text:
The single monetary policy and the analytics of OCAs: what has the euro area experience taught us?
30/04/2008 - Speeches
1. It gives me great pleasure to be here today to give this public lecture on the European experience with monetary union. The fact that the lecture is taking place at my Αlma Μater makes this occasion a particularly special one for me, and I am grateful to Howard Davis and Kevin Featherstone for extending me the invitation. I hope that what I have to say will provide some food for thought. Indeed, I am hopeful that I may be able to convince some sceptics in the audience – and I know that they are out there – that monetary union among European countries can and does work!
2. The adoption of the euro by 11 EU countries in 1999 was a remarkable achievement. It represented the culmination of a process of integration and convergence that had begun some 50 years earlier. The creation of the euro could be viewed as the end of a process, with Europe having finally reached full economic and monetary integration. Such a view, however, would, at best, be incomplete. Although the introduction of the euro marked the culmination of a long process, it also marked the beginning of another one. In particular, it created new challenges for economic policy. I will focus on these challenges in what follows.
3. A natural starting point for analysis of the benefits and costs of a monetary union is the theory of optimum currency areas, originated by Robert Mundell in the early 1960s, and an important reason for his Nobel Prize in Economics. This literature on optimum currency areas identifies two main costs of a country's participation in a monetary union. These costs are the loss of an independent monetary policy and the ability to alter the nominal exchange rate in order to mitigate the effects of asymmetric shocks. The theory also identifies the desirable characteristics that potential members of a single currency area should have in order to minimise these costs. The characteristics are sometimes viewed as preconditions for judging whether a nation should join a currency union.
4. I will argue that this traditional way of thinking about judging optimality is incomplete. Underlying my argument are the following two factors.
• First, the traditional approach has to be modified to take modern developments in monetary theory and policy into account. In a world in which monetary policy is best suited to achieve price stability, the loss of monetary policy independence may not be very costly. In fact, for a small open economy, such as Greece, it may actually provide net benefits.
• Second, it can be misleading to view the optimum-currency-area characteristics as preconditions for ensuring the success of a country's participation in a monetary union. In particular, to view the characteristics as preconditions overlooks the fact that the characteristics, or criteria, can themselves be endogenous. I will argue that the creation of a monetary union can itself create conditions that are favourable to the well-functioning of the union.
I. The Loss of Monetary Policy Independence to the ECB
5. Let me first turn to the matter of the loss of monetary independence. Modern monetary theory emphasises the role of monetary policy in providing price stability. By so doing, monetary policy can best provide a stable environment, which is a prerequisite for growth. This view contrasts strongly with the view that monetary policy can be used for fine-tuning the economy.
6. The intellectual underpinnings of the emphasis on price stability can be traced to Milton Friedman's and Ed Phelps' critique of the Phillips curve in the late 1960s. …. On a brief personal note, I was privileged to have been taught macroeconomics at LSE by A W Phillips. Professor Phillips was an excellent teacher who made contributions in many areas of macroeconomics. In fact, it is well known that Milton Friedman tried to recruit him to the University of Chicago, but, fortunately for LSE, he declined. …. The Phillips curve expressed the idea of a trade-off between inflation and unemployment. The Friedman-Phelps insight, which helped earn those economists their respective Nobel prizes, was that the trade-off was, at best, temporary. Repeated attempts to reduce unemployment by allowing inflation to rise would result in ever-increasing inflation with unemployment returning to its natural rate. Although the Friedman-Phelps hypothesis swept through academia in the 1970s, policy makers were slower to catch on. As a result, the 1970s, and in some cases the 1980s, provided a real-world laboratory for testing the Friedman-Phelps hypothesis. As we now know, central banks that kept trying to pin down the rate of unemployment wound up with both high inflation rates and high unemployment rates. This was a lesson that would not be lost on subsequent generations of central bankers.
7. Building on the Friedman-Phelps insight, Finn Kydland and Ed Prescott showed that a central bank engaged in discretionary policies has an incentive to promise low inflation, but then to run an expansionary monetary policy that produces higher inflation without lowering unemployment. In a contribution that helped earn these authors the Nobel Prize in 2004, Kydland and Prescott showed that, to be credible, central bankers must demonstrate that they are fully committed to a low-inflation objective. Full commitment in the Kydland-Prescott framework, necessitates independence from political pressures to follow inflationary monetary policies. Otherwise, once inflation expectations become entrenched, it can be very difficult to reduce them. The costs of doing so, in terms of higher unemployment, can be substantial. Again, the experiences of country after country which pursued expansionary monetary policies in the 1970s and 1980s provided the laboratory.
8. These insights, and the subsequent literature built around them, contributed to the now widely-held view that central banks should have independence from the political process with a mandate to achieve price stability. In this way the monetary authorities can make the best possible contribution to supporting sustained economic growth and employment creation.
9. The monetary policy strategy of the ECB can be seen in this light. It involves three key elements. First, there is the objective of price stability which the ECB defines as a year-on-year increase in consumer prices for the euro area of "below, but close to, 2 per cent". The "close to" was added in 2003 to establish a safety margin above zero inflation to guard against deflationary risks. Price stability is a medium-term goal reflecting the long lags involved in the transmission of monetary policy.
10. Second, the "two pillars" of economic and monetary analyses have been formulated so as to enable the ECB to attain its objective.
• In the economic analysis, an assessment of current economic and financial developments from the perspective of the interplay between supply and demand in the product and factor markets is made. This provides short- to medium-term indications of inflation.
• As a cross-check to the economic analysis, the monetary analysis focuses on money and credit developments in recognition of empirical evidence suggesting that monetary growth and inflation tend to be related in the medium to long run.
11. The final element is central bank independence. The Maastricht Treaty grants full political independence to the ECB in its pursuit of price stability. In a democratic society, however, central bank independence needs to be counterbalanced by accountability, that is, an obligation on the part of the central bank to explain its decisions to the public and its elected representatives, including, in the case of the ECB, those in the European Parliament. In turn, accountability requires transparency with respect both to objectives and decision-making. To this end, monetary policy decisions taken by the ECB are explained "in real time" at a press conference immediately after each rate-setting Governing Council meeting.
12. The success of the ECB's monetary strategy is borne out by its record. Since the inception of the euro area, average inflation in the euro area has been 2.08%, a shade higher than the ECB's definition of price stability. Inflation expectations have also remained firmly anchored around the ECB's definition of price stability, attesting to the ECB's credibility. Long-term interest rates have been at historically low levels.
13. For countries such as Greece, with histories of high inflation, the gains from joining the euro area have been very substantial. For years, Greece suffered from double-digit inflation. Growth was anaemic and unemployment rose in spite of periods of fairly loose monetary policy. Nominal interest rates were high, reaching close to 30 per cent at times during the 1980s. In contrast, the low levels of nominal interest rates experienced in the euro area, reflecting the low levels of inflation expectations, have created conditions for an improved business climate, higher investment and, ultimately, higher growth.
14. In sum, the loss of monetary policy independence, identified in the earlier optimum-currency-area literature as one of the two main costs of joining a monetary union, is not necessarily a cost after all. That earlier literature was formulated in the context of Keynesian demand-management policies that were popular in the 1960s. Since that time, however, both economic theory and the experience of high unemployment coupled with high inflation have taught us the importance of a credible monetary policy aimed at providing price stability.
15. Moreover, I have argued that for countries with histories of high inflation and political interference in policy formation, a credible monetary policy can be attained by joining a monetary union with an independent central bank. I also mentioned, however, that the earlier literature on optimum currency areas identified a second cost of joining a monetary union – the loss of the exchange-rate instrument. After all, monetary policy can be focused on price stability, but, in the face of an asymmetric shock, the nominal exchange rate may change so that adjustment is facilitated. How important, then, is the exchange-rate instrument in dealing with asymmetries among the countries participating in the euro area?
II. Asymmetric shocks and the loss of the exchange rate as a policy instrument: the preconditions for monetary union reassessed
16. The early literature on optimum currency areas included a search for mechanisms that could replace the exchange rate or compensate for its absence. This search led to the identification of a number of criteria on which the optimality of a potential currency area could be assessed. These criteria effectively became preconditions for forming a single currency area.
17. I will argue that this traditional view is static in nature. It assumes that a country's characteristics are immutable. In fact, the experience of the euro area suggests that participation in a monetary union can, in itself, induce changes in economic structure and performance that make the currency area optimum. Much academic research, based on the experience of European monetary union, indicates that the creation of a monetary union can itself create conditions favourable to the well-functioning of the union, either through endogenous changes in the way the economies of the union operate or through policy changes induced by the existence of the union. Let me illustrate by discussing some of the so-called preconditions enumerated in the early literature and looking at their evolution within the euro area.
18. Mundell, in 1961, identified high mobility of the factors of production (both capital and labour) as a precondition for giving up the use of the national exchange-rate. While labour mobility is still low within the euro area, reflecting, in part, linguistic and cultural differences, the mobility of capital has been increasing as evidenced by the positive effect that the euro has had on intra-euro area FDI. Between 1999 and 2006 (the latest data available), the stock of euro area FDI more than doubled, from around 14 per cent of euro area GDP to over 30 percent.
19. The importance of the mobility of financial capital was highlighted not only by Mundell (1961), but also by James Ingram who, in 1962, emphasised the role that financial market integration could play in reducing the costs of monetary union. Deeper financial market integration can help in a number of ways. First, it can cause the transmission mechanism of monetary impulses to become more similar throughout the countries of the union. Second, it can help reduce the impact of asymmetric shocks by causing equilibrating movements in capital flows. Finally, it can allow members of the union to insure against the impact of asymmetric shocks since it provides opportunities for diversification of income sources. If members of the monetary union hold claims on other countries within the union, then the income effect of any asymmetric shocks would be mitigated.
20. The introduction of the euro has helped make euro area financial markets more integrated. The money market has been almost perfectly integrated since the formation of monetary union. The significant growth of the euro corporate bond market also provides evidence of integration and widens the range of potential investors to which firms have access. National bonds and equity market returns exhibit closer co-movements than they did prior to the introduction of the euro. The main area where financial integration has lagged is that of retail banking where, in spite of an increase in cross-border mergers and acquisitions in recent years, cross-border activity remains relatively limited.
21. Forces for further integration will continue, as market participants increasingly exploit the new environment of monetary union. In addition, a number of initiatives, supported by the Eurosystem and/or the Commission, are further encouraging integration. An example is TARGET2, the new payment platform for the financial system, which began operating in November 2007. As integration proceeds, we can expect that monetary transmission mechanisms across the euro area will continue to converge, helping the implementation of the single monetary policy and bringing the euro area closer to an optimum currency area.
22. Ronald McKinnon, in 1963, added the criterion of openness. The more open the economies of a monetary union, the less effective nominal exchange rate changes will be in facilitating adjustment because the changes are more likely to feed onto domestic prices and wages, offsetting the competitiveness gains.
23. Recent empirical evidence, however, has shown that a common currency (as opposed to separate currencies tied together with fixed exchange rates) can promote openness, or trade integration. The basic intuition underlying this view is that a set of national currencies is a significant barrier to trade. In addition to removing the costs of currency conversion, a single currency and a common monetary policy preclude future competitive devaluations, and facilitate foreign direct investment and the building of long-term relationships. These outcomes, in turn, can promote (over-and-above what may have been attained on the basis of the elimination of exchange-rate uncertainty among separate currencies) reciprocal trade, economic and financial integration, and the accumulation of knowledge. Greater trade integration can increase growth by increasing allocative efficiency and accelerating the transfer of knowledge.
24. The euro area's experience indicates that the euro has indeed acted as a catalyst for trade integration. Intra-euro area trade in goods increased from 26% of euro area GDP in 1998 to 33% in 2006. Intra-area trade in services has also risen. Recent empirical work has shown that similar increases in trade have not taken place among European countries which did not adopt the euro.
25. Kenen (1969) emphasised product diversification, the idea being that countries which were more diversified or less specialised in production would be less likely to face asymmetric shocks. Indeed, before the formation of European monetary union, there was considerable worry that monetary union would cause national economies to become more specialised as production became concentrated to reap the benefits of scale and agglomeration economies. Whilst there is perhaps little evidence that the advent of monetary union has caused economies to become even more diversified, there is no evidence that they have become more specialised, thus allaying these early fears.
26. Another contribution to optimum-currency area literature, again made by Peter Kenen in 1969, brought out the importance of establishing a fiscal transfer mechanism at the supranational level in order to help stabilise economies hit by asymmetric shocks. While such a centralised fiscal mechanism is extremely limited in Europe, the Stability and Growth Pact with its emphasis on budgets being either in balance or surplus over the economic cycle is designed to ensure that national budget have the flexibility to react to adverse asymmetric shocks.
27. In sum, the creation of the euro may itself be contributing to the very conditions that make the use of nominal exchange-rate adjustments among the members of the euro area less necessary than was the case before they joined the euro area. Nevertheless, it can be argued that a country surely must give up something if it no longer has the exchange-rate tool. My reaction to this argument is that adjustment of the nominal exchange-rate is not a magic bullet. One should not expect an economy with competitiveness problems, running, say, current account deficits equal to 6 per cent of GDP, to depreciate the nominal exchange rate and become competitive for-ever-after. We tried this policy in Greece in the 1980s; and wound up with higher inflation, undiminished current-account deficits, and a currency that became prone to speculative attacks.
28. By its very nature, the current account is the result of intertemporal decisions with respect to savings and investment by the private sector and government. It should not be surprising, then, that the nominal exchange rate cannot be relied upon to bring about lasting adjustment. Such adjustment requires changes in an economy's structure, and, as I have argued, membership in a monetary union can encourage those changes.
III. Conclusions
29. I have argued that ways of thinking about monetary union have evolved considerably from the early days of the literature on optimum currency areas. Developments in modern macroeconomics recast the goals of monetary policy. The focus nowadays on price stability and the creation of the conditions necessary to support growth and employment changes the balance of the arguments about the cost of giving up an independent monetary policy. Provided that the monetary policy framework at the union level delivers price stability, there is little to be lost from transferring monetary policy to the union level.
30. The success of the euro area has demonstrated that one size can fit all. Let me briefly mention three pieces of evidence which support this. First, inflation dispersion has declined and has been around 1 percentage point since the second half of 1999. This compares favourable with inflation dispersion across a monetary union of similar size, the US. Second, the decline in inflation dispersion has not been at the expense of higher growth dispersion. Growth dispersion has remained close to its historical average of around 2 percentage points and, if any trend is discernable, it is a downward one. Finally, business cycles appear to have become more correlated.
31. The evidence from almost 10 years of monetary union in Europe points to a euro area which is endogenously adapting itself to become an optimum currency area. The euro area provides clear evidence that the criteria identified in the earlier literature do not need to be exogenously in place prior to monetary union. I do not want to leave you with the impression, however, that euro-area policy-makers can sit back and relax because all the necessary work has been done. After all, I began this lecture by remarking that the adoption of the euro created new challenges for economic policy. The adoption of the euro was neither the beginning nor the end of an optimum currency area among European countries. The process is ongoing, and much more needs to be done, especially in regard to structural policies, to ensure that the euro area becomes a more dynamic force for growth in the global economy. It is my view that the experience of the euro area to date only serves to highlight the fact that a currency union requires flexibility and competition in factor and product markets. These are the characteristics that will make monetary union work more effectively.
Baldwin, R. (2006) "The euro's trade effects", ECB Working Paper no. 594.
Ingram, J. C. (1962) Regional Payments Mechanisms: The case of Puerto Rico, Ralleigh: University of North Carolina Press.
Kenen, P. (1969) "The Optimum Currency Area: an eclectic view" in Mundell, R. and Swoboda, K. (eds) Monetary Problems of the International Economy, Chicago: Chicago University Press.
Krugman, P. and Venables, A. (1996) "Integration, Specialization and Adjustment", European Economic Review, 40, 3-5, 959-67.
Kydland, F. and Prescott, E. (1977) "Rules rather than Discretion: the inconsistency of optimal plans", Journal of Political Economy, 85, 473-91.
McKinnon, R. (1963) "Optimum Currency Areas", American Economic Review, 52, 717-25.
Mundell, R. (1961) "A Theory of Optimum Currency Areas", American Economic Review, 51, 657-65.
Rose, A. K. and Stanley, T. D. (2005) "A Meta-Analysis of the Effect of Common Currencies on International Trade", Journal of Economic Surveys, 19,3,347-65.


I'm in Chicago where I had a one night layover on my way from the East Coast to Osaka, Japan. Last night I hooked up with Jeff Pazen, a friend and former DJ in Chicago that I hadn't seen for over 10 years. (He makes MT websites now!) He took me to the Smart Bar, a bar/nightlcub that was one of key influences in my life. We hung around at the bar and talked about the old days and we both had what felt like a catharsis of memories. I remembered the first time I visited as a student and how I got to know the staff and how they took me into their family.
Around 1988, I was going to the University of Chicago studying physics. I was bored and generally unhappy. One day someone brought me to the Smart Bar. I had been pretty familiar with cool clubs since night-clubbing was a big part of my high school experience in Tokyo, but the Smart Bar was special. It was an eclectic mix of goths, rock and rollers, industrial music fans and a variety of other alternative musics types. The head DJ was Mark Stephens who listened to EVERYTHING and knew every cool track whether it was Madonna, the latest underground deep house unit, or some obscure German band. I practically lived in Mark's DJ booth where he'd chat about music with us.
What was particularly inspiring for me about the Smart Bar was the community. I had lived in Japan and had experience with family, but had never seen such a vibrant community. Smart Bar and other nearby clubs like Medusa's were very inclusive and lots of people who needed a place to go ended up joining these communities. AIDS was just getting into full swing and there were people with a variety of problems and needs. (AIDS eventually took Mark's life and Jeff and I got a little teary eyed talking about Mark... Mark was our mentor and a star...) What was surprising to me was how much the community took care of those in need while still maintaining a fun and edgy style. It was a contrast to the formal and forced interactions that I was having with most of my college professors and fellow students (Sorry folks!). The struggle and the issues faced in college also seemed petty compared to the things people in the Smart Bar community were dealing with. This contract became unbearable and I dropped out of college (again) and became a DJ. My late mother, realizing that I needed to "get something out of my system" was generally understanding and supportive.
Mark helped me land a regular gig at the Limelight and let me spin records at Smart Bar occasionally. To this day, that year or so as a "professional" DJ was probably the most fun I've ever had.
Several years later, with the support of co-owner and "father" of Smart Bar, Joe Shanahan, I invited several of the Smart Bar crew to help me run a nightclub in Japan. This was probably second on my list of the most fun periods of my life. (For a short period I was a "player" in the Tokyo nightclub scene which lead in part to my relationship with Timothy Leary. Tim kicked off my relationship with San Francisco. I'll write more about this some other time.) Jeff had been Mark's first pick of DJs to invite to Japan, but for various reasons Jeff hadn't been able to go and we talked about how things would have been different if he had.
Anyway, even though I'm not going to be in Chicago for even 24 hours this time, seeing AKMA briefly and hanging out with Jeff at Smart Bar reminded me that Chicago is still my favorite city. I need to figure out a way to get back here more.
Do it, Joi — next time I'll try not to geet lost on our way to the restaurant!
The late 80s and very early 90s were definitely also a very special time in my life as well. And in the Bay Area.
The whole concept of the smartbar also deserves a revisiting.. I feel.. Especially now that there seem to be so many forces trying so hard to make us 'dumb' (or numb) and give up hope.
I have to say, there would still be a very significant and receptive audience for something like that in almost every major city in America.
When my friend Tim and I did the Ambient Lounge space at Love here in SF (When Jim English and Dave Dean were doing it, maybe 1989 or so?) we were the first to really explore the 'slow down' 'relax' 'decompress' space and its various options here in SF - and it was as a conscious alternative to the hyperfrenetic dance floor upstairs..
You know.. we really need something like that now.
I still constantly run into people on the street who reminisce about that period with me.. it was really a magic time.
Wouldn't it be great if that could happen again?
There is so much new technology widely available now that could make it possible to make environments we could only have dreamed about then.. things like auto-generative sound, immersive video and new forms of lighting..
Once part of the DJ culture, always part of it. Something you never forget and now and then want back to, happens to all of us.
Having a good and clued DJ available is a rare thing, quite often .. the people who call themselves "DJs" usually stick to very standard mixes of heavy metal, hard rock and hip hop, quite often. Without caring just what they are playing or how / when it should be played, as long as the volume is cranked up to the max.
Thanks for a pointer to that bar.
I was in Chicago from '89-92. I remember Limelight well, mainly because a friend of mine was a bartender there. The one I went to more often was called "Shelter"... but I never was much of a "Club Person".
I preferred the bohemian squalor of Wicker Park.
I didn't know you majored in physics. I did the same at Berkeley and, like you, was bored out of my mind.
I used to hang around the Smart Bar in the mid eighties. I also hung around some of the more punk clubs like Exit, Central American music Hall and back in my high schoold days The Cubby Bear (a long story) and Club COD. The punk scene sometimes over lapped with the club scene in the mid eighties. Things diverged in the late eighties though and clubs like the Limelight were thought of as totally commercial by the punk crowd, the punks used to call it the SlimeLife. A lot of those cool eighties scenes overlapped and now you would not know it because they have become so distinct and less creative. Characters of themselves.
Chicago is the best. I wonder what new underground stuff is going on there these days.
Yeah, Limelight was my "job" but Smartbar was where my heart was. Limelight catered to a more mainstream crowd. One of the big differences is that Smart Bar, Medusa's and a lot of the other great clubs were started by people who worked in clubs. To this day, Joe hangs out at Smart Bar. I don't think I ever met the owner of Limelight the whole time I worked there. I think clubs produced by professional investors rather than people who work at and loves clubs will never be as good... in the long haul.
"Chicago is the best. I wonder what new underground stuff is going on there these days."
check out sonotheque... it's got the best sound for a smaller euro style club.
brand new, but up-and-comming... we did a show there last month.
if you talk about "community" in chicago 87-92, you have to know about neo on monday nights...and cairo..as well as the whole surreal scene on sheffield/clark/belmont...what an amazing time!!!
my question is what was his last name and do you know how I can hook up with him?
I was deeply involved in the the Chicago club scene as a musician and a DJ during the time you speak of. My band 8 1/2 was managed by Peter Katsis, and we played at Metro all the time. I also was a DJ/VJ for Shelly Howard from the Park West upstairs at Metro, and DJ'ed lots of shows there. I was a DJ at so many clubs! You might get a taste, if you check out my website.
Hi Joi! I am Mark's niece. When I found this article and the kind words you said about hhim, I have to admit, I got teary eyed also. I know you put this on here back in 2005, however, I am hoping you will be able to read this. Even though I was a young teenager when Uncle Mark passed away, I remember him talking about his friends he made in Chicago. He truly loved what he did and I am sure he would be ecstatic that he made such an impact on peoples lives.
I realize that this is a very delayed reply to an old post, but you should know that Mark's memory lives on for so many of us. He was a bonafide rock star, loved by all. I was just speaking about his impact last night, talking about the DJs from Medusa's in the mid-80s. I miss him dearly, we all do.
Joi Ito - "Chicago Smart Bar" by Joi Ito is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.


Well… first MaXercise fitness class done!! 1 hour of pure fun fitness including cardio, all round body workout and kickboxing.
This is just the start… apparently the instructor went "easy" on me today.
I thoroughly enjoyed this evening, everyone helped me especially when I had no idea how to punch! and I don't mean a person! just a focus pad .
Two of my best friends attended the fitness class with me and we all felt the benefit of the intense exercise, although they did witness me falling flat on my face at one point- no change there girls!
I've eaten very healthy since I began this challenge on Monday, I haven't had any chocolate in 3 days and that is first for me!
The countdown is now on for the next weigh in… 3 more sleeps!!!


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Bobby Bryant (May 19, 1934 – June 10, 1998) was an American jazz trumpeter and flugelhornist.

Biography
Bryant was born in Hattiesburg, Mississippi, and played saxophone in his youth. He moved to Chicago in 1952, where he studied at the Cosmopolitan School of Music until 1957. Remaining in the city until 1960, he played with Red Saunders, Billy Williams, and other ensembles. He relocated to New York City in 1960 and then Los Angeles in 1961, where he became a fixture on the West Coast jazz scene. He led his own groups in addition to playing with Vic Damone, Charles Mingus, Oliver Nelson, Gerald Wilson, Frank Capp/Nat Pierce, and the Clayton-Hamilton Jazz Orchestra. He also worked as a studio musician and a music educator.

Perhaps his most famous solo was in the song "L.O.V.E" recorded with Nat King Cole in 1964.

Bryant had sustained health problems in the 1990s which reduced his activity to part-time.  He died in Los Angeles of a heart attack at the age of 64.

Discography

As leader
Big Band Blues (Vee-Jay, 1961 [1974])
Ain't Doing Too B-A-D, Bad (Cadet, 1967)
Earth Dance (Pacific Jazz, 1969)
The Jazz Excursion into "Hair" (Pacific Jazz, 1969)
Swahili Strut (Cadet, 1971)

As arranger
With Gene Ammons
Free Again (Prestige, 1971)
With Peggy Lee
A Natural Woman (Capitol, 1969)

As sideman
With Brass Fever
Time Is Running Out (Impulse!, 1976)
With Earth, Wind & Fire
I Am (Columbia, 1979)
With Clare Fischer
Manteca! (Pacific Jazz, 1965)
With Benny Golson
Killer Joe (Columbia, 1977)
With Eddie Harris
How Can You Live Like That? (Atlantic, 1976)
With Richard "Groove" Holmes
 Six Million Dollar Man,  (RCA/Flying Dutchman, 1975)
With Quincy Jones
 Roots (A&M, 1977)
With Stan Kenton
Kenton / Wagner (Capitol, 1964)
With B. B. King
L.A. Midnight (ABC, 1972)
With Blue Mitchell
Bantu Village (Blue Note, 1969)
With Oliver Nelson
Sound Pieces (Impulse!, 1966)
Live from Los Angeles (Impulse!, 1967)
Soulful Brass with Steve Allen (Impulse!, 1968)
Black, Brown and Beautiful (Flying Dutchman, 1969)
Skull Session (Flying Dutchman, 1975)
Stolen Moments (East Wind, 1975)
With Lalo Schifrin
More Mission: Impossible (Paramount, 1968)
Mannix (Paramount, 1968)
Gypsies (Tabu, 1978)
With Horace Silver
Silver 'n Brass (Blue Note, 1975)
With The Three Sounds
Coldwater Flat (Blue Note, 1968)
With Gerald Wilson
On Stage (Pacific Jazz, 1965)
Feelin' Kinda Blues (Pacific Jazz, 1965)
Everywhere (Pacific Jazz, 1968)
California Soul (Pacific Jazz, 1968)
With Jimmy Witherspoon
Baby, Baby, Baby (Prestige, 1963)

References

1934 births
1998 deaths
Musicians from Hattiesburg, Mississippi
American jazz trumpeters
American male trumpeters
20th-century American musicians
20th-century trumpeters
Jazz musicians from Mississippi
20th-century American male musicians
American male jazz musicians
Clayton-Hamilton Jazz Orchestra members

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Travel Buddies Tour Operator (USEZU Co.ltd) is founded and run by Mongolian family from Bayankhongor province, the south of Mongolia. We started with its flexible and affordable tours in 2006. Since its establishment, we created own standard tour itineraries and service based on our experience. Throughout the years, we have a reputation of successfully conducting our tours as planned.
Our tour itinerary, service, staff and philosophy of the company make its identity among tour operators in Mongolia. Every year we will to discover new itinerary and the place which is surrounded by original nomads and its beauty of the nature.
Besides of the tour, there is a great effort of a group of people cooperated as a team beforehand. Travel Buddies Tour Operator ever expended with its great effort of our experienced drivers, knowledgeable guides/interpreters and back of the house employees.
We are all pleased to travel with you !


text:
Q: Pass object instance through lambda invoke function in python I have multiple Lambda functions. I am calling another Lambda function from the first Lambda function using Lambda invoke in python. I have an object instance of the class which has has the dictionary data. I want to additionally pass the object instance to the other lambda functions with the json object. How can I do it?
objReferenceData = ReferenceData()
objReferenceData_dict = objReferenceData.__dict__
"This objReferenceData_dict contains all the data which have dictonary object."

## First lambda
inputForInvoker = responsejson
logger.info(inputForInvoker)
response = client.invoke(
            FunctionName = 'arn:aws:firstfun',
            InvocationType = 'RequestResponse',
            Payload = json.dumps(inputForInvoker)
                )
responsejson = json.load(response['Payload'])
return responsejson
            else:
                pass

## second lambda
inputForInvoker = responsejson
response = client.invoke(
            FunctionName = 'arn:aws:secondfun',
            InvocationType = 'RequestResponse',
            Payload = json.dumps(inputForInvoker)
                )
responsejson = json.load(response['Payload'])
else:
    pass

I want to pass the `objReferenceData_dict` with the `responsejson`. I tried to send that adding this `objReferenceData_dict` to the `responsejson` but the data is too large. The lambda handler only has a limit of 6mb.

A: You seem to understand the api for invoking another lambda synchronously, so it seems your only issue is the 6MB limit. This is a hard limit according to the documentation.
Therefore, you must choose another method for data transfer. There are, of course, many options. Two that come to mind are writing the data as an object to s3 with put_object, or sending the message to an sqs queue since you can Now Send Payloads up to 2GB with Amazon SQS.
For the former, you would invoke the second lambda with the key of the s3 object. For the latter, you would trigger the second lambda via the queue, and then handle the response with a different workflow.
In any case, if you need to invoke with more that 6MB, you cannot pass the payload directly.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
TV specials mark the 10th anniversary of 9/11
August 17, 2011 Jeff Pfeiffer Documentary, Movies, TV News & Program Updates 16
Ten years after the terrorist attacks of Sept. 11, 2001, our country remains scarred, physically and psychically, as we continue to deal with the swirling negative feelings of anger, vengeance, fear and, in some cases, prejudice, that have lasted since that fateful day. But over the past decade, other feelings have begun to rise as steadily as the memorials to the victims — feelings of patriotism, reflection, remembrance, regained confidence and hope that we can start to move forward.
All of these emotions, and probably many more, in varying degrees, will be found in abundance over the next few weeks as a number of TV shows and networks begin to commemorate the 10th anniversary of 9/11. Major anniversary programming highlights are listed below (several will be airing commercial-free; check for notations), and this list will be updated and added to as more titles, events and news coverage are announced. Date/times are subject to change; consult your TV listings to further verify programming info.
Rising: Rebuilding Ground Zero — Discovery Channel, Thursdays Aug. 25-Sept. 1, 8pm-11pm ET/PT; encore on Science Channel Sundays Aug. 28-Sept. 4, 8pm-11pm ET/PT; entire six-hour special re-airs on Science Channel all day Sept. 11, from 11am ET/PT to 5am ET/PT on Sept. 12. From executive producer Steven Spielber g (pictured touring Ground Zero) comes this story of the grit, drive and imagination of a wide array of builders, planners and dreams bonded in grief but united in purpose to rebuild and restore a sacred site, constructing the new, 104-story One World Trade Center. From the iron workers who lost brothers and friends, to the architect who envisions a new dawn for New York City, to the family members who seek closure and solace, this six-hour special assembles a cast of real people facing the highest stakes in their professional lives — meeting their construction deadline and doing honor to the 9/11 victims and their families. The series also looks at the rebirth of lower Manhattan through the eyes of the residents who survived the horrors of 9/11 to reclaim and rebuild their neighborhood. AIRS COMMERCIAL-FREE.
Remembering 9/11 Week — National Geographic Channel, Aug. 28-Sept. 3. NGC commemorates the 10th anniversary of 9/11 with a series of television premieres. (See below for info on George W. Bush: The 9/11 Interview; Inside 9/11: The War Continues; CIA Confidential: 9/11 Mastermind; and 9/11: Where Were You?) The week will also see repeats of Giuliani's 9/11 (Aug. 29, 8pm ET/PT); How It Was: Voices of 9/11 (Aug. 30, 8pm ET/PT); Witness: DC 9/11 (Aug. 30, 9pm ET/PT); Inside 9/11: War on America (Aug. 31, 8pm ET/PT); Inside 9/11: Zero Hour (Sept. 1, 8pm ET/PT); and 9/11: Science and Conspiracy (Sept. 2, 8pm ET/PT), with a number of these specials repeated throughout the week and in a marathon beginning at noon ET/PT on Sept. 11.
NGC has also launched a "Remembering 9/11" Facebook app, and invites viewers to rebuild a collective history of 9/11 by sharing personal stories through the interactive app. Users can post brief accounts of their 9/11 experiences and mark their stories with location-specific tags to be featured on an interactive map.
Inside 9/11: The War Continues — National Geographic Channel, Aug. 28, 9pm ET/PT. This update to NGC's landmark 2005 Inside 9/11 series of documentaries tells the evolving story of radical Islam's war against the West. Osama bin Laden has finally been brought to justice, but al-Qaeda is still going strong. For bin Laden, 9/11 was just the beginning. The attack was designed to spark a revolution and create a whole new generation of men willing to wage jihad against America. But 10 years later, these same men have eclipsed bin Laden on the global stage. And their call to jihad has gone viral with terror groups using the Internet to recruit and radicalize future attackers.
Inside 9/11: The War Continues examines the evolution of al-Qaeda and looks at the major terror attacks and their perpetrators, both in the US and overseas, during the decade since 9/11.
George W. Bush: The 9/11 Interview — National Geographic Channel, Aug. 28, 10pm ET/PT. In an exclusive sit-down interview with former President George W. Bush, this documentary reveals first-person insight into the man at the epicenter of the U.S. government's decisions in the face of the 9/11 attacks. Taped over the course of two days, the interview allows Bush to open up with personal experiences on the grueling hours and pressure-packed days following the attacks. Never-before-released archival footage and exclusive materials from the George W. Bush Presidential Library are also featured.
CIA Confidential: 9/11 Mastermind — National Geographic Channel, Aug. 29, 10pm ET/PT. Next to Osama bin Laden, the most-wanted terrorist associated with 9/11 was Khalid Sheik Mohammed, or KSM. He managed to elude the CIA for a decade, and even on the run, he carried out attacks on American and Western interests in Bali, Yemen and Africa. This documentary follows the dramatic story of the CIA's quest to find and capture this once-shadowy figure, piecing together fragments of intelligence from around the world, leading to a chain of intelligence that eventually resulted in his capture and imprisonment at Guantanamo Bay.
The 9/11 Decade — Al Jazeera English, Aug. 30, Sept. 6, Sept. 13, 4pm ET. This series of three one-hour documentaries looks to tell the inside story from both sides of the first great conflict of the 21st century. The films include The Intelligence War, The Image War and The Clash of Civilisations? According to Paul Eedle, Director of Programmes for Al Jazeera English, "We'll be exposing some of the myths of the decade since 9/11. The series uncovers that al-Qaeda lost the intelligence war, rather than the CIA winning it; that al-Qaeda had a remarkably efficient propaganda machine but threw it all away; and that far from a war of civilizations between the West and Muslim extremists, we now have democratic uprisings across the Arab world. Al Jazeera became part of the story, so we'll be exploring the significant role we played, which resulted in accusations being slung at us by both sides of the conflict."
Frontline: The Man Who Knew (encore) — PBS, Aug. 30, 9pm ET; replays Sept. 11, 11pm ET (check local listings). Frontline rebroadcasts this 2002 report about FBI special agent John O'Neill. As the bureau's top counterterrorism agent, O'Neill — who investigated the bombings of the U.S. embassies in Africa and the attack on the USS Cole — joined then national security counterterrorism co-coordinator Richard Clarke in believing that the United States should kill Osama bin Laden before al-Qaeda launched a devastating attack on America. Richard Clarke, then speaking in his first major interview, talks about O'Neill's battles with the FBI top brass who found O'Neill's James Bond style an anathema. Forced out of the job he loved, O'Neill took a new position in the private sector—as head of security at the World Trade Center, where he was killed on September 11. The story of O'Neill's life and death provides a rare glimpse inside the FBI and helps answer the question: What did the government know?
9/11: Where Were You? — National Geographic Channel, Aug. 30, 10pm ET/PT. This special captures the life-and-death decisions people made amid the chaos of the 9/11 attacks and their aftermath, decisions that affected not only individual lives but often the lives of others in unexpected and profound ways.
Rescue Me (final two episodes of the series) — FX, Aug. 31 and Sept. 7, 10pm ET/PT. One of the rare dramatic American television series to utilize the events of 9/11 in a major way ends its run in the next few weeks. Denis Leary recently told TV critics how he had hoped and planned for his drama about New York firefighters to end right around the 10th anniversary of 9/11. "If the show was going to remain popular enough, ending it right at the 10th anniversary of 9/11 would be the perfect world," said Leary, "because … there would be a natural feeling of summing up."
In the Aug. 31 episode, "Vows," the high spirits of Colleen's wedding quickly fade when the guys tackle the mother of all fires. The series finale episode, "Ashes," on Sept. 7, finds the members of 62 Truck struggling to pick up the pieces and look toward the future in the aftermath of the fire.
Nick News With Linda Ellerbee: "What Happened?: The Story of September 11, 2001" — Nickelodeon, Sept. 1, 9pm ET/PT. Most kids today don't have first-hand recollections of the events of Sept. 11, 2001, because they were too young, or weren't born yet. For many of them, there is confusion about what happened, and why. As the 10th anniversary of the attacks approaches, Nick News will give kids their own forum to talk about the events of that day, address some of their misconceptions and answer their questions. This episode is being complemented with an online discussion guide (which will be available here, here and here) for parents, educators and caregivers to help address 9/11 with kids, created through a partnership with Nickelodeon and the American Psychological Association. AIRS COMMERCIAL-FREE.
Day of Destruction — Decade of War — MSNBC, Sept. 1, 9pm ET; replays Sept. 9, 10 and 11. MSNBC host Rachel Maddow and NBC News Chief Foreign Correspondent Richard Engel take a broad look at the 10 years since 9/11 to explore how America responded to the attacks, and how the country has changed.
ID Investigates: 9/11 Crime Scene Investigators — Investigation Discovery, Sept. 4, 9pm ET/PT. This special profiles the NYPD's elite Crime Scene Unit and its search for evidence and survivors in the aftermath of the 9/11 attacks.
9/11: Heroes of the 88th Floor — TLC, Sept. 4, 9pm ET/PT. This powerful two-hour documentary pays tribute to two heroes, construction manager Frank De Martini and construction inspector Pablo Ortiz, both of the Port Authority, who sacrificed their lives to save over 70 people in the North Tower of the World Trade Center. The special gives chilling details from the survivors, as well as interviews with those who knew them best. Nicole De Martini was by her husband's side when Flight 11 hit the North Tower, and in the special she shares her accounts of what happened — from the moment he said, "I'll be right behind you," until the fall of the tower.
ABC News broadcasts — Week of Sept. 5. During the week of Sept. 5, all ABC News broadcasts will air special coverage to commemorate the 10th anniversary of 9/11, including World News With Diane Sawyer, Good Morning America, Nightline and 20/20.
Today — NBC, Sept. 5-9, 7am ET. Starting Sept. 5, NBC's morning show Today will incorporate 9/11 coverage and programming into its show each day throughout the week. On Sept. 9, Matt Lauer will be live from Ground Zero for a split show with Ann Curry live from Studio 1A. Matt will give viewers a tour inside the new 1 World Trade Center, formerly known as Freedom Tower, that is still under construction. The show will also take a look back at some of the children of 9/11 victims that were first met 10 years ago, to catch up with them and find out what their lives are like today.
Access Hollywood — Syndicated (check local listings), Sept. 5-9. Throughout the week, Access Hollywood will feature special celebrity interviews as stars reflect upon their experiences and memories of Sept. 11, 2001. Billy Bush sits down with Dan Rather to hear about his emotional post-9/11 interview on Late Show With David Letterman; Rob Lowe talks about traveling with a doomed flight crew on a trip before the attacks; Liza Minnelli remembers the spirit of the crowd at Shea Stadium at the first Mets game played in New York after 9/11; and more.
PBS NewsHour — PBS, Sept. 5, 6pm ET. All this week, PBS NewsHour will air a special series of stories that examine how our world has changed in the decade since 9/11. These stories air in the show's regular timeslot, and will lead up to a special one-hour presentation of America Remembers — 9/11 on Sept. 11 (see later in this post). Tonight's episode looks at how the students and teachers of P.S. 150 are reflecting on the attacks. Filmmaker Jacques Menasche had a son in first grade there and in his film The Class of 9/11 (which is excerpted here) he now revisits his son's schoolmates and teachers to discuss what they remember about 9/11 and how the experience has affected them.
When Pop Culture Saved America — BIO Channel, Sept. 5, 8pm ET. This two-hour documentary looks at the days and months following the 9/11 attacks to show how the non-news media pitched in to bring the nation together. Comedians, singers, actors, entertainers all did their part with concerts, telethons and specials to help bring the nation back to the "new normal." AIRS COMMERCIAL-FREE.
9/11: Day That C hanged the World — Smithsonian Channel, Sept. 5, 8pm ET/PT. Martin Sheen narrates this two-hour original documentary that takes an inside look at the people whose job it was to make decisions that would affect the lives and safety of the nation, and protect the United States from further attack. Exclusive interviews include Laura Bush, Dick Cheney, Donald Rumsfeld, Rudy Giuliani, chief of staff Andrew Card, Richard Clarke and others. No actors and re-creations are used; the decision makers tell their stories, with their words woven with real-time audio, recordings from flight-control centers and archival footage shot on the day itself, including footage from Air Force One.
Children of 9/11 — NBC, Sept. 5, 10pm ET. Mariska Hargitay narrates this special gives a voice to the young people directly affected by 9/11. A bitter twist of fate has indelibly linked their childhood to the worst terrorist attack of modern times. The film interweaves their stories, home movie footage creates intimate portraits of the families, both before and after the event, and interviews reveal the tough and inspiring journeys that the children have taken.
Eleven children from six families across America are followed over the course of a year, including Thea Trinidad, who at age 10 couldn't understand why her father was calling to say goodbye. Caitlin Langone, 22, was in school when a teacher told her that a plane had hit the World Trade Center. Her father, a police officer and volunteer firefighter in Queens, was caught up in the horror as he and his brother helped in the rescue. Rodney Ratchford, 21, lost his mother, an IT specialist in the U.S. Navy, when the Pentagon was attacked. Tommy Strada, 17, whose father was a partner at Cantor Fizgerald, still finds it hard to cope and identify with friends. His younger brother, Justin, was just four days old when his father died. Farquad Chowdhury was the first child born to a 9/11 victim — born two days after the attacks. His father was a waiter at Windows on the World. Halley, Madison and Anna Clare Burnett's father Tom was one of the brave people who fought the hijackers on board United Flight 93.
Children of 9/11 sheds light on the impact of 9/11 on thousands of kids, many of whom lost parents — and much of their childhood — to the attacks, and faced special pressures as they attempt to overcome the tragedy.
9/11: Stories in Fragments — Smithsonian Channel, Sept. 5, 10pm ET/PT. This film tells the stories behind the iconic objects in the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of American History's 9/11 collection. Among them are a phone used in the last calls between a husband and his wife; the nametag of a hero; a briefcase found in a pile of rubble at Ground Zero, undamaged. All were witnesses to history, and the film shows how the museum's curators chose them to represent one of the most infamous periods in our nation's history.
PBS NewsHour — PBS, Sept. 6, 6pm ET. Science correspondent Miles O'Brien reports on the effort to build the world's safest skyscraper on the site of the Twin Towers in a segment produced in collaboration with the PBS series NOVA. The segment takes an in-depth look at the science and technology behind the new 1 World Trade Center. Additionally, an architect from the University of Maryland discusses new buildings constructed with the design to make people feel safer.
I Survived … 9/11 — BIO Channel, Sept. 6, 8pm ET. BIO's original series honors the 10th anniversary of 9/11 by profiling the stories of 12 firefighters, ambulance workers, defense officials and ordinary office workers who went to work that day, unaware that their lives were about to be changed forever. AIRS COMMERCIAL-FREE.
Targeting Bin Laden — History, Sept. 6, 8pm ET. This two-hour special looks inside the dedicated effort to hunt and kill Osama bin Laden, exploring the historical ramifications for President Obama's administration, as well as looking at the role of the men and women who worked for many years over several administrations to make this possible. Historical footage, photographs and re-enactments — along with interviews including President Obama and others — help illustrate one of the most important missions in our nation's history.
Frontline: Top Secret America — PBS, Sept. 6, 9pm ET (check local listings). The Frontline team that produced "Bush's War," "The Torture Question" and "Cheney's Law" teams up with Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist Dana Priest to investigate the dark side of America's "war on terror" over the last decade and to ask how a decade of fighting terrorism has reshaped our country, and whether it has made us any safer.
CNN Presents: "Footnotes of 9/11" — CNN, Sept. 6, 11pm ET (replay Sept. 11, 8pm ET). Correspondent Drew Griffin interviews eight people who went to work on Sept. 11, 2001 and unexpectedly became part of history. Each of the eight people profiled is mentioned in The 9/11 Commission Report — their unique experiences are drawn from the 1,742 footnotes of that report and offer critical detail to the tragic events of that day. They include ticket agents who checked in some of the terrorists, a maintenance technician who answered a call from one of the planes under attack, and the Lt. Col. in the Massachusetts Air National Guard, also a United Airlines pilot, who scrambled to provide defense for New York and faced the possibility of having to shoot down a passenger plane.
PBS NewsHour — PBS, Sept. 7, 6pm ET. In a report produced by NPR and the Center for Investigative Reporting in Berkeley, NPR correspondent Daniel Zwerdling explores what happens when private businesses and ordinary citizens respond to the government's plea to report suspicious activities.
Saved (Sneak Peek) — Animal Planet, Sept. 7, 9pm ET/PT. This is a sneak peek of Animal Planet's new series about how the emotional bond between humans and animals can sometimes transcend the traditional pet-owner relationship. This episode, "The Woolverton Family/The Haskell Family," looks at how a Dalmatian named Blaze helped bring light to the family of two firefighter brothers who died responding to the World Trade Center attacks during the family's darkest days, and how a 4-year-old girl, traumatized by the chaos around her following the attacks, was brought out of her place of terror and to a place of peace by a Yorkshire terrier named Scout.
American Greed: "9/11 Fraud" — CNBC, Sept. 7, 9pm ET/PT. CNBC airs a special edition of the American Greed series, looking at the illegal lengths people will go to steal money in times of national tragedy.
NOVA: Engineering Ground Zero – PBS, Sept. 7, 9pm ET; replays Sept. 9, 9:30pm ET (check local listings). This episode tells an epic story o f engineering, innovation and the perseverance of the human spirit. With extraordinary access granted by The Port Authority of New York & New Jersey, the program follows the five-year construction of 1 World Trade Center (1 WTC) and the National September 11 Memorial & Museum, including interviews with 1 WTC architect David Childs; New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg; Michael Arad, the man behind the breakthrough concept for the 9/11 memorial; and others.
Frontline: Faith and Doubt at Ground Zero (encore) — PBS, Sept. 7, 10pm ET; Sept. 11, 5pm ET (check local listings). In this episo de originally broadcast in 2002, veteran Frontline producer Helen Whitney explores how the spiritual lives of believers — and unbelievers — have been challenged in the wake of Sept. 11. The two-hour special also examines how Americans are coping with difficult questions of good and evil, God's culpability and the potential for darkness within religion itself.
Dr. Sanjay Gupta Reports: Terror in the Dust — CNN, Sept. 7, 11pm ET (replay Sept. 10, 9pm ET). This special examines how responders who breathed in the toxic dust and noxious fumes at New York's Ground Zero are coping with the health effects of the attacks 10 years later. Dr. Gupta's investigation includes never-before-broadcast footage of the collapse of the Twin Towers, the medical consequences of the killer dust and safety recommendations for future crisis responses.
PBS NewsHour PBS, Sept. 8, 6pm ET. Correspondent Tom Bearden examines aviation security, which has evolved from X-ray scanners for carry-on bags and metal detectors, to full-body scanners, being forced to remove one's shoes, explosive trace detection and, most controversially, "enhanced pat-downs." The report examines some of these cases and how three individuals have fallen afoul of the new security systems.
9/11 Remembered — YES Network, Sept. 8, 10pm ET (replay Sept. 11, 7:30pm ET). This one-hour special looks at how New York sports, and the New York Yankees in particular, played a role in bringing the New York community together in the wake of 9/11. Among the show's highlights are new interviews with Derek Jeter, Jorge Posada, Bernie Williams, Al Leiter, Yankees president Randy Levine and WFAN SportsRadio host Mike Francesa; new interviews with members of the FDNY who responded to the World Trade Center tragedies, including Salvatore Cassano, the current Fire Commissioner of New York; a segment on Brielle Saracini, whose father Victor was a pilot of the hijacked plan that hit the WTC's south tower (Brielle wrote a letter to her favorite player, Derek Jeter, about her dad, after which Jeter and the Yankees embraced Brielle and her family to help ease their pain). Also included are interviews with current and former Yankees players and executives, and other public figures, describing their 9/11 experiences and how they saw spots help the New York region cope; reflections on how the Yankees' run through the MLB postseason that fall, and its World Series play, helped bring New Yorkers together; and a look back at the Sept. 21, 2001 game between the Atlanta Braves and New York Mets at Shea Stadium, the first MLB game played in New York after the 9/11 attacks.
Beyond Bravery: The Women of 9/11 — CNN, Sept. 8, 11pm ET (replay Sept. 11, 9pm ET). Correspondent Soledad O'Brien profiles the sometimes-overlooked female rescue workers who raced to the Twin Towers in the wake of the attack, looking at their work over the decade following their life-altering experiences. Among the stories of these heroic women is an African-American firefighter whose company lost seven of the 342 firefighters who died that day. She is pushing to recruit more women to this dangerous job, even as the number of female firefighters has dropped to less than one percent of the NYFD. O'Brien also speaks with the family of a decorated police officer and mother who was photographed rescuing survivors just moments before the collapse of the towers, and reports on the present-day health and emotional struggles of these heroines.
9/11 — Ten Years Later — ReelzChannel, Sept. 9, 4pm ET. CBS News' The Early Show anchor Jeff Glor hosts this hourlong look at how 9/11 affected the world of movies, entertainment and pop culture, and is also a retrospective on the events of that day and a look at the personal stories from those who lived through it. Included are interviews with Matt Damon, Nancy O'Dell, Kyra Sedgwick, Jane Rosenthal, Wayne Brady, Cablevision CEO Jim Dolan and MTV co-founder John Sykes about where they were, how they were affected and what they have since done to help. The special reairs throughout the weekend.
Special Report: America Then and Now — HLN, Sept. 9, 5pm ET. An in-depth look at how Americans' lives changed on 9/11, examining how we live our lives now versus then.
PBS NewsHour — PBS, Sept. 9, 6pm ET. Senior correspondent Margaret Warner reports from Egypt, the intellectual birthplace of al-Qaeda and the radical jihadi movement. Ten years after 9/11, how do Egyptians feel about the day and their role in it, and how do they feel about the United States?
NBC Nightly News — NBC, Sept. 9, 10 and 11, 6:30pm ET. On Sept. 9 and 11, Brian Williams will anchor special editions of the newscast from Ground Zero. Lester Holt will anchor from Ground Zero on Sept. 10. NBC News will also be employing social media — Twitter, Facebook and Instagram — to ask viewers where they were on 9/11, sharing stories of people when they first heard the news of the attacks. On Twitter, the NBC News team will be following the hashtag #wherewereyou, as users share memories.
9/11: The Days After — History, Sept. 9, 9pm ET/PT. This documentary from the makers of 102 Minutes That Changed America examines what happened following the tragic day that terrorists attacked America. Telling the story exclusively through archival audiovisual materials collected from more than 50 sources — footage shot by professional news media and amateurs alike — the film takes a look at what happened after the tragedy, examining the texture of life in a post-9/11 world. AIRS COMMERCIAL-FREE.
Dr. Drew — HLN, Sept. 9, 9pm ET. Dr. Drew looks at how families have rebuilt since the 9/11 terrorist attacks, sharing stories of people whose lives were directly impacted that day, including victims' families and children of 9/11 who lost parents.
Dateline — NBC, Sept. 9, 9pm ET. Dateline airs a two-hour special during which NBC News Special Correspondent Tom Brokaw, who spent over 100 hours at the anchor desk the first week after the 9/11 attacks, takes viewers back to some of the most powerful stories reported by NBC news in the days and months following the tragedy. Brokaw will also re-interview some of the people he first spoke to about the events 10 years ago
Joy Behar — HLN, Sept. 9, 10pm ET. Joy talks to celebrities and newsmakers on the effects of 9/11, including how this day is remembered and lessons learnd over the past 10 years.
Beyond 9/11: Portraits of Resilience — CNN, Sept. 9, 11pm ET (replays Sept. 10, 8pm and 11pm ET on CNN; and Sept. 11, 8:46am on HBO and 7pm on HBO2). This is a special presentation from Time in association with HBO. Captured in words and moving images, this documentary features untold stories drawing from 40 women and men who led and sacrificed for America in the hours, days and months that followed the attacks. Working with the editors of Time, award-winning photographer Marco Grob produced an astonishing set of portraits that are coupled with dramatic recollections from government leaders, survivors of the towers and first responders. In addition to being televised, the program will also be available Sept. 11 on a variety of platforms, including HBO.com, HBO GO, HBO On Demand, YouTube, the HBO Facebook page and time.com.
Nine Innings From Ground Zero — HBO, Sept. 10, 8am ET/PT. From HBO Sports, this documentary focuses on the 2001 World Series between the New York Yankees and the Arizona Diamondbacks, which took place barely a month after September 11, and played an important role in helping New York return to a sense of normalcy.
Flight 93 Memorial Dedication — Webcast via History Classroom, Sept. 10, 12:30pm ET. History will webcast the dedication of the Flight 93 Memorial from Shanksville, Penn., live on History.com/classroom. This is the dedication of Phase 1 of the permanent memorial.
On Native Soil — MSNBC, Sept. 10, 3pm ET; replays Sept. 11, 9pm ET. This documentary presents the riveting story of the 9/11 Commission hearings, capturing the content of the commission's report while exposing new details, including interviews with witnesses who testified for the commission behind closed doors. Kevin Costner and Hilary Swank narrate.
Voices From Inside the Towers — History, Sept. 10, 9pm ET/PT. This film documents the many harrowing and heartbreaking stories — some never heard before — of love and loss on 9/11. This documentary uses audio records, such as recorded phone calls from people inside the World Trade Center buildings — some of whom perished, some who survived — as they contacted family members, friends and 911 dispatchers to provide a chillingly clear mental picture. AIRS COMMERCIAL-FREE.
The Love We Make — Showtime, Sept. 10, 9pm ET/PT. Filmmaker Albert Maysles, who documented The Beatles' first trip to America in New York, chronicles former Beatle Paul McCartney's poignant and cathartic journey through the streets of New York City in the aftermath of the World Trade Center's destruction on 9/11, and his pers onal journey to help heal the city that welcomed him with open arms in 1964. The film, shot in 16mm black and white and in Maysles' signature cinema verite style, also traces the planning and performance of the monumental benefit concert at Madison Square Garden — "The Concert For New York City" — which took place less than six weeks after the attacks (and which VH1 is reairing; see below).
Portraits From Ground Zero — A&E, Sept. 10, 10pm ET/PT. Photojournalist and filmmaker Andrea Booher was one of only two photographers allowed unlimited, 24-hour access to Ground Zero in the days after the Sept. 11th attacks. This two-hour special features the subjects of Booher's harrowing photos, including a firefighter searching for the body of his lifelong friend; a teenage girl mourning her stepfather; a Franciscan friar ministering to the dead; and the future FDNY Chief of Department worrying about a potential building collapse. Booher uses the battered green notebook she carried at the World Trade Center to track down the people in nearly a dozen of her favorite pictures, and gets them to tell — for the first time — the riveting personal stories behind the photographs. AIRS COMMERCIAL-FREE.
Beyond: Messages From 9/11 — BIO Channel, Sept. 10, 10pm ET. This one-hour special features families of 9/11 victims who share stories of messages they claim to have received from beyond from their lost loved ones. AIRS COMMERCIAL-FREE.
In Memoriam: New York City, 09/11/01 (encore) — HBO, Sept. 11, 7:15am ET/PT. Originally aired in 2002, this moving film follows the Honorabl e Mayor Rudolph W. Giuliani and his senior staff from their first realization of the unbelievable tragedy, through the despair and tears they experienced, to a newfound strength that would emerge in the spirit of a new America via a personal collection of video and still photographs shot by more than 100 people in and around New York City.
9/11: America Remembers Ten Years Later — A Special Edition of Good Morning America — ABC, Sept. 11, 8am ET. Diane Sawyer and George Stephanopoulos will anchor three hours of live coverage, with co-anchor Robin Roberts live from the World Trade Center site in New York. World News weekend anchor David Muir, Katie Couric and This Week anchor Christiane Amanpour will join them to take an in-depth look at the event that has defined a generation. Coverage will also include live reports from the sites of the 9/11 attacks — 20/20 anchor Chris Cuomo reports from the WTC site, senior Foreign Affairs correspondent Martha Raddatz will be at the Pentagon and Good Morning America news anchor Josh Elliott will report from the site of the Flight 93 crash near Shanksville, Penn. In addition, ABC News Chief Investigative correspondent Brian Ross and senior Justice correspondent Pierre Thomas will address the ongoing war against terror, while Nightline anchor Cynthia McFadden files a report on the lives of the children to whom George W. Bush was speaking in Florida when he first received word of the attacks that morning. Finally, senior White House correspondent Jake Tapper will be covering President Obama's visits to each of the three sites, and ABC News will broadcast special live coverage of each visit throughout the day.
Simulcast of WNBC's coverage of 9/11 ceremonies — CNBC, Sept. 11, 8am ET. CNBC will carry, live, WNBC's coverage of the 9/11 10th anniversary ceremonies in New York City. WNBC is the NBC flagship station in New York.
America Remembers — NBC, Sept. 11, 8am ET; simulcast on MSNBC and live-streamed on msnbc.com. Sunday Today and Meet the Press will be preempted for this special NBC News broadcast covering the nation's 10th anniversary observance of the 9/11 attacks. Coverage will include the official memorial ceremonies at Ground Zero in New York, the Pentagon in Washington, D.C., and Shanksville, Penn. — the site of the United Airlines Flight 93 crash. Brian Williams anchors from Ground Zero, with David Gregory at the Pentagon and Lester Holt in New York. Tom Brokaw, who anchored the network's coverage of the tragedy 10 years ago, joins this special broadcast.
The three-hour coverage of America Remembers will span the events and critical moments during the morning of 9/11, including the exact moments when the North and South Towers of the World Trade Center and the Pentagon were first hit, the moment of the Flight 93 crash and the moments that each of the WTC Towers fell. In addition to live coverage of the memorial events, NBC will also revisit the original 2001 broadcast of the attacks and hear from some who lost family members that day.
Telemundo News Coverage — Telemundo, Sept. 11, 8am ET. Telemundo's Jose Diaz Balart broadcasts a live, five-hour show from Ground Zero, including coverage of the official memorial services.
CNN News Coverage — CNN and CNN International, Sept. 11, 8:30am ET. Anderson Cooper and Candy Crowley anchor CNN's global broadcast from Ground Zero, with Wolf Blitzer anchoring from the Pentagon, and John King from the Flight 93 National Memorial in Shanksville, Penn. Correspondent Nick Paton Walsh will contribute from Pakistan, and anchor Suzanne Malveaux and senior international correspondent Nic Robertson will contribute from Afghanistan. CNN.com will also have extended coverage, including coverage of live events throughout the day on September 11 starting at 7:30am ET, and a live stream of the first few hours of the network's coverage from 10 years earlier. CNN iReport will be connecting iReporters who have never met but who have strong connections and similar stories from 9/11.
CNN en Español News Coverage — CNN en Español, Sept. 11, 8:30am ET. Senior anchor Patricia Janiot and anchor Juan Carlos López lead coverage from Ground Zero, with regular reports by Adriana Hauser in New York and Ione Molinares from the Pentagon.
102 Minutes That Changed America (encore) — A&E/BIO Channel/History/History International, Sept. 11, 8:46am ET. Simulcast across all A&E networks at exactly the time when 10 years earlier the 9/11 attacks began, this is an encore showing of the acclaimed documentary that uses rarely seen and heard archival material to document the 102 minutes between the first attack on the World Trade Center to the collapse of the second tower. Also seen is footage broadcast outside the United States, electronic messages and voicemails, and "outtakes" culled from raw network footage. AIRS COMMERCIAL-FREE.
Moment of Silence — ESPN, Sept. 11, 8:46am ET. ESPN will observe the national moment of silence.
9/11 Moment of Silence: Ten Year Anniversary — HDNet Movies, Sept. 11, 8:46am ET. At the exact moment when 10 years earlier the 9/11 attacks began, the HDNet networks acknowledge the anniversary with a one-minute moment of silence to commemorate all who were lost.
Outside the Lines — ESPN, Sept. 11, 9am ET. Features a roundtable discussion with three of New York's professional coaches on the day of the attacks: Joe Torre (Yankees), Herm Edwards (Jets) and Bobby Valentine (Mets). This discussion will also be featured on SportsCenter at 10am ET.
Sunday NFL Countdown — ESPN, Sept. 11, 11am ET. One of the stories during Sunday NFL Countdown will be about 9/11 survivor Tim Coughlin, son of New York Giants head coach Tom Coughlin. Tim was working as a bond trader on the 60th floor of the South Tower of the WTC when the planes hit.
Telling Nicholas — HBO Signature, Sept. 11, 10:30am ET/PT. This documentary looks at 9/11 through the eyes of 7-year-old Nicholas, whose mother, Michele, worked in the World Trade Center. The film uses unique footage shot through apartment windows blocks from the WTC, as well as interviews with Nicholas and his family, as they reluctantly come to terms with Michele's death and struggle to break the news to Nicholas.
NFL 9/11 Remembrances — Various networks, Sept. 11. The first Sunday of the NFL regular season falls on the 10th anniversary of 9/11, and the games and broadcasts on this opening Sunday will remember that day and salute the resilient spirit of America. The schedule of games on this day was designed to commemorate 9/11 on a national level, including CBS's coverage of the Baltimore Ravens hosting the Pittsburgh Steelers, who are based about 80 miles from Shanksville, Penn.; the Washington Redskins hosting the New York Giants (FOX); and the Dallas Cowboys visiting the New York Jets on NBC's Sunday Night Football.
The NFL plans on uniting fans by synching the pregame salutes during the afternoon CBS and FOX telecasts, followed by a special Sunday night presentation from MetLife Stadium in East Rutherford, New Jersey, on NBC. The special pregame events that will be televised nationally will also be shown on videoboards in each of the stadiums hosting games that day.
All games in each of the broadcast windows (1pm ET, 4:15pm ET and Sunday night) will feature a special video introduction, followed by performances of "Taps" from near the sites of the 9/11 attacks, and moments of silence. For the 1pm games, "Taps" will be performed in Shanksville, while the 4:15pm games will feature a rendition from Arlington National Cemetery. The Sunday night game will feature a performance from Hoboken, New Jersey, looking across the Hudson River to Ground Zero. Coaches, players and local first responders will come together to hold field-length American flags for the playing of the national anthem prior to each game.
The Guys — HDNet Movies, Sept. 11, 1:30pm ET. After the Sept. 11 attacks, a fire captain and a journalist collaborate in writing the eulogies for a group of lost firefighters. Sigourney Weaver, Anthony LaPaglia and Irene Walsh star in this drama.
The Concert For New York City: Ten Years Later — VH1, Sept. 11, 4-10pm ET/PT; simulcast on VH1.com. VH1's original broadcast of The Concert For New York brought together some of the biggest names in entertainment from all over the world to New York's Madison Square Garden. Taped just six weeks after the terrorist attacks of 9/11, the event was organized to honor and support the victims and heroes of the tragedy, and raised more than $30 million for charities benefiting victims and their families. This special six-hour telecast re-broadcasts the concert in its entirety without commercial interruption. It is hosted by filmmaker/actor Edward Burns, who also participated in the original concert presentation. AIRS COMMERCIAL-FREE.
Baseball Tonight — ESPN2, Sept. 11, 7pm ET. Includes coverage of the pregame ceremonies from Citi Field, leading into the Sunday Night Baseball telecast of the Chicago Cubs at the New York Mets.
Slammin' Iron: Rebuilding the World — HDNet Movies, Sept. 11, 7:05pm ET. This documentary follows the lives of death-defying ironworkers as they help rebuild the World Trade Center.
9/11: 10 Years Later — CBS, Sept. 11, 8pm ET/PT. This is an update of the critically acclaimed and award-winning 2002 documentary 9/11, an unprecedented and exclusive insider's account of the World Trade Center attack, which contains the only known footage of the first plane striking the WTC, and the only footage from inside Ground Zero during the attacks. The update will also include footage from events marking the 10th anniversary, as well as new interviews with many of the firefighters who were featured in the original program. They will discuss how their lives, families and the world have changed in the 10 years since the tragedy, some for better, some ofr worse. NYFD health officials will also discuss some of the health issues that have plagued the firefighters who worked at Ground Zero. Robert De Niro, who hosted the original program, returns to host this updated special.
Dan Rather Reports: Dan Rather Remembers 9/11 — HDNet, HDNet Movies, Sept. 11, 8pm ET. A special broadcast of how much America has changed since the Sept. 11 attacks. An interactive element to the special allows viewers to submit questions to Rather. Click here for more details.
9/11: In Our Own Words — MSNBC, Sept. 11, 8pm ET. NBC News anchors and correspondents recall their personal memories of reporting live the morning of Sept. 11, 2001. Weaving together the live footage of that morning with present-day interviews, this special covers the first several hours of reporting as the terrorist attacks on America unfolded. From Matt Lauer and Tom Brokaw in the NBC News studios in New York to David Gregory with President Bush, Jim Miklaszewski at the Pentagon and Andrea Mitchell at the Washington Bureau, the team relives the developments and emotions of that day.
TCM Commemorates 9/11 — TCM, Sept. 11, 8pm ET. TCM marks the 10th anniversary of 9/11 with a special night of films chosen by two first responders, Patrick McNally and Vernon Webb.
McNally was on site at the World Trade Center when each of the towers fell, and worked exclusively at the site through the following November. McNally, whose 25th wedding anniversary was on Sept. 11, 2001, had planned a golf date with his wife, Liz, before he got the emergency call. "As Time Goes By" was the couple's wedding song, so the 1942 classic Casablanca, which features the song prominently, is a natural as one of McNally's picks tonight. It is followed by McNally's second choice, Mister Roberts. McNally admires the film because its title character (played by Henry Fonda), is a leader "who always thinks about what he has to do for his men."
Webb was at work in a nearby annex when the Pentagon was attacked. He and others served round-the-clock for the next several days investigating the crime scene. Webb, who became the first African American to hold the title of Criminal Investigator in Defensive Protective Service, chooses 1960's All the Young Men as his first movie pick tonight, because it was one of the movies from his youth that inspired him to enter the military. And because he "grew up on John Wayne movies," Webb also selects 1948's Red River, with Wayne as a ruthless rancher and Montgomery Clift as a young protege who "turns out to be a better man" by learning the value of compassion.
Making the 9/11 Memorial — History, Sept. 11, 8pm ET/PT. On the 10th anniversary of the Sept. 11 terror attacks, the 9/11 Memorial (called "Reflecting Absence") will at last be unveiled to the public. In this one-hour documentary filmed over the course of the past year, History presents a behind-the-scenes view from conception to on-site installation at Ground Zero. Key players share their creative journey, along with the challenge of translating elegant ideas into reality, as they race against the clock so that the memorial can open on 9/11/11.
Pentagon Under Fire — Military Channel, Sept. 11, 8pm ET. This special tracks the path of the plane that attacked the Pentagon on 9/11, hearing from witnesses to the moment of impact, the horrors of those trapped and stories of escape.
America Remembers — 9/11 — PBS, Sept. 11, 8pm ET ; replay Sept. 12, midnight ET (check local listings). In this 90-minute special, the PBS NewsHour team will examine the significance of the 10th anniversary of 9/11 in many different communities across the nation. Hari Sreenivasan will narrate an account of the three major memorial observances at Ground Zero in New York City, at the Pentagon near Washington, DC, and in rural Shanksville, Pennsylvania. Jeffrey Brown will speak with several contributors to a new book, Legacy Letters; all have written letters, filled with insights gained in the past 10 years, to the family members they lost when the Twin Towers collapsed in New York. Ray Suarez will explore the attitudes of American Muslims, their efforts to get beyond the deep mistrust caused by 9/11 and their perspectives on what the future looks like for them; the story will be shot in Murfreesboro, Tennessee. Judy Woodruff introduces viewers to a generation of young Americans who know only a post-9/11 world and visits a small town in California that has made extraordinary contributions, in terms of young lives lost, to the conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan. Gwen Ifill will explore a decade of war's impact on hundreds of thousands of soldiers and their families and the nation's efforts to care for them.The broadcast will also include several pieces of a "video quilt" the PBS audience has been invited to help produce, using the PBS NewsHour's social media sites.
9/11: After the Towers Fell — Military Channel, Sept. 11, 9pm ET. When the Twin Towers collapses on 9/11, thousands were feared trapped beneath the tons of steel and rubble. Rescue workers, family and friends rushed to Ground Zero to save the buried, and this program chronicles the stories of the race to rescue survivors.
Twins of the Twin Towers — OWN: Oprah Winfrey Network, Sept. 11, 9pm ET/PT. This special explores the previously untold personal stories of twins who were left twinless on September 11, 2001. On the day the Twin Towers collapsed, so too did the lives of over 40 twins worldwide. The film delves into the unique connection these brave siblings shared, and the process they've endured for dealing with their devastating loss and moving forward with their lives.
Great Performances: "A Concert For New York" — PBS, Sept. 11, 9:30pm ET; replay Sept. 12, 1:30am ET (check local listings). The New York Philharmonic, with conductor Alan Gilbert, soprano Dorothea Röschmann, mezzo-soprano Michelle DeYoung and the New York Choral Artists, performs Gustav Mahler's Symphony No. 2, "Resurrection," in a concert for remembrance and renewal on the anniversary of the Sept. 11, 2001, terror attacks.
Rebirth — Showtime, Sept. 11, 9pm ET/PT. The result of a decade-long filmmaking sojourn, the inspirational story of Rebirth follows the transformation of five people whose lives were forever altered on September 11, 2001 – and simultaneously tracks via unprecedented, multi-camera, time-lapse photography (accompanied by a great Philip Glass musical score) the minute-by-minute evolution of the memorial where the Twin Towers once rose over lower Manhattan.
According to producer/director Jim Whitaker, "Everything started with the site and putting the cameras up at the site. I just started essentially with the site, and I felt like I needed to approach it from kind of a 360‑degree angle and imagine who was affected at the site. So I had in my head an idea that I would find a firefighter, find somebody who was on the impact floor, various areas and people who would have been affected by the day in thinking about the site."
In the film, we hear the gripping personal dramas of a fireman grappling with guilt after losing his best friend; a construction worker finding solace in new buildings rising from the wreckage; the fiancee of a first responder whose upended life takes surprising turns; a survivor who escaped from an impact floor but confronts life-changing scars; and a high-school student who uncovers new directions after the mother who meant everything to him perished.
The Space Between — USA Network, Sept. 11, 9pm ET/PT (replay at 10:53pm ET). Oscar winner Melissa Leo (The Fighter) could become an Emmy winner, too, with her strong performance in this film as Montine McLeod, a lonely flight attendant who ends up as an escort to 10-year-old Pakistani-American Omar Hassan (Anthony Key van, Lost, iCarly) who is traveling as an unaccompanied minor on Montine's plane. The flight ends up grounded in Longview, Texas, on the infamous morning of Sept. 11, 2001. When Montine discovers that Omar's father works in the World Trade Center, she is forced to find a way to get the boy back home to his uncertain future in New York. As they journey across America's heartland in the hours and days immediately following the terrorist attacks, Montine and Omar help each other discover the importance of tolerance, redemption, acceptance and hope. It's a quiet, straightforward film, with great performances throughout, that touches on the emotions still impacting us 10 years after 9/11 without getting schmaltzy.
USA is airing The Space Between as part of its Characters Unite public service campaign dedicated to combating prejudice, discrimination and intolerance while promoting understanding and acceptance. The movie made the rounds at some film festivals, winning the Grand Prize for Dramatic Feature at the Heartland Film Festival and garnering a Special Mention for Leo's performance at the Tribeca Film Festival. AIRS COMMERCIAL-FREE.
Loose Change 9/11: An American Coup — HDNet Movies, Sept. 11, 9:15pm ET. This highly controversial film argues that the Sept. 11 attacks were not mere acts of terrorism but the result of an intricate U.S. government conspiracy.
20/20 — Remembrance and Renewal: 10 Years After the 9/11 Attacks — ABC, Sept. 11, 10pm ET. This special edition of 20/20 revisits some of the most moving stories of Americans who lived through the 9/11 attacks. With reporting from Diane Sawyer, Barbara Walters, Katie Couric, Chris Cuomo, Elizabeth Vargas and Bob Woodruff, ABC News returns to those whose lives were changed that day, re-examines the images that became instantly iconic and reminds Americans of the patriotic fervor that swept the country in the weeks and months that followed.
9/11: The Towers and the Pentagon — Military Channel, Sept. 11, 10pm ET. The attacks of 9/11 resulted in the total collapse of the Twin Towers, but the Pentagon withstood its attack. Forensic engineers study the structural consequences of the attacks and explain why the results were so different.
From the Ground Up — OWN: Oprah Winfrey Network, Sept. 11, 10:15pm ET/PT. From the Ground Up is the story of five widows of firefighters killed on September 11, 2001. It is their journey, taking two steps forward and one step back, through tears, depression and laughter, to triumph through tragedy. Lifting spirits, they empower their communities and honor their heroic husbands in the most fitting personal ways they can imagine.
Twin Towers — USA Network, Sept. 11, 10:21pm ET/PT. Dick Wolf (of Law & Order fame) produced this Oscar-winning short documentary about two brothers, one a policeman and the other a fireman, who lost their lives in the line of duty on Sept. 11, 2001. AIRS COMMERCIAL-FREE.
Conspiracy Files: 9/11 Ten Years On — HDNet Movies, Sept. 11, 11pm ET. An examination of the 9/11 conspiracy theories that circulate around the Internet and other sources.
Morning Express With Robin Meade — HLN, Sept. 12, 6am-noon ET. A positive and triumphant show recapping 9/11 remembrances, and showcasing local stories and i-Reports.
HLN: Your Neighborhood Remembers 9/11 — HLN, Sept. 12, 5pm ET. Throughout the week leading up to, and through the weekend of September 11, HLN will be showcasing how communities across the country have triumphed over tragedy. From small towns to big cities, HLN shares stories of reflection and resilience, including celebrity and family interviews, tributes, troop celebrations and community rallies, culminating in this special hosted by Jane Velez-Mitchell.
CSI: NY — CBS, Sept. 23, 9pm ET/PT. In the eighth season premiere, on the 10th anniversary of 9/11, Mac (Gary Sinise) and the team remember specific moments from that day that were indelibly burned into their minds.
Rebirth images: Courtesy of Showtime
Rising: Credit Shaul Schwarz/Getty Images for Discovery Communications LLC
George W. Bush: Credit Paul Morse. Courtesy of the George W. Bush Presidential Library
Heroes of the 88th Floor: Credit Darlow Smithson/TLC
Day That Changed the World: Credit Smithsonian Channel
NOVA: Courtesy of the Port Authority of NY & NJ
Frontline: Faith and Doubt at Ground Zero: © 2002 Corbis
The Love We Make: Courtesy of Showtime
In Memoriam: © HBO Credit: Doug Mills/AP
Twins of the Twin Towers: Credit OWN: Oprah Winfrey Network
The Space Between: © 2011 USA Network
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George Meredith MD says:
Think indepedent (foam) fire control systems as seen on modern steel warships. And think Gatlin Gun and Antimisslle defensive weapons systems as seen on modern warships.
The White House is so equiped. All our key targets should be so equipped.
Sooner or later we will again be attacked through the air. We need to give our key buildings defensive systems similar to those seen in modern naval vessels.
Finally, had the three tousand had parachutes and been trained in their use, many lives could have been saved.
George Meredith MD
Viriginia Beach
FBI director John O'Neill was the top victim of 911attack.
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