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Proposed wind-energy transmission line hits a roadblock in Iowa
Written By Karen Uhlenhuth November 18, 2015
Tony Webster / Creative Commons
A transmission line intended to carry wind energy from Iowa to areas of greater demand has run into opposition from landowners.
EDITOR'S NOTE: An earlier version of this article incorrectly implied that eminent domain was the only option for the Rock Island Clean Line to proceed. Midwest Energy News apologizes for the error.
Developers of a transmission line to carry wind power from northwest Iowa eastward have hit a stalemate with landowners along the route.
The Clean Line transmission company is considering "whether and how to proceed" with the Rock Island Clean Line, which would carry about 3,500 megawatts of wind power across 16 Iowa counties to Illinois and points east with heavier demand.
The Illinois Commerce Commission approved the line in that state, but that ruling has been appealed. A hearing is scheduled for Dec. 1.
The Grain Belt Express, another Clean Line project that would carry wind energy from western Kansas, across Missouri to Illinois, has won approval from regulators in Illinois and Kansas. The company is considering how to respond to rejection from Missouri's Public Service Commission.
In Iowa, Clean Line has obtained voluntary easements for only 176 of the 1,540 parcels that the line would cross, according to Carolyn Sheridan, president of Preservation of Rural Iowa Alliance, an organization of landowners formed to defeat the Rock Island project. Every week, Sheridan said, members of the Alliance check online records for new easements that have been filed.
"What we know … is that there is no land agent trying to obtain any more voluntary easements," Sheridan said.
One alternative the company has would be to try to acquire the remaining parcels through eminent domain, but that would be a daunting task – requiring the collection of extensive documentation such as legal descriptions, maps and names of owners and tenants of 1,364 parcels for which easements have not been granted. That documentation must be filed with the state utilities board, and Sheridan said it has not been.
Given the resistance among landowners along the route, Iowa state Rep. Bobby Kaufman said, "If they requested eminent domain at this point, I think there's no way the Iowa Utilities Board would grant it."
Kaufman is firmly opposed to the project, and introduced a bill in the 2015 session aimed at making it harder for Clean Line to succeed. The bill didn't get far.
A few months ago Clean Line told the Iowa Utilities Board, which has jurisdiction over the permitting of transmission lines, to stop the "technical review" of its application for the time being. Cary Kottler, general counsel for Houston-based Clean Line, said the company is "in the middle of our analysis" of how to proceed.
"We want to find a way to move it forward, but … it's not a typical transmission line, it's a major public infrastructure project. It may involve doing things a bit differently." He also said that Iowa has "a unique regulatory process for transmission lines that involves extensive technical and route review and potentially involves right-of-way acquisition before project approval."
However, due to the status of the project, Kottler would not speak in any more detail about what a possible path forward might be.
Two years since Clean Line held its first meetings with landowners, the lack of any deadline for the completion of this phase is distressing to affected landowners, Sheridan said. Plans to buy or sell or develop land are basically on hold, she said, because it's unclear what will happen to the parcels along the route.
Noting that one landowner has postponed his plans to buy a hog-confinement building, Sheridan said, Clean Line is "holding this land across Iowa hostage."
Rep. Kaufman shares that sentiment, and intends to introduce a bill in the 2016 legislature to address that issue. His bill will establish a deadline for completing the collection of voluntary easements, at most two years from the date of the first public meeting held with landowners.
"They shouldn't be allowed to sit on a project like they're doing now," he said.
Kaufman said his bill also will include a minimum threshold, like last year's bill did. It stipulated that a transmission developer could not request to use eminent domain until at least 75 percent of affected landowners had agreed voluntarily to grant an easement to their land. But this time, Kaufman plans to increase the threshold to 80 or 85 percent of landowners. There is now no minimum threshold.
There are some other options, Kaufman said. He suggested running a high-voltage transmission line along the old Rock Island railroad line. And although Clean Line did investigate running the line alongside highways – and was told that that would violate a federal rule requiring that a plane be able to land on the highway – Kaufman suggested that perhaps another highway route could work.
He isn't willing yet to concede that there's no viable alternative.
"I'd say figure out a different way, or spend a little more money if you want to do this," he said. "If we can put a man on the moon, we can figure out how to run wind energy through Iowa without ruining farms."
About Karen Uhlenhuth
Karen spent most of her career reporting for the Kansas City Star, focusing at various times on local and regional news, and features. More recently, she was employed as a researcher and writer for a bioethics center at a children's hospital in Kansas City. Karen covers Iowa, Missouri, Kansas, Nebraska, North Dakota and South Dakota.
More by Karen
Power from the Prairie aims to link West Coast sun with Midwest wind
A pair of energy consultants are promoting an HVDC interstate transmission-plus-storage project that could complete a link between California and Chicago.
Clean Line says federal partnership still an option for Midwest projects
The developer dissolved a federal partnership last week that would have streamlined its path across Arkansas.
Why Clean Line developers want changes to Iowa's approval process
As work on a wind-energy transmission line moves forward in other states, developers say the regulatory process in Iowa is holding back the project.


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Annual Tally Shows Reduced U.S. Giving. But How Reliable is This Data?
June 18, 2019 / Holly Hall
KannaA/shutterstock
Once again, Giving USA has released its annual statistics measuring Americans' charitable giving for the previous year, in this case, 2018. And once again, people who closely follow philanthropy trends are skeptical about the data.
According to "Giving USA 2019: The Annual Report on Philanthropy for the Year 2018," giving by individuals declined by 3.4 percent adjusted for inflation, a dip that researchers attributed largely to tax law changes that eliminated the need to itemize donations for most Americans and to stock market declines at the end of last year.
Meanwhile, giving by individuals who left a gift to charity after their death declined by 2.3 percent, according to Giving USA. Some experts on bequests, as such gifts are known, said that they wanted to know how Giving USA researchers came up with that figure since the elimination of federal estate taxes has greatly limited actual reports of giving through estates in recent years. No other compilations of data exist.
Giving USA reports that foundation giving was up by 4.7 percent last year, while corporate donations increased by 2.9 percent.
One reason Giving USA's data raises questions is that the figures it releases each spring are far from final; they are calculated before the availability of tax data and some economic and demographic indicators. Final estimates on charitable giving are not released until two or three years after the figures' initial release. And such final estimates have become even harder to determine with the tax reforms of 2017, which removed the incentive to itemize charitable giving in the tax returns filed by millions of Americans. As a result, tax data now provide a far less comprehensive paper trail of household giving. To further compound the challenge, the IRS has not yet released final 2017 tax deduction figures; preliminary charitable deduction totals will not be available until early 2020.
In some instances, the academic estimates on charitable giving from Giving USA have proven to be wrong. For example, in 2011, academics at the Lilly Family School of Philanthropy at Indiana University who prepare Giving USA's annual estimates reversed what the report previously said about giving during the recession. After stating that inflation-adjusted giving declined only slightly or held steady in 2008 and 2009, the academics later said that giving actually fell by nearly 15 percent after inflation.
"Giving USA is transparent as to its methods," said Una Osili, associate dean for research and international programs at the Lilly Family School of Philanthropy. Those methods, she said, are the same as the government uses to release figures on gross domestic product or unemployment. Just as the government adjusts its figures as final data becomes available, Osili said, so does Giving USA. At any rate, she added, over the last several years, there is a very small adjustment to the final estimates for charitable giving of between 1 and 2 percent.
Giving USA is portrayed as a benchmarking tool, and has been touted as "the high holy week for philanthropy" by fundraising consultants. "Whether you're a member of a development team, CEO, board member, nonprofit consultant or educator, Giving USA 2019 is an essential tool for success," an article on the Giving USA site states. "It's more than an intelligence report—it's a guide to informed fundraising. Giving USA 2019 is filled with opportunities to benchmark your nonprofit against national trends."
"Giving USA is a good tool that represents a broad indicator of gross economic trends in giving," said Robert Sharpe of the Sharpe Newkirk Group, a Memphis consulting firm. (One trend that has experts concerned is the fact that the percentage of all individuals giving dropped below 70 percent, according to Giving USA's latest data, a reflection of reduced numbers of middle-class Americans who can afford to give, said Laura MacDonald, founder of the Benefactor Group, a Columbus, Ohio, fundraising consulting firm.)
But Giving USA represents an estimate of the aggregate results of hundreds of thousands of organizations of all shapes and sizes in all regions of the country. For that reason, it is not the best benchmarking measure to assess a particular charity's fundraising performance against peers, Sharpe said.
A better method is to use industry subgroup information for higher education, healthcare, arts, social services, religion or other causes—or find a group of similar organizations in terms of their mission, location and size and form an agreement to share fundraising information. "This method may provide another source of benchmarking to be used in conjunction with Giving USA data," Sharpe added.
You Think Fundraising is Hard Now? Well, it's Going to Get Harder, Say Experts
Pitching in While Checking Out: Retail-driven Fundraising is Growing
New Study Finds Racial Bias in Fundraising Profession
The Kids Are Alright: Millennials Reluctant to Give, But Donate Generously When They Do
Breaking Barriers, a Fundraiser Rises to the Top of Her Game
Avoid These Grant-Seeking Mistakes: Advice From Foundations and Seasoned Proposal Writers
Growing Up: How an Advocacy Group for Millennials Seeks to Expand Its Fundraising
What the Critics Got Wrong About the Notre-Dame Cathedral Fundraising Response
Making a Will and Checking It Twice: Advice For Donors and Others
Want Your Capital Campaign to Succeed? Here's Some Candid Expert Advice
Torch: Behind a Business Intelligence Platform for Philanthropy and the Social Sector
Power of the Purse: Report Finds Women Lead in Giving and Deserve More Focus in Fundraising
Out of Prospects? These Tax Credits Might Raise Millions of Dollars for Your Project
"You Always Want to go Back." A Revered Artist Colony Gets Serious About Raising Money
"Joy Budget." How This Company Expanded its Giving to Build Employee Power
Cloudy Forecasts: Fundraising Predictions Face Challenges
No, it's Not Like Sales! Five Common Myths About Fundraising
Dire Predictions That Tax Reform Will Depress Giving Appear to be Wrong—At Least So Far
Follow the Leader: To Raise More Money, Tell Donors About Other People's Giving
Need Time Off From a Demanding Fundraising Job? Know Your Options
"A Moment, Not a Marathon." The College Embracing a Different Kind of Capital Campaign
"Unsurpassed." The Fundraising Profession Loses a Gruff But Gentle Giant
Words to Live By (Or Not): A Fundraiser's Holiday Rant
Strength in Numbers: Behind a Fundraising Push for Immigrant Rights
"Rage Giving." The Women Donors Behind the Surge of Support to Progressive Groups
Your Philanthropy Career: Ace the Interview for Your Next Fundraising Job
Does Anyone Care? A Case Study of Funding Research on Rare Diseases
Need to Raise More Money For Social Change? Apply For One of These New Fundraising Grants
"We Were Not Chasing the Money." Fundraising Lessons From a Path-Breaking Healthcare Gift
June 18, 2019 / Holly Hall/
Front Page Most Recent, Philanthrosphere, FrontPageMore, Editor's Picks, Front Page - More Article
Holly Hall
Game Changer? The Promise and ...
New Donors Are Transforming the ...

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Rigenerazione Ossea
Twelve-Year Retrospective Follow-Up of Machined Implants in the Posterior Maxilla: Radiographic and Peri-Implant Outcome.
Simion M, Gionso L, Grossi GB, Briguglio F, Fontana F.
Clin Implant Dent Relat Res. 2014 Jun 6. doi: 10.1111/cid.12236
To retrospectively evaluate the survival rate of machined implants in sinus-lifted posterior maxilla after 12 years, with special reference to radiographic outcome and peri-implantitis.
MATERIALS AND METHODS:
From 37 possible candidates, 29 patients with 59 implants were evaluated. Implants were placed in the posterior maxilla in combination with a sinus elevation procedure (27 patients) or 6 months after sinus elevation (2 patients). Marginal bone level changes were radiographically evaluated at baseline and 1, 7, and 12 years post-loading. Probing depth was measured; presence/absence of plaque and bleeding on probing were recorded.
Four out of 59 implants failed in 4 out of 29 patients (cumulative survival rate = 93.2%). The mean bone loss was 0.78 mm (± 0.88) after 12 years. Changes in the mean bone level were statistically significant between baseline and all the other follow-up intervals (p < .001). Statistically significant differences could be demonstrated for the first- to 12th-year interval (p < .05) and for the seventh- to 12th-year interval (p < 0.001). No statistically significant differences could be demonstrated at the first- to seventh-year interval (p = .32). The mean overall probing depth was 2.9 ± 0.66 mm. Probing depth was moderately correlated with the marginal bone changes at 7 year and after 12 year follow up (p = .05). No signs of peri-implantitis were reported during the 12-year follow-up period.
This follow-up demonstrates a very good prognosis when implants with machined surfaces are used. The frequencies of implant failures were very small. Within the limits of the results from this study, the risk of peri-implantitis in the posterior maxilla might be considered a minor problem when implants with machined surfaces are used.
Full article http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24909448
Specialista in Chirurgia Odontostomatologica
Socio Attivo dell'Italian Academy of Osseointegration (IAO)
Abilitazione Scientifica Nazionale professore associato


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Louisville Basketball Has A Rare Chance At A Double
In New Orleans on Sunday, the women from Louisville (in red) defeated California to reach the championship game against Connecticut on Tuesday.
Around midnight ET Monday, we should know whether something that's only happened once might happen again.
If the University of Louisville's men win the Division I basketball championship — they play Michigan in a game set to start at 9:23 p.m. ET on CBS TV — then there's a chance that this year both the men's and women's trophies will go to the same school.
The Louisville women are set to play Connecticut Tuesday night for the women's championship. That game airs at 8:30 p.m. ET on ESPN.
The only time the men's and women's titles were won by teams from the same university in the same year was in 2004. The school: Connecticut.
What are the chances this year? Well, the Louisville men are favored against Michigan. But UConn is expected to defeat Louisville in the women's championship.
Consider this, though: The Louisville women have already pulled off what NPR's Mike Pesca called the "biggest upset in women's college basketball history." They beat Baylor earlier in the tournament, 82-81.
So, could this be the year?


I got a free afternoon today when the DH took the DS shopping and I stayed home.
So I cut up a stack of floral scraps to make a lap quilt. The one I made for my Mom in December turned out so well, I decided I would make one for another Mom, this one temporarily living in an assisted living center.
The pattern is "Flower Patch," the August feature quilt in the 2011 "Quilts" calendar from Current. The designers of the quilts in the calendar are Barbara Groves and Mary Jacobson -- that's right, "Me and My Sister Designs!"
I'm making my quilt 5 blocks X 7 blocks (maybe only 6, I don't want it to be too long).
Yep, I'm using more of that pale blue Kona cotton (and wow, my design wall is really covered with threads, isn't it?).
The first of these is 10 1/2" raw edge to raw edge. The pattern directions result in an 8 1/2" block, so I tried that size, too.
I think the smaller size will work better, mostly because there will be a greater variety of flower prints. What do you think?


Toddlers love to eat. Whether its snacks, or hott digity dogs, mealtime can be a fun experience. Learning to use utensils is always an exciting part of watching your dear toddler grow up. If you have a little girl who loves Minnie Mouse and Daisy, then make mealtime more fun with this Minnie Mouse 4-Piece Feeding Set! Watch her lift up her sippee cup and say "Cheers to the ears!"
Minnie Mouse's best gal pal is Daisy Duck of course. They love bows, polka-dots, and anything bright or pink. When they are eating their chicken nuggets or pasta, they use this plate and bowl. This 4-piece feeding set features and officially licensed image of Minnie and Daisy on the front. Daisy is wearing her lilac colored purple dress, while Minnie is looking pretty in pink polka- dots. If its a quick meal you are after, then have no worries because this plate and bowl is microwaveable and BPA free! Your toddler will enjoy using the Minnie Mouse and friends fork and spoon. From fingers to utensils, this Minnie Mouse 4-Piece Feeding Set will make your toddler feel like a "big girl!"
The only mouse you ever want in your house is this Minnie Mouse 4-Piece Feeding Set.


text:
Q: Error with expressive annotations requiredif validator This is my view

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My model
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    [Display(Name = "Date of Renewal")]
    [DataType(DataType.Date)]
    [RequiredIf("domain_flag==1",ErrorMessage ="Enter Renew Date")]
    public DateTime? domain_renew_date { get; set; }
    [Display(Name = "Date of Expiry")]
    [DataType(DataType.Date)]
    [DisplayFormat(DataFormatString = "{0:mm/dd/yy}", ApplyFormatInEditMode = true)]
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    public DateTime? domain_exp_date { get; set; }
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Global.asax
                     DataAnnotationsModelValidatorProvider.RegisterAdapter(
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            typeof(AssertThatAttribute), typeof(AssertThatValidator));

In this as soon as I select the radio button the required if error messages are displayed before entering the values. The error messages should be displayed on click of submit button before posting to the server. Is this possible with expressive annotations nuget package?

A: Yes it's possible with ExpressiveAnnotations.
@jwaliszko mentioned it.
You have to set the configuation of ea like this at client-side:

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Strengthen your entire body while toning your core and arms. This versatile workout will help you shape every major muscle group.
Weight Range 6 to 10 lbs.
There's no reason to go out and buy the higher priced bigger named brands. Well distributed weight, high quality, super grippy, great for various sit-up exercises.
I use it with my yoga ball and it's a great addition to help build up my core muscle and tone back muscle. Great quality.
Med. ball is good for someone who is a beginner.


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Notre Dame took a different path to finish where most had them predicted
Did you predict a college football playoff year?
By Joshua Vowles@TheSubwayDomer Nov 30, 2019, 9:27pm EST
Share All sharing options for: Notre Dame took a different path to finish where most had them predicted
Photo by Ezra Shaw/Getty Images
A 45-24 win over the Stanford Cardinal gave the Notre Dame Fighting Irish its 10th win of the season. This, of course, is a pretty big deal because it now means the Irish have won double digit games for the first time since a stretch during the 1991-1993 seasons. It also makes the turnaround from 4-8 in 2016 almost complete with its 32-6 record.
A lot of Irish fans won't be happy unless they're winning the national championship, and I get that — I really do. Still, no one should take this run for granted given how many seasons have gone by since that run in the early nineties.
Before the year began, most had Notre Dame winning somewhere between 9 and 11 games. From what I remember seeing, the most common prediction was 10-2. And so... Notre Dame gets a 10-2 record and a good number of fans are having a hard time accepting this as a good thing. Obviously the terrible loss to Michigan is a large reason why opinions are less bright, but frustrations about the offense have magnified everything.
With the regular season all said and done, Notre Dame finished the regular season with a 37.08 scoring average per game while only allowing 18.66 defensively. They're similar numbers to what the Irish did last season, but Notre Dame never made that massive change at quarterback to give the "bumps in the road" cause.
It all means that the same frustrations that were glossed over last year with wins were able to be fully realized in the losses to Georgia and Michigan while always sitting in the back of our minds during a lot of the other games.
And yet they still won 10 games.
Preseason predictions also favored the Irish to land in the Cotton Bowl or Orange Bowl (even with a 10-2 record). A college football season that produced weeks of teams continually munching on cupcakes with maybe a big game mixed in has caused a log jam from #6-#17 (ish). That one terrible loss has hung on the necks of Notre Dame more than perhaps it would in other seasons — so here comes the Camping World Bowl (probably).
It was such an odd journey that maybe the Camping World Bowl is exactly the right fit, so that certainly justifies the frustration level of many that are still mad Notre Dame only beat Stanford by 21.
Here are a bunch of other reasons why the journey was odd and frustrating:
Injuries.
The almost complete lack of Jafar Armstrong which was a HUGE part of the ND plan.
False starts.
A very mediocre run game with actual running backs.
A defense that failed to show up for one game on the road (along with the rest of the team).
An inconsistent Ian Book when consistency was supposed to be his thing.
Brian Kelly is still the head coach.
All of those items listed added to some fan's displeasure with a 10 win season, and helped them dismiss:
A new linebacker group developing into a really good unit.
Chase Claypool as a dominant player.
Cole Kmet becoming one of the best TE's in the country.
Still finding ways to get rushing yards.
A really good special teams unit highlighted by Jonathan Doerer and Jay Bramblett.
Beating USC and Stanford.
10 freaking wins.
A large number set to return for 2020.
2019 wasn't perfect, and we've gone a little grayer because of it — but Notre Dame is basically what most thought they were. They're a good football team, but not great — not yet. Maybe that's next year, and maybe the bowl game will set it all up.
It's 10 wins. I'm fine.
2019 Notre Dame Football: Stanford Cardinal Week
Notre Dame Football: The hardest loss of all, the season.
Notre Dame finally chops Stanford on The Farm, 45-24


From American standards, Broadway and cabaret tunes to the music of Carole King, Billie Holiday and the Andrews Sisters!The show features songs from "Sweet Charity," "Guys and Dolls," "My Fair Lady," "Wonderful Town" and more! "Boogie Woogie Bugle Boy," "Send in the Clowns" and "Natural Woman" are some of the timeless tunes you'll love to hear.
Doors open at 7:00 p.m. and we encourage everyone to bring your own food and refreshment. Tables will be available to sit and enjoy a pre-show meal with friends.


首页 > 学习中心 > 文章 > Is a Daily Juice Habit the Best Way to Up Your Nourishment?
Juicing is not just a trend. In fact, juicers, juice brands, kiosks, franchises and services are bigger than ever!
Why is juice so hot? Because it's an easy way to get concentrated, readily available vitamin, mineral and phytonutrients from clean plant foods! Phytonutrients, also known as phytochemicals, are the nutrients in fruits and veggies, responsible for the colour, smell and flavour of your favourite plant foods – including fresh juice.
But juicing isn't necessarily the magic bullet for glowing health some believe it to be as a daily habit. Lisa Kilgour, Registered Holistic Nutritionist states that "Due to its high level of nutrients, juicing can be very helpful when dealing with an acute or chronic illness, but I don't recommend it every day. It's no longer a whole food (lacking fibre) and this may not be the best thing for a healthy body". Critics of everyday juicing cite potential issues such as blood sugar spiking, tooth enamel damage, and disruption of the digestive process. But perhaps the most problematic issue with juice is that the incredible nutritional components that make juice so appealing are extremely vulnerable to oxygen, light and heat, and degrade quite quickly after the juice is extracted from fruits and vegetables.
But there is something to be said about the convenience factor of a glass jam-packed with plant nutrients (unless you have a pulp-packed juicer filter to contend with… that's another story). Kilgour agrees in giving the body highly accessible nutritional support: "That's why on a day-to-day basis I recommend using a whole food supplement that contains whole grasses, algae, and other foods and herbs not found in our everyday diet" she states.
This is exactly why greens+ was formulated – for an easy way that people could get important, potent phytonutrients into their everyday life.
Knowing that juice is vulnerable to breakdown and oxidation, we wanted to ensure that the greens+ formula wasn't exposed to the same fate. We tested the phytonutrient content of greens+ to see exactly how potent its nutrition was, and then and tested to ensure that its phytonutrients and antioxidant activity was not only intact and stable in the finished product, but also active in the body after consumption. Research has proven that these fantastic phytonutrients are active in your body, having been proven to elevate blood antioxidant status.
Not only that, we tested the phytonutrient content of greens+ against competitive products and other foods, commonly found in smoothies and juices, and found that the levels were higher in greens+!
So, consider bypassing the pricey juice kiosk, instead adding greens+ to your daily health regimen. It is portable, easy to use (just add water, shake and go!) and it has been proven to provide a super-rich concentration of phytonutrients, pH balancing and energy boosting elements!
This one of a kind phytonutrient formula protects and balances your body, and most importantly, makes you feel amazing, no pulp-filter cleaning required!
You can check out the full phytonutrient comparison of greens+ here.


We are engaged in manufacturing, exporting and supplying an outstanding quality range of Pharmaceutical Medicines such as Analgesic Tablet, Antifungal Tablet, Antibiotics Tablet and many more. These products are precisely manufactured in our manufacturing unit using optimum quality raw material and sophisticated technology in following the set international standards. Our offered products are highly applauded in the market for their optimum quality and longer shelf life. Besides this, we offer these products to our precious clients at very reasonable prices.


Step 1. Open your desired image in preview by right clicking on the image.
Step 2. Once your photo has opened in preview, find the Tools tab and select Adjust Size.
Step 3. This screen will pop up. Make sure the Scale proportionally button is checked.
Step 4. Select percent from the dropdown list on the right and adjust the Width. The Height will adjust proportionally. Click OK.
Step 5. The image size is displayed within the Resulting Size box. If the image is above 4 MB, repeat steps one through five until the image is under 4 MB.
Step 6. Once your image is under 4 MB, re-upload to Ravenna.


Meru, town, central Kenya, located about 110 miles (180 km) northeast of Nairobi. Situated in the Eastern Highlands at an elevation of about 5,300 feet (1,600 metres), in a region known for its dense oak forests, Meru lies midway between Mount Kenya to the west and Meru National Park to the east. It is connected by road to Embu and is the tribal centre of the Meru people. Economic activities include the production of wooden and iron agricultural tools, earthenware pottery, and woven goods. Pop. (2009) 38,833.


Deadlift Workout Journal is my way of inspiring both myself and you to keep getting stronger.
The deadlift is acknowledged by so many to improve your strength that it needs no introduction.
The idea here through a deadlift workout journal is to maintain your commitment to getting stronger.
I want to hold you accountable as much as I want you to hold me accountable.
Start keeping a deadlift workout journal today.
The summary of the deadlift workout for today is in successfully doing squats of 100 pounds and then following up with deadlifts using 185 pounds.
Believe me, every time I go to the gym and increase weight on squats and deadlifts, I am very grateful that I still have the strength and desire to stay and be as healthy and fit as possible.
Imagine what you can do if you are in your teens, twenties, thirties or forties.
I never thought about the deadlift till I was 56 and today at 58, I am still getting stronger.
I am the first to admit that I have gone up and down in being consistent in a deadlift workout.
That is the whole point of trying to find a way to be consistent in doing a deadlift workout three times a week.
If you checked out the table above, you can see that I always do a squat workout before the deadlift workout.
The reason is that the squat workout will warm up your legs, back and entire body which is much safer than going into the deadlift workout cold.
I try to keep my deadlift workout to under 45 minutes, 30 minutes would be even better.
Currently I do a lower body workout which consists of deadlifts and squats on monday, wed and friday.
Running and Upper body workout is left for Sun, Tue and Thur.
I do not like to be in the gym for hours at a shot and so far have found this workout split to be effective.
I started to write the last sub head for deadlift workout tips and ended up writing squat workout tips, my bad.
So I will write the deadlift workout tips the next time.
In the mean time, keep good form, start with light weights and respect the squat and deadlift workout.
1. Start with a weight that is comfortable, whether it be 45lbs or 135lbs.
2. Use a trap bar deadlift if you have back problems or even to start is not a bad idea.
3. Get a good grip on the bar, a bit outside of your legs.
4. Make sure that your shoulders and arms a vertical above the bar.
5. You should feel yourself leaning back a bit because your shoulders and arms are now directly above the bar.
6. Grip the bar tight.
7. Take a deep breath and tighten your core just like you do with the squat.
8. keep your back straight, neutral with head the same, neutral.
9. Keep your chest tight and pull with your shoulder and back muscles while your entire upper body is tight and strong.
10. As soon as the bar passes your knees on the way up, move your hips forward and hold the weight.
11. Be careful when you lower the bar to also keep your breath in and body tight.
12. Wear long workout pants for your deadlift workout because you want the bar to be against your knees and shins both on the way up and down.
So all the tips here for the squat and deadlift workout are based on what I have read in Starting Strength and my own experience with squats and the deadlift.
But I am just a beginner, so if any one out there has more tips, please share. Thank you.
I have seen guys deadlift alot of weight as well as squat and I hope to get there one day too, but in the mean time, I am happy to get stronger gradually, one day at a time.


text:
Tagged: Cabinet of Curiosities
by Neave Williamson · Published October 3, 2022 · Last modified December 17, 2022
Netflix Has Released First "Cabinet of Curiosities" Trailer
Netflix has released the first trailer for Guillermo del Toro's horror show "Cabinet of Curiosities," which stars Rupert Grint in one of its episodes.
by Elyse Maupin-Thomas · Published August 18, 2022 · Last modified November 18, 2022
Netflix Reveals Release Date and a First Look at "Cabinet of Curiosities"
We're ready for Rupert Grint to rule our screen this Halloween in Guillermo del Toro's upcoming horror anthology series.
by Brittany Bennett · Published June 7, 2022 · Last modified December 6, 2022
Teaser Trailer for "Cabinet of Curiosities" Has Us Curious About Rupert's Character
The teaser trailer for "Cabinet of Curiosities" has us curious about what the series will bring to life.
by Grace Hurley · Published December 5, 2021 · Last modified December 7, 2022
Rupert Grint Confirmed in Netflix Horror Series "Cabinet of Curiosities"
Rupert Grint will be starring in Guillermo del Toro's new horror anthology series, "Cabinet of Curiosities," on Netflix alongside other famous faces.
by Mary W. · Published November 23, 2021
Rupert Grint Reportedly Filming "Cabinet of Curiosities" in Toronto
Rupert Grint is reportedly filming near Toronto for Guillermo del Toro's Netflix anthology series but hasn't been announced as part of the cast.
Ginny Weasley's full first name is Ginevra, not Virginia.
December 13, 2007 – Amazon.com, a popular online retailer, is revealed to be the winning bidder of The Tales of Beedle the Bard. Amazon goes on to publish reviews of each tale within the book for fans.
"You'd better get lost before my bones come back, Dobby, or I might strangle you."


text:
# Marky Marked

_A `<textarea>` so sweet you'll be feeling good vibrations._
[http://patrickfatrick.github.io/marky-marked/](http://patrickfatrick.github.io/marky-marked/)

[![Circle CI](https://circleci.com/gh/patrickfatrick/marky-marked.svg?style=shield)](https://circleci.com/gh/patrickfatrick/marky-marked)
[![codecov.io](https://codecov.io/github/patrickfatrick/marky-marked/coverage.svg?branch=master)](https://codecov.io/github/patrickfatrick/marky-marked?branch=master)

![Marky Marked](./images/marky-marked.png)

## What is it?

Marky Marked is a lightweight in-browser content editor combining Markdown with the typical WYSIWYG toolbar. The end result is an editor that rewards good Markdown usage but also allows a point and click editor for folks who either are new to Markdown, forget a specific formatting guideline, or just prefer using their mouse. Marky Marked's minified is less than 15KB minified and gzipped.

Because it's all Markdown the markup that comes out of it is well-formatted and easy to parse. One philosophical concern is that no style attributes are ever applied. All Marky Marked outputs is markup. Marky Marked also sanitizes the markup so you don't need to worry about HTML in the input.

On top of all of that because it's built with a quasi-immutable state tree Marky Marked comes with undo and redo (but see the caveat in the [undo/redo section](#undoredo) below).

Click the links here to learn more about [Markdown syntax](https://help.github.com/articles/markdown-basics/) and [Github Flavored Markdown](https://help.github.com/articles/github-flavored-markdown/) (which Marky Marked uses).

## Dependencies & Support

Marky Marked has only the following dependencies:

- [marked](https://github.com/chjj/marked), which handles the heavylifting for the Markdown parsing.
- [contra/emitter](https://github.com/bevacqua/contra#λemitterthing-options)
- [harsh](https://github.com/patrickfatrick/harsh)
- Optional: [Font Awesome](http://fontawesome.io/), unless you want to roll your own icons.

Marky Marked is supported in all modern desktop browsers as well as IE11. In an effort to keep it lean, and given that January 2016 effectively marks the end of pre-11 IE, there won't really be much of an effort to make it compliant with earlier versions for the time being.

## Install

```bash
$ npm install marky-marked # or
$ yarn add marky-marked # or
$ jspm install npm:marky-marked # or
$ bower install marky-marked # or
$ git clone git:github.com/patrickfatrick/marky-marked.git
```

## Usage

The easiest way to instantiate an editor is to simply add a `<marky-mark />` container tag to your markup and then call `markymark()`.

```html
<marky-mark />
```

```javascript
import markymark from 'marky-marked'

markymark();
```

You can pass in an element directly.

```html
<funky-bunch />
```

```js
markymark(document.querySelector('funky-bunch'))
```

You can also use any elements provided as an array, NodeList, or HTMLCollection.

```html
<mark-wahlberg />

<script>
	markymark(document.getElementsByTagName('mark-wahlberg'));
</script>
```

From there Marky Marked should handle the rest. Note that the element you use should be empty. If it has any innerHTML Marky Marked will ignore it. This is to ensure you can't initialize the same element more than once.

You can add as many editors as you'd like to any page, as long as they all use the same container tag. Marky Marked will assign each container a random ID like `marky-mark-11i8zccso3`, `marky-mark-f51j91l9vr`, etc., and these ids are stored in Marky object that's returned in the `id` prop. Most of the new elements in the container's subtree are assigned a matching class.

## Returns

`markymark()` returns an array of marky instances that allow you to manipulate and access the state for each initialized marky mark container without having to touch the DOM again. If a single element is passed in to the function, then a single instance is returned.

## Styling

The repo comes with a stylesheet in `/dist` that will get you where you want to go. But you are of course welcome to handle your own styling.

If you do use the stylesheet that comes with, you will need to install [Font Awesome](http://fontawesome.io/) onto your site, or you will be without toolbar icons.

## Undo/Redo

Think of state as a snapshot of the data inside Marky Marked at any given time. Marky Marked stores up to 1000 states, after which it starts clearing out the oldest states as new states are created. So it's not infinite.

The undo/redo buttons advance or go back one step in the state timeline.

But if you undo to a previous state and then create a new state by typing or adding a format from the toolbar, the timeline erases those states after the one you went back to. Just like in most any file editor.

## Indent/Outdent

New to v1.1.0 are toolbar buttons for indenting and outdenting. These buttons will add and subtract four spaces to the start of each line selected (or remove all spaces at the start of the line in the case of an outdent on a line starting with fewer than four spaces).

## Inserting Links and Images

New to v1.1.0 is a set of a dialogs for inputs links and images as opposed to simply inserting a generic Markdown snippet. Now you are greeted with a basic dialog in which you can put in the URL and optionally the display text or alt text, depending on which button is clicked.

![Marky Marked Dialog](./images/marky-marked-dialog.png)

As of v1.3.0, if any text is selected in the editor the 'Display text' or 'Alt text' input in the dialog will be autopopulated with that text when calling the dialog. Upon inserting the link or image snippet, that selected text will be replaced with the snippet.

## Expanded view

New to v1.3.0 is the ability to use an expanded view of the editor, filling its container (or the entire screen). This is accomplished by toggling `marky-expanded` on the container and the editor (as well as the button itself), when the new Expand button is hit.

The included stylesheet handles the CSS changes already, but something like this should work, if you're not using the stylesheet.

```css
[id^="marky-mark-"].marky-expanded {
  width: 100%;
  height: 100%;
  position: fixed;
  top: 0;
  left: 0;
  padding: 1rem;
  box-sizing: border-box;
  background: white; /* or whatever color scheme you're using */
  z-index: 1000;
}
.marky-editor.marky-expanded {
  width: 100%;
  height: 90%;
  box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.3) 0 19px 60px, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.22) 0 15px 20px;
}
button.expand.marky-expanded {
	/* some styles to show the setting is toggled */
}
```

This is what I use in the demo site.

![Marky Marked Expanded View](./images/marky-marked-fullscreen.png)

## API

#### Accessing Markdown and HTML

At any given time in the state of the editor you can access both the markdown and the HTML by accessing the editor's `marky` property, or the returned marky instance from the `markymark()` function call.

```javascript
var markyMarked = markymark(element)
// OR:
var marky = element.marky;

var markdown = markyMarked.markdown;
var html = markyMarked.html;
```

You can also access the markdown and html at any point in the state history, since state is immutable:

```javascript
var index = 0;
var markdown = markyMarked.state[index].markdown;
var html = markyMarked.state[index].html;
```

#### Events

You can watch for a number of events from the marky instance.

```javascript
markyMarked.on('markychange', function () {
	// Do stuff;
});
```

Here's the list of possibilities

```javascript
markyupdate // Emitted when any forward-progress change happens to the state (not including undo/redo).
markychange // Emitted when any change happens to the state (including undo/redo).
markyfocus // Emitted whenever the editor gains focus.
markyblur // Emitted whenever the editor loses focus.
markyselect // Emitted whenever the text selection in the editor changes.
```

#### Formatting

The various toolbar controls are exposed for easy use, and with the exception of the heading method all follow the same guidelines and return the same thing.

```javascript
markyMarked.bold([0, 5]); // Takes an array of the starting and ending indices to apply the format to
markyMarked.bold(); // If no argument is passed the currently selected text is assumed
```

This will return the newly selected text after the formatting has been applied.

For the heading method you should also pass in the level of heading, 1 to toggle an `h1`, 2 for `h2`, etc.

```javascript
markyMarked.heading(1, [0, 5]); // Also takes an array for the text to apply the format to
markyMarked.heading(4); // If no second argument is passed the currently selected text is assumed
markyMarked.heading(); // Assumes 0, which removes all headings from the selected text
```

Again an array representing the new starting and ending position is returned.

New to v1.1.0 you can now programmatically insert link and image snippets like so,

```javascript
markyMarked.link([0, 0], 'http://github.com/patrickfatrick/marky-marked', 'Marky Marked');
markyMarked.image([0, 0], 'http://i.imgur.com/VlVsP.gif', 'Chuck Chardonnay');
```

As before the first argument is an array representing the selection to use. The second is the URL to the link or the image. The third argument is the display text in the case of `link()` and the alt text in the case of `image()`. This method returns the new selection.

The full list of formatting methods is

```javascript
heading()
bold()
italic()
strikethrough()
code()
blockquote()
link()
image()
unorderedList()
orderedList()
indent()
outdent()
```

**NOTE:** These methods behave exactly like the toolbar buttons. They do not always apply the formatting and instead act more like toggles, with the exception of `link()` and `image()` which always insert the relevant Markdown snippet.

#### Undo/Redo

You can manually undo and redo like so, optionally passing in the number of states to undo or redo by as an argument. If no argument is passed Marky Marked will default to 5 as if the button was pushed.

```javascript
markyMarked.undo(20);
markyMarked.redo(13);
```

The new state index will be returned.

#### Setting the selection

You can set the text selection in the editor like so, passing in an array for the start and end positions. If no argument is passed Marky Marked will default to [0, 0];

```javascript
markyMarked.setSelection([5, 7]);
```

This method returns the array that was passed in.

#### Expanding the selection

You can expand the current text selection forward or backward in the editor like so, passing in the number of characters to move. If no argument is passed Marky Marked will default to 0;

```javascript
markyMarked.expandSelectionForward(3);
markyMarked.expandSelectionBackward(20);
```

This method returns the new starting and ending positions for the selection as an array.

#### Moving the cursor

You can also move the cursor in the editor like so, passing in the number of characters to move. If no argument is passed Marky Marked will default to 0.

```javascript
markyMarked.moveCursorForward(3);
markyMarked.moveCursorBackward(20);
```

This method returns the new cursor position in the editor.

#### Destroying editors

This will completely remove the container element (meaning, the custom tag that was used to instantiate Marky Marked, `<marky-mark />`, including the toolbar, editor and the hidden input storing the HTML string) from the DOM along with all of its event listeners.

```javascript
markyMarked.destroy()
```

## Example setups

To see Marky Marked in use as a library in the global scope, just check out [the demo page](./index.html).

To see it working inside a component (in this case Vue, but would work very similarly for React), check out this component in one of my projects, [taskmastr](https://github.com/patrickfatrick/taskmastr/blob/master/src/components/tasks/task-components/Notes.vue)

## Building & Testing

Marky Marked uses a combination of Karma, Mocha, and Chai for tests. To run the tests,

```bash
$ npm test
```

To lint and build the distribution files:

```bash
$ npm run build
```

## What's the plan?

- Ability to customize instances, particularly with some or all of marked's options.

## License

Marky Marked is freely distributable under the terms of the [MIT license](./LICENSE).

_Each Marky Marked release is linted with StandardJS and Stylelint; tested with Karma and Tape._

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Secretary of State Pompeo Calls Removal of U.S. Troops from Syria 'Tactical Change'
OAN Newsroom
UPDATED 1:28 PM PT Sun. Jan. 13, 2019
Secretary of State Mike Pompeo is defending President Trump's decision to remove U.S. troops from Syria.
In an interview on Sunday, Pompeo described the removal as a "tactical change" and reasserted U.S. efforts remain the same.
U.S. Secretary of State Mike Pompeo, holds a joint press conference with Qatari Foreign Minister Sheikh Mohammed bin Abdulrahman Al Thani, at the Sheraton Grand in Doha, Qatar, Sunday, Jan. 13, 2019. (Andrew Caballero-Reynolds/Pool Photo via AP)
He added that pulling the troops does not reduce the nation's influence in the Middle Eastern country, nor does it hinder U.S. global objectives.
Pompeo stressed those fighting alongside the U.S. are not terrorists and deserve protection.
He also acknowledged some things still need to be worked out between Turkey and Kurdish forces, but remains confident of a positive outcome.
UK rejects case for relaxation of fracking regulations: FT
Pres. Trump Calls New York Times Piece on him Working For Russia 'Most Insulting'


text:
Barcelona suffer major transfer setback, new £175k-a-week deal offered to top target
Barcelona are reportedly set to miss out on Manchester United midfielder Ander Herrera, as the Premier League giants plot a lucrative new contract offer for him.
The Spaniard enjoyed an impressive campaign under Jose Mourinho last year, establishing himself as a key figure in the Portuguese tactician's plans and helping the club win three pieces of silverware.
Having previously struggled under Louis van Gaal and with just 12 months remaining on his current contract, question marks had arisen over his long-term future at Old Trafford.
Particularly with interest from Barcelona added to the mix, with Herrera's former Athletic Bilbao boss Ernesto Valverde now in charge at the Nou Camp, it looked a little worrying for the Red Devils.
However, Barcelona are set to be left disappointed, as The Daily Star report that United are ready to offer Herrera a new long-term contract worth £175,000-a-week to fend off the Spanish giants, while it's added that Herrera himself is keen to stay in Manchester.
With the player himself ready to commit and United ready to reward him for his fine form, it looks as though Barca will have to look elsewhere in their search for midfield reinforcements.
Valverde has various positions to address in truth, including at right-back, and missing out on Herrera will be a disappointment for him. Nevertheless, with other targets being touted, it won't be long before they switch their focus to other targets, while United will hope that Herrera can continue to play a fundamental role in their push for major honours next season.
More Stories Ander Herrera
Manchester United set to launch €80m bid for possible Pogba replacement after initial transfer talks
Ander Herrera explains why he snubbed Ole Gunnar Solskjaer efforts to keep him at Man United in favour of PSG transfer
July 8, 2019 9:26
Why Man United allowed Ander Herrera to leave on free transfer, reason will change Red Devils fans' views on ace
Done deal: Star explains decision to leave Manchester United for transfer to Champions League giants
Ex-Manchester United star set to complete transfer to PSG on Thursday


The Department of Transportation (DOT) conducts research to examine potential climate-change impacts on transportation, methods for increasing transportation efficiency, and methods for reducing emissions that contribute to climate change. DOT's Center for Climate Change and Environmental Forecasting coordinates transportation and climate-change research, policies, and actions within DOT and promotes comprehensive approaches to reduce emissions, address climate-change impacts, and develop adaptation strategies. DOT also contributes directly to USGCRP's National Climate Assessment through focused research such as the Center's Gulf Coast Studies. The Gulf Coast Phase 2 study, completed in FY 2015, developed tools to assist transportation agencies in performing climate change and extreme weather vulnerability assessments and build resilience.
The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) and other DOT agencies are undertaking climate impact and adaptation studies (including vulnerability and risk assessments), working with science agencies to develop regional climate data and projections, conducting methodological research, supporting pilot programs, and providing assistance to transportation stakeholders including state, metropolitan, and local agencies. DOT has requested funding in FY 2017 for these purposes. The Federal Transit Administration (FTA) completed seven Climate Change Adaptation Pilot studies to advance the state of the practice in adapting transit assets and operations to the impacts of climate change. These tools will help transportation agencies to consider improved resiliency and reliability of the transportation system in transportation planning, asset management and project development.
The FAA manages the Continuous Lower Energy, Emissions, and Noise (CLEEN) program as a government–industry consortium to develop technologies for energy efficiency, noise and emissions reduction, and sustainable alternative jet fuel. FAA also participates in the Commercial Aviation Alternative Fuels Initiative (CAAFI), a public–private coalition to encourage the development of sustainable alternative jet fuel.


At the office of Daniel A. Hodges, DMD, you can always expect great quality dentistry coupled with the absolute best service. Our goal is to ensure your time spent with our dental practice is productive, comfortable and positive – and our entire team works hard together to make it happen! Expect an environment that fosters honest, open communication and relaxed, down-to-earth relationships.
Excellence The best quality available at reasonable fees.
Our practice has been a tried and true staple of the Conyers area for decades now, and we're proud to be expanding our offerings and availability with the introduction of Dr. Anushka Amin! Dr. Amin shares Dr. Hodges' passion for conservative, personalized dental care that puts each patient's needs first, and she looks to giving the office a fresh start with new, modern technology and more advanced training that benefits smiles of all ages. They can't wait to welcome you in!
Dr. Amin and Dr. Hodges always take the time to help patients find the oral healthcare journey that's a perfect fit for their one-of-a-kind needs and goals. Whether you're interested in a simple consultation or ready to undergo major reconstructive care, we're in it for the long haul! Discover our available treatment options by choosing the question that best suits your situation below.
Your chosen dental practice should be a place where you can feel relaxed and right at home, and that's what our team strives to provide every time someone walks through our front door. We all take pride in getting to know you and your unique dental goals very well, and everyone receives ongoing training on a regular basis so that we're up-to-date with all the essential building blocks of quality care. We hope to build a reliable and trustworthy relationship with you that lasts for many years to come.
Great dentists work hard to give people new reasons to smile both inside the office walls and out in their neighborhood. The Conyers community is an amazing place to practice, and Dr. Amin and Dr. Hodges enjoy giving back to local schools and churches whenever possible, including Rockdale Magnet School, Flat Shoals Elementary, Memorial Middle School, and Conyers Presbyterian. We look forward to finding more and more good causes to support in the future!


text:
Ільшат Алмазович Ісхаков (; 3 лютого 1987, м. Нижньокамськ, СРСР) — російський хокеїст, нападник. Виступає за «Донбас-2» (Донецьк) у Професіональній хокейній лізі.

Вихованець хокейної школи «Нафтохімік» (Нижньокамськ). Виступав за Газпром-ОГУ (Оренбург), «Казахмис» (Сатпаєв).

Досягнення
 Чемпіон України (2011, 2012).

Посилання
 Профіль  на Eliteprospects

Уродженці Нижньокамська
Російські хокеїсти
Хокеїсти «Казахмиса» (Сатпаєв)
Хокеїсти «Донбаса»

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Information security managers concerned about the incident that occurred at HM Customs and Revenue this week should look to BSI British Standards for guidance on information security and data protection.
Mike Low, Director of BSI British Standards, said: "The events of the last couple of days will force many organizations to reassess their handling of valuable data. A range of British Standards in this area can provide a structured approach to information security and data protection. Specific guidance and the opportunity for independent 3rd party certification are also available.
Making sure the right people, processes, procedures and technology are in place is key to the protection of information assets. British Standards on information security help minimize possible harm to organizations caused by deliberate or accidental acts.
BS ISO/IEC 27001 is a risk-based management system which provides a structured approach to information security, protecting information regardless of format. BS ISO/IEC 27001 is a certifiable standard which means an organization of any size, sector or function can seek independent 3rd party verification of its information management performance.
This voluntary standard, originally developed by BSI, has already established worldwide renown for the sharing of best practice in this area.
ISO/IEC 27002 is a code of practice developed to build best practice in information security and assist an organization in implementing an information security management system. The standard covers a range of information security topics including security policies, asset control, and personnel security.
BSI Data Protection Guide (BIP 0012), was prepared with the assistance of the Office of the Information Commissioner and UK industry. It provides practical guidance on implementing the Data Protection Act (1998) Legislation and deals specifically with areas such as email policy, database management, subject access and e-commerce.
British Standard on Data Protection. Work is foreseen on a new data protection standard which will provide organizations with a method of assessing and demonstrating their compliance with the requirements of the Data Protection Act (1998).


You are an EU/EEA citizen or Swiss citizen. You wish to come to the Netherlands for a short stay. You do not need a visa.
Having a valid travel document (passport or identity card) shows that you are lawfully staying in the Netherlands. The travel document has to be issued by an EU/EEA country or Switzerland.
You may not be a risk to public order.
If you are planning to stay in the Netherlands for more than 4 months, you have to register with the Municipal Personal Records Database (BRP) of the municipality.


text:
History et cetera
History in travel, photos, interviews & more
What Caused The Mysterious Bronze Age Collapse?
The urge to find a single explanation as the cause for such calamitous events seems to come from a modern human need for an easy explanation as often as possible.
The decline of the Late Bronze Age civilizations of the Mediterranean and Near East has puzzled historians and archaeologists for centuries. While many have ascribed the collapse of several civilizations to the enigmatic Sea Peoples, Professor Eric H. Cline, former Chair of the Department of Classical and Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations at George Washington University, presents a more complicated and nuanced scenario in his new book, 1177 BC: The Year Civilization Collapsed.
Professor Eric H. Cline speaks to Ancient History Encyclopedia's James Blake Wiener about his new title and the circumstances that lead to the collapse of the cosmopolitan world of the Late Bronze Age in this interview.
"Fire of Troy" by Kerstiaen de Keuninck (1560-1632 AD). Oil on panel, last third of the 16th century CE (?). H. 58.3 cm (23 in), W. 84.8 cm (33 in). Public domain.
JW: Professor Cline, welcome to Ancient History Encyclopedia (AHE). I am pleased to speak to you about 1177 BC: The Year Civilization Collapsed as it has been on my reading list since its publication last year. At last, I have read it!
In 1177 BC, you trace the social, economic, and cultural links between the civilizations of the Eastern Mediterranean and Near East — Egypt, Minoan Crete, Mycenaean Greece, the Hittite Empire, Mittani, Assyria, and Kassite Babylonia — and their cataclysmic demise during the late second millennium BC. I suspect this was a book that you always wanted to write; however, I am keen to know what was it about the Bronze Age collapse that intrigued you enough to write 1177 BC? Did it have anything to do with your prior archaeological work at Tel Kabri and Megiddo in Israel?
EHC: Actually, the impetus to write a book on this topic came from Mr. Rob Tempio at Princeton University Press. He came down to Washington, D.C. seven or eight years ago — I think it was in the Spring of 2007 — and asked me if I would write a book on the collapse. I told him that what I really wanted to write was a book about what collapsed, because the Late Bronze Age and the cultures and civilizations that were thriving in the Aegean and Eastern Mediterranean between about 1700 and 1200 BC have always fascinated me.
Map of invasions, destructions, and possible population movements during the collapse of Late Bronze Age civilizations, c. 1200 BC. (Uploaded by Alexikoua on Wikipedia in 2013 and licensed CC BY-SA 3.0.)
So, we agreed that I would write about both, which is why the book begins and ends with considerations about the collapse, but the middle part of the book backtracks a few centuries in order to give the reader a good idea about what was there before it all went down in ruin. I like this approach because it puts the collapse into complete and proper context, giving the reader a precise idea of just how much was lost when the end came. And, no, writing 1177 BC had nothing to do with my work at either Kabri or Megiddo, but I'm now at work on a book specifically about Megiddo that will be published by Princeton University Press. (I should add that a volume co-edited with Dr. Assaf Yasur-Landau on our excavations at Kabri is also in preparation, which will be published by Brill Publishers in the near future.)
JW: You argue that these empires failed due to a combination of natural catastrophes like earthquakes and prolonged droughts, migration and foreign invasions, internal rebellions, and a sharp decline in international trade. This led in turn to political fragmentation and disintegration, as well as significant cultural change.
Professor Cline, why were earlier generations of scholars so keen to find a single explanation for the decline of Bronze Age civilizations? In the past, many scholars blamed the Sea Peoples, whose identity remains shrouded in mystery, for the collapse of various Bronze Age cultures. This is especially curious when taking into consideration the decline of inland empires like those of Kassite Babylonia, Elam, or Assyria, which were untouched by the Sea Peoples.
Emmanuel de Rougé's translation of the North wall of the mortuary temple of Ramesses III at Medinet Habu led him to coin the term "Sea Peoples." This famous scene shows what has come to be known as the Battle of the Delta in 1177 BC. (The original uploader was Seebeer at German Wikipedia in 2006. This image is in the public domain because its copyright has expired.)
EHC: The urge to find a single explanation as the cause for such calamitous events seems to come from a modern human need for an easy explanation as often as possible. Certainly some of the members of the general public who have left reviews of my book on Amazon seem to want that still, and are miffed that I even-handedly go through the evidence and then conclude that there isn't a simple solution. I actually think that it is far more interesting to delve into a multi-causal explanation, because in this case Occam's Razor (that the simplest solution is the most likely) just won't cut it. Although I think it seemed very logical to early scholars like Gaston Maspero and others to blame the Sea Peoples, they originally formulated that hypothesis based on Ramses III's inscription at Medinet Habu and not much else. But, it has long been clear that it took much more than a single cause to bring down the Bronze Age civilizations. As you point out, the mere fact that the inland empires like Kassite Babylonia, Elam, and Assyria also declined shows that we can't just blame the Sea Peoples for everything, much as one might want to do so.
…I use 1177 BC as shorthand for the entire Late Bronze Age collapse, just as we commonly use 476 AD as shorthand for the fall of the Roman Empire; we know that neither took place entirely in exactly that year, and yet we understand that those dates are representative.
Thus, my main thesis is that there must have been a 'perfect storm' of calamitous events at that turning point in order to cause the Late Bronze Age civilizations to collapse shortly after 1200 BC. There is both direct and circumstantial evidence that there was climate change, drought and famine, earthquakes, invasions and internal rebellions, all at that approximate time. Of these, I would rank them in that specific order of importance: climate change; drought and famine; earthquakes; invaders; and internal rebellions. Although human beings have survived such catastrophes time and again when they come individually, such as rebuilding after an earthquake or living through a drought, what if they all occurred at once, or in quick succession?
It would be difficult to survive if all, or most, of the above calamities came at the same time or nearly so, as they seem to have done especially between about 1225 BC and 1175 BC. And that, I think, is why the Late Bronze Age civilizations came crashing down — they were not able to weather the 'perfect storm' of nearly simultaneous catastrophes, with each amplifying and multiplying the effects of the previous ones, piling on misfortune after misfortune until the entire system broke down. And then what we see is a systems collapse, as empires and kingdoms that had flourished for centuries all came to an end, followed by the world's first Dark Age stretching from the Mediterranean to Mesopotamia.
Ramses III offering incense to the gods on wall painting in KV11 at Medinet Habu in Luxor, Egypt. 12th century BC. (Original image uploaded by Sinuhe20 in 2010 on Wikipedia and released into public domain. This is a faithful photographic reproduction of a two-dimensional, public domain work of art.)
JW: 1177 BC is the date in which Ramses III of Egypt (r. 1186-1155 BC) defeated the Sea Peoples for a second time at the Battle of the Delta. (The Battle of Djahy, which pitted the Egyptians against the Sea Peoples occurred a few years earlier.) You characterize this as a "pyrrhic victory," which symbolically ends the Bronze Age networks of trade, power, and culture. After Egypt battled for its very existence and prevailed against the onslaught of the Sea Peoples, it too entered a period of marked decline.
Yet within 1177 BC, you claim that decline began as early as c. 1250 CE and as late as c. 1130 BC, depending on geographical location. How important then is the date 1177 BC in our understanding of the Bronze Age's termination? Why did you select this date as the title of your book?
EHC: It did indeed take about a century for everything to collapse, but 1177 BC is a good reference point, for it is in that year that the Sea Peoples invaded Egypt for the second time, as you say, and by then many of the cities across Canaan, Asia Minor, and Greece were already in decline if not already destroyed. Therefore, I use 1177 BC as shorthand for the entire Late Bronze Age collapse, just as we commonly use 476 AD as shorthand for the fall of the Roman Empire; we know that neither took place entirely in exactly that year, and yet we understand that those dates are representative. To my mind, as I say in the book, 1177 BC "is a reasonable benchmark and allows us to put a finite date on a rather elusive pivotal moment and the end of an age." Perhaps a better way to phrase it, as I say a sentence or two later in the book, is that "the world in 1200 BC was quite different from that of 1100 BC and completely different from that of 1000 BC," but that's not as snappy a title.
JW: Aside from citing the latest archaeological research, you utilize some remarkable primary sources in 1177 BC, including meticulous diplomatic correspondence drawn from the Amarna Letters, the Pylos and Knossos Linear B tablets from Greece, and texts from Ugarit.
This is the entrance to the excavated ruins of the royal palace at Ugarit, which is located in present-day Syria. (Original image by Disdero. Uploaded by Jan van der Crabben, published on 26 April 2012 under the following license: Creative Commons: Attribution.)
Of these, I was fascinated by the texts from Ugarit. Might you offer a word or two about the texts from the city-state of Ugarit and how they were important to your research presented in 1177 BC, Professor Cline?
EHC: I, too, am fascinated by the texts from Ugarit. Throughout most of my career, I've mainly studied the royal texts from Mari in Syria, dated back to c. 1800 BC, and the royal texts from Amarna in Egypt, dated to c. 1350 BC. However, the texts from Ugarit, especially those which come from the 14th through 12th centuries BC, shed light not just on royal activities, but also on the activities of private merchants and even private individuals. There are several archives that we know of from Ugarit, coming from the royal palace as well as private houses belonging to wealthy merchants named "Urtenu," "Yabninu," and "Rapanu."
The tablets first began to be recovered in the 1950s, with the most recent coming to light from 1994-2002. We find out all sorts of things from them, like the fact that a ship was sent from Ugarit to Crete in about 1260 BC by a different merchant named "Sinaranu." It was scheduled to bring back olive oil, grain, and beer to Ugarit. We are told specifically that it would be exempt from import taxes when it got back — I think it might be the first recorded case of a corporate tax break that we know of! The texts from Ugarit also shed light on the interconnections of the time, allowing us to construct diagrams and do social network analyses showing the relationships between individuals both in the city and in distant kingdoms.
Even more important from the standpoint of the collapse, though, is the fact that, first of all, the tablets and letters continue right up until the very end of the city, so that we get a picture of what must have been almost the final days, sometime between 1190 and 1185 BC. Secondly, the tablets and letters describe enemy ships approaching, destruction of the fields, drought, and famine. This is written, textual evidence of a multitude of calamities, not just inference from archaeological remains! Unfortunately, we are not given any specifics as to who the invaders or the enemy ships might be, so we don't know if these are the Sea Peoples or not, though there is a good chance that they are.
Lion Gate, Hattusa, near modern Boğazkale, Turkey. Hattusa was the capital of the Hittite Empire and was built c. 1343-1200 BC. (Original image by Magnus Manske. Uploaded by Karen Barrett-Wilt, published on 19 May 2014 under the following license: Creative Commons: Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike.)
JW: Professor Cline, I hope that you'll indulge me with my next question: Who do you think were the Sea Peoples? Based on what we know, the Sea Peoples were a band of people, of mixed origins, who migrated, settled, and raided the coast of the Eastern Mediterranean.
Do you have any additional thoughts? Will we ever unmask their true identity?
EHC: This is an excellent question, but we don't know the answer for certain. I think the origin for some of them was the region of Sicily, Sardinia, and southern Italy (some of the groups are called the Shekelesh and the Shardana, which sound similar), but others most likely joined in along the way, as they moved from west to east across the Mediterranean. Consequently, there may have been others from what is present-day Greece and Turkey among the Sea Peoples as well.
Basalt funeral stele bearing an Aramaic inscription, c. seventh century BC. Found in Neirab or Tell Afis (in present-day Syria). It is currently located at the Louvre Museum in Paris, France. H. 93 cm (36 ½ in.), W. 34 cm (13 ¼ in.), D. 14 cm (5 ½ in.). (Originally uploaded by Jastrow in 2011. This work has been released into the public domain by its author. This applies worldwide.)
We have yet to definitively identify a homeland for them, but I think that day will eventually come. It may be a matter of creating a check-list of criteria that we would need to look for, in order to figure out where to dig or otherwise look for a site or sites from which they could have come, but once we start looking seriously, I won't be at all surprised if evidence eventually turns up.
JW: I wanted to ask you if any polities or groups benefited from the Late Bronze Age collapse? The Phoenician city-states and the Aramaeans seem to have fared better than many others.
EHC: Well, the main legacy seems have been the Philistines and their culture, for the group among the Sea Peoples that the Egyptians called the Peleset are probably the group that we know as the Philistines from the Bible. They seem to have settled down in the region of Canaan and perhaps assimilated with the locals, just before the rise of Israel. But, other than them, yes, also the Aramaeans, but the Phoenicians and the Israelites seem to have benefited the most from the collapse of the Bronze Age.
As I see it, all of these groups were able to really 'set up shop,' as it were, in the regions of Canaan from which the Egyptians and Hittites had both just withdrawn — especially in what is now modern Israel, Lebanon, and Syria. To put it in modern terms, I think that the Israelites, Phoenicians, Aramaeans, and Philistines benefited from the 'power vacuum' that was created in this area when the Great Powers were laid low. There was no way that any of them could have established a foothold in this area if the Egyptians, Hittites, and Canaanites had still been as powerful as they were even in the 13th century BC. The calamitous events at the beginning of the 12th century BC made all the difference.
JW: Professor Cline, I thank you for speaking with me about 1177 BC, and I wish you many happy adventures in research! Perhaps we shall speak in the future about your next book?
EHC: It would be my pleasure to do so, James! Thanks for inviting me to be interviewed about 1177 BC for Ancient History Encyclopedia.
Nota Bene: Ancient History Encyclopedia uses "BCE" and "CE" as a practice. For the purposes of this interview, we have employed "BC" and "AD" given the title of Professor Cline's work and to prevent any needless confusion.
You can learn more about 1177 BC: The Year Civilization Collapsed by watching this video lecture in which Professor Cline speaks before the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago:
[embedyt]https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hyry8mgXiTk[/embedyt]
Professor Eric H. Cline at Megiddo in Israel.
Professor Eric H. Cline is Professor of Classics and Anthropology, the former Chair of the Department of Classical and Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations, and the current Director of the GWU Capitol Archaeological Institute. He is a National Geographic Explorer, a Fulbright scholar, and an award-winning teacher and author. He has also served as the advisor to the undergraduate archaeology majors at GW for the past decade and has overseen the graduation of 132 majors since 2001, with nearly half going on to leading graduate schools in archaeology and related fields, including Harvard, Yale, Cornell, Johns Hopkins, Berkeley, Oxford, Cambridge, and University College London. An archaeologist and ancient historian by training, Dr. Cline's primary fields of study are biblical archaeology, the military history of the Mediterranean world from antiquity to present, and the international connections between Greece, Egypt, and the Near East during the Late Bronze Age (1700-1100 BC). Dr. Cline is an experienced and active field archaeologist, with 30 seasons of excavation and survey to his credit since 1980 in Israel, Egypt, Jordan, Cyprus, Greece, Crete, and the United States; he currently co-directs the excavations at both Megiddo (Armageddon) and Tel Kabri in Israel. 1177 BC: The Year Civilization Collapsed has already been translated into French, Italian, Spanish, and Dutch, with translations into six more languages soon to appear. So far it has won the 2014 "Award for the Best Popular Book" from the American Schools of Oriental Research; was named as one of the New York Post's Best Books of 2014; been on the national best seller lists in both Canada and France; received Honorable Mention for the 2015 PROSE Award in Archaeology & Anthropology from the Association of American Publishers; was under consideration for the 2015 Pulitzer Prize (although it did not win); and has consistently been in one or more of the top spots on Amazon's "Best Sellers in Archaeology" since its release more than a year ago, in April 2014.
Headline Image: Bernard Gagnon / Wikipedia
All images featured in this interview have been attributed to their respective owners. Unauthorized reproduction is strictly prohibited. The views presented here are not necessarily those of the Ancient History Encyclopedia. All rights reserved. © AHE 2015. Please contact us for rights to republication.
Categorized as Education, Interviews Tagged Aramaean, Archaeology, Assyria, Babylon, Babylonia, Bronze_Age, Canaan, Canaanite, Cultural_Exchange, Egypt, Egyptian_Culture, Hittite_Empire, Mesopotamia, Minoan, Mittani, mycenae, phoenician_civilization, Sea_Peoples, Trade, Ugarit, War, Warfare
By James Wiener
James Blake Wiener is the Communications Director at Ancient History Encyclopedia. Trained as a historian and researcher, and previously a professor, James is chiefly interested in cross-cultural exchange, world history, and international relations. Aside from his work at AHE, James is an avid Arabist, devotee of romance languages (French, Portuguese, and Spanish), reggaetoñero, and fan of ice hockey.
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How can I publish an Apple app under my sole proprietorship?
How can I publish my app under my company's name instead of my name? I understand that you need to be some type of corporation to publish your app with a company name, correct? I have a DUNS number, but Apple only accepts companies/organizations.
Hi, I had an entrepreneur ask me this same question recently. Based on the information Apple Provides you can definitely enroll with a DUNS number. There is a difference in the process of enrollment but both sole Proprietors and Organizations can enter. Here's a quote directly from Apples on business procedure.
"Sole proprietors/single person businesses can review the license agreement and purchase a membership at the time of enrollment. Organizations can review the license agreement and purchase a membership once Apple Developer Support verifies the enrollment information and sends an email with next steps. You can check the status of your enrollment in your account on the developer website. Be sure to sign in with the Apple ID you used to enroll."
Hope this helps. Feel free to request a call with me, I wouldn't mind helping you analyze the situation so we can streamline you on your way to the answers you need.
From my understanding for sole proprietorship you can only list it under your name. You need to have corp to list it under that name.


First a few words about why to consider an Enterprise Cloud approach – then more about steep pipe manufacturer JESCO – that is doing just that….
What is the benefit of going with an Enterprise Cloud approach?
There is the trade off between IT complexity and trying to quickly meet the expectations of the business. Demands for faster, bigger, and more flexible conflicted with the risk of 'breaking' something in an IT landscape that became increasingly more fragile with each new change.
Core not context – Outsourcing operations and application management to free-up resources that can then focus on core competencies such as creating business value and strategic advantage, rather than operations, management and maintenance.
Business Relevant – Supporting the business' needs for continuing innovation, change, expansion and growth. Everything the business does today is enabled by IT.
Strategy 1: Form true partnerships with companies to enable 'Closed-Loop Support', whereby the teams that develop, build and maintain the applications on which you depend, become an extension of your IT department – your virtual support organization.
Strategy 2: Implement 'Leveraged Innovation', whereby customers can test, and trial the latest innovations in a sandbox Enterprise Cloud environment, to ensure the best fit and the maximum innovation potential before they purchase.
What are 6 ways this can give you ROI and value?
2. Respond faster to the business' need to innovate, change and deploy new systems the business will have literally hundreds of smaller projects each year – some large, some small. These can range from deploying a new system for a company that's been acquired, to expanding an existing system to new geographies, groups of users, and so on. Separate topics that are integral to the 'respond faster' value driver are agility and (ii) elasticity.
3. Agility refers to the capability of the IT department to best respond to the needs of the business by delivering the systems and hardware the business needs to drive revenue.
4. Elasticity is the term given to the customer's IT landscape, and how easily to can expand and contract to meet the needs of the business. For example, if the business needs a new system stood-up for a new project or acquisition, does the existing hardware have sufficient capacity to enable that, is the data center big enough, what about wiring and cooling requirements? These are all factors in the elasticity equation.
5. CAPEX to OPEX – the ability for a CIO to be able to purchase HEC as an operating expenditure (OPEX) rather than as a capital item (CAPEX, CAPital EXpenditure) is a very significant win. The ability for a CIO to pay a monthly fee from their operating expense (Opex) budget means they won't need to have capital approved – the process is far easier and has less all-round risk.
6. HEC is the Low-Risk Deployment Option – For both business and IT executives, choosing the right deployment is all about risk reduction and cost avoidance, and HEC enables customers to avoid 'all or nothing' decisions. With HEC, the customer could avoid both the capital cost and its resulting depreciation expense. This enables the financial risk to be avoided.
What were the immediate benefits?
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