text:
Business Insider India
Globe IconAn icon of the world globe.
Insider Reviews
Tech Buying Guides
Follow BI
India Insider
entertainment›
20 celebrities who have adopted rescue animals
20 celebrities who have adopted rescue animalshttps://www.businessinsider.in/entertainment/news/20-celebrities-who-have-adopted-rescue-animals/slidelist/79071974.cms2020-11-06T03:25:44+05:30
Max KalnitzNov 6, 2020, 03:25 IST
Whoopi Goldberg with Verrazano the kitten in 2011.Lou Rocco/Getty Images
The first full week in November is National Animal Shelter Appreciation Week, which recognizes shelters' work providing care and finding new homes for animals.
Numerous celebrities have decided to rescue instead of buy animals.
Zac Efron rescued his pup, MACA, who would have been euthanized if the actor hadn't adopted her.
Whoopi Goldberg adopted her rescue kitten, Vinny, after he appeared on "The View" in 2011.
Celebrities have been known to buy some pretty extravagant pets. From Nicholas Cage's $150,000 octopus to Mike Tyson's three Bengal tigers (which reportedly cost about $4,000 a month), lavish celebrity pets often come with a hefty price tag and cost a lot of money to care for.
But other celebrities opt to adopt instead of buying pets. This National Animal Shelter Appreciation Week — which takes place between November 1 and 7 — here are 20 celebs who adopted rescue animals.
In 2011, Whoopi Goldberg adopted a rescue kitten that made a guest appearance on "The View."
Whoopi Goldberg with Verrazano the kitten in 2011. Lou Rocco/Getty Images
For Whoopi Goldberg and Verrazano the kitten, it was love at first sight. After he made his national TV debut on "The View," Goldberg just couldn't help but give the kitty a better life.
In a Facebook post, Goldberg wrote, "For all of you who remember me on 'The View' meeting Verrazano, the kitten who was thrown out the window of a moving car on the Verrazano Bridge. I adopted him and I was finally able to take him home. His nickname is 'Vinny.'"
For Whoopi Goldberg and Verrazano the kitten, it was love at first sight. After he made his national TV debut on The View, Goldberg just couldn't help but give the kitty a better life.
In a Facebook post, Goldberg wrote, For all of you who remember me on 'The View' meeting Verrazano, the kitten who was thrown out the window of a moving car on the Verrazano Bridge. I adopted him and I was finally able to take him home. His nickname is 'Vinny.'
Liev Schreiber has a long history of adopting rescue dogs.
Liev Schreiber walking his dog Woody in 2019. Robert Kamau/Getty Images
On July 1, Liev Schreiber announced the adoption of his most recent rescue dog, Scout, through Tobie's Small Dog Rescue in Los Angeles. He adopted Scout following the death of his other rescue dog, Woody.
Schreiber adopted Woody and a second rescue dog after meeting the two pups backstage before a 2017 appearance on "Live with Kelly and Ryan." According to People, Schreiber told the hosts, "My sons want a dog and I found the perfect dog, but one of your producers already wants my dog," to which Seacrest responded, "I think this is going to work out for you."
Schreiber FaceTimed his sons and decided on two 3-month-old pups. They were part of a larger group of dogs, all of which were uprooted by Hurricane Harvey and were on the show to raise awareness for animals in need following the storm.
Schreiber adopted Woody and a second rescue dog after meeting the two pups backstage before a 2017 appearance on Live with Kelly and Ryan. According to People, Schreiber told the hosts, My sons want a dog and I found the perfect dog, but one of your producers already wants my dog, to which Seacrest responded, I think this is going to work out for you.
Jennifer Aniston adopted a new rescue pup during the coronavirus pandemic.
Jennifer Aniston. Getty/Rich Fury
Aniston announced the adoption of her insanely cute rescue pup, Lord Chesterfield, on Instagram on October 11, writing, "Hi! I'd like to introduce to you the newest member of our family….this is (a very tired) Lord Chesterfield. He stole my heart immediately. A HUGE thank you to @wagmorpets for the incredible work you do. Grateful you take such great care of these rescues and find them their forever homes."
Aniston announced the adoption of her insanely cute rescue pup, Lord Chesterfield, on Instagram on October 11, writing, Hi! I'd like to introduce to you the newest member of our family….this is (a very tired) Lord Chesterfield. He stole my heart immediately. A HUGE thank you to @wagmorpets for the incredible work you do. Grateful you take such great care of these rescues and find them their forever homes.
Ariana Grande has adopted 10 — that's right, 10 — rescue dogs.
Ariana Grande at home with one of her pups during the 2020 MTV Video Music Awards. Frazer Harrison/Getty Images
Grande, a vegan, is vocal about her love of animals and has participated in multiple philanthropic initiatives, including partnering with BarkBox to bring adoptable dogs to shows on her Honeymoon Tour and paying the adoption fees, according to Billboard. As well as her dogs, she has adopted one emotional support pig, Piggy Smalls.
In 2015 she told Billboard, "I got involved with dog rescues by simply loving animals. Dogs are the most harmless, sweetest babes in the world. They show nothing but unconditional love, so they deserve that in return ... The thought of a sweet, loving angel going without a home or being killed simply because there's no one who will come and claim him is heartbreaking. I want to help spread the word as much as I can."
In 2015 she told Billboard, I got involved with dog rescues by simply loving animals. Dogs are the most harmless, sweetest babes in the world. They show nothing but unconditional love, so they deserve that in return ... The thought of a sweet, loving angel going without a home or being killed simply because there's no one who will come and claim him is heartbreaking. I want to help spread the word as much as I can.
Tom Hardy's rescue dog, Woody, made an appearance on the red carpet.
Tom Hardy with Emily Browning and his dog Woody at the UK premiere of "Legend" in 2015. Dave J Hogan/Getty Images
Tom Hardy's dog, Woodstock ("Woody"), has shared the limelight with his dad on more than one occasion. In 2015 the rescue pup starred with Hardy, an avid dog lover, in an adoption campaign for Peta and appeared on the red carpet for the UK premiere of the film "Legend."
Tom Hardy's dog, Woodstock (Woody), has shared the limelight with his dad on more than one occasion. In 2015 the rescue pup starred with Hardy, an avid dog lover, in an adoption campaign for Peta and appeared on the red carpet for the UK premiere of the film Legend.
David Arquette's dog, Dallas, would have been euthanized had the actor not rescued him.
David Arquette in 2020. Morgan Lieberman/Getty Images
Actor David Arquette rescued Dallas in 2015 through the Last Day Dog Rescue in Michigan, according to WOUB. The outlet reports that Dallas, a basset hound, would have been put down had the actor not rescued him. Dallas was found as a stray living on an elderly couple's porch before being taken in by a local shelter took and then adopted by Arquette.
Jon and Tracey Stewart have found homes for numerous rescue animals on their farm in New Jersey.
Tracey Stewart with Lily, the horse she and her husband Jon Stewart adopted who has since passed. Matt Rourke/AP Photo
Jon Stewart and his wife, Tracey, operate the 45-acre Hockhockson Farm Foundation, where they re-home rescued farm animals with the hopes of preventing animal abuse, among other initiatives.
The duo has taken in numerous farm animals, most notably a pair of goats spotted on the N Line subway tracks in Brooklyn, New York, in 2018, and Lily, a horse who was abandoned in its auction stable in 2016. (She has since passed.)
"Nashville" star Clare Bowen fell in love with her rescue cat Lumière while volunteering at an adoption fair.
Clare Bowen and her cat Lumière. Instagram/@clarembee
While volunteering at the Mars Petcare Adoption Fair in 2014, Australian actress and singer Clare Bowen formed an attachment with one rescue kitten in particular and ended up adopting the fur baby from the Nashville Cat Rescue.
Priyanka Chopra and Nick Jonas adopted their third dog, a rescue, during the pandemic.
Priyanka Chopra and Nick Jonas at the 62nd Annual Grammy Awards in 2020. David Crotty/Getty Images
Priyanka announced her and Nick's latest canine child to the world in an August 8 Instagram post reading, "Our new family portrait! Welcome to the family, Panda! We adopted this little rescue (soon he won't be so little) just a few weeks ago. We can't be sure but he seems to be a Husky Australian Shepard mix.... and those eyes... and the ears!!!"
Panda the puppy joins his siblings Diana and Gino — if you need a distraction from everything happening in the world, you can keep up with all three on their Instagram pages.
Priyanka announced her and Nick's latest canine child to the world in an August 8 Instagram post reading, Our new family portrait! Welcome to the family, Panda! We adopted this little rescue (soon he won't be so little) just a few weeks ago. We can't be sure but he seems to be a Husky Australian Shepard mix.... and those eyes... and the ears!!!
Unable to part ways with his fostered rescue puppy, Zac Efron made things official and adopted his dog, MACA.
Zac Efron. Samir Hussein/Getty Images
Zac Efron adopted his rescue dog, MACA, in 2018 through a Los Angeles-based humane pet shop. The shop wrote on Instagram that MACA would have been euthanized had Efron not stepped in to foster her. Unable to give her back, Efron adopted MACA and now the two look like BFFs.
Jason Mraz adopted a pair of rescue kitten sisters.
Jason Mraz adopting one of his kittens in 2014 at the San Diego Humane Society. San Diego Humane Society
Jason Mraz adopted his first kitties Blitzen and Prancer through the San Diego Humane Society. The organization posted a picture of the singer thanking him for being the last adoption of 2013 and the first adoption of 2014.
Dua Lipa and boyfriend Anwar Hadid introduced the world to their new rescue pup in August.
Dua Lipa posted this selfie with boyfriend Anwar Hadid to Instagram showing off their new rescue pup. Instagram/@dualipa
The "Don't Start Now" singer and her model boyfriend announced the newest addition to their family on July 31, a rescue pup adopted through the Labelle Foundation in Los Angeles. Dua Lipa shared a pic on Instagram with the caption, "our tiny bestfriend Dexter!!! thank you @thelabellefoundation HE'S PERFECT."
The Don't Start Now singer and her model boyfriend announced the newest addition to their family on July 31, a rescue pup adopted through the Labelle Foundation in Los Angeles. Dua Lipa shared a pic on Instagram with the caption, our tiny bestfriend Dexter!!! thank you @thelabellefoundation HE'S PERFECT.
Ed Sheeran rescued a 1-month-old kitten from being put down.
Ed Sheeran. Pacific Press/Getty Images
In 2014 Ed Sheeran introduced the world to his adorable kitten, Graham, on Twitter, writing "So basically this one-month-old kitten was gonna get put down so I adopted him and called him Graham. Just bought Graham a bed and snacks," according to the Mirror. Graham had a brief stint as a social media star after Ed made his fur baby a Twitter account — despite no new Tweets since 2014, it still has over 52,000 followers.
In 2014 Ed Sheeran introduced the world to his adorable kitten, Graham, on Twitter, writing So basically this one-month-old kitten was gonna get put down so I adopted him and called him Graham. Just bought Graham a bed and snacks, according to the Mirror. Graham had a brief stint as a social media star after Ed made his fur baby a Twitter account — despite no new Tweets since 2014, it still has over 52,000 followers.
Florence + the Machine singer Florence Welch rescued a cat to keep her company while recording her third album.
Florence Welch in 2019. Brad Barket/Getty Images
The singer and songwriter adopted her feline friend from the Battersea Dogs and Cats Home animal shelter in London to keep her company while working on new music for Florence + the Machine, according to the Evening Standard.
She told the publication, "I decided to rehome a rescue cat because I'm at home quite a lot working on my third album and it will be lovely to have a cat around the house again ... I chose Missus because she was extremely friendly and, straight away, came to sit on my lap where she seemed to make herself very comfortable."
Missus has her own hilarious Twitter account where she posts hot takes about her mom and observations of the world from her perspective.
She told the publication, I decided to rehome a rescue cat because I'm at home quite a lot working on my third album and it will be lovely to have a cat around the house again ... I chose Missus because she was extremely friendly and, straight away, came to sit on my lap where she seemed to make herself very comfortable.
Miley Cyrus has rescued over a dozen animals.
Miley Cyrus carrying her dog Emu in 2014. Raymond Hall/Getty Images
Miley Cyrus has owned numerous dogs and cats (and even a pig) throughout the years, many of which have been adopted rescues, including her most recent pup, Barbie.
According to Peta, Miley and her ex, Liam Hemsworth, adopted Barbie the beagle from the Beagle Freedom Project, preventing her from being a laboratory test subject.
Chris Evans adopted a rescue dog he met on the set of "Gifted."
Chris Evans in 2019. Axelle/Bauer-Griffin/Getty Images
While filming the movie "Gifted" in 2017, Chris Evans had to film a scene in a dog pound. It led to him adopting his rescue dog, Dodger.
He told People, "I foolishly walked in and I thought, 'Are these actor dogs or are these real up for adoption dogs?' And sure enough they were, so I was walking up and down the aisles and saw this one dude and he didn't belong there. I snagged him and he's such a good dog. They aged him at about one, he acts like a puppy, he's got the energy of a puppy, he's just such a sweetheart, he's such a good boy. He loves dogs, he loves kids, he's full of love."
Evans later tweeted a video of when he met Dodger the first time, writing, "This is the moment we met. He was trying so hard to stay seated even though he desperately wanted to get out. I knew right away that he was coming home with me, so I took this video to always remember our first hello. Rescue dogs are the best dogs!! #NationalPetDay."
While filming the movie Gifted in 2017, Chris Evans had to film a scene in a dog pound. It led to him adopting his rescue dog, Dodger.
He told People, I foolishly walked in and I thought, 'Are these actor dogs or are these real up for adoption dogs?' And sure enough they were, so I was walking up and down the aisles and saw this one dude and he didn't belong there. I snagged him and he's such a good dog. They aged him at about one, he acts like a puppy, he's got the energy of a puppy, he's just such a sweetheart, he's such a good boy. He loves dogs, he loves kids, he's full of love.
Evans later tweeted a video of when he met Dodger the first time, writing, This is the moment we met. He was trying so hard to stay seated even though he desperately wanted to get out. I knew right away that he was coming home with me, so I took this video to always remember our first hello. Rescue dogs are the best dogs!! #NationalPetDay.
"Glee" star Lea Michele once found six stray cats in the Paramount Studios lot, so she adopted two and found homes for the others.
Lea Michele in 2019. Charles Sykes/Bravo/NBCU Photo Bank via Getty Images
After finding the kittens, Michele gave three to one of "Glee's" directors, one to co-star Heather Morris, and kept the other two, Claude and Sheila, according to People.
"They probably would have been eaten, so I rescued them," Michele told People. She added that she's a big animal lover and that "My mother always said, 'Stand for something, or [you'll] fall for everything.' I feel like [animals] don't have a voice."
After finding the kittens, Michele gave three to one of Glee's directors, one to co-star Heather Morris, and kept the other two, Claude and Sheila, according to People.
They probably would have been eaten, so I rescued them, Michele told People. She added that she's a big animal lover and that My mother always said, 'Stand for something, or [you'll] fall for everything.' I feel like [animals] don't have a voice.
Olivia Wilde and Jason Sudeikis have a history of rescuing dogs.
Olivia Wilde and Jason Sudeikis with their previous rescue dog Paco. GVK/Bauer-Griffin/Getty Images
In 2017, Olivia Wilde and Jason Sudeikis added a second rescue pup to their litter when they brought home the tiny but mighty Elvis. He joined fellow rescue dog, Paco, who has since passed.
Wilde first announced the news in an Instagram post, in which she wrote: "Ladies and gentlemen, meet the heartbreaker formerly known as Maxamillion, now christened by his new human brother as Elvis Sudeikis-Wilde. 3 years young and 8 lbs of pure goodness. He's lived a pretty harrowing life so far, and we are so lucky he adopted us as his new family, so we can treat him like the king he was born to be. Thanks to @barcshelter we found the missing member of our brood. This is our second adopted furry son and we cannot recommend it enough. There are so many animals looking for homes. This little guy was next on the kill list at a shelter in Texas not too long ago! Please consider saving a dog today."
Wilde first announced the news in an Instagram post, in which she wrote: Ladies and gentlemen, meet the heartbreaker formerly known as Maxamillion, now christened by his new human brother as Elvis Sudeikis-Wilde. 3 years young and 8 lbs of pure goodness. He's lived a pretty harrowing life so far, and we are so lucky he adopted us as his new family, so we can treat him like the king he was born to be. Thanks to @barcshelter we found the missing member of our brood. This is our second adopted furry son and we cannot recommend it enough. There are so many animals looking for homes. This little guy was next on the kill list at a shelter in Texas not too long ago! Please consider saving a dog today.
Ian Somerhalder of "Lost" and "The Vampire Diaries" fame has rescued a feline friend.
Ian Somerhalder in 2020. David Crotty/Getty Images
In 2014, Somerhalder and his now wife Nikki Reed adopted a cat named Sohalia that would have been put down had they not adopted her.
In an Instagram post, the actor wrote, "Unfortunately this little kid was wildly mislabeled as 'feral/not friendly', and had Nikki not gone in and opened her cage regardless, we would have never found out that she is the most loving kitty on the planet and she may have been put down."
In an Instagram post, the actor wrote, Unfortunately this little kid was wildly mislabeled as 'feral/not friendly', and had Nikki not gone in and opened her cage regardless, we would have never found out that she is the most loving kitty on the planet and she may have been put down.
Actress Sarah Paulson showed off her new rescue dog in May on "The Ellen DeGeneres Show."
Sarah Paulson in 2020. Frazer Harrison/Getty Images
While admiring her new dog, Winnie, with Ellen, Paulson admitted that the rescue pup, which she adopted from Paw Works animal rescue shelter, is desperate to socialize.
"Before I left, the guy Chad who is the organizer there, he said to me, 'You know you should really try to socialize her, you should try to do 100 people in 100 days.' And I was like 'Wow, now that's not really possible. Can't do 100 people in 100 days.' Not that I'd want to do 100 people in 100 days anyway, that just seems really overwhelming."
Paulson added that when she takes Winnie on walks she desperately screams with joy whenever she gets to interact with other dogs.
15 reasons why having a pet is good for you and your family
12 heartwarming dog stories to get you through the week
A photographer captured photos of 15 pairs of dogs and their owners that look hilariously alike
Before I left, the guy Chad who is the organizer there, he said to me, 'You know you should really try to socialize her, you should try to do 100 people in 100 days.' And I was like 'Wow, now that's not really possible. Can't do 100 people in 100 days.' Not that I'd want to do 100 people in 100 days anyway, that just seems really overwhelming.
Next StoryThe top streaming TV shows on Disney Plus, Netfli...
Popular on BI
Dentsu integrates iProspect and Vizeum to create a future-focused, end-to-end global media agency
Signal won't replace WhatsApp, the cofounder of both encrypted messaging apps says. Instead, people will use the 2 services for different conversations.
WhatsApp says your privacy won't be affected if you don't use these two optional features
22-year-old doctor receives first vaccine jab in GTB hospital
Feeling good, says AIIMS sanitation worker after taking first vaccine jab
Whatsapp Policy
Zoho App Arattai
Covid Cess
Wholesale Inflation
New Electric cars
India's Navigation System
Whatsapp terms and condition
New Smartphone in 2021
Lucky Colors 2021
Budget Laptops
Best CCTV Cameras
Personalities News
Corporates News
Check jio Balance
BSNL Mobile balance
PM Svanidhi Yojana
Jio Fiber
Indian Youtuber Stars
Check Balance in SBI
How to check Vodafone Balance
Richest Persons in world
Zoom Meeting App
Chief Ministers of India
How to check Jio Number
Jio Fiber Plan
Master Business Fundamentals from WhartonLeadership and Business Skill for Immediate I... Take Big Data from University of California S... Take Machine Learning from University of Wash...
At Least 34 Dead as Indonesia Earthquake Topp... Australia Wants to Kill American Pigeon That ... Cameras Off During Web Calls, Standard Qualit... Scientists Develop DNA Test to Identify Pneum...
Copyright © 2021. Times Internet Limited. All rights reserved.For reprint rights. Times Syndication Service.


text:
Home/Articles/World/How Social Darwinism Made Modern China
How Social Darwinism Made Modern China
La Priz/flickr (cc
Ron Unz
社会达尔文主义如何造就了现代中国
During the three decades following Deng Xiaoping's 1978 reforms, China achieved the fastest sustained rate of economic growth in human history, with the resulting 40-fold rise in the size of China's economy leaving it poised to surpass America's as the largest in the world. A billion ordinary Han Chinese have lifted themselves economically from oxen and bicycles to the verge of automobiles within a single generation.
China's academic performance has been just as stunning. The 2009 Program for International Student Assessment(PISA) tests placed gigantic Shanghai—a megalopolis of 15 million—at the absolute top of world student achievement.1 PISA results from the rest of the country have been nearly as impressive, with the average scores of hundreds of millions of provincial Chinese—mostly from rural families with annual incomes below $2,000—matching or exceeding those of Europe's most advanced and successful countries, such as Germany, France, and Switzerland, and ranking well above America's results.2
These successes follow closely on the heels of a previous generation of similar economic and technological gains for several much smaller Chinese-ancestry countries in that same part of the world, such as Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Singapore, and the great academic and socioeconomic success of small Chinese-descended minority populations in predominantly white nations, including America, Canada, and Australia. The children of the Yellow Emperor seem destined to play an enormous role in Mankind's future.
Although these developments might have shocked Westerners of the mid-20th Century—when China was best known for its terrible poverty and Maoist revolutionary fanaticism—they would have seemed far less unexpected to our leading thinkers of 100 years ago, many of whom prophesied that the Middle Kingdom would eventually regain its ranking among the foremost nations of the world. This was certainly the expectation of A.E. Ross, one of America's greatest early sociologists, whose book The Changing Chinese looked past the destitution, misery, and corruption of the China of his day to a future modernized China perhaps on a technological par with America and the leading European nations. Ross's views were widely echoed by public intellectuals such as Lothrop Stoddard, who foresaw China's probable awakening from centuries of inward-looking slumber as a looming challenge to the worldwide hegemony long enjoyed by the various European-descended nations.
The likely roots of such widespread Chinese success have received little detailed exploration in today's major Western media, which tends to shy away from considering the particular characteristics of ethnic groups or nationalities, as opposed to their institutional systems and forms of government. Yet although the latter obviously play a crucial role—Maoist China was far less economically successful than Dengist China—it is useful to note that the examples of Chinese success cited above range across a wide diversity of socioeconomic/political systems.
For decades, Hong Kong enjoyed one of the most free-market, nearly anarcho-libertarian economic systems; during that same period, Singapore was governed by the tight hand of Lee Kuan Yew and his socialistic People's Action Party, which built a one-party state with a large degree of government guidance and control. Yet both these populations were overwhelmingly Chinese, and both experienced almost equally rapid economic development, moving in 50 years from total postwar destitution and teeming refugee slums to ranking among the wealthiest places on earth. And Taiwan, whose much larger Chinese-ancestry population pursued an intermediate development model, enjoyed similar economic success.
Despite a long legacy of racial discrimination and mistreatment, small Chinese communities in America also prospered and advanced, even as their numbers grew rapidly following passage of the 1965 Immigration Act. In recent years a remarkable fraction of America's top students—whether judged by the objective winners' circle of the Mathematics Olympiad and Intel Science competition or by the somewhat more subjective rates of admission to Ivy League colleges—have been of Chinese ancestry. The results are particularly striking when cast in quantitative terms: although just 1 percent of American high-school graduates each year have ethnic Chinese origins, surname analysis indicates that they currently include nearly 15 percent of the highest-achieving students, a performance ratio more than four times better than that of American Jews, the top-scoring white ancestry group.3
Chinese people seem to be doing extremely well all over the world, across a wide range of economic and cultural landscapes.
Almost none of these global developments were predicted by America's leading intellectuals of the 1960s or 1970s, and many of their successors have had just as much difficulty recognizing the dramatic sweep of events through which they are living. A perfect example of this strange myopia may be found in the writings of leading development economists Daron Acemoglu and James Robinson, whose brief discussions of China's rapid rise to world economic dominance seem to portray the phenomenon as a temporary illusion almost certain soon to collapse because the institutional approach followed differs from the ultra-free-market neoliberalism that they recommend.4 The large role that the government plays in guiding Chinese economic decisions dooms it to failure, despite all evidence to the contrary, while America's heavily financialized economy must be successful, regardless of our high unemployment and low growth. According to Acemoglu and Robinson, nearly all international success or failure is determined by governmental institutions, and since China possesses the wrong ones, failure is certain, though there seems no sign of it.
Perhaps such academics will be proven correct, and China's economic miracle will collapse into the debacle they predict. But if this does not occur, and the international trend lines of the past 35 years continue for another five or ten, we should consider turning for explanations to those long-forgotten thinkers who actually foretold these world developments that we are now experiencing, individuals such as Ross and Stoddard. The widespread devastation produced by the Japanese invasion, World War II, and the Chinese Civil War, followed by the economic calamity of Maoism, did delay the predicted rise of China by a generation or two, but except for such unforeseen events, their analysis of Chinese potential seems remarkably prescient. For example, Stoddard approvingly quotes the late Victorian predictions of Professor Charles E. Pearson:
Does any one doubt that the day is at hand when China will have cheap fuel from her coal-mines, cheap transport by railways and steamers, and will have founded technical schools to develop her industries? Whenever that day comes, she may wrest the control of the world's markets, especially throughout Asia, from England and Germany.5
A People Shaped by Their Difficult Environment
Western intellectual life a century ago was quite different from that of today, with contrary doctrines and taboos, and the spirit of that age certainly held sway over its leading figures. Racialism—the notion that different peoples tend to have different innate traits, as largely fashioned by their particular histories—was dominant then, so much so that the notion was almost universally held and applied, sometimes in rather crude fashion, to both European and non-European populations.
With regard to the Chinese, the widespread view was that many of their prominent characteristics had been shaped by thousands of years of history in a generally stable and organized society possessing central political administration, a situation almost unique among the peoples of the world. In effect, despite temporary periods of political fragmentation, East Asia's own Roman Empire had never fallen, and a thousand-year interregnum of barbarism, economic collapse, and technological backwardness had been avoided.
On the less fortunate side, the enormous population growth of recent centuries had gradually caught up with and overtaken China's exceptionally efficient agricultural system, reducing the lives of most Chinese to the brink of Malthusian starvation; and these pressures and constraints were believed to be reflected in the Chinese people. For example, Stoddard wrote:
Winnowed by ages of grim elimination in a land populated to the uttermost limits of subsistence, the Chinese race is selected as no other for survival under the fiercest conditions of economic stress. At home the average Chinese lives his whole life literally within a hand's breadth of starvation. Accordingly, when removed to the easier environment of other lands, the Chinaman brings with him a working capacity which simply appalls his competitors.6
Stoddard backed these riveting phrases with a wide selection of detailed and descriptive quotations from prominent observers, both Western and Chinese. Although Ross was more cautiously empirical in his observations and less literary in his style, his analysis was quite similar, with his book on the Chinese containing over 40 pages describing the grim and gripping details of daily survival, provided under the evocative chapter-heading "The Struggle for Existence in China."7
During the second half of the 20th century, ideological considerations largely eliminated from American public discourse the notion that many centuries of particular circumstances might leave an indelible imprint upon a people. But with the turn of the new millennium, such analyses have once again begun appearing in respectable intellectual quarters.
The most notable example of this would surely be A Farewell to Alms, Gregory Clark's fascinating 2007 analysis of the deep origins of Britain's industrial revolution, which was widely reviewed and praised throughout elite circles, with New York Times economics columnist Tyler Cowen hailing it as possibly "the next blockbuster in economics" and Berkeley economist Brad DeLong characterizing it as "brilliant."
Although Clark's work focused on many different factors, the one that attracted the greatest attention was his demographic analysis of British history based upon a close examination of individual testaments. Clark discovered evidence that for centuries the wealthier British had left significantly more surviving children than their poorer compatriots, thus leading their descendents to constitute an ever larger share of each generation. Presumably, this was because they could afford to marry at a younger age, and their superior nutritional and living arrangements reduced mortality rates for themselves and their families. Indeed, the near-Malthusian poverty of much ordinary English life during this era meant that the impoverished lower classes often failed even to reproduce themselves over time, gradually being replaced by the downwardly mobile children of their financial betters. Since personal economic achievement was probably in part due to traits such as diligence, prudence, and productivity, Clark argued that these characteristics steadily became more widespread in the British population, laying the human basis for later national economic success.
Leaving aside whether or not the historical evidence actually supports Clark's hypothesis—economist Robert C. Allen has published a strong and fairly persuasive refutation8—the theoretical framework he advances seems a perfectly plausible one. Although the stylistic aspects and quantitative approaches certainly differ, much of Clark's analysis for England seems to have clear parallels in how Stoddard, Ross, and others of their era characterized China. So perhaps it would be useful to explore whether a Clarkian analysis might be applicable to the people of the Middle Kingdom.
Interestingly enough, Clark himself devotes a few pages to considering this question and concludes that in contrast to the British case, wealthier Chinese were no more fecund than the poorer, eliminating the possibility of any similar generational trend.9 But Clark is not a China specialist, and his brief analysis relies on the birth records of the descendents of the ruling imperial dynasty, a group totally unrepresentative of the broader population. In fact, a more careful examination of the Chinese source material reveals persuasive evidence for a substantial skew in family size, directly related to economic success, with the pattern being perhaps even stronger and more universally apparent than was the case for Britain or any other country.
Moreover, certain unique aspects of traditional Chinese society may have maintained and amplified this long-term effect, in a manner unlike that found in most other societies in Europe or elsewhere. China indeed may constitute the largest and longest-lasting instance of an extreme "Social Darwinist" society anywhere in human history, perhaps with important implications for the shaping of the modern Chinese people.10
The Social Economy of Traditional China
Chinese society is notable for its stability and longevity. From the gradual establishment of the bureaucratic imperial state based on mandarinate rule during the Sui (589–618) and T'ang (618–907) dynasties down to the Communist Revolution of 1948, a single set of social and economic relations appears to have maintained its grip on the country, evolving only slightly while dynastic successions and military conquests periodically transformed the governmental superstructure.
A central feature of this system was the replacement of the local rule of aristocratic elements by a class of official meritocrats, empowered by the central government and selected by competitive examination. In essence, China eliminated the role of hereditary feudal lords and the social structure they represented over 1,000 years before European countries did the same, substituting a system of legal equality for virtually the entire population beneath the reigning emperor and his family.
The social importance of competitive examinations was enormous, playing the same role in determining membership in the ruling elite that the aristocratic bloodlines of Europe's nobility did until modern times, and this system embedded itself just as deeply in the popular culture. The great noble houses of France or Germany might trace their lineages back to ancestors elevated under Charlemagne or Barbarossa, with their heirs afterward rising and falling in standing and estates, while in China the proud family traditions would boast generations of top-scoring test-takers, along with the important government positions that they had received as a result. Whereas in Europe there existed fanciful stories of a heroic commoner youth doing some great deed for the king and consequently being elevated to a knighthood or higher, such tales were confined to fiction down to the French Revolution. But in China, even the greatest lineages of academic performers almost invariably had roots in the ordinary peasantry.
Not only was China the first national state to utilize competitive written examinations for selection purposes, but it is quite possible that almost all other instances everywhere in the world ultimately derive from the Chinese example. It has long been established that the Chinese system served as the model for the meritocratic civil services that transformed the efficiency of Britain and other European states during the 18th and 19th centuries. But persuasive historical arguments have also been advanced that the same is even true for university entrance tests and honors examinations, with Cambridge's famed Math Tripos being the earliest example.11 Modern written tests may actually be as Chinese as chopsticks.
With Chinese civilization having spent most of the past 1,500 years allocating its positions of national power and influence by examination, there has sometimes been speculation that test-taking ability has become embedded in the Chinese people at the biological as well as cultural level. Yet although there might be an element of truth to this, it hardly seems likely to be significant. During the eras in question, China's total population numbered far into the tens of millions, growing in unsteady fashion from perhaps 60 million before AD 900 to well over 400 million by 1850. But the number of Chinese passing the highest imperial exam and attaining the exalted rank of chin-shih during most of the past six centuries was often less than 100 per year, down from a high of over 200 under the Sung dynasty (960-1279), and even if we include the lesser rank of chu-jen, the national total of such degree-holders was probably just in the low tens of thousands,12 a tiny fraction of 1 percent of the overall population—totally dwarfed by the numbers of Chinese making their living as artisans or merchants, let alone the overwhelming mass of the rural peasantry. The cultural impact of rule by a test-selected elite was enormous, but the direct genetic impact would have been negligible.
This same difficulty of relative proportions frustrates any attempt to apply in China an evolutionary model similar to the one that Gregory Cochran and Henry Harpending have persuasively suggested for the evolution of high intelligence among the Ashkenazi Jews of Europe.13 The latter group constituted a small, reproductively isolated population overwhelmingly concentrated in the sorts of business and financial activity that would have strongly favored more intelligent individuals, and one with insignificant gene-flow from the external population not undergoing such selective pressure. By contrast, there is no evidence that successful Chinese merchants or scholars were unwilling to take brides from the general population, and any reasonable rate of such intermarriage each generation would have totally swamped the selective impact of mercantile or scholarly success. If we are hoping to find any rough parallel to the process that Clark hypothesizes for Britain, we must concentrate our attention on the life circumstances of China's broad rural peasantry—well over 90 percent of the population during all these centuries—just as the aforementioned 19th-century observers generally had done.
Absence of Caste and Fluidity of Class
In fact, although Western observers tended to focus on China's horrific poverty above all else, traditional Chinese society actually possessed certain unusual or even unique characteristics that may help account for the shaping of the Chinese people. Perhaps the most important of these was the near total absence of social caste and the extreme fluidity of economic class.
Feudalism had ended in China a thousand years before the French Revolution, and nearly all Chinese stood equal before the law.14 The "gentry"—those who had passed an official examination and received an academic degree—possessed certain privileges and the "mean people"—prostitutes, entertainers, slaves, and various other degraded social elements—suffered under legal discrimination. But both these strata were minute in size, with each usually amounting to less than 1 percent of the general population, while "the common people"—everyone else, including the peasantry—enjoyed complete legal equality.
However, such legal equality was totally divorced from economic equality, and extreme gradations of wealth and poverty were found in every corner of society, down to the smallest and most homogenous village. During most of the 20th century, the traditional Marxian class analysis of Chinese rural life divided the population according to graduated wealth and degree of "exploitative" income: landlords, who obtained most or all of their income from rent or hired labor; rich, middle, and poor peasants, grouped according to decreasing wealth and rental income and increasing tendency to hire out their own labor; and agricultural laborers, who owned negligible land and obtained nearly all their income from hiring themselves out to others.
In hard times, these variations in wealth might easily mean the difference between life and death, but everyone acknowledged that such distinctions were purely economic and subject to change: a landlord who lost his land would become a poor peasant; a poor peasant who came into wealth would be the equal of any landlord. During its political struggle, the Chinese Communist Party claimed that landlords and rich peasants constituted about 10 percent of the population and possessed 70–80 percent of the land, while poor peasants and hired laborers made up the overwhelming majority of the population and owned just 10–15 percent of the land. Neutral observers found these claims somewhat exaggerated for propagandistic purposes, but not all that far from the harsh reality.15
Complete legal equality and extreme economic inequality together fostered one of the most unrestrained free-market systems known to history, not only in China's cities but much more importantly in its vast countryside, which contained nearly the entire population. Land, the primary form of wealth, was freely bought, sold, traded, rented out, sub-leased, or mortgaged as loan collateral. Money-lending and food-lending were widely practiced, especially during times of famine, with usurious rates of interest being the norm, often in excess of 10 percent per month compounded. In extreme cases, children or even wives might be sold for cash and food. Unless aided by relatives, peasants without land or money routinely starved to death. Meanwhile, the agricultural activity of more prosperous peasants was highly commercialized and entrepreneurial, with complex business arrangements often the norm.16
For centuries, a central fact of daily life in rural China had been the tremendous human density, as the Middle Kingdom's population expanded from 65 million to 430 million during the five centuries before 1850,17 eventually forcing nearly all land to be cultivated to maximum efficiency. Although Chinese society was almost entirely rural and agricultural, Shandong province in 1750 had well over twice the population density of the Netherlands, the most urbanized and densely populated part of Europe, while during the early years of the Industrial Revolution, England's population density was only one-fifth that of Jiangsu province.18
Chinese agricultural methods had always been exceptionally efficient, but by the 19th century, the continuing growth of the Chinese population had finally caught and surpassed the absolute Malthusian carrying-capacity of the farming system under its existing technical and economic structure.19 Population growth was largely held in check by mortality (including high infant mortality), decreased fertility due to malnutrition, disease, and periodic regional famines that killed an average of 5 percent of the population.20 Even the Chinese language came to incorporate the centrality of food, with the traditional words of greeting being "Have you eaten?" and the common phrase denoting a wedding, funeral, or other important social occasion being "to eat good things."21
The cultural and ideological constraints of Chinese society posed major obstacles to mitigating this never-ending human calamity. Although impoverished Europeans of this era, male and female alike, often married late or not at all, early marriage and family were central pillars of Chinese life, with the sage Mencius stating that to have no children was the worst of unfilial acts; indeed, marriage and anticipated children were the mark of adulthood. Furthermore, only male heirs could continue the family name and ensure that oneself and one's ancestors would be paid the proper ritual respect, and multiple sons were required to protect against the vagaries of fate. On a more practical level, married daughters became part of their husband's household, and only sons could ensure provision for one's old age.
Nearly all peasant societies sanctify filial loyalty, marriage, family, and children, while elevating sons above daughters, but in traditional China these tendencies seem to have been especially strong, representing a central goal and focus of all daily life beyond bare survival. Given the terrible poverty, cruel choices were often made, and female infanticide, including through neglect, was the primary means of birth control among the poor, leading to a typical shortfall of 10–15 percent among women of marriageable age. Reproductive competition for those remaining women was therefore fierce, with virtually every woman marrying, generally by her late teens. The inevitable result was a large and steady natural increase in the total population, except when constrained by various forms of increased mortality.
Remarkable Upward Mobility But Relentless Downward Mobility
The vast majority of Chinese might be impoverished peasants, but for those with ability and luck, the possibilities of upward mobility were quite remarkable in what was an essentially classless society. The richer strata of each village possessed the wealth to give their most able children a classical education in hopes of preparing them for the series of official examinations. If the son of a rich peasant or petty landlord were sufficiently diligent and intellectually able, he might pass such an examination and obtain an official degree, opening enormous opportunities for political power and wealth.
For the Ming (1368–1644) and Ch'ing (1644–1911) dynasties, statistics exist on the social origins of the chin-shih class, the highest official rank, and these demonstrate a rate of upward mobility unmatched by almost any Western society, whether modern or premodern. Over 30 percent of such elite degree-holders came from commoner families that for three previous generations had produced no one of high official rank, and in the data from earlier centuries, this fraction of "new men" reached a high of 84 percent. Such numbers far exceed the equivalent figures for Cambridge University during all the centuries since its foundation, and would probably seem remarkable at America's elite Ivy League colleges today or in the past. Meanwhile, downward social mobility was also common among even the highest families. As a summary statistic, across the six centuries of these two dynasties less than 6 percent of China's ruling elites came from the ruling elites of the previous generation.22
The founding philosophical principle of the modern Western world has been the "Equality of Man," while that of Confucianist China was the polar opposite belief in the inherent inequality of men. Yet in reality, the latter often seemed to fulfill better the ideological goals of the former. Frontier America might have had its mythos of presidents born in log-cabins, but for many centuries a substantial fraction of the Middle Kingdom's ruling mandarins did indeed come from rural rice-paddies, a state of affairs that would have seemed almost unimaginable in any European country until the Age of Revolution, and even long afterward.
Such potential for elevation into the ruling Chinese elite was remarkable, but a far more important factor in the society was the open possibility of local economic advancement for the sufficiently enterprising and diligent rural peasant. Ironically enough, a perfect description of such upward mobility was provided by Communist revolutionary leader Mao Zedong, who recounted how his father had risen from being a landless poor peasant to rich peasant status:
My father was a poor peasant and while still young was obliged to join the army because of heavy debts. He was a soldier for many years. Later on he returned to the village where I was born, and by saving carefully and gathering together a little money through small trading and other enterprise he managed to buy back his land.
As middle peasants then my family owned fifteen mou [about 2.5 acres] of land. On this they could raise sixty tan of rice a year. The five members of the family consumed a total of thirty-five tan—that is, about seven each—which left an annual surplus of twenty-five tan. Using this surplus, my father accumulated a little capital and in time purchased seven more mou, which gave the family the status of 'rich' peasants. We could ten raise eighty-four tan of rice a year.
When I was ten years of age and the family owned only fifteen mou of land, the five members of the family consisted of my father, mother, grandfather, younger brother, and myself. After we had acquired the additional seven mou, my grandfather died, but there came another younger brother. However, we still had a surplus of forty-nine tan of rice each year, and on this my father prospered.
At the time my father was a middle peasant he began to deal in grain transport and selling, by which he made a little money. After he became a 'rich' peasant, he devoted most of his time to that business. He hired a full-time farm laborer, and put his children to work on the farm, as well as his wife. I began to work at farming tasks when I was six years old. My father had no shop for his business. He simply purchased grain from the poor farmers and then transported it to the city merchants, where he got a higher price. In the winter, when the rice was being ground, he hired an extra laborer to work on the farm, so that at that time there were seven mouths to feed. My family ate frugally, but had enough always.23
Mao's account gives no indication that he regarded his family's rise as extraordinary in any way; his father had obviously done well, but there were probably many other families in Mao's village that had similarly improved their lot during the course of a single generation. Such opportunities for rapid social mobility would have been almost impossible in any of the feudal or class-ridden societies of the same period, in Europe or most other parts of the world.
However, the flip-side of possible peasant upward mobility was the far greater likelihood of downward mobility, which was enormous and probably represented the single most significant factor shaping the modern Chinese people. Each generation, a few who were lucky or able might rise, but a vast multitude always fell, and those families near the bottom simply disappeared from the world. Traditional rural China was a society faced with the reality of an enormous and inexorable downward mobility: for centuries, nearly all Chinese ended their lives much poorer than had their parents.
The strong case for such downward mobility was demonstrated a quarter century ago by historian Edwin E. Moise,24 whose crucial article on the subject has received far less attention than it deserves, perhaps because the intellectual climate of the late 1970s prevented readers from drawing the obvious evolutionary implications.
In many respects, Moise's demographic analysis of China eerily anticipated that of Clark for England, as he pointed out that only the wealthier families of a Chinese village could afford the costs associated with obtaining wives for their sons, with female infanticide and other factors regularly ensuring up to a 15 percent shortfall in the number of available women. Thus, the poorest village strata usually failed to reproduce at all, while poverty and malnourishment also tended to lower fertility and raise infant mortality as one moved downward along the economic gradient. At the same time, the wealthiest villagers sometimes could afford multiple wives or concubines and regularly produced much larger numbers of surviving offspring. Each generation, the poorest disappeared, the less affluent failed to replenish their numbers, and all those lower rungs on the economic ladder were filled by the downwardly mobile children of the fecund wealthy.
This fundamental reality of Chinese rural existence was certainly obvious to the peasants themselves and to outside observers, and there exists an enormous quantity of anecdotal evidence describing the situation, whether gathered by Moise or found elsewhere, as illustrated by a few examples:
'How could any man in our village claim that his family had been poor for three generations? If a man is poor, then his son can't afford to marry; and if his son can't marry, there can't be a third generation.'25
… Because of the marked shortage of women, there was always a great number of men without wives at all. This included the overwhelming majority of long-term hired laborers… The poorest families died out, being unable to arrange marriages for their sons. The future generations of poor were the descendants of bankrupted middle and rich peasants and landlords.26
… Further down the economic scale there were many families with unmarried sons who had already passed the customary marriage age, thus limiting the size of the family. Wong Mi was a case in point. He was already twenty-three, with both of his parents in their mid-sixties; but since the family was able to rent only an acre of poor land and could not finance his marriage, he lived with the old parents, and the family consisted of three members. Wong Chun, a landless peasant in his forties, had been in the same position when he lived with his aged parents ten years before, and now, both parents having died, he lived alone. There were ten or fifteen families in the village with single unmarried sons.27
… As previously mentioned, there were about twenty families in Nanching that had no land at all and constituted the bottom group in the village's pyramid of land ownership. A few of these families were tenant farmers, but the majority, since they could not finance even the buying of tools, fertilizer, and seeds, worked as "long-term" agricultural laborers on an annual basis. As such, they normally were paid about 1,000 catties of unhusked rice per year and board and room if they owned no home. This income might equal or even exceed what they might have wrested from a small rented farm, but it was not enough to support a family of average size without supplementary employment undertaken by other members of the family. For this reason, many of them never married, and the largest number of bachelors was to be found among landless peasants. Wong Tu-en, a landless peasant working for a rich peasant for nearly ten years, was still a "bare stick" (unmarried man) in his fifties; and there were others in the village like him. They were objects of ridicule and pity in the eyes of the villagers, whose life [sic] centered upon the family.28
Furthermore, the forces of downward mobility in rural Chinese society were greatly accentuated by fenjia, the traditional system of inheritance, which required equal division of property among all sons, in sharp contrast to the practice of primogeniture commonly found in European countries.
If most or all of a father's property went to the eldest son, then the long-term survival of a reasonably affluent peasant family was assured unless the primary heir were a complete wastrel or encountered unusually bad fortune. But in China, cultural pressures forced a wealthy man to do his best to maximize the number of his surviving sons, and within the richer strata of a village it was not uncommon for a man to leave two, three, or even more male heirs, compelling each to begin his economic independence with merely a fraction of his father's wealth. Unless they succeeded in substantially augmenting their inheritance, the sons of a particularly fecund rich landlord might be middle peasants—and his grandchildren, starving poor peasants.29 Families whose elevated status derived from a single fortuitous circumstance or a transient trait not deeply rooted in their behavioral characteristics therefore enjoyed only fleeting economic success, and poverty eventually culled their descendents from the village.
The members of a successful family could maintain their economic position over time only if in each generation large amounts of additional wealth were extracted from their land and their neighbors through high intelligence, sharp business sense, hard work, and great diligence. The penalty for major business miscalculations or lack of sufficient effort was either personal or reproductive extinction. As American observer William Hinton graphically described:
Security, relative comfort, influence, position, and leisure [were] maintained amidst a sea of the most dismal and frightening poverty and hunger—a poverty and hunger which at all times threatened to engulf any family which relaxed its vigilance, took pity on its poor neighbors, failed to extract the last copper of rent and interest, or ceased for an instant the incessant accumulation of grain and money. Those who did not go up went down, and those who went down often went to their deaths or at least to the dissolution and dispersal of their families.30
However, under favorable circumstances, a family successful in business might expand its numbers from generation to generation until it gradually squeezed out all its less competitive neighbors, with its progeny eventually constituting nearly the entire population of a village. For example, a century after a couple of poor Yang brothers arrived in a region as farm laborers, their descendents had formed a clan of 80–90 families in one village and the entire population of a neighboring one.31 In a Guangdong village, a merchant family named Huang arrived and bought land, growing in numbers and land ownership over the centuries until their descendants replaced most of the other families, which became poor and ultimately disappeared, while the Huangs eventually constituted 74 percent of the total local population, including a complete mix of the rich, middle, and poor.32
The Implications for the Chinese People and for American Ideology
In many respects, the Chinese society portrayed by our historical and sociological sources seems an almost perfect example of the sort of local environment that would be expected to produce a deep imprint upon the characteristics of its inhabitants. Even prior to the start of this harsh development process, China had spent thousands of years as one of the world's most advanced economic and technological civilizations. The socioeconomic system established from the end of the sixth century A.D. onward then remained largely stable and unchanged for well over a millennium, with the sort of orderly and law-based society that benefited those who followed its rules and ruthlessly weeded out the troublemaker. During many of those centuries, the burden of overpopulation placed enormous economic pressure on each family to survive, while a powerful cultural tradition emphasized the production of surviving offspring, especially sons, as the greatest goal in life, even if that result might lead to the impoverishment of the next generation. Agricultural efficiency was remarkably high but required great effort and diligence, while the complexities of economic decision-making—how to manage land, crop selection, and investment decisions—were far greater than those faced by the simple peasant serf found in most other parts of the world, with the rewards for success and the penalties for failure being extreme. The sheer size and cultural unity of the Chinese population would have facilitated the rapid appearance and spread of useful innovations, including those at the purely biological level.33
It is important to recognize that although good business ability was critical for the long-term success of a line of Chinese peasants, the overall shaping constraints differed considerably from those that might have affected a mercantile caste such as the Ashkenazi Jews of Eastern Europe or the Parsis of India. These latter groups occupied highly specialized economic niches in which a keen head for figures or a ruthless business sense might have been all that was required for personal success and prosperity. But in the world of rural Chinese villages, even the wealthier elements usually spent the majority of the lives in backbreaking labor, working alongside their families and their hired men in the fields and rice paddies. Successful peasants might benefit from a good intellect, but they also required the propensity for hard manual toil, determination, diligence, and even such purely physical traits as resistance to injury and efficiency in food digestion. Given such multiple selective pressures and constraints, we would expect the shift in the prevalence of any single one of these traits to be far slower than if it alone determined success, and the many centuries of steady Chinese selection across the world's largest population would have been required to produce any substantial result.34
The impact of such strong selective forces obviously manifests at multiple levels, with cultural software being far more flexible and responsive than any gradual shifts in innate tendencies, and distinguishing between evidence of these two mechanisms is hardly a trivial task. But it seems quite unlikely that the second, deeper sort of biological human change would not have occurred during a thousand years or more of these relentlessly shaping pressures, and simply to ignore or dismiss such an important possibility is unreasonable. Yet that seems to have been the dominant strain of Western intellectual belief for the last two or three generations.
Sometimes the best means of recognizing one's ideological blinders is to consider seriously the ideas and perspectives of alien minds that lack them, and in the case of Western society these happen to include most of our greatest intellectual figures from 80 or 90 years ago, now suddenly restored to availability by the magic of the Internet. Admittedly, in some respects these individuals were naïve in their thinking or treated various ideas in crude fashion, but in many more cases their analyses were remarkably acute and scientifically insightful, often functioning as an invaluable corrective to the assumed truths of the present. And in certain matters, notably predicting the economic trajectory of the world's largest country, they seem to have anticipated developments that almost none of their successors of the past 50 years ever imagined. This should certainly give us pause.
Consider also the ironic case of Bruce Lahn, a brilliant Chinese-born genetics researcher at the University of Chicago. In an interview a few years ago, he casually mentioned his speculation that the socially conformist tendencies of most Chinese people might be due to the fact that for the past 2,000 years the Chinese government had regularly eliminated its more rebellious subjects, a suggestion that would surely be regarded as totally obvious and innocuous everywhere in the world except in the West of the past half century or so. Not long before that interview, Lahn had achieved great scientific acclaim for his breakthrough discoveries on the possible genetic origins of human civilization, but this research eventually provoked such heated controversy that he was dissuaded from continuing it.35
Yet although Chinese researchers living in America willingly conform to American ideological restrictions, this is not the case with Chinese researchers in China itself, and it is hardly surprising that BGI—the Beijing Genomics Institute—has become the recognized world leader in cutting-edge human genetics research. This is despite the billions spent by its American counterparts, which must operate within a much more circumscribed framework of acceptable ideas.
During the Cold War, the enormous governmental investments of the Soviet regime in many fields produced nothing, since they were based on a model of reality that was both unquestionable and also false. The growing divergence between that ideological model and the real world eventually doomed the USSR, whose vast and permanent bulk blew away in a sudden gust of wind two decades ago. American leaders should take care that they do not stubbornly adhere to scientifically false doctrines that will lead our own country to risk a similar fate.
Ron Unz is publisher of The American Conservative.
Bibliography and Endnotes

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Dr. Summer Shelton, a former patient of founding dentist, Dr. Julian Trail, brings a wealth of experience as an honors graduate of The University of North Carolina School of Dentistry in Chapel Hill. Dr. Shelton is excited to return to her hometown of Norwood to deliver dental care to patients here.
She is a valedictorian graduate of South Stanly High school and received her undergraduate degree at The University of North Carolina at Charlotte. She provides complete care as a general dentist and has special interest in fillings, crowns, bridges, and dentures. Dr. Shelton also enjoys working with children of all ages.
Dr. Shelton is a member of First United Methodist Church of Norwood and enjoys the lake, water sports, spending time with her family and UNC football and basketball.
Dr. Mark Lassiter is from Atlanta, Georgia and graduated from the Northside High School of Performing Arts. He attended Georgia State University where he was Lambda Chi Alpha fraternity president as well as a new student orientation director. He graduated from Pfeiffer College in 1991 with a degree in Biology.
Dr. Lassiter attended the University of North Carolina School of Dentistry where he was on the selection committee to decide students to be accepted as candidates for the Doctor of Dental Surgery degree at UNC. He earned his Doctor of Dental Surgery Degree from UNC- Chapel Hill in 1995 and has been an associate at Norwood Dental Care since 2000. Dr. Lassiter is a member of the Third District Dental Society, The North Carolina Dental Society and The American Dental Association.
Dr. Lassiter is very excited about serving the community of Norwood as a general dentist for many years to come.
Dr. Lassiter lives in Charlotte and is a proud father of five children. He attends St. Andrews United Methodist Church in Charlotte. Dr. Lassiter is also a singer/songwriter and music producer. He has worked with James Taylor bass player Leland Sklar and other legendary session musicians. His album Living Past was selected as a Top 20 Indie Album of 2009 by The Mothpod Podcast.
Dr. Wayne King, a root canal specialist, will perform diagnostic and root canal procedures for patients of Norwood Dental Care on a weekly basis. Dr. King attended dental school and residency at University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill's School of Dentistry. This represents the first time in the history of Stanly County that an endodontist has been available to treat patients in the county. This will improve access and reduce drive time for patients of Norwood Dental Care.
Dr. King is a published author in the Journal of Orofacial Pain and a co-author of the article, " The Relationship Between Resting Arterial Blood Pressure and Acute Postoperative Pain in Endodontic Patients " He lives in Chapel Hill and is an avid runner and musician.
Dr. W. Thomas Norwood was born and raised in Stanly county. He lived in Norwood and was a member of the Boy Scouts of America where he attained the honors of Eagle and God and Country Awards. He attended South Stanly High School where he was a member of the Honor Society and played varsity football, basketball, and golf.
He knew early on that he wanted to be a dentist and that he would return to Norwood one day. He attended the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill for his undergraduate bachelors degrees in Chemistry and Biology. During his time at UNC he was a member of the AED Premed/ Predental honor society. He graduated in 1971 and was accepted into Chapel Hill's School of Dentistry. He graduated with a Doctor of Dental Surgery degree in 1975.
He began his practice in Norwood immediately upon graduation and partnered with Dr. Julian S. Trail. In 2000, After 25 years in practice, Drs. Trail and Norwood hired Dr. Lassiter who remained an associate until he became a partner in 2007.
Dr. Norwood has been involved in Stanly County community sevice for many years. He has been a member and Vice Chairman of the Stanly County Board of Health, member and Past President of Uwharrie Homes, member of the Bank of Stanly Board of Directors, the YMCA Board of Directors, the Stanly Community Christian Ministry, and a member and Elder of Albemarle First Presbyterian Church.
He has been involved in many aspects of organized dentistry as well. He is currently a member in the American Dental Association, the Academy of General Dentistry, a member and past President of the Stanly County Dental Society. He is a member of the Third District Dental Society where he was a representative and the North Carolina Dental Society where he was a Chairman of the Committe on Dental Society Services.
Dr. Norwood has been married to Holly D. Norwood since 1975, and they have one child, Anna H. Norwood of Huntersville.


text:
package edu.gemini.too.event.api

import edu.gemini.spModel.too.TooType
import java.util.logging.Logger

/**
 * A trait for publishers of TooEvents.  Subscribers may register for all types
 * of ToOs in general, or for one particular types.
 */
trait TooPublisher {
  private val LOG = Logger.getLogger(classOf[TooPublisher].getName)

  private var subscribers: Map[TooType, List[TooSubscriber]] = Map.empty.withDefault(_ => List.empty[TooSubscriber])

  private def forOneType(t: TooType, f: List[TooSubscriber] => List[TooSubscriber]) {
    synchronized {
      subscribers = subscribers.updated(t, f(subscribers(t)))
    }
  }

  private def forAllTypes(f: List[TooSubscriber] => List[TooSubscriber]) {
    synchronized {
      subscribers = (subscribers/:TooType.values().toList) { (m,t) => m.updated(t, f(m(t))) }
    }
  }

  def addTooSubscriber(s: TooSubscriber) { forAllTypes(s :: _) }
  def addTooSubscriber(t: TooType, s: TooSubscriber) { forOneType(t, s :: _) }
  def removeTooSubscriber(s: TooSubscriber) { forAllTypes(_.filterNot(_ == s)) }
  def removeTooSubscriber(t: TooType, s: TooSubscriber) { forOneType(t, _.filterNot(_ == s)) }

  protected def publish(e: TooEvent) {
    LOG.info("Publishing ToO event: " + e)

    // the subscribers reference is mutable but the map itself is not so
    // we're free to access it without locking or copies
    subscribers(e.tooType) foreach { s => s.tooObservationReady(e) }
  }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Crimson Education
Harvard and Yale Model UN - Day 11: University of Pennsylvania
25/01/2017: Being our only full day in Philadelphia, we wanted to see as much of the city as possible. To maximise sightseeing, we decided to split into two groups; one group visited Eastern State Penitentiary and then The University of Pennsylvania (UPenn), while the other group visited UPenn followed by the famous Franklin Institute.
The first group headed to the Eastern State Penitentiary at 9am sharp and upon arrival were surprised by beauty of the building. Made up of predominantly bluestone, the penitentiary has large guard towers at each corner and resembles more of a medieval castle than a prison. The tour group learnt countless facts about the philadelphia prison system, for example, in the late 1700s, the Eastern State Penitentiary became the first prison in America to approach jail as a place for rehabilitation and repent, as opposed to punishment and abuse, a wholly progressive approach for the time. Once finished up with the tour, there was a small gap in our schedule for a lunch break and then it was off to The University of Pennsylvania for an information session and tour.
I would highly recommend the Upenn information session to anyone considering to apply for the university, as all aspects of the application process and student-life on campus were sufficiently covered. The tour itself only showed us the outsides of the buildings as classes have now begun for the New Year, nevertheless, it was a great tour as the campus itself is stunning. Beautiful early 19th century buildings are, in the distance, overlooked by the modern skyscrapers of the city - the campus, with all its historic statues, building and beautiful greenery acts feels like an escape from the big city, a place to remove yourself from the hustle and find some tranquility in which to study.
The other group that attended the Franklin Institute for their day in Philadelphia spoke highly of the interactive and entertaining approach to science the institute took. With 11 permanent exhibitions and many other non-permanent exhibit galleries, there was plenty for everyone to see and do including exhibitions on virtual reality, Jurassic Park and robotics, respectively (although, a virtual reality jurassic park robotics exhibition would be awesome). Returning to the hotel to reconvene is always a highlight of our tour days, as all the students are eager to share what they have enjoyed most about their adventures.
After brief moment of afternoon relaxation, we had dinner at the hotel restaurant before heading out to an NBA game, Philadelphia 76ers vs. the Los Angeles Clippers. It was a rather tense game with both teams keeping up with each other until the final moments. We were all happy in the end (aside from Latifa) as the Philadelphia 76ers won!
After the game, it had gotten to be quite late in the evening, so, we headed back to the hotel to rest up for tomorrow's adventures. Head to our facebook page to see some photos of day 11.
Interested in a career in acting, music, theatre or dance? Here's what the world's best performing arts schools have to offer
If you are interested in performing arts study, admittedly it is difficult to know where to start. The options are endless, but that in itself can add confusion to the already difficult question of: 'which performing arts programs should I apply to?'
How to research any university in the world
Not sure where to start when it comes to researching your ideal university choice? Learn how to tackle this daunting task with confidence!
Why a US education is worth the investment
For Higher Education Day, learn the benefits of pursuing a college degree in the US and what the ROI can be on your future!
Transform your life, get a dream college offer
Top US University AdmissionsUS Athletic RecruitmentTop UK University AdmissionsMed School ConsultingMBA / Postgrad ConsultingCareer MentoringCrimson Rise
SATACTGAMSATGMATGREUCATIBModel United Nations DelegationGlobal Leaders DelegationYoung Innovators DelegationSTEM Accelerators TourYouth Medical & Health Sciences TourFuture Financiers Delegation
Ivy League DiscoveryCollege Essay Prompts
About CrimsonStudent ResultsLive Admission ResultsNews RoomPartnershipsBecome a MentorWork With Us
Video HubAsk CrimsonExtracurricular OpportunitiesCollege Admissions Calculator
Interested in a career in acting, music, theatre or dance? Here's what the world's best performing arts schools have to offerLooking for some good books to read? WIN 5 free novels carefully selected by the Crimson teamMore articles...
AucklandMelbourneSydneyPerthLondonEdinburghDublinMunichZurichMoscowSan FranciscoLos AngelesTorontoSingaporeTokyoBangkokHo Chi Minh CityShanghaiSão PauloSeoulJejuJohannesburgMadridTaipei
Copyright 2019Terms & ConditionsPrivacy Policy


Does your company provide free food for all employees every day or just on Wednesdays? Concierge services? FastPass payments? Free beer and wine? Doggie day care? Massage, acupuncture – the list goes on. Tech companies large and small provide some of the most extensive company employee benefits for their employees in the competition for the skilled workers that drive growth at tech companies (and for which competition is the highest). More here. At the same time, some of the fastest growth companies don't spend at the top end of the benefits spectrum but retain a highly competitive workforce. At OPEXEngine, we benchmark benefits expense and total compensation expense to peer groups by key performance metrics like revenue growth and employee productivity.
What's Your Total Benefits Picture?
Traditional benefits, like those above, are usually accounted for as part of fully loaded compensation. These benefits are typically allocated to each employee and accounted against the operational department where the employee sits. Many of the benefits common to tech companies end up in other expense buckets, so it can be hard to get a full picture. This is particularly true for smaller companies, but sometimes allocation policies don't get changed with rapid growth and competing priorities.
In order to get a better idea of your overall company employee benefits expense, it is worthwhile to round up as many of these miscellaneous expenses that you can find sitting in G&A and at least do the offline analysis of dividing the total by your total employee number. Ideally, you would automate this process in your financial systems.
At the end of the day, what you really want to know is whether the amount that you are spending to motivate and retain top employees is comparable to what other companies are spending for top performance.
OPEXEngine has been tracking compensation and benefits expense for SaaS companies for 10 years. We look at the benchmarks by revenue size, business model, and growth as well as a number of other dimensions.
If you'd like to compare what peer companies are spending on benefits and what kind of corporate performance they are getting, contact us to learn more. We are a member-based benchmarking community for SaaS companies; we provide an overall financial and operating metrics benchmarking for each member, as well as the new Compensation Expense Benchmarking Report. We'd be happy to answer any questions you have on SaaS benchmarks and SaaS Compensation Expense comparisons.


DESK 2019-04-09 PN538 Nomination for Ford M. Lannan, which nomination was received by the Senate and appeared in the Congressional Record on March 26, 2019.
DESK 2019-04-09 PN539 Nomination for Luke A. Randall, which nomination was received by the Senate and appeared in the Congressional Record on March 26, 2019.
DESK 2019-04-09 PN537 Nomination for David M. Powell, which nomination was received by the Senate and appeared in the Congressional Record on March 26, 2019.
DESK 2019-04-09 PN541 Nomination for Rhana S. Kurdi, which nomination was received by the Senate and appeared in the Congressional Record on March 26, 2019.
DESK 2019-04-09 PN530 Nominations beginning MICHAEL T. CHARLTON, and ending ROBERT T. UNGERMAN III, which 2 nominations were received by the Senate and appeared in the Congressional Record on March 26, 2019.
DESK 2019-04-09 PN529 Nominations beginning LA TANYA D. AUSTIN, and ending LUIS E. MILLAN, which 2 nominations were received by the Senate and appeared in the Congressional Record on March 26, 2019.
DESK 2019-04-09 PN556 Nomination for James A. Broadie, which nomination was received by the Senate and appeared in the Congressional Record on April 1, 2019.
DESK 2019-04-09 PN424 Nominations beginning JEREMIAH L. BLACKBURN, and ending THOMAS A. WEBB, which 13 nominations were received by the Senate and appeared in the Congressional Record on February 25, 2019.
DESK 2019-04-09 PN545 Nomination for Sewhan Kim, which nomination was received by the Senate and appeared in the Congressional Record on March 26, 2019.
DESK 2019-04-09 PN540 Nomination for Mark M. Kuba, which nomination was received by the Senate and appeared in the Congressional Record on March 26, 2019.
DESK 2019-04-09 PN547 Nomination for Isaac L. Henderson, which nomination was received by the Senate and appeared in the Congressional Record on March 26, 2019.
DESK 2019-04-09 PN542 Nomination for Michael D. Norton, which nomination was received by the Senate and appeared in the Congressional Record on March 26, 2019.
DESK 2019-04-09 PN543 Nomination for Jason A. Byers, which nomination was received by the Senate and appeared in the Congressional Record on March 26, 2019.
DESK 2019-04-09 PN544 Nomination for Nathaniel C. Curley, which nomination was received by the Senate and appeared in the Congressional Record on March 26, 2019.
DESK 2019-04-09 PN532 Nomination for Brian C. Bane, which nomination was received by the Senate and appeared in the Congressional Record on March 26, 2019.
DESK 2019-04-09 PN546 Nomination for Early Howard, Jr., which nomination was received by the Senate and appeared in the Congressional Record on March 26, 2019.
DESK 2019-04-09 PN551 Nomination for Charles E. Jenkins IV, which nomination was received by the Senate and appeared in the Congressional Record on March 26, 2019.
DESK 2019-04-09 PN548 Nominations beginning SHAWN D. TRULOVE, and ending DENA R. BOYD, which 3 nominations were received by the Senate and appeared in the Congressional Record on March 26, 2019.
DESK 2019-04-09 PN554 Nomination for Benjamin D. Ramos, which nomination was received by the Senate and appeared in the Congressional Record on April 1, 2019.
DESK 2019-04-09 PN555 Nomination for Christopher D. Black, which nomination was received by the Senate and appeared in the Congressional Record on April 1, 2019.
DESK 2019-04-09 PN536 Nomination for Matthew R. Thom, which nomination was received by the Senate and appeared in the Congressional Record on March 26, 2019.
DESK 2019-04-09 PN535 Nomination for Robin N. Scott, which nomination was received by the Senate and appeared in the Congressional Record on March 26, 2019.
DESK 2019-04-09 PN531 Nominations beginning ELISSA R. BALLAS, and ending MATTHEW W. BOOTH, which 2 nominations were received by the Senate and appeared in the Congressional Record on March 26, 2019.
DESK 2019-04-09 PN557 Nomination for Brandon E. Resor, which nomination was received by the Senate and appeared in the Congressional Record on April 1, 2019.
DESK 2019-04-09 PN400 Nomination for Jason A. Anthes, which nomination was received by the Senate and appeared in the Congressional Record on February 12, 2019.


text:
Ask Rufus: The 'Bold Feat' of Simon, a Free Black French Captain
Rufus Ward
In the 1730s, conflict in Europe between England and France spread to the Tombigbee River Valley between the Choctaw-French alliance and the Chickasaw-English alliance. It was a North American extension of a European conflict with a local twist.
In 1735, Bienville, the French governor of Louisiana, decided to invade and subdue the Chickasaws, whose principal villages were at what is now Tupelo. In May 1736, Bienville led a French army of about 600 soldiers up the Tombigbee from Mobile to French Fort Tombecbe (at present day Epes, Alabama, about 65 miles southeast of Columbus). The French force included a company of 45 black soldiers under the command of Capt. Simon, a free black French officer.
The French plan was to rendezvous with a force of Choctaw warriors at the mouth of the Octibia River (the French name of Tibbee Creek). An account of the expedition was published by Dumont de Montigny in his 1753 "History of Louisiana." He was a member of the French militia during the Chickasaw campaign and told how: "On the fourth of May (1736) the army re-embarked (from Ft Tombecbe), and proceeding again up the (Tombigbee) river, reached a fort called Tibia (at the mouth of Tibbee Creek at Plymouth Bluff). All the way it had been forbidden to fire, in order to conceal from the enemy the march of our troops; but one of our Choctaws, seeing a deer in range, fired and killed it. ... The report threw the whole army into consternation, all ran to arms, and quiet was not restored till all was explained."
After waiting three days for additional Choctaws to join them, the French proceeded up river again. The 1753 account continued: "At last, on the twenty-fourth of the month, they reached the place of disembarkation (Cotton Gin Port near present day Amory); the troops landed, threw up tents, and began to erect a large palisade fort, with a kind of shed to protect the goods which they had brought. The army spent the night here." From there the French marched overland to assault the Chickasaw villages.
Diron d'Artaguette was leading another French force south from the Illinois District to attack the Chickasaws in coordination with Bienville. d'Artaguette arrived at the Chickasaw villages first, and without waiting on Bienville, advanced on them. His force was routed by the Chickasaws and d'Artaguette, with 16 of his men and a priest, were captured and later, over the objection of the Chickasaw chiefs, burned alive. The Chickasaws were much impressed with the "Black Robe" Jesuit priest Father Senat, who was said to have sang hymns from the time of his capture until "the last breath."
In the September 1736 issue of The Gentleman's Magazine, an early London news magazine, there is an article titled "Indians Beat the French." It is an account of d'Artaguette's unsuccessful assault on the Chickasaw villages.
When Bienville attacked the Chickasaw villages, the principal one being Ackia (at present day Tupelo), he found the Chickasaws had been armed and supported by British traders. An English flag was observed flying over one of the villages. Bienville also suffered heavy loses, was defeated and forced to retreat back to Fort Tombecbe.
Bienville's account of the fighting dated June 28, 1736, stated: "I ordered him (ChevalierDe Noyan) to attack the (Chickasaw) village opposite that with the (English) flag. Meanwhile the detachment commanded set out on the march, and reached the hill (where the villages were) by means of some mantlets which indeed were not used very long, because the negroes who should have carried them up to a certain place, having had one from their number killed and another wounded, threw down the mantlets there and fled."
The reason for the black French soldiers fleeing becomes clear when the word mantlets is viewed in the light of what was happening.
A mantlet is defined by the 1823 edition of Barclay's Dictionary as a kind of movable fortification made of timber sawed into planks with a height of about six feet. They were used in sieges to serve as blinds to shelter soldiers from the enemy's fire. They would normally be on wheels, cased with tin and three inches thick. The ones carried by Simon's company apparently were smaller and carried by hand with his company advancing in front of the other French troops to shield them from the fire of the Chickasaws.
The Chickasaw fire was not just from bows and arrows but also from muskets provided by English traders. That meant Simon's company was used as human shields in front of the other French soldiers. Their casualties showed that the mantlets were little protection from musket fire and to continue was almost certain death.
Here the story of what next happened was related by Albert Pickett in his 1851 "History of Alabama." After the French force was soundly defeated, several officers questioned the courage of Simon's company. To show his bravery, Simon saw "a drove of horses" not far from the fortified Chickasaw houses and he then ran through the concentrated fire of the Chickasaws to the horses. There he threw a rope over the head of a "beautiful white mare ... mounted upon her back with the agility of a Camanche Indian" and rode her through a shower of musket fire to the French lines. He was greeted with cheers and no one ever again questioned the bravery of Simon or his company.
Did Simon's ride really happen? The French records do indicate a Capt. Simon was a free black officer in a company of 45 blacks. I recently found a translation of Dumont de Montigny's account of the incident published in 1753: "At the same time a free negro named Simon, a captain in the black company attached to the army, distinguished himself by a singularly bold feat performed before the whole army. He started at a run on foot to the height on which the fort lay, and though the Indians sallied out, and balls (bullets) were raining around him, he held on, and reaching a troop of horses at pasture, picked out a fine mare, sprang on her back, and rode back to the camp unscathed."
It is always interesting to read a old romanticized version of a story out of our past and find that it has a very real basis in fact. In his 1910 book "Colonial Mobile," Peter Hamilton was absolutely correct when he referred to "Simon the brave free black."
Rufus Ward is a Columbus native a local historian. E-mail your questions about local history to Rufus at [email protected]


a microscopic organism; those of medical interest include bacteria, fungi, and protozoa. Viruses are often classified as microorganisms, although they are sometimes excluded because they are not cellular and they are unable to replicate without a host cell.
A microscopic organism (plant or animal).
/mi·cro·or·gan·ism/ (-or´gah-nizm) a microscopic organism; those of medical interest include bacteria, fungi, and protozoa. Viruses are often included, but are sometimes excluded because they are not cellular and are unable to replicate without a host cell.
any tiny, usually microscopic entity capable of carrying on living processes. It may be pathogenic. Kinds of microorganisms include bacteria, fungi, protozoan, and viruses.
An organism detected by microscopy—e.g., viruses, bacteria, fungi and intracellular parasites (protozoans).
any microscopic organism such as a BACTERIUM, FUNGUS, PROTOZOAN, microscopicALGA or member of the ARCHAEA.
An organism (life form) that is too small to be seen with the naked eye.
n a microscopic living organism, such as a bacterium, virus, rickettsia, yeast, or fungus. These may exist as part of the normal flora of the oral cavity without producing disease. With disturbance of the more or less balanced interrelationship among the organisms or between the organisms and host resistance, individual forms may overgrow and induce disease in the host's tissues. Those foreign to the individual may invade and produce pathologic processes.
a microscopic organism; those of veterinary interest include bacteria, rickettsiae, viruses, fungi and protozoa.
7] cfu/g of microorganism colonies have grown in each biofilter cassette.
A microorganism exists as a part of the Nature; hence its discovery is NOT an invention.
These microorganisms also may play a role in insulin signaling and regulation.
These advances is genomic knowledge have brought about many changes in the names of pathogenic microorganisms, evidenced here by the authors devoting the largest part of the book to bacteria.
A nearly ten-fold increase in AFLP citations in the scientific literature in the past five years is an indication of its wide acceptance as a useful DNA fingerprinting technique in the plant science area and its growing use for identifying microorganisms in other areas.
Regarding oral or pharyngeal infections, to colonize and infect the oral environment, yeast cells must first adhere to host cells and tissues or prosthetic materials within the oral cavity or must coaggregate with other oral microorganisms (8,20,21).
The ability for laboratories to use one device to identify almost 200 different microorganisms is a significant advance in the timely identification of pathogenic microorganisms, said Alberto Gutierrez, Ph.
Yet only in the past several years have scientists with a variety of academic backgrounds launched an intensive effort to explore the sociallives of bacteria and other microorganisms.
If the concentration of fluoroquinolone attained at the bacterial DNA targets is high enough to activate the SOS system for a duration that exceeds the capability of the particular microorganism to repair its DNA damage and replicate, the microorganism dies.
The method comprises adding a culture containing at least six strains of microorganisms capable of degrading PCBs to PCB contaminated soil, mixing the soil and microorganism culture together and maintaining the culture under stringent conditions which promote the growth of the microorganisms and which stimulate the ability of the microorganisms to degrade the PCBs.
The identity of the causative microorganism is related to its source: whether the contaminating organism originated at the time of surgery (early endocarditis, usually caused by S.
But scientists had been at a loss to explain how a microorganism could consume methane where oxygen is in short supply, as it is in the sediments.


With the 6th pick in the 2016 MLB first year player draft the Oakland Athletics selected A.J. Puk.
Puk has been one of the most tantalizing players in Florida Gator athletic history. Scouts drooled all over him coming out of high school. The 6'7", 215 lb. frame, the easy 93 mph fastball, and oh, by the way he was a left-handed pitcher. For the big southpaw, it was all too easy to draw comparisons to Randy Johnson, the 6'10" left-handed hall of fame pitcher. Fast-forward 3 years and all of a sudden he is 230 pounds, and throwing anywhere from 94-98 mph. According the MLB Networks Jonathan Mayo "The Oakland A's did not think there was any way that he would fall to them, they are probably doing cartwheels; He has future front end of the rotation stuff".
He was ranked the 23rd player coming out of high school in Cedar Rapids, Iowa. He was also a good hitter, and even managed to get 86 career at bats for the Gators. His future was always on the mound though. Kevin O'Sullivan helped develop those off speed pitches that so desperately needed to complete the full package. The command of all of his pitches come and goes still at times, but when he is on, look out because the strikeouts can mount up pretty quickly. He needs to better his command of all his pitches going forward and maybe clean up his delivery a tad. Puk can get out of rhythm and that is what causes a lot of his control issues. However, he has skills you cannot teach. His size and the speed of his fastball is something that is a rare combination that gives him the projectable talent at the next level.
The statistic that is most eye popping and the one that probably really matters to a lot of scouts is that in 190 career innings pitched, he has 245 strikeouts. Again he has 245 strikeouts in 190 innings. This is astounding. This equates to roughly 1.3 strikeouts to innings pitched. However he has issued 84 base on balls (walks/hit by pitch), which is not a good number at all. This highlights his control issues, and his potential to be a star. To this date, his best season ERA was actually his freshman year at 3.19 in 20 appearances, which he went 5-2 on the year. Out of those 20, only 7 were games he started and most of them were midweek games. He was eased into the weekend rotation, unlike his counterpart Logan Shore, who was thrust into the Friday night role as a freshman. His sophomore year he sported a 3.81 ERA in 17 appearances (14 starts) and this season (before super regional play) he is at 3.21 in 15 appearances (15 starts). This season, which has been a slight disappointment due to all of the hype surrounding him, opponents are still only hitting .195 against him. The off field incident during his sophomore season which resulted in suspension for multiple games seems way behind him. Gator fans realize he has the talent, but it is not always showing up when he shows up on the field.
With a slot signing bonus of $4,069,200 there is about a zero chance he comes back for his senior season, and nor should he. He will instantly join last years first round pick and former Gator Richie Martin as one of their top prospects in their organization. There was hype that he could have been taken No.1 but falling to No. 6 is still a great accomplishment, and his ceiling is almost unlimited.
Matt graduated from high school from Providence School in Jacksonville, Florida where he won a State Championship in baseball. After two years of playing college baseball at Valdosta State University, he jumped at the chance to transfer and be accepted to his lifelong dream school, at the University of Florida where he is currently a Junior Business major. He is very passionate about all Gator sports with Football, Baseball and Basketball topping the list. Currently he serves as a practice player squad member for the Women's basketball team at UF. Favorite all time Gator is Danny Wuerffel.