales, owners Joe Artuch and Ash Allcock lamented that "it's been a tricky year with us" and explained that they were closing their store "with heavy hearts".
Referencing the current cost-of-living crisis, the pair also added a plea to local people to support the small businesses in the area to help them through this difficult time. "This year is going to be economically tough for all of us" and suggested people of Nottingham "show the independent shops" extra "love and attention".
In West Bridgford, attempts were made to keep Hopology open under new ownership but, as one ex member of staff stated on the retailer's Facebook page "that wasn't to be".
According to recent analysis from the Centre for Retail Research (CRR) cited in national press, approximately 47 shops on average were forced to close down every day last year and a total of 17,145 shops on high streets and in other locations closed for good over 2022 with the figure being up almost 50% on the 11,449 shops closed in 2021, during the pandemic.


Joy Sian (33 and a sustainability/CSR manager) and Brad Dixon (33 and a creative director) officially met at a friend's birthday party and randomly bumped into each other in their Brooklyn neighborhood one month later. The couple dated for a couple of years and one day decided to pull over at a spot on the highway overlooking the Pacific Ocean to catch the sunset. Joy was busy taking a photo when she heard Brad say, "Hey, down here!" and found him down on one knee. The ring had his grandmother's diamond in a new yellow-gold setting between two dark blue sapphires. The wedding took place at China Cabin in Belvedere Tiburon, California, a historic venue that was a former social saloon on top of an old steamship called the PS China. The couple wanted to have their wedding at a historic building to avoid having their marriage spot someday demolished. Their simple wedding was decorated in a color palette of white, navy and green. While Brad took the role of designing the invitations, Joy worked with their florist to choose arrangements that incorporated the dahlia, San Francisco's official flower. At the dessert table, Berger cookies were served to pay tribute to Brad's roots in Baltimore, Maryland, and red velvet cupcakes to represent Brad's love for when he lived in Charleston.


text:
import sequelize from '../sequelize';
import User from './User';
import UserLogin from './UserLogin';
import UserClaim from './UserClaim';
import UserProfile from './UserProfile';
import Inventory from './Inventory';
import Plant from './Plant/Plant';
import PlantBase from './Plant/PlantBase';
import Attribute from './Plant/Attribute';
import PlantBaseAttribute from './Plant/PlantBaseAttribute';
import PlantProfile from './Plant/PlantProfile';
import CharacterProfile from './Character/CharacterProfile';
import Character from './Character/Character';

User.hasMany(UserLogin, {
  foreignKey: 'userId',
  as: 'logins',
  onUpdate: 'cascade',
  onDelete: 'cascade',
});

User.hasMany(UserClaim, {
  foreignKey: 'userId',
  as: 'claims',
  onUpdate: 'cascade',
  onDelete: 'cascade',
});

User.hasOne(UserProfile, {
  foreignKey: 'userId',
  as: 'profile',
  onUpdate: 'cascade',
  onDelete: 'cascade',
});

UserProfile.hasOne(Inventory, {
  foreignKey: 'profileId',
  as: 'inventory',
});

UserProfile.belongsToMany(Plant, {
  as: 'plants',
  foreignKey: 'profileId',
  through: PlantProfile,
});

Plant.belongsTo(PlantBase, {
  as: 'base',
});

Plant.belongsToMany(UserProfile, {
  as: 'owners',
  foreignKey: 'plantId',
  through: PlantProfile,
});

PlantBase.belongsToMany(Attribute, {
  as: 'attributes',
  foreignKey: 'plantBaseId',
  through: PlantBaseAttribute,
});

Attribute.belongsToMany(PlantBase, {
  as: 'plants',
  foreignKey: 'attributeId',
  through: PlantBaseAttribute,
});

Character.belongsToMany(UserProfile, {
  as: 'owners',
  foreignKey: 'characterId',
  through: CharacterProfile,
});

UserProfile.belongsToMany(Character, {
  as: 'characters',
  foreignKey: 'profileId',
  through: CharacterProfile,
});

function sync(...args) {
  return sequelize.sync(...args);
}

export default { sync };
export {
  User,
  UserLogin,
  UserClaim,
  UserProfile,
  Inventory,
  Plant,
  Attribute,
  PlantBase,
  Character,
};

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


We author cogent, well-organized, defensible expert reports.
The expert report is central to the expert's role in software litigation. Writing a bullet-proof expert report requires thoroughly analyzing a software system, understanding interdependent technical and legal concerns, and communicating technical concepts clearly and unambiguously. At the same time, mistakes made in an expert report can damage an expert's credibility and harm the client's case.
Gathering and documenting technical evidence.
Structuring and writing the expert report.
Defending the report at deposition and trial.
Assisting outside testifying experts in executing strategies that consistently result in high quality reports.
Expert in Internet, mobile applications and embedded systems.


I noticed the emulated SD card option in dolphin. Interesting, could be useful as soon as its possible to fully run the wii menu with its channels. though as far as i can see, its not possible to mount a folder as the sd card? so whats it for? is it even working?
The SD card is saved to "User/Wii/sd.raw".
Making Dolphin save files to a folder rather than a single raw file will be difficult, but I am going to attempt to make that work some time.
any chance the raw will be converted to a folder? i cant find a program that reads this raw file and winimage didnt have an option to read raw files; when i tried it just did nothing. i dont rly want to install a linux vm just to mount this thinng every time i want to get access to it.


text:
Performance hall to be named after Shines
Tom and Verda Shine have been a part of the Duncanville community for 31 years and Feb. 27 the high school perfomance hall will be named after them. (submitted photo)
Last year Dr. Tom Shine and his wife Verda retired from the district. Feb. 27 the Performance Hall will be renamed the Tom and Verda Shine Performance Hall in honor of them.
"Many people around the country have a great idea of what Tom has done here, he and Verda both," assistant band director Will Pitts said. "There are some people that need no introduction, but when you do introduce them it takes forever because of all the things they have done. And that's the kind of people the Shines are."
Senior Amada Estrada is looking forward to the naming ceremony of the hall.
"The Shines have given the whole band program a lot," Estrada said. "Dedicating a performance hall to them is a way of giving back. Walking into the performance hall after it has been named after the Shines will be even more sentimental than walking into 'just' the performance hall."
With over thirty years of service to the district, the Shines left behind a shrine of trophies and awards. Although these trophies and awards are all honors, sophomore Bradley Bowden who had both of the Shines as directors say they believe the legacy left behind will live on for years to come.
"It touches me because I respect them greatly and to have a performance hall named after them the school will always have a part of them," Bowden said. "They left the greatest legacy for the greatest band."
Dr. Shine said it is hard to put into words how he feels about the school district and the band program.
"We will soon have been in Duncanville for 31 years and this community and the schools in it mean everything to us," "We are so proud that our names will be associated with the performance hall and pleased to have been a part of this great band program for these 30 years."
Allie Peregory
Duncanville Band
Tom Shine
Verda Shine
Panthers coasting into district
On to the next
Virtual Pep Rally 2020
Duncanville begins new season
Panthers press on
Panthers attack the Farmers 86-73
Pantherettes Send Off


text:
Stories 04 May 2016 16:27:22
365 tomorrows: Sinker
My 4th published piece of sci-fi flash fiction: Sinker.
At the mid of the 21st century, we received the first signal, overriding the output of every speaker on and off the planet with a coherent but seemingly meaningless message. It wasn't until the second and third signals blared forth with about a week between, that we figured out what it was: coordinates relative to the galactic center, less than two parsecs distant, but drifting ever so slowly away from us!
All diplomatic obstacles postponed or quickly smoothed over, as a year of worldwide dedicated research and engineering was mandated, in an effort to plan out the most ambitious space program ever devised. New and old long distance starship designs were perused, every outlandish propulsion gimmick re-examined, cryotech given a fresh look, and even worm holes got their hour in the spotlight.
From the fruits of humanity's combined academic efforts, a grand spacecraft was commissioned. The pride of the planet, capable of getting its fifty occupants to their destination within a mere eleven years. We even figured out a limited form of faster than light communication, requiring the ship to drop off stationary relay buoys every half light year. The construction of it all took another half year, after which a great launch ceremony sent the voyage off into the unknown.
Then the long wait set in. The newsworthiness waned, the buried squabbles resurfaced, and the world mostly returned to its old self for a decade. Even the weekly confirmation of extrasolar life became more of a nuisance, and the mission updates were relegated to minor slots.
Finally, though, they were nearing their goal, and the world started caring again. Everyone back home was eagerly watching the feed as the ship came to a halt at the coordinates of the source, a few hours before the time it was calculated that a new ping would be sent out. Broad spectrum receivers were fanned out to ensure immediate triangulation of a precise location, all systems ready to begin bombarding the source with scans.
There! Global jubilation as the signal revealed a majestic alien craft, easily the size of a major metropolitan city. Our crew quickly began sending greetings and probes their way, in all languages and code. But then the echoes came in, and from them was gleaned the strip-mined husk of a once rich living planet and the burnt out remains of a star.
Immediately, radio silence was ordered, but it was too late. The alien vessel lit up slowly, turned lazily towards earth's finest dinghy, then just sat there like a mute rock for several minutes, before casually accelerating to near light speed on a direct vector towards our little corner of the galaxy. We did not bother ordering pursuit.
As best we figured from the remains found out there, the aliens travel to inhabited systems, drain them for all resources and energy, before entering a hibernation state. They set up an automatic beacon to lure young races to them, and then wake up and follow the trail home.
We've since lost contact with the deep space mission, as the aliens destroy or disable each relay they pass, probably as a taunt to show they don't care if we know when they'll be here. And why should they? It's not as if we can hope to put a dent in something capable of eating the sun. So yeah, we're doomed. We've got half a year until they arrive, and we are preparing as best we can, but nobody really believes in it. We were too curious, too naive, and they got us good. Hook, line, and …
© My 4th flash fiction short story. Written around 2016-04-13 (Google Docs).
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text:
Photos From Cyril Ramaphosa's Presidential Inauguration As Fifth President Of South Africa
Home » ➨ ✔ News › ➨ Read now » Africa » Photos From Cyril Ramaphosa's Presidential Inauguration As Fifth President Of South Africa
Gbenga Sijuade
Cyril Ramaphosa has been sworn in as the fifth President of South Africa on Saturday.
Naija News understands that Cyril Ramaphosa vowed a "new era after he was sworn in as president of South Africa at a colourful ceremony in the capital, as he looks to revitalise his push to revive the economy and fight corruption.
Here are some pictures from the colourful ceremony which was also attended by Vice President Yemi Osinbajo of Nigeria.
President Cyril Ramaphosa greeted the audience at Loftus Stadium in Tshwane during the presidential inauguration in May 2016.
President Cyril Ramaphosa walks with SANDF leaders to inspect the parade of soldiers on the pitch at Loftus Stadium in Tshwane during the presidential inauguration.
Vice President, Prof. Yemi Osinbajo in Pretoria, South Africa representing Nigeria at the Presidential Inauguration of Cyril Ramaphosa.
Deputy President David Mabuza has and his wife arrives waves to the crowds as he arrives for the presidential inauguration.
Former President FW de Klerk and his wife arrive for the Presidential Inauguration.
SANDF members marched on the pitch at Loftus Stadium in Tshwane during the inauguration of President Cyril Ramaphosa in May 2019.
A Passionate Media professional who has a penchant for creative writing. he loves watching Movies, Playing Games and sight seeing.
Comedian Lands In Court Over Alleged Rape
Minimum wage: NLC Speaks On Issuing Strike Notice
Atiku Vs Buhari: INEC Speaks On Transmitting Result To Server


text:
Macau eases Covid test rule for Guangdong to 48 hours
With effect from 6am today (Tuesday, August 10), people intending to travel between Macau and the neighbouring Guangdong province, in mainland China, must hold a nucleic acid test certificate issued within 48 hours proving they are 'negative' for Covid-19 infection.
Authorities in the city of Zhuhai, Guangdong province, had previously announced that starting from August 4 people travelling between Zhuhai and Macau would need to present a certificate issued within 12 hours of departure, showing a 'negative' result for Covid-19. That was after a family of four in Macau being infected with the Delta variant of Covid-19, which led to tightening of cross-border travel rules.
The easing of the test requirement was announced on Monday evening by the Macau health authorities. The measure covers direct inbound and outbound land trips between Macau and Guangdong.
After identification of the new cases in Macau, the local authorities conducted a three-day mass testing of all people in Macau. The operation was concluded on August 7 and no new cases of Covid-19 infection were detected.
Mainland China is the only place to have a mostly quarantine-free travel bubble with Macau. The authorities in Guangdong, the largest-single source of tourists to Macau, have recently advised its citizens against trips outside the province, amid an uptick in Covid-19 cases on the mainland.
Since July 31, people intending to enter Macau on a direct flight from mainland China must hold a nucleic acid test certificate issued within 48 hours, proving they are 'negative' for Covid-19 infection. The measure covers flights arriving in Macau from any mainland Chinese city.
Impacted by disruption to travel to Macau, the city's average daily casino gross gaming revenue (GGR) for the first eight days of August declined by 48 percent compared to the previous week, said on Monday brokerage Sanford C. Bernstein Ltd, citing its own channel checks. It was "the lowest daily GGR since late September," said the Sanford Bernstein team.
The Covid-19 cluster detected in Macau already has dimmed hopes of recovery for Macau's gaming and hospitality trade over the summer, said several senior figures in the sector, in comments to GGRAsia.
Macau ups Covid test inbound amid...


text:
Contador's Inconvenient Talent
The Spaniard, Who Faces a Possible Doping Charge, Could Become one of the Sport's Greats
Alberto Contador waves to fans prior to the start of Tuesday's fourth stage of the Tour de France.
Agence France Presse/Getty Images
By Reed Albergotti
While he rides in the Tour de France as its defending champion, Alberto Contador awaits the decision of a panel of judges that could find him guilty of a doping violation—a decision that would strip him of his titles. It's no surprise to anyone that cycling fans have been booing him lustily all over France.
Contador's Tour isn't off to a crackling start. An opening-day pileup put him more than a minute behind his rivals and he was nipped at the line during Tuesday's stage by Australian Cadel Evans. But if he climbs back into the mix in the mountains, as he's more than capable of doing, the cycling world needs to prepare for an awkward possibility: This guy could become the greatest stage racer of all time.


No bad phase lasts long. This too shall pass.
Well written. I feel the most overrated word is 'LOVE' and the most underrated word is 'NEED' , former being temporary. The 'NEED' is what cupid got confused with and termed it 'LOVE'. How else better can one explain this - "Roku jitna utni bagawat ho Lagta hai aisa haal dil ki tum zaroorat ho". Love will perish, in case of Men, even faster. . . Whether or not we like it or not, marriage is a constitution which basically runs on needs and love just intervenes every now and then.
Well written. People come - people stay - people go. Some stay longer than others while some pass through so quickly that you blink and miss them. But life goes on. I guess that's how things are supposed to work. No use fighting it or moping about it. Very agreeable outlook you got there.
very nice article Neha. Have been through these phases in life.
Every one goes through a phase.Before you realise and it's over.
Strong,brave and determined just move on.
Excellent write up. Singer Helen Reddy's song comes to my mind: I am woman, I am strong.
after reading this...i believe, i am not the only one who thinks exactly in the same manner.


text:
General Data Analysis Facilities
The STSDAS statistics package is a direct implementation of the survival analysis package ASURV developed by Eric Feigelson and Takashi Isobe at Pennsylvania State University.*1
Observational astronomers frequently encounter the situation where they observe a particular property (e.g., far infrared emission, calcium line absorption, or CO emission) of a previously defined sample of objects, but fail to detect all of them. The data then contains upper limits as well as detections, preventing the use of simple and familiar statistical techniques in the analysis. Statistical quantities frequently sought include the mean value of the measured variable for the sample, its distribution function, comparison of this distribution with other samples, and the relation of the measured variable to other properties of the objects.
Astronomers recently recognized the existence of a variety of statistical methods, or have derived similar methods on their own, to deal with these problems. The methods are frequently collectively called "survival analysis" or the "analysis of lifetime data," from their origins in actuarial and related fields. This revision of the survival analysis package provides all of the methods described in the papers in the Astrophysical Journal (Feigelson and Nelson, 1985; Isobe, Feigelson and Nelson, 1986).
No statistical procedure can magically recover information that was never measured at the telescope. However, there is frequently important information implicit in the failure to detect some objects which can be partially recovered under reasonable assumptions. We purposely provide several two-sample tests, correlation tests and linear regressions--each based on different models of where upper limits truly lie--so that the astronomer can judge the importance of the different assumptions.
There are reasons for confidence in the methods. First, the volume of scholarly effort devoted to the problem is impressive. A dozen books and scores of papers have been published during the last decade. Second, enterprises involving thousands of lives and billions of dollars (such as the insurance industry) appear to believe in the methods. Third, Monte Carlo simulations of a typical astronomical problem (flux-limited satellite observations of a magnitude limited population of uniformly distributed objects) showed several methods to be quite reliable in this context (Isobe et al., 1986). More simulations of astronomical problems are needed.
There are also reasons for not applying these methods. We describe some of their known limitations in section about cautions and caveats.
Overview of Survival Analysis
Statistical methods dealing with censored data have a long and confusing history. It began in the 17th century with the development of actuarial mathematics for the life insurance industry and demographic studies. Astronomer Edmund Halley was one of the founders. In the mid-20th century, this application grew, along with biomedical and clinical research, into a major field of biometrics. Similar (and sometimes identical) statistical methods were being developed in two other fields: the theory of reliability, with industrial and engineering applications; and econometrics, with attempts to understand the relations between economic forces in groups of people. Finally, we find the same mathematical problems and some of the same solutions arising in modern astronomy as discussed above.
Let us give an illustration on the use of survival analysis in three disparate fields. Consider a linear regression problem. First, an epidemiologist wishes to determine how the longevity or "survival time" (the dependent variable) depends on the number of cigarettes smoked per day (the independent variable). The experiment lasts 10 years, during which some individuals die and others do not. The survival time of the living individuals is only known to be greater than their age when the experiment ends. These values are therefore "right censored data points." Second, a company manufacturing engines wishes to know the average time between breakdowns, as a function of engine speed, to determine the optimal operating range. Test engines are set running until 20% of them fail; the average "lifetime" and dependence on speed is then calculated with 80% of the data points censored. Third, an astronomer observes a sample of nearby galaxies in the far-infrared to determine the relation between dust and molecular gas. Half have detected infrared luminosities but half are upper limits ("left censored data points"). The infrared luminosities are compared to CO observations, which themselves may contain censored values.
Astronomers have dealt with their upper limits in a number of fashions. One is to consider only detections in the analysis; while possibly acceptable for some purposes (e.g., regression), this will clearly bias the results in others (e.g., estimating luminosity functions). A second procedure considers the ratio of detected objects to observed objects in a given sample. When plotted in a range of luminosity bins, this has been called the "fractional luminosity function" and has been frequently used in extragalactic radio astronomy. This is mathematically the same as actuarial life tables. But it is sometimes used incorrectly in comparing different samples: the detected fraction clearly depends on the (usually uninteresting) distance to the objects as well as their (interesting) luminosity. Also, error bars do not apply in these fractional luminosity functions.
A third procedure is to take all of the data, including the exact values of the upper limits, and model the properties of the parent population under certain mathematical constraints, such as maximizing the likelihood that the data fits the model. This technique, which is at the root of much of modern survival analysis, was independently developed by astrophysicist Yoram Avni (Avni et al., 1980; Avni and Tananbaum, 1986) and is now commonly used in X-ray astronomy.
Survival methods have the advantage of having been widely-used in a range of disparate fields so that their mathematical validity has been tested in other disciplines. Issues of great social importance (e.g., establishing Social Security benefits, strategies for dealing with the AIDS epidemic, MIL-STD reliability standards) are based on it. In detail, however, astronomers must study the assumptions underlying each model and be aware that some methods at the forefront of survival analysis may not be fully understood.
Overview of the Software
The statistical methods for dealing with censored data might be divided into a 2 x 2 grid: parametric vs. nonparametric, and univariate vs. multivariate. Parametric methods assume that the censored survival times are drawn from a parent population with a known distribution function (e.g., Gaussian, exponential), and is the principal assumption of industrial reliability models. Nonparametric models make no assumption about the parent population, and frequently rely on maximum-likelihood techniques. Univariate methods are devoted to determining the characteristics of the population from which the censored sample is drawn, and comparing such characteristics for two or more censored samples. Bivariate methods measure whether the censored property of the same is correlated with another property of the objects and, if so, to perform a regression that quantifies the relationship between the two variables. There are few truly multivariate methods for censored data.
We will concentrate on the nonparametric models because the underlying distribution of astronomical populations is usually unknown. Some methods (e.g., EM algorithm regression), however, are fully parametric while others (e.g., Cox regression, Buckley-James regression) are partially parametric. Most of the methods are derived and described in more detail in Schmitt (1985), Feigelson and Nelson (1985) and Isobe et al. (1986).
Two tasks are univariate in nature: kmestimate and twosampt. kmestimate gives the Kaplan-Meier estimator for the distribution function of a randomly censored sample. First derived in 1958, it lies at the root of non-parametric survival analysis. It is the unique, self-consistent, generalized maximum-likelihood estimator for the population from which the sample was drawn. When formulated in cumulative form, it has analytic asymptotic (for large N) error bars. The median is always well-defined (but not the mean when the lowest point is also the upper limit). It is identical to the differential "redistribute-to-the-right" algorithm, independently derived by Avni et al. (1980), but when formulated in integral form has simple analytic error analysis.
The second univariate task is twosampt, giving the variety of ways to test whether two censored samples are drawn from the same parent population. They are mostly generalizations of standard tests for uncensored data, such as the Wilcoxon and logrank nonparametric two-sample tests. They differ in how the censored data are weighted or "scored" in calculating the statistic. Thus, each is more sensitive to differences at one end or the other of the distribution. The Gehan and logrank tests are widely used in biometrics, while some of the others are not.
There are a number of bivariate methods, including two correlation tests and three linear regression analyses. Cox hazard model (correlation test), EM algorithm, and Buckley-James method (linear regressions) can treat several independent variables if the dependent variable contains only one kind of censoring (i.e., upper or lower limits). Generalized Kendall's tau (correlation test) and Schmitt's binned linear regression can treat mixed censoring (including censoring in the independent variable), but can have only one independent variable. correlation test We currently do not provide error analysis for Schmitt's method.
Cautions and Caveats
The Kaplan-Meier estimator works with any underlying distribution (e.g., Gaussian, power law, bimodal), but only if the censoring is "random." That is, the probability that the measurement of an object is censored can not depend on the value of the censored variable. At first glance, this may seem to be inapplicable to most astronomical problems: we detect the brighter objects in a sample, so the distribution of upper limits always depends on brightness. However, two factors often serve to randomize the censoring distribution. First, the censored variable may not be correlated with the variable by which the sample was initially identified. Thus, infrared observations of a sample of radio bright objects will be randomly censored if the radio and infrared emission are unrelated to each other. Second, astronomical objects in a sample usually lie at different distances, so that brighter objects are not always the most luminous. In cases where the variable of interest is censored at a particular value (e.g., flux, spectral line equivalent width, stellar rotation rate) rather than randomly censored, then parametric methods appropriate to "Type 1" censoring should be used. These are described by Lawless (1982) and Schneider (1986), but are not included in this package.
Thus, the censoring mechanisms of each study must be understood individually to judge whether the censoring is or is not likely to be random. The appearance of the data, even if the upper limits are clustered at one end of the distribution, is not a reliable measure. A frequent (if philosophically distasteful) way to avoid having to determine the nature of the censoring is to define the population of interest to be the observed sample. The Kaplan-Meier estimator then always gives a valid redistribution of the upper limits, though the result may not be applicable in wider contexts.
The two-sample tests are somewhat less restrictive than the Kaplan-Meier estimator, since they seek only to compare two samples rather than determine the true underlying distribution. The Gehan test assumes that the censoring patterns of the two samples are the same, but does not require that they be random. The logrank test results appear to be correct even when the censoring patterns differ somewhat. There is little known about the limitations of the other two-sample tests given here or the bivariate generalized Kendall's tau rank statistic.
The two bivariate correlation coefficients, generalized Kendall's tau and Cox regression, are both known to be inaccurate when many tied values are present in the data. Ties are particularly common when the data is binned. Caution should be used in these cases.
Cox regression, though widely used in biostatistical applications, formally applies only if the "hazard rate" is constant; that is, the cumulative distribution function of the censored variable falls exponentially with increasing values. Astronomical luminosity functions, in contrast, are frequently modelled by power law distributions. It is not clear whether a Cox regression is significantly affected by this difference.
There are several limitations to the three linear regression methods--emmethod, buckleyjames, and schmittbin--presented here. First, only schmittbin works when censoring is present in both variables. Second, emmethod requires that the residuals about the fitted line follow a Gaussian distribution. buckleyjames and schmittbin are less restrictive, requiring only that the censoring distribution about the fitted line is random. Both we and Schneider (1986) find little difference in the regression coefficients derived from these two methods. Third, there is considerable uncertainty regarding the error analysis of the regression coefficients of all three models. emmethod gives analytic formulas based on asymptotic normality, while Avni and Tananbaum (1986) numerically calculate and examine the likelihood surface. buckleyjames gives an analytic formula for the slope only, but it lies on a weak theoretical foundation. We do not provide Schmitt's (1985) bootstrap error analysis for schmittbin, partly because of the high computational expense for large data sets. Users may thus wish to run all methods and evaluate the uncertainty with caution. Fourth, use of schmittbin is questionable in certain cases with heavy censoring. The user must arbitrarily choose a bin size. If it is too small, many censored points at the end of the distribution will be changed to detected points. If the bins are too large, accuracy in the regression calculation is reduced. Fifth, the Buckley-James method has a defect in that the final solution occasionally oscillates rather than converging smoothly.
If we consider the field of survival analysis from a broader perspective, we note a number of deficiencies with respect to censored statistical problems in astronomy. Most importantly, survival analysis assumes the upper limits in a given experiment are precisely known, while in astronomy they frequently represent n times the RMS noise level in the experimental detector, where n=2, 3, 5, or whatever. Methods adopted to this situation are clearly needed. A related deficiency is the absence of weighted means or regressions. Survival analysis also has not yet produced any true multi-variate techniques, such as a Principal Components Analysis that permits censoring.
Finally, we note that this package is not unique. Nearly a dozen software packages for analyzing censored data have been developed (Wagner and Meeker 1985). Four are part of large multi-purpose commercial statistical software systems: SAS, SPSS, BMDP, and GLIM. These packages are available on many university mainframes. We have found BMDP to be the most useful for astronomers (see the appendixes in Feigelson and Nelson 1985; Isobe et al. 1986 for instructions on its use). It provides most of the functions in kmestimate and twosampt as well as a full Cox regression, but no linear regressions. Other packages (CENSOR, DASH, LIMDEP, STATPAC, STAR, SURVAN, SURVREG) were written at various universities, medical institutes and industrial labs, and have not been evaluated.


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Leader stresses parliament's supervisory role
May 28, 2008 - 0:0
TEHRAN - Supreme Leader of the Islamic Revolution Ayatollah Ali Khamenei said here on Tuesday that the parliament's supervisory role should never be neglected.
Supervision over other branches of the government and sincere cooperation with them should be two "inherent elements" of the parliament, Ayatollah Khamenei stated in a message to the MPs on the occasion of the inauguration of the new Majlis.
"However, supervision should not be viewed as competition with the administration and disregard for its needs and problems," he added.
The executive branch of the government is the main representative of the Islamic Republic inside and outside the country, and "everyone should help it," Ayatollah Khamenei stressed.
The administration should also regard the Majlis as its guide and implement all laws passed by it, he added.
All the MPs should feel a "heavy legal and moral responsibility on their shoulders," the Leader noted.
He went on to say that this can be a "historic and grand opportunity in the history of Iran's political life."
He urged the MPs to realize their potential during their term in office, noting that attending all parliamentary sessions is their main duty.
The Supreme Leader also advised the newly-elected lawmakers to maintain unity and speak with one voice.
"The world should hear a unified voice from you," Ayatollah Khamenei asserted.
The inauguration of this Majlis coincides with the beginning of the fourth decade of the Islamic Republic, and in this decade development and justice are the revolution's main priorities, he noted.
Progress should be made in all scientific, economic, and cultural spheres, and comprehensive justice should be established, which should create opportunities, he explained.
He also said the seventh Majlis left an impressive record, adding that it "took a brave approach toward national and international issues, defended the nation's rights, and tried to solve the people's problems, while avoiding disturbances of the political peace and tumult.


text:
Bridgeport Man Pleads Guilty to Charges in Rape Case
by: Tate Blanchard
Posted: Mar 27, 2015 / 04:13 PM EDT / Updated: Mar 30, 2015 / 04:42 PM EDT
A Bridgeport man accused of raping a live-in relative, who was not his significant other, was set to begin trial on Tuesday, but a change of heart has changed how things will proceed from here.
All of the alleged actions happened in Bridgeport on January 9th. Belmont County Court Officials said Michael Murphy was accused of coming home after a night of drinking and groping a family member who was asleep. The question that would have been sought out during his trial is whether or not Murphy actually penetrated the victim in the case, prior to being awaken from their slumber.
In court on Friday, Murphy decided to change his mind and his plea, just prior to his trial that would have started at 8:30 Tuesday morning. He willingly entered a guilty plea to two counts against him and they could bring about a 3 year sentence.
"I do find the defendant guilty of both charges in this matter … Gross sexual imposition and aggravated assault each felonies of the fourth degree. I find the defendant guilty," said Belmont County Common Pleas Judge Frank Fregiato.
Following the Judges findings, he cancelled the trial and set Murphy for sentencing on April 13th at 8:30.
Regardless of his sentence Judge Fregiato said in court that Murphy will be classified as a tier 1 sex offender and will require him to register as such for 15 years. He will also be subject to 5 years of probation once his sentence has ended.


text:
Azygocypridina is a genus of ostracods in the family Cypridinidae, which appears to be "the least derived living ostracod", having remained largely unchanged for 350 million years. It contains the following species:
Azygocypridina africanus (Stebbing, 1902)
Azygocypridina birsteini Rudjakov, 1961
Azygocypridina brynmawria Diamond, de Forges & Kornicker, 2008
Azygocypridina gibber (Muller, 1906)
Azygocypridina grimaldii (Granata, 1919)
Azygocypridina imperator (Brady, 1880)
Azygocypridina imperialis (Stebbing, 1901)
Azygocypridina lowryi Kornicker, 1985
Azygocypridina ohtai Hiruta, 1981
Azygocypridina rudjakovi Kornicker, 1970

References

Myodocopida
Ostracod genera

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Well, it was my birthday – so they tell me – I stopped counting a long time ago!
Just passing comments: The 2014 Jean-Claude Courtault, Chablis was fresh, phenolic, questionably ripe, but unquestionably energetic and enjoyed – then once the guests had all arrived I opened the champers! The Jacquesson Cuvée 741 is my style of wine – the nose could certainly have been more precise but the mid and finishing flavours had both nice energy and an engaging clarity – good! Then came three 2016 Pouilly-Fuissé, Roc de Boutires – samples – but why not let an audience appreciate them – details to follow. Then a brace of Chambolle-Charmes from Alex Gambal – the 2007 had a nose that was approaching if not fully volatile but as it began to blow off became engagingly floral. The palate was round but balanced and tasty – good. The 2008 was much nicer with more drive to both aromatic and flavour – it lingered well too – definitely a notch higher interest here. The 1998 Maume, Mazis-Chambertin will be written up in my forthcoming Burgundy Report (on 1998s) – but it was, just for the record, excellent. Lastly a half-bottle of something that looked like engine oil – a magnificent half-bottle of '20 year-old' Pedro-Ximenez, Fortnum & Mason – bought there in the summer – magnificent (encore!), great wine – totally unperturbed by either ripe Epoisses or desert. Fabulous stuff!
Great call on the P-X, Bill. A hugely underappreciated wine and a fitting cap to a celebration.
Yes – it need not just be for Christmas!