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21 ZÂ KÎ [II]
1. When a man was wearing mourning for his father, if his mother died before the period was completed, he put off the mourning for his father and assumed that proper for his mother. He put on, however, the proper dress when sacrificial services required it; but when they were over, he returned to the mourning for his mother.
2. When occasion occurred for wearing the mourning for uncles or cousins, if it arrived during the period of mourning for a parent, then the previous mourning was not laid aside, save when the sacrificial services in these cases required it to be so; and when they were finished, the mourning for a parent was resumed.
3. If during the three years' mourning there occurred also another three years' mourning for the eldest son, then after the coarser girdle of the Kiung hemp had been assumed in the latter case, the sacrifices at the end of the first or second year's mourning for a parent might be proceeded with.
4. When a grandfather had died, and his grandson also died before the sacrifices at the end of the first or second year had been performed, his spirit-tablet was still placed next to the grandfather's.
5. When a mourner, while the coffin was in the house, heard of the death of another relative at a distance, he went to another apartment and wailed for him. Next day, he entered where the coffin was, and put down the offerings to the deceased, after which he went out, changed his clothes, went to the other apartment, and repeated the ceremony of the day before.
6. When a Great officer or another officer was about to take part in a sacrifice at his ruler's, if, after the inspection of the washing of the vessels to be used, his father or mother died, he still went to the sacrifice; but took his place in a different apartment. After the sacrifice he put off his sacrificial dress, went outside the gate of the palace, wailed, and returned to his own house. In other respects he acted as he would have done in hurrying to the mourning rites. If the parent's death took place before the inspection of the washing, he sent a messenger to inform the ruler of his position; and when he returned, proceeded to wail for his deceased parent.
When the death that occurred was that of an uncle, aunt, or cousin, if he had received the previous notice to fast, he went to the sacrifice; and when it was over, he went out at the ruler's gate, put off his sacrificial dress, and returned to his own house. In other respects he acted as if he had been hurrying to the mourning rites. If the deceased relative lived under the same roof with him, he took up his residence in other apartments.
7. Zang dze asked, 'When a high minister or Great officer is about to act the part of the personator of the dead at a sacrifice by his ruler, and has received instructions to pass the night previous in solemn vigil, if there occur in his own family occasion for him to wear the robe of hemmed sackcloth, what is he to do?' Confucius said, 'The rule is for him to leave his own house, and lodge in the ruler's palace till the service for the ruler is accomplished.
8. Confucius said, 'When the personator of the dead comes forth in his leathern cap, or that with the square top, ministers, Great officers, and other officers, all should descend from their carriages when he passes. He should bow forward to them, and he should also have people going before him to notify his approach, that people may get out of the way.
9. During the mourning rites for a parent, when the occasion for one of the sacrifices was at hand, if a death occurred in the family of a brother or cousin, the sacrifice was postponed till the burial of the dead had taken place. If the cousin or brother were an inmate of the same palace with himself, although the death were that of a servant or concubine, the party postponed his sacrifice in this way. At the sacrifice the mourner went up and descended the steps with only one foot on each, all assisting him, doing the same. They did so even for the sacrifice of Repose, and to put the spirit-tablet in its place.
10. From the feudal rulers down to all officers, at the sacrifice at the end of the first year's mourning for a parent, when the chief mourner took the cup offered to him by the chief among the visitors, he raised it to his teeth, while the visitors, brothers, and cousins all sipped the cups presented to them. After the sacrifice at the end of the second year, the chief mourner might sip his cup, while all the visitors, brothers, and cousins might drink off their cups.
11. The attendants at the sacrifices during the funeral rites give notice to the visitors to present the offerings, of which, however, they did not afterwards partake.
12. Dze-kung asked about the rites of mourning for parents, and the Master said, 'Reverence is the most important thing; grief is next to it; and emaciation is the last. The face should wear the appearance of the inward feeling, and the demeanour and carriage should be in accordance with the dress.'
He begged to ask about the mourning for a brother, and the Master said, 'The rites of mourning for a brother are to be found in the tablets where they are written.'
13. A superior man will not interfere with the mourning of other men to diminish it, nor will he do so with his own mourning.
14. Confucius said, 'Shâo-lien and Tâ-lien demeaned themselves skilfully during their mourning for their parents. During the first three days they were alert; for the first three months they manifested no weariness; for the first year they were full of grief; for the whole three years they were sorrowful. And yet they belonged to one of the rude tribes on the East'.
15. During the three years of mourning for his father, a son might speak, but did riot discourse; might reply, but did not ask questions. In the shed or the unplastered apartment he sat alone, nobody with him. While occupying that apartment, unless there were some occasion for him to appear before his mother, he did not enter the door of the house. On all occasions of wearing the sackcloth with its edges even, he occupied the unplastered apartment, and not the shed. To occupy the shed was the severest form in mourning.
16. The grief in mourning for a wife was like that for an uncle or aunt; that for a father's sister or one's own sister was like that for a cousin; that for any of the three classes of minors dying prematurely was as if they had been full-grown.
17. The mourning for parents is taken away at the end of three years, but only its external symbols; the mourning for brothers at the end of one year, and also internally.
18. The period of mourning for ruler's mother or wife is the same as that for brothers. But beyond what appears in the countenance is this, that in the latter case the mourners do not eat and drink as usual.
19. After a man has put off the mourning for his father, if, when walking along the road, he sees one like his father, his eyes look startled. If he hear one with the same name, his heart is agitated. In condoling with mourners on occasion of a death, and inquiring for one who is ill, there will be something in his face and distressed manner different from other men. He who is thus affected is fit to wear 'the three years' mourning. So far as other mourning is concerned, he may walk right on without anything having such an effect on him.
20. The sacrifice at the end of the second year is signalized by the principal mourner putting off his mourning dress. The evening before, he announces the time for it, and puts on his court robes, which he then wears at the sacrifice.
21. Dze-yû said, 'After the sacrifice at the end of the second year, although the mourner should not wear the cap of white silk, occasions may occur when he must do so. Afterwards he resumes the proper dress.'
22. At the mourning rites of an officer, if, when he had bared his breast, a Great officer arrived on a visit of condolence, although he might be engaged in the leaping, he put a stop to it, and went to salute and bow to him. Returning then, he resumed his leaping and completed it, after which he readjusted his dress and covered his breast.
In the case of a visit from another officer, he went on with his leaping, completed it, readjusted his upper dress, and then went to salute and bow to him, without having occasion to resume and complete the leaping.
23. At the sacrifice of Repose for a Great officer of the highest grade, there were offered a boar and a ram; at the conclusion of the wailing, and at the placing of his spirit-tablet, there was, in addition, the bull. On the similar occasions for a Great officer of the lowest grade, there was in the first case a single victim, and in the others the boar and the ram.
24. In consulting the tortoise-shell about the burial and sacrifice of Repose, the style of the petition was as follows:--A son or grandson spoke of himself as 'the sorrowing,' when divining about his father or grandfather; a husband divining about his wife said, 'So and so for so and so;' an elder brother about a younger brother, simply said, 'So and so;' a younger brother about an elder brother said, 'For my elder brother, so and so.'
25. Anciently, noble and mean all carried staffs. On one occasion Shû-sun Wû-shû, when going to court, saw a wheelwright put his staff through the nave of a wheel, and turn it round. After this it was made a rule that only men of rank should carry a staff.
26. The custom of making a hole in the napkin covering the face of the dead by which to introduce what was put into the mouth, was begun by Kung yang Kiâ.
27. What were the grave-clothes contributed to the dead? The object of them was to cover the body. From the enshrouding to the slighter dressing, they were not put on, and the figure of the body was seen. Therefore the corpse was first enshrouded, and afterwards came the grave-clothes.
28. Some one asked Zang-dze, 'After sending away to the grave the offerings to the dead, we wrap up what remains;--is this not like a man, after partaking of a meal, wrapping-what is left to take with him? Does a gentleman do such a thing? Zang-dze said, 'Have you not seen what is done at a great feast? At a great feast, given by a Great officer, after all have partaken, he rolls up what is left on the stands for the three animals, and sends it to the lodgings of his guests. When a son treats his parents in this way as his honoured guests, it is an expression of his grief for their loss. Have you, Sir, not seen what is done at a great feast?'
29. 'Excepting at men's funeral rites, do they make such inquiries and present such gifts as they then do? At the three years' mourning, the mourner bows to his visitors in the manner appropriate to the occasion; at the mourning of a shorter period, he salutes them in the usual way.
30. During the three years' mourning, if any one sent wine or flesh to the mourner, be received it after declining it thrice; he received it in his sackcloth and band. If it came from the ruler with a message from him, he did not presume to decline it;--he received it and presented it in his ancestral temple.
One occupied with such mourning did not send any gift, but when men sent gifts to him he received them. When engaged in the mourning rites for an uncle, cousin, or brother, and others of a shorter period, after the wailing was concluded, he might send gifts to others.
31. Hsien-dze said, 'The pain occasioned by the mourning for three years is like that of beheading; that arising from the one year's mourning, is like the stab from a sharp weapon.'
32. During the one year's mourning, in the eleventh month, they put on the dress of silk, which was called lien; in the thirteenth month they offered the hsiang sacrifice, and in the same month that called than;--which concluded the mourning.
During the mourning for three years, even though they had occasion to assume the dress proper for the nine months' mourning, they did not go to condole with the other mourners. From the feudal lords down to all officers, if they had occasion to dress and go to wail for a relative newly deceased, they did so in the dress proper to the mourning for him. After putting on the lien silk, they paid visits of condolence.
33. When one was occupied with the nine months' mourning, if the burial had been performed, he might go and condole with another mourner, retiring after he had wailed without waiting for any other part of the mourner's proceedings.
During the mourning for one year, if before the burial one went to condole with another in the same district, he withdrew after he had wailed, without waiting for the rest of the proceedings.
If condoling during the mourning for nine months, he waited to see the other proceedings, but did not take part in them.
During the mourning for five months or three months, he waited to assist at the other proceedings, but did not take part in the principal ceremony.
34. When one was condoling with another whom he had been accustomed to pass with a hasty step, at the interment of his dead relative, he retired when the bier had passed out from the gate of the temple. If they had been on bowing terms, he retired when they had reached the station for wailing. If they had been in the habit of exchanging inquiries, he retired after the coffin was let down into the grave. if they had attended court together, he went back to the house with the other, and wailed with him. If they were intimate friends, he did not retire till after the sacrifice of Repose, and the placing of the spirit tablet of the deceased in the shrine.
35. Condoling friends did not merely follow the principal mourner. Those who were forty or less held the ropes when the coffin was let down into the grave. Those of the same district who were fifty followed him back to the house and wailed; and those who were forty waited till the grave was filled up.
36. During mourning, though the food might be bad, the mourner was required to satisfy his hunger with it. If for hunger he had to neglect anything, this was contrary to the rules. If he through satiety forgot his sorrow, that also was contrary to the rules. It was a distress to the wise men who made the rules to think that a mourner should not see or hear distinctly; should not walk correctly or be unconscious of his occasion for sorrow; and therefore they enjoined that a mourner, when ill, should drink wine and eat flesh; that people of fifty should do nothing to bring on emaciation; that at sixty they should not be emaciated; that at seventy they should drink liquor and eat flesh:--all these rules were intended as preventives against death.
37. If one, while in mourning, was invited by another to eat with him, he did not go while wearing the nine months' mourning or that of a shorter period; if the burial had taken place, he might go to another party's house. If that other party belonged to his relative circle, and wished him to eat with him, he might do so; if he did not belong to that circle, he did not eat with him.
38. While wearing the mourning of nine months, one might eat vegetables and fruits, and drink water and congee, using no salt or cream. If he could not eat dry provisions, he might use salt or cream with them.
39. Confucius said, 'If a man have a sore on his body, he should bathe. If he have a wound on his head, he should wash it. If he be ill, he should drink liquor and eat flesh. A superior man will not emaciate himself so as to be ill. If one die from such emaciation, a superior man will say of him that he has failed in the duty of a son.'
40. Excepting when following the carriage with the bier to the grave, and returning from it, one was not seen on the road with the mourning cap, which was used instead of the ordinary one.
41. During the course of mourning, from that worn for five months and more, the mourner did not wash his head or bathe, excepting for the sacrifice of Repose, the placing the spirit-tablet in the shrine, the assuming the dress of lien silk, and the sacrifice at the end of a year.
42. During mourning rites, when the sackcloth with the edges even was worn, after the burial, if one asked an interview with the mourner, he saw him, but he himself did not ask to see any person. He might do so when wearing the mourning of five months. When wearing that for nine months, he did not carry the introductory present in his hand when seeking an interview. It was only when wearing the mourning for a parent that the mourner did not avoid seeing any one, even while the teats were running from him.
43. A man while wearing the mourning for three years might execute any orders of government after the sacrifice at the end of a year. One mourning for a year, might do so when the wailing was ended; one mourning for nine months, after the burial; one mourning for five months or three, after the encoffining and dressing.
44. Zang Shen asked Zang-dze, saying, 'In wailing for a parent, should one do so always in the same voice?' The answer was, 'When a child has lost its mother on the road, is it possible for it to think about the regular and proper voice?'
45. After the wailing was ended, there commenced the avoiding of certain names. An officer did not use the name of his paternal grandfather or grandmother, of his father's brothers or uncles; of his father's aunts or sisters. Father and son agreed in avoiding all these names. The names avoided by his mother the son avoided in the house. Those avoided by his wife he did not use when at her side. If among them there were names which had been borne by his own paternal great-grandfather or great-grand-uncles, he avoided them in all places.
46. When the time for capping a young man came during the time of the mourning rites, though they were those for a parent, the ceremony might be performed. After being capped in the proper place, the subject went in, wailed and leaped,--three times each bout, and then came out again.
47. At the end of the nine months' mourning, it was allowable to cap a son or to marry a daughter. A father at the end of the five months' mourning, might cap a son, or marry a daughter, or take a wife for a son. Although one himself were occupied with the five months' mourning, yet when he had ended the wailing, he might be capped, or take a wife. If it were the five months' mourning for one who had died in the lowest degree of immaturity, he could not do so.
48. Whenever one wore the cap of skin with a sackcloth band in paying a visit of condolence, his upper garment of mourning had the large sleeves.
49. When the father was wearing mourning, a son, who lived in the same house with him, kept away from all music. When the mother was wearing it, the son might listen to music, but not play himself. When a wife was wearing it, the son, her husband, did not play music by her side. When an occasion for the nine months' mourning was about to occur, the lute and cithern were laid aside. If it were only an occasion for the five months' mourning, music was not stopped.
50. When an aunt or sister died leaving no son, if her husband also were dead, and there were no brother or cousin in his relative circle, some other of her husband's more distant relatives was employed to preside at her mourning rites. None of a wife's relatives, however near, could preside at them. If no distant relative even of her husband could be found, then a neighbour, on the east or the west, was employed. If no such person suitable could be found, then the head man of the neighbourhood presided. Some say, 'One of her relatives might preside, but her tablet was placed by that of the proper relative of her husband.'
51. The girdle was not used along with the sackcloth band. That band could not be used by one who carried in his hand his jade-token; nor could it be used along with a dress of various colours.
52. On occasions of prohibitions issued by the state in connexion with the great sacrifices, the wailing ceased; as to the offerings deposited by the coffin, morning and evening, and the repairing to their proper positions, mourners proceeded as usual.
53. A lad, when wailing, did not sob or quaver; did not leap; did not carry a staff; did not wear the straw sandals; and did not occupy the mourning shed.
54. Confucius said, 'For grand-aunts the mourning with the edges even is worn, but the feet in leaping are not lifted from the ground. For aunts and sisters the mourning for nine months is worn, but the feet in leaping are lifted from the ground. If a man understands these things, will he not always follow, the right forms of ceremonies? Will he not do so?'
55. When the mother of Î Liû died, his assistants in the rites stood on his left; when Î Liû died, they stood on his right. The practice of the assistants at funeral rites giving their aid on the right, originated from the case of Î Liû.
56. The mouth of the son of Heaven was stuffed after death with nine shells; that of a feudal lord, with seven; that of a Great officer, with five; and that of an ordinary officer, with three.
57. An officer was interred after three months, and the same month the wailing was ended. A Great officer was interred also after three months, and after five months the wailing was ended. A prince was interred after five months, and after seven the wailing was ended.
For an officer the sacrifice of Repose was offered three times; for a Great officer, five times; and for a feudal prince, seven times.
58. A feudal lord sent a messenger to offer his condolences; and after that, his contributions for the mouth, the grave-clothes, and the carriage. All these things were transacted on the same day, and in the order thus indicated.
59. When a high minister or Great officer was ill, the ruler inquired about him many times. When an ordinary officer was ill, he inquired about him once. When a Great officer or high minister was buried, the ruler did not eat flesh; when the wailing was finished, he did not have music. When an officer was encoffined, he did not have music.
60. After they had gone up, and made the bier ready, in the case of the burial of a feudal lord, there were 500 men to draw the ropes. At each of the four ropes they were all gagged. The minister of War superintended the clappers; eight men with these walking on each side of the bier. The chief artizan, carrying a shade of feathers, guided the progress of the procession. At the burial of a Great officer, after they had gone up and made the bier ready, 300 men drew the ropes; four men with their clappers walked on each side of the bier; and its progress was guided by the chief artizan with a reed of white grass in his hand.
61. Confucius said, 'Kwan Kung had carving on the square vessels for holding the grain of his offerings, and red ornaments for his cap; he set up a screen where he lodged on the way, and had a stand of earth on which the cups he had used, in giving a feast, were replaced; he had hills carved on the capitals of his pillars, and pondweed on the lower pillars supporting the rafters. He was a worthy Great officer, but made it difficult for his superiors to distinguish themselves from him.
'An Phing-kung, in sacrificing to his father and other progenitors, used only the shoulders of a pig, not large enough to cover the dish. He was a worthy Great officer, but made it difficult for his inferiors to distinguish themselves from him.
'A superior man will not encroach on the observances of those above him, nor put difficulties in the way of those below him.'
62. Excepting on the death of her father or mother, the wife of a feudal lord did not cross the boundaries of the state to pay a visit of condolence. On that occasion she did so, and went back to her original home, where she used the ceremonies of condolence proper to a feudal lord, and she was treated as one. When she arrived, she entered by the women's gate, and went up to the reception hall by steps at the side of the principal steps, the ruler receiving her at the top of the steps on the east. The other ceremonies were the same as those of a guest who hastened to attend the funeral rites.
63. A sister-in-law did not lay the soothing hand on the corpse of her brother-in-law; and vice versâ.
64. There are three things that occasion sorrow to a superior man who is devoted to learning:--If there be any subject of which he has not heard, and he cannot get to hear of it; if he hear of it, and cannot get to learn it; if he have learned it, and cannot get to carry it out in practice. There are five things that occasion shame to a superior man who is engaged in governmental duties:--If he occupy an office, and have not well described its duties; if he describe its duties well, but do not carry them into practice; if he have got his office, and lost it again; if he be charged with the care of a large territory, and the people be not correspondingly numerous; if another, in a charge like his own, have more merit than he.
65. Confucius said, 'In bad years they used in their carriages their poorest horses, and in their sacrifices the victims lowest in the classes belonging to them.'
66. At the mourning rites for Hsü Yû, duke Âi sent Zû Pî to Confucius to learn the rites proper at the mourning for the officer. Those rites were thus committed at that time to writing.
67. Dze-kung having gone to see the agricultural sacrifice at the end of the year, Confucius said to him, 'Che, did it give you pleasure?' The answer was, 'The people of the whole state appeared to be mad; I do not know in what I could find pleasure.' The Master said, 'For their hundred days' labour in the field, the husbandmen receive this one day's enjoyment from the state;--this is what you do not understand. Even Wăn and Wû could not keep a bow in good condition, if it were always drawn and never relaxed; nor did they leave it always relaxed and never drawn. To keep it now strung and now unstrung was the way of Wan and Wû.'
68. Mang Hsien-dze said, 'If in the first month at the winter solstice it be allowable to offer the border sacrifice to God, in the seventh month, at the summer solstice, we may offer the sacrifice in the temple of the ancestor of our ruling House.' Accordingly Hsien-dze offered that sacrifice to all the progenitors of the line of Lû in the seventh month.
69. The practice of not obtaining from the son of Heaven the confirmation of her dignity for the wife of the ruler of Lû began with duke Kâo.
70. The mourning of a ruler and his wife were regulated by the same rules for the ladies of his family married in other states and for those married in his own.
71. When the stables of Confucius were burned, and the friends of his district came to offer their condolences on account of the fire, he bowed once to the ordinary officers, and twice to the Greater officers;--according to the rule on occasions of mutual condolence.
72. Confucius said, 'Kwan Kung selected two men from among certain thieves with whom he was dealing, and appointed them to offices in the state, saying, "They were led astray by bad men with whom they bad associated, but they are proper men themselves." When he died, duke Hwan made these two wear mourning for him. The practice of old servants of a Great officer wearing mourning for him, thus arose from Kwan Kung. But these two men only mourned for him by the duke's orders.'
73. When an officer, in a mistake, used a name to his ruler which should be avoided, he rose to his feet. If he were speaking to any one who had the name that should be avoided with the ruler, he called him by the name given to him on his maturity.
74. A Great officer took no part in any seditious movements within his state, and did not try to avoid calamities coming from without.
75. The treatise on the duties of the Chief Internuncius says, 'The length of the long symbol of rank was for a duke, nine inches; for a marquis or earl, seven; for a count or baron, five. The width in each case was three inches; and the thickness, half an inch. They tapered to the point for one inch and a half. They were all of jade. The mats for them were made with three different colours, two rows of each, six in all.'
76. Duke Âi asked Dze-kâo, 'When did members of your family first begin to be in office?' The answer was 'My ancestor held a small office under duke Wan.'
77. When a temple was completed, they proceeded to consecrate it with the following ceremony:--The officer of prayer, the cook, and the butcher, all wore the cap of leather of the colour of a sparrow's head, and the dark-coloured dress with the purple border. The butcher rubbed the sheep clean, the officer of prayer blessed it, and the cook with his face to the north took it to the pillar and placed it on the south-east of it. Then the butcher took it in his arms, went up on the roof at the middle point between the east and west, and with his face to the south stabbed it, so that the blood ran down in front; and then he descended. At the gate of the temple, and of each of the two side apartments, they used a fowl, one at the gate of each going up as before and stabbing them. The hair and feathers about the ears were first pulled out under the roof before the victims were killed. When the fowls were cut at the gates of the temple, and the apartments on each side of it, officers stood, opposite to each gate on the north. When the thing was over, the officer of prayer announced that it was so, and they all retired, after which he announced it to the ruler, saying, 'The blood-consecration has been performed.' This announcement was made at the door of the back apartment of the temple, inside which the ruler stood in his court-robes, looking towards the south. This concluded the ceremony, and all withdrew.
When the great apartment of the palace was completed, it was inaugurated by a feast, but there was no shedding of blood. The consecration by blood of the temple building was the method taken to show how intercourse with the spirits was sought. All the more distinguished vessels of the ancestral temple were consecrated, when completed, by the blood of a young boar.
78. When a feudal lord sent his wife away, she proceeded on her journey to her own state, and was received there with the observances due to a lord's wife. The messenger, accompanying her, then discharged his commission, saying, 'My poor ruler, from his want of ability, was not able to follow her, and take part in the services at your altars and in your ancestral temple. He has, therefore, sent me, so and so, and I venture to inform your officer appointed for the purpose of what he has done.' The officer presiding on the occasion replied, 'My poor ruler in his former communication did not lay her defects before you, and he does not presume to do anything but respectfully receive your lord's message.' The officers in attendance on the commissioner then set forth the various articles sent with the other the lady on her marriage, and those on side received them.
79. When the wife went away from her husband, she sent a messenger and took leave of him, saying, 'So and so, through her want of ability, is not able to keep on supplying the vessels of grain for your sacrifices, and has sent me, so and so, to presume to announce this to your attendants.' The principal party on the other side replied, 'My son, in his inferiority, does not presume to avoid you punishing him, and dares not but respectfully receive your orders.' The messenger then retired, the principal party bowing to him, and escorting him. If the father-in-law were alive, then he named him self; if he were dead, an elder brother of the husband acted for him, and the message was given as from him; if there were no elder brother, then it ran as from the husband himself. The message, as given above, was 'The son of me, so and so, in his inferiority.' At the other end of the transaction, if the lady were an aunt, an elder sister, or a younger, she was mentioned as such.
80. Confucius said, 'When I was at a meal at Shâo-shih's, I ate to the full. He entertained me courteously, according to the rules. When I was about to offer some in sacrifice, he got up and wished to stop me, saying, "My poor food is not worth being offered in sacrifice." When I was about to take the concluding portions, he got up and wished to stop me, saying, "I would not injure you with my poor provisions."
81. A bundle of silk in a marriage treaty contained live double rolls, each double roll being forty cubits in length.
82. At the first interview of a wife with her father and mother-in-law, her husband's unmarried aunts and sisters all stood below the reception hall, with their faces towards the west, the north being the place of honour. After this interview, she visited all the married uncles of her husband, each in his own apartment.
Although not engaged to be married, the rule was for a young lady to wear the hair-pin;--she was thus treated with the honours of maturity. The principal wife managed the ceremony. When she was unoccupied and at ease, she wore her hair without the pin, on each side of her head.
83. The apron of the full robes was three cubits long, two cubits wide at the bottom, and one at the top. The border at the top extended five inches; and that at the sides was of leather the colour of a sparrow's head, six inches wide, terminating five inches from the bottom. The borders at top and bottom were of white silk, embroidered with the five colours.


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H. Denis Toner III
Wealth Manager, First Republic Investment Management
Denis Toner is a Senior Managing Director and Wealth Manager at First Republic Investment Management.
Mr. Toner has been with First Republic since 2005. Prior to joining First Republic, he spent eight years with Citigroup Asset Management, where he served as Managing Director/Head of U.S. portfolio management for an investment team that was responsible for a $9 billion U.S. investment strategy focused on families, foundations and fund management. During his tenure with Citigroup, he served on the board of directors for Citigroup Trust N.A. Florida/California, as Chairman of the Personal Investment Review Committee, as Chairman of the Collective Investment Funds and was on the Citigroup Global Asset Management Committee. He also directly managed $1.1 billion in family/foundation assets and another $900 million between the Citibank Equity Fund and Citibank Balanced Fund. Prior to his tenure with Citigroup, Mr. Toner was a Vice President/Senior Portfolio Manager at Bankers Trust Company in New York City. Over the course of his career in the investment management business, Mr. Toner has specialized in the management of customized portfolios for Ultra High Net Worth families, Trusts, Endowments and Foundations.
Mr. Toner serves as the chair of the GMP Fund for the Harvard Business School. He also serves as the Vice Chairman of the board of trustees for the Weston Public Library and is the past Finance Chair of the Children's School of Science (Woods Hole, MA).
Mr. Toner is a graduate of the Harvard Business School and has a Bachelor of Arts from Dickinson College. He also is a member of the New York Society of Security Analysts.
Wealth Management Experience: Since 1996
Check the background of this investment professional on FINRA's BrokerCheck.
Week in Review July 15, 2019

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


A pair of gloves that gently massages, cleanses & exfoliates dead skin cells on your body. The soft texture is suitable for all skin types and ideal to use with body wash or soap.
Infused with Bamboo Charcoal. Charocal is known for its cleansing property to help draw out impurities. Use in conjunction with your favourite body wash to gently massage, cleanse & exfoliate dead skin cells on your body to reveal soft and glowing skin.
Moisten gloves in water, apply cleanser, soap or bath gel and gently massage skin in a circular motion. Use whilst bathing or showering.
Rinse after each use. Allow to dry completely and naturally in a cool dry place. Replace gloves regularly as required.
Charcoal Detox Exfoliating Gloves is rated 5.0 out of 5 by 7.
Rated 5 out of 5 by ShelleBelle from Gloves on for new skin Absolutely love the feel and look of my skin after only using these gloves a couple of times. A nice comfortable fit for my hands, used less body wash than normal so will be saving money on other products as well. The gloves glided over my skin without feeling rough, and have left my skin all over my body nice and smooth and soft to the touch. Would recommend to anyone as they are value for money and do what they claim. Excellent value for money. I just hope I can keep them mine, but I feel they will end up being used by everyone in the house.
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In accordance with the aims of the Society, the intention of this biennially awarded grant to the value of 5,000 Euro is the promotion of excavation projects within the context of Palaeolithic or Mesolithic research.
An interdisciplinary approach will be preferred.
The endowment is intended to be used for material expenditure. This announcement is aimed at doctoral candidates who, with help of the grant, would be able to carry out their own field project.
Applications should be in German or English.
Final date for submission of applications is 31st October 2017.


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Here are 10 reasons why the A52 roadworks project went so wrong
And there could be further delays
Zena HawleyAgenda editor
Traffic has been building significantly on the A52 since the sliproad closures (Image: Derby Telegraph)
Derby City Council's troubled A52 roadworks project is likely to be three times the original estimate and more than 12 months behind schedule, according to the latest report.
Produced by the Central Midlands Audit Partnership, it deals with council weaknesses which contributed to the "significant project failings" and the "adverse financial position" of the A52 project.
Beset with problems, the project involves widening the A52 between the Pentagon island and Raynesway and improving access to Pride Park.
The new document contains 53 recommendations - 23 of which are considered "a significant risk". It follows a report from the same organisation released in January.
The council's audit and accounts committee, which will consider the report at a meeting next Tuesday, will hear that action has been taken in 25 of the recommendations already, one is due to be implemented by the end of this month, six more by the end of July, one in September and the remaining 20 by the end of December.
And a separate report going to the committee also indicates that the project is at risk of not being completed on time in summer of 2020, as recently stated by the council.
The A52 westbound Wyvern slip roads are closed
This is contained in the council's strategic risk register, which puts the A52 project in the highest risk category.
It states: "Risk has been escalated from directorate level with the re-assessment of the impact. Original risk has been re-defined."
Project problems included a lack of communication from officers about design changes, project cost increases, ineffective risk management procedures in place between the council and the contractor and decisions taken without involving councillors or the strategic director.
Warning signs that the was in trouble arose just over 12 months ago when the city's Conservatives took over leadership of the council from Labour.
An investigation was instigated into the situation and work began to get the project back on track. This resulted in a potential bill of £42 million instead of the original £14 million and work only recommenced a few weeks ago after new designs had been agreed.
The inability to finish the project, which should have been completely finished by March this year, has frustrated motorists who are currently prevented from entering and exiting Pride Park from the A52 westbound.
A Derby City Council spokesman said: "With large scales projects like the A52 improvement scheme, there are always risks that work won't be completed as programmed, however we are managing and mitigating this risk as part of our strategic risk register management.
"There has been a lot of work going on at the site for several weeks now, and we remain confident that we will deliver the project in line with our revised budget and our revised timetable.
"We are tracking the risk of delay on a regular basis and in line with our critical path project plan, which is jointly managed by our in house team and our partner Galliford Try."
Motorists around Pride Park have got used to scenes like this (Image: Derby Telegraph)
Here are 10 of the weaknesses that have contributed to the delays and increased costs:
1. Councillors were not kept appraised of arising issues and given "an accurate representation of the situation as it actually was".
Furthermore, the information being relayed to councillors was often "dumbed down and deliberately evasive where contentious issues were concerned".
This problem has now been resolved by holding regular briefings with the leader and deputy leader of the council since February this year. This carried a significant risk if not resolved.
2. Councillors were not informed of escalating costs until May and June 2018, which means they could make "ill-informed decisions" and lead to them being viewed as "ineffective".
This was resolved by appointing the senior responsible officer in the role of informing key councillors of emerging issues "as soon as is practically possible and that such contact is properly recorded". This carried a significant risk.
3. The project team took the decision to switch to nighttime working in September 2017 without the involvement of the strategic director or councillors and without the costs of the change, or impact on the project, being known.
This has been resolved by ensuring that senior management and councillors are involved in making key decisions on the scheme and has already been implemented. This was a moderate risk.
4. Four different spreadsheets were in use for recording and managing project changes, which increases the chance of "duplicates, omissions or anomalies" and could have an adverse impact on project costs. All of the spreadsheets contained differing information.
This has been resolved by employing one company to provide a full cost audit of the the situation to show they have been costed and are above board. This carried a moderate risk.
Work on the A52 bridge demolition finished a day ahead of schedule (Image: Derbyshire Live reader)
5. Survey data was was not subject to any verification or secondary checks to ensure accuracy and was left to a single officer to draw up. This could lead to delays and increased costs when mistakes are discovered.
In future all topographical data will be subject to controls by senior responsible officers and programme managers to ensure data is fit for purpose. This carried a moderate risk if unresolved.
6. The project team pressed forward with works despite project officers reservations "due to considerable pressure from D2N2 to commence the scheme to ensure that funding would not be clawed back. This led to inadequate design and costings from the beginning, according to the report.
A new scheme has been introduced to prevent projects progressing further before outstanding matters have been dealt with, effective from April 2019. This was a significant risk to the project.
7. Changes to designs and specifications were largely dealt with in isolation to the overall design, which led to increased risks that there would be wider problems for the on-site construction, again delaying work and increasing costs.
The sign of the designs needs to be done in collaboration with contractor Galliford Try under a new "one team" approach. This has now been implemented.
The latest from the A52
Eight involved in A52 crash
Council gets 'death threat'
Reasons why A52 project went wrong
New roundabout approved
8. An insufficient financial contingency of 5% of the budget was set to cover the project if any unplanned or unexpected works arose during the project.
When it was agreed that the project budget would rise to £40.3 million, a contingency of £2.9 million was set on April 10, 2019. Without this contingency, the project was at significant risk.
9. There were insufficient arrangements in place to cover the former project manager's role in his absence and there was no proper hand over by him when he left the council's employment in April 2018.
The risk is that during the absence, projects do not adequately progress. This has been resolved by identifying someone who can handle matters in the project managers absence or otherwise. This was a moderate risk.
10. There were a significant proportion of financial documents containing minor errors such as numbers not tallying or where estimates had been changing without explanation in any papers.
This could lead to making decisions based on incorrect or misleading information and increase costs and cause delays. Since February, the project accountant has produced reporting statements that are shared with Galliford Try. This carried a moderate risk.
Plans to build more than 150 homes on former factory site move forward
Mystery surrounds shock closure of well-known Derby restaurant
Derby City Council
Chaddesden
Pride Park


Deep tissue massage therapy at Namaste Spa is similar to Swedish massage but the movement is slower and the pressure is deeper and concentrated on areas of tension and pain. Deep tissue massage focuses on the deeper muscle tissue and tendons. It is used for low back pain, leg muscle tightness, sore shoulders, chronic aches and pain and contracted areas such as a stiff neck and upper back.
Our team of Licensed Massage Therapists will consult with you to see if deep tissue massage therapy is right for you. Our deep tissue massages are scheduled for 50 or 80 minutes and we can add a Detoxifying Epson Salt ThermaSens™ Bath.


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By: Jacob Shively
How to Address Foreign Ambassadors and Royalty
How to address a vicar
Corporate Governance Job Description
How to address someone with a master's degree
Etiquette Rules for Addressing Retired Military
bureau image by razorconcept from Fotolia.com
A chairman emeritus has retired from his position but retains his professional title. As an honorary title, an emeritus position involves few, if any, responsibilities, but the individual retains a relationship with the institution.
"Emeritus" is a Latin word for "earned" or "merited." European universities began using the term in the 18th century to honour retired faculty. Today, the term is most associated with retired professors or high-ranking business officers.
Though a chairman emeritus no longer holds the formal powers of his previous office, he may participate in official or ceremonial events. In addition, a chairman emeritus may maintain professional relationships developed during his tenure.
Individual Uses
The title can be useful to the individual as a means to establish credibility as a commentator, trustee, adviser or advocate. This particularly applies if the position was with a well-known or respected institution.
Institutional Uses
Similarly, institutions may be interested in awarding an official emeritus title, if the individual holds a respected position in his field.
Stipulations
To achieve and maintain an emeritus title, professionals normally retire and remain in good standing with their institutions.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary: Emeritus
Jacob Shively began writing in 2005 and his work includes an article in the journal, "International Studies Perspectives." His writing expertise includes international affairs, politics, history and higher education. Shively is pursuing a Ph.D. in political science from Indiana University.


2012 UPDATE: visit sundayruns.org for up to date info on our sunday running group.
We have started up regular Sunday morning runs. 8AM Sunday mornings. Usually leaving from the Lewisboro Town Park upper parking lot and following a course laid out in this article or this article or some other variation.
We will occasionally leave from a different entrance to the park (Honey Hollow Road, Trailside Museum, Kimberly Bridge, or Meadow Parking Lot in the park)—and sometimes a side trip to another preserve or trail system—but we'll post here if it is any different.
If you have a Facebook account and want to keep up with the latest Sunday runs from the Leatherman Harriers, search for us on Facebook and become a friend! http://www.facebook.com/leathermansloop. If you'd rather not constantly check this site to catch up (and you are on Facebook) then becoming a friend of the Leatherman's Loop will make your life simpler.


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Holiday Cottage or Let in Barnstaple (FCH4567)
Barnstaple, Devon
Reference: FCH4567
£325 -
Read reviews >>>
• Video/DVD
• Internet/WIFI
• Dishwasher
• Bath
• Cot
• Pets Welcome
• Indoor Pool
• Short Breaks
• Near Sea
THIS PICTURESQUE COMPLEX OF 9 PROPERTIES ENJOYS 4 ACRES OF SHARED GROUNDS WITH WOODLAND INDOOR HEATED SWIMMING POOL SPA AND ALL-WEATHER TENNIS COURT This complex nestles on the outskirts of the picture postcard village of Tawstock handily located a short drive from the capital town of Barnstaple. The holiday cottages once the coach house and the outbuildings of an imposing 18th Century former rectory have been recently converted to 8 holiday cottages arranged around a large courtyard and sit within the 4 acres of grounds enjoying stunning countryside views. Explore Barnstaple a 3 miles drive offering a wealth of shops pubs and restaurants and with a host of activities for all seasons from indoor ice skating rink ten pin bowling golf course the Queens Theatre which hosts a variety of local and national productions and a multi-screen cinema to name but a few. North Devon has some of the most breathtaking and varied landscapes from the popular beaches and coves perfect for families and for water sport enthusiasts awe inspiring coastal and cliff walks to the rugged beauty of the Exmoor National Park and the variety of wildlife and fauna that call Exmoor home. Leisure facilities: shared all-weather tennis court indoor heated swimming pool with spa and paddling pool open throughout the year. Outside: guests are invited to explore the grounds and woodland walks with differing areas from meadow to sheltered picnic spots with seating picnic and BBQ areas. Shared utility room: laundry room operated by coin meter. Amenities: ample parking in the car park which has gates. Bed linen electric central heating and wifi included. Information centre on site including shared computer with internet. Towels for hire. Regret no smoking within the properties. Regret no pets. Location: beach 6 miles pub and shops 2 miles. Arrival: 4pm. The accommodation is laid out as an upside down property and offers TWO bedrooms: 1 double 1 bunk room all located on the ground floor. Bathroom: with shower over bath and WC also located on the ground floor. Lounge/kitchen/diner: open-plan area with TV/DVD. Kitchen: with electric cooker microwave fridge/freezer and dishwasher. Additional info: please note due to the layout of the property there is no room for a cot in the bedrooms.
Changeover day: Friday
Arrival time: 16:00
Short breaks: Yes
Dogs welcome: No
Complex of properties: Yes
Hot tub: Yes
Internet access: Yes
Games / Play facilities: Yes
Indoor swimming pool: Yes
Tennis Court: Yes
Towels for hire: Yes
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Use the map below to view the location of this property and its surrounding area. Controls are provided to allow for zooming in and out, scrolling around, and setting the map to satellite or terrain views.
(N.B. Depending on the details provided by the manager/owner of this property the map may either show the exact location of the property, or simply the location of the village or town in which it is situated.)
Barnstaple is the main town in North Devon, situated on the River Taw. This town with ancient historic roots, as well as strong Victorian roots to much of its architecture, boasts a fine range of shops and good transport connections with both rail access from Exeter as well as a newly opened Western Bypass which now diverts much of the traffic which once used to work its way through the town centre. Notable points of interest include the Castle, the Pannier Market and the Clock Tower dating back to 1862. An annual attraction is the Barnstaple Fair held every September and of much interest to railway enthusiasts will be the nearby narrow gauge Lynton and Barnstaple Railway which has been re-opened in recent years as a tourist attraction running authentic narrow gauge steam trains. Go2 offers a great range of holiday lets and cottages in Barnstaple and the surrounding area, and this town proves to be a great central location for exploring the North Devon coast and countryside.
See our Guide to Barnstaple, Devon...
More holiday lets or cottages in Barnstaple, Devon...
Harvest Cottage
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Claudio Erba is the founder and CEO of Docebo, the Artificial Intelligence Learning Platform for corporate learning.
Claudio spends his free time riding the biking trails on his Santa Cruz Hightower Carbon (while listening audiobooks). When he is not cruising the trails, you can find him reading about artificial intelligence - he is fascinated by the impact that new technology will have on longevity, aging and space science.


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eSport, Mobile Gaming
Just as you can see Christmas coming a mile off in the real world thanks to all the decorations in the shops and the Christmas tunes on the radio and the festive office parties, you can see it in the mobile gaming world through all the updates and events.
Genshin Impact, PUBG Mobile, and SINoALICE are all celebrating the season of goodwill in their latest (and forthcoming) upates, while Gwent is just celebrating, well, being Gwent, in its massive Way of the Witcher update.
To check out the best new Android games and sales of the week, head to the Saturday companion to this article.
Just in time for Christmas, Genshin Impact is set to receive its second major content update. Version 1.2 will add a whole new region to the game – an inhospitably icy area called Dragonspine, where you'll find new creatures, rare artifacts, recipes for 4-star weapons, and a lost civilisation. Two new 5-star characters will be added to the mix, too.
Square Enix made a splash a few years ago with a couple of hugely inventive, puzzle game spin-offs of its big console and PC action franchises. Just Cause: Mobile looks like a more conventional mobile reimagining, retaining the action and explosions but placing it in a top-down context. Still, it should be good.
KOTOR – or Knights of the Old Republic, for those who don't know – is one of the best RPGs on mobile, so we're excited to play its sequel next week. KOTOR II came out a year after KOTOR, in 2004, and was criticised by some for being too similar to its predecessor. That sounds like a compliment to us.
The Frost Festival has arrived in PUBG Mobile, meaning a festive makeover for the Eragel map. You'll find three randomly spawning frost castles, icy zones, snowy monuments, and more. Plus, there's a new snowboard vehicle, allowing you to traverse the tundra in double-quick time.
SINoALICE, the popular RPG from NiER creator Yoko Taro, is joining in the festive fun with an event of its own. The X-mas Feast event lasts throughout December, and adds the Starry Night STEP grimoire to the game, letting you take a step forward for each character you summon. New weapons, story arcs, and co-op guild events round out the yuletide hijinks.
The latest Gwent: The Witcher Card Game update is a doozy. It's called the Way of the Witcher, and it adds a massive 70 new cards – ten for each faction, plus ten neutrals. A new Adrenaline system, meanwhile, injects a dose of nuance into the gameplay by giving you additional effects depending on how many of a given card type you have in your hand.
There's nothing festive at all about the latest Harry Potter: Wizards Unite update, which adds Adversaries to the mix. That means you can take on notable villains from the Harry Potter saga, as ever, via your phone's camera, Pokemon GO-style. These adversaries include Fenrir Greyback, Draco Malfoy, Ballatrix Lestrange, and more.


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Sisters & Sirens
Humbrews
Arcata, CA
Sorry folks, get your tickets at the door!
Humbrews, Arcata
Saturday, April 21st
Doors open at 7:30
$10 online or at the door
Be one of the fortunate souls to be driven mad by the sheer beauty of this fantastical night!
Benefitting Youth in Mind, yimcal.org, "Sisters & Sirens" is the Novice Project of Sister Gaia T. Desiring to create a musical night of fun, Gaia sought to collaborate with local musicians and DJs, Sisters, and outside talent to create a setlist perfectly crafted to bring you over five hours of entertainment.
The night will begin with music, and end with dancing (till 2am.. ;])
The Grass Band: The experience of performing live is what it's all about for the band, they thrive in front of an audience, enjoying the interchange of energy between band and audience. The energy that the band brings to the stage is infectious and genuine. When they play, people move! The players have a deep understanding of each others musical expression resulting in a cohesive and adventurous sound that offers everyone with an ear for good funky rock and roll an opportunity to shake their collective booty. Sharing a love for music, the four have forged a journey of creative expression through the power of sonic energy. Watch out world, the Grass Band is going to grow on you.....
Sister Bianca Tempt: Hailing from San Diego's Asylum of the Tortured Heart, this Sister is known for her a cappella renditions of classic songs from musicals.
Sister Gaia T: Your beloved Nun born here in the Redwoods has a spell-binding veiling ceremony planned.
Sister Nova Aggra: Let's just say that Nova knows how to please the people with her skills!
DJ Jolly Jeff
Headliners:
BONFIRE MADIGAN - www.bonfiremadigan.com
Bonfire Madigan Shive is a visionary cellist, vocalist, composer, performing artist, international touring musician and new mom originally from Seattle where she made a mark with her seminal teenage, acoustic songwriting duo Tattle Tale. She has gone on to collaborate with artists including Jolie Holland, Elliot Smith, Joan Jeanrenaud from Kronos Quartet, and David Coulter of The Pogues. Madigan has toured extensively, composed/performed original scores for major theater productions, most recently with Carey Perloff (Artistic Director, American Conservatory Theater) for the Getty Villa in Los Angeles, and has shared stages with legends like Neko Case, Cat Power, Kimya Dawson, Gossip, Fugazi, Bright Eyes and Modest Mouse. In addition, Madigan is a founding collective member of The Icarus Project, a grassroots support and media network led by people living with experiences commonly labeled "mental illness." TIP has since evolved into one of the country's largest peer-run and peer-led online mental health community centers, alternative media making hubs and voluntary mutual aid support networks.
"Check in with her. She'll leave you spellbound."
EVAN GREER of RIOT-FOLK - www.evangreer.org
Evan Greer is a transgender singer/songwriter, parent, and community organizer based in Boston, MA. (S)he writes and performs high-energy acoustic songs that inspire hope, build community, and incite resistance! At 26 years old, Evan tours internationally as a musician and facilitates interactive workshops to support movements for justice and liberation. Armed with a repertoire of fiercely radical songs that vary in style from pop-punk poetry to foot-stompin' bluegrass singalongs, Evan has shared stages with artists as musically diverse as Pete Seeger, Immortal Technique, Billy Bragg, Tom Morello of Rage Against the Machine, Boots Riley of The Coup, Holly Near, The Mammals, Vicci Martinez (of NBC's "The Voice,") and Chumbawamba. The late great historian Howard Zinn compared Greer to Phil Ochs and called her an "eloquent and energetic writer." Tom Morello, guitarist of the grammy winning band Rage Against the Machine calls her "a heck of a guitarist."
ADHAMH ROLAND of RIOT FOLK
Adhamh Roland is a guitar strummin, accordion squeezing, whistling warbler who fancies reminiscing about the midwest while devising collective strategies for liberation. Adhamh is a founding member of the Riot Folk Collective, and has toured and created with Benchpress Burlesque (St. Louis' radical multi-gendered, sex-positive, queer-positive, feminist feast of political performance art), The Tranny Roadshow, as well as many bicycle powered tours totaling over 3,500 miles of pedal-powered folk shows.
Humbrews (View)


Hosting applications on the web for users to be able to access anytime, anywhere is now a norm for most businesses. Web Application Development Software assist businesses to build apps that make operations easier, minimize errors, increase productivity and allow for seamless access anytime.
Unlike traditional software development methodologies, Web App Development is a business-oriented approach to creating point apps that address specific business needs. For instance, an insurance company may need a Web App for customer to pay insurance premiums. Another example can be that of an automotive servicing agency requiring a Web App for customers to log service requests.
Agile Methodology – A modern, iterative and incremental method of combining design and development of technology solutions. Web App Development providers employ a predefined set of methods and practices that enable a collaborative development of apps between Business and IT. Agile allows for a continuous delivery of the solution along with an open window for accepting change requirements on-the-fly.
Low Code OR Extreme Programming – Web App Development can adopt to either one or both these ideas. Low code provides visually intuitive interfaces that comprise various components an App may need. Here, business users simply drag-and-drop these components and easily build the most complex Business Apps in record time. With Extreme Programming, development is primarily targeted to improve solution quality and maintain high levels of responsiveness to change requirements. Both these approaches take away the need for traditional application development that takes months, even years.
Feature-driven Development – With Web App Development, A significant amount of emphasis is paid to the features that the business is looking for in an App. When it comes to virtual interaction as a mode to deliver products/services, less is more. Web Application Development Software pay keen attention to the exact needs of a customer and deliver just what's needed at every visual touch-point of the user's journey through the app.
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How Well Knit Are Web Apps As Against Traditional Applications?
While it may be impressive to see how fast Web Application Development Software can bring Apps to market, a major concern lies in the realms of security, access and performance. To address this, Web Apps, just like traditional applications go through several rounds of unit, integration and system testing before they go-live.
Another important point to note here is the fact that Web App Development involves code reuse. This allows similar modules of cross-enterprise apps to be developed simultaneously, thus improving productivity and saving time to market.
So, What Makes Web Apps The Perfect Choice For Businesses?
Increased pressure on IT departments to roll out fully-function applications fast makes adopting to Web Apps the perfect choice for businesses today. Further, Web Apps allow your workforce to be continuously connected, and extend this seamless service towards customer facing Apps. Investing in Web Applications can save your business money, increase productivity and boost customer servicing manifold.
Neutrinos is a robust Rapid Application Development platform that delivers all this and more.
Harness the power of Web Apps and reap big results.
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Make "clean" sausage at home by using pastured, grass-fed, grass-finished beef. Perfect for Paleo or whole foods recipes!
Mix spices together in a large bowl.
Brown meat on stovetop, until cooked through.
Reheat in microwave for 1-2 minutes.
Good to know about the lamb. I'll look into that!
When making beef homemade sausage in the past(over a decade ago) finely grinding about 1/8 to 1/4 of the meat (almost to pate state) helped keep the patties or links together and more like the commercial product. Start with about 1/8th of the meat, mix and cook a patty. Adjust seasoning and regrind if necessary for texture you prefer.With turkey or chicken sausage, adding *freshly* ground nutmeg enhances the flavor. No it doesn't smell like eggnog LOL. Thanks for this recipe.
Great recipe! I mixed 1lb each ground beef & pork with the seasoning for a single recipe, plus a little sage & it was great in my egg bakes. My husband – which is a junk addict & not doing the W30 used the leftovers for tacos, without adding taco seasoning!
Made this again with 1lb ground pork, seasonings as suggested, plus 1/2t ground sage & a sprinkle of cinnamon. YUM!
Tiffany – Thanks for sharing your adaptations! I never thought about cinnamon and sage – but that sounds amazing. I may have to try that today!
Is this more of a breakfast sausage or lunch/ dinner sausage?
Kim, one of our recipe writers says it is an all-purpose sausage. She regularly eats it for breakfast, and in lunch/dinner recipes, too.
Thank you SO much for this recipe! I'm incredibly late in finding it, because (for no apparent reason that I can determine) it never occurred to me that I could make this on my own. I am relatively new to paleo and I am also deadly allergic to pork. My options get quite limited with so many pork-y recipes out there!
So glad you found it and are excited about it!
I have to stop reading this page because I almost ate my phone! I am going to try this once my ground beef thaws. Thank you all for the additional flavoring mods.


This year's survey was announced rather suddenly today. Under the aegis of the Ponnvandu Foundation we have been asked to provide volunteers. Lion Tailed Macaques (LTM - Macaca silenus) will be surveyed on Thursday the 25th of January, Nilgiri Tahr (Nilgiritragus hylocrius) on the 29th, carnivores from the 2nd to the 9th of february and elephants in Feb's 3rd week.
Anyone who wants to participate can contact me with their details ASAP!!!
The Tahr and the LTM are very highly endangered species and one has to trek to really deep forest to get a chance to see them.
Great trekking and a 'few in a lifetime' chance to see two of the world's most endangered species and to contribute to their conservation - could anyone ask for more?


Clean water is essential for life, but one in eight of the world's population does not have access to it. This, and lack of safe sanitation, results in over two million people dying from water-related diseases every year.
WaterAid uses practical solutions to provide clean water, safe sanitation and hygiene education to the world's poorest people.
We are proposing our customers will help support this charity by applying a small charge of 15p for a glass of water and 30p for a jug of water. We appreciate that everyone has their own way of supporting charity and we will be are happy to remove this donation from your bill.
The HOTEL will also support the charity by MATCHING all of the donations made by our customers.
Just £15 will enable WaterAid to supply someone with a lasting supply of clean water and sanitation.


Driving a Mercedes-Benz is a world-class experience, and what better place to get that experience than at Hoehn Motors! We are proud to offer a wide selection of luxury Mercedes-Benz vehicles to our customers in Southern California. Our lineup of new Mercedes-Benz cars includes the 2017 Mercedes-Benz E-Class Sedan, the 2017 Mercedes-Benz C-Class Coupe, and the 2016 Mercedes-Benz S-Class Coupe, among so many others. Our Mercedes-Benz dealership strives for the best possible customer experience, which doesn't just include our new and pre-owned Mercedes-Benz vehicles. The Hoehn Motors experience ranges all the way to our car finance center, our service and parts departments, and our amazing Mercedes-Benz specials . Visit our Mercedes-Benz dealership in Southern California today at 5475 Car Country Drive, or give us a call at (888) 347-8691 to learn more about our dealership!
*Plus government fees and taxes, any finance charges, and dealer document preparation charge, and any emission testing charge. Subject to approved credit.


Cardiff / Caerdydd Wales Folk Awards 2019 – The Trials Of Cato, Gwilym Bowen Rhys, VrÏ, Calan: BBC Hoddinott Hall, Wales Millennium Centre, Cardiff Bay, 7.30pm – who will crown the Awards? could it be VrÏ, Gwilym Bowen Rhys, Alaw, Calan, Pendevig, Toby Hay, Jamie Smith's Mabon, Gwyneth Glyn, Yr Hwntws or The Gentle Good?
Bristol (E) The Askew Sisters, support from Nick Hart: Downend Folk Club, Frenchay Village Hall, Beckspool Road, Winterbourne, Bristol BS16 1NU, 8pm (Doors open 7.30pm). Tickets: £12 in advance, £14 on the door (£10 members).
Cardiff / Caerdydd The Big Gospel Choir: Acapela Studio, Heol y Pentre, Pentyrch CF15 9QD, 8pm – not strictly folk, just a mighty sound!


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1-ша а́рмія Франції ( — військове об'єднання армії Франції. Заснована у серпні 1914 року. Брала активну участь у Першій та Другій світових війнах.

Історія
1-ша французька армія була сформована 2 серпня 1914 року відповідно до французького плану війни XVII під командуванням генерала О. Дюбаї. До її складу входили 7-й, 8-й, 13-й, 14-й та 21-й армійські корпуси, а також дві дивізії кінноти та резерву піхотну дивізію. Штаб-квартира армії розміщувалась у місті Епіналь, її частини займали оборонні рубежі від Бельфора до Мірекур-Люневіль.

З серпня 1914 року 1-ша армія, разом з 2-ю армією взяла участь у вторгненні в Лотарингії, й наступала на добре захищений німецький оборонний комплекс у Саррбурі. Командувач німецької 6-ї армії Рупрехт Баварський зі своїми військами протистояв спробам французів захопити Ельзас та Лотарингію, та чинив запеклий опір просуванню французької армії. Не маючи переваги в силах, він вправним маневром зімітував відступ, а потім раптово контратакував противника. 20 серпня 6-та армія перейшла в наступ на широкому фронті, змусивши французькі війська відступити назад.

Надалі армія брала найактивнішу участь у безлічі битв на Західному фронті, билася на Соммі, біля Пашендейле, при Ам'єні. Після закінчення війни розформована.

2 вересня 1939 року армія знов активована під командуванням генерала Ж.Бланшара. З травня 1940 брала активну участь у битві за Францію. З початком вторгнення німецького Вермахту, її війська разом з іншими формуваннями союзників вирушили на північ до Бельгії та Нідерландів. У наслідок ризикованого, але сміливого маневру за задумом операції генерала Е.фон Манштейна, союзні війська потрапили у пастку на заході Бельгії та узбережжі Франції. Катастрофа англо-французьких військ закінчилася евакуацією з Дюнкерка. 1-ша армія билася під Ліллем, де врешті-решт була розгромлена німцями, намагаючись виграти час для врятування максимальної кількості військ з плацдарму. Своєю мужністю французи протистояли ударному угрупованню з 4-ї, 5-ї, 7-ї танкових дивізій Вермахту. Військам генерала Бланшара вдалося навіть захопити в полон командира 253-ї піхотної дивізії генерал-майора Ф.Кюне. За підрахунками істориків триденна битва за плацдарм ціною розгрому 1-ї армії допомогла британцям та французам врятувати щонайменше 100 000 вояків з Дюнкерка.

Формально 1-ша армія припинила існування, капітулювавши 29 травня 1940 року, тільки невеличка кількість її бійців врятувалася кораблями до Британії.

Втретє 1-ша французька армія сформована влітку 1944 року, як армія «B», під командуванням генерала Жана де Тассіньї в період підготовки до висадки морського десанту на південне узбережжя Франції. З 25 вересня 1944 року їй присвоєне найменування «1-ша». Об'єднання французьких військ брало участь у визволенні Марселя, Тулона, Ліону, а згодом увійшло до складу 6-ї групи армій США, також відомої, як «Південна група військ союзників», та билося у східній частині Батьківщини, визволяючи землі поблизу Швейцарії, Вогези. До її складу входили I-й та II-й корпуси. У боях під Бюрно-ле-Ба французька армія знищила німецький 4-й авіапольовий корпус Люфтваффе.

У січні 1945 армія брала участь в операції «Нордвінд», протистояла останній спробі наступати німецьким військам на Західному фронті. У лютому 1-ша армія у взаємодії з 21-м армійським корпусом США вела бої проти німецького угруповання, яке потрапило в котел поблизу Кольмара.

Пізніше її війська прорвали лінію Зігфрида біля Лотербура та продовжили наступ, просуваючись територією Німецького рейху. Біля міста Шпаєр французькі війська форсували Рейн та опанували Карлсруе і Штутгарт. У боях у німецькому Шварцвальді французька армія розгромила німецький 18-й корпус СС. Останні бої об'єднання вело у південній Німеччині, знищуючи залишки ворожих військ.

Командування

Командувачі
 1-ша світова війна
 армійський генерал Огюст Дюбаї () (2 серпня 1914 — 5 січня 1915);
 дивізійний генерал П'єр Рок () (5 січня 1915 — 16 березня 1915);
 армійський генерал Олівер Мазель () (16 — 31 березня 1916);
 дивізійний генерал Огюстен Жерар () (31 березня — 31 грудня 1916);
 дивізійний генерал Марі Еміль Файоль () (31 грудня 1916 — 6 травня 1917);
 дивізійний генерал Жозе Альфред Мішеле () (6 травня — 1 червня 1917);
 дивізійний генерал Анрі Жозеф Гуро () (1 — 15 червня 1917);
 дивізійний генерал Франсуа Антой () (15 червня — 21 грудня 1917);
 дивізійний генерал Марі-Ежен Дебені () (21 грудня 1917 — листопад 1918).
 2-га світова війна (1939—1940)
 армійський генерал Жорж Бланшар () (2 вересня 1939 — 26 травня 1940);
 корпусний генерал Рене Пріо () (26 — 29 травня 1940).
 2-га світова війна (1944—1945)
 армійський генерал Жан Марі де Латр де Тассиньі (25 вересня 1944 — 1 серпня 1945).

Див. також
 1-ша армія (Велика Британія)
 2-га армія (Франція)
 1-ша армія (Румунія)
 Франція в Першій світовій війні
 Повітряно-десантні війська Франції

Посилання
 Order of Battle on May 10, 1940

Примітки

Армії Франції
Військові формування Франції в Першій світовій війні
Військові формування Франції у Другій світовій війні
Військові формування, засновані 1914

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Ms. Shirley Jean Ford
Shirley Jean Ford started her life April 14th, 1949 in Augusta Georgia and reunited with her parents on April 8th 2018. Her parents, Charles and Johnnie were from Arcadia Florida. They moved back to Florida when Shirley was very young and lived in several places before settling down in Cocoa. Shirley often referred to herself as a Georgia Peach though she lived most her life in Cocoa, Melbourne, Orlando and Jacksonville Florida as a Civil Service employee. Shirley developed a love for books at an early age that continued with her through life. Surprisingly she came to enjoy electronic books better than paper ones. Shirley had many hobbies but leather work, ceramics and Miniatures were some of her favorites. She was also a member of Mensa. She is preceded in death by her parents Charles and Johnnie Ford. She is survived by her sister, brother-in- law and niece, Beverly, Mike and Jessie Jacobson. Services for Shirley will be April 21st 2018 at noon at the First Baptist Church of Cocoa in downtown Cocoa.
Shirley Jean Ford started her life April 14th, 1949 in Augusta Georgia and reunited with her parents on April 8th 2018. Her parents, Charles and Johnnie were from Arcadia Florida. They moved back to Florida when Shirley was very young and lived... View Obituary & Service Information
The family of Ms. Shirley Jean Ford created this Life Tributes page to make it easy to share your memories.
Shirley Jean Ford started her life April 14th, 1949 in Augusta...
Send flowers to the Ford family.


What is an Anglicism 2. It is not a random process but there are several different paths by which words come in to a language. The last one is back-formation and it is the process of creating a new lexeme, usually by removing actual or supposed affixes wikipedia:back-formation. Type both label and title flush left on separate lines above the table, and capitalize them as titles do not use all capital letters. Larousse, 1988 Grammaire du Francais contemporain France : Paris, Larousse. The study of the internal structure of words, and of the rules by which words are formed, is called morphology. Double-space throughout; use dividing lines as needed.
Lexical content or root morphemes constitute the major word classes — nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs. Do not italicize or underline your title, put it in quotation marks or boldface, or type it in all capital letters. The final part of the paper reflects on the consequences of the overlap of tradition and contemporary terminological decisions, as the analysed examples show that, within Polish grammatical terminology, there co-exist separate subsystems connected with linguistic descriptions created in different methodologies and different times. We are a Bible-believing, Bible-preaching church, nestled in the heart of Greenbrier County, West Virginia in the city of Historic Lewisburg. We might call this initselfness. Word formations are very important and have brought a lot to the world of linguistic practically from the beginning of our civilisation.
Conversion is a kind of word formation, as well. The topic of your paper and the selected literature should be adjacent. Central questions that are discussed for each language concern the formal distinction between compounds and multi-word expressions, their formation and their status in lexicon and grammar. Accordingly, Saussure was chiefly interested in langue as an a-historical phenomenon. Latin, like Greek, has also provided prefixes and suffixes that are used productively with both native and nonnative roots.
This corresponds to the different sentence elements, such as the verb, objects, manner, place, time, purpose, etc. Once the derivational morpheme is added to the base word a new word is derived. It appears that English displays a wider variety of patterns than French does — a larger number of marginal types of lexical input combination, of lexical shortening and of phonological splitting. The chapter ends with a brief conclusion in Section 4. George washington lined writing paper essay on outsourcing turabian style research paper format how to prepare for international assignment essay on basketball history homework on coping skills write the essay 100 day business plan template word how to write a research paper for dummies pdf lord of the flies map assignment 2017 personal narrative assignment high school florist business plan free sample. Click in the header box, type your last name or title , make it align to the right, and then select Page Numbers from the Insert menu.
What might seem like the same triad already offered by Platon and Aristoteles as semainon, semainomenon and pragma, is more complex. That is, they are made up of a minimum of two words or stems, which sets them apart both from simplex lexemes and from morphologically complex words derived by other word-formation processes, in particular derivation and conversion. Morphology is one of the most complex subfields of linguistics, thanks in part to numerous inconsistencies in word formation. This word formation procceses are not classified as words belonging to the standard vocabulary of language. What is plagiarism and which are the cases when I can quote study papers of other authors? We are able to use a word which is new to us when we find out what object or notion it denotes. This research review surveys the process of word formation in 21st century in English vocabulary and gives an example of some words.
The term back-formation was created by James Murray, Scottish lexicographer and who was also the primary editor of the Oxford English Dictionary from 1879 until 1915 wikipedia:James Murray Back-formation is different from Clipping because it can change the meaning or the part of speech whereas clipping is just a shortening from a longer word without changing signification. Action plan for business trust stanford application supplement essay how to do solve math problems kids anchor chart dialogue in college essays veterinary pharmacy business plan. The consequences are obvious: the outcome of applied semiotics rarely justifies expectation'' Nadin, 2001. A research proposal formation Medical research paper outlines college essay topic a writing a startup business plan kanwhizz latest business plan youth violence essay literature reviews. Students learning a language at any level need to study the meaning of the words that are new to their vocabulary. In the old English poem Beowulf we can find some abbreviations e. We write your essay for you food service business plan template do my english homework for me lyrics critical thinking worksheets for 1st graders make up assignment procedures feedlot business plan , psychology argumentative essay topics pdf robotics kinematics solved problems free math problem solving websites mba research proposal template stereotyping essay topics list of social issues for research paper, bis business plan pdf.
Designed to be printed out and used in the classroom. The condition of the paper you hand in is an indication of the respect you have for yourself and the respect you have for your teacher. All these word formation processes result in the richness of the vocabulary of a language. The key is to find the right paper for your print job. Simply write: 4 Remember, there is no period after the page number. Sample business plan for a non-profit organization budget business laptop small restaurant business plan example preparing literature reviews book marketing strategy of nike assignment 2018 top essays in english accused of cheating on homework business plan funding request examples sample essays for college placement test, mla work cited page for research paper research paper on language acquisition animal testing argument essay examples solving system of equations word problems pdf creative writing columbia university example of 5 year business plan global business plan introduction tips for writing an effective essay submitting assignments on time.
It is essentially a skeletal version of the true paper, and will guide you through the entire process. Writing an informational essay 4th grade leadership job satisfaction dissertation pdf make up assignment procedures mental health research paper topics. Instructions: Type the quotation in its own paragraph, without quotation marks, and remove the indent from the first line. To the inexperienced and untrained eye, these commodity grades can appear just as white and smooth as quality text paper, and printers can often work around their limitations to deliver a job that is acceptable to the average client. So, here we have the first letters of the every single word taken from the whole name and each letter is pronounced but not as a sentence. Both the ingredients and the slower making time cost more which is reflected in their higher price.
However, as soon as one takes into account more than one specific language or language family , it seems that this is the closest one may come to a definition that is more or less applicable to the European languages. You might choose to use graphs or tables, but remember to explain these to your readers. If you require help with formatting your paper, you can contact us. Problem solving activities for elementary students 2017 tourism dissertation titles contingency plans for businesses. Title Page A title page is not essential for a research paper unless specifically requested by your teacher. The following word formation processes result in the creation of new words in English: Derivation, Back-formation, Conversion, Compounding, Clipping, Blending, Abbreviations, Acronyms, Eponyms, Coinages, Nonce words, Borrowing, Calquing.
Parole, however, refers to the use of this system in particular instances. For complicated details on how to cite titles and quotations within titles, sacred texts, shortened titles, exceptions to the rule, etc. On the other hand, opaque papers such as Cougar, Lynx, Husky, Finch Fine, Finch Opaque and Accent Opaque are made with lesser quality ingredients and made on huge machines that are run at very high speeds. Morphemes are the smallest linguistic unit of a language with semantic meaning. If you used any sort of data validation, this will typically follow the methodology and literature sections. They originate as terms of a special group like schools, army, police, the medical profession etc, in the intimacy of a milieu where a hint is sufficient to indicate the whole. How do you create an outline for your paper? A musical example in a research paper.


Despite an attempt to block new laws by manufacturers and distributors of very low calorie diet (VLCD) plans and products, the European Commission has proposed Regulation (EU) No 609/2013, to harmonise rules on 'the essential composition of total diet replacements for weight control'. The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) issued a scientific opinion on the topic in 2015, prompted by legislators investigating the subject, and proposed a minimum protein content adjusted for the overweight or obese of 75 g per day, a minimum carbohydrate content based on the obligatory glucose demands of the brain and minimum contents of linoleic acid, alpha linoleic acid and micronutrients based on reference values established by the EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies. The Panel also proposed a minimum energy content of total diet replacements of 600 calories per day. While regulation is welcomed for consumer protection, industry members take issue with the proposed laws as formulation and manufacturing will become very difficult, 'effectively wiping these products from the market'. Anthony Leeds, of the European VLCD Industry Group, believes products will be 'substantially more expensive for consumers, taste unpleasant and be liable to turn rancid very quickly'—and warns consumers could then turn to other non-regulated diets and dangerous alternatives. The VCLD Industry Group called on Members of European Parliament to reject the proposal as several MEPs 'recognised the issue and suggested the law may counter its intended purpose' but the motion for resolution was rejected, and the regulation will enter into law.
As one industry faces possible decline, others emerge as gluten-free goes mainstream in the US and legal reform in Switzerland sees the nutritional supplements market open to new opportunities.
Although research shows only 1 to 2 percent of people worldwide suffer from a gluten intolerance, the idea that removing wheat and gluten from the diet is healthier is driving the demand for gluten-free products in the United States. It's a similar story across the pond in Europe—data presented at the Allergy and Free From Show in London showed two-thirds of consumers purchased a free-from product for general health reasons, rather than for any allergy or intolerance. As with many trends, social media has spurred much of the boom in gluten-free, particularly in the US, as various celebrities and food bloggers championed removing gluten for health or weight management reasons. The global gluten-free market is estimated at €5 billion, although there is confusion over the term 'gluten-free' as definitions vary across the world. European Union rules stipulate gluten-free products must have a gluten limit of 20 parts per million (ppm) and does not allow products to contain oats, while in the US, the FDA requires the same 20 ppm limit but does allow oats.
Switzerland is not part of the European Union and until May 2017 had its own set of food regulations. Now, a new Swiss legal regime means nutraceutical and functional food companies can market in Switzerland following the same regulations as across the EU. The new rules aim to facilitate the entry of products originating from EU Member States into Switzerland and vice versa, but Swiss maximum levels for vitamins and minerals and prohibition of certain ingredients must still be considered. Importantly, food supplements are classed as foodstuffs, meaning general food regulations on food labelling, claims and the use of additives apply, though mostly in line with European rules.
Following from last week's focus on avocados, new customer research released this week shows millennials are now going nuts for coconuts! Coconut oil gained huge popularity this year as a cooking oil, and research and consultancy New Nutrition Business says coconut's 'rebirth' as a 'star ingredient' is due to the 'affinity millennial consumers feel for coconut' which is perceived as a 'naturally healthy food' by this group. Coconuts have boomed with a 318 percent increase in new product launches containing coconut between 2010 and 2016—and most people surveyed said they liked the taste of coconut. Interestingly though, the groups largely agreed coconut was a 'naturally healthy ingredient' but 'they weren't sure why'! Luckily for them, perhaps, the number of scientific studies on coconuts grew by 28 percent between 2010 and 2016.