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A Global Canopy project
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Unilever PLC
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Overall approach
Overarching commitment on deforestation
Conversion-free/zero-gross conversion/zero-net conversion commitment or a zero deforestation/deforestation-free commitment that explicitly includes all other natural ecosystems
"We've committed to achieving a deforestation-free supply chain by 2023. This means that by the end of 2023 our raw materials will come from places that are verified as deforestation and conversion free."
Open source document
Signatory to an initiative tackling deforestation
"With others in the industry through the Consumer Goods Forum (CGF), we have been of part of the Deforestation Resolution", They are also part of the New York Declaration on Forests , Soy Moratorium , the Cerrado Manifesto , the UN Global Compact, the Natural Capital Coalition, the Tropical Forest Alliance,
Awareness of the value of forests
"Forests are essential to life. They are the lungs of our planet and help to regulate our climate. They're second only to oceans as the largest global store of carbon. Up to 80% of terrestrial biodiversity and more than 1 billion people depend on forests for their livelihoods.1 When forests are cleared, burned or degraded, they emit carbon. It's estimated that deforestation contributes 15% of all global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions2 – more than the global transport sector. Yet by protecting and restoring forests we would achieve 18% of the emissions cuts needed by 2030 to prevent catastrophic climate change."
Deforestation as a business risk
Does the company recognise the risk as financial, operational, competition, reputational, or other? Please detail.: Reputational
"Acting in an ethical manner, consistent with the expectations of customers, consumers & other stakeholders, is essential for the reputation of Unilever (UL) & its brands. Deforestation & human rights allegations related to forest-risk commodities can cause brand damage, so being aware of activities within our supply chain & any campaigns or negative media coverage is vital. Damage to our corporate & brands reputation may come through our sometimes complex supply chain for purchased commodities. Risks are associated with the way commodities are grown, produced & traded"
High-level management of deforestion
Which commodities does it apply to?: Palm oil; Soy; Beef; Pulp & Paper
How often does the committee or board meet to assess company's progress on addressing deforestation-related issues?: Not disclosed
"The Boards (NV & PLC) are responsible for management, direction & performance of the Group. The operational running of is delegated to the CEO, except some key matters ie governance, structural & constitutional matters. The Boards & CEO are supported by the Corporate Responsibility Committee (CRC), Unilever Leadership Executive (ULE) & USLP Steering Team. The CRC feed into the CEO & Boards regularly so they can fulfill their oversight responsibilities. This includes tracking progress & the potential risks associated with the Unilever Sustainable Living Plan (USLP), inc all sustainable sourcing targets".
Executive compensation linked to deforestation
Yes, for all commodities
Does it disclose the percentage of pay at risk?: weighted as 25% of score
"Sustainability Progress Index (SPI) for MCIP year 2019 (based on 2018 USLP performance): The SPI is a two-fold assessment by the Corporate Responsibility Committee and the Compensation Committee that captures quantitative and qualitative elements (see page 57). For 2019, the Corporate Responsibility Committee and Compensation Committee agreed a framework for SPI assessment for the 2018 performance year that captures the breadth and depth of the USLP in relation to a number of key performance indicators (KPIs). These KPIs illustrate how Unilever aims to address a number of its principal risks such as brand preference, climate change, supply chain and ethics. [...] The Committees reviewed qualitative and quantitative progress across each category and delivery against the KPIs. The Committees agreed on a SPI achievement level against the KPI taking into account performance across the entire SPI Category. "
Target to reduce emissions from land-use change
Reporting on emissions from land-use change
Disclosure of conservation activity
Disclosure of reforestation activity
How many hectares of reforestation or restoration are being or have been conducted or facilitated by the company?: 104,000 HT
As part of Unilever's reforestation commitments (specifically for Coffee growers - "UNILEVER ACTION PLAN FOR COCOA FOREST INITIATIVE MARCH 2019 [...] Support distribution and planting of multi-purpose trees for on-farm restoration via mixed agroforestry"
Target to reduce emissions in scope 1/2
What is the target date for the company to achieve their climate target?: 2039
Type of climate target: Net-zero emissions
"Our Climate Targets Unilever has three principal targets that guide our actions:* • a Short-term Emissions Reduction Target: to reduce in absolute terms our operational (Scope 1 & 2) emissions by 70% by 2025 against a 2015 baseline; • a Medium-term Emissions Reduction Target: to reduce in absolute terms our operational emissions (Scope 1 & 2) by 100% by 2030 against a 2015 baseline; and • a Long-term Net Zero Value Chain Target: to achieve net zero emissions covering Scope 1, 2 and 3 emissions by 2039."
Commodity score
Commitment Strength
Commitment to protect priority forests
Commitment details
Zero-gross conversion
"We've committed to achieving a deforestation-free supply chain by 2023. This means that by the end of 2023 our raw materials will come from places that are verified as deforestation and conversion free.We're focusing first on our supply chains for palm oil, paper and board, tea, soy, and cocoa. This is because these supply chains contribute to than 65% of Unilever's total impact on land – and are the crops that are most often linked to deforestation and conversion of natural ecosystems to farmland."
Commitment applies to all regions, suppliers and operation
Interim target date
Commitment to protect High Carbon Stock areas and/or peatlands
Type of commitment: HCS; Peat
Unilever PLC commit to "No conversion of High Carbon Stock (HCS) forests" and "No new development on peat regardless of depth.".
Current/achieved
NA (target date current or achieved or 2022)
Commitment to a traceable supply chain
Traces to Point of production
"Traceability to known sources • Unilever is committed to 100% traceability for all of the crude palm oil and derivatives that we buy. Traceability is defined as the ability to trace back to a known catchment area that is attached to a mill, including dedicated plantations, plasma smallholders and independent smallholders. We will work with our suppliers and industry partners to develop a similar traceability system for palm kernel oil and its derivatives"
Social Considerations
Labour rights in the supply chain
Details of commitment: ILO; UNGP; UN Declaration for HR; Discrimination; Forced labour; Child labour; Freedom of association
"We endorse the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights and are embedding them throughout our operations. In line with the Fundamental Principles, we base our Human Rights commitment on the International Bill of Human Rights consisting of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights; and the International Labour Organization's Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work. [...] Discrimination [...] Forced Labour [...] Child Labour [...] Freedom of association"
Inclusion of small-scale farmers
How many smallholders do they support, and what percentage does this represent in terms of their sourcing from smallholders?: 793,000 across total supply chain
What is the nature of that support?: Technical assistance/support; Education and training
"We're committed to improving the livelihoods of smallholder farmers and their communities – in particular, by helping them to improve their agricultural practices and look at income diversification. By 2019, we had enabled around 793,000 smallholder farmers to access initiatives aiming to improve their agricultural practices. [...] ELF awards grants to partners in our supply chains who have projects that improve their social impact in sourcing from smallholder producers. The projects must either minimise risk for the smallholders, empower women in the supply chain or improve conditions for workers. They must also support our sustainable sourcing objectives."
Gender equality in the supply chain
Commitment to address the inclusion of women and ensure equality in commodity supply chains
"We envisage a world in which every woman can create the kind of life she wishes to lead, unconstrained by harmful norms and stereotypes. It is a vision in which women and girls have the same opportunities as men and boys, without fear of prejudice, harassment or violence and regardless of age, race, ethnicity, disability, religion or sexual orientation. [...] We are working toward this vision by adopting a holistic approach that leverages a full range of assets and expertise along our extended value chain. We start with progressive policies and practices in our own workplace and supply chain operations. Building on this foundation, we collaborate with businesses and civil society organisations to create opportunities for women in our extended supply chain."
Commitment to remediation
In the Responsible Sourcing Policy, Unilever PLC state that "If remediation is required, the supplier will devise and inform Unilever of their corrective action and implementation plans and timeline to effectively and promptly resolve the breach."
Commitment to ensure Free, Prior and Informed Consent
Yes, the company commits to securing FPIC prior to acquiring new interests, developments, or expansions
"The rights and title to property and land of the individual, indigenous people and local communities are respected. All negotiations with regard to their property or land, including the use of and transfers of it, adhere to the principles of free, prior and informed consent, contract transparency and disclosure."
Commitment to resolve land conflicts
Reporting and Implementation
Reporting against commitments
Yes, for all commodity exposure
Does the company report on the degree of compliance/progress with commitments, disaggregated by relevant factors such as origin or supply chain stage?: No
"Nevertheless, we've made progress in both oil varieties and can report that in 2019, we sourced 95% physically certified palm oil and palm kernel oil for our core volumes." "Physically certified' palm oil means sustainable palm oil that is certified through either the Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil's (RSPO) Mass Balance or Segregated certification standards, or an equivalent standard that is independently verified by a third party."
Does the company report on the degree of compliance/progress with commitments, disaggregated by relevant factors such as origin or supply chain stage?: Yes
"By the end of 2020, 98% of our palm oil (crude palm oil and its derivatives) and 54% of our palm kernel oil (PKO and its derivatives) was sourced from lower risk mills."
Reporting is independently verified
Yes, using a third-party verification scheme or certification scheme.
Which processes or groups does the company use for third party verification?: RSPO
Which tools, approaches, third-party verification, including certification, schemes are used?: RSPO
Which tools, approaches, third-party verification, including certification, schemes are used?: Google Earth / Orbital Insight
Which processes or groups does the company use for third party verification?: Google Earth / Orbital Insight
"In 2020 we became the first company to use Google Earth Engine for commercial sustainable sourcing, and one of the pioneering companies to work with Orbital Insight, using geolocation technology to trace our palm oil and soy supply chains."
Suppliers aligned with deforestation commitments across supply chain
Yes, required
"We require Direct Suppliers for In-Scope Materials in Unilever's supply chain to comply with and implement the principles outlined in this Policy across both their entire internal corporate group operations and their third-party supply chains."
Deforestation cut off date
Yes, for all sourcing regions/operations
What cut-off date is specified?: July 2008
"We don't report externally on the indicator 'suppliers with no gross deforestation after July 2008' but we monitor suppliers compliance with our Sustainable Agriculture Code which includes our Land conversion requirement 'no deforestation (cut-off date when SAC 2017 implemented)."
Collaborative actions
What initiatives does the company participate in?: "Unilever is part of programme led by NGOs Forever Sabah and WWF Malaysia and the industry–NGO coalition PONGO Alliance"
What is the nature of that participation?: Providing support/advice/experience/expertise; Providing financial support
"Our Code of Business Principles and Code Policies guide how we interact with our partners – whether it's a government, an NGO or trade association. Unilever is part of programme led by NGOs Forever Sabah and WWF Malaysia and the industry–NGO coalition PONGO Alliance. Through this partnership we will be helping to get 60,000 hectares of land certified through RSPO. By doing so, we aim to benefit 200–300 palm oil farmers."
Risk assessments for forest risk
How frequently are assessments conducted?: Not specified.
"Risk assessment and verification • A risk index is applied against five environmental factors (i) fire severity, (ii) extent of forest, (iii) recent deforestation, (iv) peat and (v) overall risk across these factors. More details on scoring can be made available.8 At present, there is no standardized method of measuring social risks • If a mill and its surrounding catchment is deemed to be high risk, then on-the-ground verification by an independent third party is required. The grievance process will come into effect when supplier non-compliance is identified."; "Our global manufacturing operations across more than 300 factories in 69 countries turn these materials into products. Due to the scale and complexity of our supply chain, our suppliers are factored in to our forest-related risk assessments [...] We consider regulators in our forest-related risk assessments as they may take action to reduce climate change through the introduction of a carbon taxes or zero net deforestation requirements for example, impacting our business through higher costs or reduced flexibility of operations."
Operations assessed to comply with law
" Unilever will verify alignment to and implementation of the RSP's Mandatory Requirements through the use of supplier self-declaration, online assessments and – for designated high-risk countries and supplier types – independent verification including third-party audits." "All laws and regulations are complied with in the countries in which the supplier operates. All other applicable international laws and regulations are complied with including those relating to international trade (such as those relating to sanctions, export controls and reporting obligations), data protection and antitrust/competition laws."
Accessible grievance mechanism
Yes, and published details of any grievances within the last two years (2019-2021)
What is the nature of the grievance mechanism used by the company (own mechanism, that of external company, internationally recognised mechanism, etc.)?: Own mechanism
Does the company publish grievances that have been made against it, as well as responses and resolutions including status and timeframes: Yes through its Grievance Tracker: https://www.unilever.com/Images/Unilever-Palm-Oil-Grievance-Tracker_tcm244-530071.pdf
Which issues does the grievance mechanism cover?: Social; Environmental
"Dealing with grievancesWe want to be the first to know and act when issues like deforestation are identified within our supply chain. If you have a palm oil grievance, you can email us at feedback.palmoil@unilever.com"
Report volumes of commodity
Reporting total volume
Total/partial volume reported: 803602 tonnes
Total volume of palm oil reported in ACOP as 803602 tonnes in 2020.
Report verified volumes of commodity
For what percent of the company's supply volume is third-party verification of performance relative to commitments conducted?: 94.30%
What third-party verification is used?: RSPO
What is the certified volume?: 800387.6 tonnes
"Globally, in 2020 Unilever overall purchased 94.3% physically certified palm oil and palm kernel oil for our core volumes. This result was achieved through a combination of segregated and mass balance supply. We sourced another 5.3% of our volumes through independent smallholder credits, reaching a total of 99.6% sustainably sourced overall."
Upstream: Monitor compliance with human rights
Yes, commit to monitoring compliance with labour/worker rights
"Advancing good practise: A Code of Conduct, guidelines, policies and/or training covering each of the elements of this RSP are in place and readily available to workers. 1.13. There are procedures to communicate, monitor and measure the effectiveness of the Code of Conduct, guidelines, policies and/or training. 1.14. Preventive and remedial measures are taken to address adverse impacts that are directly linked to the supplier's operations, products or through business relationships. 1.15. The supplier has in place a code of conduct or responsible sourcing policy for its direct suppliers, consistent with the requirements of this RSP. In addition, there is a process to communicate this to all of its direct suppliers and to monitor compliance by these direct suppliers."; "At a strategic and operational level, Unilever's human rights work is led by the Global Vice President, Integrated Social Sustainability. Monitoring thirdparty compliance to the mandatory standards of our Responsible Sourcing Policy (RSP) is now delivered by our Legal – Business Integrity function. Our Integrated Social Sustainability team focuses on addressing the root causes of endemic business and human rights issues and social impact programmes, and on working with our suppliers on critical and endemic issues to move from good to best practice."
Downstream: Publishing supplier lists
Yes, report direct suppliers
They have an updated list
Downstream: Monitor compliance in supply chain
Yes, for its suppliers
How frequently is compliance assessed?: Not specified
Details of monitoring: Using internal monitoring and verification systems; Using third party verification
"Unilever requires suppliers and their third parties to verify that the palm oil they supply to Unilever meets the Five Principles above. Adherence to the RSPO Principles & Criteria and New Planting Procedure is accepted as a form of compliance verification with this Policy, with the exception of our requirements on HCS and peat. In cases where we have identified high risk sourcing areas, third party verification will be required. This means we require: • Supplier company sourcing policy aligned with, and/or signed commitment to, Unilever's Sustainable Palm Oil Policy and the Five Principles at the group level; and Adherence to Unilever's Responsible Sourcing Policy and the principles of FPIC during the land mapping process prior to new development; and • RSPO membership6 or equivalent and for all new developments to adhere to the RSPO New Planting Procedure or equivalent"
Downstream: Reporting hectares of deforestation
Downstream: Engagement with non-compliant suppliers
Suspend suppliers, engage to bring into compliance, and reintroduce to the supply chain
What type of support does the company offer to its suppliers to help them achieve compliance with commitments?: Action plans
What criteria does the policy specify for blacklisting or exclusion?: Non compliance for the palm oil sourcing policy
Does the company engage non-compliant indirect suppliers in order to address and remedy non-compliance?: Yes
"We suspend suppliers linked to deforestation. If they later succeed in meeting our requirements, we will give them the opportunity to join our suppliers list again in the future."; "Our approach is always to engage with our supplier if a grievance has been raised against them, and where we can, to help them address any weaknesses in their policy or practices. Unilever will take any proven breaches by our suppliers seriously and where a supplier refuses to remediate the breach, Unilever will take appropriate steps to address this in a manner that upholds commitment to our Five Principles."
Downstream: Disclosure of non-compliant suppliers
Yes, engaged; Yes, excluded
How many noncompliant producers or suppliers are engaged through improvement plans or other processes, and what percentage of the company's supply chain volume does that represent?: Not disclosed.
Does the company have a list of blacklisted or otherwise excluded suppliers or producers?: Yes, last updated in September 2020.
Unilever lists both excluded suppliers as well as "current grievances" - "The list below provides information of previous direct palm oil suppliers or indirect oil palm growers that have been suspended from Unilever's supply chain due to grievances brought to our attention alleging non-compliance against the Unilever Sustainable Palm Oil Sourcing Policy ("USPOSP") and/or Unilever's Responsible Sourcing Policy [...] The list of palm oil mills associated with these companies but were declared by our suppliers in 2019 can be found in the Suspended Palm Oil Mills list of this document."
"We've committed to achieving a deforestation-free supply chain by 2023. This means that by the end of 2023 our raw materials will come from places that are verified as deforestation and conversion free. We're focusing first on our supply chains for palm oil, paper and board, tea, soy, and cocoa. This is because these supply chains contribute to than 65% of Unilever's total impact on land – and are the crops that are most often linked to deforestation and conversion of natural ecosystems to farmland."
What date is given for the interim milestone(s)?: 2020
"By the end of 2020, 96% of our directly-purchased paper and board packaging materials were made from recycled fibre, or came from certified sustainably-managed forests. Our aim is to buy paper packaging that comes either from well-managed forests or from recycled material. But sometimes we need to source virgin paper and board – for example, because of safety regulations. [...] We achieve this either through certification schemes, like the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC), or other national schemes under the framework of the Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification (PEFC). By the end of 2020, 98.5% of our virgin supply was certified with chain of custody, with 92.6% of our total supply with third-party segregated chain of custody and/or low risk countries."
Commitment to reduce use of virgin wood fibre
Type of commitment: Recycled content
"In 2019, 97% of the directly-purchased paper and board packaging materials we used were made from recycled fibre or came from certified sustainably managed forests. When we drew up the Unilever Sustainable Living Plan in 2010, our target was to achieve 75% by 2015 and 100% by 2020. We're on schedule, but that does not mean we've overcome all the challenges, or that we should relax our efforts."
Past target date, not updated or not achieved
Downstream company, traces to First Importer, checks compliance
"Through the Global Traceability Solutions system, we contact our estimated 320 suppliers with a quarterly questionnaire to collect information on volumes, sustainability status and traceability to the country level. Since 2021, we have also requested mill origin as part of the disclosure, effectively achieving traceability to the mill (TTM) for paper and board."
How many smallholders do they support, and what percentage does this represent in terms of their sourcing from smallholders?: 739,000 smallholders across its supply chain
"By the end of 2020, 96% of our directly-purchased paper and board packaging materials were made from recycled fibre, or came from certified sustainably-managed forests."; "By the end of 2020, 98.5% of our virgin supply was certified with chain of custody, with 92.6% of our total supply with third-party segregated chain of custody and/or low risk countries."
Which tools, approaches, third-party verification, including certification, schemes are used?: FSC, PEFC
Which processes or groups does the company use for third party verification?: FSC, PEFC
Which processes or groups does the company use for third party verification?: FSC/PEFC
Which tools, approaches, third-party verification, including certification, schemes are used?: FSC/PEFC
"we buy from certified sources with a full 'chain of custody' from the plantation to us. This gives us complete oversight of the journey our raw material has taken to get us from its origin. We achieve this either through certification schemes, like the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC), or other national schemes under the framework of the Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification (PEFC).By the end of 2020, 98.5% of our virgin supply was certified with chain of custody, with 92.6% of our total supply with third-party segregated chain of custody and/or low risk countries."
How frequently are assessments conducted?: Not specified
"Risk Assessments Risk assessments are a means to provide proof for compliant virgin material sources and determine potential risk for wood fibre from unacceptable sources entering the supply chain. Risk assessments are based on country of origin, available certifications, timber species, supply chain structure and other available information. When risks are identified, measures shall be taken to work with suppliers to eliminate controversial sources of virgin fibre. A due diligence system that meets, at minimum the EU Timber Regulation Due Diligence or US Lacey Act requirement is required."; "Our global manufacturing operations across more than 300 factories in 69 countries turn these materials into products. Due to the scale and complexity of our supply chain, our suppliers are factored in to our forest-related risk assessments [...] We consider regulators in our forest-related risk assessments as they may take action to reduce climate change through the introduction of a carbon taxes or zero net deforestation requirements for example, impacting our business through higher costs or reduced flexibility of operations."
"Unilever will verify alignment to and implementation of the RSP's Mandatory Requirements through the use of supplier self-declaration, online assessments and – for designated high-risk countries and supplier types – independent verification including third-party audits." "All laws and regulations are complied with in the countries in which the supplier operates. All other applicable international laws and regulations are complied with including those relating to international trade (such as those relating to sanctions, export controls and reporting obligations), data protection and antitrust/competition laws."
Does the company publish grievances that have been made against it, as well as responses and resolutions including status and timeframes: No
Suppliers, their employees, workers, contractors or the public may report actual or suspected breaches of Unilever's Responsible Sourcing Policy by phone or online.
Total/partial volume reported: 960,000 tonnnes of "timber"
Unilever reports in their 2019 CDP report as using 960,000 tonnnes of "timber", 84% of which is FSC certified. The total volume includes "Figure covers all branded food and home and personal care product usage as well as customer packaging and marketing and promotional materials."
What third-party verification is used?: FSC
What is the certified volume?: 806,400 tonnes
For what percent of the company's supply volume is third-party verification of performance relative to commitments conducted?: 84%
What is the non-certified/non-compliant volume?: 153,600 tonnnes
How frequently is compliance assessed?: Quarterly
"As timber is a key commodity, we conduct regular risk assessments using questionnaires managed by our GTS to determine the volumes of wood fibre sourced & the sustainability status. The questionnaire covers chain of custody of fibre to country of origin, declaration if materials are FSC or PEFC certified, or recycled, & includes verification by suppliers on sustainability. In 2018, our assessment covered 98% of our supply base (based on spend). We use data from GFW tool to assess risk in regions of the world we know to supply global markets with fiber. The GFW tool allows us to monitor conditions at the local level & share data across colleagues through a centralized system" [...] "We produce our questionnaire quarterly & report our USLP performance (sustainable paper & board metric) annually. This is assured by a third party & we also have an internal assurance process for robustness. In 2018, we drew a sample of data received from suppliers which underwent verification by a 3rd party & extrapolation based on the deviation of the responses from the reported values to our total results. Quarterly we monitor & assess change in sustainability status at a regional, national & supplier level."
"We suspend suppliers linked to deforestation. If they later succeed in meeting our requirements, we will give them the opportunity to join our suppliers list again in the future."; "For our forestry commodities, we are driving transparency in the supply chains to better manage & mitigate environmental & social risks that impact our brands [...] It is important we factor this into our risk assessments across commodities & ensure we take appropriate actions, including directly engaging suppliers who breach our policies to ensure remedial action plans are in place"
No disclosure
(For downstream soy companies only) Does the company commitment also explicitly apply to hidden/indirect soy?: No
"Much work has been done to deliver our commitment to achieve a deforestation-free supply chain by 2023 in soy, palm oil, paper and pulp and beef supply chains." "72% of our soy was [...] sustainably sourced via mass-balance or RTRS certificates in 2018 and we expect to reach 100% by 2020."
"Working with our NGO partner Alianca da Terra, we have identified the soy origins for part of our Brazilian Supply chain and it originates in Minas Gerais and Goaia. For the rest of our supply chain, where traceability is currently limited, we are actively working with our supplier partners to gain even greater visibility into origins for our soy. We are committed to continuing our efforts to gain further visibility into our soy SC and we expect to disclose our soy supply chain throughout 2019."
Yes, for partial or unclear commodity exposure
"We also support & implement the RTRS standard & have since 2015. Certified farmers produced roughly 281,049t of deforestation-free soybean in 2019 in S Cerrado."
"74% percent of our suppliers know the country of origin of the soybeans sourced for Unilever, attributed to 93% of 2019 volumes. Since this assessment we have been working with suppliers on solutions including moving sourcing from high to low risk origins in long supply chains & sourcing segregated certified volume from high risk origins."
Which processes or groups does the company use for third party verification?: RTRS
Which tools, approaches, third-party verification, including certification, schemes are used?: RTRS
"We also have an internal assurance process & conduct a corporate risk assessment for all soybean oil suppliers. This includes checks on supplier's soybean oil origins, no deforestation policies & programs in place to mitigate deforestation risk. We use specific tools & standards like RTRS & Proterra, to inform assessments in key soybean oil origins (US & Brazil). In the US, we use the FieldPrint Calculator at farm level. In Brazil, we use Trase. We also support & implement the RTRS standard & have since 2015. Certified farmers produced roughly 281,049t of deforestation-free soybean in 2019 in S Cerrado."
What initiatives does the company participate in?: RTRS certification of farmers in Southern Cerrado
"During 2018, Unilever invested EUR 110,000 in our program with Alianca da Terra, which promoted the RTRS certification of farmers in Southern Cerrado. RTRS certification covers the Brazilian Forest Code requirements and beyond, so by supporting RTRS certification we are also able to monitor farmers' compliance with the Brazilian Forest Code. Through our program, we covered 150,000 hectares of soy production and ensured the protection of 28,000 hectares of native vegetation in the Brazilian Cerrado Biome. We are assessing how to expand this partnership, which we plan to launch after 2020, when we revamp our Sustainable Living Plan."
"Our global manufacturing operations across more than 300 factories in 69 countries turn these materials into products. Due to the scale and complexity of our supply chain, our suppliers are factored in to our forest-related risk assessments [...] We consider regulators in our forest-related risk assessments as they may take action to reduce climate change through the introduction of a carbon taxes or zero net deforestation requirements for example, impacting our business through higher costs or reduced flexibility of operations."
Yes, publicly accessible grievance mechanism
What is the nature of the grievance mechanism used by the company (own mechanism, that of external company, internationally recognised mechanism, etc.)?: Own
"Suppliers, their employees, workers, contractors or the public may report actual or suspected breaches of Unilever's Responsible Sourcing Policy by phone or online."
Total/partial volume reported: 361,198 tonnes
Unilever reports a total of 361,198 tonnes of soy used in their 2019 CDP report. Various percentages of which are certified (in different countries/areas)
Some disclosure of compliant commodity/unclear % of volume/no verification of reporting
What is the certified volume?: 281,049t
What is the non-certified/non-compliant volume?: 80149 tonnes
What third-party verification is used?: RTRS
Does the company disclose location of suppliers' production areas or primary processing sites?: Not disclosed
What type of location data (boundary, point, etc.) is provided for smallholder farms?: Not disclosed
From what sub-national jurisdiction(s) does the company source material?: Not disclosed
From what country(ies) does the company source material?: USA, Canada, Brazil, Ukraine, China, Bolivia, Argentina, Serbia, Romania, Croatia, Germany, Austria, Hungary, Greece, Czech Republic, France.
They have a supplier list updated July 2021
Details of monitoring: Using third party verification
How frequently is compliance assessed?: Not disclosed
"Unilever will verify alignment to and implementation of the RSP's Mandatory Requirements through the use of supplier self-declaration, online assessments and – for designated high-risk countries and supplier types – independent verification including third-party audits."
Does the company engage non-compliant indirect suppliers in order to address and remedy non-compliance?: No
What criteria does the policy specify for blacklisting or exclusion?: non compliance or breach of compliance with policy
Beef *
Zero-net deforestation
"In 2010, Unilever together with members of the Consumer Goods Forum (CGF) committed to mobilize resources within our respective businesses to help achieve zero net deforestation associated with four commodities: palm oil, soy, paper and board, and beef by 2020."
"We have also assessed our footprint relative to the total production of cattle in Brazil and estimate that our footprint equates to less than 0.01% of total cattle production from Brazil. Given our footprint and our sourcing of beef byproducts compared with fresh beef cuts, our impact and influence on the supply chain is limited. Although we are not a significant buyer of cattle products, traceability of our supply chain is of great importance to us, as it is across all of the ingredients we source. Our Brazilian suppliers source from vertically integrated farms and therefore we know the region, slaughterhouse and farm where the cattle were raised. This allows Unilever to have assurance that the beef byproduct it sources from Brazil is not connected to deforestation"
If no, what is excluded?: Location
How many smallholders do they support, and what percentage does this represent in terms of their sourcing from smallholders?: 793,000 smallholders across its supply chain.
We also assessed our footprint relative to the total production of cattle in Brazil and estimate that our footprint equated to less than 0.01% of total cattle production from Brazil. Given our footprint and our sourcing of beef byproducts compared with fresh beef cuts, our impact and influence on the supply chain is limited. Although we are not a significant buyer of cattle products, traceability of our supply chain is of great importance to us, as it is across all of the ingredients we source. Our Brazilian suppliers source from vertically integrated farms and therefore we know the region, slaughterhouse and farm where the cattle were raised. This allows Unilever to have assurance that the beef byproduct it sources from Brazil is not connected to deforestation."
"Our Brazilian suppliers source from vertically integrated farms and therefore we know the region, slaughterhouse and farm where the cattle were raised. This allows Unilever to have assurance that the beef byproduct it sources from Brazil is not connected to deforestation"
No reporting
Engage with suppliers but with no time-bound threat of exclusion
* commodity scores for which a company is not a powerbroker are given half the weighting of other commodities in total scores
Avg. score
Unilever is one of the world's largest consumer goods companies, with operations across a wide range of market segments. The company has over 400 brands, including many household names such as Lipton, Knorr, Dove and Hellman's. Its range of products leaves it exposed to a variety of forest risk commodities. Unilever PLC is selected as a powerbroker for palm oil, soy and paper packaging.
Cosmetics, Personal care, Home care, Packaged food
Public listed
Collective Commitments
Consumer Goods Forum member
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Not too long ago, when most people heard the word "drones," they thought of unmanned military aircraft engaged in highly controversial clandestine operations. But when Jeff Bezos announced that Amazon was testing the idea of delivering packages via drones, he made drones with popular commercial application suddenly seem like a viable proposition.
While drones are unlikely to become a part of our daily lives in the immediate future, they will soon begin taking on much larger roles for businesses and some individual consumers, from delivering groceries and e-commerce orders to revolutionizing private security, to changing the way farmers manage their crops — perhaps even aerial advertising.
In a new report from BI Intelligence, we size the commercial and military drone market to estimate how big the drone industry could become, and which industries are most likely to see drones become part of their business model in the next few years. We also look at what components industries, like GPS and sensors manufacturers, will be working to become drone-ready. And we assess how drone development will proceed in light of stiff safety and privacy concerns and regulatory hurdles.


text:
Do the drugs work? Former US Marine says LSD 'has humanizing effects'
Written by Shannon Magers, CNN When doctors first got approval to use LSD in the U.S. military in the 1960s, the idea was dismissed as a ridiculous, fringe proposition. Now, psychedelic researchers say veterans…
Written by Shannon Magers, CNN
When doctors first got approval to use LSD in the U.S. military in the 1960s, the idea was dismissed as a ridiculous, fringe proposition. Now, psychedelic researchers say veterans with PTSD have become very vocal in their support of the drug.
"With that kind of outside influence it makes people want to have a louder voice," says Los Angeles psychologist Jack Kornfield, who has studied the effects of psychedelics on veterans.
The veterans, many of whom go to Kornfield's lectures to cry or express relief from their trauma, say they are considering taking such drugs again, despite their actions leading to their imprisonment and reduction in physical abilities.
"Some of them think it's a kind of rehab," he says. "If you keep doing what you're doing and you believe in the god of the jungle and the god of the penis, you believe in behavior the animal makes. So if you don't feel anything anymore, you can be optimistic that you can return to that state. And many do."
Scientists and a mainstream interest in psychedelics were a few decades away from being accepted by the media in the 1970s, but Kornfield says this is changing. Since he began investigating the properties of psilocybin in the mid-'80s, he's heard about the drug from heads of state and heads of corporations. In addition to his lectures, which can reach upwards of 200 people on any given night, he now has an online store called asilo.com.
"Right now, it's a significant technology for a lot of people," he says. "You can talk to a psychologist or somebody from the psychology department who can send you what you need from our shelves in Albuquerque."
Psychedelics, once widely restricted by the federal government, have been recently rescheduled by the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration. Now any law enforcement agency can order them and they're available legally in a small handful of states.
Grassroots outreach in almost every city now includes psychotherapists who administer compounds to patients in private sessions. Experimentation with psychedelics began decades ago in California, and in the '90s, the first large-scale trials were done in Switzerland. (They were funded by former U.S. president Richard Nixon, who has been personally supportive of the project.)
Since then, clinical research into psilocybin, LSD and other compounds has been conducted by UCLA, the New York University School of Medicine, the National Institute on Drug Abuse and many others.
Retired U.S. Marine Major Richard Wolf posed with a homemade version of LSD while on tour with U.S. Marines in Afghanistan in 2001. Credit: Uncredited/AP/Ap
Wolf, who served in Iraq in 2007, says he took LSD and marihuana for the first time to calm his nerves during a deployment, and within 10 minutes was looking forward to seeing his family again.
"The beauty of it, the freedom, the love, it totally makes you in love with humanity. I mean, if you're living a lie like an Abu Ghraib or Guantánamo detainee, and you see humanity in front of you, it's the ultimate freedom," says Wolf, who founded Citizens Against Illicit Use of Phenethylamine (C.A.I.P.), a group that opposes the legalization of psychedelic drugs.
Wolf says he'd like to see more research being done, especially since soldiers returning from war aren't told about the potential health benefits, let alone potential side effects.
"We say something extreme is happening in Afghanistan, but we don't have a little discussion of how is that happening? Because we don't want to get into the realities of what's going on," he says.
According to the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, between 2011 and 2016 there were 18,400 alcohol-related incidents among veterans. On top of that, 1.5 million cases of post-traumatic stress disorder occurred.
"We're on the wrong path. We've turned our back on something," says Wolf. "No one asked me, or [anyone else], 'How do we get better?'"
Kornfield agrees. He advocates for having "debate rooms" on campuses, where students can have a frank discussion about psychedelics.
"We need to understand the health pros and cons of it," he says. "If people get something to the point that they can do it and still have a brain, I think that would be wonderful. I think that would be a phenomenal thing. It would be a giant step in human relations."
Categories sport Tags business, espn, nobel prizes, sports, video recordings, downloads and streaming
New report predicts intense, frequent heat events in coming decades
Killer dressed as the Joker stabbed 17 people on a Tokyo train


text:
LUU Hiking Club incident
Colleagues may have seen news coverage yesterday afternoon and evening of an expedition by Leeds University Union Hiking Club to the Cairngorms.
The expedition involved 35 members of the Club, which has both student and non-student members.
A group of six Club members got into difficulties on Sunday. Five were airlifted to safety yesterday (Monday 11 February). Sadly one member, Graham Connell, was found dead.
Mr Connell was a former student of the University, who completed a physics programme in 2004, gaining a Diploma in Higher Education.
Our thoughts are with his friends and family.
A report from the BBC about the incident can be found here: http://goo.gl/V5b6r
The University counselling services are working with Leeds University Union to offer support to students who have been affected by this tragedy.


Hotels.com currently has plenty of hotels in Les Alluets-le-Roi that you can book from the comfort of your home!
But low prices and a great selection are not the only thing Hotels.com offers. We also have numerous guest reviews for Les Alluets-le-Roi, so you can get a better idea of where you're staying and what you should expect.
Why use Hotels.com to book your Les Alluets-le-Roi accommodation?
Alternatively, you can use our detailed Les Alluets-le-Roi maps showing hotel locations in Les Alluets-le-Roi, using all the filters listed above.


te'-trark, tet'-rark tetrarches): As the name indicates it signifies a prince, who governs one-fourth of a domain or kingdom. The Greeks first used the word. Thus Philip of Macedon divided Thessaly into four "tetrarchies." Later on the Romans adopted the term and applied it to any ruler of a small principality. It is not synonymous with "ethnarch" at least the Romans made a distinction between Herod "tetrarch" of Galilee, Philip "tetrarch" of Trachonitis, Lysanias "tetrarch" of Abilene, and Archelaius "ethnarch" of Judea (BJ, II, vi, 3; Ant, XVII, xi, 4). The title was often conferred on Herodian princes by the Romans, and sometimes it was used courteously as a synonym for king (Mt 14:9; Mr 6:14). In the same way a "tetrarchy" was sometimes called a kingdom.
⇒See a list of verses on TETRARCH in the Bible.


SPEND AN UNFORGETTABLE NIGHT AT THE ARENA DI VERONA WITH US During the expo Milano period, you will have the opportunity to participate to another unmissable event: the Arena di Verona Festival. The travel package includes the accommodation in a 4-stars hotel in the heart of Verona and the tickets (sector D/E) to attend an opera performance. The Arena di Verona Festival takes places every summer in the ancient Roman amphitheatre situated in the heart of the romantic Verona. During the expo 2015 period, don't miss the opportunity to spend a few days in Verona to discover the romantic city of Romeo and Juliet and to participate to one of the opera performances scheduled this year.
Our travel package includes one night in a 4-stars hotel in the city centre, not far away from the Arena di Verona. Furthermore, close to your accommodation you can find the most important monuments of Verona. Your hotel has large open spaces and high-quality furniture, elegant and comfortable rooms. In the restaurant you can taste the best Italian food specialities.
The purpose of this event is to promote the art and cultural heritage of our territory, in particularly Verona (declared World Heritage Site by Unesco) and its unique lyrical festival. The expo offers the opportunity to make known places and events (like the one we suggest) that characterized our country. Our travel package is linked with expo subjects because is about promoting art, culture and territory.
The Arena di Verona Festival takes place from the 16th of June to the 6th of September in conjunction with the expo 2015. You can find the performances program on the Arena di Verona website.
Our travel packages is available during the all lyrical festival period. All bookings must be reconfirmed depending on the availability of the amphitheatre.
Anse Viaggi is an incoming Tour Operator based in the north-eastern Italian city of Verona. We organise tours and itineraries in the north of Italy, our purpose is to make known the innumerable attractions northern Italy has to offer. Our tours can be arranged, depending on our customers' needs, for both groups and individuals. We offer different daily excursions and experiences that can be inserted into a tour or purchased separately. We also organize business events and meetings for companies.
Anse Viaggi, supported by the professionalism and passion of its team, offers the industry an Events and Destination Management Company in and around Verona, Lake Garda and Northern Italy.
With twenty years of experience in its field, the underlying philosophy of our company is to consider each client as a unique and integral part of the planning process. In conjunction with this we offer contractual flexibility, a high level of technological support, and the refined professionalism of our staff. Our in depth research ensures a quality of service guaranteed to offer a high level product with a price and quality which is second to none.
We provide a personalized service for events, conferences, seminars, dinners and corporate meetings. We also provide budget planning, communication and press office facilities, liaison with local authorities, sourcing of ideal locations, accommodation, bus and limousine transfers, hostesses, galas, service and convention facilities, technological equipment, tours, refreshment facilities and Gourmet experiences.
Our value is in our ability to give our customer what they really need and want.
To develop a sense of belonging, to create unity and to improve relations within a group of people working together.
Trust among people, group identity, quality and effectiveness of communication are intangible factors and determinants for the success of a team.
Team building works to stimulates a strong involvement of participants, both physically and mentally.
We can help the bride and the groom to organize their wedding in Verona and its surroundings, and to make it a unique and special event.
In cooperation with a professional wedding planner we will take care of every single aspect of the big day, from the documents needed and bureaucracy, to the arrival of the guests and more.
If you wish to spend your wedding day at home why not come over for a fabulous Stag Do or Hen Do!!!
Marathon, triathlon, rugby, skiing, hiking, via ferrata, rafting...whatever sport you like or you want to try we will help you do it.
We can take you to the Alps for a week's holiday, a regatta in Venice, karting in Franciacorta, a rugby competition or a golf holiday with four different golf courses within 30km.


text:
Home→Hip Resurfacing Devices→American Joint Replacement Registry Created
← Smith & Nephew 2nd Quarter Profits up 15%
Hip Resurfacing is Viable Alternative to Hip Replacement →
American Joint Replacement Registry Created
American Joint Replacement Registry
American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS)
Creates Independent Organization
The American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS)
has incorporated the American Joint Replacement Registry
(AJRR), a nonprofit organization dedicated to collecting
and reporting on hip and knee joint replacement
procedures. AAOS believes this proposed option is a
patient safety best practice.
The goal of a national joint registry is to monitor
device performance, thereby allowing early recognition
of underperforming processes or devices and supporting
continued clinical learning.
"In 2009, AAOS has made great strides in bringing the
American Joint Replacement Registry to reality. We have
now incorporated. And, we currently are in the process
of forming project work groups to tackle data,
governance and oversight issues." said John Callaghan,
MD, first vice president of the AAOS and orthopaedic
surgeon at the University of Iowa.
The AAOS has researched and determined the best
course of action for starting and administering a
national joint registry, one that would include:
privacy safeguards for patients;
legal protections for device makers and
physicians;
a plan to begin capturing data as early as
2010; and
infrastructure to capture at least 90
percent of all procedures.
In 2006, there were more than 1 million hip and knee
replacements performed in the U.S. Of these,
approximately 7.5 percent were revisions, resulting in
77,000 procedures at a cost of more than $32 billion. A
national joint registry will help doctors to more
quickly identify poorly performing products and match
patient procedures and devices to optimize outcomes.
Therefore, the AJRR could help patients and payers save
money and could limit the number of revision (or
secondary) surgeries necessary. Based on the projected
procedures through 2030, the potential savings could
exceed $13 billion over 20 years.
Proposed by the AAOS and related stakeholders, the
AJRR proposal calls for an independent, not-for-profit
organization, funded by the proposing stakeholders —
orthopaedic surgeons, payers, government agencies,
patient groups, hospitals and device manufacturers. The
AJRR is estimated to cost $20 to $25 million to
initiate.
"We now have a chance to put best practices, already
benefiting patients in other countries, to work here in
the U.S. For instance, registries in Sweden, Great
Britain, Canada and Australia have seen up to a 10
percent reduction in revision rates. Even with a modest
2 percent decrease in the U.S. revision rate, this
proposal would yield a savings of $652 million in one
year," said David Lewallen, MD, chair of the AJRR
Project Team and orthopaedic surgeon at Mayo Clinic.
Background: When a patient has a hip or knee
implanted into his body, the device used was chosen by
his orthopaedic surgeon based on the patient's needs and
lifestyle as well as the device's performance. A
device's longevity is one of the factors that would be
monitored by a national joint registry. A joint registry
follows the artificial joint device throughout a
recipient's lifetime in a database with information
about the patient's demographics, as well as where and
when the surgery took place.


Current selected tags: 'compensation', 'hiring top talent'. Clear.
Are You Over-Paid as a CEO or Key Executive?
"You're probably thinking – how could Barry make such an outrageous statement? Over-paid – are you kidding? Ugh! I'm actually under-paid."
You're grossly over-paid if 50% of what you do on a daily basis is the work you're team should be doing. Why do you tolerate anything less than outstanding performance by your team members?


Book "Understanding New Media: Augmented Knowledge And Culture"
A recent study claimed that there are 7 million new web pages being created daily, and that the Internet already has some 550 billion pages. There are 70 major languages online and it is predicted that Chinese will soon be the most-used language on the Internet. In 2000, as the so-called dot.com bust was about to hit, the Internet had 200 million users. By the end of 2005 there were over 1 billion fixed-line users, and predictions of a further billion within a decade.
The term "new media" is most often associated with the Internet and the phenomenal technological advances that have taken place in the past decades. In Understanding New Media: Augmented Knowledge and Culture, author Kim Veltman looks at these developments and identifies five types of consequences of the networked environment - technological, material, organizational, intellectual, and philosophical. Veltman reviews physical changes (e.g. development of size and speed in computing, wireless communication, agile manufacturing), and argues that the most profound potential changes lie in intellectual and philosophical domains. Unlike technological determinists, Veltman shows that there are differing and sometimes competing goals and visions for new media around the world. He reveals a big picture that is long term and which even the director of Google has claimed it will take at least three centuries to achieve.
Hence, the digital revolution is something fundamentally different from simply the introduction of yet another medium to our culture. Information Communication Technologies (ICT) are becoming Universal Convergent Technologies (UCT). This calls for us to rethink McLuhan's brilliant and provocative suggestion that every new medium simply uses the prior mode as its message. It marks a paradigm shift in our relation to all media, to all our senses, all our expressions. The new media are transforming our definitions of culture and knowledge and transcending barriers in ways that will have lasting implications for generations and centuries to come.
The CD ROM is considerably more than a digital copy of the printed book. It contains three additional versions: Hyper-linked, Hyper-illustrated and Omni-linked as demonstrations of new potentials in electronic publishing. An electronic version of abbreviations, technical terms, and references to basic dictionaries and encyclopedias are provided. In addition to the text, the CD ROM has 510 references to projects; lists 10,890 authors on new media and 9,587 publications. These are accessible via 2,416 subjects. The CD ROM uses SUMS (System for Universal Media Searching) to make these materials accessible through six questions; Who, What Where When, How and Why.
The CD ROM is designed especially to provide persons without broadband connections to the Internet with basic information on new media developments. Those with fast Internet connections will be able to follow the links to Web Version including Omnilinked Version.
Produced by Alexander and Vasiliy Churanov and Associates.


So we made it to the final after a spell of eight years in the Mick Croft Cup wilderness!
Woodnesborough at home ….. Come on!
Harry's boys showed up and my confidence took a bit of a knock when I saw John Thorley (140) was on board two, William Grummitt (133) on board three, Raj Sookhurry estimated at 110 on board four (we all know how estimated grades can differ from real grades!) and Mark 'Thanet Congress king' Towlson 94 on board five….
My expectations took another hit when after 20 moves Michael 'reliable' Doyle lost his queen for nothing!


Fragrance-Free Policy: If you are wearing a product that emits a distinctly noticeable scent, you will be asked to reschedule your appointment.
Recognizing that some of our staff, therapists, and clients have sensitivities/allergic reactions to various synthetic fragrances, we have a Fragrance-Free Policy. In an effort to create the healthiest environment possible for everyone, we request that you refrain from wearing any perfume, cologne, scented lotions, body sprays or other similar products while at Aberdeen Massage. If you have any questions about this policy, please call Aberdeen Massage for clarification.
Cancellation/No Show: If you do not show up for an appointment or you cancel within 24 hours of your appointment start time, you will be charged the full cost for the appointment. Payment is due before your next appointment.
Tardiness: If you are late to your session you are welcome to receive whatever time is left in your appointment. Due to our tightly booked schedule we are generally unable to extend your session beyond your original appointment time. Regardless of the length of the service actually given, you will be responsible for payment of the full service you scheduled. Please plan to arrive 10 minutes early for your appointment.
Sickness: Massage/bodywork is not appropriate care for infectious or contagious illness. Please cancel your appointment as soon as you are aware of an infectious or contagious condition. If it is within the 24-hour notice period, the cancellation fee may be waived with a doctor's note. If you arrive for your appointment with symptoms of an illness, you will be asked to reschedule your appointment.
Payment: Full payment is due at time of service. We prefer cash and checks, but will also accept major credit cards. Returned checks will be charged a $35 processing fee.
Age Requirement: We accept appointments for minors (anyone under the age of 18) if the minor is accompanied by a parent or legal guardian during the service and have a parent/legal guardian signed Minor Consent Form.
Gift Cards/Certificates: Gift cards / certificates may be purchased for any value amount and are redeemable for services only - no cash value. Aberdeen Massage is not responsible for lost, stolen, unauthorized card use or damaged cards/certificates. Gift cards/certificates expire after 12 months (1 year).
If you are using a gift card/certificate, the Cancellation and No Show policies will apply and the charges will be deducted from your gift card/certificate.
Insurance Billing: We do not offer direct insurance billing and we do not provide a coded receipt for your session to be submitted to your insurance company for reimbursement. You are responsible for payment at the time of service.
Pain treatment requires a diagnosis. As of this time, a licensed massage therapist is not licensed to diagnose or treat pain. Aberdeen Massage does not diagnose or treat pain. Our therapeutic goal is to create alignment and balance, through assessment; not to "chase the pain." We aim to recognize and treat dysfunctional strain patterns before they become pain patterns. At Aberdeen Massage, the goal is to create symmetry and balance within the body of our client.


We offer repair services on all Brasswind, Woodwind, Strings and Percussion Equipment. For Repair costs and estimates, please feel free to contact us.
For Repair costs and estimates, please feel free to contact us.


text:
Q: Query GSuite Directory API with a Google Cloud Platform service account I want to query GSuite Admin SDK Directory API to return all users in a group, in Go, and authenticated as a GCP service account (the script will be executed in a Google Compute Engine VM or as a Google Cloud Function).
The service account I use (let's call it my-service-account@my-project.iam.gserviceaccount.com) have been granted necessary scopes in GSuite :

*

*https://www.googleapis.com/auth/admin.directory.group.member.readonly

*https://www.googleapis.com/auth/admin.directory.group.member

*https://www.googleapis.com/auth/admin.directory.group.readonly

*https://www.googleapis.com/auth/admin.directory.group
At my disposal, I also have a GSuite Admin account (let's call it my-admin@my-domain.com). This account will be used for delegation (see the docs on delegation).
I am able to return all users in a group with the following code (based on the code in the link provided above, and I have removed most of error handling to make the code shorter) :
package main

import (
    "io/ioutil"
    "log"
    "os"

    "golang.org/x/net/context"
    "golang.org/x/oauth2/google"
    admin "google.golang.org/api/admin/directory/v1"
)

func main() {
    srv := createAdminDirectoryService(
        os.Getenv("SERVICE_ACCOUNT_FILE_PATH"),
        os.Getenv("GSUITE_ADMIN_USER_EMAIL"),
    )
    members := listUsersInGroup(srv, os.Args[1])
    log.Println(members)
}

func createAdminDirectoryService(serviceAccountFilePath,
                                 gsuiteAdminUserEmail string) *admin.Service {
    jsonCredentials, _ := ioutil.ReadFile(serviceAccountFilePath)

    config, _ := google.JWTConfigFromJSON(
        jsonCredentials,
        admin.AdminDirectoryGroupMemberReadonlyScope,
    )
    config.Subject = gsuiteAdminUserEmail

    ctx := context.Background()
    client := config.Client(ctx)

    srv, _ := admin.New(client)
    return srv
}

func listUsersInGroup(srv *admin.Service, groupEmail string) []string {
    members, err := srv.Members.List(groupEmail).Do()
    if err != nil {
        log.Fatal(err)
    }

    membersEmails := make([]string, len(members.Members))
    for i, member := range members.Members {
        membersEmails[i] = member.Email
    }

    return membersEmails
}

As you can see, that code requires to have a JSON key file of my-service-account@my-project.iam.gserviceaccount.com. This is the only way I have found to create a jwt.Config object.
Moreover, note that delegation is done with the line config.Subject = gsuiteAdminUserEmail; without that, I got the error :
googleapi: Error 403: Insufficient Permission: Request had insufficient authentication scopes., insufficientPermissions

Anyway, running :
SERVICE_ACCOUNT_FILE_PATH=/path/to/json/key/of/my/service/account \
GSUITE_ADMIN_USER_EMAIL=my-admin@my-domain.com \
go run main.go my-group@my-domain.com

prints with success all users in my-group@my-domain.com.
However, since this code will be run from a Google Compute Engine VM (or a Google Cloud Function) with my-service-account@my-project.iam.gserviceaccount.com used as service account, it seems ridiculous to need a JSON key of that service account to authenticate (since I am already authenticated as my-service-account@my-project.iam.gserviceaccount.com, on the VM or inside the GCF).
I have tried to replace the content of createAdminDirectoryService() with the following code to authenticate as the user who launched the script (with default credentials) :
func createAdminDirectoryService() *admin.Service {
    ctx := context.Background()

    client, _ := google.DefaultClient(ctx, scopes...)

    srv, _ := admin.New(client)
    return srv
}

But listing users returns an error :
googleapi: Error 403: Insufficient Permission: Request had insufficient authentication scopes., insufficientPermissions

As this is the same error I have got when I removed the delegation, I think this is related. Indeed, I did not provide my GSuite Admin account anywhere during the admin.Service creation.
Can anyone help about one of these points :

*

*How can I authenticate directly with the user running the go script on a Google Compute Engine VM, or a Google Cloud Function?

*Do I really need a JSON key file to generate a jwt.Config object?

*I have looked into the source code of golang.org/x/oauth2/google, I could get a oauth2.Config instead of jwt.Config, but it does not seem possible to "delegate" with a oauth2 token. How else can I perform the delegation?

A: This post is somewhat old, but hope this can help:
I had the same problem and made it work by changing the OAuth scopes in the Compute Instance (by default, the scopes only include https://www.googleapis.com/auth/cloud-platform). In my case, I had to add the https://www.googleapis.com/auth/admin.directory.group.readonly scope. It can be done using the gcloud compute instances set-service-account command. That way the service account bearer token received from the metadata server has the correct scopes to access the Admin Directory API.
Unfortunately, it cannot be done for Cloud Functions as the Cloud Functions OAuth scopes do not seem to be customizable.
See this post for more details.
Btw it is also possible now to give a service account access to the Admin Directory API without domain-wide delegation.

A:     r, err := srv.Users.List().
        ViewType("domain_public").
        Customer("my_customer").
        OrderBy("email").
        Do()

Try using this.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Hello friends! Today just got a whole lot prettier! This Arboretum wedding of Amanda and Bryan is one of my favorite ones in 2018!
From the very first time I met Julienne, I knew she is the kind of person that everyone falls in love with; Because I personally did! She is graceful by first being gracious, she is classic in that doesn't even have to try sort of way, she has a heart of gold she cares most about love and her legacy.
On the wedding day, she brought me 4 sets of engagement rings to photograph, including her own, her mother's, her grandmother's, and her great grandmother's. Indeed, it was something very special to photograph not just 4 rings BUT 4 generations of strong marriages and thousands of life stories.
Julienne also gave me her "Handkerchief Bonnet Hat". It was her newborn gift, that she was supposed to turn into a handkerchief on her wedding day, but she didn't want to undo it, so we kept it the way it was. I am sure Julienne will pass it on to her baby along with her love and wisdom. Other than that she brought me her mother's Bible and two porcelain cups that belonged to her grandmother's that she wanted to include in her bridal portraits.
And than there is Shawn. He has a charming smile, and his eyes get full of love when he looks at Julienne. However, once you get to know him a little more, you get to see his kind heart, the way he treats and cares about his family and friends. No doubt these two are a perfect match!
Once I saw Ben and Cindy, Julienne's parents, and Ken and Debbie, Shawn's parents, I realized where Julienne and Shawn learned how to love with their full hearts. I feel very honored to have witnessed the amount of unconditional love Julienne and Shawn were receiving from their parents. The legacy of love, commitment, and respect that they are passing down is such a gift that not many people receive or get to witness.
This entire day was just so full of love and beauty! Aristide Flower Mound venue with it's classic interiors was just a perfect match to complete the look and feeling of this elegant wedding!
Thank you for sharing this most beautiful day with me. It was an honor that I don't take lightly. It was such a joy to see how well you love each other, your family and friends, and how much they love you in return. I hope that as years go by and you look at your wedding photographs you still can remember not only what it looked like, but also what it felt like. Congratulations!


text:
Home Trends Paytm's parent company One97 Communications losses up by 78pc at Rs 1,640...
Paytm's parent company One97 Communications losses up by 78pc at Rs 1,640 Cr in FY18
One97 Communications, the parent company of India's financial behemoth Paytm, has reported a total loss of Rs 1640.34 crore for the year ended March 31, 2018. This is the consolidated number including One97 Communications' subsidiaries. The losses have widened by almost 78 percent as compared to filings from last fiscal, where the company reported a total consolidated loss of Rs 899.64 crore.
Apart from this, One97 Communications' total revenue on a consolidated basis also grew by more than 300 percent, as it clocked a total revenue of Rs 3314.80 crores in FY 18. The Noida based company had reported a total revenue of Rs 780.19 crore in FY 17.
As a part of its filings, the company stated that capital expenditure in operation and brand building activities is one of the major reasons for the losses. In its annual report, Paytm stated,
"The company has incurred huge capital expenditure in creating a brand and establishing its business activity. We have incurred a considerable amount in various capital and operational expenditures which resulted in losses during the financial year."
However, the company is betting on segments like payments bank, insurance, and ticketing to increase its turnover in the coming years. The company said,
"The company is focusing on strengthening its position in various business segments like Payments Bank, Insurance and Insurance Broking, travel ticketing, hotel, mobile wallet services etc. and that would result into better turnover in coming fiscal years."
Further, the benefits given to employees also grew by 87 percent to Rs 625.36 crore in FY18 from Rs 332.64 crore in FY17.
READ Some Firms Use The Practice Of Requesting Salary History — Why Firms Ask For It And How They Use It
At present, Paytm claims to have more than 300 million customers on its platform.
Source: Yourstory
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Ready or Not, It's Time to Embrace AI
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Tran Thi Ly is the longest cable-stayed bridge in Vietnam. It is built under the concept of modern and unique architecture, known as an ideal place for tourists and residents to visit and take pictures. A striking feature of its design is the 145m-high, 12 degree backwards-leaning single tower which creates the eye-catching form of the bridge.
How to get there by Coco Bus Tour: N2 – Danang City Tour Route.


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Ширинбеков — фамилия; имеет женскую форму Ширинбекова:

Известные носители
 Ширинбеков, Вагиф Расим оглы (род. 1987) — азербайджанский футболист, вратарь. Выступает за клуб «ЦСКА» (Баку) и сборную Азербайджана по пляжному футболу.
 Ширинбеков, Олег Хакимбекович (род. 1963) — советский и российский футболист, полузащитник, защитник. Мастер спорта.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Empress Running Away with the Ball Chapter 987
Chapter 987: Paper can't wrap the fire
This He Shou Zhen was a carp that turned into a dragon, going from the seventh grade to the fifth grade, as well as becoming the imperial guard's vice commander. He was so happy that he felt he was in a dream, his lips couldn't close together from his smile.
When he guarded the gates, he had to bow his head when he saw people. Now that he had become the imperial guard's vice commander, anyone who saw him had to respectfully call out, "Vice commander He."
As he was a new official, he kept receiving toasts each day. Other than when he was on duty, he was at a banquet almost every day.
Zhui Feng followed Mo Chuan's orders and kept tailing him. He reported the people he saw and spoke to each day to Mo Chuan and Chen Ning without missing a single detail.
After following him like this for two days, he didn't find anything strange at all.
Chen Ning was not anxious, telling Zhui Feng to patiently keep following him. She was confident that after a while, the big fish wouldn't be able to hold it in any longer and would take action again. At that time, she would definitely be able to grab the other side!
At this time, there was quite a bit of trouble being raised in the palace.
The so called paper couldn't hold fire. Chen Ning had already suspected that her identity couldn't be hidden from Empress Dowager Zhou for long.
The calm days passed for three days and the empress' coronation day had arrived.
According to customs, the coronation would be held the day after the emperor and the empress' wedding, but because of the incident in the nuptial chambers, it was postponed for three days.
On the eve of the coronation, Empress Dowager Zhou sent Su Jin to bring the royal family genealogy records. This was because tomorrow was the coronation and she found that she still didn't know the empress' name.
She flipped through the genealogy records and finally found this secret.
She looked at the two words in the records and almost didn't believe her eyes. She kept rubbing them and when she was sure that her eyes were fine, she clearly found that it was still the same two words, "Chen Ning".
These two words were personally written by Mo Chuan. Those elegant and familiar words, how could Empress Dowager Zhou not recognize them?
"Su Jin!" Empress Dowager Zhou's sharp gaze swept over, "Tell this widow, what is the name of the emperor's new empress!"
Su Jin already expected this question when she went for the royal family genealogy records. Faced with Empress Dowager Zhou's questioning, she lowered her head and replied in a low voice, "Reporting to the Empress Dowager, the empress' name is Chen…..Ning."
"Good! Even a maid like you is colluding with them to trick this widow! Su Jin, this widow has really cared about you for nothing!"
Empress Dowager Zhou was filled with rage as she threw down a cup.
Su Jin quickly kneeled down, "Empress Dowager, please calm yourself. This servant didn't hide it from the Empress Dowager deliberately."
"You didn't do it deliberately? Then you already knew? Speak, when did you find out that the empress the emperor wanted to marry was that girl surnamed Chen!" Empress Dowager Zhou angrily said.
"This servant…..knew before the emperor's wedding." Su Jin knew she couldn't hide it, so she told Empress Dowager Zhou about everything. After she finished speaking, she was still hanging her head down.
"Empress Dowager, this matter was this servant's fault. This servant hid it from the Empress Dowager, not telling the Empress Dowager that the bride was miss Chen. It was because this servant couldn't bear to see them separated. The emperor is serious about miss Chen and it was hard for them to get together, so I beg the Empress Dowager to support them!"
Empress Dowager Zhou was shaking from her rage. She raised her dragon headed staff and slammed it down on Su Jin's back, causing her entire body to twist from the hit.


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Authorities identify man killed in Great Falls house fire
The victim of Monday's house fire on the south side of Great Falls has been positively identified.
Authorities identify man killed in Great Falls house fire The victim of Monday's house fire on the south side of Great Falls has been positively identified. Check out this story on greatfallstribune.com: https://gftrib.com/2KicE8x
Traci Rosenbaum, Great Falls Tribune Published 11:28 a.m. MT Aug. 1, 2018 | Updated 11:34 a.m. MT Aug. 1, 2018
Sheriff's office investigating a structure fire from early Monday morning that killed one. Seaborn Larson, slarson@greatfallstribune.com
One person died in a structure fire on 19th Street South early Monday morning.(Photo: TRIBUNE PHOTO/SEABORN LARSON)Buy Photo
The man was 53-year-old Herbert "John" Wolfe III, according to a Wednesday news release from the Cascade County Sheriff's Office. The cause of death was listed as smoke inhalation.
More: One person dead after house fire on Great Falls' south side
The fire was reported shortly before 2 a.m. Monday at 1915 19th St. S., and the home was fully engulfed when deputies arrived at the scene.
Responders found human remains in the home once the fire was extinguished, said Sheriff Bob Edwards. Wednesday's release confirmed that the cause of the fire appears to be electrical and no foul play is suspected.
Read or Share this story: https://gftrib.com/2KicE8x


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Q: Substitution in calculus: $\int_0^{\infty} \frac{1}{\sqrt{t}}dt$. How about the $dt=-2u^{-3}du$?
I try to compute the following integral
  $$\int_0^{\infty} \frac{1}{\sqrt{t}}dt$$

If I set $u=\frac{1}{\sqrt{t}}$, the integral is
$$\int_0^{\infty} u(-2u^{-3})du$$
where $dt=-2u^{-3}du$.
But $t>0$, it is not meaningful for $dt=-2u^3du<0$. How to deal with it?
I think the answer is
$$\int_0^{\infty} u(2u^{-3})du$$

A: When $t=0$ you have $u=\infty$ and when  $t=\infty$ you have $u=0$. So the inetgral becomes $\int_{\infty}^{0}$ or $-\int_0^{\infty}$ after the substitution.


Our team is working on a number of projects, but one we are working hard on and excited to see progress, is the rise of 2SEATER.
Our team is working on a number of projects, but one we are working hard on and excited to see progress, is the rise of 2SEATER. For some, you have already attended events featuring 2Seater and experienced the vibe. For those who don't know, 2Seater is the conversion/fusion of Tre' Banks live personality and music selection, with Brandon Lamar's branding and music selection. Forming the dj collective, 2Seater is a new type of culture/industry shifter.
For those who have yet had chance to see them live, it's coming to your area soon. In the meantime, they have launched 2Seater Radio which you can subscribe to on the podcast app (via Iphone) or by following on Soundcloud !
A schedule has yet to be released for this programming, so stay on your toes for the surprise drops.


Offer ends in 16hrs 54min 9sec!
Your fandom will be unrivaled in the stands when you wear this Anaheim Ducks Dad adjustable hat from adidas. The graphics on this cap are perfect to help you show off your die-hard Anaheim Ducks loyalty.


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Q: Improve Quartus partial compile or recompile time I run Altera Quartus, and I'm using the SignalTap logic analyzer on a Max 10 FPGA. It takes tens of minutes to compile, and every time I'd like to add a signal to SignalTap, I have to compile again. The rapid-recompile button is always grayed out, I don't even know what it does, I've never had the option. A lot of times, I'm not changing my design just SignalTap, but Quartus wants to recompile everything which seems like a waste of time. Is there a way speed up the compile time (or changes to only apply to SignalTap)? Using Quartus 15.1

A: Some useful flags to make Quartus synthesize faster if you don't care about fully optimizing your results and just want to get a pessimistic estimate or do comparisons.
set_global_assignment  -name PHYSICAL_SYNTHESIS_EFFORT  FAST

Specifies the amount of effort, in terms of compile time, physical synthesis should use. Fast uses less compile time but may reduce the performance gain that physical synthesis is able to achieve.

set_global_assignment  -name FITTER_EFFORT              FAST_FIT

Fast Fit decreases optimization effort to reduce compilation time, which may degrade design performance.

And instead of execute_flow -compile, use:
execute_flow -implement

Option to run compilation up to route stage and skipping all time intensive algorithms after.

In a meeting with Intel/Altera engineers, using -implement this was ball-parked to be about 20% faster than -compile, and came recommended when iterating on timing-closure results.
You could also try the following:
set_global_assignment  -name SYNTHESIS_EFFORT           FAST

Note: This has the caveat below, although I tend to see overall faster runs in some designs.

When set to Fast, some steps are omitted to accomplish synthesis more quickly; however, there may be some performance and resource cost. Altera recommends setting this option to Fast only when running an early timing estimate. Running a "fast" synthesis produces a netlist that is slightly harder for the Fitter to route, thus making the overall fitting process slower, which negates any performance increases achieved as a result of the "fast" synthesis.

Edit (Jul 21, 2020):
The below settings will punish your timing, but they can also help with compile time significantly, particularly on newer Stratix 10/Agilex designs:
set_global_assignment -name OPTIMIZATION_MODE          "AGGRESSIVE COMPILE TIME"
set_global_assignment -name ALLOW_REGISTER_RETIMING    "OFF"
set_global_assignment -name HYPER_RETIMER_FAST_FORWARD "OFF"

And you can also turn off timing analysis with the below:
set_global_assignment -name TIMEQUEST_MULTICORNER_ANALYSIS "OFF"

Edit 2 (March 9, 2022):
This setting is even faster than AGGRESSIVE COMPILE TIME:
set_blocal_assignment -name OPTIMIZATION_MODE          "FAST FUNCTIONAL TEST"

This mode produces a .sof bitstream file that you can use for on-board functional testing with minimal compile time. This mode further reduces compile time beyond Aggressive Compile Time mode by limiting timing optimizations to only those for hold requirements.

A: The best/cheapest way to improve compile time is to buy a processor with more cores. Since even the free version of Quartus has multiprocessor compile capability at certain stages of the hardware compile. A new processor will run a few hundred dollars where buying the full version with the partial compile is thousands.
Do what the Java programmers do these days and ask for more hardware instead of improving software.


If your name is Lisa, then you're in some great company. Here's our list of the most famous people named Lisa, including photos when available. How many celebrities named Lisa can you think of? The famous Lisas below have many different professions, as this list includes notable actors named Lisa, athletes named Lisa, and even political figures named Lisa. The music industry is no stranger to the name Lisa, and the same can be said for Hollywood and show business in general.
Which famous people named Lisa are worth mentioning? This list includes Lisa Ann, Lisa Kudrow, Lisa Bonet and Lisa Edelstein. To read more about these notable people named Lisa, click the corresponding row of who you want to learn more about, and additional information will appear.
Lisa Ann is an American former actress. She has also worked as a director, feature dancer, and talent agent. She is a member of the AVN, XRCO, and Urban X Halls of Fame.
Lisa Michelle Bonet is an American actress. She is best known for her role as Denise Huxtable Kendall on the NBC sitcom The Cosby Show, and originally starring in its spinoff A Different World.
Lisa Whelchel appeared in the Survivor program.
Lisa Sparxxx, is an American pornographic film actress.
Lisa Robin Kelly was an American actress best known for her roles on That '70s Show and Amityville Dollhouse. Prior to her role in That '70s Show, she had small roles in several sitcoms.
Lisa Hartman Black is an American actress and singer.


Though some people never experience any problems with these extra molars, many times Wisdom teeth can create serious cosmetic dental complications. If the wisdom teeth do not have the room to develop and erupt normally, they are referred to as impacted wisdom teeth. An impacted tooth may never emerge from the bone and gum, emerge only partially, or come in sideways.
To learn more about wisdom teeth issues, call 212-753-2240 to schedule a dental exam at Marc J. Beshar, DMD. Our healthy dental team can recommend the best course of treatment and refer you to a specialist who can extract your wisdom teeth.
Providing comprehensive dental care for Midtown and NYC area families since 1990.


SCARCE B.C. MIROKU 12-BORE 'MOD. 90-1' SINGLE-BARRELLED BOXLOCK EJECTOR TRAP GUN, serial no. 99131, 32in. nitro reproved barrel with 6mm stepped ventilated matt top-rib, intermediate bead sight filed down, 2 3/4in. chamber, bored approx. 3/4 choke, hold-open toplever, plain action with side bolsters, the underside engraved with the model designation, retaining much original colour-hardening, 14 3/8in. pistolgrip stock with ornately bordered chequering, pistolgrip-cap and including Miroku trademarked buttplate, 12in. beavertail fore-end with ornately bordered chequering and Deeley & Edge patent release catch, weight 7lb. 10oz.


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Rep. Stephanie Clayton announces she'll seek District 7 seat in Kansas Senate
Jay Senter - November 15, 2019 8:57 am
Four-term Rep. Stephanie Clayton has entered the race for the Senate District 7 race in 2020. File photo.
Four-term Rep. Stephanie Clayton today announced she plans to run for the Senate District 7 seat being vacated by Barbara Bollier, who announced a month ago that she is running for the U.S. Senate.
Clayton's entry into the field sets up a potential Democratic primary against former Kansas Democratic Party Executive Director Ethan Corson, who announced he would seek to replace Bollier shortly after her entry into the U.S. Senate race. No Republican candidates have announced plans to seek the seat at this point.
Clayton has been an outspoken advocate for greater transparency in the statehouse during her time in office, and has become well known among constituents for her active presence on social media and her frequent coffee meetings with residents. She said she believes the same approach to service she's employed representing House District 19 would be beneficial in the Senate.
"The Seventh Senate district is comprised of one of the most educated, active, and engaged communities in Kansas, who require a high level of service, communication, and collaboration, all of which I will continue to deliver," Clayton said. "I look forward to earning their trust and their votes for this new position."
Clayton was first elected to the statehouse in 2012, and, along with Bollier and Melissa Rooker, was part of a group of moderate Republicans who were often at odds with state party leaders. She easily won reelection in 2014, 2016 and 2018, fending off challenges from conservative Republicans and Democrats along the way. But, ahead of the 2019 session, she followed Bollier in leaving the Republican party, saying the GOP's position on K-12 funding was at odds with her beliefs. She switched her party affiliation to Democrat.
Asked for comment on Clayton's entry into the race, Corson pointed to his history working to elect Democratic candidates like Claire McCaskill, Sharice Davids, Barack Obama and Gov. Laura Kelly.
"I'm excited to start knocking on doors in January and talking to voters about my nearly 20 years of serving the Democratic Party and fighting for progressive causes," Corson said.
Clayton is a co-founder of the Bipartisan Women's Caucus in the Kansas legislature and has served on the Johnson County Commission on Aging since 2013. She is also the Vice President of the National Council of State Legislators Women's Legislative Network.
Clayton, a Shawnee native, attended SM Northwest and Emporia State University. She and her husband Ben live in Overland Park with their two children, who attend Shawnee Mission schools.
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Jay Senter
Shawnee state senator Mary Pilcher-Cook announces resignation
Former JoCo Election Commissioner Brian Newby takes post in North Dakota
Former Mission Mayor Laura McConwell will run for state senate seat
Vote, vote vote vote vote — vote
Jay Senter - August 3, 2010


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Body Odd
Do you hear what I hear? Your brain on Christmas music
All those holiday shoppers...and all that holiday music. Can your brain handle it?Noah Berger / AP file
Nov. 23, 2012, 3:07 PM UTC
By Cari Nierenberg
Shana McGough likes Christmas music, until she hears too much of it.
"I think at first Christmas music is nice, it's nostalgic, and it gets me into the holiday spirit," says the writer from Escondido, Calif. Then, "it gets old, and it can start to feel like a part of a giant sales machine trying to bleed me dry."
She also suspects that for anyone of a different faith who doesn't celebrate Christmas,"holiday music must be beyond annoying, right into offensive."
If it's not started already, by the time the Thanksgiving meal is devoured and the stores open for Black Friday, Christmas music will be inescapable. After hearing 'Rockin' Around the Christmas Tree' and 'Frosty the Snowman' for the umpteenth time, you might be hoping for a silent night.
Earlier this month Canada's top pharmacy chain Shoppers Drug Mart Corp. heeded shopper complaints and put the holiday music on pause until later in the season. Even for people who celebrate Christmas, listening to the same seemingly inescapable seasonal songs over and over again may be incredibly irritating.
Endless loops of "Rudolph, the Red-Nosed Reindeer" or any tinsel-y tune can have a psychological impact known as the 'mere exposure effect,' says Victoria Williamson, Ph.D, who conducts research on the psychology of music at Goldsmiths, University of London. There's a U-shaped relationship between the amount of times we hear music that we like and our subsequent reaction to it, she says.
As Williamson puts it, at first we like music a bit, then we like it more and more until it hits a peak. And then we crash down -- we have overheard it. That's when boredom and annoyance at the repetition of the same sound hits home. "Anyone who has worked in a Christmas store over the holidays will know what I'm talking about," Williamson says. When asked why holiday music seems to have a polarizing effect, driving some people crazy while others like, or at least, can tolerate it, Williamson suggests that music's effect on us in any situation depends on our own psychological state.
People who are already stressed out about the holidays -- worrying about money, traveling, or seeing relatives -- may find the musical reminder of the cause of their stress very unwelcome, she says. But those who approach the holidays in a receptive, relaxed state are more likely to get a boost from the happy associations -- childhood memories, family gatherings, or the holiday's religious meaning -- triggered by holiday music.
Of course, the reason Christmas music is played in every department store, supermarket from Thanksgiving through December. Music can put us in the mood to spend money, research suggests.
"We've shown that 'holiday appropriate' music combined with congruent 'holiday scents' can influence shoppers by increasing the amount of time they spend in a store, their intention to revisit it, and intention to purchase," says Eric Spangenberg, Ph.D, dean of the College of Business at Washington State University in Pullman, who has studied the influence of music on holiday shopping.
He says that some types of music work better than others. "Slower tempo music slows down shoppers, and they spend more time and money in a store," Spangenberg explains. Faster-paced pieces move people through the store quicker than retailers would like.
For Charlie Muldoon, only certain types of holiday music can put him in a good mood.
"I find the traditional songs sung by the great artists of the 50s and 60s or the funny songs about 'Grandma Getting Run Over by a Reindeer' put a smile on my face," says the Washington, DC-based professional polo player.
"But those remakes by commercial singers and rappers make me want to go postal," Muldoon confesses. And some sounds make him forget the season's peace on earth, goodwill toward men sentiment. "Those 'elevator' versions of holiday music make me want to take a bat to the machine that plays them," he says.
As long as Christmas songs are played after Thanksgiving, Mary Leach, a public relations professional who lives in Cambridge, Mass., doesn't mind. To her, "Christmas [music and decorations] much prior to Turkey Day is just plain wrong."
More from The Body Odd:
See Jesus in toast? Science explains the mind trick
Itching is contagious. I'm scratching already
Even your strangest dreams are rooted in reality
Cari Nierenberg