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Home » Undergraduate » Major & Minor Programs » Spanish
About | Tracks of Study | Why Study Spanish
The Major & Minor | Spanish Honors
Spanish is one of several major languages spoken on the Iberian Peninsula and throughout Latin America, as well as in various regions of the United States. The Department of Spanish and Portuguese offers undergraduate major and minor programs in Spanish designed to provide students with a strong foundation in the language. The programs introduce them to the study of literary works and helps them develop an informed awareness of the respective cultures. The Spanish Honors program offers an in-depth and particularly challenging curriculum.
One of the principal goals of the Department of Spanish and Portuguese is to help students attain the highest possible level of language proficiency. The department encourages students to take advantage of several study abroad programs sponsored by the department in Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Mexico, Peru and Spain. These programs provide opportunities to gain greater exposure to the languages, literatures and cultures of the Spanish-speaking world.
To give students a more in-depths understanding of the various areas associated with Hispanic studies, courses fall into four tracks. All tracks provide an intensive approach to speaking, writing, listening, and reading in Spanish.
Track in Iberian Literatures and Cultures
Courses focus on Spanish culture, history, and classic and modern Iberian literature.
Track in Latin American Literatures and Cultures
Courses focus on Spanish American culture, indigenous and colonial culture, and Latino art and literature.
Track in Hispanic Linguistics
Courses focus on Spanish linguistics, language change and variation, and Hispanic psycholinguistics.
Track in Hispanic Studies
This track provides a survey of Hispanic topics, and allows students to choose courses from all groups.
Why Study Spanish?
There are 470 million native speakers of Spanish
Spanish is the official language of 40 countries
Spanish is one of the six official languages of the United Nations
Students do not need to have studied Spanish in high school since the department offers basic language instruction
Over 40 percent of Spanish majors also carry another major such as engineering, business, nursing, social work, biology, international studies and linguistics
Ohio State graduates with Spanish degrees have chosen a wide range of professions such as Spanish teacher, House of Representatives, Spanish-speaking loan/mortgage officer, technical writer for AT&T, lawyer, FBI field agent, and U.S. postal inspector in Puerto Rico
Read Undergraduate Experiences from students learning Spanish at Ohio State.


I don't want to say it loud but it has been a mild fall so far. Temperatures have been warmer than usual and we are occasionally still sporting our summer sandals and half sleeves. But the daylight hours have started to get shorter and the trees are changing into beautiful shades of red, yellow and gold.
This pumpkin ice cream is perfect for this time of the year. Fall flavors with not so fall weather calls for an dessert like this. I tasted my first pumpkin flavored ice cream on one of my recent farm visit with few of my blog buddies. It was a pumpkin-vanilla soft swirl and I loved it. Also my son randomly asked for pumpkin ice cream recently, so I've been looking for a recipe.
This recipe is from King Arthur Flour catalog. In the original recipe, the custard base was thickened with egg yolks, but I used my eggless vanilla ice cream base with cornstarch and it worked out beautifully.
Pumpkin flavor in the ice cream comes from pumpkin puree (of course) and pumpkin flavor that I didn't have. But the pumpkin pie spice in it reminds you of fall in every single spoon. All in all a creamy, delicious and chilly treat for fall.
In a small bowl, whisk cornstarch in ¼cup milk.
In a medium saucepan, combine pumpkin puree, remaining milk, heavy cream, vanilla extract, sugars and corn syrup. Mix well and bring to a boil on medium heat. Remove from heat.
Stir in the cornstarch mixture, whisking continuously. Cook on medium flame until the custard thickens significantly.
Remove the pan from the heat and let the custard cool to room temperature, stirring occasionally to prevent a skin from forming. Refrigerate for at least 2~3 hours or overnight.
Transfer the custard to an ice cream maker. Freeze according to the manufacturer's instructions. Serve immediately if you prefer soft, creamy ice cream. For firmer consistency, transfer the ice cream to an airtight container and freeze for about 2 hours.
Linking this to Valli's 'Cooking from Cookbook Challenge: October -- Week 4'.
Touchwood!! Weather has been very pleasant so far! Even I tasted pumpkin ice cream for the first time that day & loved it.
That's simply awesome pavani..what an idea!..


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Setting the Balance: Using Biofeedback and Neurofeedback with Gymnasts
Lindsay Shaw1, Leonard Zaichkowsky2, and Vietta Wilson3
1 Clinical and Sport Consulting Services
| 2 Vancouver Canucks
| 3 York University
https://doi.org/10.1123/jcsp.6.1.47
Gymnast; biofeedback; neurofeedback; performance; sport
The present paper evaluated the efficacy of a biofeedback/neurofeedback training program to create an optimal preperformance state to improve gymnasts' balance beam performance in competition. Training to increase heart rate variability (HRV) and sensorimotor rhythm while inhibiting theta was provided to 11 Division I gymnasts in 10 15-min sessions. Results of this uncontrolled study indicated that competition scores and scores from an independently judged video assessment improved throughout the training, beta decreased from preto postassessment, and there were no changes in HRV, sensorimotor rhythm, or theta. The withdrawal of training resulted in a decline of competition scores.
* Lindsay Shaw is with Clinical and Sport Consulting Services in South Kingston, RI. Len Zaichkowsky is with the Vancouver Canucks in Vancouver, BC. He was formerly a Boston University professor. Vietta Wilson is an associate professor with the School of Kinesiology and Health Science at York University in Guelph, Ontario Canada.
https://journals.humankinetics.com/abstract/journals/jcsp/6/1/article-p47.xml
Lindsay Shaw
Leonard Zaichkowsky
Vietta Wilson

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Home > People > Nicole Clay
Nicole Clay, Ph.D.
Research Scientist, MCDB
219 Prospect Street, KBT 734, New Haven, CT 06511
nicole.clay@yale.edu
http://campuspress.yale.edu/claylab/
Nicole K. Clay is a Research Scientist at Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology. She received her B.S. in Biology from Massachusetts Institute of Technology and her Ph.D. in Biology from Yale University. She was the Ruth L. Kirschstein Postdoctoral Fellow in the lab of Dr. Frederick M. Ausubel at Massachusetts General Hospital, an affiliate of the Harvard Medical School. As a postdoc, she began studying plant-microbe interactions and discovered immune signaling roles for an ancient class of plant chemicals. She joined the faculty at Yale University in 2011.
The Clay lab studies the plant innate immune system to identify new immune signals, regulators and systems required for robust basal and acquired plant disease resistance and the production of plant-based medicines and sustainable biofuels.
Plant innate immunity. Plants, unlike mammals, lack mobile defender cells and adaptive immune systems. Instead, they rely on the innate immunity of each cell, systemic peptide and chemical signals emanating from infection sites, and preformed and inducible chemical defenses at infection sites to ward off invading pathogens. Plant innate immunity is based on the perception and production of small molecules and rivals mammalian innate immunity in combating pathogenic infections.
Novel Immune Signals and Regulators. More than prokaryotes or animals, plants collectively produce hundreds of thousands of natural products, the majority of which are used in plant defense against microbial pathogens, insect herbivores and competitor plants. Only a tiny fraction of the plant natural product diversity is used in bioenergy, industry and human medicines. Yet, an estimated 74% of the most important human drugs in the 21st century contain plant-derived active ingredients, and about 75% of the global population still relies on plant-based traditional medicines for their primary health care. Despite their divergent structures and bioactivities, these phytochemicals are robustly integrated into the conserved framework of plant immune responses, conferring long-lasting immunity against a broad spectrum of microbes throughout the plant. The Clay lab exploits plant-pathogen interactions to discover novel immune signals and regulators of metabolite profiles required for basal and acquired disease resistance in plants.
Novel Protein Modifications and Quality-controls. Because plants and humans share the same pathways for protein synthesis, glycosylation and quality-control, plants have emerged as alternative hosts for the cost-effective, large-scale production of biopharmaceuticals and vaccines with defined human-like glycan structures. The complex ligand-binding structures of plant innate immune receptors require post-translational modifications and sophisticated protein quality control systems at multiple steps along the secretory pathway to recognize and eliminate misfolded, immature and unassembled proteins. The Clay lab studies plant immune receptors to discover novel protein modifications and quality-controls that regulate recombinant (and native) protein production and function in plants.


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Middle East & Africa | Iraq
Reclaiming the ruins from Islamic State
By retaking Ramadi, Iraq's security forces have won a morale-boosting victory
IT HAS been a long time in coming. But on December 27th Iraq's security forces announced they had recaptured the city of Ramadi from Islamic State (IS), with only pockets of resistance remaining. This followed a week of heavy fighting by the Iraqi army, local police and Sunni tribal fighters, all backed by American air strikes.
The expulsion of jihadists from the capital of Anbar, a mainly Sunni province, is a morale-boosting victory for the beleaguered government of Haider al-Abadi in Baghdad. It will go some way towards expunging the memory of the humiliating flight of the army from the city seven months ago, when a numerically inferior IS force launched a stunning assault, spearheaded by at least 30 vehicular suicide-bombs, some of them armoured bulldozers packing enough explosive to demolish entire streets. Outflanked and outgunned, even the army's Golden Division, a highly regarded American-trained special-forces unit, succumbed to panic.
The carefully orchestrated campaign to recover Ramadi, which saw much closer co-ordination between troops on the ground and coalition air power than in the past, is an indication of how other battles to expel IS from Iraqi cities may be conducted. Air strikes are claimed to have killed at least 350 IS fighters in the days before the ground offensive began in earnest.
While it is true that Iraqi forces some 10,000 strong were needed to defeat no more than 1,000 IS fighters, the difficulties should not be underestimated. IS had time to construct a multilayered defence based on booby traps and a network of tunnels that allowed shooters and suicide-bombers to move around the town unseen by surveillance drones. The Iraqi army had to spend months encircling the city and slowly cutting IS off from outside help. This allowed Iraqi units to move cautiously into the ruined city, street by street.
Significantly, Iranian-backed Shia militias, who have often been in the vanguard of the fight against IS during the past 18 months, were largely excluded from the battle. This was at the insistence of the Americans, who want to encourage a Sunni uprising against IS, like the one they fomented against its predecessor, al-Qaeda in Iraq, in 2006. But the results have been patchy, because the promised supply of American weapons to Anbari Sunni tribes has been blocked by the predominantly Shia government in Baghdad.
Next stop, Fallujah
Given the deep sectarian divisions, limiting the role of the Shia "Popular Mobilisation Forces" in Anbar remains a priority for the Americans. Most are backed and financed by Iran—and Mr Abadi has little influence over such groups.
If the government is to build on its success in Ramadi, it must show displaced Sunni inhabitants that it can both hold the city and start rebuilding it. That means providing material support for the Sunni tribes and local police to garrison Ramadi, while freeing up the overstretched Iraqi army to take on IS elsewhere in Anbar. The jihadists still control not only Fallujah, but also Ana, Rawa, Hit and al-Qaim, towns which between them have (or had) a population of over 700,000.
The Iraqi army will have little choice but to work with the Shia militias in the continuing attempt to recapture Fallujah, which has seen only intermittent progress in the past year. The tactics used in Ramadi—encirclement and air strikes—are being applied to the city, which is now more or less completely cut off. But Fallujah, which was al-Qaeda in Iraq's first stronghold and the scene of bitter fighting with American troops in 2004, will be much harder to crack.
Mr Abadi promised on December 28th that IS will be driven from his country by the end of 2016. "We are coming to liberate Mosul, which will be the fatal blow to [IS]," he said. A concerted attempt to retake Iraq's second city (seized by IS 18 months ago) does now appear more likely, although it will have to wait until Fallujah is restored to government control and the Iraqi army can field more effective units to join with Kurdish Peshmerga fighters.
Estimates differ as to how many IS combatants there are in Mosul. IS says it has 30,000. Iraqi government sources put the number at a more modest 1,500. But IS has had a long time to dig itself in to the northern city, and at least some of the people there are said to prefer the so-called caliphate, for all its brutality, to rule from Baghdad. Mosul is a huge source of funding for IS, because it has so many people for the jihadists to tax. If it should fall, IS's pretensions to being a state will fall with it. But there is still quite a way to go.
This article appeared in the Middle East & Africa section of the print edition under the headline "Reclaiming the ruins from Islamic State"
Middle East & Africa January 2nd 2016
No sex please, we're Middle Eastern
What if they were really set free?
More from Middle East & Africa
A white, gay, Zulu-speaking mayor is shaking up South African politics
Chris Pappas is an unlikely but effective trailblazer
Why bicycles are crucial to Congo's cross-border trade
While lorries wait weeks to pay their dues, two-wheelers zip across on the cheap
A populist plan to pay off private debts is another sign of Kuwait's ills
Dysfunctional politics and short-sighted economic policies are holding a rich country back


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blood vessels function & Additional features main function
Blood vessels function consist of arteries, capillaries, and veins. The vascular networks deliver blood to all tissues in a targeted and regulated manner. The arteries and veins consist of three layers of tissue. The thick outer layer of the vessel (tunica adventitia or tunica external) is made of connective tissue.
The middle layer (the tunica medium) is thicker and contains more systolic tissue in the arteries than in the veins. It includes connective tissue, circularly arranged elastic fibers, and smooth muscle cells.
The internal layer (tunica intima) is the lean layer, includes of a single endothelial layer supported by the subendothelial layer. Capillaries consist of a single layer of endothelium and associated connective tissue.
Blood vessels function
Blood vessels function fetch nutrients and oxygen throughout the body and help in gas exchange. Vessels are parts of the systemic and pulmonary circulation that distributes blood throughout the body. There are three main types of blood vessels.
The arteries that carry blood from the heart, branching to smaller arterioles throughout the body and eventually forming a network of capillaries. Capillaries, in turn, merge into veins, and then into larger veins responsible for restoring blood to the heart. The arteries and veins consist of three different layers, while much smaller capillaries consist of one layer.
Tunica Intima
The internal layer (tunica intima) is the thick layer formed from a single continuous layer of endothelial cells and a supported subendothelial layer of connective tissue and support cells. In smaller arterioles or veins, this subendothelial layer consists of a single layer of cells, but it can be much thicker in larger vessels such as the aorta.
The tunica intima is surrounded by a lean membrane composed of elastic fibers running parallel to the vessel. Capillaries contain only of a thick layer of the endothelium of cells with an associated thin layer of connective tissue.
Tunica Media
This layer is much thicker in the arteries than in the veins. The fiber composition is also different. The veins consist of small elastic fibers and function as a control of the caliber of the arteries. The key step in maintaining blood pressure.
Tunica Externa
The outermost layer is the outer tunic or roadside tunica, made entirely of connective fibers and surrounded by an external flexible blade that acts to anchor the vessels with the surrounding tissues. The outside tunica is usually thicker in the veins to prevent the collapse of the blood vessel and provide protection against damage because the veins can be superficially located.
Valve function
In blood vessels function, the major structural difference between arteries and veins is the presence of valves. In the arteries, blood pump under pressure from the heart, so the backflow cannot occur.
However, the passage through the capillary network causes a decrease in blood pressure, which means that the flow of blood in the veins is possible. To resist this, the veins incorporate numerous one-way valves that prevent backflow.
Key points (TAKEAWAYS)
The fundamental and pulmonary circulation system effectively supplies oxygen to body tissues and removes metabolic products, such as carbon dioxide. Arterial blood (with the exception of the pulmonary artery) is highly saturated with oxygen and supplies oxygen to the tissues of the body. Venous blood (except the pulmonary vein) is deoxygenated and returns to the heart to pump it into the lungs for re-irradiation.
The immune cells shift in the circulatory system and are capable of rapidly penetrating through the walls of blood vessels to sites of injury or infection. Blood vessels can grow or reduce the flow of blood near the surface of the body, increasing or decreasing the amount of heat lost as a means of regulating body temperature.
blood vessels function Key terms
In blood vessels function key terms, thermoregulation: sustaining a constant internal temperature of the body regardless of the ambient temperature
Blood plays many critical roles in the body: supplying nutrients and chemicals to tissues, removing waste and maintaining homeostasis and health. The circulatory system carries blood through the body to perform these activities, assisted by a vast network of blood vessels.
Gas transfer
The circulatory system can divide into two parts, systemic and pulmonary. In the structural circulatory system, highly oxidized blood (95-100%) pump from the left ventricle and into the body arteries.
After arriving the capillary network, gas exchange between tissue and blood may occur, facilitated by the narrow walls of the capillaries. The capillaries merge into veins, transferring deoxygenated blood (~ 75%) back to the right atrium of the heart at the end of the systemic circulation.
A much smaller lung system reoxygenates the blood and facilitates the removal of carbon dioxide. After the heart leaves the right ventricle, blood passes through the pulmonary artery. The only artery in the body including deoxygenated blood and into the capillary network of the lungs.
The direct connection of thin-walled vesicles with equally thin-walled capillaries allows for quick release of carbon dioxide and oxygen absorption. After quite the lungs through the pulmonary vein, the only vein that carries oxygenated blood. The blood enters the left atrium. This completes the pulmonary circulation system.
Additional features & blood vessels function
In blood vessels function, blood vessels beside facilitating rapid distribution and efficient transport of agents such as glucose, amino acids or lipids to tissues and removal of waste products for processing elsewhere, such as lactic acid into the liver or urea into the kidneys.
In other, the blood vessels are an absolute network for the surveillance and distribution of the immune system. Lots of white blood cells circulate around the body, sensing infection or injury.
Neutrophil and Neutropenia function & symptoms
Lymph function & Development
Atria heart functions
Muscular system functions and their types
Elson Chopra
Elson is a medical assistant who has experience of many types of medical equipment.
Components of computer system and its function


What is internet traffic management?
Following the determination of winning auction stage bids in accordance with regulation 41 Ofcom announces that a licence to use the entire 1452-1492 MHz band (i.e. all of lots LA to LQ) with a high power licence condition has been awarded to Qualcomm UK Spectrum Ltd. The licence fee determined in accordance with regulation 45 is £8,334,000.
Details of all of valid auction stage bids made by each bidder are available in CSV format.


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Ebola-Themed Drama In the Works, Based on 1994 Novel The Hot Zone
By Andy Swift / October 16 2014, 3:34 PM PDT
The Ebola outbreak is spreading to primetime.
RELATED Report: Bewitched Remake In the Works — Who Should Play Samantha?
Producer Lynda Obst and director/producer Ridley Scott have been working on a limited-series adaptation of Richard Preston's 1994 Ebola-themed novel The Hot Zone for about a year, according to The Hollywood Reporter, an endeavor which is coming closer to fruition. No network is currently attached.
Scott, Obst, David Zucker and Jim Hart would all serve as executive producers on the project.
Described as "a terrifying true story," Preston's Hot Zone is based on his 1992 New Yorker article "Crisis in the Hot Zone," which documented the United States' response to the possibility of the Ebola virus crossing our borders.
Would you feed your fear with a weekly dose of Ebola on TV? Drop a comment with your thoughts on this project below.
TAGS: The Hot Zone
GET MORE: News


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Faith is All You Need
Dr. Wayne W. Dyer More by this author
I've been blessed with a long career as a teacher and lecturer, speaking in close to 50 countries around the world—Europe, Asia, Australia, Africa, South America—from Copenhagen to Singapore. People in Singapore ask, "What's life like in Copenhagen?" and I say, "It's just like it is here." I say that because I'm not speaking to people from Copenhagen or Singapore; I'm speaking to human beings. Life is life for us all. People are all one and we all want the same things—a life of peace, a life of harmony, freedom from tyranny, and closeness to God. We share these desires because we share a connection to the Divine, we are all one. That's something I both believe and know.
Recently, I got to realize a dream and returned for a third visit to the Italian town of Assisi where Saint Francis began his ministry of love and healing. My companions on this trip, a community of family, old friends, and new friends, were joining me for a tour of some of Europe's most sacred sites—Assisi, Lourdes, and Medjugorje.
I was speaking to our group in the Basilica of Saint Francis when something happened to me that has never happened before in my 40 plus years of giving public talks. I was reading a passage from Nikos Kazantzakis' powerful story about the life of Saint Francis. In the passage from the novel, Francis is instructed in his prayers to do something that triggers his deepest fear—to touch a person with leprosy.
In 13th century Europe, lepers were required to live apart from the rest of the populace and to wear bells to warn people of their approach. Jesus asked Francis to walk up to the next leper he saw, embrace him and kiss him on the mouth. Francis came upon a young boy with a leper's bell. He embraced and kissed him and wrapped him inside his robe to escort him into the village. When Francis opened his robe to reveal what was inside, the boy was gone. He realized that the boy he met was not a leper or any member of the community—but Christ himself in one of what Mother Teresa would later call "one of his distressing disguises."
Reading the words of this story to the audience, my eyes filled with tears and I began to sob. It was a complete emotional breakdown on stage—an unprecedented experience for me and one I had no control over. As I cried on, the fellow members of our journey to the miraculous stood up and extended their hands toward me. They were crying, too.
Saint Francis used faith to overcome his greatest fear and saw the fear dissolve into love. For us, too, faith conquers fear. When we realize that we are never alone or separate from God, our fear disappears. By simply recognizing our connection to Spirit and to one another through Spirit, we raise our consciousness to the level where love replaces fear.
During the days of our journey together, our community of 157 people from all continents and all age groups (18-84) became a family. Saint Francis wanted to reach his community with the message of Christ-consciousness, harmony, peace, and love. He saw himself as related to everyone and everything—from the animals to the stars. We are all brothers and sisters and our desires for a peaceful world are one and the same. The first line of the Prayer of Saint Francis, "Lord, make me an instrument of thy peace," tells us what we need to do if we are going to realize the dream all of us share. When we experience our true oneness and the dissolving of fear into love, our obligation is to spread the love and create a global community with the knowledge of our shared vision.
medjugorje | lourdes | community | travel | spirit | public speaking | faith | oneness | peace | assisi | saint francis | wayne w. dyer
Wayne Dyer, Ph.D. Affectionately called the "father of motivation" by his fans, Dr. Wayne W. Dyer was an internationally renowned author, speaker, and pio Continue reading


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This sounds like something written for a TV sitcom. Interstate 95 in Florida was the scene of a bizarre accident.
MELBOURNE, Fla. - A crash involving two tractor-trailers hauling beer and chips overturned on Interstate 95 in Brevard County, spilling the snacks all over the roadway and blocking lanes for hours on Wednesday morning.
The crash was reported at milemarker 187 in Pineda Causeway just after 3:30 a.m.
Florida Highway Patrol said the tractor-trailer carrying Busch beer was driving southbound on I-95 when the driver attempted to move into center lane and swerved to avoid another vehicle.
The front of the Busch beer truck then struck the Frito-Lay truck, prompting the Frito-Lay truck to overturn and spill beer and chips onto the roadway, according to FHP.
No injuries were reported. It's unknown if any salsa was available at the scene.
See "Beer, chips spill onto I-95 after semi overturns in crash" for more information.
Links to Related Musings: Food, News


Whether we have a position right now or would like to keep you in mind for the future, we are always on the lookout for talented and motivated lawyers, law students and support staff.
Applications may be submitted by sending us a short email and one page resume. We are interested in the most relevant aspects of your experience, achievements, education, qualifications and how you have supported yourself through your studies. We would like to know what attracted you to the legal profession. If you have ever invented something, taken the initiative to develop something, teach yourself a new skill, played team sports or managed a team, we would like to hear about it.
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Q: why table cell is not reading the table row in parent component? I have 2 components here: app.component.html and app-server.component.html
app.component.html

            Names
            Age

<app-server-element *ngFor="let student of students" [student]='student'></app-server-element>

server-element.component.html:
 {{student.name}}
 {{student.age}}

but the result is like this why?:

A: In addition to the problem others have suggesting - there seems to be another problem. Your <app-server-element *ngFor="let student of students" [student]='student'></app-server-element> acts as a cell because it is a direct child of your tr. The td elements inside app-server-element have no effect. You could use replace in your directive to get rid of the wrapper - that way the td element would be a direct child of the tr element and it would work as expected.
Edit
After gathering more information regarding your problem, please make the following changes to your code:
Change the server-element.component.ts to:
import { Component, OnInit, Input } from '@angular/core';

@Component({
    selector: '[appServerElement]',
    templateUrl: './server-element.component.html',
    styleUrls: ['./server-element.component.css']
})
export class ServerElementComponent implements OnInit {

    @Input()
    appServerElement: { name: string, age: string };

    constructor() {
        //
    }

    ngOnInit() {
        //
    }

}

and change selector: 'app-server-element' to selector: '[appServerElement]'.
Change the app.component.html to the following:

        Names
        Age

A: As ankit suggested you need to iterate of
:

        Names
        Age

<app-server-element *ngFor="let student of students" [student]='student'></app-server-element>

your code iterate over app-server-element which results:

<app-server-element></app-server-element>
<app-server-element></app-server-element>
<app-server-element></app-server-element>
<app-server-element></app-server-element>

while you want:
<app-server-element></app-server-element>

<app-server-element></app-server-element>

<app-server-element></app-server-element>

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


First Aid at Work is a comprehensive course, covering all major injuries, life threats and illnesses. It is recommended that low risk businesses responsible for over 100 people have at least two people certified in first aid at work.
Upon completion of the First Aid at Work course, you will receive an accredited certificate & personal I.D card. Both are valid for three years and meet government guidelines and required learning hours.
At the end of the course, candidates will leave with the necessary confidence and skills to deal with an accident or illness, at home, work, or leisure. Staff members will meet the requirements for the high risk workplace and will be able to deliver first aid effectively.
The 3 training days will focus on a vital set of lifesaving skills. The instructor will demonstrate practically and students will role play scenarios with a lot of time spent practicing. There will be short presentations to introduce modules, don't worry, there is no PowerPoint!
Learn a what to do at a scene & how to handle different scenarios & how to use the contents of a first aid kit correctly.


This electric utility client had to reduce the NOx emissions from their 540MW boiler. The boiler was a B&W supercritical gas fired unit with 32 burner cells, controlled with 16 gas valves. The unit was already equipped with overfire air ports for NOx control. In order to achieve the required NOx emissions level, a Patented ETEC IFGR system designed for 15% flue gas recirculation, was installed, as shown in the photograph below. In addition, the burner system had to be modified to accommodate C-Mods operation in conjunction with IFGR operation. The modification included removing existing gas line piping and installing individual gas cell piping with manual valves, as shown in the photographs below. The gas valves operated normally, but a number of individual cell gas line valves were closed to provide additional NOx emissions reduction. The NOx emissions reduction corresponding to the combined IFGR/C-Mods operation was on the order of 70%, as shown in the figure below.


Shenzhen Hengfengyuan Technology Co., Ltd. was established in 2009 in Shenzhen in China, it is a member of Hongkong Hengfengyuan Holdings Group. We are a advanced high-tech company integrating research, development, production and marketing. We manufacture mobile batteries, power bank and earphone, etc. We have created Hengfengyuan (HFY) Brand, Pioneer Brand, Top Business Brand, One Through Brand, etc. Owning high quality and excellent services, HFY Brand has become one of industry leaders in China and won high praise in the market.
Our company is located in 5th Floor A block and 3th Floor B Block, No.6, Gaochuangde Industrial Park, Sanheyi New Village, Dalang Street, Longhua New District, Shenzhen Guangdong, China. Our factory occupies over 5000 square meters in total, the monthly production capacity can reach 1 million pieces. Our company has passed ISO9001, ISO2000 quality system certification, some of our products have CCC and CE certifications. We have established a comprehensive sales and service network through China, our products have been exported to many other countries and regions, such as Europe-America, Middle East, South Asia, Southeast Asia, Central Asia, South America and Africa.
Taking "First-class Quality, International Famous Brand" as strategic goal, "Technology is Premise, Service is Fundamental" as principle of development, "Innovative Technology, Eco-friendly Products" as service purpose, "Honesty in Business, Quality is First " as business philosophy, our company are dedicated to providing first-rate and green electronic products to the client.


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Roderick Joost Buitenweg (Amsterdam, 24 mei 1967) is een Nederlands acteur, televisieproducent en regisseur.

Loopbaan
Buitenweg werd aanvankelijk afgewezen voor de toneelschool en deed daarom de hbo-studie spelmethodiek, waarin hij ook afstudeerde. Hij wilde echter nog steeds acteur worden en naast zijn studie volgde hij daarom ook acteerlessen en deed mee aan diverse audities en producties.

Nog tijdens zijn studie werd Buitenweg bij de Toneelgroep Amsterdam aangenomen voor het stuk "Voorjaarsontwaken". Dit stuk betekende zijn doorbraak als acteur. Hij was vervolgens twee jaar lang te zien als de schurk Rien Hoogendoorn in Goede tijden, slechte tijden. Later speelde hij in diverse series mee (zie onder), onder meer als Lex Pijnakker in SamSam. Hij speelde in films in België en Groot-Brittannië en in een comedy in Duitsland.

Ook legde Buitenweg zich op het presenteren toe. Hij presenteerde verschillende televisieprogramma's, onder meer voor SBS6 en Call TV. In 2003 presenteerde Buitenweg samen met Edwin Ouwehand de ochtendshow op radiozender Yorin FM.

Buitenweg woont in Almere met zijn vrouw Anouk. Kathalijne Buitenweg is zijn zus.

Filmografie

Films
Ad fundum (1993) - Bol
Kameleon 2 (2005) - Hornstra
Alibi (2008) - Agent
Rode Gordijnen (korte film, 2012)
Als je verliefd wordt (2012)
Terugreis (korte film, 2018)
Project Gio (2019) - Manager Kruidvat
Capo di Famiglia: Part II (2019) - Caruso
De Vloek van Lughus (2021) - Agent Peter

Televisieseries
Goede tijden, slechte tijden - Rien Hogendoorn (1990-1992)
Vreemde praktijken - Eddie (1991)
Vrouwenvleugel - Alfred Willems (7 afl., 1994)
Vraag 't aan Dolly - Inspecteur Glansmeijer (Episode 1.13, 1995)
Wales Playhouse - Police (afl. Dafydd, 1995)
Oppassen!!! - Richard (afl. 163, Een slimme meid, 1996)
M'n dochter en ik - Guus (afl. Fusie met foefjes, 1996)
Kees & Co - Marco Krabbé (afl. Verrassing en Ongewenste intimiteiten, 1997)
Coronation Street - Taxichauffeur op Schiphol (Episode 1.4428, 1998)
SamSam - Lex Pijnakker (1994-2003)
Verborgen Verhalen - Vader (afl. Kevin, 2011)
Het nieuws van Sint - Bakker (2014)
Flikken Maastricht - Ad Freriks (2014)
Kees & Co - Meneer Brummelmans (2019)

Externe links

 joostbuitenweg.nl

Nederlands acteur
Nederlands televisieacteur
Nederlands televisiepresentator
Nederlands radiopresentator

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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NYS LEGISLATURE PROPOSES HISTORIC $64M INVESTMENT FOR LOCAL PUBLIC LIBRARY CAPITAL & CONSTRUCTION AID
FUNDING TO MODERNIZE BROADBAND INFRASTRUCTURE; ADDRESS ACCESSIBILITY, ENERGY ISSUES
NEW YORK LIBRARY ASSOCIATION CALLS ON GOVERNOR CUOMO TO SUPPORT EQUITY AGENDA, INCUDE HISTORIC FUNDING IN STATE BUDGET
ALBANY, NY – Seeking to address the last decade of chronic underfunding for local public library infrastructure and services, leaders and library advocates in the NYS Legislature have proposed historic funding - $64M for local public library capital and construction aid - in this year's state budget. More than half of New York's local public libraries are at least 60 years old; estimated statewide capital needs exceed $1.7 billion
The State Senate and Assembly have each introduced legislation which rejects the funding cuts in Governor Cuomo's Executive Budget, and proposes funding to restore library services while making a historic $64M investment in local public library capital and construction aid. Governor Cuomo's budget proposal slashed capital aid for local public libraries by nearly half, from $29M to $14M.
Senator Patty Ritchie, Chair of the Senate Select Committee on Libraries: "Libraries are our most trusted source of information, but most are in need of basic upgrades, like those that make them more energy efficient, handicap accessible and able to support changing and growing demands for educational services and the technology required to provide them. Investing in our libraries today means they continue to meet our communities' needs for the future."
Jeremy Johannesen, Executive Director of the New York Library Association: "New York's local public libraries are core community educational resources for millions of New Yorkers. We are grateful that our partners in the legislature are seeking to address the past decade of inequitable funding, and we call on Governor Cuomo to partner with the Senate and Assembly to ensure their proposal is included in this year's state budget."
Tim Burke, NYLA President & Executive Director of the Upper Hudson Library System: "The library community is grateful for our partners and advocates in the New York State Legislature, particularly Assemblywoman Didi Barrett and Senator Patty Ritchie," who chair each house's respective library committee. "Governor Cuomo has worked to adopt the legislature's funding recommendations for library programs in recent years, and we encourage him to continue supporting library services in this year's budget."
A Siena College Research Institute poll conducted between January 30th – February 12th of this year confirms that public libraries are leading the charge in bridging the equity gap, as New Yorkers increasingly rely on the education and technology services provided by libraries. Local libraries are providers of childhood literacy programs and career enhancement services, and for the third consecutive year, polling data found libraries serve as indispensable points of internet access: for 30% of respondents, or nearly five million New Yorkers, including 20% of women, 20% of Latinos, and 30% of households making less than $50,000 annually, the local public library is their primary point of internet access.
The Siena poll findings include:
60% of New Yorkers have recently utilized the resources of their local public library, with 75% of those respondents indicating they use the library at least once a month, and 25% indicating they visit at least once a week;
75% of respondents indicate their local library plays an important role in helping people find trustworthy information, including nearly 85% of Latino respondents;
47% of African-American, and 30% of Latino respondents, as well as 30% of those without a college education have recently used the library for career building and job seeking;
89% say their local library contributes an important role in creating educational opportunities for people of all ages;
48% of respondents indicate that they have pursued personal learning activities through the offerings of their local library, compared to 51% indicating those activities took place in high schools or colleges, and 38% indicating museums or community centers;
New Yorkers value library services in all settings: 97% say it is important that elementary school students have access to a school library staffed by a certified school librarian, 96% say it is important in the secondary school setting, and 91% in the college setting.
NYLA encourages supporters to visit nyla.org/advocacy to send a message to Governor Cuomo in support of library funding.
To view as a PDF, click here.
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Piaggio Aero Industries will take part in the 2014 Edition of EAA AirVenture, that will be held at Oshkosh ( WI, USA) from July 28th to Aug 3rd.
This year more than 500,000 manufacturers, importers, professionals, decision makers and regular visitors from more than 60 countries will attend EAA AirVenture at Wittman Regional Airport in Oshkosh.
The AirVenture is an international gathering for aviation enthusiasts and is organized annually by the Experimental Aircraft Association (EAA) to display the latest aircraft technology and innovations and provide large networking chances to the delegates.
Piaggio Aero will present to the American Aviation Community the new Avanti EVO, unveiled last May at the European Business Aviation Convention and Exhibition (EBACE).
With a maximum speed of 402KTAS, the Avanti EVO is the fastest turboprop in the world and faster than many jets – doing so at fuel economy and emissions levels significantly below that of rival aircraft.


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Development of an insecticidal nanoemulsion with Manilkara subsericea (Sapotaceae) extract
Caio Pinho Fernandes1,2,
Fernanda Borges de Almeida1,
Amanda Nunes Silveira3,
Marcelo Salabert Gonzalez4,
Cicero Brasileiro Mello4,
Denise Feder4,
Raul Apolinário4,
Marcelo Guerra Santos5,
José Carlos Tavares Carvalho6,
Luis Armando Cândido Tietbohl7,
Leandro Rocha7 &
Deborah Quintanilha Falcão3
Plants have been recognized as a good source of insecticidal agents, since they are able to produce their own defensives to insect attack. Moreover, there is a growing concern worldwide to develop pesticides with low impact to environment and non-target organisms. Hexane-soluble fraction from ethanolic crude extract from fruits of Manilkara subsericea and its triterpenes were considered active against a cotton pest (Dysdercus peruvianus). Several natural products with insecticidal activity have poor water solubility, including triterpenes, and nanotechnology has emerged as a good alternative to solve this main problem. On this context, the aim of the present study was to develop an insecticidal nanoemulsion containing apolar fraction from fruits of Manilkara subsericea.
It was obtained a formulation constituted by 5% of oil (octyldodecyl myristate), 5% of surfactants (sorbitan monooleate/polysorbate 80), 5% of apolar fraction from M. subsericea and 85% of water. Analysis of mean droplet diameter (155.2 ± 3.8 nm) confirmed this formulation as a nanoemulsion. It was able to induce mortality in D. peruvianus. It was observed no effect against acetylcholinesterase or mortality in mice induced by the formulation, suggesting the safety of this nanoemulsion for non-target organisms.
The present study suggests that the obtained O/A nanoemulsion may be useful to enhance water solubility of poor water soluble natural products with insecticidal activity, including the hexane-soluble fraction from ethanolic crude extract from fruits of Manilkara subsericea.
Chemical pesticides have been used to control pest insects, however, they are usually toxic to environment. There is a growing concern worldwide regarding indiscriminate use of these substances, which are associated to environmental pollution and toxicity risk to non-targeted organisms [1]. Plant species are well recognized by their ability to produce defensive substances, in order to protect themselves from insect attack [2]. These natural products appear as potential sources of new biodegradable insecticides with wide range of mechanisms of action, being an important alternative for insect pest management in agriculture [3]. One of the most promising and recognized group of substances with insecticidal activity are the triterpenes [4].
Manilkara subscericea (Mart.) Dubard (Sapotaceae) is an endemic species of Brazilian Atlantic Forest [5] and widely distributed at Restinga de Jurubatiba National Park (Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil) [6]. Several non-polar pentacyclic triterpenes have been described as major constituents of M. subsericea, mainly alpha- and beta-amyrin esters [7, 8]. Hexane-soluble fraction from ethanolic crude extract from fruits of M. subsericea and its major substances (alpha- and beta-amyrin acetate) was able to induce mortality, delayed development and inhibition of moulting in Dysdercus peruvianus [9], a hemiptera species which causes serious loss of cotton crops [10]. This apolar fraction and its triterpenes have poor water solubility and are soluble in toxic organic solvents, such as chloroform and dichloromethane, being this intrinsic characteristic a technological challenge if development if a viable product is desired.
Nanotechnology has emerged as a promising area for development of products in a wide range of applications, including pesticide agents. Considering that many of the insecticides known today are organic compounds with poor water solubility, development of nanoproducts appear to solve this main problem, enhancing water solubility, bioavailability and resulting in stable formulations without utilization of organic toxic solvents [11]. Nanoemulsions are one of the most important formulations to enhance solubility and dissolution properties of poorly water soluble substances [12]. They are also referred as miniemulsions or ultrafine emulsions and have small droplet size (20-200 nm). They are transparent or translucent, often presenting a bluish reflect and have high kinetic stability [13]. Low energy methods have been used to achieve nanoemulsions, including reverse-phase composition (RPC) and temperature of inversion phase (TIF) [14]. Formulation screening stage is crucial if development of a stable nanoformulation is desired, especially if a low energy method is employed, being determination of required HLB value of an oil [15] and construction of pseudo-ternary phase diagrams [16] very useful, especially to achieve nanoemulsions.
On this context, the aim of the present study was to develop an insecticidal nanoemulsion containing apolar fraction from fruits of Manilkara subsericea and verify its effects against Dysdercus peruvianus and non-target organisms.
Preliminary solubility studies were performed regarding choice of oil phase and surfactants. Octyldodecyl myristate (MOD®) was the best oil, being able to solubilize equal amount (1:1, w/w) of hexane-soluble fraction from fruits of M. subsericea (HF). It is frequently necessary to use blends, such as a pair of hydrophilic and lipophilic non-ionic surfactants, to achieve droplets with small diameter [17]. Sorbitan oleate and polysorbate 80 were considered the best pair (Data not shown). These surfactants have been used in low energy methods, being able to produce nanoemulsions with smaller mean droplet size, when compared to other surfactants. This could be explained by the ability of this couple to induce formation of a looser film, which is associated to generation of nanoemulsions [12]. Addition of water to a surfactant in oil solution was employed in the present study, since it provided better results, when compared to addition of oil to an aqueous surfactant solution (Data not shown). This could be attributed to phase transitions and changes in the curvature of the surfactant from W/O to O/W during emulsification process [18].
In order to predict the best ratio of surfactants to be used, several emulsions were prepared varying the relative amounts of sorbitan oleate and polysorbate 80. Most of them presented instable behavior, including critical macroscopical changes, such as creaming and phase separation. Surfactants can be classified according to their Hydrophile-Lipophile Balance (HLB), a semi-empirical scale [19] and several HLB values can be obtained using different amounts of each component of a couple of surfactants [20]. Emulsions with HLB values of 10 (sorbitan oleate/polysorbate ratio, 1.0/1.1) and 11 (sorbitan oleate/polysorbate ratio, 1.0/1.7) were considered more stable. A second set of emulsions within this HLB range was prepared and the obtained formulations presented translucent aspect and bluish reflect, which is characteristic for nanoemulsions [13]. Mean droplet size analysis indicated that nanoemulsion with HLB value of 10.75 (sorbitan oleate/polysorbate ratio, 1.0/1.5) presented the smallest mean diameter (50.6 ± 0.4 nm) and low polydispersity (0.164 ± 0.021). Stable formulations with low mean droplet size can be obtained when HLB value of the surfactant couple coincides with required HLB value of the oil [12, 20]. Thus, required HLB of oil can be determined by calculating the HLB value of emulsifier or emulsifier mixture which was able to induce formation of the most stable formulation, among a set of emulsions prepared with different blends of a couple of emulsifiers in a wide range of HLB value [21]. Our results indicate that 10.75 should be the required HLB value of MOD® used in the present study.
It is observed that not every combination of components produces nanoemulsions over the whole range of possible compositions [22]. Thus, a total of 28 emulsions were prepared using different percentages of water, MOD® and surfactants (sorbitan monoleate/polysorbate 80, HLB 10.75) and mean droplet size of each formulation was analyzed. Mean droplet size ranged from 45.9 ± 0.4 nm (oil 15%, surfactants 15%, water 70%) to 421.5 ± 50.4 nm (oil 2.5%, surfactants 7.5%, water 90%) (Table 1). Composition of each emulsion obtained can be expressed as a pseudo-ternary phase diagram, which is represented by equilateral triangle in which four or more constituents are investigated [22] and is very useful to determine relation between phase behavior of a mixture and its composition [23]. In all, 23 emulsion presented mean droplet size bellow 200 nm, ranging 45.9 ± 0.4 nm to 196.4 ± 12.5 and were used to delineate the nanoemulsion region (Figure 1). Small mean droplet sizes, such as 48.7 ± 0.2 nm (7.5% of oil, 10% of surfactants, 82.5% of water), 51.7 ± 0.2 nm (10% of oil, 12.5% of surfactants, 77.5% of water) and 45.9 ± 0.4 nm (15% of oil, 15% of surfactants, 70% of water) were obtained (Table 1). This data may be important for further studies or development of nanoformulations using MOD®, sorbitan oleate, polysorbate 80 and water.
Table 1 Composition, mean droplet size and polydispersity of each formulation prepared during construction of pseudo-ternary phase diagram for delimitation of nanoemulsion region
Pseudo-ternary phase diagram constructed with water, MOD® and surfactants (sorbitan monoleate/polysorbate 80, HLB =10.75) at different compositions. Nanoemulsion region is delimited in blue.
Special attention was given to formulation comprised by 5% of MOD, 5% of surfactants and 90% of water, which also presented stable behavior, small mean droplet size (50.6 ± 0.4 nm) and low polidispersity (0.164 ± 0.021). Low surfactant percentage could be considered an advantage, since further preparation of this formulation would reduce toxicity and costs with raw materials, when compared to other nanoemulsions with higher concentrations of surfactants. Thus, this formulation was chosen to prepare a nanoemulsion with hexane-soluble fraction from fruits of Manilkara subsericea dispersed through internal phase (HFNE).
Concentration of extract corresponded to equal percentage of MOD®, based on its intrinsic solubility. This amount was discounted from water percentage, being HFNE constituted by 5% of MOD, 5% of surfactants, 5% of hexane-soluble fraction from fruits of M. subsericea and 85% of water. A blank nanoemulsion without hexane-soluble fraction of M. subsericea extract (HF) was prepared for negative control. Both nanoemulsions presented a characteristic bluish reflect, associated to Tyndall effect [13] (Figure 2). It was observed an increase in the nanoemulsion mean droplet size when HF was dispersed through oil phase (Figure 3). This fact could be explained due to deposition of substances, which may reduce the flexibility of the surfactant film and result in more compact films instead of looser films and smaller mean droplets [12]. Previous gas chromatography analysis of HF indicated a high relative percentage of pentacyclic triterpenes, including beta-amyrin acetate (10.27%), alpha-amyrin acetate (42.34%), beta-amyrin caproate (5.46%), alpha-amyrin caproate (7.26%), beta-amyrin caprylate (2.44%) and alpha-amyrin caprylate (5.04%) [8]. These substances may be contributing to the result described above.
Nanoemulsions obtained by low energy method. HFNE shown in left side and blank nanoemulsion shown in right side of the picture.
Particle size distribution of (a) negative control (57.0 ± 0.3 nm) and (b) nanoemulsion with hexane-soluble fraction from fruits of M. subsericea (155.2 ± 3.8 nm). Polidispersity was 0.270 ± 0.006 for blank nanoemulsion and 0.150 ± 0.050 for nanoemulsion with hexane-soluble fraction from fruits of M. subsericea.
HFNE and blank nanoemulsion presented zeta potential values of – 47.4 ± 3.2 and – 59.6 ± 4.1, respectively. Zeta potential is a special parameter that should be analyzed, in order to determine stability of nanoemulsions and is associated to surface potential of the droplets [24]. Maximum stability is observed when zeta potential value is above ± 30 mV [25]. The high stability of formulations with great zeta potential values is associated to repulsive forces that exceed attracting Van der Waals forces, resulting in dispersed particles and a deflocculated system [23]. Macroscopical analysis of the nanoemulsion with HF and blank nanoemulsion indicated that these formulations maintained their original fine appearance and bluish reflection. It was observed no phase separation, creaming and sedimentation under room temperature (25 ± 2°C) and accelerated stability evaluation. Long term physical stability of a nanoemulsion related to its small droplets, making this type of formulation being also referred as "approaching thermodynamic stability" [26, 13].
Insecticidal assay was performed in order to verify if HFNE is able to induce mortality in D. peruvianus. During the whole experimental period, it was observed that HFNE (treated group) did not interfere in body weight, when compared to untreated group, indicating the absence of antifeedant effect. This effect was also not detected in negative control group. It was not observed overaged, extranumerary nymphs or insects with body deformations. Figure 4 indicates that mortality in the untreated group ranged from 3.3 ± 1.15%, between 5° and 14° days of observation, to 10 ± 1.53%, between 15° and 30° of observation. Negative control group (treated with blank nanoemulsion) presented higher levels of mortality throughout the experimental period, reaching (6.6 ± 1.15%) (p < 0.001) after 4 days, 13.3 ± 2.52% (p < 0.001) after 14 days and 21.10 ± 3.06% (p < 0.001) after 30 days of treatment. Treatment of insects with HFNE exhibited significantly higher levels of mortality. It was observed that mortality began on the first day after treatment (12.23 ± 0.58%) (p < 0.001), reached 22.23 ± 1.73% (p < 0.001) after 14 days and 44.43 ± 6.66% (p < 0.0001) after the end of the experiment. Significant differences between the group of insects treated with hexanic nanoemulsion containing extract of M. subsericea and the control group were detected in almost all days of observation until the end of the experiment (ANOVA, p < 0.005). However, it is worth to note that there was no statistical difference between HFNE-treated and blank nanoemulsion-treated insects among days 21-23 after treatment. Perhaps, differences in the speed of absorption between HFNE and blank nanoemulsion by insect metabolic systems may explain this not expectable result. Physiological mechanisms of metabolization of these compounds by invertebrates remains unknown [9] and is now under investigation by our research group.
Analysis of mortality after topical treatment of Dysdercus peruvianus with nanoemulsion containing hexane-soluble fraction from fruits of Manilkara subsericea (HFNE) (filled column). Negative control group was topically applied with blank nanoemulsion (crosshatched columns). Untreated group is represented by open columns. Each group represents mean of three experiments.
Changes in the time period in which occur the processes of molt and metamorphosis were observed in group treated with HFNE and negative group (Data not shown). Moreover, an associated high mortality rate were displayed continuously and gradually increasing throughout insects lifecycle regardless whether the insects were in the nymphal or adult stage. This observation point out to a physiological connection between the neuroendocrine control of the insect development and the reduced longevity obtained after treatments. These results suggest that HFNE may able to release insecticidal components from HF, while formulation used as blank nanoemulsion may be used to disperse other insecticidal agents.
In order to evaluate if the formulation interfere with acetylcholinesterase, HFNE was tested using a colorimetric assay. Positive control was performed by preparing a nanoemulsion with eserine, a recognized lipophilic anticholinesterase agent dispersed through oil phase (MOD®). Mean droplet analysis confirmed this formulation, constituted by 5% of MOD®, 5% of surfactants (HLB of 10.75), 0.05% of eserine and 89.95% of water, as a nanoemulsion (67.3 ± 0.3 nm). IC50 of this substance could not be determined, since lowest eserine concentration (0.6 ppm) was able to inhibit 90% of enzyme activity (Figure 5). Results suggest that eserine may be able to displace from disperse phase of the nanoemulsion to the aqueous external phase and induced a dose-dependent inhibition of acetylcholinesterase, since it should be in external phase to bind to the enzyme. Pesticides are used as an important tool to protect crops worldwide, however, residues of these substances can be found in many environments, including rivers, estuaries and oceans [27, 28]. Most insecticides provide harmful impacts on non-target species, especially aquatic organisms, such as fishes. These animals are especially susceptive to acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, probably due to lacking of detoxification systems and sharing same neurological and respiratory mechanisms [27, 29]. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitory assay indicated that no significant inhibition of acetylcholinesterase modulated by HFNE (Figure 5). Considering that acetylcholinesterase used in this assay is from fish origin, our results suggest that HFNE may not induce harmful effects over aquatic non-target animals, indicating the potential of this nanoemulsion as an insecticidal agent. Nanoemulsion without M. subsericea extract also did not interfere with the enzyme (Data not shown).
Linear regression between AchE activity (mU) x natural logarithm of (a) effective concentration of eserine (p < 0.05) and (b) effective concentration of hexane-soluble fraction from fruits of Manilkara subsericea (p > 0.05).
Acute toxicity evaluation was performed in order to verify effects of HFNE in mice. It was not observed any behavioral change during all tested period and mortality in all groups. Analysis of body weight also indicated absence of significant difference between HFNE and negative control group (Table 2). It was also not observed significant difference in food and water consumption, macroscopical aspects and weight of organs between groups treated with HFNE and negative control group (Data not shown). Treatment with HFNE was performed at a single high dose corresponding to 3 g/kg of extract per animal. Since no death or toxic signals were observed, LD50 could not be estimated and HFNE, suggesting that HFNE may be considered non-toxic [30].
Table 2 Weight variation in adult female and male Swiss albino mice ( Mus musculus ) treated with HFNE (5% of MOD®, 5% of surfactants (HLB of 10.75), 5% of hexane-soluble fraction from fruits of M. subsericea and 85% of water) by oral route, corresponding to 3 g/kg of extract
Previous study performed by our research group indicated that hexane-soluble fraction from ethanolic crude extract from fruits of Manilkara subsericea presented insecticidal activity against Dysdercus peruvianus. This activity may be partially attributed to beta-and alpha amyrin acetates, which may be used as chemical markers for quality control of products with M. subsericea extracts. However, these substances, as well as the active fraction are poorly water soluble. As part of our ongoing studies with this species, we decided to develop an insecticidal nanoemulsion. This formulation was able to induce mortality in insects and our results suggest that it may be safe for non-target organisms and environment. The present study suggests the obtained O/A nanoemulsion may be useful to enhance water solubility of poor water soluble natural products with insecticidal activity, including the hexane-soluble fraction from ethanolic crude extract from fruits of Manilkara subsericea. The absence of organic toxic solvents and stability makes this nanoemulsion a potential insecticidal product.
Sorbitan oleate (HLB: 4.3) and Polysorbate 80 (HLB: 15) were purchased from La Belle Ativos Ltda (Paraná, Brazil). Octyldodecyl myristate (MOD®) was purchase from Brasquim Ltda (São Paulo, Brazil). Acetylthiocholine iodide (ATCI), 5,5-dithiobis-2-nitrobenzoic acid (DTNB), physostigmine (eserine) and acetylcholinesterase from electric eel (type VI-S, C3389-2UK, lyophilized powder) were purchased from Sigma (Sigma-Aldrich Corporation, St Louis, MO). Hexane-soluble fraction from fruits of M. subsericea was previously obtained [9] and stored at 4°C for further utilization.
Emulsification method
Emulsions were prepared by temperature of inversion phase method [31]. The required amounts of both emulsifiers were dissolved in the oil phase and heated at 75 ± 5°C, while the aqueous phase was separately heated at same temperature. When both phases reached the same temperature, aqueous phase was gently added and mixed with the oil phase, using a mechanic agitator model Fisatom 713D at 400 rpm for 10 min and additional 5 min of agitation under cooling. Aditional constituents was weight an placed together with oil and surfactants mixture, being its mass discounted from water mass.
Required HLB determination
Each emulsion was prepared at a final mass of 25 g, containing 90% (w/w) of distilled water, 5% (w/w) of MOD® and 5% of a mixture of emulsifiers [32]. Series of emulsions were prepared using sorbitan oleate (HLB = 4.3) and polysorbate 80 (HLB = 15), allowing a wide range of HLB values from 4.3 (5% w/w of sorbitan oleate) to 15 (5% w/w of polysorbate 80) by blending together the emulsifiers in different ratios.
Pseudo-ternary phase diagram
Nanoemulsion region was determined using pseudo-ternary phase diagram. Each corner corresponded to 100% of water, surfactants and MOD®. Surfactants blend was kept constant and corresponded to ratio which results on required HLB value of oil phase. Composition (w/w) which allowed required HLB value determination was used as starting point (90% of distilled water, 5% of oil and 5% of surfactants blend) and mean droplet size of each prepared composition was performed in order to determine nanoemulsion region.
Macroscopical analysis
Stability of all emulsions was evaluated immediately and after 1, 15 and 30 days of manipulation by macroscopic analysis, such as color, visual aspect, phase separation, creaming and sedimentation. During this period all emulsions were maintained under room temperature (25 ± 2°C) in screw-capped glass test tubes [32]. Acelerated stability evaluation was performed keeping emulsion under controlled temperature (40 ± 5°C).
Droplet size and zeta potential analysis
The droplet size, polydispersity and zeta potential were determined by photon correlation spectroscopy using a ZetaPlus (Brookhaven Inst. Corp., USA). Each emulsion was diluted using ultra-pure Milli-Q water (1:25). Measurements were performed in quintuplicate and average droplet size was expressed as the mean diameter.
Insect bioassay
Dysdercus peruvianus were obtained from the colony maintained in the Laboratory of Insect Biology of the Universidade Federal Fluminense (GBG-UFF), being kept at 24-25°C, relative humidity of 70-75% and a 16:8 h light:dark cycle [9].
Fourth-instar insects were randomly chosen and separated in two treated groups, being one group topically applied with a nanoemulsion containing hexane-soluble fraction from fruits of M. subsericea (HFNE) (5% of MOD®, 5% of surfactants (HLB of 10.75), 5% of HF and 85% of water), corresponding to 50 μg of extract per insect, while negative control group was treated with blank nanoemulsion (5% of MOD®, 5% of surfactants and 90% of water). Untreated insects received no treatment, being only fed. Biological evaluation was performed in order to determine mortality levels during the entire time required for development from the fourth instar to the adult stage [9, 33, 34]. All experiments were repeated at least three times with samples from 30 insects (n = 30 in each triplicate). Significance of the results was analysed using ANOVA and Tukey's test21 according to Stats Direct Statistical Software, v.2.2.7 for Windows 98. Differences between treated group and control.
Anticholinesterase assay
Anticholinesterase activity was performed according to method described by Ellman et al. (1961) [35] with some modifications [36], using a 96-well microplate. A total volume of 200 μL of test media was composed by 65 μL of Phosphate buffered saline (PBS), 60 μL of 5,5′-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB) 1,5 mM, 25 μL of electric eel acetylcholinesterase (Sigma) (AchE) 550 mU/mL, 25 μL of nanoemulsion and 25 μL of acetylthiocholine iodide (ASCh). Different concentrations of HF and eserine (positive control) were obtained by dilution of each nanoemulsion with PBS. Negative control was performed using a blank nanoemulsion, without inhibitor or extract. The spontaneous hydrolysis of substrate was calculated replacing the enzyme solution by PBS. Absorbance was measured at 412 nm. The statistical analysis of the anticholinesterase assay was performed on GraphPad Prism 5.04 program using Pearson's correlation coefficient with 95% confidence interval.
This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Universidade Federal do Amapá (CEP – UNIFAP – 005AP/2013). All procedures were performed according to the International Committee for animal care in accordance with established national regulations for animal experimentation. The experiments were performed using adult female and male Swiss albino mice (Mus musculus), 12 weeks age, provided by the Central Laboratory of the State of Amapá – Macapá (LACEN/AP). Each experimental group was composed of 5 animals. They were kept in polyethylene cages on a temperature-controlled rack (25°C ± 2°C) under a 12-hour light-dark cycle. They had free access to food and water, except for the 24 hours before the experiments, when they had access only to water.
Experimental protocol
Acute toxicity studies were performed using both sexes of mice according to Pina et al. (2012) [30], with some modifications. Treated groups received a single dose of HFNE (5% of MOD®, 5% of surfactants (HLB of 10.75), 5% of hexane-soluble fraction from fruits of M. subsericea and 85% of water) by oral route, corresponding to 3 g/kg of extract. Negative control groups received a blank nanoemulsion (5% of MOD®, 5% of surfactants and 90% of water).
Observations were performed at 30, 60, 120, 240, 360 and 720 min after the oral treatment and daily for fourteen days. Behavioral changes (agitation, convulsions, vocal fremitus, irritation, stereotyped movements, touch response, salivation, tremors, writhing, body distension, ptose, sleepiness, defecation, diarrhea, piloerection), weight, food and water intake, clinical signs of toxicity and mortality were recorded daily. At the end of fourteen days, they were sacrificed by cervical dislocation and taken to autopsy for macroscopic observation of the organs (heart, lung, liver, kidney and spleen). Statistical analysis was performed by Student t test with 95% confidence intererval, using GraphPad Prism 5.04. Differences between organs, body weight and food and water intake were considered significant when p < 0.05.
Caio Pinho Fernandes is a professor at Universidade Federal do Amapá and has been working with natural products, including phytochemistry, nanotechnology and biological activities of these compounds.
Fernanda Borges de Almeida is an undergraduate student at Universidade Federal do Amapá and participated in this project as part of her scientific initiaion program.
Amanda Nunes Silveira is an undergraduate student at Universidade Federal Fluminense and participated in this Project as part of her scientific initiaion program.
Marcelo Salabert Gonzalez is professor at Universidade Federal Fluminense and has been working with complementary strategies to control insects with secondary metabolites from plant species.
Cicero Brasileiro Mello is professor at Universidade Federal Fluminense and has been working with complementary strategies to control insects with secondary metabolites from plant species.
Denise Feder is professor at Universidade Federal Fluminense and has been working with complementary strategies to control insects with secondary metabolites from plant species.
Raul Apolinário is undergraduate student at Universidade Federal Fluminense and participated in this project as part of her scientific initiation program and did al experiments with insects.
Marcelo Guerra Santos is professor at Universidade Estadual do Rio de Janeiro. He is a botanist and has been working with species from sandbanks of Parque Nacional da Restinga de Jurubatiba (RJ) Brazil.
José Carlos Tavares Carvalho is professor and President of the Universidade Federal do Amapá (Brazil) and has been working with natural products pharmacology.
Luis Armando Cândido Tietbohl is a Master's student at Universidade Federal Fluminense and has been working with acetylcholinesterase inhibition.
Leandro Rocha is professor at Universidade Federal Fluminense and has been working with natural products and its biological activities.
Deborah Quintanilha Falcão is professor at Universidade Federal Fluminense and has been working with nanotechnology of natural products.
Rao JV, Shilpanjali D, Kavitha P, Madhavendra SS: Toxic effects of profenofos on tissue acetylcholinesterase and gill morphology in a euryhaline fish, Oreochromis mossambicus. Arch Toxicol. 2003, 77: 227-232.
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Fernandes CP, Corrêa AL, Cruz RAS, Botas GS, Silva-Filho MV, Santos MG, de Brito MA, Rocha L: Anticholinesterasic activity of Manilkara subsericea (Mart.) Dubard triterpenes. Lat Am J Pharm. 2011, 30: 1631-1634.
Fernandes CP, Corrêa AL, Lobo JFR, Caramel OP, Almeida FB, Castro ES, Souza KFCS, Burth P, Amorim LMF, Santos MG, Ferreira JLP, Falcão DQ, Carvalho JCT, Rocha L: Triterpene esters and biological activities from edible fruits of Manilkara subsericea (Mart.) Dubard, Sapotaceae. Bio Med Res Int. 2013, Article ID 280810: 7 p-
Fernandes CP, Xavier A, Pacheco JPF, Santos MG, Mexas R, Raticliffe NA, Gonzalez MS, Mello CB, Rocha L, Feder D: Laboratory evaluation of the effects of Manilkara subsericea (Mart.) Dubard extracts and triterpenes on the development of Dysdercus peruvianus and Oncopeltus fasciatus. Pest Manag Sci. 2013, 69: 292-301. 10.1002/ps.3388.
Stanisçuaski F, Ferreira-da-Silva CT, Mulinari F, Pires-Alves M, Carlini CR: Effects of canatoxin on the cotton stainer bug Dysdercus peruvianus (Hemiptera: Pyrrhocoridae). Toxicon. 2005, 45: 753-760. 10.1016/j.toxicon.2005.01.014.
Margulis-Goshen K, Magdassi S: Nanotechnology: An Advanced Approach to the Development of Potent Insecticides. Advanced Technologies for Managing Insect Pests. 2013, Dordrecht: Springer, 295-314.
Wang L, Dong J, Chen J, Eastoe J, Li X: Design and optimization of a new self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system. J Colloid Interface Sci. 2009, 330: 443-448. 10.1016/j.jcis.2008.10.077.
Solans C, Izquierdo P, Nolla J, Azemar N, Garcia-Celma MJ: Nano-emulsions. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci. 2005, 10: 102-110. 10.1016/j.cocis.2005.06.004.
Quintão FJO, Tavares RSN, Vieira-Filho SA, Souza GHB, Santos ODH: Hydroalcoholic extracts of Vellozia squamata: study of its nanoemulsions for pharmaceutical or cosmetic applications. Braz J Pharmacog. 2013, 23: 101-107.
Schmidts T, Dobler D, Guldan AC, Paulus N, Runkel F: Multiple W/O/W emulsions—Using the required HLB for emulsifier evaluation. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp. 2010, 372: 48-54. 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2010.09.025.
Hadzir NM, Basri M, Rahman MBA, Salleh AB, Rahman RNZRA, Basri H: Phase behavior and formation of fatty acid esters nanoemulsions containing piroxicam. AAPS PharmSciTech. 2013, 14: 456-463. 10.1208/s12249-013-9929-1.
Gulapalli RP, Sheth BB: Influence of an optimized non-ionic emulsifier blend on properties of oil-in-water emulsions. Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 1999, 48: 233-238. 10.1016/S0939-6411(99)00048-X.
Forgiarini A, Esquena J, González C, Solans C: Studies of the relation between phase behavior and emulsification methods with nanoemulsion formation. Progr Colloid Polym Sci. 2000, 115: 36-39. 10.1007/3-540-46545-6_8.
Griffin WC: Classification of surface-active agents by HLB. J Soc Cosmet Chem. 1949, 1: 311-326.
Orafidiya LO, Oladimeji FA: Determination of the required HLB values of some essential oils. Int J Pharm. 2002, 237: 241-249. 10.1016/S0378-5173(02)00051-0.
Rodríguez-Rojo S, Varona S, Núnez M, Cocero MJ: Characterization of rosemary essential oil for biodegradable emulsions. Ind Crop Prod. 2012, 37: 137-140. 10.1016/j.indcrop.2011.11.026.
Shakeel F, Ramadan W, Faisal MS, Rizwan M, Faiyazuddin M, Mustafa G, Shafiq S: Transdermal and topical delivery of anti-inflammatory agents using nanoemulsion/ microemulsion: an updated review. Curr Nanosci. 2010, 6: 184-198. 10.2174/157341310790945740.
Mahdi ES, Noor AM, Sakeena MH, Abdullah GZ, Abdulkarim MF, Sattar MA: Formulation and in vitro release evaluation of newly synthetized palm kernel oil esters-based nanoemulsion delivery system for 30% ethanolic dried extract derived from local Phyllanthus urinaria for skin antiaging. Int J Nanomedicine. 2011, 6: 2499-2512.
Bruxel F, Laux M, Wild LB, Fraga M, Koester LS, Teixeira HF: Nanoemulsões como sistemas de liberação parenteral de fármacos. Quim Nova. 2012, 35: 1827-1840. 10.1590/S0100-40422012000900023.
Araújo FA, Kelmann RG, Araujo BV, Finatto RB, Teixeira HF, Koester LS: Development and characterization of parenteral nanoemulsions containing thalidomide. Eur J Pharm Sci. 2011, 42: 238-245. 10.1016/j.ejps.2010.11.014.
Izquierdo P, Esquena J, Tadros TF, Dederen C, Garcia MJ, Azemar N, Solans C: Formation and stability of nano-emulsions prepared using the phase inversion temperature method. Langmuir. 2002, 18: 26-30. 10.1021/la010808c.
Sánchez-Bayo F: Insecticides mode of action in relation to their toxicity to non-target organisms. J Environ Anal Toxicol. 2011, S: 4-
Brooks ML, Fleishman E, Brown LR, Lehman PW, Werner I, Scholz N, Mitchelmore C, Lovvorn JR, Johnson ML, Schlenk D, van Drunick S, Drever JI, Stoms DM, Parker AE, Dugdale R: Life histories, salinity zones, and sublethal contributions of contaminants to Pelagic Fish declines illustrated with a case study of San Francisco Estuary, California, USA. Estuar Coast. 2012, 35: 603-621. 10.1007/s12237-011-9459-6.
Hedayati A, Tarkhani R, Shadi A: Investigation of acute toxicity of two pesticides Diazinon and Deltamethrin, on Blue Gourami. Trichogaster trichopterus (Pallus) Global Veterinaria. 2012, 8: 440-444.
Pina EML, Araújo FWC, Souza IA, Bastos IVGA, Silva TG, Nascimento SC, Militão GCG, Soares LAL, Xavier HS, Melo SJ: Pharmacological screening and acute toxicity of bark roots of Guettarda platypoda. Braz J Pharmacog. 2012, 22: 1315-1322.
Aulton ME: Delineamento de Formas Farmacêuticas. 2ath edition. São Paulo: Artmed, 2005.
Fernandes CP, Mascarenhas MP, Zibetti FM, Lima BG, Oliveira RPRF, Rocha L, Falcão DQ: HLB value, an important parameter for the development of essential oil phytopharmaceuticals. Braz J Pharmacog. 2013, 23: 108-114.
Mello CB, Uzeda CD, Bernardino MV, Mendonça-Lopes C, Kelecom A, Fevereira PCA, Guerra MS, Oliveira AP, Rocha LM, Gonzalez MS: Effects of the essential oil obtained from Pilocarpus spicatus on the development of Rhodnius prolixus nymphae. Rev Bras Farmacogn. 2007, 17: 514-520.
Mello CB, Mendonça-Lopes D, Feder D, Uzeda CD, Carneiro RM, Rocha MA, Gonzales MS: Laboratory evaluation of the effects of triflumuron on the development of Rhodnius prolixus nymph. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 2008, 103: 839-842. 10.1590/S0074-02762008000800017.
Ellman GL, Courtney KD, Andres V, Featherstone RM: A new and rapid colorimetric determination of acetylcholinesterase activity. Biochem Pharmacol. 1961, 7: 88-95. 10.1016/0006-2952(61)90145-9.
Rhee IK, Van De Meent M, Ingkaninan K, Veerporte R: Screening for acetylcholinesterase inhibitors from Amaryllidacea using silica gel thin-layer chromatography in combination with bioactivity staing. J Chromatogr A. 2001, 915: 217-223. 10.1016/S0021-9673(01)00624-0.
Authors would like to thank CAPES (n° 3292/2013 AUXPE), CNPQ and FAPERJ for the finantial support and "Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Físicas" for the use of Zeta Potential Analyzer.
Programa de Pós, Graduação em Biotecnologia Vegetal, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro – UFRJ, Bloco K, 2° andar – sala 032, Av. Brigadeiro Trompowski s/n, CEP: 21941-590, Ilha do Fundão, RJ, Brazil
Caio Pinho Fernandes
& Fernanda Borges de Almeida
Laboratório de Farmacotécnica, Colegiado de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Amapá, Campus Universitário Marco Zero do Equador, Rodovia Juscelino Kubitschek – KM – 02-Jardim Marco Zero, CEP: 68903-419, Macapá, AP, Brazil
Laboratório de Tecnologia Farmacêutica I, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rua: Mario Viana, 523, Santa Rosa, CEP: 24241-000, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
Amanda Nunes Silveira
& Deborah Quintanilha Falcão
Laboratório de Biologia de Insetos – LABI, Departamento de Biologia Geral (GBG), Universidade Federal Fluminense, Morro do Valonguinho S/No, CEP 24001-970, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
Marcelo Salabert Gonzalez
, Cicero Brasileiro Mello
, Denise Feder
& Raul Apolinário
Faculdade de Formação de Professores, UERJ, Rua: Dr. Francisco Portela, 1470 – Patronato, CEP: 24435-005, São Gonçalo, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Marcelo Guerra Santos
Laboratório de Pesquisa em Fármacos, Colegiado de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Amapá, Rodovia Juscelino Kubitschek – KM – 02 – Jardim Marco Zero, CEP: 68903-419, Macapá, AP, Brazil
José Carlos Tavares Carvalho
Laboratório de Tecnologia de Produtos Naturais – LTPN, Departamento e Tecnologia Farmacêutica, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal Fluminense – UFF Rua, Mario Viana, 523, CEP: 24241-000, Santa Rosa, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
Luis Armando Cândido Tietbohl
& Leandro Rocha
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Correspondence to Caio Pinho Fernandes.
All authors declare no conflict of interests.
CPF contributed in collecting plant sample, running the laboratory work, analysis of the data and drafted the paper. FBA and ANS contributed in preparation of extracts, HLB determination and nanoemulsions preparation. MSG, CBM and DF contributed in insect bioassay. MGS contributed in plant identification and herbarium confection. LACT contributed in AChE bioassay. JCTC contributed to critical reading of the manuscript and acute toxicity assay. LR and DQF designed the study, supervised the laboratory work and contributed to critical reading of the manuscript. All the authors have read the final manuscript and approved the submission.
Fernandes, C.P., de Almeida, F.B., Silveira, A.N. et al. Development of an insecticidal nanoemulsion with Manilkara subsericea (Sapotaceae) extract. J Nanobiotechnol 12, 22 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-3155-12-22
Dysdercus peruvianus
Manilkara subsericea
Nanoemulsions


text:
<?php

namespace Kanboard\Console;

use DirectoryIterator;
use Symfony\Component\Console\Input\InputInterface;
use Symfony\Component\Console\Output\OutputInterface;

class LocaleSync extends Base
{
    const REF_LOCALE = 'fr_FR';

    protected function configure()
    {
        $this
            ->setName('locale:sync')
            ->setDescription('Synchronize all translations based on the '.self::REF_LOCALE.' locale');
    }

    protected function execute(InputInterface $input, OutputInterface $output)
    {
        $reference_file = 'app/Locale/'.self::REF_LOCALE.'/translations.php';
        $reference = include $reference_file;

        foreach (new DirectoryIterator('app/Locale') as $fileInfo) {
            if (! $fileInfo->isDot() && $fileInfo->isDir() && $fileInfo->getFilename() !== self::REF_LOCALE) {
                $filename = 'app/Locale/'.$fileInfo->getFilename().'/translations.php';
                echo $fileInfo->getFilename().' ('.$filename.')'.PHP_EOL;

                file_put_contents($filename, $this->updateFile($reference, $filename));
            }
        }
    }

    public function updateFile(array $reference, $outdated_file)
    {
        $outdated = include $outdated_file;

        $output = '<?php'.PHP_EOL.PHP_EOL;
        $output .= 'return array('.PHP_EOL;

        foreach ($reference as $key => $value) {
            if (! empty($outdated[$key])) {
                $output .= "    '".str_replace("'", "\'", $key)."' => '".str_replace("'", "\'", $outdated[$key])."',\n";
            } else {
                $output .= "    // '".str_replace("'", "\'", $key)."' => '',\n";
            }
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        $output .= ");\n";
        return $output;
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Did you know? Savannah College of Art and Design animation alumni join forces with the world's biggest studios such as Cartoon Network, Nickelodeon, Pixar, and Walt Disney Animation Studios. Learn more.
Top Game Design Schools and Colleges in North Carolina - 2020 College Rankings
Posted by ACR Staff. Last updated January 22, 2020.
What are the top game design programs in North Carolina for 2020?
Top North Carolina Game Design Schools - 2020 College Rankings
1 North Carolina State University at Raleigh Raleigh
2 University of North Carolina at Charlotte Charlotte
3 William Peace University Raleigh
Our 2020 ranking of the top game design school programs in North Carolina. For an explanation of the ranking criteria, click here.
1. North Carolina State University at Raleigh, Raleigh, North Carolina
North Carolina State University (NC State) was established in 1887. The school serves 34,340 students enrolled in more than 300 degree programs across 12 colleges and 65 academic departments. The College of Engineering, Department of Computer Science houses the game program. Degree options include a BS in Computer Science (CSC) with a Game Development Concentration and an Accelerated Bachelor's/Master's (ABM) degree.
Per the school, the BS program "allows the student to develop an understanding of the scientific and technological principles associated with the design and development of computer and console games for both entertainment and serious applications." Students will take all of the courses required for the CSC as well as Game Design and Development, Artificial Intelligence (AI), Building Game AI, Computer Models of Interactive Narrative, Human-Computer Interaction, and Computer Graphics.
Students are also required to take Advanced Graphics Projects and Advanced Game Development Projects. Internships and study abroad opportunities are also available, and electives run the gamut from Game Studies and Fiction Writing to Fantasy, Film and Science Fiction.
The ABM program allows students to complete the requirements for a Bachelor's degree and a non-thesis Master's in the same field within 18 months of completing the Bachelor's degree.
Students in all programs will benefit from The Digital Games Research center (DGRc). Created in May of 2007, the center was designed to "undertake an ambitious agenda of research, education and outreach activities in the area of games and games technologies."
"Housed in the Department of Computer Science, the center's faculty include colleagues from the colleges of Education, Engineering, Design, Management and Humanities and Social Sciences that collaborate on a wide range of research and educational initiatives which focus on new modes of entertainment and interaction in digital worlds."
2. University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina
University of North Carolina at Charlotte (UNC Charlotte) opened as an evening college center for returning veterans on September 23, 1946. When it opened, the school had just 278 students. Today, UNC Charlotte serves 29,615 students enrolled in 139 majors in 75 programs leading to bachelor's degrees, 65 master's degrees, and 24 doctoral degrees in seven professional colleges. The College of Computing and Informatics houses the Department of Computer Science, which has a number of programs for aspiring game designers.
Options include BA and BS degrees in Computer Science with a Concentration in AI, Robotics, and Gaming, an MS in Computer Science with an optional AI, Robotics and Gaming Concentration, and a PhD in Computing and Information Systems with a Computer Science Track. Course highlights for the undergraduate programs include AI for Computer Games, Game Design and Development, Advanced 3D Computer Graphics, Interactive Computer Graphics, Intelligent Robotics, Machine Learning, and Visualization and Visual Communication.
The Capstone requirement for the program highlights Game Design and Development Studio or Intelligent and Interactive System Studio.
Students in the MS program must take the gaming core, which consists of Computer Vision, Computer Graphics, and Intelligent Systems. The concentration consists of at nine credit hours with course options such as Game Engine Construction, Game Design and Development Studio, Real-Time Rendering Engines, Virtual and Augmented Reality, and Natural Language Processing. The program requires 30 credit hours to graduate.
The Department also offers certificates and a minor for game designers. Options include undergraduate and graduate Game Design (GDD) Certificates and a Minor in Software and Information Systems. Sample courses for these non-degree programs include Game Engine Construction, Audio Processing for Entertainment Computing, and AI for Computer Games.
3. William Peace University, Raleigh, North Carolina
Founded in 1857 as Peace Institute, William Peace University (WPU) serves nearly 1,000 students enrolled in more than 30 BS, BA, and BFA programs, along with dozens of minors and concentrations. Programs are offered in the arts, business, education, social sciences, and sciences through a number of departments. The Simulation and Game Department (SGD) offers a BA in Simulation and Game Design that "provides a broad background in the industry," whether the student is interested in "the entertainment side of it or the burgeoning field of serious gaming," says the school.
Students in the program will "learn to master design, 3D modeling and programming used in developing video games or simulation training in military, healthcare, academic and industrial applications." The curriculum, which "emphasizes aesthetics, technical skills, audience analysis and development," includes courses such as Programming C++, Design and Type, Motion for the Screen, 3D Modeling and Animation, Digital Media Convergence, and Collaborative Simulation and Game Design.
A Senior Project is also part of the program as well as the opportunity to create many other projects, in a lab that "reflects the industry's latest and greatest technologies." Internship opportunities are also available.
Graduates of the program go on to land positions at simulation and game businesses and organizations in Raleigh's Triangle Area and across the U.S.


text:
Wymondham and Attleborough Mercury
Your Wymondham and Attleborough
Wymondham and Attleborough Sport
Wymondham and Attleborough Events
Couple to step down from popular Norfolk bistro 'with heavy hearts'
Bethany Wales
The Station Bistro at Wymondham which is owned and run by Simon and Kate Leeder. Photo: Archant
The owners of a popular Norfolk bistro said they are stepping down "with heavy hearts" after a difficult year behind the scenes.
August Norfolk Magazine food feature, Station Bistro, Station Approach, Wymondham. Picture by SIMON FINLAY.
Wife and husband team Kate and Simon Leeder purchased the Station Bistro, then called the Brief Encounter, at Wymondham train station in March 2011, in a move which Mrs Leeder described as "daunting".
The manager said the couple fell in love with the historic building on first sight and spent the next eight years renovating the large second dining room and outside patio.
She said: "When we first took over the café we pictured ourselves running a little tearoom, but it has more than 50 covers and constant footfall from the trains. It's been a really manic few years."
As well as taking on the new venture the couple continued to run their first business, Station Taxis, which they have owned for more than 20 years.
Although still enamoured with the café, Mrs Leeder said the workload had become too much, pointing to long, anti-social hours and changes in their family life as the catalysts for selling up.
She said: "It's taken a long time to come to this decision and we have talked endlessly to get here. It's the right decision for us but I will miss the regulars and the staff and everything about the social side of running the café."
The family-of-four will continue to live in Wymondham and Mrs Leeder said she and her husband were excited to spend more time with her two children, aged 10 and 13, "before they are too embarrassed to be seen with us".
The leasehold sale is being managed by Norwich based Everett Masson and Furby with an asking price of £99,000 and estimated annual turnover in the region of £220,862.
Mrs Leeder said although the couple were keen to sell the business, they hoped it would be taken over by someone with the same passion they felt for it.
She said: "We don't want someone to come and throw money at it without caring about what happens to it. Hopefully they will carry on what we started and expand it beyond where we got to."
Poultry factory warns foul odour could get even worse before it improves
Investigation closed into sexual assault on dog walker in village
Fire fighters meet seven cute puppies after being called to house fire
New Starbucks offering free drinks on opening day
Extra evidence found days before start of prison death inquest
Latest from the Wymondham and Attleborough Mercury
Young Norfolk bookseller recognised with national award
Heat wave could see Norfolk hotter than Turkey with highs of 30C
Nearly half of revenge porn cases are dropped by the victim


On a 2013 episode of Watch What Happens Live, Oprah Winfrey told Andy Cohen that she last smoked marijuana in 1982. "I hear it's gotten better," Winfrey coyly quipped.
Update: On the May 9 episode of The Ellen Show, Gayle King told Ellen Degeneres that "Oprah has also smoked a little marijuana too" (cue to 3:10). King just didn't say when, but most likely it has been since 1982.


(H) 02/27/19 5:45 PM vs Broad Run HS 7 - 0 .
(H) 03/04/19 5:45 PM vs Stone Bridge HS 2 - 2 .
(H) 03/13/19 5:45 PM vs Lake Braddock Secondary School 0 - 1 L .
(A) 03/15/19 5:45 PM vs Robinson Secondary School 0 - 0 T .
(H) 03/19/19 5:45 PM vs James Madison HS 1 - 1 T .
(A) 03/26/19 5:45 PM vs Oakton HS 3 - 3 T .
(H) 03/29/19 5:45 PM vs Patriot HS 0 - 1 L .
(H) 04/02/19 5:45 PM vs Westfield HS 3 - 2 W .
(H) 04/08/19 5:45 PM vs Centreville HS 1 - 2 L .
(A) 04/11/19 5:45 PM vs James Madison HS 2 - 1 W .
(H) 04/23/19 5:45 PM vs Oakton HS .
(A) 05/02/19 5:45 PM vs Westfield HS .
(A) 05/07/19 5:45 PM vs Centreville HS .


Developing a Jazz Language is the sixth volume of Jerry Bergonzi�s series, Inside Improvisation. Learning a language requires listening on many levels to the meanings, the sounds, the intentions, and the inflections or nuances of the language. The first chapters of this volume on learning the language of jazz focus on the prerequisites of chord scales, approach notes to chord tones and target notes, scale motives and sequences, and lines.
Part two qualifies improvisational techniques into three areas; melodic, harmonic and sonic (rhythmic devices are the focus of Vol. IV, Melodic Rhythms) and it is designed as a menu of soloing devices from which you can select your personal course of study. Over 100 specific devices are discussed and conceptualized so as to give the improviser more depth of expression and a greater well from which to draw ideas.