My point of departure will be several related articles and a review published recently in the journal Argumentation and Advocacy that focus renewed attention on the question of whether visual images can be understood as arguments. And if so, then how? Should logic, rhetoric, or aesthetics be taken as the foundation upon which images can be understood as depicting an argument? Indeed, is a conceptual approach alone sufficient, or satisfactory?
These recent position papers review many a traditional answer; the conflict between image and concept is as old as the rivalry between rhetoric and philosophy. Some of these articles advocate taking one side of this relentless antagonism against the other. For example, J. Anthony Blair (1996) and David Fleming (1996) doubt that images can be understood as arguments unless and until their (manifest and latent) content is reconstructed into propositional terms, thus repeating the familiar subordination of aesthetics, literature, and rhetoric to the perspective of logic as the proper and sole critical method in the field of argument studies.
Gretchen Barbatsis (1996) takes the opposite approach and imports critical methods from literature, aesthetics, and media criticism to show precisely how much the reduction of an image to a proposition is a misreading that fails to understand the potential for manipulation in modern mediated forms of communication. And a recent collection of articles reviewed by Lenore Langsdorf advocates 'visual literacy' and a "recognition that a visual argument is, despite appearances of spontaneity, in fact being made by an unacknowledged argument partner, for less than evident purposes, and culminating in other than obvious conclusions" (1996: 50).
In many ways, the dispute over critical methods in the analysis of images raises two additional theoretical issues. The first is whether a descriptive or a normative model is the most appropriate for understanding the image as communicative form. The second is whether 'argumentation studies' as a discursive field should welcome or resist this importation of analytical models and critical methods from disciplines other than logic. Fleming resists just these centrifugal tendencies and wonders, rhetorically, if we now are to recognize pictures as arguments, "do we risk losing something important in our conventional understanding of argument?" (1996: 11). But whose 'conventional understanding' is at stake?: his restrictive sense of 'argument fields' limits debate by accepting only those definitions of argumentation already advanced by recognized authors in the same scholarly journals that promote a limited (and primarily deductive) definition of argument. This is a legitimate, but ultimately sterile move, although in extreme cases it raises the specter of a possible incommensurability of assumptions when these move across divergent disciplines. Yet since most argument scholars accept the norm that narrowing differences of opinion should count as the operative definition of the purpose of argumentation, this should not pose a real danger (except in cases of unsuccessful argument). Finally, as David Birdsell and Leo Groarke remind us: "Most scholars who study argumentation theory are… preoccupied with methods of analyzing arguments which emphasize verbal elements and show little or no recognition of other possibilities, or even the relationship between words and other symbolic forms" (1996: 1).
This paper will sketch a response to this antagonism between descriptive and normative models by attempting a reciprocity of perspectives. This reciprocity is enthymematic; no one field can supply sufficient premises alone, and so must invite participation by another in a dialogic attempt to address whether images are arguments.
Thus, I propose to use the idea of an argumentative or dialectical reciprocity of concept and image to address the issues. I then will raise the issue of recognition as a key to unlock this door of dialectical reciprocity. Behind that door we will come face to ace, in spirit at least, with Herr Professor G. W. F. Hegel and address selective issues in the infamous Phenomenology of Spirit (1977). My secondary purpose is to move the field of argument studies away from reiterating such ad hominems (abusive) about Hegel as we find in Charles Willard (1996), for instance, and recognize the value of the Phenomenology of Spirit as a masterwork of argument that integrates rhetoric and philosophy, image and concept (Verene 1985). This paper will focus these concerns by raising the possibility, actuality, and limitations of using informal logic and deductive analysis in the interpretation of images.
Most textbook definitions of the enthymeme, and they are profuse, compare it to the syllogism and so emphasize the enthymeme's abbreviated form. Again, most theorists approach the enthymeme as a deductive, one-premise, and thus incomplete argument that invites an average audience or learned logician to supply the missing links in the chain of reasoning. The exceptions to this procedure are few yet noteworthy: Francesca Piazza (1995) claims this traditional account is itself incomplete because it ignores (or suppresses) the larger 'rhetorical situation' of antiquity. Instead of restricting our premises a priori, Piazza proposes a more encompassing, even symbolic reading of the enthymeme that recognizes the practical, persuasive, and hence the public aspects of this popular form of argumentation. The public in the ancient world was not an abstract concept (as theorists today prefer to reconstruct it), but an immediate interpersonal encounter in the agora, theatre, courtroom, legislative assembly, and even the household. The public itself was constituted symbolically through the interplay of words and images presented in just such places. The 'Athenians,' for example, would associate commonly held images and entertain commonplaces of experience by using their most familiar form of reasoning: the enthymeme was a primary vehicle that allowed the ancients to recognize who they were, as sophistic rhetoric well understood.
In contrast to the restrictive deductivist account, Piazza suggests a more complete and systematic reconstruction of enthymematic argument that recognizes at least six distinctive features of the natural logic of debate. This "wider conception," she writes, "takes into account not only the formal characteristics of enthymeme but also the contents, the aims and the conditions in which it is used" (1995: 146). Her insightful historical reconstruction deserves a wider audience.
Traditional accounts start with Aristotle's theory as presented in On Rhetoric and elsewhere, but those usually fail to recognize that even here the "enthymeme is more complex that its interpretation as an imperfect or incomplete argument" (Piazza 1995: 146). Piazza notes two striking deficiencies. First, traditional accounts fail to recognize the earlier pre-Socratic use of the word by such orators as Isocrates and Alcidamas to indicate the general public reflection that precedes an emotional decision. In sophistic rhetoric enthymema aimed "at the emotional and intellectual involvement of the audience, using suitable language" (147). When Aristotle later offers the first conceptual definition of the enthymeme in On Rhetoric, the real novelty lies in "reconstructing the rhetorical issue from a logical point of view, to the extent that rhetoric becomes the 'antistrophos' of dialectic" (147). As elsewhere in the text, Aristotle's famous opening definition of rhetoric (dialectically) blends image and concept, thus helping the reader visualize the placement of these two arts of language by borrowing an image from tragedy.
Antistrophos indicates the dramatic countermovement of the chorus across the stage, and by analogy, situates the analytic syntax of these emotional and intellectual counterparts before our eyes (Heeney 1997).
I will examine and extend her arguments only for the second aspect; this alone will offer a telling contrast with the predominantly deductive accounts of enthymeme that suppress the larger semantic field of terms Aristotle actually used, and his audience would recognize. Piazza reminds us that Aristotle says enthymemes start with premises that are either eikota or semeia, usually translated as probabilities or signs respectively. Both Greek terms operate in the larger semantic field of visual associations: classical philosophers used eikasia to denote (and often demean) the activity of perceiving mere images and reflections (Peters 1967: 51). In Plato, eikon names the visible image taken as a sign of the intelligible but invisible Forms – we must start with only probable and perceptible images to reach, in dialogue with the philosopher, the ultimate in abstract thought, the concept of Truth. Probabilities and signs function by creating an intermediary place between knowledge and ignorance, just as in ancient Greek itself the 'middle voice' was used primarily in their verbs that associate seeing and thinking – the visual aspect of experience semantically shaped the terms used to refer to thought and recognition (Prier 1989). And 'signs' are notoriously visual phenomena, in both ancient literature and common speech (Auerbach 1953).
So, 'probabilities' invoke semantic associations in popular language and natural logic that remind us of publicly held images – I suggest that 'probabilities' can call forth visual commonplaces in the mind of the audience. As a technical term among philosophers, a 'probability' now functions as a imagistic starting point for reflection. We must 'recognize' (anagnorisis in Aristotle's Poetics) that before one can theorize or make conceptual distinctions – both highly literate operations – one must be able to decode or read the written characters placed before our eyes (Heeney 1997). Thus, if enthymemes start with probabilities or signs that carry visual associations, we can say they also represent the visually-oriented thought processes typical or common among a particular group. One of the most common public spaces where an audience would likely hear enthymemes was the theatre, the ancient theatron or 'seeing-place' (Staub 1997). And in antiquity, thought is associated lexically with the power of visualization (Jay 1995). An enthymeme, in short, unifies an immediate and often dramatically sensuous image (as content) already found in the popular mind or memory with the more abstract forms of reasoning scholars will later investigate as argumentation. This 'wider conception' of the enthymeme does justice to the natural logic of actual historical, not idealized audiences.
Working backward from the use and abuse of visual images today in our media-saturated environment to the concepts that will describe them, scholars have noted how political campaign commercials, and even graphic cartoons, naturally assume enthymematic form. In practice, public 'intermediated' argument is less rational, and more highly visual and incomplete, than a cognitivist or deductivist would prefer; enthymematic interaction is often quite pictorial and so will "intermediate with words and participate in the arguments they rehearse" (Birdsell 1995: 159). Kathleen Hall Jamieson's work on political advertising is perhaps the most well known and carefully documented; the "complicitous audience" participates by supplying the suppressed premise through visual association. Indeed, "some of the classics in political advertising function enthymematically" (1992: 61).
Returning to the articles and question that inspired this investigation – 'can images be arguments' – we are now better prepared to sketch an answer. Analyzing the visual production techniques common to television, for instance, Barbatsis describes how negative political advertising in particular is self-conscious about 'sightedness': "Each [ad] uses what we see in the literal act of enhanced viewing for background evidence against which it scrutinizes how we see" (1996: 77). This deliberate (and reflexive) visual reference to the camera as conscious viewpoint is called "direct viewer address," and through this rhetorical mode of audience engagement we "can enter into a communication transaction not unlike an interpersonal face-to-face encounter" (77). Thus, the staged visuals of television can remind viewers of their actual interpersonal encounters.
The problem of recognition is best situated as part of the turn toward a practical theory of argument that encompasses the ethical aspects of social reasoning. Contemporary theorists of argument will recognize affinities with the theory of communicative rationality advanced by Jurgen Habermas. Lately, Habermas's interest in the role of argument and social praxis is linked to an engagement with his critics and contemporaries; critical theory now raises the issue of modernity, and with it, recovery of the traditional rivalry between rhetoric and philosophy (Habermas 1987).
Habermas's critique of modernity is focused on revising the classical philosophy of the subject we inherit from the Enlightenment. Specifically, Habermas joins many others and attacks the notion of an isolated, liberal individual as possessor of rights, and one who yet also maintains legal relations with others and the state. Habermas appreciates that Hegel's idea of recognition offers an important counterdiscourse against this modernist fixation on the formalist (and thus empty) philosophy of the subject. This turn toward understanding the pragmatics of actual social reasoning is also part of a growing disenchantment with formal logic as at all helpful in understanding the self; here Henry Johnstone's recent revision of his previous commitment to formal logic is indicative of this shift of critical attention (Johnstone 1983, and Heeney 1995).
A major reason the analysis of visual meaning must build upon our everyday experience, and not just isolated sentences understood as propositions, is that form and content cannot be separated if we hope to understand what we see. Formal logic presupposes precisely the opposite, and proceeds on the assumption that "form and content are unrelated and mutually independent, which is itself a metaphysical assumption" (Harris 1987: 24). The philosopher Errol Harris continues his explication of the often disguised or hidden metaphysical presuppositions of formal logic with the generally accepted observation that "validity in reasoning is what guarantees true conclusions from true premises, and that can be ensured only on the ground of some real connection in the content." Visual inference as a form of reasoning offers just such an analogical and internal connection between reality and the content of experience. Harris summarizes these thoughts: "Principles of valid inference, therefore, can hardly be independent entirely of the nature of the subject matter, unless they are to be altogether trivial and ineffectual" (24).
Visual arguments are to be understood as propositional arguments in which the propositions and their argumentative function and roles are expressed visually, for example by painting and drawings, photographs, sculpture, film or video images, cartoons, animations, or computer-designed visuals. Is it possible to express argumentation visually?
To answer this key rhetorical question, Blair suggests that all explicitly spoken or written use of language (absent counter-indications) can be taken as asserting a propositional content. The mere form of this assertoric statement, whether verbalized or written, nevertheless invokes what Blair characterizes (without argument) as the "default function" of language per se, thus implying a logical claim that can be analyzed explicitly. Everyday speech, whether it recognizes it or not, implies a logically explicable inference.
Not so with visual expression (and by implication most non-verbal communication); without a "default function" for such expressive forms of communication, this content cannot be analyzed on the earlier model of the propositional statement. Blair's argument, therefore, turns on maintaining a rigid and fairly standard distinction between expression as a form of showing, and saying as a form of asserting. This reproduces the classic dichotomy of image and word, thus containing (or ignoring) the threat and implications of expressivity (Taylor 1989). Recognition is a central concept at issue in the analysis of literature, art history, and criticism generally (Bal 1991). The issue of recognition is raised explicitly if briefly by Blair only in the case of expressive and artistic form, and ignored in the instance of assertoric implicature; this is a telling omission as we shall see.
At a crucial point in the exposition of his argument – significantly at the only point he actually reproduces any visual images in the text – Blair invokes three static but nonetheless compelling frames from a quite innovative and prominent 1996 print advertising campaign by the socially-conscious Bennetton clothing company. Since I cannot replicate the images here, I will rely on the rhetorical gesture of ecphrasis to evoke the images before the mind's eye.
In the first of three reproduced illustrations, the ad shows a closeup of three human hearts simply labeled "white," "black," and "yellow" together with an adjacent box containing the trademark phrase – "United Colors of Bennetton" (1996: 30). Blair reduces the propositional content of this 'visual argument' to the inference that humans are all alike under the skin. The second image is a closely-cropped frame depicting the head and shoulders of two nicely-adorned and stylishly-coiffured young girls, one white and one black, and the only words this time are the infamous company slogan. This suggests to Blair the visual proposition that children are innocent of adult prejudices like racism. The final ad is a tightly framed midsection image of two similarly clothed males that focuses on their hands, again one white and the other black, handcuffed together.
This last dramatic image of yoked 'prisoners' contains no words at all, but suggests to Blair that "we are locked together, white and black… and we are prisoners of our own prejudices" (30). Blair does imply, by the very choice of these commercial images, at least two additional issues left mostly unacknowledged. Considered as advertisements, especially the issue-and culturally-sensitive ones in this infamous Bennetton campaign, we should acknowledge that their target audience will be focused on the politics of esteem. This idea is lost in Blair's rather flat sense of evocative – he claims only that (presumably sensitive) viewers will identify with the images, and therefore engage in their enthymematic and supplemental reasoning.
Second, Blair's rather flat logical analysis ignores this larger rhetorical situation. This includes the historically based and culturally attuned notion of a pretext for the ads (the civil rights and current identity campaigns, for instance), as well as the somewhat ambivalent context of their appearance (Bal 1991). In other words, Blair fits the visual storytelling of these ads into the reassuring but empty (ahistorical) context of logical propositions, thus making his act of reading a mere translation from the slavish image to the masterly domain of logic.
The identical clothing suggests equality. It is possible to find in the photo a reminder of Hegel's master-slave commentary: the uniformativeness of the picture as to which man is the controller and which is the controlled (if either) reminds us of Hegel's point that the master is controlled by the relationship by which he supposedly exerts control, and the slave has a measure of control in the relationship whereby he supposedly is denied any control, and that thus freedom for either one entails freedom for the other (30).
Obviously, the average viewer's first response does not automatically recollect Hegel's celebrated depiction of the struggle for recognition in the Phenomenology of Spirit. Yet the issue of recognition is central to my argument and invoked implicitly, and sometimes explicitly and in contradictory ways, in Blair. This passing and incomplete reference is important, for other than citing contemporary argument scholars and naming several famous paintings or commercial images, Blair does not mention another philosopher.
Turning Blair's rhetorical question around ("is it possible to express argumentation visually?"), I now want to inquire – is it possible to visualize recognition? My argument depends on invoking Hegel's master-slave dialectic as the primary instance of how recognition functions in social interaction, including public argument. The problematic of recognition is found in later works by Hegel as well, but these appearances will not concern us here (see Williams 1997).
Hegel's Phenomenology of Spirit in notable, even exceptional insofar as the text combines discursive and imaginative aspects in its phenomenological understanding of the journey of consciousness. Donald Phillip Verene's remarkable analysis of the text shows how Hegel "combines the great discursive power of his thought with an equally great rhetorical power of expression." Verene rightly suggests that the book's self-proclaimed "voyage of discovery" introduces a "work of vast imaginative and rational structure, a colossus without equal in modern philosophy" (1985: ix). In brief, Hegel unites content and form within the notion of the concrete concept, meaning the actually realized form thinking must assume in any age. In our modern and mass-mediated age, this concrete form is almost devoid of actual content, yet retains the residual image or ghost of thought when mediated through the 'consciousness-industry' that substitutes entertainment for enlightenment. Hence, the question before us – can images be arguments – must now recognize the curious relation mediated modernity itself assumes.
The Phenomenology of Spirit narrates this struggle between imaginative and conceptual forms of thinking, moving from appearance to reality as if through a "picture gallery." The image (bild) offers us 'metaphorical speech' as its proper form, while the concept (Begriff) assumes the form of 'propositional speech.' Hegel desires to synthesize both within the idea of the 'speculative sentence' (Verene 1985: 3). I want to suggest, quite tentatively here, that the image as 'enthymematic speech' becomes our way of recognizing the form this unity (of descriptive and normative) assumes today.
Understanding the form recognition assumes can be raised in two ways; first in the rhetorical and imagistic development of Hegel's text itself. Next, by suggesting Hegel's usefulness for understanding the discursive implications of such contemporary normative issues as multiculturalism, feminism, and other such struggles for recognition. Disentangling Hegel's reputation from the myths and misunderstandings that encumber the reception of his work must wait for another occasion (Stewart 1996). I will only suggest that the 'pragma-dialectical' approach (given the tacit Hegelian title especially) should find Hegel particularly useful, but only insofar as the advocates themselves recognize and then distance themselves from the anti-Hegelian bias of Karl Popper, one of their primary original inspirations. Here, Hegel provides all those who want to develop a richer and deeper sense of selfhood with a critique of (metaphysical) assumptions and also with the exemplary arguments needed to confront the 'atomized subject' of traditional liberal democratic theory, or supplement the 'empty subject' of informal logic.
Hegel's ambition is as grand as his language notoriously difficult to negotiate: the Phenomenology of Spirit outlines the developmental stages through which all possible forms of consciousness will pass on the way to knowledge of the Absolute. Judith Butler aptly identifies the paradox at the center of the text: since the book is a "Bildungsroman, an optimistic narrative of adventure and edification, a pilgrimage of the spirit… it is unclear how Hegel's narrative structure argues the metaphysical case he wants to make" (1987: 17).
Neither knowledge nor that most abstract of concepts, the Absolute, are themselves realized or assumed as accomplished totalities; both function as tropes of the process of the journey of consciousness toward self-imposed goals. This journey of consciousness moves outward initially to become aware of external objects, then detours through a struggle with other persons for mutual recognition, before returning inward and back to itself as a newly won self-certainty of reason; since consciousness is now mediated socially, desire enters this primarily interpersonal scheme in the struggle for esteem (Williams 1992, Butler 1997). Hegel's exposition of the developmental stages on the journey toward certainty starts with the senses, then moves to recognize the agonistic of selfhood, and finally dialectically integrates these outward and inward moments in the question of the actuality of historical reason. Without reproducing all of Hegel's technical language and intricate argumentation, a few more comments in mostly everyday terms are warranted to help us understand the rhetorical tropes animating the first two stages of this dialectical process, anyway. Hegel's later focus on Reason's historical vissisitudes will be addressed another time.
The first and most primitive stage in the formation of consciousness is the basic desire to understand. Our desire to know simply turns outward and so relies on 'sense-certainty' to grasp what is before us at any moment. This form of knowledge naively addresses things as they actually appear to our senses. This wordless immediacy is the certainty only of a 'this' or 'that,' what Hegel calls pure particularity in the here and now. The 'subject' as agency has not yet arrived on stage – here we encounter only the deceptions of perceptual immediacy. Hegel hopes that we might conclude that all belief in the determinate or in particularity as an absolute starting point is nothing but misplaced certainty (Butler 1987). These supposedly simple and pure sense reflections are certainly only our projections of the need for our inner reality to assume an external and determinate form. Neither consciousness nor world as starting points alone can offer the certainty we desire.
In his exposition of traditional empirical knowledge claims, Hegel believes he has refuted the idea that we can have knowledge at all, or all at once, without the universality of language-mediated concepts. Thus, the claims for sense-certainty or direct empirical knowledge, taken at face value, refute themselves because we really cannot know pure particularity – even sense experience must employ a conceptual scheme.
In this first stage, and progressively throughout the text, it is fair to say that the Phenomenology of Spirit proceeds enthymematically. It is only through a reader's encounter with the text, and then his or her incorporation of its phenomenology of the reflexivity of consciousness, that the 'meaning' Hegel wants to communicate can enact itself. As an incomplete inference, the enthymeme is a trope of this communicative movement of consciousness that requires we recognize another before we can realize ourself. We are asked to identify with each successive stage in the journey, only to learn that our belief in its reality was misplaced because each episode was partial, incomplete, and implies another: this subversion of misplaced identification allows us to recognize that each scene is itself only a false premise or probable starting point (Butler 1987). Each stage, in other words, is enthymematic, inviting audience (readerly) involvement in the movement of consciousness. Each successive premise is only an eikon or semeia, a probable and partial image or sign along the way to be travelled. Each stage of the journey is only a likely resting point and so infers another as eventual replacement.
The second stage in the journey of consciousness addresses the conditions that make 'self-certainty' possible. After we recognize that our language-schemes create some coherence out of otherwise unmediated sense-data, we can then face another, even more symbolically mediated form of recognition. In several metaphorically-charged passages, Hegel suggests that we come to know ourselves (instead of the particularity of sense-experience), only in and through a struggle for recognition by another person. Hegel introduces the celebrated 'master-slave dialectic' as a rhetorical figure of thought and dramatic scheme of the agon of understanding itself.
This struggle for mutual recognition is conducted as if it were a life and death battle. What is won is another's esteem – and thereby a potential mastery of self-identity – yet only when we also recognize that we have lost the ability to know ourselves without mediation through interpersonal struggle. These general assumptions are perhaps more familiar today in the (Hegelian) resources provided by George Herbert Mead's symbolic interactionism, or in the dialectical thought animating the work of Mikhail Bakhtin.
'Master' and 'slave,' however, must be understood as figurative descriptions of the unstable and negotiated 'subject' positions in any dialectical process. In the battle for esteem, the master appears victorious by having won the recognition of another, just as the loser appears slave of another's will. Yet Hegel's famous rhetorical figure of master and slave tropes these roles, turning defeat into partial independence, and victory into unwitting dependence. Whereas esteem and consumption are indeed prerogatives of one who has (temporarily) mastered the struggle for recognition, and just as negotiable tokens often register this same achievement, so to must we recognize this victory as entirely symbolic, hence unstable. The 'master' is actually dependent upon another's recognition, and this interpersonal relation is being renegotiated continually. The symbolic 'slave,' however, performs the 'labor of the negative' that figures in all such dialectical thought. For in addition to acknowledging another, the 'slave' transforms the material world through labor. As Marx would later trope Hegel's figure of thought, this actually gives ideas real shape and meaningful existence, and this act informs not just nature, but transforms oneself as well in the same process. This makes the symbolic 'slave,' ironically speaking, more aware of how consciousness really works because one is now able not just to give or receive another's esteem (a symbolic gesture), but actually transform themselves through this interpersonal process.
The dialectical movement of Hegel's text dramatizes just this endlessly figurative aspect of the interplay of substance and subject. Hegel's agon of recognition also implies that we can never master desire any more than we can stop the flow of experience or ignore the encounter with difference. Knowledge is this movement that requires others as the reflexive moment when we discover another consciousness, and so must recognize ourselves differently.
The subject is this recognition of the necessity of mediation. Hence, as Judith Butler (1987) emphasizes, we also must recognize the residually unformalizable aspect of this interplay of grammer and thought – the 'subject' is dramatized dialexically by holding substance in suspension precisely in order to be known. The moment we claim a positive extralinguistic reality for the 'subject,' it either becomes our 'idol' or else refutes itself.
This long excursus through Hegelian metaphors might yet help us visualize the struggle for recognition that images can evoke, at least tacitly. The image as enthymematic reasoning is addressed to a spectator, and enlists the memories commonplace in the public sphere. This reminder or rediscovery of the original 'rhetorical situation' of the enthymeme can serve as a prototype of how any public uses (and abuses) words and images to constitute itself, and then recognize variations on this theme of identity.
The modern media spectacle offers the theorist an occasion to speculate on the possibility and actuality of visual arguments. This prospect is both comic and tragic, as Hegel recognized. The symbolic form of visually 'intermediated' public argument is enthymematic.
Charles Taylor engages these Hegelian tropes in a thoughtful analysis of the contemporary social debates about the politics of recognition. This current climate of opinion also struggles to reunite the normative and discursive aspects of thought. Taylor argues for two senses of recognition animating our (North-Atlantic) debates about gender, race, and social identity. These debates are (literally) paraded before our eyes in a media spectacle that contests memories, demands recognition of incomplete acceptance in the past, and so visually thematizes the possibility and actuality of public reasoning.
Taylor traces the historical and philosophical development of the concept of recognition, and then distinguishes between (1) a "politics of equal dignity" and (2) a "politics of difference" (1992: 38) The first, the political struggle for the recognition of equal dignity as a person, has been won insofar as states have enacted civil rights laws and courts have recognized entailments that regulate and protect our civil interactions with one another. The second, the currently politicized struggle for the recognition of different socially constituted identities, is ongoing. More symbolically yet, these struggles are in conflict over the principle of what constitutes recognition. Taylor traces the co-evolution of two, potentially conflicting principles of recognition; the first employs a universality, the second a particularized version. Most political theorists define the test of the first, universalist version of equal respect as a difference-blind treatment of individual cases. This recognizes (and blends) the Kantian ethical principle of universalizability with the respect for individually realized human potential we inherit from Herder in particular (Taylor 1989), and the Romantics in general (Klemm 1997). The politics of difference, in contrast, only recognizes the claims for equal dignity of different groups and demands the right to be different be recognized by all. Visualizing recognition reminds us of the need to include actual public images in any analysis of arguments. Otherwise, we talk only amongst ourselves.
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Since artificial sweeteners are usually calorie-free as they give a concentrated amount of sweetness and are not easily absorbed by the body, they can be used to sweeten any food or drink without having to worry that they can affect the levels of blood glucose. Therefore, artificial sweeteners are useful in any diabetes management plan.
Acesulfame potassium, neotame, aspartame, stevia, saccharin, and sucralose are six sugar substitutes approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Sucralose, aspartame, and saccharin are widely used while, stevia, the latest on the market, is becoming popular fast.
Let us go through the more popular sweeteners and get to know them better.
It is the first artificial sweetener available, introduced in 1879 and was sold at that time with Sweet'N Low as its brand name. It has between 200 and 700 times the sweetness of sugar. Many diet foods and diet colas use saccharin as a sweetener. For the sweetening of individual diabetic meals, saccharin is available in packets while bulk purchases for cooking can also be made.
Safety: A warning was put on the packaging of saccharin after a study in 1970 found that the growth of bladder tumor in rats was linked to saccharin. However, it is now established by the FDA and the National Cancer Institute that there is no connection between saccharin and human bladder cancer. Therefore, it can be considered to be a sugar substitute which is safe for type 1 as well as type 2 diabetes to use in their foods. Nevertheless, experts still believe that women who are pregnant should avoid saccharin.
Using brand names such as Equal and NutraSweet, aspartame has between 180 and 200 times the sweetness of sugar. It is available in bulk and packet. However, due to the fact that heat can lessen its sweetness, it is less often used in cooking.
Safety: There have been a number of non-factual reports linking aspartame to cancer, depression and headaches but studies have never found health problems posed by this sweetener. The safe use of aspartame has the backing of the FDA, American Diabetes Association and the American Medical Association. It has been found to be safely used by all the three kinds of diabetes. Nevertheless, aspartame ought to be avoided by people with phenylketonuria (PKU) which is a medical disorder.
Sucralose has 600 times the sweetness of sugar and is available with the brand name of Splenda. Due to the fact that it can substitute sugar directly in baking recipes, it has become useful.
Safety: There are not many studies made on the safety of sucralose as it is comparatively new. However, it is accepted for use for any of the three kinds of diabetes by the FDA and the American Diabetes Association.
This sweetener, available under the brand names of Sunett and Sweet One, has 200 times the sweetness of sugar, is used in the manufacture of lots of packaged foods, and is used in baking.
Safety: Acesulfame has been confirmed safe by almost a hundred studies.
This sweetener, which has 8,000 times the sweetness of sugar, originates from aspartame. In the U.S. it is still not widely used since it is a newly approved artificial sweetener.
Safety: Although it has its origin in aspartame, it is for people with phenylketonuria due to a chemical change.
This natural sweetener from the stevia plant, which has 250 to 300 times the sweetness of sugar, is available as Stevia in the Raw, SweetLeaf, PureVia and Truvia.
Safety: Until 2008, stevia was banned by the FDA as it was linked to problems of reproduction among lab animals. At present, rebaudioside A, which is purified from the stevia leaf, has been approved by the FDA for use in the manufacturing of American foods. It is also said that rebaudioside A leaves hardly any aftertaste.
Sugar alcohols are allowed to be used as sweeteners for "€œno-sugar added" or sugar-free foods. Although The FDA has approved it as a food product sweetener for diabetics, it advises that there should only be moderate consumption of sugar alcohols. Compared with sugar, sugar alcohols have fewer calories and not so much effect on levels of blood glucose.
Natural sweeteners, like honey and agave nectar, have just as many calories as sugar. However, they are considered safe if diabetics take them in moderation.
Using flavored seltzer water instead of diet sodas.
Using sweet substitutes from nature, like blueberries rather than brown sugar with your oatmeal at breakfast.
Reading the labels on food products to avoid eating sugar substitutes or choose the products with the lowest sugar content.
You ought to know about every sweetener so that you can choose those most suitable for your lifestyle and taste, if you are consuming diabetic meals.


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Q: Connect to Remote Desktop using a different network interface My computer has two NICs, each one connects to a different network. The primary one is the gateway 192.168.1.1 that receives one internet connection. The second one is a WiFi Adapter that is connected to ANOTHER network, and that Wireless Connection has a Windows Server 2019 connected to it. The gateway is 192.168.31.254.
When i need to connect to Windows Server 2019 i have to DEACTIVATE the Ethernet adapter and leave only the WiFi on... Then i am able to connect to the server. But then if both of them are enabled when i connect via Remote Desktop Connection it uses the Ethernet adapter as default and i get the error message:
Error code: 0x516
Extended error code: 0x0
Activity Id: ID {9ed47227-be64-436e-ac2f-d85f30fe0000}

How can i connect to my server using the gateway wireless instead of using the ethernet gateway? I would like to access without needing to deactivate the Ethernet Adapter every time.
Its very annoying... Can someone help me?
Edit - Output of route print
Tabela de rotas IPv4
===========================================================================
Rotas ativas:
Endereço de rede          Máscara   Ender. gateway       Interface   Custo
          0.0.0.0          0.0.0.0         25.0.0.1    192.168.137.1   9256
          0.0.0.0          0.0.0.0   192.168.31.254    192.168.31.86     50
          0.0.0.0          0.0.0.0      192.168.1.1    192.168.1.100     25
        127.0.0.0        255.0.0.0      No vínculo         127.0.0.1    331
        127.0.0.1  255.255.255.255      No vínculo         127.0.0.1    331
  127.255.255.255  255.255.255.255      No vínculo         127.0.0.1    331
      192.168.1.0    255.255.255.0      No vínculo     192.168.1.100    281
    192.168.1.100  255.255.255.255      No vínculo     192.168.1.100    281
    192.168.1.255  255.255.255.255      No vínculo     192.168.1.100    281
     192.168.31.0    255.255.255.0      No vínculo     192.168.31.86    306
    192.168.31.86  255.255.255.255      No vínculo     192.168.31.86    306
   192.168.31.255  255.255.255.255      No vínculo     192.168.31.86    306
    192.168.137.0    255.255.255.0      No vínculo     192.168.137.1   9256
    192.168.137.1  255.255.255.255      No vínculo     192.168.137.1   9256
  192.168.137.255  255.255.255.255      No vínculo     192.168.137.1   9256
        224.0.0.0        240.0.0.0      No vínculo         127.0.0.1    331
        224.0.0.0        240.0.0.0      No vínculo     192.168.137.1   9256
        224.0.0.0        240.0.0.0      No vínculo     192.168.31.86    306
        224.0.0.0        240.0.0.0      No vínculo     192.168.1.100    281
  255.255.255.255  255.255.255.255      No vínculo         127.0.0.1    331
  255.255.255.255  255.255.255.255      No vínculo     192.168.137.1   9256
  255.255.255.255  255.255.255.255      No vínculo     192.168.31.86    306
  255.255.255.255  255.255.255.255      No vínculo     192.168.1.100    281
===========================================================================

A: From the command line, if you type
mstsc /?

it will list a whole bunch of options.  mstsc is the command line name for remote desktop (Microsoft Terminal Server Client).  The ones you are interested in are /v and /g.  So if you wish to connect to soci it would be
mstsc /v:soci /g:192.168.31.254

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
UK weather: Five more days of snow as thousands still left without power
Almost 5,000 homes were still without power on Saturday night (Picture: Getty)
Snow, wind and rain is set to batter the UK as thousands of people face another weekend without power after deadly Storm Arwen.
Almost 5,000 homes across northern England and Scotland are still without supply in what MPs have branded a 'national scandal'
On Saturday, Boris Johnson said he held calls with those leading the response to the storm after he was accused of ignoring the 'freezing and forgotten' north.
In a tweet, the prime minister said the government is ready to further support the recovery work 'in any way we can'.
But there are fears another bout of bad weather will make that job more difficult, particularly in remote areas.
As work continues to restore power, forecasters predict temperatures will plummet to below 0C while snow could fall for the next five days and rain will hammer many parts of the UK.
A yellow warning for snow covering Scotland was in place on Saturday night while a yellow rain waning covering northern England was extended until Sunday.
Snow blanketed parts of the UK after Storm Arwen (Picture: AFP)
More snow is set to fall in the coming days (Picture: Getty)
The Met Office expects to see 'unsettled' weather, with snow in the Cairngorms and Northern Pennines overnight before turning drier and less windy tomorrow.
But the temporary relief will end on Monday when a band of rain and snow is expected, along with more wind, in the second half of the day.
From Tuesday, the UK is set to see continued wind, rain, and snow – with a likelihood of more strong winds, although not as strong as Arwen, into Wednesday.
Simon Partridge, a meteorologist at the Met Office, said: 'In terms of the process of reconnecting power supplies and getting to remote areas, it's not helpful – probably tomorrow being the best day and probably the first half of Tuesday as well, some decent conditions.
'Other than that, a fair bit of rain, some hill snow, and some reasonably strong winds – certainly aiding to slow down the process of reconnecting supplies and getting to the more remote locations to clear trees and so forth.
'It's certainly not ideal, and the higher locations certainly will be seeing some more snow in the coming days.'
The response to Storm Arwen has been branded 'appalling' (Picture: SOPA Images)
More bad weather could make the process of restoring power even more challenging, meteorologists warn (Picture: AFP)
The long power delays have prompted energy regulator Ofgem to warn it will take enforcement action against network companies which failed to restore power to customers quickly enough following the storm.
It has also agreed with firms to lift the £700 cap on compensation which could be given to customers.
The change will allow those affected to claim £70 for each 12-hour period they are left without power, after an initial £70 for the first 48 hours.
Chief executive Jonathan Brearley told the BBC Radio 4 programme: 'We are deeply concerned about customers who for over a week have been without power.
'We want to establish the facts and make sure we understand what has happened, whether the network companies have met their obligations. If they haven't, we will take enforcement action.
'We have clear expectations of how fast they should get people back on the system.
'We do recognise the challenging circumstances those companies are in. But what we expect from the network companies is to be relentless in connecting people, but also to be putting support in place.'
The Ministry of Defence said 297 personnel from the British Army and Royal Marines are supporting civil authorities and are conducting door-to-door checks on vulnerable people in their homes and providing reassurance to local communities.
It comes after heavy criticism from opposition MPs over the response to Storm Arwen, which left three people dead and inflicted some of the worst weather damage on communities in a generation.
Winds of 100mph caused electricity poles to snap and brought down wires across large swathes of the country. The Wye Valley, the Lake District, Aberdeenshire and Perthshire were among some of the worst-hit areas.
Storm Arwen caused some of the worst destruction in a generation (Picture: SWNS)
Three people died in the storm (Picture: PA)
Ed Miliband, the shadow secretary for climate change, called for an urgent investigation 'to understand what went wrong and to ensure that our power systems are never again this vulnerable to extreme weather event'.
He told the Guardian: 'It is completely outrageous that thousands of people have been without power for over a week. People are being left in the most appalling circumstances but there has been an absence of government leadership.
'Communities in the north with their power cut off are being treated like second-class citizens.'
Meanwhile Mary Foy, Labour MP for Durham City, said the response was a 'national scandal' which shone a spotlight on 'the lack of preparedness'.
She said: 'If this had happened in the home counties, the government would have sprung into action and the prime minister would have got on his wellies and visited immediately. People have been freezing in their homes and it has put people at risk. My constituents feel they have been forgotten and betrayed.'
Get in touch with our news team by emailing us at webnews@metro.co.uk.
For more stories like this, check our news page.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Baykeeper Press Releases
Waterkeepers Support Obama's Appointment of Sutley to Key Environment Post
Nancy Sutley's experience in California, a lead state on environmental issues like climate change, makes her an ideal choice for the post.
(Dec 11, 2008) California environmental leaders learned Wednesday that one of their own, Nancy Sutley, could be tapped to lead the White House Council on Environmental Quality. Sutley currently serves as the deputy mayor for energy and environment in Los Angeles and previously served on the California State Water Resources Control Board, which is responsible for managing California's water...
Stopping Sewage Spills in the San Mateo Peninsula
Baykeeper Secures Agreement from Burlingame to Improve Sewage System, Files Two New Sewage Lawsuits Against Hillsborough and the Burlingame Hills Area
(Aug 20, 2008) Frequent sewage spills in Burlingame will soon be reduced through a new agreement with San Francisco Baykeeper to make substantial improvements to sewage operations. The pollution watchdog group sued the City for Clean Water Act violations in February after investigations revealed that Burlingame spills thousands of gallons of raw sewage from its sewer lines every year and uses an...
9th Circuit Upholds Case Requiring U.S. EPA to Regulate Invasive Species Pollution
EPA must now regulate ship ballast discharges under the Clean Water Act
(Jul 23, 2008) Dealing a setback to the shipping industry, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals ruled in favor of environmental organizations seeking to force the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to regulate ship discharges under the Clean Water Act. The decision follows a 2005 lower court ruling that EPA had illegally exempted ship discharges from Clean Water Act requirements. That...
Baykeeper to Address More Illegal Sewage Spills in the San Mateo Peninsula
The pollution watchdog group also co-sponsors bill to reduce sewage spills
(Jun 5, 2008) San Francisco Baykeeper just announced its intent to enforce the Clean Water Act against the Town of Hillsborough and the Burlingame Hills area of San Mateo County for sewage spills. A recently completed investigation of the Hillsborough and Burlingame Hills sewer systems revealed that these poorly maintained and operated systems suffer from high rates of spills to nearby creeks and...
California Coastkeeper Alliance and Baykeeper Call for Improvements In Oil Spill Preparedness and Response
Organizations Respond to Release of Phase II U.S. Coast Guard Review of Cosco Busan Oil Spill
(May 16, 2008) The California Coastkeeper Alliance (CCKA), a coalition of 12 Waterkeeper groups spanning the coast from the Oregon border to San Diego, and San Francisco Baykeeper today called on the U.S. Coast Guard and the State of California's Office of Spill Prevention and Response to work with the public and lawmakers to improve oil spill preparedness and response in the San Francisco Bay...
Judge Tosses Biological Opinion for Salmon and Steelhead in California
Groups say delta water project operations must protect water supply for fish and people
(Apr 16, 2008) A federal judge has invalidated a water plan that would have allowed more pumping from the San Francisco Bay Delta at the expense of five species of protected salmon and steelhead trout. Fishing and conservation groups and a California tribe called the ruling a victory for the millions of Californians who depend on the delta for drinking water, fishing jobs and agriculture. The...
Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Case Has Implications for Cleanup in San Francisco Bay
(Feb 27, 2008) Today the U.S. Supreme Court will hear oral arguments on the case surrounding the Exxon Valdez oil spill. In 1987, the tanker Exxon Valdez spilled tens of millions of gallons of Alaskan crude oil into Prince William Sound. The Court will hear arguments from Exxon about why it should not have to pay the $5 billion liability award imposed by an Anchorage jury in 1994. The High Court'...
Flawed Regulations Allow Polluted Runoff from Dairies
Groups assert that polluting dairies must be regulated under the federal clean water act
(Feb 15, 2008) Environmental groups today challenged the Central Valley Regional Water Quality Board's flawed regulation of dairy operations in the Central Valley. The Regional Board recently issued permits that do not adequately protect the Valley's waterways from pollution caused by large dairy operations and do not comply with the federal Clean Water Act. "Dairies in the Central Valley are a...
San Francisco Baykeeper is Sick of Sewage
New Initiative Aims to Stop Sewage Spills
(Feb 11, 2008) After over a decade of efforts to stop sewage spills in the Bay Area, today Baykeeper launched its Sick of Sewage Initiative to rein in the Bay's sewage spill problem. The initiative will involve: launching a number of investigations of sewage agencies with a history of sewage spills filing lawsuits to compel system-wide improvements conducting a public education campaign for how...
Call for Improvements In Oil Spill Preparedness and Response
Organizations Respond to Release of Phase I U.S. Coast Guard Review of Cosco Busan Oil Spill
(Jan 28, 2008) The California Coastkeeper Alliance (CCKA), a coalition of 12 Waterkeeper groups spanning the coast from the Oregon border to San Diego, and San Francisco Baykeeper today called on the U.S. Coast Guard and the State of California's Office of Spill Prevention and Response to work with the public and lawmakers to improve oil spill preparedness and response in the San Francisco Bay...


text:
Home / Legal News / Senate passes bill to restore pay parity for public defenders
Senate passes bill to restore pay parity for public defenders
The Wisconsin Senate has passed a bill to restore raises for state public defenders.
Senate Bill 62 allows the Public Defender Board to provide merit-based pay raises under the assistant state public defender pay-progression plan in fiscal year 2021-22.
The state Senate unanimously passed the measure during its floor session on Tuesday. Before taking a vote, Sen. Chris Larson, D-Milwaukee, noted that the public defenders have been waiting years for their pay to be on par with state prosecutors.
"It's a problem if people don't have access to adequate public defense," Larson said. "I would hope that these things have parity and go up at the same rate in the future."
The pay discrepancy between state public defenders and prosecutors started with the state's 2019-21 budget. Lawmakers passed a budget that provided merit-based pay progression to prosecutors, but not public defenders.
The 2021 bill has the same goals as a piece of legislation that unanimously passed the state Assembly last year, but the pandemic prevented the Senate from holding a vote on the amended measure.
Earlier in the day, the Assembly Committee on Judiciary held a public hearing for the bill's assembly counterpart. Rep. Amy Loudenbeck, R-Clinton, said the 2021 bill doesn't ask for any additional funding for the raises because the State Public Defender's Office is able to cover the pay increases for the remaining months until the 2021-22 budget would go into effect.
The SPD is able to cover the cost because 78 employees left the public defender's office since March.
"We are able to self-fund this session's version of the bill due to the increased staff turnover, as well as the temporary impact of the pandemic on the number of cases," said Kelli Thompson, state public defender. "Using these savings now, we have the opportunity to fix this disparity without appropriating new funds."
Thompson said restoring pay parity is critical to ensuring the office doesn't lose any more public defenders. The bill would also set a level playing field for the two offices going into the new 2021-23 budget.
"Traditionally, those pay progression levels have been moving at the same steps, whether you're a prosecutor or a public defender," Loudenbeck said.
Rep. Ron Tusler, the judiciary committee chair, said he hopes to hold a vote on the Assembly bill next week.
Follow @"WLJreporter"
Kelli Thompson SPD 12:12 pm Tue, February 16, 2021 Wisconsin Law Journal - WI Legal News & Resources
Michaela Paukner, [email protected]
About Michaela Paukner, [email protected]
Michaela Paukner is the legal reporter for the Wisconsin Law Journal. She can be reached at (414) 225-1825 or by email at [email protected]
Pandemic pushes public defender system to the brink
First female state public defender leads staff of 620
Evers signs bill to restore raises for state public defenders


text:
The EPA recommends using these home-cleaning products on surfaces to protect against the new coronavirus
Mara Leighton
Target/Insider
The CDC recommends the following products to effectively sanitize surfaces against COVID-19. You can find the full list of products here; the options below are those we could readily find online.
Many of the products are sold out, but manufacturers are working to restock. We'll update this article with in-stock purchase options as we find them available, but in case we aren't able to adjust immediately, we're leaving all options listed.
If you can't find a product on this list in stock, the EPA recommends looking at other product labels to confirm it has an EPA registration number and that human coronavirus is listed as a target pathogen.
We strongly recommend only buying what you need. Hoarding can lead to product shortages, price mark-ups, and prevents fair access to the essentials for everyone. It's ultimately more harmful than helpful, according to experts.
Read more: Find all Insider Reviews coverage regarding the novel coronavirus here.
Editor's note: Many items on this list are currently out of stock, but we've kept the links in just in case they become available again. We'll continue to update this article with accurate pricing information as often as possible.
To protect yourself effectively against the novel coronavirus, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends washing your hands often for at least 20 seconds each time, avoiding close contact with people who are sick or if you yourself are sick, practicing social distancing, and disinfecting frequently touched surfaces daily.
Below, you'll find a list of the EPA-registered cleaning products that are recommended by the CDC for cleaning surfaces and "expected to be effective against COVID-19 based on data for harder-to-kill viruses."
Many of the products are sold out online, but manufacturers are working to restock, and we'll be updating this article with purchase options as we find the products available online. In case we aren't able to update immediately, we're leaving all the options listed for reference. If you can't find a product on this list in stock, the EPA recommends looking at other product labels to confirm it has an EPA registration number and that human coronavirus is listed as a target pathogen.
For other resources, find the best hand sanitizers here, the best hand soaps here, where to buy toilet paper during coronavirus-related shortages here, and the best grocery delivery services here.
To use the following products, follow the manufacturer's instructions for all cleaning and disinfection products closely. Some come ready to use immediately, and others will need to be diluted. For most if not all, you'll want to make sure your cleaning space is well-ventilated.
You can find more information on how to properly clean and sanitize your home per the CDC during concerns over COVID-19 here. According to the CDC, for disinfection of surfaces, "diluted household bleach solutions, alcohol solutions with at least 70% alcohol, and most common EPA-registered household disinfectants should be effective." If you're looking for products to clean soft (porous) surfaces such as carpets, rugs, and drapes, you can find CDC guidelines here and recommended products here.
We strongly recommend that you only buy what you need. Stockpiling supplies, like toilet paper, beyond reason makes it difficult for everyone to get fair access to the essentials they need. Which, when it comes to sanitizing supplies, can make a pandemic more dangerous for everyone, including for yourself, your neighbors, and vital healthcare workers who have been forced to ration the same supplies. You can read more about why two experts say stockpiling products is more harmful than helpful here. And while hoarding and product shortages have resulted in price markups, manufacturers have said they'll work to address production shortages, so we expect to see more availability and normal prices. If you can wait before grabbing surplus supplies, you should strongly consider doing so.
If you're looking for ways to share resources during COVID-19, you may want to consider donating to local food banks, buying gift cards to local restaurants to help them pay fixed costs, applying to volunteer with a local Telephone Reassurance program to alleviate isolation for the elderly, and donating directly to people you know who are out of work. For more ways you can help, here's a list of 6 places you can donate or volunteer right now.
Clorox Disinfecting Bleach
This can be used on laundry and on surfaces, and it's recommended for everyday cleaning and seasonal cleaning. According to the company, it kills 99.9% of common germs, including Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella enterica, Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Influenza A virus.
Target (121-oz), $7.59
Quill (43-oz), $6.59
Walmart (121-oz), $4.23 (currently unavailable)
Clorox Germicidal Bleach
Clorox's Germicidal Bleach is a concentrated disinfectant that kills a broad spectrum of microorganisms (including Salmonella enterica, and Influenza A, Tuberculosis, C. Difficile, and more) and is recommended for controlling mold and mildew in bathrooms and germ-prone areas. It can be used on a variety of surfaces, including counters, floors, and appliance exteriors.
Lowes (81-oz), $4.88
Quill (121-oz), $20.99
The Home Depot (121-oz), $6.07 (currently unavailable)
Clorox Commercial Solutions® Clorox® Clean-Up Disinfectant Cleaner with Bleach
Clorox Clean-Up Disinfectant Cleaner removes stains and disinfects to kill 99.9% of viruses and bacteria.
Staples (32-oz), $4.99
Clorox Clean Up Cleaner + Bleach
A powerful multi-surface cleaner that kills 99.9% of bacteria and viruses.
Walmart (32-oz), $9.95
Target (32-oz), $3.89
The Home Depot (128-oz), $10.58 (may be available for in-store purchase)
The Home Depot (32-oz), $3.87
Clorox Toilet Bowl Cleaner with Bleach
Clorox Toilet Bowl Cleaner with Bleach disinfects by killing 99.9% of germs, dissolves stains, and removes dirt and grime.
Target (24-oz, 2-pack), $3.69
Quill (24-oz, Fresh Scent), $2.89
Walmart (24-oz, 2-pack), $1.99 (may be available for in-store purchase)
Amazon (24-oz, 2-pack), $22.41 (currently unavailable)
Clorox Disinfecting Bathroom Cleaner
The Clorox Disinfecting Bathroom Cleaner cleans, disinfects, and kills 99.9% of viruses and bacteria.
Walmart (30-oz), $3.18 (may be available for in-store purchase)
Staples (30-oz), $5.49 (currently unavailable)
Sani-Prime Germicidal Spray
Sani-Prime's Germicidal products are bactericidal, fungicidal, virucidal, and tuberculocidal disinfectant. According to PDI Healthcare, it eliminates over 50 microorganisms, including 17 multi-drug resistant organisms (MDROs) like MRSA, CRE, and VRE.
GOHCL, $15.29
Lysol Cling & Fresh Toilet Bowl Cleaner
Lysol's Cling Toilet Bowl Cleaner kills 99.9% of bathroom bacteria and viruses, according to the company.
Walmart (24-oz, 2-pack), $3.47
Lysol Clean & Fresh Multi-Surface Cleaner
Lysol's multi-surface cleaner is usable on many surfaces and kills 99.9% of viruses and bacteria. According to the company, it can be used on hard, non-porous surfaces in the kitchen, bathroom and other areas of the home.
Amazon ($2.89)
Champion Sprayon Spray Disinfectant
This is a hospital-type formula spray disinfectant that kills 99.9% of germs in 20 seconds, including the flu virus.
Quill (16.5-oz, 12/carton), $74.99
Amazon (16.5-oz) $13.99 (currently unavailable)
Staples (currently unavailable)
Lysol Heavy Duty
Lysol's heavy-duty cleaner is a hospital-grade disinfectant that's demonstrated effectiveness against viruses similar to COVID-19. Use it on bathtubs, shower stalls, glazed ceramic tile, floors, sinks, garbage cans, toilet bowls, glazed porcelain, chrome, and acrylic plastic fixtures.
Office Depot (1-gallon), $27.79 (currently unavailable)
Clorox Multi Surface Cleaner + Bleach
Clorox Multi-Surface Cleaner + Bleach is an all-purpose bleach cleaner that's safe on multiple surfaces, including sealed granite and stainless steel. Its product details state that the disinfecting spray safely kills 99.9% of bacteria and viruses while it cleans, disinfects and deodorizes.
Walmart (32-oz), $3.82 (currently unavailable)
Clorox Disinfecting Wipes
The Clorox Disinfecting Wipes remove germs, bacteria, and grease. According to the company, they kill 99.9% of germs that can live on surfaces for up to 48 hours and 99.9% of viruses and bacteria (including Staph, E. coli, Salmonella, and Strep).
Quill (Commercial Solutions, 75-count), $5.99
Target (35-count, 3-pack), $5.99 (currently unavailable)
The Home Depot (75-count, 2-pack), $9.47 (may be available for in-store purchase)
Lowes (35-count, 3-pack), $5.98 (currently unavailable)
Walmart (75-count, 4-pack), $12.78 (currently unavailable)
Clorox Commercial Solutions Clorox Disinfecting Spray
The disinfecting spray deodorizes and kills 99.9% of germs including bacteria, viruses, and mold.
Clorox Commercial Solutions Hydrogen Peroxide Cleaner Disinfectant
Like most items on this list, Clorox's Hydrogen Peroxide Cleaner Disinfectant gets rid of 99.9% of bacteria and viruses. Find a lengthy list of the bacteria, fungi, and germs it kills, and how long it takes to kill them, here.
Staples (128-oz) (currently unavailable)
Office Depot (95-count, wipes), $5.99 (currently unavailable)
Clorox Commercial Solutions Clorox Disinfecting Wipes
Clorox Commercial Solutions Clorox Disinfecting Wipes can be used on multiple surfaces and kill 99.9% of bacteria and viruses and remove common allergens.
Quill (Fresh Scent, 75-count), $5.99
Staples (75-count), $5.99 (currently unavailable)
Office Depot (95-count), $5.99 (currently unavailable)
Lysol Brand Bleach Mold & Mildew Remover
Lysol Mold & Mildew Blaster kills 99.9% of bathroom bacteria and viruses, according to the company.
Target (28-0z), $2.99 (may be available for in-store purchase)
Ecolab Virasept Cleaner
According to the company, Virasept is a patented ready-to-use, one-step detergent-disinfectant, virucide, bactericide, tuberculocide, fungicide, and sporicide that effectively cleans, disinfects, and deodorizes. It won't harm fixtures and is formulated for daily use.
Walmart, $27.37 (currently unavailable)
Clorox Commercial Solutions Clorox Disinfecting Biostain & Odor Remover
Clorox Disinfecting Bio Stain & Odor Remover is a bleach-free stain and odor remover that uses hydrogen peroxide to kill germs .
Office Depot (32-fl oz), $7.79 (currently unavailable)
Lysol Disinfectant Max Cover Mist
Lysol's Max Cover Mist kills 99.9% of bacteria on soft surfaces and 99.9% of fungi, viruses, and bacteria on hard surfaces — including cold and flu viruses. It also prevents mold and mildew from growing for up to a week according to the company.
Walmart (Lavender, 15-oz), $6.37 (currently unavailable)
The Home Depot (15-oz), $5.97 (may be available for in-store purchase)
Target (15-oz), $5.79 (currently unavailable)
Lysol Power Plus Toilet Bowl Cleaner
The Power Plus formula fights toilet rings and stains and kills 99.9% of bacteria and viruses when used as directed. Its effects should last for up to 100 flushes.
Quill (24-oz, 9-count), $24.99
Lysol Lime & Rust Toilet Bowl Cleaner
The Lime & Rust Toilet Bowl Cleaner kills 99.9% of bacteria and 99.9% of viruses according to the company and removes lime and rust stains.
Overstock (3-pack) (currently unavailable)
Lowes (24-oz), $37.99 (currently unavailable)
Lysol Professional Disinfectant Spray
Lysol's Professional Disinfectant Spray kills 99.9 percent of germs on hard, nonporous surfaces and is effective against more than 100 microorganisms including Influenza A Virus, MRSA, Norovirus, Rhinovirus, Poliovirus Type 1, Hepatitis A Virus, Hepatitis B virus and HIV-1 (AIDS Virus) when used as directed. It's tuberculocidal, virucidal, fungicidal and bactericidal. It's recommended for use on showers, sinks, countertops, toilet areas, toys and more.
Office Depot (19-oz), $8.99 (currently unavailable)
Purell Professional Surface Disinfectant
This one-step disinfectant and cleaner kills 99.9% of germs on surfaces, including Norovirus and cold & flu viruses.
Walmart (32-oz), $15.80 (currently unavailable)
Benefect Botanical Daily Cleaner Disinfectant Spray
CleanWell's Disinfectant Spray is a botanical formula that cleans, disinfects, and deodorizes multi-surfaces and kills 99.9% of household germs, including cold and flu viruses. The package is also recyclable.
Amazon, $2.99 (currently unavailable)
Walmart, $8.47 (currently unavailable)
Staples, $3.19 (currently unavailable)
Senior Education and Personal Development Reporter, Insider Reviews
Mara Leighton is the senior education and personal development reporter for Insider Reviews. In the spring of 2020, Mara spearheaded Insider Reviews' new education beat. She's reported on Yale's most popular course on happiness as well as essential workforce recovery programs, free instructional courses for non-ICU workers on operating mechanical ventilators, and a Johns Hopkins' contact tracing course designed to fill thousands of remote jobs. She's interviewed Google executives, presidential policy committee members, best-selling authors, leading researchers and professors, and NBC's Chuck Todd in her education coverage. She's most interested in personal development, skill-building, industry shifts, and increased accessibility for learners of all ages and socioeconomic backgrounds. Previously, Mara covered e-commerce for Business Insider from 2017-2020. She's written thousands of reviews and explainers, profiled emerging and established D2C companies, blogged through major retail events, and forecasted and analyzed industry trends. She also produced the vertical's weekly newsletter. Say hello at mleighton@businessinsider.com or tweet her @maraleighton. Learn more about how our team of experts tests and reviews products at Insider here. Learn more about how we review educational and personal development products.
More: Features IP Roundup Insider Picks 2020 IP Roundups
cv supplies


text:
Resident Spotlight: Maybelle Stephens Mitchell
Historic Oakland
History, Resident Spotlight
Photo of Maybelle Mitchell in 1890. Courtesy of Kenan Research Center.
Maybelle Stephens Mitchell is best remembered as the mother of Pulitzer Prize-winning author Margaret Mitchell. But this brilliant woman lived a life all her own – as a suffragist, club woman, and a progressive voice in her community.
Born Mary Isabel Stephens on January 13, 1872, Maybelle Stephens was the seventh child of John Stephens and Annie Fitzgerald, a couple with Irish roots. John emigrated from central Ireland as a young man and Annie (who is widely believed to be the inspiration for Scarlett O'Hara) had an Irish-born father. Young Maybelle attended finishing school at Villa Maria Convent in Quebec and graduated from the Atlanta Female Seminary. She married Eugene Muse Mitchell, an Atlanta lawyer and a passionate historian, in 1893. The couple had three children: Russell (born 1894), Stephens (born 1896), and Margaret (born 1900). Russell only lived for six months and is buried near his parents.
Brilliant, witty, and charming, Maybelle Mitchell was loved by her family and respected by the Atlanta community. She was known for her uncompromising morality, progressive opinions, and political enthusiasm. In a time when they say that a woman's name should only appear in the newspaper three times – when she was born, when she married, and when she died – the name Mrs. Eugene Mitchell was splashed across the pages of The Atlanta Constitution. Mitchell helped to found the League of Women Voters in Georgia and served as the president of the Atlanta Women's Suffrage League in 1915. She often took Margaret to suffrage rallies. Carrie Chapman Catt, a leader of the national movement for women's suffrage, even called Margaret "the youngest suffragette in Georgia." According to stories, Mitchell once gave a speech about women's rights to a crowd and happened to look over at Margaret, who was sitting on the stage steps and blowing kisses to all the gentlemen in the crowd.
Margaret spent her youth fighting for her mother's approval and Mitchell, in turn, was her daughter's biggest supporter. Even before she could write, Margaret showed signs of her gift for storytelling. As a child, she would dictate stories to her mother, when then transcribed the tales. She later made books with cardboard covers. Only a few of Margaret's childhood stories still exist today. During summer vacations, the Mitchells would take their children to the Fitzgerald family home in Jonesboro, Georgia. Margaret grew up listening to the stories of her maternal great-aunts, Mary Ellen Fitzgerald and Sarah Fitzgerald, who were young women during the Civil War. These tales, along with other stories from older relatives who survived the Civil War, inspired Margaret's interest in the antebellum era and post-war South.
When Margaret was six years old, Mitchell drove her on a buggy tour of Jonesboro. The pair visited the ruins of antebellum plantations, and Mitchell told stories of the families that had owned the once-stately homes. She explained that those families placed too much faith in the status quo, so when war broke out and their worlds exploded, the families fell to pieces. Mitchell stressed that one day Margaret's world would fall apart and she would need a weapon to face any challenges that came her way. This weapon would be her education. Margaret later attended the Woodbury School and the Washington Seminary. At the Washington Seminary, she developed her writing skills as the literary editor of the yearbook and the president of the literary society. Margaret was accepted to Smith College in Massachusetts, which Mitchell considered to be the best women's college in the United States.
Margaret, Maybelle, and Stephens Mitchell
During Margaret's freshman year at Smith, Maybelle Mitchell contracted Spanish influenza and her illness developed into pneumonia. Margaret traveled home to visit her ailing mother but arrived too late. Maybelle Stephens Mitchell died on January 25, 1919. Her illness and tragic death may have inspired part of the Gone with the Wind narrative. In the novel, Scarlett O'Hara escapes the Atlanta siege and returns home to Tara only to find out that her beloved mother, Ellen, died from typhoid the previous day.
Many in Atlanta society mourned Maybelle Stephens Mitchell. Her obituary in The Atlanta Constitution read:
"A woman of splendid education and of brilliant qualities of mind, as well as of a most lovable personality; she was always popular and always welcome in all efforts in which women were interested….her sudden death will be a source of grief in many Atlanta homes."
Maybelle Stephens Mitchell was laid to rest in Oakland Cemetery and her husband in 1944. Margaret Mitchell was buried across from her mother, friend, and biggest cheerleader when she died in August 1949.
Learn more about Maybelle Mitchell from Margaret Mitchell: American Rebel on PBS here.
Story Behind the Stone: The Atlanta Typographical Union Monument
"Lost at Sea": August Denk
Body Snatching at Oakland Cemetery
Introducing the Living History Capital Campaign
5 Great Reasons to Volunteer with Historic Oakland Foundation
Bobby Jones (2)
Capital Campaign (6)
Critical Restoration (5)
HOF News (72)
Juneteenth (6)
Members-Only Content (5)
Museum Store (38)
Preservation (35)
Resident Spotlight (51)
Volunteer Voices (11)
Holiday Hunt Scavenger Hunt
Gather a small group of friends or family for a day of cemetery sleuthing on this self-guided scavenger hunt throughout historic Oakland Cemetery! November 20 through January 2, purchase your…
Sights, Symbols, & Stories Tour
Discover the history, the Victorian gardens, and the art and architecture that give Oakland its distinctive character. Oakland is an outdoor museum of Atlanta's history with over 70,000 residents. Meet…
Fifty Ways to Die
January 8 @ 10:30 am - 12:00 pm
From disease outbreaks to battlefield wounds to murders, this tour traces the myriad ways Oakland residents died in the 19th century. Early Atlanta was not a sleepy southern community—it had…
Black Magnolias
This guided walking tour explores the history, lives, and labors of Atlanta's African American women. Historically, many African American women worked as maids, child nurses, cooks, and laundresses—all while managing…
History, Mystery, and Mayhem
Discover stories that defy explanation during this 75-minute guided tour of Oakland Cemetery!Discover stories that defy explanation during this 75-minute guided tour of Oakland Cemetery! With more than 70,000 souls…
Art and Architecture of Death
Discover how architectural and design choices made during life created a lasting and eternal legacy for many Oakland residents. People have sought to honor the memory of departed loved ones…
Featured 8:00 am - 9:30 am Recurring
Free Tour: We Shall Overcome
Featured January 17 @ 8:00 am - 9:30 am Recurring
Join us this January and February for a free, 75-minute guided tour that explores the lives and accomplishments of outstanding and ordinary African Americans in Atlanta. Spaces are extremely limited,…
MLK Day of Service at Oakland Cemetery
On Monday, January 17, Oakland Cemetery commemorates the Martin Luther King, Jr. National Day of Service with a morning in our gardens. Please note: We have reluctantly made the decision…
January 19 @ 10:30 am - 12:00 pm Recurring
The Women of Oakland
This 75-minute tour challenges the myth of Southern womanhood by uncovering the true social and personal histories of Atlanta's women. Early Atlanta might have been a man's world, but this…
Free - $12.00
The Jewish Grounds of Oakland
Visit Oakland's three Jewish burial sections and learn about Atlanta Jewish history during this 75-minute guided tour!Oakland Cemetery is home to three Jewish burial sections, including the second oldest Jewish…
From Terminus to Terminals: People Who Put Atlanta in Motion
From train disasters to hot air balloons piloted by daredevil dentists, learn about ATL transportation on this 75-minute guided tour! How did a rural railroad crossing known as Terminus evolve…
Epitaphs: The Immortality of Words
Join us as we explore some of the fascinating epitaphs that grace the monuments of Oakland. How would you like to be remembered? Victorians gave considerable thought to this concept.…
Pioneers of Atlanta
Meet the founding sons and daughters of a town originally known as "Terminus" in this 75-minute guided tour. Meet the founding sons and daughters of a town originally known as…
Featured Featured January 17 @ 8:00 am - 9:30 am Recurring


Stunning and rare 1908-D with motto Gold Double Eagle. Very low mintage double eagle in MS Condition.
Great addition to any collection or precious metals portfolio. Rare grade and mint mark!
The item "1908-D Gold Double Eagle With Motto Gem Condition. St Gaudens $20 Piece" is in sale since Friday, August 31, 2018.


but she chooses to be another's responsibility.
Oppong Clifford Benjamin is a civil engineer by profession and award-winning poet. His poems have appeared in KWEE magazine in Liberia, the Portor Portor (an anthology which featured six contemporary poets and six established poets across the world), Brittle paper, WRR, Ghana Writes Literary Journal, the UK poetry library. In 2013, WRR poetry in Nigeria honoured Clifford as the Ghana Poet of the year. Clifford has read his poems in Ghana, Nigeria, South Africa and Russia. He has authored a collection of short stories titled The Virgin Mother and other short stories, published by Forte Publishing house in Monrovia, Liberia.


text:
Q: How does Huygens Principle explain interference? How exactly does Huygens theory about the propagation of wavefronts account for interference?

A: Every point of a wave front may be
considered the source of secondary
wavelets that spread out in all
directions with a speed equal to the
speed of propagation of the waves.

A: Let us read in detail what the Wikipedia article you linked to tells us:

Huygens' theory served as a fundamental explanation of the wave nature of light interference ... but did not fully resolve all observations such as the low-intensity double-slit experiment first performed by G. I. Taylor in 1909. .. Louis de Broglie proposed his de Broglie hypothesis that the photon is guided by a wave function.

That's odd. Light travels at the highest possible speed and the information across a slit cannot reach the particle in advance. In other words, a wave function for what happens in the future is nonsense. But please note that the wave function is still a useful model for how the particle moves, because we know in advance (empirically) everything about the path with the slit.

The wave function presents a much different explanation of the observed light and dark bands in a double slit experiment. In this conception, the photon follows a path which is a random choice of one of many possible paths. These possible paths form the pattern: in dark areas, no photons are landing, and in bright areas, many photons are landing.

This is a useful model, because interference is a bad explanation (but unfortunately still taught for the bad reason not to overwhelm beginners) for some reasons:

*

*Two photons can't be in destructive interference because the energy of the two particles can't vanish. Never we observed radiation with lower frequency (infrared) radiation as a dissipation process from the destructed photons nor a higher frequency radiation as the sum of the two photons.

*Bosons, and photons are bosons, do not interact at this level of energy and density at which we are conducting our experiment. At least not so often that it would affect our double-slit experiment.

*The experiment was further developed and it turns out that single photon experiments over time also show intensity distributions on the screen. The interference explanation must be replaced by another, simpler explanation. De Broglie's wave function is one of them.

*The crux of such experiments is the experiment with only one edge and single photons. Nevertheless the edges appear. Therefore, the best model should be a model that takes into account the interaction between the influenced photon and the properties of the edge. Other players I do not see.

The set of possible photon paths is determined by the surroundings: the photon's originating point (atom), the slit, and the screen. The wave function is a solution to this geometry.

What is obvious for X-ray spectroscopy we have to apply to despicable edges. X-ray spectroscopy is based on the periodicity of the atomic layers of crystals. We should also apply this knowledge to the edges of the slit material. The static electric and magnetic field pattern of the bound electrons on the surface of the slits is influenced by the instrument, and these,periodic in space, fields interact with the photon with its periodic space and time field components.

A: Huygens' principle by itself does not address interference.  His wavelets are shown as apparently positive pulses.  Fresnel later added the idea of instead using sinusoidal wavelets thus allowing for interference since the sinusoidal wavelets have both positive and negative values making additive cancellation possible.  Sometimes now it is referred to as the Huygens-Fresnel principle. However it still has the problem of the wake and the backward wave.  See my Huygens' Principle geometric derivation and elimination of the wake and backward wave, rev2, 3/21/20 ;      DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.27684.01927

A: First of all, Huygens's principle is a very basic principle that explains expansion of waves in space and their interference when they meet. Notice, however, that it refers to waves of the same type, e.g. light of the same polarization and frequency. Two waves of the same frequency, but different polarization, can be joined into one (e.g. by a polarization beam-splitter), and won't produce minima and maxima, they will produce a wave with a third direction of polarization.
Also, there exist such things as two-photon interferometry.
But there are cases in which the Huygens' principle, though correct, is not effective, as it is not effective to measure the diameter of New-York meter after meter.  Then, more useful tools have to be developed, according to the configuration examined. An example is diffraction on gratings.
Best regards,
Sofia


Just singing "So What" by Pink. Love that catchy tune!
How about a $30 Itunes gift card for Day 4??
All you have to do is leave a comment about what your favorite song is. I know, I know…what's up with all this "favorite" stuff? I like getting to know you guys.
The winner will be picked via Random.org at 9:00pm EST tomorrow night.
Daria, can you send me an e-mail with you address and I'll get the goodies out to you?
Thanks everyone for your comments…I really appreciate all the support and positive feedback concerning Jillibean Soup products! You did not have to comment about JB Soup though – I would have been happy to have a "hi". I've got a couple of sick kids today so you guys made my day much happier! Thanks!


text:
Петерис Кампенусс (; 24 декабря 1917, Коценский край, Латвия — 19 сентября 1993, Рига, Латвия) — один из сильнейших шахматистов Латвии в 1950 годах.

Карьера шахматиста
Уже в 17 лет Петерис Кампенусс победил в чемпионате по шахматам латвийского города Валмиера. Но следующие успехи пришли только в 1950 годах, когда Петерис Кампенусс регулярно участвует в финалах чемпионата Латвии по шахматам. 1959 году он достиг наибольшего успеха в своей карьере, когда разделил с Карлисом Класупсом первое место в этом турнире, но проиграл ему дополнительный матч за звание чемпиона Латвии — 3:4.
1954 году Петерис Кампенусс играл за латвийскую команду «Даугава» в розыгрыше командного кубка СССР по шахматам в Риге на шестой доске (+3, =2, −5), а в 1958 году представлял сборную Латвии на командном первенстве СССР по шахматам в Вильнюсе на шестой доске (+0, =1, −4).
В конце жизни Петерис Кампенусс много сил уделял развитию Рижского шахматного клуба.

Примечания

Ссылки

 Карточка Петериса Кампенуса  на сайте 365chess.com

Шахматисты СССР
Шахматисты Латвии

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Nelson is a store forming a part of Farmfoods corporation. It is open on: Monday 8am - 8pm, Tuesday 8am - 8pm, Wednesday 8am - 8pm, Thursday 8am - 8pm, Friday 8am - 8pm. At weekends its opening hours are: on Saturday 8am - 8pm, on Sunday 10am - 4pm. This shop's address is: LEEDS ROAD NELSON LANCASHIRE , BB9 8EP. Nelson is visited by many people inhabiting nearby towns like Foulridge, Laneshaw Bridge, Trawden, Winewall, Wycoller.


All cars booked with us in the Seychelles come with a free GPS device. Many locals and frequent visitors would probably tell you that a GPS device is not necessary in the Seychelles. That is true, but if you are a first time visitor it can be quite useful. Especially on your first day, when you might need to get from the airport to your hotel.
Having a rental car when visiting Mahé makes your life much easier. The impressive scenery of the north coast or the beautiful bays in the west need to be seen to be believed. A drive up over Sans Souci, through the Tea Plantations, followed by a trip to the capital, Victoria, will also be worth your while. You can see the entire island in several hours, including stops at beaches and anything else that catches your eye. Driving is by far the easiest way to pick up groceries if you go with a B&B or self-catering option for your accommodation. A car will also help you access the stores where locals do their regular shopping and where the prices are more reasonable compared to the small shops located along the coastline. You shouldn't miss the Botanical Gardens in Victoria, a broad collection of exotic plants within five acres of landscaped tropical gardens where you can see giant tortoises. Then, on the north west coast you'll find Beau Vallon beach, one of the most populated and lively beaches on Mahé. For a session of surfing and massive waves, we recommend Anse Intendance or Grand Anse. The romantic ones need to visit Anse Takamaka beach: its golden sands and blue waves represent the right background for honeymooners. The roads on Mahé are low-traffic, mountainous and narrow, so caution is generally advised.
Hiring a car on Praslin Island gives you the option to find relatively cheap accommodation since you don't have to stay close to the main tourist areas. With your rental car, you can, for example, do a trip to Vallée de Mai, one of the Seychelles's two UNESCO World Heritage Sites. Here you'll find "Coco De Mer", the unique, worldfamous coconut and you can even buy one. Don't miss all the amazing beaches such as Anse Lazio and Anse Georgette, both appearing on the top 10 world's best beaches list. You might, as well, take a tour of the Black Pearl Farm and find out all about the clams that produce this unique jewelry, maybe even buy some as souvenirs. A visit to Praslin Museum will also be worth your time. You'll have the chance to feed domesticated fruit bats, admire giant tortoises and discover the history and customs of this unique island. Praslin is a destination suitable to those who truly appreciate nature, as its lush vegetation and abundant animal life are an important part of the island's identity. The roads are quieter than on Mahé and the pace of life is slower.
Taxis are very expensive in the Seychelles, so hiring a car will pay out after very few trips already. Buses are also available on Praslin and Mahé. However, operation hours/frequencies and the air-conditioning might not live up to your expectations.
Car hire in the Seychelles grants you the freedom to explore the island and get the most out of your holiday. We make the rental process easy for you by delivering your car right to your hotel or to the airport. Since we are active on both main islands, "island hoppers" can book their cars with us in one place instead of dealing with two different companies. As an additional service, we offer all of our customers a complementary GPS device during their rental.
You should also know that driving in Seychelles is on the left side of the road. In case you're wondering if you need an international drivers license before hitting the roads in Mahé or Praslin, don't worry, for most people this should not be a problem. If it is possible to make some sense of your license without special language skills, you are good to go with your domestic drivers license.
The deposit is typically €1,000 (~$1,145). Even you you choose an insurance package with a lower deductible, you may still need to pay the full deposit. The policy depends on the circumstances; specific information is displayed during the booking process. In case of an accident, your entire deposit may be withheld. However, if you booked a package with a lower deductible, we will reimburse you later so that you effectively only pay for damages up to deductible you chose at the time of booking. You can pay the deposit when you pick up the car either in cash (in the currency shown; other currencies upon request) or by credit card. The amount will usually remain blocked on your credit card throughout the rental period, effectively lowering your spending limit. Therefore, please make sure that the full amount is available on your card and that the owner of the card is present at the time of pick-up. If the car is brought back in the same condition as when you picked it up, you will receive the full amount back.
Tourists are allowed to use their existing drivers licence in the Seychelles for up to three months. Read more about when an International Driving Permit is required in the Seychelles.


delicious peppermint candy canes picked right off the Christmas tree.
As candle lovers we ventured into the candle industry to find an alternative to paraffin candles. Our goal and purpose was to offer a candle that lasted longer, smelled great from start to finish and was a healthier alternative to paraffin. After months of research and experimenting Candle Crest SOY CANDLES came to life. In addition to offering a fantastic candle we also developed a GREEN Product!


The ITER Newsline is a globally distributed publication released weekly by the ITER Office of Communication. It covers the facts, the science, the organization, the people and the news from ITER. Browse through the complete Newsline issue archive below, or enter a keyword into the search box. You can receive Newsline every Monday to your inbox by clicking on Subscribe.


Dr. Paul Naveen M is a Consultant Urologist and Urological Surgeon at Citizens Hospital, Hyderabad. He has 15 years of Clinical Practice. Dr. Paul Naveen M has completed his MBBS from the prestigious Christian Medical College, Vellore. He graduated in MS - General Surgery from Osmania Medical College, Hyderabad. He finished his M.Ch - Urology from Guntur Medical College, Guntur.He has worked as consultant urologist at Kamineni Hospital, LB Nagar and Hyderabad Kidney and Laparoscopic Centre prior to joining Citizens Hospital.
When I enquired for the best hospital and best doctor for my mothers kidney operation, I came to know that Citizens Hospital is having all the facilities *** **** ******* ** *** ***** That time I don't know about Dr Naveen Paul, by luck we got his appointment that day, I must say he is a God for us, he taught us clearly about the mothers health problem clearly before recommending for the operation, we don't know anyone else in that big hospital except this doctor. He coordinated with other doctors and other hospital staff like our own family member. Hats off to him for his patience and helping nature. I'm happy to say you all that now my mother is safe now and she is very much alright and doing her work on her own. Thanks a ton to Dr. Naveen Paul sir.
Dr. Paul Naveen is very friendly, treats you like his own family member. Takes time to explain in detail the reasons for your health problem. I would recommend Dr. Paul Naveen for the treatment satisfaction I received for my kidney stone problem.