1. The current composition of the SRRP including dates where members changed, if any.
2. The number of times that the SRRP has met since 23 December 2015.
3. The cost, by year, of operating the SRRP since its inception in 2014, broken down into remuneration, travel, accommodation and support services.
4. The number of times that the SRRP has met, in whole or part, with the Officials' Committee for Domestic and External Security Coordination (ODESC) since 23 December 2015.
5. The names of agencies or entities that have briefed the SRRP, in whole or part, since its inception and vice versa.
6. Copies of any correspondence sent, received or otherwise held in any form by the SRRP.
Thank you for your email of 28 March 2017 (copied below). This email is to acknowledge the receipt of your request by the Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet (DPMC) and to confirm that DPMC will be providing a response in line with the Official Information Act.


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—Nursing difficulties: If new mothers are having trouble nursing their babies, the issue may stem from incorrect spinal alignment. Treating children in a chiropractic fashion can allow them to better move their necks, which in turn makes it easier for mothers to conduct traditional nursing options.
—Incorrect posture: The first several years of a child's life are the most important in developing the spine, yet it is very easy to develop bad habits in those years that will contribute to a lifetime of discomfort. Misalignments can result from slouching and poor posture as well as using computers, wearing backpacks and playing sports.
—Asthma: This is another increasingly common health issue for kids, but one that can be addressed by a chiropractor for kids. Correcting a subluxation (a misalignment of bones along the spine) enhances the performance of the nervous system, which in turn controls the diaphragm and lungs and makes breathing far easier.
—Colic: This most common infant issues can be treated with spinal manipulation by a chiropractor. One recent study indicated that babies treated by a chiropractor enjoyed a 67 percent drop in crying while those who were treated with anti-gas medication experienced a 38 percent drop in crying.
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"Dr Bach's Flower essences are an established compementary therapy system in use since the 1930's. This book offers an understanding of Dr Bach' Flower remedies that goes beyond the traditional interpretations. It explores the relationship between the groups that Dr Bach put his remedies into and the positive emotional qualitiies of the chakras. It will provide a useful and easy learning tool for, not only the well trained professional therapist but also for the many interested individuals, for whom identifying remedies is a daunting task. This approach, along with the emphasis on the positive qualities of the chakra system as opposed to to focusing on the negative states, enables us to derive the maximum benefit from these wonderful remedies."


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Share this Story: Jeremy Sippel is scheduled to appear in court again on Aug. 8
Jeremy Sippel is scheduled to appear in court again on Aug. 8
Jul 19, 2013 • July 19, 2013 • < 1 minute read
A London man charged with abducting a child at an east London flea market has been granted bail — with a 24-hour curfew.
Jeremy Sippel, 23, has been in custody since July 1 after reports a child was led away by a man from the Gilbraltar Trade Centre on Dundas St. on June 30. When confronted, he let go of the child's hand.
Sippel's bail hearing was delayed after he was attacked at the Elgin-Middlesex Detention Centre.
Ontario Court justice of the peace Anne Hampson agreed Sippel could be released on $5,000 no-deposit bail with his father and aunt acting as sureties.
His next court appearance is Aug. 8.
Jeremy Sippel is scheduled to appear in court again on Aug. 8 Back to video

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Preview Sept | Oct 2019
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The "School of Seeing" doesn't start when one becomes an adult or enters university. We're already confronted with moving images in childhood. With its expanded education programme, the Film Museum wants to promote a nuanced approach to these images for children and young people.
Ever since the onset of a so-called "media society", teachers and their school classes have been expected to be "literate" and demonstrate proficiency in working with various old and new media. In recent years, film education as part of overall media education has become a key component of cultural and educational politics. Throughout Europe, initiatives are flourishing which integrate film into classroom education or which aim to lure classes into the cinema. As children and young adults are already confronted with forms of audio-visual entertainment at an early age, whether through cinema, television, computers or mobile phones, film is increasingly seen as the ideal medium for school education, with teachers using it as a bridge of communication to their pupils. The various attempts and proposals as to how this should be achieved differ widely. Teachers are often at loss as to how or what they should convey. What often gets left behind is a nuanced approach to a topic that has more to offer than just being a teaching aid.
The Austrian Film Museum sees film education as more than a mere invitation to watch movies, or as a thematic "cue" – and as more than a compilation of lists of relevant positions in film history or terms to describe a certain shot or montage strategy. Its focus is on conveying a multi-layered experience, posing the question: What is film – material, document, art form? Which forms of aesthetic experiences does it have to offer? How has it been interpreted in the past and how is it interpreted today? What are the historical, social and aesthetic contexts of the medium?
Since 2002 the Film Museum has been inviting children and teenagers between the ages of 5 and 18 to visit its screenings, lectures, close-up-programs and laboratories in the framework of the Cineschool series. The program has constantly been expanded over the years and now covers over 100 different programs in five formats.
The film seminar Summer School (Link in German!) which takes place once a year, is a four-day education program for teachers. Working from the opposite poles of "Film as Art" and "Film as Document", the formulation of questions, various methods of observation, and realms of experience are being explored, offering numerous tie-ins for use in classroom instruction.
The Film Museum is also offering a project for schools called Focus on Film (Link in German!). The program provides teachers with guidance by film experts, both Film Museum employees and external film educators, for the duration of one semester, and represents a flexible mode of that ranges from theory-based courses on the history of documentary film to hands-on classes where a 16mm film is shot, processed, edited and finally screened or where children curate a program of experimental films and present it at a film festival.
All these programmes are based on the understanding that a "School of Seeing" needs to begin long before one enters adulthood. The Film Museum offers the opportunity to become involved at an early age with the way moving images work – contemporary cinema as well as the films of the past. What we hope to convey to both teachers and pupils is the pleasure of a critical and playful approach to film and an understanding that to think about and discuss the 20th century without thinking about moving images is a paradox.
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United way and the boy scouts of america essay
A discussion on the literary historical and philosophical examples of the contrast between good and
Racisms consequences and resistance against it in the bluest eye by toni morrison
Home secret windows essays and fiction on the craft of writing Essays in the history of logic and logical philosophy
Essays in the history of logic and logical philosophy
And not only that is the change. As noted above, there are models that define this awareness as a higher-order monitoring, either an inner perception of the activity a form of inner sense per Kant or inner consciousness per Brentanoor an inner thought about the activity.
Merleau-Ponty rejected both associationist psychology, focused on correlations between sensation and stimulus, and intellectualist psychology, focused on rational construction of the world in the mind.
This view came to be challenged later, since it means that an arrow can only be "at rest" if it is at the same place at two separate times -- for Aristotle both rest and motion can only be defined over a finite increment of time.
And that is the heart of phenomenology. Over the years I have stayed at hotels where Web access was available through televisions in the guests' rooms. Two recent collections address these issues: The natural numbers are countable in this sense, as before, and any list, it seems, can be indexed by the ordinal numbers.
An abridged edition of the preceding. Olubi Sodipo, with a Foreword by W. The term "Friesian School" therefore may be found used elsewhere, and various statements may be found made concerning the school, by other parties who have no connection to, and for whose claims no responsibility can be taken by, this publication, its editor, or publisher.
This is a reference to Aristotle 's work known as the Organon. New Haven and London: Having established this connection, we see how Wittgenstein contrives to induce the reader to the contrast between practical and theoretical attitudes towards rules. Phenomenology as we know it was launched by Edmund Husserl in his Logical Investigations — And alternative visions of phenomenology would soon follow.
It has not always been clear, however, how the philosophical problems in explicating contemporary structuralist programs relate to the problems of philosophy as Russell saw them.
For, on the one hand, it seems that we know a great deal about numbers. The mistake goes deeper than has been thought: This story illustrates different approaches to intellectual enquiry and human cognition more generally.
Ethics is the study of right and wrong—how we should act. In phenomenological reflection, we need not concern ourselves with whether the tree exists: Indeed, quite generally, sophisms about the nature of change and continuity, about knowledge and its objects, and the ones about the notion of self-reference, amongst many others, have attracted a great deal of very professional attention, once their significance was realised, with techniques of analysis drawn from developments in formal logic and linguistic studies being added to the careful and clear expression, and modes of argument found in the best writers before.
A restrictive view holds that only sensory experience has a proper phenomenal character, a what-it-is-like.
Informal reasoning and dialectic[ edit ] Main articles: The cautious thing to say is that phenomenology leads in some ways into at least some background conditions of our experience. For the association between the derivative and motion, initiated by Newton's use of the term "fluxion," was largely confined to England, and on the Continent, Leibniz' cotemporaneous development of the calculus had more hold.
This ancient motivation is still alive, although it no longer takes centre stage in the picture of logic; typically dialectical logic forms the heart of a course in critical thinkinga compulsory course at many universities. So the time unit must be divisible after all.
From there Edmund Husserl took up the term for his new science of consciousness, and the rest is history. I close by suggesting that Russell might be at fault for the trouble post-Russellian readers have had in identifying this point. Boole was responding to a growing interest in logic among mathematicians, and he mostly remained Kantian in his thought, but his work undoubtedly represents a turning point in the history of logic: He further claimed that induction itself is founded on a process of analogy.
However, no attempt has been made to figure out whether Frege has reasons for his disagreement. Conscious experience is the starting point of phenomenology, but experience shades off into less overtly conscious phenomena.
The following sentence is false,The previous sentence is true; and in a case of Buridan's, What Plato is saying is false,What Socrates is saying is true, if Socrates says the first, while Plato says the second. More specifically, Frege wanted to provide mathematics with purely logical foundations, an effort that became known as the logicist programme.
Phenomenology would then study this complex of consciousness and correlated phenomena. The History and Varieties of Phenomenology Phenomenology came into its own with Husserl, much as epistemology came into its own with Descartes, and ontology or metaphysics came into its own with Aristotle on the heels of Plato.
In a very different style, in clear analytical prose, in the text of a lecture course called The Basic Problems of PhenomenologyHeidegger traced the question of the meaning of being from Aristotle through many other thinkers into the issues of phenomenology.
He argues, though, that they are ineffective against classical logic itself. I am searching for the words to make my point in conversation. Philosophy of logic (Harper essays in philosophy) Truth and History, "There is no reason in stating logical principles to be more puristic, 5/5(1).
The essays, booklets, and books listed here are all online free, so that those who cannot afford them can still have access to them, and so that no one has to pay before they read something that might not be what they really are janettravellmd.com if you read something here that you find meaningful and helpful and would like to contribute whatever easily affordable amount you feel it is worth, I will.
Logical Paradoxes. A paradox is generally a puzzling conclusion we seem to be driven towards by our reasoning, but which is highly counterintuitive, nevertheless. Logical Problem of Evil. The existence of evil and suffering in our world seems to pose a serious challenge to belief in the existence of a perfect janettravellmd.com God were all-knowing, it seems that God would know about all of the horrible things that happen in our world.
Volume of The Journal for the History of Analytical Philosophy has now been published online, with full open-access. It features an article by Carl-Göran Heidegren entitled "Three Positivist Disputes in the s".
Here is an abstract: The West German positivist dispute in the s is well known and thoroughly studied. janettravellmd.com: Essays in the Philosophy and History of Logic and Mathematics. Giuseppe Peano and his role in the creation of contemporary logical symbolism.
Disrespect and lack of discipline in the army
The foundations of mathematics and other logical essays
The plot and setting of tom clancys book rainbow six
The difference and similarities of christianity and islam
Origin and development of the drama
The discovery and exploration of the north and south america in the 1400s
Literary fiction vs commercial fiction essays
Siddhartha and the river essay
Open and close minded people in the book the adventures of huckleberry finn by mark twain
Industry and commerce in the early
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– –PUBLISHER: Mail.Ru | DEVELOPER: IT Territory | GENRE: MMORPG
–THEME: Fantasy | PLATFORM: Browser | STATUS: Final
Juggernaut is a free-to-play MMO game that can be played in a browser or downloaded to reduce loading times. Basically this is a 2D MMORPG with some 3D battle scenes unfolding in a small window, and one more game using the Unity engine, just like Battlestar Galactica Online or Need For Speed World. The player has to struggle to become the hero of Haradan, the game world that is overflowing with terrible creatures. Your typical "save the world" story that you see in thousands of games.
Juggernaut doesn't excel in the originality department, since gameplay is mostly the same as in many other free MMO games. The player has to choose and customize a hero (male or female), equipping him with the best gear and completing missions to improve his attributes. Only when entering the battle screen things get slightly different. The 3D battle unfolds in the usual turn-based system, only with some cool animations and visual effects. There are no more than two characters fighting at the same time, and their moves and magic are represented in the bottom of the screen, just waiting for the player to choose them. They do tend to become repetitive and the slow pace of things isn't stranger to that.
Fans of browser games can try Juggernaut and corroborate some of its qualities, since it turns out as a good evolution, albeit somewhat repetitive, of text-based games.


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Posts Tagged 'classical liberalism'
Monday, 3 May 2021
Assuming something that is not necessarily believed by oneself or by one's audience or by either is a regular practice in various intellectual pursuits.
In discussion of policy, appropriateness of the set objectives of a real or imagined audience will often be assumed by economists who are either attempting to proceed in a wertfrei[1] manner or to argue for or against some ostensible means of accomplishing that set of objectives because of how those means would affect other matters about which the economist has a normative position. Thus, an economist who does not believe that an objective is right and proper may none-the-less assume that it is, to explain
that some policy will not accomplish the objective; or
that some policy will be most effective at accomplishing the objective; or
that some policy might be very effective at accomplishing the objective, but would, will, or does come at unacknowledged costs of importance to some in the audience; or
that some policy will be very effective in accomplishing the objective, and would, will, or does bring unrecognized benefits of importance to some in the audience.
One of the various things that I find uncomfortable about engaging in discussion of policy is that some people lose or never catch sight of the point that my assumption of objectives is not an endorsement of those objectives. However, I think that repeatedly assuming objectives in the context of being socially surrounded by people with those objectives will indeed lead some analysts to fall into the habit of presuming those objectives — of implicitly embracing those objectives — and may eventually lead them to endorsing those objectives overtly.
Unhappiness prevails amongst various libertarians and near-libertarians, concerning the comportment of what are called beltway libertarians , who are scholars, intellectuals, and professional political operatives located in or near the District of Columbia, and who self-identify with libertarian yet who have been silent about some of the most illiberal[2] policies of our day, or contort themselves to argue that these policies are actually libertarian, or even assert that circumstances warrant policies that they acknowledge to be illiberal. For the most part, the liberal community elsewhere simply takes it that the beltway libertarians have been corrupted by their context; I am here suggesting part of the mechanism of corruption.
[1] Normatively neutral.
[2] I use liberal and illiberal in their original and proper senses.
Tags: beltway libertarians, classical liberalism, corruption, liberalism, Libertarianism, policy
Posted in commentary, economics, ethics, public | No Comments »
Grossly Uncharitable Readings
One claim about Libertarians that won't withstand any real scrutiny — yet is very common amongst journalists and educators — is that Libertarians don't believe in doing anything to address the immediate needs of the poor. If asked to defend the claim, those who make it will either note Libertarian opposition to various state programmes, and with a crude induction draw the inference that Libertarians don't believe in doing anything to achieve the ostensible goals of those programmes, or they'll note the Libertarian objection in principle to any state programme with such goals, and treat this as QED.
Well, let's lay the form of that out:
L does not believe that X should be done by S,
L does not believe that X should be done.
Oooops! That isn't really very logical, is it? I mean that we can find plenty of X and S where this won't work, when we make ourselves L.
Libertarians don't believe that the state should do a lot of things, including farming, financial intermediation, and managing roads. Genuine anarchists go further, to claim that the state shouldn't do anything. That hardly means that they don't think that these things should be done by someone. It doesn't even mean that they won't agree that they should be those who do these things. (Indeed, people who rely upon the state are most likely to say that it ought to do whatever it does at the expense of someone else, as when they call for higher taxes on those who make more money.)
This point of logic ought to be obvious. Well, many journalists and educators are such damn'd fools that they truly don't see it, and an awful lot are knaves, who see it but don't want it to be seen by others.
One way that I see the eristicism effected is by the specious society-state equation — by treating the state as if it is society, which is to say as if it is us. Formally, this would be
L does not believe that X should be done by the state,
which is to say that
L does not believe that X should be done by society,
L does not believe that X should be done by any of us.
except that it's not explicitly expanded in this way, else the jig would be up. One place you'll see this eristic equation employed is in many quizzes that purport to tell the taker what his or her political classification is. If he or she answers affirmatively to a claim such as that society should help the poor then the typical quiz will score that towards state socialism and away from classical liberalism (of which Libertarianism is the extreme).
(Actually, one needs to be very careful whenever encountering the word society . In practice, it is often used to mean everyone else. Sometimes it's used to refer to some hypothetical entity which is somehow more than a group of people and their system of interaction; this latter notion tends to operationalize, again, as everyone else. Equating society with the state, and coupling this with demands for the state to make greater demands on other people is a popular way of making society mean everyone else.)
The fact is that one simply cannot tell, one way or another, from the datum that a person is a Libertarian whether he or she thinks that some goal ought to be pursued, unless the goal involves what a Libertarian would label coercion ; because Libertarianism itself is no more than a belief that one ought not to initiate the class of behaviors to which they apply this label. A person can be a Libertarian and be all for voluntary redistribution, or that person might indeed be someone who embraced some of the more callous proclamations of Ayn Rand, or the Libertarian might hold some intermediate postion. Libertarianism itself is neutral.
(Within the Randian camp, there has been a willful confusion of the fact that Libertarianism itself has limited scope with the proposition that any given person who is a Libertarian must somehow have no view about matters not within that scope, or with the claim that a Libertarian must think that anything not prohibitable is good.)
Parallels can be found here with the claim that atheists do not believe in morality of any sort. Not only is the underlying fallacy very similar, but the implication in each case is that, should the persons in question believe that something ought to be done, they are more likely to see themselves as the someone who ought to do it.
Tags: Ayn Rand, charity, classical liberalism, eristicism, liberalism, Libertarianism, logic, Objectivism, randianism, sophistry
Posted in commentary, epistemology, ethics, ideology, public | 3 Comments »
American Language
After one votes in California, one is offered a sticker announcing that one has done so. In my area, the stickers are typically available in English, in Spanish, and in Vietnamese. I ask for one in Vietnamese.
There are people who want English to be constitutionally declared to be the language of America; they are stunningly wrong.
Of most immediate importance, they are wrong because, whenever anything is made a matter of law, it is made a matter of force; behind any law is ultimately a gun. There are times for laws because there are times for force; there are times for guns. But language choice is not such a time. I have only contempt for someone who claims that there is a symmetry between being forced to speak the language of a merchant because he will not transact in another language and that merchant being forced by the state to transact in some other language, or official proceedings being legally restricted to a language utterly alien to important parties. (And my contempt extends to those who would force the use of minority languages, as well or instead of majority languages.)
Perhaps of even greater long-run importance, if a language is made an official language, the state is thereby empowered to determine whether this-or-that communication conforms to that language, which is to say that control of a language is seized by the state when the language is made official. The state develops the power to decide its grammar and its vocabulary.
America was given a foundation, however imperfect, of classical liberalism. It represents a gross violation of that foundation to tell people in what language they must express themselves, and a gross violation of that foundation to offer-up control of one of our languages to the state.
One of our languages. English is one of our languages; there are others. Any language spoken by an American is an American language. (And any name held by an American is an American name.) And there are people who don't know English who are far better Americans than those who would give that language a legally privileged position.
Tags: Americanism, classical liberalism, English, language
Posted in commentary, communication, ethics, ideology, personal, philosophy, public | 5 Comments »
Cook's Tours
Some days ago, the subject of machine guns came-up in conversation with the Woman of Interest, and I noted to her that fully-automatic firearms had first come under tight regulation as part of a war on a drug — the drug in question being alcohol. Synchronistically, within a day or so I received and watched the original Scarface (1932).
The film is prefaced by text that declares that it's essentially doing no more than presenting events that have really happened, that the government is not doing enough to protect the citizenry, and that the citizenry must act to get the government to act. Part-way through the film there's a moralizing scene in which community leaders confront a newspaper publisher, claiming that he's glorifying gangsters. He responds essentially with the same message that had prefaced the film — that he is reporting the facts, that the government is not doing enough, and that the citizenry must act to get the government to do more. Then we learn what he thinks ought to be done: outlaw machine guns, effect martial law, and accept the offer of the National Commander of the American Legion to act as a militia against the gangsters. As part of the case for martial law, the publisher notes that the governor of Oklahoma had effected martial law to regulate oil production and claims that surely then we should use martial law against guns. (At some point, the publisher stops qualifying the attack as against any particular sort of gun.)
Many people might not know about that business of martial law in Oklahoma. What specifically happened is that, on 4 August 1931, Governor Alfalfa Bill Murray had 3000 oil wells forceably shut-down to reduce production and thereby drive-up price.
And let's talk about the leadership of the American Legion in that era. Here are the words of American Legion National Commander Alvin Mansfield Owsley, in January 1923:
Do not forget, that the Fascisti are to Italy what the American Legion is to the United States.
In 1931, the Executive Committee passed a resolution praising Mussolini as a great leader, and the National Commander of that year, Ralph O'Neill, presented a copy of the resolution to Mussolini's Ambassador to the United States. In 1935, during a trip to Italy, National Vice-Commander William Edward Easterwood pinned a Legion pin on the lapel of Benito Mussolini.
What the character of the publisher is preaching is the displacement of individual liberty and of procedural rights with command-and-control fascism.
The problem of that era wasn't alcohol per se, nor was it fully-automatic firearms per sese. The problem was Prohibition, that war on a drug. We didn't need even less freedom and even more government, we needed more of the former and less of the latter.
Most of the moralizing in Scarface is not well integrated into the film. One could discard the prefacing text and the publisher's speech without any apparent gap in the story-telling. What would remain would be what seems to be an objection to writs of habeas corpus being used to free gangsters before the truth can be beaten out of them, and perhaps just a hint of the notion that fully-automatic firearms are evil. That overt moralizing seems, then, an after-thought intended to mute or vitiate criticism of what was, by the standards of 1932, a very violent film, depicting fairly ruthless characters.
The 1983 remake was likewise violent for its era, and also controversial for what many took it to say about the Cuban immigrants of the Mariel Boatlift. The remake had its own bizarre moralizing, mostly effected around the film, as in proclamations by director Brian De Palma and in the advertising campaign for the film. The conceit was that this Scarface was an indictment of the profit motive. Of course, the profit motive shouldn't be indicted — objecting to the profit motive is no more or less than objecting to purposeful action. At best, one might object to how someone conceptualized profit. (As, for example, in For what is a man profited, if he shall gain the whole world, and lose his own soul? )
It is interesting to note what elements within the story were preserved in producing the remake, and how things were transformed. Antonio ( Tony ) Camonte is a distinctly less appealing character than is Tony Montana. Paul Muni looks like one of Joe Kirby's sloppy drawings for Timely. Camonte plainly likes violent extortion, and he dies like a panicked rat. Montana isn't vicious, his downfall is precipitated by a refusal to allow children to be killed, and he dies a berserker. But, because the dialogue in the original is vastly better, it is easier to understand Poppy being drawn to Camonte than Elvira Hancock becoming Montana's mistress. (Poppy's choice may not be more laudable, but it is more plausible.) On the other hand, while the visual device carrying the message The World Is Yours in the original has more potential than those in the remake, that potential is largely wasted in the original whereäs the the remake makes very effective use of its devices. There is the barest suggestion of incestuous desire in the original, and that's probably almost optimal; the crude references in the remake cause the characters to be both more disgusting and less interesting. On the other hand, the original treats Antonio as falling apart in the wake of killing Guino, but it isn't clear why Antonio falls apart; he expresses no regret for what he has done, and he has hurt 'Cesca in the past without apology or collapse. Further, Guino seems to chose to let Antonio kill him, without good reason for doing so. In the remake, Manny is simply an idiot, and didn't appreciate that, even if he and Gina were married, Tony might still reäct violently. Tony doesn't appear to regret killing Manny, and Tony''s collapse is a result of other things (problems with his business associates, a lack of anticipated gratification from material success, and drug use).
Tags: cinema, classical liberalism, fascism, film, firearms, gun control, guns, liberalism, movies, weapons
Posted in art, commentary, economics, ideology, public | No Comments »
Steele on Fascism
Sunday, 13 April 2008
The Mystery of Fascism by David Ramsey Steele in Liberty (2001) PDF
Tags: classical liberalism, fascism, liberalism, Marxism, socialism
Posted in commentary, economics, ideology, public | No Comments »
I see that Alan Greenspan has endorsed McCain. Back in January, Volcker endorsed Obama. This leaves no Fed Chairmen to endorse anyone else, as the present Chairman is supposed to stay out of it, and the other guys are dead.
Nobody much cares, but I am not endorsing anyone. I'm especially not endorsing Mike Gravel, who has joined the Libertarian Party and is seeking its nomination, nor the Libertarian Party, who have welcomed him. Mike Gravel has made plain where he stands on the issues, and it's plain that he's not a Libertarian.
Tags: Alan Greenspan, Barack Obama, classical liberalism, John McCain, liberalism, Libertarian Party, Libertarianism, Mike Gravel, Paul Volcker
Posted in commentary, economics, ideology, news, personal, public | No Comments »
It Is the Soldier
I've been pondering ideological taxonomy again.
As a classical liberal, I believe that there is a right-or-wrong prior to any actual human choice or action. A standard term for this preëxisting morality is natural law . Classical liberals typically test their notions of natural law by pondering how they would work in a state of nature — that is to say in a hypothetical environment when social institutions have been zeroed-out.
But what I've been pondering lately isn't classical liberalism per se, but conservatism — how it proceeds from a different foundational model, and how that that model affects (or effects) the politics of to-day.
Some conservatives have explained the essential difference between conservatism and liberalism (by which they may mean classical liberalism, or the social democratism that absconded with the name liberal in the 20th Century, or both) in that liberals did not believe in Original Sin. What one perhaps first sees here is a rejection of human perfectability; but there's something darker here.
There's a famous poem by Charles M. Province, It Is the Soldier , which declares that our freedoms and rights are not given to us by ministers, by reporters, by poets, by campus organizers, by lawyers, or by politicians, but by soldiers. The declaration is not merely that the front-line of defense of these rights is provided by the soldier, but that these rights are literally given to us by the soldier. In what sort of framework does the soldier give these rights to us?
Thomas Hobbes wrote of a state of nature in which rights as most of us now conceptuälize them did not exists. Hobbes indeed uses the word right , but it doesn't refer to anything that morally constrains others; rather, it is an obligation of some sort binding its possessor, and in this case binding him to follow a lex naturalis which is of every man for himself:
The right of nature, which writers commonly call jus naturale, is the liberty each man hath to use his own power as he will himself for the preservation of his own nature; that is to say, of his own life; and consequently, of doing anything which, in his own judgement and reason, he shall conceive to be the aptest means thereunto. By liberty is understood, according to the proper signification of the word, the absence of external impediments; which impediments may oft take away part of a man's power to do what he would, but cannot hinder him from using the power left him according as his judgement and reason shall dictate to him. A law of nature, lex naturalis, is a precept, or general rule, found out by reason, by which a man is forbidden to do that which is destructive of his life, or taketh away the means of preserving the same, and to omit that by which he thinketh it may be best preserved. For though they that speak of this subject use to confound jus and lex, right and law, yet they ought to be distinguished, because right consisteth in liberty to do, or to forbear; whereas law determineth and bindeth to one of them: so that law and right differ as much as obligation and liberty, which in one and the same matter are inconsistent.
And because the condition of man (as hath been declared in the precedent chapter) is a condition of war of every one against every one, in which case every one is governed by his own reason, and there is nothing he can make use of that may not be a help unto him in preserving his life against his enemies; it followeth that in such a condition every man has a right to every thing, even to one another's body. And therefore, as long as this natural right of every man to every thing endureth, there can be no security to any man, how strong or wise soever he be, of living out the time which nature ordinarily alloweth men to live. And consequently it is a precept, or general rule of reason: that every man ought to endeavour peace, as far as he has hope of obtaining it; and when he cannot obtain it, that he may seek and use all helps and advantages of war. The first branch of which rule containeth the first and fundamental law of nature, which is: to seek peace and follow it. The second, the sum of the right of nature, which is: by all means we can to defend ourselves.
Now, Hobbes would still be interesting if we discarded the famous stuff about life in a state of nature being nasty, brutish, and short — he'd got hold of the notion of sub-optimal Cournot-Nash equilibria being overcome by introduction of a commitment mechanism — but that business of life being thus wasn't simply grim speculation of how things would be, but an interpretation of how things had been; and, hence, on a deeper level, of how things were and always will be.
Consider the pre-feudal period in Western Europe, and feudalism in theory. Outside of the major cities, the central Roman state provided ever-weakening protection against raiders. (Indeed, to the extent that the state acted upon the country side, it was as itself a looter of a sort.) Those with sufficient resources and leadership abilities put together their own gangs (perhaps cobbled-together from the remains of the state). These gangs might themselves function as no more than local protection rackets, seizing tribute in exchange for protecting weaker people from nothing other than worse seizures by the gang itself, while protecting only themselves from other raiders. But in theory what the local gang did was to hold back those raiders, in exchange for goods or services from those who were subordinates of the leader of the gang.
As it evolved, the ideology of feudalism didn't present the gang simply as providing service-for-hire. Rather, the gang-leader was presented as himself the owner of the land and of what it produced. He granted use of this property, in exchange for stewardship.
Look at this model of the world. The community is under constant menace from external raiders. The warrior holds back those raiders; by virtue of this, he makes the community possible. All rights within the community are thus creäted by him, and any rights possessed by others have thus been granted by him — It is the Soldier .
Aside from ostensibly protecting the locals, the other engagement of the lord was in, well, raiding some other community. In fact, even when feudalism was operating according to theory, the immediate reason that each community needed a lord was that other communities had lords of their own. But, within this framework of rights being creäted by the soldier, there is nothing wrong with this — after all, the rights of the other community ostensibly were brought into existence by warriors to whom the raiders owe nothing! (And savages , who do not have a proper leader, are especially regarded as fair game, for they have no rights from anyone.)
Conservatisms emerge from and are informed by various things, including a respect for subtleties of social evolution. But I think that this model of civilization as carved-out of barbarism and always threatened by barbarism plays much the same rôle for most of them as do the thought-experiments of the classical liberals for them. The classical liberal begins with a perhaps romanticized model of the state of nature, to think about natural law, and adds barbarians (if at all) as a complication of the model; the conservative begins by imagining barbarism, and subsequently perhaps romanticizes the warriors who carve territories from it.
Even if I am wrong in this belief about conservatism, I think that a useful taxonomy could classify ideologies by what thought, if any, they gave to states of nature.
I have a conservative friend whose take on Dirty Harry was significantly different from my own. He saw men such as Callahan as dirty because such men must be, in order that there be civilization for the rest of us. In hindsight, I reälize that it was natural for my friend, qua conservative, to read things thus — it's a variation on the theme of barbarians (the Scorpio Killer) and of warriors (Callahan) who are required and thus empowered to do terrible things to stop them, though these warriors may be sickened by what they are doing.
(Though I have left him here unnamed, in justice I should draw attention to the point that my conservative friend indeed saw Callahan as dirty; my friend would by no means join and worship in a cult of the military. He speaks of soldiers wanting to be honored with parades every day, in what I take to be a metaphor for their propensity to mistake an essential contribution for a uniquely essential contribution.)
Almost every war-time Presidential Administration has tapped into the presumption that war suspends the ordinary rules. (That is, after all, why war is declared by these and by other administrations on things such as poverty.) But now-a-days, we've seen a resurgence, partly fostered by the present Administration, of a world-view in which barbarians are naturally and persistently at-the-gates, held back by warriors of various sorts (some apparently fighting in offices, armored in Loro Piana wool), who are the creätors and maintainers of civilization and thus (like Hobbes' Leviathan) not truly bound by the rules of civilization (though it is admitted that it is generally good policy for them to conform to those rules most of the time). And, within this ideology, it is not just in dealing directly with the barbarian (the enemy combatant ) that the warrior is licensed — It is the Soldier, not the lawyer / Who has given us the right to a fair trial. The Soldier giveth, and the Soldier taketh away.
And, of course, as in the Middle Ages, those who have claimed the prerogatives that this ideology would grant to the warrior needn't actually have held back barbarians, or even tried to do so. They may, in fact, be more concerned to exploit the local population.
This mythology is also very much playing into the on-going Presidential election. The Republican nomination has been won by a man whose political career was founded upon military service, and who continues to be widely considered first-and-foremost as a soldier. Some conservatives have made it plain that they cannot abide by this man, but virtually all for reasons distinct from his performance as a soldier.
Tags: barbarism, classical liberalism, conservatism, feudalism, Hobbes, liberalism, liberty, natural law, rights, soldiers, states of nature, warriors
Posted in commentary, ideology, public | No Comments »


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text:
  Cottun est
       un village
       géographiquement positionné dans le département des Calvados en Basse-Normandie. Elle totalisait 178 habitants en 2008.

Si vous envisagez de demenager à Cottun, vous pourrez aisément trouver une maison à vendre.

Le parc de logements, à Cottun, était réparti en 2011 en zero appartements et 78 maisons soit
 un marché relativement équilibré.

À coté de Cottun sont positionnées géographiquement les communes de
Subles localisée à 4 km, 551 habitants,
Campigny située à 3 km, 173 habitants,
Agy située à 4 km, 252 habitants,
Barbeville localisée à 3 km, 182 habitants,
Tour-en-Bessin à 2 km, 585 habitants,
Vaucelles située à 4 km, 283 habitants,
 entre autres. De plus, Cottun est située à seulement 27 km de Saint-Lô.

La commune compte quelques  équipements, elle propose entre autres un terrain de tennis.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Q: Como evitar "congelamiento" mientras se ejecuta el programa Estoy realizando un pequeño desarrollo con Python, el cual realiza una extracción de datos de tablas en SQL Server, coloque una barra de progreso para monitorear el avance pero debido a que se extraen gran cantidad de valores de las tablas el proceso se "congela" y no se aprecia el progreso de la barra, lo que necesito saber es si hay alguna forma de evitar que se congele y se pueda ver el avance de la barra. He tratado de usar Thread pero no he podido lograr que los 02 procesos se ejecuten en paralelo.
Coloco parte del código:
import re
import pandas as pd
import pyodbc
import sqlalchemy
import urllib
import threading
from io import *
from tkinter import *
from tkinter import filedialog
from tkinter import messagebox
from tkinter import ttk

def consultaSQL():
    global conn
    global cursor
    global df
    try:
        conn = pyodbc.connect("Driver={SQL Server};"
                              "Server=ACN054PESQL01;"
                              "Database=dbpefem;"
                              "Trusted_Connection=yes;")
        cursor = conn.cursor()
        conn.commit()
        if categoria_req.get()=="" and modulo_req.get()=="" and periodo_ini.get()=="" and periodo_fin.get()=="":
            eDat.mensaje_salida("Error","Debe completar los campos requeridos")
            #messagebox.showwarning("Error","Debe completar los campos requeridos")
            ctrlcat,ctrlmod,ctrlin,ctrlfin=False,False,False,False
        elif categoria_req.get()=="" and modulo_req.get()=="" and periodo_ini.get()!="" and periodo_fin.get()!="":
            eDat.mensaje_salida("Error","Debe seleccionar una Categoria y/o Modulo")
            ctrlcat,ctrlmod,ctrlin,ctrlfin=False,False,True,True
        elif periodo_ini.get()=="" and periodo_fin.get()=="":
            eDat.mensaje_salida("Error","Debe completar un periodo de inicio y de fin")
            ctrlcat,ctrlmod,ctrlin,ctrlfin=False,False,False,False
        elif periodo_ini.get()!="" and periodo_fin.get()=="":
            eDat.mensaje_salida("Aviso","Debe seleccionar un periodo de fin")
            ctrlcat,ctrlmod,ctrlin,ctrlfin=False,False,True,False
        elif periodo_ini.get()=="" and periodo_fin.get()!="":
            eDat.mensaje_salida("Aviso","Debe seleccionar un periodo de inicio")
            ctrlcat,ctrlmod,ctrlin,ctrlfin=False,False,False,True
        elif (periodo_ini.get()!="" or periodo_fin.get()!="") and int(periodo_ini.get())>int(periodo_fin.get()):
            eDat.mensaje_salida("Error","El Periodo Final debe ser Mayor al Periodo Inicial")
            ctrlcat,ctrlmod,ctrlin,ctrlfin=False,False,True,True
        elif categoria_req.get()!="" and modulo_req.get()=="" and periodo_ini.get()!="" and periodo_fin.get()!="":
            if len(categoria_req.get())<4 and int(categoria_req.get())!=0:
                progressbar.start()
                respuesta=messagebox.askokcancel("Aviso","Se extraera los datos de la CP: "+ categoria_req.get()+ " con sus modulos si los hay")
                if respuesta==True:
                    ctrlcat,ctrlmod,ctrlin,ctrlfin=True,False,True,True
                    # EN ESTE PUNTO LA BARRA DE PROGRESO DEBERIA INICIAR Y EN PARALELO REALIZAR LA CONSULTA SQL
                    datos="SELECT * FROM HistoricRLDB WHERE [RegCentID] <>99 AND [ItemGroup] ="+str(categoria_req.get())+""+"AND [Period] BETWEEN " +str(periodo_ini.get())+"" +" AND " +str(periodo_fin.get())+""
                    df=pd.read_sql(datos,conn)
                    conn.commit()
                    # EN ESTE PUNTO LA BARRA DE PROGRESO DEBERIA FINALIZAR
                    eDat.fin_exito()
                    cursor.close()
                    conn.close()
                else:
                    categoria_req.set(0)
                    progressbar.stop()
            else:
                eDat.mensaje_salida("Error","Validar Codigo de la Categoria")

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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The Reserve Bank of Australia has drawn a line under the historic property booms in Sydney and Melbourne, acknowledging markets have "slowed" in both cities.
Price falls have been reported by private research houses in both Sydney and Melbourne in recent months, but the RBA had not officially acknowledged the accuracy of these reports.
That changed on Tuesday during the RBA's monthly interest rate announcement.
After confirming there would be no change to the cash rate – which currently stands at an all-time low of 1.5 per cent – Governor Philip Lowe went on to address the question of house prices.
"The housing markets in Sydney and Melbourne have slowed," he said.
"Nationwide measures of housing prices are little changed over the past six months, with prices having recorded falls in some areas.
"In the eastern capital cities, a considerable additional supply of apartments is scheduled to come on stream over the next couple of years.
These "supervisory measures and tighter credit standards" refer mainly to borrowing restrictions imposed by the prudential regulator APRA on interest-only loans.
The measures were introduced last year in an effort to put the brakes on Australia's, and above all Sydney's, overheating housing market – an overheating that was largely a result of low interest rates.
The RBA itself was not willing to raise interest rates to solve this problem, because it felt the rest of the economy required lower interest rates. That meant the government had to turn to other methods to keep house prices under control.
The RBA board's decision to keep rates at 1.5 per cent meant its official interest rate has been at a record low for 19 months.
The central bank said it expected the Australian economy to grow at a faster rate in 2018 than it did in 2017, though inflation is expected to rise only slightly to just above 2 per cent.
On jobs, Mr Lowe said he expected the reduction in unemployment seen in recent months to continue.
However, he said wage growth – which has been stubbornly slow – would continue to be sluggish "for a while yet", but added there would be "some lift in wage growth over time".
The Australian dollar edged higher following the RBA's announcement, and was at 77.92 US cents at 1440 AEDT, from 77.85 US cents prior to the news.


Hotel Kala Sai is situated on the Nagar Manmad Highway just 500 metres/5 minute from the Sai Baba temple. It can be easily accessed from Pune city (225 Kms) or from Aurangabad Airport, which is 125 Kms away from the hotel. Some of the more popular tourist attractions in and around Shirdi include Gurusthan, Ellora Caves, Shani Shingnapur and the Trimbakeshwar temple, all of which are close to Hotel Kala Sai.
Ahmednagar, Shirdi, Maharashtra – 423109.


Mexico start life after Jose Manuel de la Torre when they visit the United States in a crucial FIFA World Cup qualifier on Tuesday.
De La Torre was sacked following Mexico's shock 2-1 home defeat to Honduras on Friday, a result that left the Central American outfit in fourth place in the CONCACAF qualifying section for Brazil 2014.
Luis Fernando Tena will take charge for the clash with Jurgen Klinsmann's side, who will be out to bounce back after being knocked off the top of the pool with a 3-1 loss to Costa Rica.
Clint Dempsey scored a first-half penalty for the US in San Jose on Friday, but the hosts seized the initiative in the group thanks to goals from Jhonny Acosta, Celso Borges and Joel Campbell.
And Klinsmann will have to try and inspire his players to respond to this disappointment without a number of his key players.
Jozy Altidore, Matt Besler and Geoff Cameron are all suspended, while Roma midfielder Michael Bradley also misses out after picking up an ankle injury while warming-up for the game against Costa Rica.
Still, the US - who reached the last 16 of the World Cup in 2010 - will be confident of taking maximum points in Columbus, with Mexico winless in the last three meetings between the teams.
However, their last encounter ended goalless back in March, and with both sides having conceded just 10 goals between them in the final round of qualifying, a tight encounter should be expected.
The home fans will likely look to captain Dempsey to try and break down Mexico's stern defence - the Seattle Sounders midfielder has eight goals in qualification so far - and he will be expected to deliver the goods again in the absence of Sunderland striker Altidore.
Meanwhile, Javier Hernandez will be the focal point of the Mexico attack, with the Manchester United man looking to add to his tally of five goals.


Since the passing of the King more than 36 years ago, there has never been a tribute artist that has so captivated the look, moves, and especially the sound of the King more than Justin Shandor. According to the Jordinares, (Elvis's original background singers, which Justin has performed with on several occasions), Justin has the raw talent that shot Elvis to the top. His likeness to the King is so close that at one time Graceland emailed a casino where Justin was performing and told them they could not use a real picture of Elvis to advertise their event. It was a picture of Justin!
In August of 2010, Elvis Presley Enterprises held a contest in Memphis and invited the top Elvis tribute artists from around the world. Justin came in first place and Graceland named him the "World's Ultimate Elvis!" He is the only Elvis Tribute artist to make the front page of USA Today, and was recently featured in an issue of French Vogue magazine.
Chile and headlined in Collingwood, Canada, performing for over 25,000 people. He is so phenomenal, that right after singing on David Letterman on February 6th, 2013, in front of an estimated 3.5 million viewers, David Letterman ran over to Justin and yelled "Justin, wonderful, wonderful, do it again, do it again!"
Justin's voice is so strong, that at a recent show at the Las Vegas Hilton (where the real Elvis performed), Justin was approached by one of the members of the Blackwood Brothers Quartet who said that Justin has the best voice of any Elvis performer he had ever heard in his life. On that same night, in Las Vegas, Justin won the prestigious "Heart of the King Award" given to him because of his extreme likeness to Elvis. In addition to all of his awards, in September, Justin also won "Best Elvis Impersonator of the Year"!
Justin's career is on fire right now! In September, he was hired by the world famous Million Dollar Quartet and will be performing at Harrah's Las Vegas through the end of October.
There are thousands of Elvis fans all over the world that honestly feel that Justin is the closest Elvis tribute artist that they have ever seen. His voice is so strong that he was asked to sing a song written for Elvis over forty years ago by one of Elvis's writers - Micheal Jarrett ("I'm Leaving"). Justin just made his first CD featuring songs of his original recordings plus Micheal Jarrett's new song.
In the last two years Justin and his manager have created the World's Ultimate Elvis Band made up of horns, gospel singers, strings and rhythm section that has cloned the music of Elvis's 70's show. The response of Elvis fans has been overwhelming. A lot of women crying, standing ovations in the middle and end of songs and rave reviews from the media. Our goal is simple - to create the best Elvis show in the world!


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How do I become a workshop leader?
Can you give me advice on the project I'm setting up with homeless/vulnerable adults?
Can we collaborate on a project?
Can I visit a workshop?
Can Streetwise Opera perform at my event?
I'm organising an event, can someone come and speak?
How can I support Streetwise Opera?
I've been a performer for a while now, what can I do next?
I want to bring my clients along to a session, what should I do?
Can you run workshops in my centre?
Our experience has shown and there is evidence demonstrating that involvement in creative activity presents many benefits to people recovering from homelessness. In particular, singing in a group has well-documented benefits in terms of improving wellbeing - multiple studies have shown that it can boost the immune system, reduce anxiety and stress levels, help people cope with chronic pain, and lessen feelings of depression and loneliness.
Because opera is often perceived as an elitist artform and people sometimes feel it's not for them, when they do engage and succeed in taking part, their beliefs in what they are capable of are fundamentally challenged. Engagement builds people's confidence and self-esteem and the fact that we treat participants first and foremost as performers with something creative to contribute (as not solely as homeless people with problems) changes the way that they see themselves. See our history pages for more information about how and why Streetwise Opera was set up.
Our current workshop leaders are drawn from a pool of professional musicians and singers who are experienced in facilitating workshops. We sometimes have space for new leaders to join the team, ideally with similar levels of training and experience. Potential workshop leaders can send their CV (including professional artistic engagements and relevant outreach work) to info@streetwiseopera.org. Once someone has been considered to join the pool of leaders, they will be invited to attend a workshop and lead a short section of material. We also run training days for leaders who are interested in learning more about making opera accessible to vulnerable adults. Whilst attending one of these training days does not guarantee becoming a leader with us, it is a great way to gain insight into Streetwise Opera's workshop structure, and would definitely be an asset if applying to join our pool of facilitators.
The best place to turn for advice and resources is Homeless Link's Get Creative: Arts for All. You can also look read our core values. If you still have questions, please email info@streetwiseopera.org and we'll try to help.
We plan our production seasons well in advance but we're always interested to hear about exciting ideas and ways to collaborate. Please email us with details to info@streetwiseopera.org.
Occasionally we can arrange workshop visits to our groups. Please contact the Head of Programme with details of where, when and why you'd like to visit.
We can provide a 15-20 minute performance set with opera choruses and video explaining what Streetwise Opera does. If that sounds suitable for your event, please contact the Head of Programme with details including dates, location and an indication of your budget.
Yes, team members are available to speak about using opera with vulnerable adults, participatory arts and evaluating arts projects. We can also offer creative alternatives like taster workshops, ice breakers, post-lunch singing warm-ups and screenings of our film operas. Please get in touch with details.
You can support Streetwise Opera in all kinds of ways, from making a one-off donation and becoming a Friend to getting your company involved or volunteering. Please visit our Support us section for more information.
We are always looking for enthusiastic volunteers to help, whether at our public performances, for fundraising events, in administration or for our workshop programme. Please see our volunteering page for details about how to apply.
I've been a performer for a while now - what can I do next?
We would love you to get involved with other arts organisations. We can help by arranging and supporting you to find work placements or volunteering opportunities, which could last from one day to several months. We can also help you find other creative groups in your area to join. Email Tanja or call 020 7730 9551 to find out more.
We love it when support workers bring along clients to try our sessions. Please get in touch with our Head of Programme to tell us when you'd like to come and who you're bringing – usually bringing people towards the beginning of our Explore Group terms works best.
We usually form long-term relationships with our partner centres. It is our long-term strategy to run two workshop groups in each of our current cities before branching out to new areas. But we can offer a two-week taster programme at your venue, which can be really effective at getting clients engaged with our work and prepared to join our existing groups. Please contact our Head of Programme if you'd like to find out more.


The study titled "Factors Related to the Probable PTSD after the 9/11 World Trade Center Attack among Asian Americans," published in the Journal of Urban Health in 20181, examined the prevalence of probable post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) as well as its associated factors among Asian Americans (Asians) 2-3 years after the World Trade Center (WTC) attack and compared them against the non-Hispanic White group (Whites). The dataset from The WTC Health Registry, the largest sample recruited among all reported studies related to the disaster, was used with samples of 4,721 Asians and 42,862 Whites. The main finding of the study was that Asians had significantly higher PTSD than Whites (14.6% vs. 11.7%, p<0.0001). Furthermore, some race-specific factors were found to be significantly associated with PTSD; namely, for Whites, higher education and being employed were protective factors against the disorder, while being an immigrant was a risk factor; but none of the three factors showed significant associations among Asians. However, some universal factors across races were also found: Income was a protective factor against PTSD, and higher direct exposure to the disaster and the presence of Lower Respiratory Symptoms (LRS) were risk factors for PTSD in both races. Of particular interest in relation to lung health and diseases is the association between LRS and PTSD. In this commentary, the background and rationale for examining the association between PTSD and LRS for Asians and comparing against Whites will be elaborated, followed by a more detailed report of the findings and their interpretation and implications.
The research team's interest in considering LRS as one of the predictors of PTSD was mainly spurred by the increasing reports of the co-occurrence of these two illnesses, especially in relation to the WTC attack2-7. This comorbidity could be due to similar risk factors for both illnesses at the disaster, especially in relation to overwhelming dust exposure. Furthermore, there seemed to be a reciprocal association of the physiological dysregulation of PTSD on the respiratory functions8. It was also noted that individuals with PTSD tended to have higher vulnerability to experience and to report somatic symptoms9, thus, a significant association between the two disorders was hypothesized.
Culture influences how mental health issues are experienced by shaping symptom manifestations and their interpretation when faced with trauma10. In Asian culture, there is a tendency to perceive psychological distress as a result of malingering bad thoughts, lack of willpower, and character weakness11, 12 which leads to a heightened stigma around mental illness13. Asians were also found to have the inclination to embody experiences of psychological distress by emphasizing the somatic expression of psychological difficulties which is more socially acceptable14. In the original study, it was hypothesized that this would result in a stronger relationship between PTSD and LRS in Asians. However, Asians' tendency to embody experiences of psychological distress and the social acceptability of somatic expression of psychological distress may lead to not only their overreporting of physical symptoms in terms of perceived respiratory illness but also underreporting of mental health symptoms in their psychological form. This may, in turn, weaken the association between physiological issues and mental health issues among Asians compared to Whites. Thus the original hypothesis that the relationship between PTSD and LRS would be stronger among Asians than Whites was misguided.
Although PTSD is mainly a mental disorder, its diagnostic criteria also include some somatic symptomatology such as sleep disturbance and heart pounding, which further complicates the relationship between physical and mental health problems15. Nonetheless, it is worthwhile to examine the association between somatic and psychological distresses in order to better comprehend the value of using physical health problems as an entry point to address mental health issues. This is especially important for Asians as it may provide a way to circumvent their avoidance to seek mental health service due to severe stigma16. Thus comparison across race was made to reflect on the extent to which culture may impact the association between psychological and physical distress.
In the WTC Health Registry, LRS was identified as being positive if respondents reported new or worsening symptoms for one of the following: shortness of breath, persistent coughing, or wheezing since the WTC attack up to the point of the interview, which was 2-3 years after the attack. PTSD was assessed by the 17-item PTSD Checklist (PCL), specifically worded to address the 9/11 event. The prevalence of LRS and PTSD and the adjusted odds ratio (aOR) of LRS for PTSD were examined, taking into account other pertinent factors such as socioeconomic status, direct disaster exposure, etc., and compared between the races. Racial differences within the PCL on items that pertained to physical reactions such as heart pounding, trouble breathing and sweating when reminded of the disaster, and sleep disturbance as indicators of somatic manifestations of PTSD were also tested.
As the study indicated, there was no racial difference in the prevalence of LRS (51.7% in Asians vs. 51.9% in Whites), but Asians had a higher proportion of having PTSD. What was most striking was that among all the factors entered into the separate models for each race, having LRS showed the greatest odds for PTSD for both races (aOR=3.55, aCI=2.86-4.41 for Asians; aOR=3.86, CI=3.56-4.19 for Whites). However, no significant racial difference was detected. For somatic manifestations within the PCL, a higher proportion of Asians had physical symptoms such as heart pounding and trouble breathing when reminded of the disaster compared to Whites (18.3% vs. 13.3%, respectively, p<0.0001). For sleep disturbance, Asians' higher proportion vs. Whites was marginal (28.8% vs. 27.5% respectively).
The hypothesized association of LRS and PTSD was reaffirmed in this study as was reported in many studies of the WTC attack17, 18. The fact that it had the strongest association for both races among all other predictors was remarkable — those having LRS were 3.6 times more likely to have PTSD for Asians and 3.9 times for Whites. However, the non-significant racial difference was unexpected. As mentioned earlier, it seems that Asians did have a greater general tendency to report physiological symptoms than Whites. In fact, in a study on comorbidity that also used data from the WTC Health Registry, Asians who had PTSD showed more than three times the odds of reporting diabetes when compared to the White group19.
One possible explanation of the non-significant racial difference in this study is the mutually reinforcing nature of LRS and PTSD18. LRS could be a result of a compromised immune system resulting from PTSD, while LRS could also serve as a reminder of the traumatic experience, thereby engendering anxiety and stimulated PTSD symptoms, resulting in an intensification of both illnesses18. Such mutual reinforcement of the physical and mental disorders could thus outweigh the effect of Asian culture's tendency to focus on their somatic expression of distress and to downplay their psychological distress to avoid its stigma. As discussed earlier, the comorbidity could also be due to similar exposure to risk factors for both illnesses at the WTC attack8, and the increased vulnerability of individuals with PTSD to experience and report somatic symptoms9, which may not be race-related.
In the original study some of the limitations were acknowledged which could affect the manifestation of PTSD, including the lack of information on study participants' social support, service use, and post 9/11 trauma or stress. However, coping beliefs and behaviors such as spiritual or religious beliefs and practices were also not addressed which could have an impact on mental health outcome.
Although there was no racial difference in the association between LRS and PTSD, the heightened risk of PTSD by over 3-4 times for both races when LRS is present does call for conscientious efforts to screen for one disorder when the other is being discovered so as to ensure that needed help, whether physiological or mental, is not overlooked. It is particularly important for Asians that potential mental health issues are screened for when respiratory or other somatic symptoms such as heart pounding, sweating, or sleep disturbance are noted during medical doctor's visits, especially around a disaster of similar nature as the WTC, as such symptoms could become an inroad to discover potential PTSD. This need is further reinforced by the findings of another study of the research team on the WTC attack that Asians' mental health service use was significantly increased by having routine medical check-up20. Given Asian American's tendency to seek help for physical ailments21, and the persistent and serious underutilization of mental health services22, an effective "bridge" between medical and psychiatric services is of great importance23.
This research was funded by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Grant Number 1U01OH010516-01A1. Its contents are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official views of the funder. Appreciation and gratitude is also being expressed to the WTC Health Registry for sharing their data for the study.
There is no conflict of interest for all the authors and any outside parties.
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Li J, Brackbill RM, Stellman SD, et al. Gastroesophageal reflux symptoms and comorbid asthma and posttraumatic stress disorder following the 9/11 terrorist attacks on World Trade Center in New York City. Am J Gastroenterol. 2011; 106(11): 1933-41.
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Luft B, Schechter C, Kotov R, et al. Exposure, probable PTSD and lower respiratory illness among World Trade Center rescue, recovery and clean-up workers. Psychol Med. 2012; 42(5): 1069-79.
Nair HP, Ekenga CC, Cone JE, et al. Co-occurring lower respiratory symptoms and posttraumatic stress disorder 5 to 6 years after the World Trade Center terrorist attack. Am J Public Health. 2012; 102(10): 1964-73.
Farfel M, DiGrande L, Brackbill R, et al. An overview of 9/11 experiences and respiratory and mental health conditions among World Trade Center Health Registry enrollees. J Urban Health. 2008; 85(6): 880-909.
McFarlane AC. PTSD and DSM-5: unintended consequences of change. Lancet Psychiatry. 2014; 1(4): 246-7.
Andreski P, Chilcoat H, Breslau N. Post-traumatic stress disorder and somatization symptoms: a prospective study. Psychiatry Res. 1998; 79(2): 131-8.
Norris FH, Alegria M. Mental health care for ethnic minority individuals and communities in the aftermath of disasters and mass violence. CNS Spectr. 2005; 10(2): 132-40.
Narikiyo TA, Kameoka VA. Attributions of mental illness and judgments about help seeking among Japanese-American and White American students. J Couns Psychol. 1992; 39(3): 363-9.
Suan LV, Tyler JD. Mental health values and preference for mental health resources of Japanese-American and Caucasian-American students. Prof Psychol Res Pr. 1990; 21(4): 291-6.
Yang LH, Kleinman A, Link BG, et al. Culture and stigma: adding moral experience to stigma theory. Soc Sci Med. 2007; 64(7): 1524-35.
Kleinman A. Neurasthenia and depression: a study of somatization and culture in China. Cult Med Psychiatry. 1982; 6(2): 117-90.
Shiratori Y, Samuelson KW. Relationship between posttraumatic stress disorder and asthma among New York area residents exposed to the World Trade Center disaster. J Psychosom Res. 2012; 73(2): 122-5.
Friedman SM, Farfel MR, Maslow CB, et al. Comorbid persistent lower respiratory symptoms and posttraumatic stress disorder 5-6 years post-9/11 in responders enrolled in the World Trade Center Health Registry. Am J Ind Med. 2013; 56(11): 1251-61.
Miller-Archie SA, Jordan HT, Ruff RR, et al. Posttraumatic stress disorder and new-onset diabetes among adult survivors of the World Trade Center disaster. Prev Med. 2014; 66: 34-8.
Kung WW, Goldmann E, Liu X, et al. Mental Health Service Use among Asian Americans 5-6 Years After Exposure to the World Trade Center Attack. Under Review.
Kung WW, Lu PC. How symptom manifestations affect help seeking for mental health problems among Chinese Americans. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2008; 196(1): 46-54.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Mental health: culture, race, and ethnicity: a supplement to mental health, a report of the surgeon general : executive summary. Washington, D.C.2001.
Chen H, Kramer EJ, Chen T. The bridge program: a model for reaching Asian Americans. Psychiatr Serv. 2003;54(10):1411-2.
© 2018 Kung WW. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.