Turkey (Turkish: Türkiye), known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( Türkiye Cumhuriyeti (help·info)), is a Eurasian country located in Western Asia (mostly in the Anatolian peninsula) and in East Thrace in Southeastern Europe. Turkey is bordered by eight countries: Bulgaria to the northwest; Greece to the west; Georgia to the northeast; Armenia, Azerbaijan (the exclave of Nakhchivan) and Iran to the east; and Iraq and Syria to the southeast. The Mediterranean Sea and Cyprus are to the south; the Aegean Sea is to the west; and the Black Sea is to the north. The Sea of Marmara, the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles (which together form the Turkish Straits) demarcate the boundary between East Thrace and Anatolia; they also separate Europe and Asia.
Turkey is one of the six independent Turkic states. Approximately 70–80% of the population are ethnic Turks. The country's official language is Turkish, which is spoken by approximately 85% of the population as mother tongue.Kurdish and Zazaki languages are spoken by Kurds and Zazas, who together constitute 9–25% of the population. The vast majority of the population is Muslim. Other minorities are thought to make up between 7 and 12% of the population.
The name of Turkey, Türkiye in the Turkish language, can be divided into two components: the ethnonym Türk and the abstract suffix –iye meaning "owner", "land of" or "related to" (derived from the Arabic suffix –iyya, which is similar to the Greek and Latin suffixes –ia). The first recorded use of the term "Türk" or "Türük" as an autonym is contained in the Orkhon inscriptions of the Göktürks (Celestial Turks) of Central Asia (c. 8th century). The English word "Turkey" is derived from the Medieval Latin Turchia (c. 1369). The Greek cognate of this name, Tourkia (Greek: Τουρκία) was originally used by the Byzantines to describe medieval Hungary (since pre-Magyar Hungary was occupied by proto-Turkic and Turkic tribes, such as the Huns, Avars, Bulgars, Kabars, Pechenegs and Cumans.) Similarly, the medieval Khazar Empire, a Turkic state on the northern shores of the Black and Caspian seas, was referred to as Tourkia (Land of the Turks) in Byzantine sources. However, the Byzantines later began using this name to define the Seljuk-controlled parts of Anatolia in the centuries that followed the Battle of Manzikert in 1071.
The Anatolian peninsula, comprising most of modern Turkey, is one of the oldest permanently settled regions in the world. Göbekli Tepe is the site of the oldest known man-made religious structure, a temple dating to 10,000 BC, while Çatalhöyük is a very large Neolithic and Chalcolithic settlement in southern Anatolia, which existed from approximately 7500 BCE to 5700 BCE. It is the largest and best-preserved Neolithic site found to date and in July 2012 was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
The settlement of Troy started in the Neolithic and continued into the Iron Age. Through recorded history, Anatolians have spoken Indo-European, Semitic and Kartvelian languages, as well as many languages of uncertain affiliation. In fact, given the antiquity of the Indo-European Hittite and Luwian languages, some scholars have proposed Anatolia as the hypothetical center from which the Indo-European languages radiated. The earliest recorded inhabitants of Anatolia were the Hattians and Hurrians, non-Indo-European peoples who inhabited the Central Anatolia and Eastern Anatolia, respectively, as early as ca. 2300 BC. Indo-European Hittites came to Anatolia and gradually absorbed Hattians and Hurrians ca. 2000–1700 BC. The first major empire in the area was founded by the Hittites, from the eighteenth through the 13th century BC. The Assyrians conquered and settled parts of southeastern Turkey as early as 1950 BC until the year 612 BC. Following the collapse of the Hittite empire c. 1180 BC, the Phrygians, an Indo-European people, achieved ascendancy in Anatolia until their kingdom was destroyed by the Cimmerians in the 7th century BC. The most powerful of Phrygia's successor states were Lydia, Caria and Lycia. The Lydians and Lycians spoke languages that were fundamentally Indo-European, but both languages had acquired non-Indo-European elements prior to the Hittite and Hellenistic periods.
Starting around 1200 BC, the coast of Anatolia was heavily settled by Aeolian and Ionian Greeks. Numerous important cities were founded by these colonists, such as Miletus, Ephesus, Smyrna (modern İzmir), and Byzantium (later Constantinople and Istanbul). The first state that was called Armenia by neighboring peoples was the state of the Armenian Orontid dynasty, which included parts of eastern Turkey beginning in the 6th century BC.
Anatolia was conquered by the Persian Achaemenid Empire during the 6th and 5th centuries BC and later fell to Alexander the Great in 334 BC. Following Alexander's death in 323 BC, Anatolia was subsequently divided into a number of small Hellenistic kingdoms (including Bithynia, Cappadocia, Pergamum, and Pontus), all of which became part of the Roman Republic by the mid-1st century BC.
In 324, Constantine I chose Byzantium to be the new capital of the Roman Empire, renaming it New Rome (later Constantinople, modern Istanbul.) Following the death of Theodosius I in 395 and the permanent division of the Roman Empire between his two sons, Constantinople (Istanbul) became the capital of the Byzantine Empire, which would rule most of the territory of Turkey until the Late Middle Ages.
The House of Seljuk was a branch of the Kınık Oğuz Turks who resided on the periphery of the Muslim world, in the Yabghu Khaganate of the Oğuz confederacy, to the north of the Caspian and Aral Seas, in the 9th century.[page needed] In the 10th century the Seljuks started migrating from their ancestral homeland into Persia, which became the administrative core of the Great Seljuk Empire.
In 1243, the Seljuk armies were defeated by the Mongols, causing the Seljuk Empire's power to slowly disintegrate. In its wake, one of the Turkish principalities governed by Osman I would, over the next 200 years, evolve into the Ottoman Empire, expanding throughout Anatolia, the Balkans and the Levant.[page needed] In 1453, the Ottomans completed their conquest of the Byzantine Empire by capturing its capital, Constantinople.
Sultan Selim I (1512–1520) successfully expanded the Empire's southern and eastern borders by defeating Shah Ismail I of Safavid dynasty, in the Battle of Chaldiran(1514). Yavuz Sultan Selim expanded Ottoman rule in Egypt, and created a naval presence on the Red Sea. After this Ottoman expansion and following expansions, a competition started between the Portuguese Empire and the Ottoman Empire to become the dominant power in the region of Red Sea and Indian Ocean.
The Ottoman Empire's power and prestige peaked in the 16th and 17th centuries, particularly during the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent. The empire was often at odds with the Holy Roman Empire in its steady advance towards Central Europe through the Balkans and the southern part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.[page needed] At sea, the Ottoman Navy contended with several Holy Leagues (composed primarily of Habsburg Spain, the Republic of Genoa, the Republic of Venice, the Knights of St. John, the Papal States, the Grand Duchy of Tuscany and the Duchy of Savoy) for control of the Mediterranean Sea. In the Indian Ocean, the Ottoman Navy frequently confronted Portuguese fleets in order to defend the empire's monopoly over the historic maritime trade routes between East Asia and Western Europe; these routes faced new competition with the Portuguese discovery of the Cape of Good Hope in 1488, which had a considerable impact on the Ottoman economy. In addition, the Ottomans were occasionally at war with Safavid Persia over territorial disputes or caused by religious differences between 16th and 18th centuries.
From the beginning of the 19th century onwards, the Ottoman Empire began to decline. As it gradually shrank in size, military power, and wealth, many Balkan Muslims migrated to the Empire's heartland in Anatolia, along with Circassians fleeing the Russian conquest of the Caucasus. The decline of the Ottoman Empire led to a rise in nationalist sentiment among the various subject peoples, leading to increased ethnic tensions which occasionally burst into violence, such as the Hamidian Massacres. The Ottoman Empire entered World War I on the side of the Central Powers and was defeated. During the war, an estimated 1.5 million Armenians were deported and exterminated in the Armenian Genocide. The Turkish government denies that there was an Armenian genocide and claims that Armenians were only relocated from the eastern war zone. Large scale massacres were also committed against the empire's other minority groups such as the Greeks and Assyrians. Following the Armistice of Mudros on 30 October 1918, the victorious Allied Powers sought to partition the Ottoman state through the 1920 Treaty of Sèvres.
By 18 September 1922, the occupying armies were expelled, and the new Turkish state was established. On 1 November, the newly founded parliament formally abolished the Sultanate, thus ending 623 years of Ottoman rule. The Treaty of Lausanne of 24 July 1923, led to the international recognition of the sovereignty of the newly formed "Republic of Turkey" as the successor state of the Ottoman Empire, and the republic was officially proclaimed on 29 October 1923, in the new capital of Ankara. The Lausanne treaty stipulated a population exchange between Greece and Turkey, whereby 1.1 million Greeks left Turkey for Greece in exchange for 380,000 Muslims trasnferred from Greece to Turkey.
Turkey remained neutral during most of World War II, but entered the war on the side of the Allies on 23 February 1945, as a ceremonial gesture; and on 26 June 1945, became a charter member of the United Nations. Difficulties faced by Greece after the war in quelling a communist rebellion, along with demands by the Soviet Union for military bases in the Turkish Straits, prompted the United States to declare the Truman Doctrine in 1947. The doctrine enunciated American intentions to guarantee the security of Turkey and Greece, and resulted in large-scale U.S. military and economic support.[page needed] Both countries were included in the Marshall Plan and OEEC for rebuilding European economies in 1948, and subsequently became founding members of the OECD in 1961.
The single-party period ended in 1945. It was followed by a tumultuous transition to multiparty democracy over the next few decades, which was interrupted by military coups d'état in 1960, 1971, 1980 and 1997.[page needed] In 1984, the PKK began an insurgency against the Turkish government; the conflict, which has claimed over 40,000 lives, continues today. Since the liberalisation of the Turkish economy during the 1980s, the country has enjoyed stronger economic growth and greater political stability.
Turkey is a parliamentary representative democracy. Since its foundation as a republic in 1923, Turkey has developed a strong tradition of secularism.Turkey's constitution governs the legal framework of the country. It sets out the main principles of government and establishes Turkey as a unitary centralized state.
The President of the Republic is the head of state and has a largely ceremonial role. The president is elected for a five-year term by direct elections. Abdullah Gül was elected as president on 28 August 2007, by a popular parliament round of votes, succeeding Ahmet Necdet Sezer.
The prime minister is elected by the parliament through a vote of confidence in the government and is most often the head of the party having the most seats in parliament. The current prime minister is the former mayor of İstanbul, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, whose conservative Justice and Development Party won an absolute majority of parliamentary seats in the 2002 general elections, organized in the aftermath of the economic crisis of 2001, with 34% of the suffrage.
In the 2007 general elections, the AKP received 46.6% of the votes and could defend its majority in parliament. Although the ministers do not have to be members of the parliament, ministers with parliament membership are common in Turkish politics. In 2007, a series of events regarding state secularism and the role of the judiciary in the legislature occurred. These included the controversial presidential election of Abdullah Gül, who in the past had been involved with Islamist parties; and the government's proposal to lift the headscarf ban in universities, which was annulled by the Constitutional Court, leading to a fine and a near ban of the ruling party.
Universal suffrage for both sexes has been applied throughout Turkey since 1933, and every Turkish citizen who has turned 18 years of age has the right to vote. As of 2004, there were 50 registered political parties in the country. The Constitutional Court can strip the public financing of political parties that it deems anti-secular or separatist, or ban their existence altogether.
There are 550 members of parliament who are elected for a four-year term by a party-list proportional representation system from 85 electoral districts which represent the 81 administrative provinces of Turkey (İstanbul is divided into three electoral districts, whereas Ankara and İzmir are divided into two each because of their large populations). To avoid a hung parliament and its excessive political fragmentation, only parties winning at least 10% of the votes cast in a national parliamentary election gain the right to representation in the parliament. Because of this threshold, in the 2007 elections only three parties formally entered the parliament (compared to two in 2002).
Human rights in Turkey have been the subject of much controversy and international condemnation. Between 1998 and 2008 the European Court of Human Rights made more than 1,600 judgements against Turkey for human rights violations, particularly the right to life and freedom from torture. Other issues such as Kurdish rights, women's rights and press freedom have also attracted controversy. Turkey's human rights record continues to be a significant obstacle to future membership of the EU. The Turkish Journalists Association says that 58 of the country's journalists have been imprisoned. A former U.S. State Department spokesman, Philip J. Crowley, said that the United States had "broad concerns about trends involving intimidation of journalists in Turkey."
Turkey is a founding member of the United Nations (1945), the OECD (1961), the OIC (1969), the OSCE (1973), the ECO (1985), the BSEC (1992) and the G-20 major economies (1999). On 17 October 2008, Turkey was elected as a non-permanent member of the United Nations Security Council. Turkey's membership of the council effectively began on 1 January 2009. Turkey had previously been a member of the U.N. Security Council in 1951–1952, 1954–1955 and 1961.
In line with its traditional Western orientation, relations with Europe have always been a central part of Turkish foreign policy. Turkey became a founding member of the Council of Europe in 1949, applied for associate membership of the EEC (predecessor of the European Union) in 1959 and became an associate member in 1963. After decades of political negotiations, Turkey applied for full membership of the EEC in 1987, became an associate member of the Western European Union in 1992, joined the EU Customs Union in 1995 and has been in formal accession negotiations with the EU since 2005.
Since 1974, Turkey has not recognized the Republic of Cyprus, but instead supports the Turkish Cypriot community in the form of the de facto Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, which was established in 1983 and is recognized only by Turkey. The Cyprus dispute complicates Turkey's relations with both NATO and the EU, and remains a major stumbling block to Turkey's EU accession bid.
The other defining aspect of Turkey's foreign relations has been its ties with the United States. Based on the common threat posed by the Soviet Union, Turkey joined NATO in 1952, ensuring close bilateral relations with Washington throughout the Cold War. In the post–Cold War environment, Turkey's geostrategic importance shifted towards its proximity to the Middle East, the Caucasus and the Balkans. In return, Turkey has benefited from the United States' political, economic and diplomatic support, including in key issues such as the country's bid to join the European Union.
The independence of the Turkic states of the Soviet Union in 1991, with which Turkey shares a common cultural and linguistic heritage, allowed Turkey to extend its economic and political relations deep into Central Asia, thus enabling the completion of a multi-billion-dollar oil and natural gas pipeline from Baku in Azerbaijan to the port of Ceyhan in Turkey. The Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan pipeline forms part of Turkey's foreign policy strategy to become an energy conduit to the West. However, Turkey's border with Armenia, a state in the Caucasus, remains closed following Armenia's occupation of Azerbaijani territory during the Nagorno-Karabakh War. Under the AK Party government, Turkey's influence has grown in the Middle East based on the strategic depth doctrine, also called Neo-Ottomanism.
The Turkish Armed Forces is the second largest standing armed force in NATO, after the U.S. Armed Forces, with a combined strength of just over a million uniformed personnel serving in its five branches. Since 2003, Turkey contributes military personnel to Eurocorps and takes part in the EU Battlegroups. Turkey is also considered to be the strongest military power of the Middle East region besides Israel.
Every fit male Turkish citizen otherwise not barred is required to serve in the military for a period ranging from three weeks to fifteen months, dependent on education and job location. Turkey does not recognise conscientious objection and does not offer a civilian alternative to military service.
Turkey is one of five NATO member states which are part of the nuclear sharing policy of the alliance, together with Belgium, Germany, Italy, and the Netherlands. A total of 90 B61 nuclear bombs are hosted at the Incirlik Air Base, 40 of which are allocated for use by the Turkish Air Force.
In 1998, Turkey announced a modernization program worth US$160 billion over a twenty year period in various projects including tanks, fighter jets, helicopters, submarines, warships and assault rifles. Turkey is a Level 3 contributor to the Joint Strike Fighter (JSF) program.
Turkey has maintained forces in international missions under the United Nations and NATO since 1950, including peacekeeping missions in Somalia and former Yugoslavia, and support to coalition forces in the First Gulf War. Turkey maintains 36,000 troops in northern Cyprus; their presence is supported and approved by the de facto local government, but the Republic of Cyprus and the international community regard it as an illegal occupation force, and its presence has also been denounced in several United Nations Security Council resolutions. Turkey has had troops deployed in Afghanistan as part of the United States stabilisation force and the UN-authorized, NATO-commanded International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) since 2001. In 2006, the Turkish parliament deployed a peacekeeping force of Navy patrol vessels and around 700 ground troops as part of an expanded United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) in the wake of the Israeli-Lebanon conflict.
The Chief of the General Staff is appointed by the president and is responsible to the prime minister. The Council of Ministers is responsible to parliament for matters of national security and the adequate preparation of the armed forces to defend the country. However, the authority to declare war and to deploy the Turkish Armed Forces to foreign countries or to allow foreign armed forces to be stationed in Turkey rests solely with the parliament. The actual commander of the armed forces is the Chief of the General Staff General Necdet Özel since August 4, 2011.
Provinces usually bear the same name as their provincial capitals, also called the central district; exceptions to this custom are the provinces of Hatay (capital: Antakya), Kocaeli (capital: İzmit) and Sakarya (capital: Adapazarı). Provinces with the largest populations are Istanbul (13 million), Ankara (5 million), İzmir (4 million), Bursa (3 million) and Adana (2 million).
Turkey is a transcontinental Eurasian country. Asian Turkey (made up largely of Anatolia), which includes 97% of the country, is separated from European Turkey by the Bosphorus, the Sea of Marmara, and the Dardanelles (which together form a water link between the Black Sea and the Mediterranean). European Turkey (eastern Thrace or Rumelia in the Balkan peninsula) comprises 3% of the country.
The territory of Turkey is more than 1,600 kilometres (1,000 mi) long and 800 km (500 mi) wide, with a roughly rectangular shape. It lies between latitudes 35° and 43° N, and longitudes 25° and 45° E. Turkey's area, including lakes, occupies 783,562 square kilometres (300,948 sq mi), of which 755,688 square kilometres (291,773 sq mi) are in Southwest Asia and 23,764 square kilometres (9,174 sq mi) in Europe. Turkey is the world's 37th-largest country in terms of area. The country is encircled by seas on three sides: the Aegean Sea to the west, the Black Sea to the north and the Mediterranean to the south. Turkey also contains the Sea of Marmara in the northwest.
The European section of Turkey, East Thrace, forms the borders of Turkey with Greece and Bulgaria. The Asian part of the country, Anatolia, consists of a high central plateau with narrow coastal plains, between the Köroğlu and Pontic mountain ranges to the north and the Taurus Mountains to the south. Eastern Turkey has a more mountainous landscape and is home to the sources of rivers such as the Euphrates, Tigris and Aras, and contains Mount Ararat, Turkey's highest point at 5,137 metres (16,854 ft), and Lake Van, the largest lake in the country.
Turkey is divided into seven census regions: Marmara, Aegean, Black Sea, Central Anatolia, Eastern Anatolia, Southeastern Anatolia and the Mediterranean. The uneven north Anatolian terrain running along the Black Sea resembles a long, narrow belt. This region comprises approximately one-sixth of Turkey's total land area. As a general trend, the inland Anatolian plateau becomes increasingly rugged as it progresses eastward.
Turkey's varied landscapes are the product of complex earth movements that have shaped the region over thousands of years and still manifest themselves in fairly frequent earthquakes and occasional volcanic eruptions. The Bosphorus and the Dardanelles owe their existence to the fault lines running through Turkey that led to the creation of the Black Sea. There is an earthquake fault line across the north of the country from west to east, which caused a major earthquake in 1999.
The coastal areas of Turkey bordering the Aegean Sea and the Mediterranean Sea have a temperate Mediterranean climate, with hot, dry summers and mild to cool, wet winters. The coastal areas of Turkey bordering the Black Sea have a temperate Oceanic climate with warm, wet summers and cool to cold, wet winters. The Turkish Black Sea coast receives the greatest amount of precipitation and is the only region of Turkey that receives high precipitation throughout the year. The eastern part of that coast averages 2,500 millimetres annually which is the highest precipitation in the country.
The coastal areas of Turkey bordering the Sea of Marmara (including Istanbul), which connects the Aegean Sea and the Black Sea, have a transitional climate between a temperate Mediterranean climate and a temperate Oceanic climate with warm to hot, moderately dry summers and cool to cold, wet winters. Snow does occur on the coastal areas of the Sea of Marmara and the Black Sea almost every winter, but it usually lies no more than a few days. Snow on the other hand is rare in the coastal areas of the Aegean Sea and very rare in the coastal areas of the Mediterranean Sea.
Conditions can be much harsher in the more arid interior. Mountains close to the coast prevent Mediterranean influences from extending inland, giving the central Anatolian plateau of the interior of Turkey a continental climate with sharply contrasting seasons.
Winters on the eastern part of the plateau are especially severe. Temperatures of −30 °C to −40 °C (−22 °F to −40 °F) can occur in eastern Anatolia, and snow may lie on the ground at least 120 days of the year. In the west, winter temperatures average below 1 °C (34 °F). Summers are hot and dry, with temperatures generally above 30 °C (86 °F) in the day. Annual precipitation averages about 400 millimetres (15 in), with actual amounts determined by elevation. The driest regions are the Konya plain and the Malatya plain, where annual rainfall frequently is less than 300 millimetres (12 in). May is generally the wettest month, whereas July and August are the driest.
Turkey has the world's 15th largest GDP-PPP and 17th largest nominal GDP. The country is a founding member of the OECD and the G-20 major economies. During the first six decades of the republic, between 1923 and 1983, Turkey has mostly adhered to a quasi-statist approach with strict government planning of the budget and government-imposed limitations over private sector participation, foreign trade, flow of foreign currency, and foreign direct investment. However, in 1983 Prime Minister Turgut Özal initiated a series of reforms designed to shift the economy from a statist, insulated system to a more private-sector, market-based model.
Turkey has gradually opened up its markets through economic reforms by reducing government controls on foreign trade and investment and the privatisation of publicly owned industries, and the liberalisation of many sectors to private and foreign participation has continued amid political debate. The public debt to GDP ratio, while well below its levels during the recession of 2001, reached 46% in 2010 Q3. The GDP growth rate from 2002 to 2007 averaged 7%, which made Turkey one of the fastest growing economies in the world during that period. However, growth slowed to 1% in 2008, and in 2009 the Turkish economy was affected by the global financial crisis, with a recession of 5%. The economy was estimated to have returned to 8% growth in 2010.
In the early years of this century the chronically high inflation was brought under control and this led to the launch of a new currency, the Turkish new lira, on 1 January 2005, to cement the acquisition of the economic reforms and erase the vestiges of an unstable economy. On 1 January 2009, the new Turkish lira was renamed once again as the Turkish lira, with the introduction of new banknotes and coins. As a result of continuing economic reforms, inflation dropped to 8% in 2005, and the unemployment rate to 10%.
Tourism in Turkey has experienced rapid growth in the last twenty years, and constitutes an important part of the economy. In 2008 there were 31 million visitors to the country, who contributed $22 billion to Turkey's revenues. Other key sectors of the Turkish economy are banking, construction, home appliances, electronics, textiles, oil refining, petrochemical products, food, mining, iron and steel, machine industry and automotive. Turkey has a large and growing automotive industry, which produced 1,147,110 motor vehicles in 2008, ranking as the 6th largest producer in Europe (behind the United Kingdom and above Italy) and the 15th largest producer in the world. Turkey is also one of the leading shipbuilding nations; in 2007 the country ranked 4th in the world (behind China, South Korea and Japan) in terms of the number of ordered ships, and also 4th in the world (behind Italy, USA and Canada) in terms of the number of ordered mega yachts.
Turkey's economy is becoming more dependent on industry in major cities, mostly concentrated in the western provinces of the country, and less on agriculture. However, traditional agriculture is still a major pillar of the Turkish economy. In 2010, the agricultural sector accounted for 9% of GDP, while the industrial sector accounted for 26% and the services sector 65%. However, agriculture still accounted for 24.7% of employment. In 2004, it was estimated that 46% of total disposable income was received by the top of 20% income earners, while the lowest 20% received 6%. According to Eurostat data, Turkish PPS GDP per capita stood at 49% of the EU average in 2010.
Turkey has taken advantage of the European Union – Turkey Customs Union, signed in 1995, to increase its industrial production destined for exports, while at the same time benefiting from EU-origin foreign investment into the country. Turkey now has also opportunity of a free trade agreement with the European Union (EU) – without full membership – that allows it to manufacture for tarif-free sale throughout the EU market.
By 2009 exports were $110 bn and in 2010 it was $117 bn (main export partners in 2009: Germany 10%, France 6%, UK 6%, Italy 6%, Iraq 5%). However larger imports, which amounted to $166 billion in 2010, threatened the balance of trade (main import partners in 2009: Russia 14%, Germany 10%, China 9%, US 6%, Italy 5%, France 5%).
After years of low levels of foreign direct investment (FDI), Turkey succeeded in attracting $22 billion in FDI in 2007 and is expected to attract a higher figure in following years. A series of large privatisations, the stability fostered by the start of Turkey's EU accession negotiations, strong and stable growth, and structural changes in the banking, retail, and telecommunications sectors have all contributed to a rise in foreign investment.
The last official census was in 2000 and recorded a total country population of 67,803,927 inhabitants. According to the Address-Based Population Recording System of Turkey, the country's population was 74.7 million people in 2011, nearly three-quarters of whom lived in towns and cities. According to the 2011 estimate, the population is increasing by 1.35% each year. Turkey has an average population density of 97 people per km². People within the 15–64 age group constitute 67,4% of the total population; the 0–14 age group corresponds to 25.3%; while senior citizens aged 65 years or older make up 7.3%. In 1927, when the first official census was recorded in the Republic of Turkey, the population was 13.6 million.
Life expectancy stands at 71.1 years for men and 75.3 years for women, with an overall average of 73.2 years for the populace as a whole. Education is compulsory and free from ages 6 to 15. The literacy rate is 97.79% for males and 90.13% for females as of the year 2010.
Article 66 of the Turkish Constitution defines a "Turk" as "anyone who is bound to the Turkish state through the bond of citizenship"; therefore, the legal use of the term "Turkish" as a citizen of Turkey is different from the ethnic definition. However, the majority of the Turkish population are of Turkish ethnicity. They are estimated at 70–75% by the CIA and at 76.0% by a survey of Milliyet in 2007.
The three officially recognized major minorities ethnic groups (per the Treaty of Lausanne) are Armenians, Greeks and Jews. Signed on 30 January 1923, a bilateral accord of population exchange between Greece and Turkey took effect in the 1920s, with close to 1.1 million Greeks moving from Turkey and some 380,000 Turks coming from Greece. Following decades of state-sponsored discrimination, the formerly 110,000-strong Greek community of Istanbul has now shrunk to approximately 3,000. Other ethnic groups include Abkhazians, Albanians, Arabs, Assyrians, Bosniaks, Circassians, Georgians, Hamshenis, Laz, Pomaks (Bulgarians), Roma.
The Kurds, a distinct ethnic group concentrated mainly in the southeastern provinces of the country, are the largest non-Turkic ethnicity, variously estimated between 15.7–25%. Minorities other than the three officially recognized ones do not have any minority rights, while the term "minority" itself remains a sensitive issue in Turkey and Turkey has been severely criticized for its treatment of minorities. Reliable data on the ethnic mix of the population is not available, because Turkish census figures do not include statistics on ethnicity.
Minorities of West European origin include the Levantines (or Levanter, mostly of French, Genoese and Venetian descent) who have been present in the country (particularly in Istanbul and İzmir) since the medieval period.
An estimated 71% of the population live in urban centers. In all, 18 provinces have populations that exceed 1 million inhabitants, and 21 provinces have populations between 1 million and 500,000 inhabitants. Only two provinces have populations less than 100,000.
Turkish is the sole official language throughout Turkey. Reliable figures for the linguistic breakdown of the populace are not available for reasons similar to those cited above. According to the CIA World Factbook, the Turkish language is spoken by about 70–75% of Turkey's population, while Kurdish is spoken by approximately 18%. The public broadcaster TRT broadcasts programmes in the local languages and dialects of Arabic, Bosnian, Circassian and Kurdish a few hours a week. A Kurdish language public television channel, TRT 6, was opened on 1 January 2009. It was followed by TRT Avaz which was launched on 21 March 2009 and broadcasts in the Azeri, Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Uzbek and Turkmen languages; while the TRT Arabic television channel started broadcasting on 4 April 2010.
Turkey is a secular state with no official state religion; the Turkish Constitution provides for freedom of religion and conscience. Islam is the dominant religion of Turkey, it exceeds 99% if secular people of Muslim background are included. Research firms suggest the actual Muslim figure is around 98% or 97%.
There are about 120,000 people of different Christian denominations, including an estimated 80,000 Oriental Orthodox, 35,000 Roman Catholics, 5,000 Greek Orthodox and smaller numbers of Protestants. Today there are 236 churches open for worship in Turkey. The Eastern Orthodox Church has been headquartered in Istanbul since the 4th century. Christians represent less than 0.2% of Turkey's population, according to the CIA World Factbook.
There are about 26,000 people who are Jewish, the vast majority of whom are Sephardi.
The Bahá'í Faith in Turkey has roots in Bahá'u'lláh's, the founder of the Bahá'í Faith, being exiled to Constantinople, current-day Istanbul, by the Ottoman authorities. Bahá'ís cannot register with the government officially but there are probably 10 to 20 thousand Bahá'ís, and around a hundred Bahá'í Local Spiritual Assemblies in Turkey.
Academics suggest the Alevi population may be from 15 to 20 million. According to Aksiyon magazine, the number of Shiite Twelvers (excluding Alevis) is 3 million (4.2%), and they live in Istanbul, Iğdır, Kars, Ankara, İzmir, Manisa, Çorum, Muğla, Ağrı and Aydın. There are also some Sufi practitioners. The highest Islamic religious authority is the Presidency of Religious Affairs (Turkish: Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı), it interprets the Hanafi school of law, and is responsible for regulating the operation of the country's 80,000 registered mosques and employing local and provincial imams. The role of religion has been a controversial debate over the years since the formation of Islamist parties, especially in education. Turkey was founded upon a strict secular constitution which forbids the influence of any religion, including Islam. There are sensitive issues, such as the fact that the wearing of the Hijab is banned in universities and public or government buildings as some view it as a symbol of Islam – though there have been efforts to lift the ban. The vast majority of the present-day Turkish people are Muslim and the most popular sect is the Hanafite school of Sunni Islam, which was officially espoused by the Ottoman Empire; according to the KONDA Research and Consultancy survey carried out throughout Turkey on 2007: 52.8% defined themselves as "a religious person who strives to fulfill religious obligations" (religious); 34.3% defined themselves as "a believer who does not fulfill religious obligations" (believer); 9.7% defined themselves as "a fully devout person fulfilling all religious obligations" (fully devout); 2.3% defined themselves as "someone who does not believe in religious obligations" (non-believer/agnostic); and 0.9% defined themselves as "someone with no religious conviction" (atheist).
Turkish music and literature form great examples of such a mix of cultural influences, which were a result of the interaction between the Ottoman Empire and the Islamic world along with Europe, thus contributing to a blend of Turkic, Islamic and European traditions in modern-day Turkish music and literary arts. Turkish literature was heavily influenced by Persian and Arabic literature during most of the Ottoman era, though towards the end of the Ottoman Empire, particularly after the Tanzimat period, the effect of both Turkish folk and European literary traditions became increasingly felt. The Tanzimat reforms of 1839–1876 brought changes to the language of Ottoman written literature, and introduced previously unknown Western genres, primarily the novel and the short story. Many of the writers in the Tanzimat period wrote in several different genres simultaneously: for instance, the poet Nâmık Kemal also wrote the important 1876 novel İntibâh (Awakening), while the journalist Şinasi is noted for writing, in 1860, the first modern Turkish play, the one-act comedy "Şair Evlenmesi" (The Poet's Marriage). Most of the roots of modern Turkish literature were formed between the years 1896 and 1923. Broadly, there were three primary literary movements during this period: the Edebiyyât-ı Cedîde (New Literature) movement; the Fecr-i Âtî (Dawn of the Future) movement; and the Millî Edebiyyât (National Literature) movement. The Edebiyyât-ı Cedîde (New Literature) movement began with the founding in 1891 of the magazine Servet-i Fünûn (Scientific Wealth), which was largely devoted to progress (both intellectual and scientific) along the Western model. Accordingly, the magazine's literary ventures, under the direction of the poet Tevfik Fikret, were geared towards creating a Western-style "high art" in Turkey.
Architectural elements found in Turkey are also testaments to the unique mix of traditions that have influenced the region over the centuries. In addition to the traditional Byzantine elements present in numerous parts of Turkey, many artifacts of the later Ottoman architecture, with its exquisite blend of local and Islamic traditions, are to be found throughout the country, as well as in many former territories of the Ottoman Empire. Mimar Sinan is widely regarded as the greatest architect of the classical period in Ottoman architecture. Since the 18th century, Turkish architecture has been increasingly influenced by Western styles, and this can be particularly seen in Istanbul where buildings like Dolmabahçe and Çırağan Palaces are juxtaposed next to numerous modern skyscrapers, all of them representing different traditions.
Eurovision Song Contest 2003 was won by singer Sertab Erener with the song "Everyway That I Can" which was written by Erener and Demir Demirkan.
The most popular sport in Turkey is association football (soccer). Turkey's top teams include Fenerbahçe, Galatasaray, Beşiktaş and Trabzonspor. In 2000, Galatasaray cemented its role as a major European club by winning the UEFA Cup and UEFA Super Cup. Two years later the Turkish national team finished third in the 2002 World Cup Finals in Japan and South Korea, while in 2008 the national team reached the semi-finals of the UEFA Euro 2008 competition. The Atatürk Olympic Stadium in Istanbul hosted the 2005 UEFA Champions League Final, while the Şükrü Saracoğlu Stadium in Istanbul hosted the 2009 UEFA Cup Final.
Other mainstream sports such as basketball and volleyball are also popular. Turkey hosted the finals of EuroBasket 2001 and the finals of the 2010 FIBA World Championship, winning second place on both occasions; while Efes Pilsen S.K. won the Korać Cup in 1996, finished second in the Saporta Cup of 1993, and made it to the Final Four of Euroleague and Suproleague in 2000 and 2001. Turkish basketball players such as Mehmet Okur and Hedo Turkoglu have also been successful in the NBA. Women's volleyball teams, namely Fenerbahçe, Eczacıbaşı, Vakıfbank Güneş Sigorta and have won numerous European championship titles and medals.
The traditional Turkish national sport has been yağlı güreş (oiled wrestling) since Ottoman times.Edirne has hosted the annual Kırkpınar oiled wrestling tournament since 1361. International wrestling styles governed by FILA such as Freestyle wrestling and Greco-Roman wrestling are also popular, with many European, World and Olympic championship titles won by Turkish wrestlers both individually and as a national team.
Weightlifting has been a successful Turkish sport. Turkish weightlifters, both male and female, have broken numerous world records and won several European, World and Olympic championship titles. Naim Süleymanoğlu and Halil Mutlu have achieved legendary status as one of the few weightlifters to have won three gold medals in three Olympics.
Motorsports are also popular in Turkey. The Rally of Turkey was included in the FIA World Rally Championship calendar in 2003, while Formula One race weekends held at the Istanbul Park racing circuit occurred annually between the 2005 and 2011 Formula One seasons. The Turkish Grand Prix was, however, not included in the 2012 Formula One season's calendar. Other important annual motorsports events which are held at the Istanbul Park racing circuit include the MotoGP Grand Prix of Turkey, the FIA World Touring Car Championship, the GP2 Series and the Le Mans Series. From time to time Istanbul and Antalya also host the Turkish leg of the F1 Powerboat Racing championship; while the Turkish leg of the Red Bull Air Race World Series, an air racing competition, takes place above the Golden Horn in Istanbul. Surfing, snowboarding, skateboarding, paragliding and other extreme sports are becoming more popular every year.
This entry has been automagically sourced from Wikipedia, the user-contributed encyclopedia. It may not have been reviewed by professional editors and is licensed under CC-BY-SA. Visit Turkey on Wikipedia to correct or update this entry.


text:
L'équipe d'Andorre de volley-ball est composée des meilleurs joueurs andorrans sélectionnés par la Fédération andorrane de volley-ball (FAV : Federació Andorrana de Voleibol). Elle est classée au  au classement de la FIVB au .

Sélection actuelle

Palmarès et parcours

Palmarès
Championnat d'Europe des petits États
Deuxième : 2007

Parcours

Championnat d'Europe des petits États
2000 : Non participant
2002 :
2005 :
2007 :
2009 : Non participant
2011 :
2013 : Non participant
2015 :

Liens internes
Équipe d'Andorre de volley-ball féminin

Liens externes
 Fédération andorrane de volley-ball

Andorre
Volley-ball

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


As much as we can wish that everybody would walk, bike, take transit, or drive plug-in hybrids and electric cars, there's a need out there for big pickup trucks, and it might take a while longer before there are good electric or plug-in hybrid options. Yet if our goal is to reduce carbon emissions and improve air quality, trucks are a low-hanging fruit. Because they burn a lot more fuel than smaller vehicles, and because they are often used for work by contractors and such who drive them more than the average commuter, there are big gains to be made by making them more efficient and cleaner.
In other words, with everything else being equal, if you have the choice between making a compact car or a big pickup truck 50% more efficient, you should always pick the truck because while the relative improvement is the same, the absolute number of fuel saved will be much higher with the truck.
That's why it's a good thing that Ford will offer a compressed natural gas (CNG) version of its 2014 F150 pickup truck, a perennial best-seller in North-America.
When it comes to emissions, the biggest benefit is for smog-forming emissions. Natural gas simply burns cleaner than gasoline and (especially) diesel. But carbon emission benefits, while real, are a bit more marginal, especially if the whole life-cycle of the fuel is taken into account.
According to the U.S. Department of Energy, CNG emits approximately "6% to 11% lower levels of GHGs than gasoline throughout the fuel life cycle". But bigger benefits can be achieved if we capture gas that would otherwise be flared (ie. wasted) and do something useful with it, or if we use biogas from sources that would otherwise release methane in the atmosphere (ie. landfill capture systems).
Bottom line, CNG is still dirty, but while we wait for better options (ie. fully electric trucks), it can be an improvement over what we have now (especially if it replaces dirtier diesel).
As much as we can wish that everybody would walk, bike, take transit, or drive plug-in hybrids and electric cars, there's a need out there for big pickup trucks.


Visiting French and Spanish Catalonia last summer, Catalan pride was visible everywhere on both sides of the border. The same pride was evident in Barcelona when I was there last month. If you would like to learn more about the Catalonian independence movement, click here. It was my first visit to Barcelona in eight years, and I was absolutely blown away the explosion in street art that has taken place since then. Catalonian culture is experiencing a true rebirth in art and cuisine and taking off in new directions.
I'm truly looking forward to exploring and sharing more of my favorite part of the world with you. Stay tuned!


In the world of blended Scotch whiskies, there's Johnnie Walker Red Label and there's everyone else. Now the world's best-selling blended Scotch whisky, sold in over 200 markets worldwide, Johnnie Walker Red Label is the perfect whisky for any occasion. If you just got a promotion, bring it out to celebrate. If your team just won the championship, bust out a bottle. If you feel great that you got past a rough Tuesday, pop open the bottle to enjoy your accomplishment. There's seemingly no reason to horde this delicious liquor, and doing so is an insult to the sweet, delicate and light contents within the bottle. Combining several whiskies from the east coast of Scotland and the peaty delights of the west coast, it embodies everything that makes a Scotch the perfect drink.
When you open a bottle of Johnnie Walker Red Label, you're immediately greeted with an aroma of spice and smoke. It's not exactly like eating a rack of ribs, but it's just as satisfying. It owes its depth of flavor to its blending process, and as soon as it hits your lips, you'll enjoy hints of pepper, fruit and vanilla before you're hit with the signature smokiness that makes Johnnie Walker Red Label one of the most prized, yet affordable Scotch whiskies money can buy. Purists will enjoy it on the rocks or neat, but its light body makes it perfect for cocktails or with a healthy dose of soda water. No matter how you enjoy Red Label, you're in for an experience unlike any other.


Sysmex Inostics GmbH is a molecular diagnostics company and a wholly owned subsidiary of Sysmex Corporation. The company provides testing for physicians, clinical trials, and research offering highly sensitive mutation testing from plasma samples. Sysmex Inostics´ core competency in mutation discovery and detection uses technologies such as BEAMing Digital PCR and Plasma-Sequencing. BEAMing and Plasma-Seq are the most sensitive technologies available today for detecting and discovering tumor-specific somatic mutations.


text:
Pseudatemelia filiella is een vlinder uit de familie zaksikkelmotten (Lypusidae). De wetenschappelijke naam is voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 1859 door Staudinger.

De soort komt voor in Europa.

Zaksikkelmotten
Dier uit het Palearctisch gebied


text:
Official: Fernando Alonso Returning To F1 With Renault
July 8, 2020 November 12, 2020 Andrew Beckford	0 Comments	Cyril Abiteboul, F1, Fernando Alonso, Formula 1, Formula One, Renault, Renault F1, Renault Sport Racing, Sebastian Vettel
Today it is official. Renault Sport Racing Managing Director Cyril Abiteboul announced that Fernando Alonso will be driving for them once again in 2021.
Like the great Michael Jordan, Fernando Alonso is returning to his sport after what will be a three year motorsport sabbatical. He left Formula 1 in 2018 and while he made it seem like it would be for good, I think many of us knew better.
Even Sebastian Vettel called it in his "Goodbye" video to Alonso to which he ended with "see you when you get back". How ironic that when Fernando returns to F1 with Renault in 2021, there is a good chance Vettel might be retiring from the sport himself since he will no longer be with Ferrari as Carlos Saniz is taking his place.
Fernando won back-to-back championships with Renault in '05 and '06 respectively but a lot has changed with the manufacturer since then. In recent years they've struggled as a mid-pack team, had issues as an engine supplier, and have had trouble keeping drivers in their ranks.
The team has just lost Daniel Ricciardo to McLaren (hence the seat that Fernando will be occupying), and there have been rumors of Renault's financial troubles due to COVID-19 being so severe that they might shut down their F1 team all together.
Cyril Abiteboul
So, is this move to bring Fernando Alonso back into the Renault stable one last Hail Mary on behalf of Abiteboul to prove to Renault that their F1 team is worth keeping? I suppose so if you want to look at things through a dramatic lens.
For those prefer a less emotional theory, in Fernando's video announcing his return he cites his reason for leaving F1 in the first place as wanting to take on other challenges. Which he definitely did. Alonso took on endurance races all over the world like Daytona, Sebring, Spa, and LeMans. He famously took a shot at the Indy 500 and even ran the Dakar rally.
We are back. #f1 pic.twitter.com/oK6bfbG5WB
— Fernando Alonso (@alo_oficial) July 8, 2020
After taking on all those challenges he wants to come back to F1. It doesn't seem all that unreasonable honestly. Though I still slightly prefer the more dramatic "last-ditch effort" angle more.
Furthermore he has a strong emotional connection to the team "Renault is my family, my fondest memories in Formula One with my two World Championship titles" Fernando said in an official statement.
Either way I'm sure there are many fans all over (including me) who are glad to see him back in the sport. Physically, I think he is more than capable of being competitive but can Renault Sport Racing give him a competitive car? That's another story.
Perhaps, Fernando's return will convince Renault to give Cyril additional resources to help get the team back into championship fighting shape? Who knows at this point; but I'm very curious to see how it plays out.
The sub-plot in this story is what this all means for Sebastian Vettel. He is out at Ferrari (seemingly with no warning according to him), Daniel Ricciardo took Saniz' vacated seat at McLaren, Alonso is back at Renault, and Mercedes seems to be content keeping the same Hamilton/Bottas driver line up going into 2021.
If Vettel decides to stay in F1 where could he go? With my speculation hat on, I could see a back marker team like Williams or Alfa Romeo Racing booting a driver to make way for a 4-time champion like Sebastian Vettel.
Depending on his 2020 results, Williams could put their new driver Nicolas Latifi on reserve duty to make way for Vettel. Or Alfa Romeo Racing could put Kimi Raikkonen out to pasture and replace him with the younger Vettel. I only speculate that because I don't see the Italian team dropping Antonio Giovinazzi, the only Italian driver on the F1 grid, from their ranks.
I think there is also an outside chance that Haas F1 may be willing to bump one of their drivers in favor for Vettel. As much as we root for them, neither Romain Grosjean nor Kevin Magnussen have had stellar results recently. The addition of a driver of Vettel's caliber to Haas may just be the missing piece they need to become a stronger contender and maybe even challenge the likes of McLaren.
Obviously none of us really knows what the future holds especially in these crazy times. One thing's for sure, the end of the 2020 season is likely to be the silliest of silly seasons ever.
← Formula 1 Officially Came Back This Weekend! (Results)
Motorsport Wrap Up: F1 Styrian GP & Indy Car Rev Group GP Race 1 & 2 Results →

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
2013 Caterham 620R Uncovered Ahead of Goodwood Premiere
Caterham has uncovered its 2013 620R, which will be openly introduced at the 2013 Goodwood Festival of Speed.
The 620R will be substituting the British brand's R500 and is enhanced by a 2.0-liter, Duratec 4-cylinder motor sourced from Ford. It's the same supercharged powerplant that Caterham used in its R400 and R500 versions, but has been upgraded to 311 horsepower and 219 lb-ft of torque in this iteration.
"The Seven 620R is an exclusive piece of kit," informed Caterham Cars CEO Graham Macdonald. "We know there is demand for vehicles that change the rules of performance and, if you're brave enough to take it on, the 620R will be hugely rewarding, fun model to drive."
That means the 620R is the mightiest Caterham road production car yet, and with it weighing in at under a scant 1,200 lbs, it'll bullet its way to 60 mph in only 2.79 sec. Aerodynamic upgrades have been implemented on the 620R's design with its nose cone reshaped to increase airflow around the vehicle for cooling purposes. The interior gets carbon fiber panels, a Q/R steering wheel, while it'll roll on 13-inch wheels.
Cost is about $75,000 (£49,995) and the 620R will be delivered later this year. Later on, an "S" version will be added to the lineup that according to the brand, "harnesses all the power of the original but provides a little more accessibility."
If the 620R is too expensive for your wallet, Caterham is working on an entry-level Seven sports vehicle that will cost around $25,800 (£17,000).
Caterham news
Caterham pictures 66
Aston Martin DBS


text:
#include "gxx/util/horrible_cast.h"
#include "gxx/util/stub.h"
#include <utility>

#include <gxx/debug/dprint.h>

#include "inttypes.h"

namespace gxx {

	class AbstractDelegate {};

	template<typename T, typename B> struct change_basic{};
	template<typename T, typename B, typename R, typename ... V>
	struct change_basic<T, R(B::*)(V...)>
	{
		using type =  R(T::*)(V...);
	};

	template<typename R ,typename ... Args>	class delegate;
	template<typename R ,typename ... Args>	class fastdelegate;
	template<typename R ,typename ... Args>	class callback;

	//Делегат. Шаблонный класс.
	//Параметры шаблона задают сигнатуру делегируемой функции.
	//@1 тип возвращаемый тип.
	//@2 - ... Типы параметров. Доступно неограниченное количество параметров.
	template<typename R ,typename ... Args>
	class delegate {
	protected:
		enum { METHOD, FUNCTION };

		using obj_t 		= AbstractDelegate*;
		using mtd_t 		= R (AbstractDelegate::*)(Args ...);
		using fnc_t 		= R (*)(Args ...);
		using extfnc_t	 	= R (*)(void* ,Args ...);
		using absmemb_t		= std::pair<mtd_t, obj_t>;

		//Соответствует истине и будет работать только в G++
		union method_union
		{
			mtd_t method;
			struct {
				fnc_t function;
				fnc_t attributes;
			} part;
		};

	protected:
		obj_t object;
		method_union method;

	public:
		void clean() {
			method.method = horrible_cast<mtd_t, R(DoNothing::*)(Args ...)>(&DoNothing::do_nothing<R,Args...>);
			object = 0;
		}

		bool armed() {
			return method.method != horrible_cast<mtd_t, R(DoNothing::*)(Args ...)>(&DoNothing::do_nothing<R,Args...>);
		}

		delegate(): delegate(&DoNothing::do_nothing<R,Args...>, (DoNothing*)0) {}

		delegate(const delegate& d) {
			object = d.object;
			method.method = d.method.method;
		};

		delegate(delegate&& d) {
			object = d.object;
			method.method = d.method.method;
		};

		delegate(const fnc_t func) {
			object = 0;
			method.part.function = func;
			method.part.attributes = 0;
		};

		template <typename T>
		delegate(R(T::*mtd)(Args ...), T* ptr_obj) {
			object = reinterpret_cast <obj_t> (ptr_obj);
			method.method = horrible_cast<mtd_t, R(T::*)(Args ...)>(mtd);
		}

		template <typename F>
		delegate(const F& functor) {
			//dprln(__PRETTY_FUNCTION__);
			object = reinterpret_cast <obj_t> ((F*) &functor);
			method.method = horrible_cast<mtd_t, decltype(&F::operator())>(&F::operator());
		}

		delegate& operator=(const delegate& d) {
			object = d.object;
			method.method = d.method.method;
			return *this;
		};

		delegate& operator=(delegate&& d) {
			object = d.object;
			method = d.method;
			return *this;
		};

		R operator()(Args ... arg) {
			uint8_t type = object ? METHOD : FUNCTION;
			if (type == METHOD)
				return (object->*method.method)(arg ...);
			else //FUNCTION
				return method.part.function(arg ...);
		};

		bool operator==(delegate<R ,Args ... > b) {
			return method.method==b.method.method && object==b.object;
		};

		R emit_and_reset(Args ... args) {
			gxx::delegate<R, Args ...> copy = *this;
			clean();
			return copy(std::forward<Args>(args) ...);
		};

	};

	template<typename R ,typename ... Args>
	class fastdelegate
	{
		using obj_t 		= AbstractDelegate*;
		using mtd_t 		= R (AbstractDelegate::*)(Args ...);
		using fnc_t 		= R (*)(Args ...);
		using extfnc_t	 	= R (*)(void* ,Args ...);
		using absmemb_t		= std::pair<mtd_t, obj_t>;

		//Соответствует истине и будет работать только в G++
		union method_union{
			mtd_t method;
			struct{
				fnc_t function;
				fnc_t attributes;
			} part;
		};

	public:
		obj_t object;
		extfnc_t extfunction;

	public:
		fastdelegate(): fastdelegate(&DoNothing::do_nothing<R,Args...>, (DoNothing*)0) {}

		fastdelegate(const fastdelegate& d)	: object(d.object), extfunction(d.extfunction) {};

		void operator= (const fastdelegate& d) volatile {
			object = d.object;
			extfunction = d.extfunction;
		}

		fastdelegate(absmemb_t&& pr) {
			object = pr.second;
			extfunction = reinterpret_cast<extfnc_t>(horrible_cast<method_union,mtd_t>(pr.first).function);
		};

		fastdelegate(extfnc_t func, void* obj) {
			object = (obj_t) obj;
			extfunction = func;
		};

		template <typename T>
		fastdelegate(R(T::*mtd)(Args ...), T* ptr_obj) {
			object = reinterpret_cast <obj_t> (ptr_obj);
			extfunction = reinterpret_cast<extfnc_t>(horrible_cast<method_union,R(T::*)(Args ...)>(mtd).part.function);
		}

		R operator()(Args ... arg) volatile {
			return extfunction(object, arg ...);
		};
	};

	template<typename T, typename Ret, typename ... Args>
	delegate<Ret, Args ...> make_delegate(Ret(T::* mtd)(Args...), T* ptr) {
		return delegate<Ret, Args...>(mtd, ptr);
	}

	template<typename Ret, typename ... Args>
	delegate<Ret, Args ...> make_delegate(Ret(* fnc)(Args...)) {
		return delegate<Ret, Args...>(fnc);
	}

	template<typename T, typename Ret, typename ... Args>
	fastdelegate<Ret, Args ...> make_fastdelegate(Ret(T::* mtd)(Args...), T* ptr) {
		return fastdelegate<Ret, Args...>(mtd, ptr);
	}

	template<typename Ret, typename ... Args>
	fastdelegate<Ret, Args ...> make_fastdelegate(Ret(* fnc)(void*, Args...), void* obj) {
		return fastdelegate<Ret, Args...>(fnc, obj);
	}

	using action = gxx::delegate<void>;
	using fastaction = gxx::fastdelegate<void>;

	static inline fastaction make_fastaction(void(* fnc)()) {
		return make_fastdelegate(reinterpret_cast<void(*)(void*)>(fnc), nullptr);
	}
}

#endif

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


The Kara boot continues to be our #1 best seller. Vegetable tanned, scrunched, twisted, brushed leathers. Faux fur are the most exciting feature for FW'17. Fur lining for warmth and added comfort. "4D Technology" footbed, removable. Exclusive Dromedaris TR rubber outsole with new leather welt with heavy stitch, stacked heel look, some with slightly metalized brushed finishes.
Best boots I have ever had...soooo comfortable. I just received the black boots and am now ordering the brown ones. they are very ell made and show attention to detail. the arch support which is built in makes all the difference for me.
Plus, the customer support is great. They are responsive and honest...very helpful. I tell people about these boots all of the time.


text:
Men's hockey: Top 10 tracker
posted by Rob Pettapiece on 19:12 10 comments
The CIS men's hockey rankings are here, and the RPI is here.
UNB (2nd in RPI): Host St. Thomas on Friday, who will be seeking revenge for 43:33, 47:50, and 49:35 of this game. The Reds are +2.0 in SRS, a step down from their last two years where they've been three goals or more better than the average team. Though that may be because we're now ignoring shootouts country-wide in these rankings, and so what was previously a win or loss is a tie.
McGill (1st in RPI): Survived the third period at Ryerson on Saturday, winning when (guess who) Francis Verreault-Paul put one home at 59:49.
Have just one game left in 2011, a Friday morning school game vs. RMC in Verdun.
Alberta (5th in RPI): As Evan noted, their trip to Manitoba this weekend "will be a good barometer of where this squad is after a relatively easy stretch of games against the conference's bottom three squads." Real Cyr will likely still lead the country in save percentage regardless of what happens, though.
Western (6th in RPI): Host Waterloo and Guelph. The first one will be a bigger test, you'd think. This past weekend, at UOIT and Laurier, was the first one the Mustangs had where they won both games convincingly (by at least three goals), which is notable since they've played the weakest schedule in CIS so far. (Though it's hard to say a 9-3 win and a two-goal win aren't convincing.) (Never mind any of that. I read the wrong weekend off the schedule.)
Moncton (19th in RPI): Play at UPEI Friday. They fell from third to fifth in the CIS rankings after losing to those Panthers, but that home loss (combined with everyone else's results) dropped them seven spots in RPI, to the point where they are technically below average. It's not the first time an above-.500 team with a soft schedule is ranked, and it won't be the last.
Saskatchewan (13th in RPI): Cruised against UBC, as usual. Two games vs. Regina await.
Acadia (12th in RPI): Host SMU Friday.
Lakehead (4th in RPI): Host Waterloo this weekend for two. (Another goof. That would be the next weekend they play a regular season, which is in January, not this weekend.)
Fourth in RPI but four spots below Western? Hmm. The 'Wolves and 'Stangs can settle it on the ice: they play four times between Jan. 20 and Feb. 4.
Manitoba (3rd in RPI): Evan and math are both higher on Manitoba than the voters. Why not, right? They're only 4-0 against Calgary, and they lost by one goal in both games against Saskatchewan, and are 1-1 (or 2-0, depending how you count) against Alberta. What more can they do?
They have two home games against those Bears this weekend, so I suppose we'll see.
UQTR (8th in RPI): Face a much tougher slate this week: Nipissing and Carleton on the road, rather than RMC and Queen's anywhere. (The Gaels' 1-0 win over Carleton a few weeks back will remain an unsolved mystery for years.)
Rob Pettapiece
David Kilfoil 11/30/2011 7:23 pm
Rob, not sure you meant to say "It's not the first time an above-.500 team with a soft schedule is ranked, and it won't be the last." about Moncton did you? I mean, they play the same AUS teams that everyone else does.
Philippe Poirier 11/30/2011 7:36 pm
Soft schedule. Sure, we have the same soft schedule as UNB, Acadia, SMU, StFX, UPEI, DAL and STU. No such thing as a soft schedule in the AUS.
#justsaying.
northvanman 11/30/2011 7:55 pm
Totally not tracking with what you've written about Western. Last weekend they HOSTED UOIT and Brock (5-2 and 5-0 victories respectively). The 9-3 win against Laurier was at home but 3 weeks ago. They did play away at UOIT and Laurier 2 weekends ago but won one and lost the other. I'd also suggest that Guelph may give Western as much or more of a test as Waterloo - both games that UWO and Guelph played earlier this year went to extra time, with Western winning one in OT and the other in a SO.
Also, Lakehead is not playing Waterloo this weekend - they have finished their first half conference schedule and are playing a pair of non-conference games against Calgary.
JMuise 11/30/2011 7:55 pm
Saying Moncton has a soft schedule and McGill has a hard one is the complete opposite. McGill would be a below .500 team in the aus. We will see what kind of masacre happens when Ottawa is at UNB twice to wear off those xmas Turkeys
Rob Pettapiece 11/30/2011 8:36 pm
Taking these in order:
Moncton's strength-of-schedule rank is 32nd out of 34 teams. It may be early and that may very well change between now and March, but I'm not just making this up as I go.
As for Western/Lakehead, my apologies, I misread the schedule, and I've corrected it now; as always, we regret the error.
The toughest teams Lakehead has beaten are Ottawa and Windsor. They are barely better than Dal and STU, the two weakest teams on Moncton's schedule.
AUS teams won 7 of 9 games against OUA teams in non-conference games this year.
How can we have the 32nd easier schedule in the CIS, that's just plain absurd... either that or I seriously don't understand how you rank it.
1) You need to explain your rankings
2) You seriously need to come out east and watch some games, and I don't mean watching the AUS teams at Nationals either, regular season games between any of the 8 teams here.
I know the rest of the country might be annoyed with us AUS guys always tooting our own horns, but we can back up our claims that we have the best and most competitive conference in the CIS. It's not very hard to see...
I seriously wish the 'bottom' teams in our league would play some cross-conference exhibitions, I think some of you would be surprised with the results and us east coast boys would be justified.
I don't think there's another conference or league in the country that as you going 'Oh shit we're playing XYZ tonigh (where XYZ is any of the other teams in the conference). Every game night here you end up worrying to some degree, even current last place DAL has me worrying when they roll into town, they have enough good players on their roster that they can surprise you, and were it not for their goalie troubles they'd certainly have a better record.
E 12/05/2011 6:35 pm
Uknown:
Lakehead is 7-7-0 against AUS teams all time, with wins over UNB, ST Mary's, Acadia and St FX.
They have yet to play St Thomas or Dalhousie.
Against Canada West Lakehead is 24-21-6 including the sweep of Calgary last weekend.
Judging by your comment, I'm assuming you've seen Lakehead play this year, which games were you at?
I don't remember the last time Lakehead has beat an AUS team, it's a few year, and have they ever beat an AUS team outside of their home rink in Thunder Bay? I don't think so.
Their last game against an AUS team would have been a 3-1 loss to UNB at the nationals in Thunder Bay.
The previous games would have been a weekend split against St Mary's, and I believe that year St Mary's won the AUS.
The last game outside of the Thunder Bay would have been at the nationals in Alberta where they defeated the AUS champs Acadia.
Lakehead can hold their own against AUS and Canada West teams.
OUA notes: Laurier's offence needs to play on a national stage
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Day 1: Let's depart this morning heading north towards Michigan. Tonight we will overnight in the quaint Bavarian Village of Frankenmuth. We'll include a guided tour and dinner at the delicious Bavarian Inn.
Day 2: Depart this morning for our drive to Mackinaw City. We will board the ferry for our cruise to Mackinac Island. Upon arriving on the island, spend the remainder of the afternoon enjoying the Lilac Festival. After checking in to our Island hotel, dinner will be included.
Day 3: After an included breakfast buffet, we'll board fringe-topped carriages for a tour of Mackinac Island, including Arch Rock, Fort Holmes and more! We will be dropped off for a luncheon at the opulent Grand Hotel! Afterwards, enjoy the activities of the Lilac Festival as well as time for shopping and exploring. Dinner is again included in tour this evening at the Island House.
Day 4: Breakfast is included in tour this morning, then we bid farewell to the island and head south. First we will stop at the Cross in the Woods near Indian River. The Cross in the Woods has attracted millions of visitors from around the world and is one of Michigan's best known and loved monuments. We will overnight in Saginaw, MI this evening. Dinner will be included.
Day 5: This morning after checkout we will visit Bronner's, America's largest display of Christmas decorations. Then we depart for our drive home. Plan to arrive home early evening after a delightful and restful visit to Mackinac at Lilac time!


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Today's NYT Spelling Bee Pangram – New York Times Spelling Bee Pangram for April 30, 2022
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Today's NYT Spelling Bee Pangram for the for the New York Times Spelling Bee Puzzle are ready for you. The New York Times Spelling Bee has only one Spelling Bee pangram today. The pangram is NOBLEWOMEN. While the word NOBLEWOMEN has a definition, our dictionary did not have it readily available.
Today's NYT Spelling Bee Pangram for the for the New York Times Spelling Bee Puzzle are ready for you. The New York Times Spelling Bee has only one Spelling Bee pangram today. The pangram is COMPANION. COMPANION means a traveler who accompanies you. It is also defined as be a companion to somebody. It is • Read More »
Today's NYT Spelling Bee Pangram for the for the New York Times Spelling Bee Puzzle are ready for you. The New York Times Spelling Bee has only one Spelling Bee pangram today. The pangram is WALKOUT. WALKOUT means a strike in which the workers walk out. It is also defined as the act of walking • Read More »
Today's NYT Spelling Bee Pangram for the for the New York Times Spelling Bee Puzzle are ready for you. The New York Times Spelling Bee has multiple pangrams today. The pangrams are COEFFICIENT, CONFECTION, CONFETTI, and INFECTION. COEFFICIENT means a constant number that serves as a measure of some property or characteristic. CONFECTION means the • Read More »
Today's NYT Spelling Bee Pangram for the for the New York Times Spelling Bee Puzzle are ready for you. The New York Times Spelling Bee has only one Spelling Bee pangram today. The pangram is MEGAPLEX. While the word MEGAPLEX has a definition, our dictionary did not have it readily available.


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Women Increasingly at Risk and Unable to Access Assistance Post the Beirut Explosion
In the aftermath of the Beirut Port explosion on August 4, women in female-headed households, living within the explosion range, are suffering increased vulnerability.
Women photographers show the impacts of COVID-19 in West Africa
CARE commissioned five women from different West African countries to go out and document the impact of COVID-19 on their communities—especially on its women and young people.
Preventing Gender-Based Violence in Kenya: CARE's Women's Voice & Leadership work
The COVID-19 pandemic has caused a sharp increase in gender-based violence (GBV) in many parts of the world. CARE is working with local women's organizations in Kenya's informal settlements to address GBV and protect survivors as part of our Women's Voice and Leadership work.
CARE very worried for hundreds of thousands in Vietnam already devastated by recent flooding, as third storm Saudel approaches this weekend
Nearly 1 million people are already struggling with the impact of severe flooding across central Vietnam over the past weeks, with a third tropical storm – Saudel – predicted to make landfall this Sunday 25 October.
Adapting to the pandemic
While COVID-19 has meant adjusting our path, our work fighting poverty, saving lives in emergencies, and creating a better, more equal world continues. Here are some great examples of how we've adapted during the pandemic:
15 Minutes on Canadian International Assistance
On this episode of 15 Minutes to Change the World, we speak with The Honourable Bob Rae about Canadian international assistance in the age of COVID-19: how it has compounded existing inequalities around the world and changed how Canada is responding to support people in vulnerable places. And of course, what we can do to ensure this crucial work continues and expands.
Five minute inspiration: CARE savings groups in the post COVID world
Movement restrictions, economic crisis, plummeting incomes, the inability to get together in groups. These are all challenges that could make a savings group fail post-COVID-19. They could make it impossible to move forward. That's not what's happening.
Empowered girls lead the way to innovative and impactful solutions in the midst of COVID-19
As the world celebrates International Day of the Girl on 11 October, CARE calls for girls' voices to be amplified, and for them to shape prevention and response interventions in the fight against COVID-19.
Five girls who inspire us
We're thrilled to introduce you to five amazing girls we've had the honour of meeting through our work to save lives, defeat poverty, and achieve social justice:
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Professor Øivind Torkildsen describes his treatment goals for people with newly diagnosed multiple sclerosis.
"My goal for multiple sclerosis today is to stop the disease progression in the patient we diagnose. And I think this is an achievable goal in newly diagnosed patients. We see that we are able to keep these patients stable with the potent treatment. In the long run, I want to eradicate this disease. We are not there yet, but I really think that in the next 10 years we will see some revolution in the treatment of the disease."


NEW YORK - A 35-year-old media executive on a first date plunged to her death Thursday after the railing on her 17th-floor New York City balcony gave way, police said.
Jennifer Rosoff went outside for a cigarette around 12:50 a.m. when she either sat on the railing or leaned on it. Her date told her that she probably shouldn't do it, and then moments later, she apparently fell backward and landed on construction scaffolding at the first floor, authorities said. Police spoke to the man and no foul play was suspected.
The gray brick high-rise building on Manhattan's Upper East Side was built before World War II. Only the higher-floor corner apartments have balconies, and city officials ordered residents to stay off them.
A photo of the corner balcony of the apartment where Rosoff lived shows the top two metal railings bent down in a V-shape. Buildings officials took part of the broken railing to examine how it could have given way.
In 2010, after a 24-year-old social worker fell to his death when the railing gave way at his 24th-floor apartment terrace, the city conducted safety inspections on hundreds of residences. Tenants at 16 buildings were ordered to stay off their balconies because they were deemed unsafe.
Rosoff worked at The New Yorker, Lucky Magazine and Cosmopolitan before recently joining a new media advertising startup called TripleLift, according to her LinkedIn profile.


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Research In Motion announced that it will hold its BlackBerry 10 Jam developer conference in conjunction with the BlackBerry World 2012 conference in May.
Research in Motion has announced that its BlackBerry 10 Jam for developers will run in early May. In a March 15 entry on the BlackBerry DevBlog, RIM announced that it would host BlackBerry 10 Jam on May 1-3 as a concurrent conference to BlackBerry World, the largest annual gathering for the BlackBerry ecosystem.
BlackBerry 10 Jam will be dedicated to developers and is an opportunity for them to connect with BlackBerry platform experts and learn more about the benefits and business opportunities of the BlackBerry platform. The show will give developers insight on building applications in anticipation of the launch of the new BlackBerry 10 OS later this year, RIM officials said.
Sessions and labs at the BlackBerry 10 Jam will focus on several issues, including BlackBerry Native SDK, a C/C++ environment with support for open-source libraries; HTML5 and BlackBerry WebWorks, HTML5 tools with an added layer for app enhancement through BlackBerry WebWorks; Adobe Flash (the AIR SDK for BlackBerry allows developers to build apps with Flash and AIR tools); and Android (the Android runtime will run applications that have been packaged from APK files to BAR files and submitted to BlackBerry App World).
BlackBerry 10 Jam will take place at the Hilton Bonnet Creek in Orlando, Fla. More details and info can be found here. The BlackBerry 10 Jam conference is limited to developer attendees.
Meanwhile, RIM said the BlackBerry platform has become one of the most profitable platforms for mobile developers, and according to the Yankee Research Group, BlackBerry App World has more paid downloads per month than the Android market. And in the second quarter of 2011, BlackBerry App World generated 43 percent more average daily downloads per app than the Apple App Store.
In addition, RIM said 13 percent of BlackBerry developers have made more than $100,000 from their apps on BlackBerry App World, considerably more than Android or Apple developers. And Carrier Billing, which has proven to dramatically increase paid downloads, is available with 40 carriers in 36 countries. RIM claims none of its competitors can boast those numbers.
BlackBerry App World is the premier channel for app distribution for BlackBerry devices. More than 2 billion apps have been downloaded from App World alone. The first billion were downloaded in just over two years; the second billion were downloaded in the last seven months. More than 6 million apps are downloaded every day from App World alone, RIM said. And RIM officials added that App World is available in 164 countries and territories.


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IUCN Acting Director General's Statement on the ongoing bush fires in Australia
The bush fires raging across Australia on an unprecedented scale have so far claimed more than 25 lives, and have had disastrous impacts for communities and human health. IUCN is greatly shocked and saddened by the loss of human lives and suffering the fires are causing.
It is estimated that over seven million hectares have gone up in flames since the start of the 2019 fire season. As Australia's landscapes burn, the country's unique wildlife and natural vegetation also suffer. Early estimates indicate the number of vertebrate animals affected since the fires started in September 2019 could be as high as 1 billion, with most of these likely to have been killed immediately by the severe fires, or dying soon after as burnt landscapes leave them with little or no food and shelter.
Although it will be months at least before safe monitoring can determine the true effects of the fires on many threatened species, early estimates suggest that most of the range has already burnt for between 20 and 100 threatened species of plants and animals, putting them at even greater risk of extinction.
Conservation gains achieved from dedicated and long-lasting efforts undertaken for the recovery of many threatened species have suddenly been subverted, and the extinction risk for many of these species has been made acutely worse by this chain of fires.
Environmental recovery efforts may take decades and will need a coordinated approach. This will require protecting remaining unburnt refuges; rehabilitation, captive breeding and seed propagation programs for highly impacted animal and plant species; strengthening management of invasive predators; rapidly rejuvenating habitats, rejuvenating and supplementing food and water sources; and ensuring effective monitoring as ecosystems and populations of plants and animals are supported through to recovery.
Australia is currently enduring unprecedented drought and heat waves, with 2019 Australia's hottest and driest year to date. The country's six hottest days on record were in December 2019, and throughout the year temperatures were 1.5°C above the long-term average. The length of Australia's fire season has been increasing, with climate change contributing to these changes, according to Australia's State of the Climate 2018 report.
These conditions that support such extensive and severe fires are a stark reminder that climate change is a global phenomenon that spares no region, and that it is every country's responsibility to address this growing menace as a priority of the highest order.
IUCN lauds the heroic efforts of the thousands of volunteer fire fighters in the face of this disaster that spans the Australian continent, and the work of those assisting and caring for people, domestic animals and wildlife threatened by or injured in the fires.
Membres de l'UICN
Responsabilité et valeurs
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Zones Clés pour la Biodiversité (KBA)
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Entreprises et biodiversité
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Mexique, Amérique centrale et Caraibes


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Madonna Essay
Madonna was born on August 16, 1958, in the city of Bay City, located in the state of Michigan. Her real birth name is Madonna Louise Ciccone. However, most people know her as simply Madonna. She is known as a controversial singer, actress, dancer, songwriter, and became one of America's biggest and well- known stars in the late 1980s. Madonna's assertive behavior, outspoken personality, and aggressive acts of sexuality, along with her great efforts to push back the borders of the acceptable, brought her tremendous commercial success in America and abroad.
She achieved the reputation as a forefront performer and entertainer. Before Madonna began her superstar career, she attended school at the
University…show more content…
The album reached the top tin on the charts in the year of
Madonna's subsequent videos grew increasingly more elaborate and sophisticated. Most of the videos went to the top of the charts, which resulted in her drawing more and more attention, which in turn carried over to her later music. Musical hits such as the songs "Like a Virgin," "Angel," "Dress You Up,"
"Pretender," "Over and Over," "Stay," "Shoo-bee-doo," and "Material Girl," from her album titled Madonna, Like A Virgin, in 1984 stayed as the number one album for about six weeks. As her superstar status grew and became more and more assured, Madonna became more willing to express her views on different controversial issues. Her music song, "Papa Don't Preach," which was released in the year 1986, dealt with the controversial issue of teenage pregnancy. Her song, "Like a Prayer," which was released in the year 1989, treated the idea of spirituality in a questionable way. Additionally, her song, "Justify My Love," made in 1990 was accompanied by a video deemed too sexually explicit to be shown on the MTV channel. Madonna has broken several popular music sales records. Her song,
"Vogue," released in 1990, became one of the top selling singles ever produced.
The Immaculate Collection, including all previously released songs like
"Holiday," "Lucky Star," "Borderline," "Like A Virgin," "Material Girl," "Crazy
For You," "Into The Groove," "Live To Tell," "Papa Don't
Madonna And Madonna Comparison
The Madonna: a picturesque representation of Judeo-Christian ideology's mother Mary and her young prophetical child, an infant Christ – an innocent and thus, oppressive trope of renaissance art that echoes throughout art history as subject matter for masters from Byzantine proto-renaissance, mannerist, and baroque, to contemporary artists alike. The Madonna was, just like nearly everything with religious epithets, a means of influencing followers. Being no exception, the Madonna represents something
Not surprisingly, Madonna has set many of the standards for music videos, and has had over 10 number one singles (Madonna fan club n. pag.). At the time Madonna first arrived on the scene there hadn't been a strong female icon in music since Billie Holiday. Like Holiday, Madonna turned heads with her sexy attitude and approach to life, love, and sex. Think what you might about her musical talent,
Madonna-a Legend
performer, actress. Born Madonna Louise Veronica Ciccone in Bay City, Michigan, on August 16, 1958, to parents Silvio "Tony" Ciccone and Madonna Fortin. Tony, the son of Italian immigrants, was the first of his family to go to college, where he earned a degree in engineering. Madonna's mother, an x-ray technician and former dancer, was of French Canadian descent. After their marriage in 1955, the couple moved to Pontiac, Michigan, to be close to Tony's job as a defense engineer. Madonna was born three years
Wayside Madonna
Wayside Madonna is an oil painting on canvas by Edith Catlin Phelps. It was painted around 1939. Painted in southern California, it is a genre painting that is part of the regionalism movement but also has a religious subject. This painting is currently part of the permanent collection at Bowers Museum in Santa Ana, California. Phelps's oil painting Wayside Madonna ultimately focuses on the lady in the foreground, providing a narrative about southern California culture, and places an emphasis on
Why Is Madonna Influenced?
Madonna Louise Ciccone was born on August 16, 1958 (O'Brien p.6). She has two older brothers, one younger brother and two younger sisters (O'Brien p.6)Her older brothers loved to tease her and she often told on things they did to her father (Morton p.33)Madonna got her first name from her mother Madonna Sr. (Morton p.32). She was both a well behaved and difficult child one time being told not to leave the yard and was upset and pushed another child down (Andersen p. 21). Madonna was very close with
The Madonna Or Virgin Mary
The Madonna or Virgin Mary was a popular theme for many Middle Age and Renaissance period artists. I will be writing with a view of exploring the following pieces. The first is Madonna Enthroned with Angels and Prophets. [Fig 1] This work was by a prominent artist named Cimabue, or Cenni di Pepo, and was created in Florence, Italy. It is believed to have been done in the Middle Ages from 1280-1290 A.D. and the medium is tempura on wood. At dimensions of 12'7" X 7'4" it is quite large and is currently
Madonna Manipulation Of Music
listeners to find a defined boundary between artist and entertainer. Art is rarely conservative. Art in music is to be valued for its complexity, and its ability to invoke thoughts, emotions while expanding perspectives(Kalkavage). What qualified Madonna as an artist is her manipulation of music as a medium for instigation and expression. Like a prayer released on March 2, 1989, is Madonna's fourth album in her long-lasting career. The works incorporated in this album was largely inspired by her childhood
Enthroned Madonna Vs Ossanti Madonna
After thoroughly reading Chapters one and two, it became transparent that both Enthroned Madonna and Child and Ognissanti Madonna are nonetheless similar in size, structure and style. Beginning with his work, the painting is roughly twelve feet tall. Cimabue used various leveled scale with the indivduals in this piece (the idea that greater is better and generally critical). Various leveled scale implies placing things all together of significance in respect to estimate. In this piece the blessed
Case Study Of Madonna
Reading the Madonna case study, it is obvious that it was not Madonna's talent that made her the queen of pop. One of the most important drivers of Madonna's success was her vision; a vision for success. Since the very beginning Madonna knew that she wanted to become the most well known female performer and that she would do everything in order to achieve it. It is clear that Madonna had a strategy. The first step was for her to understand the industry and the customers, and she did exactly that
Madonna Research Paper
breaking charts till this day is Madonna. Madonna is a singer, dancer, actress/ director, and mother of four. Madonna viewed as a pop legend all around the globe. Known for breaking music boundaries with her music and her image starting out in the music industry very young
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Culver-Stockton College>Staff Directory>Business Department, Student Success Office>Jeanne Johnson
Jeanne Johnson
Senior Lecturer in Management Information Systems
Carl Johann Library - 304E
Business Department, Student Success Office
jjohnson@culver.edu
Jeanne Johnson joined the Culver-Stockton faculty in August 1999. She develops and teaches courses on computer applications in business, global business, web programming and principles org structure/management. She also is the director of tutoring and the academic support center.
She was named to Who's Who Among America's Teachers in 2005 and was named the Advisor of the Year for Students in Free Enterprise in 2009. Under Johnson's leadership, C-SC's student team created the first "Duel on the Hill" visit day competition and finished as champion, first runner-up or second runner-up at the SIFE regional competition every year from 2007 to 2012.
Johnson previously taught at William Woods University in Fulton, Mo. She also has experience as an agricultural business manager and a paralegal, and she has been an accountant since 1992.
She is a member of the Association for Computing Machinery, National Business Education Association, Institute of Management Accountants, American Association of University Women, American Mensa, Society for Information Technology and Teacher Education, Sigma Beta Delta and Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers.
Johnson was licensed as an EMT for 6 years and still enjoys health-related programs such as Touch for Health, Reiki, KST and foot reflexology.
1993 -- B.S., Business Administration, Culver-Stockton College, Canton, Mo.
1997 -- M.B.A., Business Administration, Quincy University, Quincy, Ill.
2003-09 -- additional graduate studies (21 hours) in management information systems, Northcentral University, San Diego, Calif.