An EMF (electromagnetic field) is induced over an incremental area when magnetized plasma from sun interacts with the Earth's magnetic field. This phenomenon delivers a Geomagnetically Induced Current (GIC) or induces geo-electric field at the Earth's surface and in the ground. GIC and horizontal component of geomagnetic field have been studied with respect to various geomagnetic events. Particularly, we have studied four events. The first one is geomagnetically quiet period (5 October 2003), the second one is weak storm (21 October 2003), the third one is moderate storm (14 October 2003) and the last one is an intense storm (30 October 2003). By comparing the development of GIC during geomagnetic storms, we found that intense geomagnetic storms show higher development on GIC magnitude. The GIC during storm events is several times greater than that during the quiet day. AE index shows more activity in the event of 30th October than other events and GIC is also more in this event. This can be accounted to the greater geomagnetic disturbance in this case. The power ranges of higher intensity are seen at various time scales on different events. We have analysed GIC signal associated with four geomagnetic storms and found distinct periodicities at the time when H component highly perturbed. The characteristic of GIC signal demonstrates high variability with time without presence of continuous periodicities. Discrete wavelet transform (DWT) analysis reveals that whenever the geomagnetic field is perturbed, there will be high possibility of detecting GIC. The singularities present in GIC signal are due to the peak value of electrical currents system in the ionosphere and magnetosphere, and corresponding high fluctuations in H component. In this work, we explore the remarkable ability of wavelets to highlight the singularities associated with discontinuities present in the GIC.
The modern science of networks has brought significant advances to our understanding of complex systems. We employ the probabilistic graphical model to build complex networks to model the global ionospheric variations. The global ionospheric maps (GIMs) of vertical total electron content (VTEC) for the 12 months in 2012 have been selected analyze the ionospheric variations from the perspective of complex network. The information flow in the networks represents the causal interactions between the ionospheric variations at different locations. The distributions of the edges' geospatial distances in the ionospheric networks show that the information flow in the ionosphere is mainly transmitted locally, almost obeying the geospatial proximity principle. The asymmetric distribution of the edges' distances probably elucidates the more efficient transmission of ionospheric variations in the westward and southward directions. The community topologies within the ionospheric networks indicate the effect of the geomagnetic field and geographical distance on the information flow in the ionosphere. The geomagnetic field has shown an enhanced effect on the meridional interaction in the ionosphere, causing the vertical community topologies within the ionospheric networks at middle and low latitudes. For the ionospheric cells located at high latitudes in GIM, the geographical distances result in the horizontal community topologies. The fractal analysis reveals the existence of self-similar structure in the ionospheric networks on the global scale. The fractality in the ionospheric information flow may indicate the reasonability of the VTEC's prediction at a certain location by spatial prediction based on the data obtained in known regions.
Magnetic records of the declination (D) component for the solar quiet year 2011–2013 obtained from Magnetic Data Acquisition System (MAGDAS) at Langkawi (Geog. Lon. 99.68∘ E, Geog. Lat. 6.30∘N), Malaysia were utilized in this study. The minutes averages were used to delineate the diurnal (Sq(D)) variation. The monthly mean (MSq(D)) and their seasonal variabilities (SVq(D)) were also analysed. The Sq(D) and their MSq(D) exhibit smooth regular occurring pattern in the month of April–September and became highly perturbed in October–March across the years. The highest positive (∼3.5 arc-min) and the negative (∼−3.0 arc-min) values were observed in August 2011 during the dawn and noon sectors. These maxima shifted to July and September in 2012 with peaks ∼3.2 and −3.0 arc-min. In 2013, the positive maximum (∼3.0 arc-min) and its negative (∼−2.5 arc-min) were again seen in August. This implies that the dawn and noon sectors of August 2011 and 2013 are strongly influenced by IHFACs and this effect shifted to July and September in 2012. IHFACs through the years flow from the winter to summer hemisphere during the noon and dusk sectors and flow in opposite direction during the dawn sector. The day-to-day magnitudes of Sq(D) and MSq(D) seems to suggest the inter-hemispheric imbalance of the ionospheric Sq current earlier established by Van Sabben as the cause of IHFACs is not strongly affected by the changes in annual solar variation. Dusk-side IHFACs were observed to be northbound in all the seasons with the exception of June solstice. The direction of IHFACs does not change except in April and November. The current intensity is not large in solstices except in August 2011 and 2013 but it shifted to July in 2012. The result further showed that the magnitude of the duskside IHFACS is determined to some extent by the strength of the noontime IHFACs. IHFACs were generally observed to be greater during the daytime than night-time hours.
The mantle electrical conductivity-depth structure of Malaysia was determined for the first time using solar quiet day ionospheric current (Sq) variations. Spherical harmonic analysis (SHA) was employed to separate the external and internal field contribution to the Sq variations. A transfer function was applied in estimating the conductivity-depth profile for the paired of external and internal coefficients of the SHA. We observed a downward increase in electrical conductivity with initial magnitude of 0.0065 S/m at a depth of ∼ 56 km which gradually rose to 0.0106 and 0.0140 S/m at 118 and 180 km. Subsequently, the conductivity profile rose to about 0.0228 S/m at 380 km (near the base of the upper mantle) and reached 0.0260 S/m at 435 km, after which a sharp steep increase was observed at 450 km with conductivity profile of 0.0278 S/m. Consequently, the conductivity profile increases significantly to about 0.1367 S/m at a depth of 973 km and reached its peak value 0.1975 S/m at the depth of 1097 km in the lower mantle with no indication of leveling off. An evidence of discontinuity was observed near 390–460 km and 675–746 km. A slight increase in conductivity values at depth between 150 and 300 km corresponds to the region of unusual global low velocity zone with high electrical conductivity. The conductivity profile showed a less steep increase above 450 km below which a steep increase was observed. The present profile showed the deepest penetration depth which may be attributed to the influence of equatorial electrojet current (EEJ) that is actively supported by the conductive properties of the Earth's interior within the study region.
Polar cap patches are common irregularities in the polar ionosphere, where their formation and evolution can directly affect satellite navigations and communications as well as over-the-horizon radar observations, etc. However, affected by the various dynamic processes during the solar wind-magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling, there is no fully accepted formation mechanism of polar cap patches. In this paper, a statistical analysis of 345 patches at the dayside sectors during 09:00–15:00 magnetic local time (MLT), observed by EISCAT Svalbard Radar (ESR) 42 m antenna from 2010 to 2013, has been performed. The dependence of their occurrence on solar wind and interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) conditions as well as their MLT distribution has been statistically investigated. The results show that the polar cap patches are preferentially formed during southward IMF conditions. In particular, the MLT dependence of the patches presents a clear IMF By-related prenoon-postnoon asymmetry, suggesting the patch formation is clearly modulated by the IMF By polarity. Moreover, our statistical results indicate that the patches should not be caused by the variations of the solar wind dynamic pressure or the solar wind velocity. All the results indicate that the pulsed dayside magnetic reconnection is possibly a significant formation mechanism of polar cap patches.
The equatorial region of the Earth's ionosphere is one of the most complex ionospheric regions due to its interactions, instabilities, and several unresolved questions regarding its dynamics, electrodynamics, and physical processes. The equatorial ionosphere overall spans three continents with the longest region being that over the African continent. Satellite observations have demonstrated that very large differences exist in the formation of ionospheric irregularities over the African sector compared with other longitudinal sectors. This may be a consequence of the symmetric shape of the magnetic equator over the continent and the lack of variability in latitude. In this paper, we propose a science campaign to equip the African sector of the magnetic equator with ground-based instruments, specifically magnetometers and radars. The network of radars proposed is similar in style and technique to the high-latitude SuperDARN radar network, while the magnetometers will form an array along the equatorial belt. These two proposed space physics instruments will be used to study this region of the equatorial ionosphere over a long interval of time, at least one solar cycle. The deployment of an array of magnetometers (AfrequaMA) and a radar network (AfrequaRN) in the African sector of the magnetic equator is jointly called the Africa Equatorial Magnetometer Array and Radar Network (AfrequaMARN), which will provide simultaneous observations of both electric and magnetic variations over the African sector. We also examine the possible science questions such a magnetometer array and radar network would be able to address, both individually and in conjunction with other space-based and ground-based instrumentation. The proposed projects will clearly improve our understanding of the dynamics of the equatorial ionosphere and our understanding of its role in balancing the large-scale ionospheric current system, and will contribute to our ability to adequately model ionospheric and plasmaspheric densities. It will also enhance our understanding of global ionospheric processes, which will improve the space weather capabilities of the African and international space science communities.
Relation of decadal variations of the North Atlantic Oscillation index (NAOI) to the 11-year solar cycle in the sunspot number is analyzed for almost 200-year observational period with the use of cross-spectral and cross-wavelet techniques. Based on wavelet transforms of a pair of time series, local cross characteristics such as the local coherency and local correlation are used to study time evolution of the solar–NAOI relationship. The analysis of the NAOI is supplemented and confirmed by similar analysis of more than 300-year long data of Central England temperature (CET). Both the solar cycle–NAOI and solar cycle–CET relationships exhibit a quasi-periodic oscillation with the mean period of about 50 years, which includes a subinterval with positive coherency and a subinterval with negative coherency between the solar cycle and the 11-year modes of the NAOI and CET. The same multidecadal modulation of the solar–NAOI relationship is manifested in the temporal structure of the local correlation between the 11-year modes of the NAOI and the sunspot number at specific time lags of the NAOI relative to the sunspot number. It is distinct in the local correlations for the extended winter period (November–March) NAOI lagging by 7 years after the sunspot number. At this lag, the NAOI anticorrelates in general with the sunspot number and the local anticorrelation reinforces periodically with the aforementioned ∼50 year period. At the 1-year lag, which differs from the 7-year lag by a half solar cycle, the 11-year mode of the winter NAOI correlates in general with the solar cycle but the correlation is mainly associated with the last 70-year time interval. The change in the sign of the solar–NAOI relationship is also the case for the extended summer periods of the year (May–September). For this period, the approximately mirror image of the local correlations is observed at the 7-year and 1-year lags. The multidecadal modulation is likely associated with periods of enhanced solar impact on the NAO.
This paper deals with the investigation of long-term variability of atmospheric dust over the United Arab Emirates (UAE). The climatology of dust episodes (dust events, dust storms, and severe dust storms) is compiled based on the hourly observations and synoptic codes recorded at four different stations over UAE between the years 1983–2014. The diurnal, temporal, monthly, and inter-annual variations of dust episodes and their relation with the mean wind speed, maximum wind speed, and temperature are discussed. Dust episodes show a clear diurnal variation in all the stations. The duration of dust storms is large compared to dust events. For instance, dust events over the UAE persist for 2–5 h while dust storms last for about 5–11 h. Dust storms also show clear seasonal variability with the maximum occurring during winter and the minimum during summer whereas most of the dust events occur during the months of March and April. The inter-annual variation of dust events shows a significant decrease while dust storms depict a moderate increase over the UAE. The synoptic scale climatology of all dust storms is also analyzed and shows changes in wind direction to the south-west prior to 2 days of the dust storm generation. The climatology of wind direction and wind speed during the dust episode indicates that 90% of dust episodes are coming from the southwest direction. These observed results are discussed in light of the current global warming scenarios with a special emphasis on the role of dust episodes on the regional enhancement of temperature.
This paper investigates evolutions of geomagnetic and equatorial electrodynamic responses during three consecutive 27-day recurrent geomagnetic storms (RGSs) in 2007 by using the solar wind plasma, geomagnetic indices, and magnetometer data. The RGSs are classified as corotating interaction regions (CIR)-induced storms and High Intensity Long Duration Continuous AE Activity (HILDCAA). The RGSs show quasi-stable and diverge variabilities in storm-times that critically control the long-lasting and complex electrodynamic responses in equatorial ionosphere, particularly in CIR-storms. The correlations of Auroral Electrojet (AE)/Polar Cap (PC) indices are moderate for CIRs and HILDCAAs during local summer, which suggest to less effective coupling and/or different sources of PC and AE. The correlations of reconnection electric field with AE and Fourier analysis of the north-south component of the interplanetary magnetic field with AE reveal that the solar wind-magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling is more effective in the HILDCAAs than in the CIRs. Results indicate that disturbance electric fields are closely related to storm time evolution of the RGSs and are seasonal dependent. Disturbance dynamo electric fields (DDEFs) are related to each group of HSSs during HILDCAA periods. Justification of storm-time effect or seasonal effects is done. The substantial DDEFs are caused by the storm time effects of enhanced thermospheric wind due to the summer-to-winter winds in the late night sector. DDEFs are effective particularly in the morning-to-prenoon time in the summer, while they are less effective in equinoctial months due to the symmetric meridional winds and in winter months due to restriction of the equatorward motion.
The development of Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) was a revolution in activities related to positioning. Currently, GLONASS (Global'naya Navigatsionnaya Sputnikovaya Sistema) and GPS (Global Positioning System) are the main systems with full constellation. The use of GPS and GLONASS combined data gained renewed attention after the GLONASS restoration and modernization plan, which enabled the system to reach full constellation in 2011. In addition to the use of combined data, several other factors can influence positioning quality, such as the methods applied and errors that can affect the transmitted signals. Concerning errors, the ionosphere is an important source, particularly for users of single frequency receivers. This requires special attention, because, in addition to degradation of positioning accuracy, there is a great interdependency between signal loss and ionospheric irregularities, such as ionospheric scintillation. In this paper, multivariate analysis techniques were applied to investigate the influence of ionospheric activity, specifically ionospheric scintillation, in positioning error. An experiment was carried out applying the point positioning method considering stations located in different places during periods of high and low ionospheric activity. The results showed high similarity between GPS and GLONASS data and significant ionosphere influence in the positioning error. S4 indexes presented correlations higher than 0.75 when considering GPS and GLONASS data. Positioning error using GPS or GPS/GLONASS data presented correlations higher than 0.93 for all stations considered. Techniques such as clustering, correspondence analysis and factor analysis were also applied in this study.
We study dynamics of field-aligned currents (FACs) during the expansion phase (EP) of two selected summer and winter substorms, by applying the magnetogram inversion technique (MIT) to the data of the world network of ground-based stations. The empirical MIT data and the modified Iijima and Potemra (I-P) model are presented. It is supposed a sharp increase in the upward FAC in I-P Region 1 and associated upward inter-hemispheric current in the dusk sector of the summer hemisphere during EP – in correspondence with theoretical models. Simultaneously (relative to the substorm onset time), and with the same value range, the downward inter-hemispheric current should enhance in the conjugate sector of the winter hemisphere. This FACs restructuring scenario in two hemispheres may clarify some of the unresolved issues in substorm physics. E.g., we describe the strong seasonal variation in the magnetic and auroral activity that is practically absent or unknown in literature even for the Northern hemisphere. Trying to answer this and other questions debated in literature, we study and describe strong feedbacks between the intensity of night FACs flowing in/out of each hemisphere, on the one hand, and the ionosphere conductivity or electric field, on the other. These magnetosphere-ionosphere feedbacks cause, in particular, the above inter-hemispheric currents and consequences prior and during the EP of the addressed substorms.
We present the results of studying the behavior of temperature and of the atomic oxygen concentration in the mesopause region during the 2013 January major Sudden Stratospheric Warming (SSW). The data on the hydroxyl molecule OH(6-2), 834.0 nm emission intensity and rotational temperature were analyzed. These data were obtained through spectrometric measurements at the Geophysical Observatory of the Institute of Solar-Terrestrial Physics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (51.8°N, 103.1°E, Tory), and at the Zvenigorod Station at the Obukhov Institute of Atmospheric Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences (55.7°N, 36.8 E°). We calculated the concentration of atomic oxygen and its variations by using the data of the OH emission measurements. We revealed, that the response of the mesopause characteristics for two longitudinally spaced mid-latitude regions essentially differs. Thus, from the Tory Station data, the maximal increase in the OH emission intensity (by a factor of ∼2) and in the concentration [O] (by a factor of ∼3) occurred during the sudden stratospheric warming (SSW) evolution, whereas, from the Zvenigorod Station data, the OH emission intensity increase (by a factor of ∼3) and the concentration [O] increase (by a factor of ∼3.5) was observed at the SSW recovery phase. As a result of numerical modeling using the Middle and Upper Atmosphere Model (MUAM), it was shown, that the cause for the revealed effect may probably be longitudinal differences in the diurnal variation in the vertical wind at the mesopause heights over the indicated stations during the SSW. One may elucidate these differences through the generation of non-migrating tides due to a non-linear interaction between the intensified stationary planetary wave 1 (SPW1) and migrating tides and forcing a set of high-frequency PWs at the stratospheric heights. All these waves are capably of propagating into the MLT region and produce observed changes in behavior of the OH emission intensity, temperature and atomic oxygen concentration over Tory and Zvenigorod.
We study the dynamical behaviors of a system of five coupled nonlinear equations that describes the dynamics of acoustic-gravity waves in the atmosphere. A linear stability analysis together with the analysis of Lyapunov exponents spectra are performed to show that the system can develop from ordered structures to chaotic states. Numerical simulation of the system of equations reveals that an interplay between the order and chaos indeed exists depending on whether the control parameter s1, associated with the density scale height of acoustic-gravity waves, is below or above its critical value.
Both auroral substorms and solar flares have explosive nature. Since both are mostly various manifestations of electromagnetic energy dissipation processes, it is basic to consider both phenomena as a chain of electromagnetic processes, which consists of a dynamo process as the power supply, power transmission and manifestations of dissipative processes (auroral substorms and solar flares)--the electric current approach. Based on this view, since both phenomena are powered by a dynamo and have an explosive component, they are likely to have the component directly driven (DD) by the dynamo and the component which results from the unloading (UL) process of accumulated energy (generated also by the dynamo). Thus, it is crucial to identify and distinguish the dynamo-produced power/energy/dissipation into two components in both morphology and theory. In this paper, since we have taken this approach for auroral substorms, we attempt to apply it for solar flares by adopting a photospheric dynamo theory by Lee et al. (1995) and Choe and Lee (1996a, 1996b); their dynamo process takes place on the photosphere under a magnetic arcade. It is shown that their dynamo can supply both the power and energy needed for flares, providing the arcade field-aligned currents for the two-ribbon Hα emission (DD) and the current loop along the dark filament above the arcade for the explosive process (UL).
This paper presents the performance of IRI-2016 model in describing the East African sector of equatorial ionosphere during different geomagnetic conditions and time scales. The analysis is carried out by taking six years (2008 and 2011–2015) of the vertical total electron content (vTEC) data from GPS receiver located at Arba Minch (Geographic: 6.06°N and 37.56°E; Geomagnetic: −3.03°N and 109.29°E) in Ethiopia. The IRI-2016 model either underestimates or overestimates observations depending on time of day, months, season, solar and geomagnetic conditions. An underestimation becomes more pronounced from the first to third quartiles, while an overestimation is nearly constant. The diurnal variation pattern of measured vTEC (vTECo) shows a single peak mostly occurring between 1000 and 1400 UT (1230 and 1630 LT), while the modeled vTEC (vTECm) is characterized by two remarkable peak values with the first peak occurring between 0500 and 0700 UT (0730 and 0930 LT), and the second peak occurring between 1300 and 1400 UT (1530 and 16300 LT). The nighttime monthly peak vTECm is lower compared to observations during 2008, but it is reversed during 2011–2015. Seasonally, the vTECo variations show a semiannual variation pattern with maximum values during March equinox and December solstice months and minimum during June solstice and September equinox months. This trend equally explains the semiannual variability noted on the seasonal percentage deviation in vTECm variability. The mean and median annual observations show better agreement with vTECm during daytime, but opposite at nighttime hours (except in 2008). The response of the equatorial ionosphere for storm, which was observed clearly in the observations, did not show in the model results. The vTECo shows a significant relation with both merging and interplanetary electric fields during storm. This suggests that a linkage of those parameters with storm-time vTEC needs to be established for a variety of geophysical conditions to improve the forecasting capability of the model. Generally, the IRI-2016 model shows better agreement with observations during solar minimum compared to other solar activity phases. We suggest that the results from this study would complement in the model improvement towards near real time predictions of different ionospheric parameters over the equatorial and low latitude regions like East Africa.
Evening corotating patches (ECP) are a special type of aurora, which occur at subauroral latitude. In the present work we have used the images observed by DMSP/SSUSI instruments to investigate the ECP in a global perspective. This study indicates that the ECP occur in the recovery phase of magnetic storms. The ECP were observed between 58° and 68° magnetic latitude (MLAT) in the evening sector between 16:00 and 20:00 magnetic local time (MLT). The ECP cororate with the Earth but they occur at same MLAT, this suggest that the source region related to ECP is inside the plasmasphere. Particle observations indicate that ECP are produced by energetic ions with energies above ∼20 keV, without much electron precipitations. We argue that the energetic ions producing ECP originates from the ring current, which is assumed to be filled with hot ions during the recovery phase of magnetic storms.
Mesoscale convection weather events, associated with deep cumulonimbus clouds transport moisture, energy and momentum to upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS), affect the energetics and general circulation of the middle atmosphere. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the atmospheric dynamics during pre–monsoon periods (when strong mesoscale convective events occur) for improving the parameterization of model physics. The present study attempts to investigate the characteristics of high-frequency gravity waves (GWs) generated over Gadanki (13.5° N, 79.2° E), India during one such severe convection event in the pre–monsoon period. For this purpose, the Mesosphere Stratosphere Troposphere (MST) radar at Gadanki was operated continuously for the period of ∼10 h during 27–28 May 2015. A wide spectrum of high frequency GWs with different generation mechanisms are found during this convective event whose vertical propagation characteristics fulfill the non-hydrostatic GWs dispersion relation. The temperature and wind data of ERA (ECMWF Re-Analysis)-interim reanalysis and GPS radiosonde, launched at Gadanki, are also analyzed for ten days around the event day to determine the background atmospheric thermodynamical conditions. Strong up- and downdrafts are observed in the altitude range of ∼3.6–20 km (radar limited top height); presence of which even up to ∼20 km height is quite rare. The WRF (Weather Research and Forecasting) model simulated relative humidity on 27–28 May 2015 clearly depicts the mid-tropospheric moisture intrusion. Presence of moisture is also observed at the higher heights ∼17–18 km which could be due to strong low level convergence leading to high divergence value of deep cumulonimbus clouds in UTLS region. Furthermore, this is supported by the Doppler Weather Radar (DWR) and simulated reflectivity of WRF model reaching the tropopause height of ∼18 km. The altitude profiles of phase of some oscillations during convection period depict that the sources of these waves are near ∼20 km which is first of its kind outcome and it is corroborated with high resolution WRF model simulations.
Glacier melting due to light-absorbing aerosol has become a growing issue in recent decades. The emphasis of this study is to examine aerosol loadings over the high mountain glacier region of northern Pakistan between 2004 and 2016, with sources including local emissions and long-range transported pollution. Optical properties of aerosols were seasonally analyzed over the glacier region (35–36.5°N; 74.5–77.5°E) along with three selected sites (Gilgit, Skardu, and Diamar) based on the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI). The aerosol sub-type profile was analyzed with Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO). Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) model was used to understand the origin of air masses arriving in the study region. The highest values of aerosol optical depth (AOD) and single scattering albedo (SSA) occurred during spring, whereas aerosol index (AI) and absorption AOD (AAOD) exhibited maximum values in winter and summer, respectively. The minimum values of AOD, AI, AAOD, and SSA occurred in winter, autumn, winter, and autumn, respectively. The results revealed that in spring and summer the prominent aerosols were dust, whereas, in autumn and winter, anthropogenic aerosols were prominent. Trend analysis showed that AI, AOD, and AAOD increased at the rate of 0.005, 0.006, and 0.0001 yr−1, respectively, while SSA decreased at the rate of 0.0002 yr−1. This is suggestive of the enhancement in aerosol types over the region with time that accelerates melting of ice. CALIPSO data indicate that the regional aerosol was mostly comprised of sub-types categorized as dust, polluted dust, smoke, and clean continental. The types of aerosols defined by OMI were in good agreement with CALIPSO retrievals. Analysis of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) model revealed that air parcels arriving at the glacier region stemmed from different source sites.


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While most students spend the summer months on holiday, SRUC Rural Business Management student Will Blair was flying drones in Arkansas, USA!
Will was the scholarship recipient for the exchange programme that SRUC runs with the University of Arkansas. He spent ten weeks in Arkansas studying the effectiveness of drone technology in the agriculture sector, which will directly support his final year dissertation.
Will's project has also given him scope for career options once he graduates. With drone technology still relatively new and something that farmers could benefit hugely from, there is a gap in the market for drone software analysing.
However it wasn't all work and no play in Arkansas. Will's supervisor Douglas Karcher also insisted on a healthy work life balance and was a mad keen tennis player so there were many campus matches. He also travelled to three other states: Texas, Missouri and Memphis and advises any future exchange students to say YES to every opportunity. Arkansas also has a reputation for being one of the friendliest, politest states in the USA and Will had to get used to people calling him 'Sir'!
Now back in Edinburgh Will confirmed that this is the first year he is actually ahead with his studies. Most students are collecting data around December and Christmas whereas Will has already finished compiling his. He now has a clear idea for his dissertation and no doubt you will see Will flying drones in a town near you very soon.


I am ready to be that great catch.
A guy who wants to be with someone special at the right time.
Well I love nature, and just about any kind of art there is. Been trying to go camping and hiking more often. Love books just finding the time to read gets hard at times. Does anyone else draw a blank when filling these things out?


Handle are working with a Global Entertainment and Live Events Company to recruit a Senior Full Stack PHP Engineer to take part in the design and development of a wide variety of applications and systems.
Working as part of a small team you will be responsible for the design and development of new applications and systems and the maintenance and improvement of existing systems.
We are looking for a solid team player with at least 3 years commercial PHP 5.3 or higher experience.
As well as a great understanding of the Lamp Stack we need someone with experience of either Laravel or Magento.
In return, the company offers a highly competitive salary, benefits package and the genuine opportunity to progress your career in an environment that offers rewarding and challenging work.


text:
Sequestration affects 'reset' of equipment from Afghanistan
By: Sgt. 1st Class Raymond Piper
Army News Service
WASHINGTON (Army News Service, Oct. 7, 2013) — Sequestration cost the Army $1.7 billion needed to reset and repair equipment returning from Afghanistan, which equates to about 800 vehicles, 2,000 weapons, 10,000 pieces of communication gear and 32 helicopters.
"All of that got pushed to (fiscal year) 2014, and now here we are in 2014 and not able to do that work again because of where we're at today," Lt. Gen. Raymond. V. Mason, deputy chief of staff, Army G-4, told members of the House Armed Services Committee, subcommittee on readiness , Oct. 2.
One danger to successfully getting equipment used in Afghanistan back to units is the loss of people and time from sequestration. Mason said at Army depots around the country he estimates the Army lost 2,000 employees to sequestration in addition to the 2,000 from layoffs to meet future budget cuts.
Mason said the Army lost a lot of technical skills as a result of the sequestration and layoffs.
At Corpus Christi Army Depot, Texas, for instance, the Army lost 36 master engineers that work to get Army helicopters back in the air, Mason said.
"They saw this furlough in 2013 and looked out to 2014 and 2015 and perhaps they predicted where we are at today," Mason said. "I'm very concerned about the workforce and our industrial base."
The general also told lawmakers that would-be depot employees might decide against working for the Army after evaluating the lack of predictability and balance.
"That is dramatically impacting our workforce and our ability to get this equipment back in the hands of our Soldiers for … the next mission for this nation," he added.
Overseas contingency operations, known as OCO, money is currently used to fund depots for repairs and to fund procurement of new equipment to replace battlefield losses.
To reset the necessary equipment, OCO funding must continue for three years after the last piece of equipment comes home from Afghanistan, Mason said.
Without that money there are three areas that Mason sees being impacted: current readiness, modernization and people.
Mason calls modernization an "insurance police for the future" that allows the nation to be technically superior to potential enemies. "If we don't receive OCO, we will begin to eat modernization even more than it is now."
The Army plans to lower the number of Soldiers in the active Army to 490,000 by 2015, and that could be potentially accelerated, but it takes time to get savings with people, he said.
"You've got to treat them right and have them come out of the Army appropriately, not give them pink slips then give them 90 days to get out," Mason said.
Mason sees this as a trifecta of bad situations, and said if the Army does not receive continued OCO funding, it would have to find the money within the Army's base budget.
This article can be read here: http://www.army.mil/article/112771/Sequestration_affects__reset__of_equipment_from_Afghanistan/

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: How to send an Email with a locally running SMTP/IMAP Server using Reactjs? I've have been searching online for sending emails using reactjs and they all seem to be working by installling email.js and registering it through their domain.
However, I have a locally running SMTP server on my server that can send and receive emails though my domain.
I was wondering how I can use this service via ReactJs and JavaScript?
I also on the same server have a Nextlcloud Instance running and it can send out emails successfully without any outside configuration done for password resets and other things.
Any help or links would be much appreciated to help solve this. If I need to clarify anything more, please let me know. I was thinking of having some text boxes that a person can type into and they click submit and it will send out a specific email from my domain.

A: The only network protocols you can use client-side JS to communicate with are HTTP and Websockets.
You cannot connect directly to an SMTP server from a web browser.
(If you could, and you handed over the credentials to send an email from your server using raw SMTP then you'd effectively turn your mail server into a spam relay, so this wouldn't be desirable anyway).
You need a webservice that accepts an HTTP request from the browser and sends the email.
smtp.js is a third-party service which does this.
You can write you own so that you don't need to give your mail server credentials to a third-party.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Super-rich Arabs flock to Manchester instead of London – here's seven things to make them feel at home
Manchester is experiencing a multi-million pound tourism boom fuelled by wealthy Arabs. Apparently London is becoming too expensive for them. We know how they feel. They love our luxury hotels and designer stores. They even like our weather.
More than 60,000 people a year now visit Manchester from the Middle East – up from around 25,000 five years ago – and will each spend at least £1,000 while they are there.
Here are seven things we think they will like about Manchester.
Fed up with temperatures in the 40s and hardly any rain? You've come to the right place. Welcome to Manchester where the average summer temperature is a mere 20 degrees. And we get more rain than London. Enjoy.
Unfortunately, we haven't got any 7 star hotels. Five stars are enough for us. Try The Lowry or Hotel Gotham. Even the four star hotels are pretty good. Try the Midland. If you want something luxurious but smaller try King Street Townhouse or Great John Street.
Pic Hamed Masoumi
Manchester is a fantastic destination for shoppers with around one in ten shops high end. Many of them can be found around Exchange Square and New Cathedral Street along with luxury department stores Harvey Nichols and Selfridges. The Arndale is one of the biggest city centre shopping malls in the UK and the Trafford Centre has one of the highest concentration of premium stores outside London – more than enough to ensure you can shop till you drop.
Need to refuel during those arduous shopping expeditions? Grab a pita with some hummus and falafel from Pita Pit. Check out the shawarma at Bakchich and the mezze at Comptoir Libanais. A great cup of coffee? No problem. Check out this list. Tea? You'll be spoilt for choice. Something more indulgent? Try an afternoon tea at one of these places.
Zouk restaurant offers a large outdoor seating area perfect to try some shisha after you have eaten. A large selection of flavours are available making it a must go.
Pic Bernard Randall
Manchester City have been owned by Mansour bin Zayed bin Sultan bin Zayed bin Khalifa Al Nahyan, (Sheikh Mansour for short), since 2008 and play at the Etihad Stadium. He obviously loves shopping, too – he has spent £¾ billion on players since he bought the club.
And finally, a pyramid
Credit Duncan Hull
Visitors from Egypt will be pleased to know that we've got a pyramid. It's not quite as old as the pyramids of Giza – it's only 30 years old rather than 4,500 – and it's actually in Stockport, but it's only 10 miles away, not far from junction 1 on the ring road.
Sadly, we don't have a sphinx but there are a couple of lions guarding the entrance to Heaton Hall in Heaton Park if that will do.
In fact, as Ian Brown once famously said, Manchester's got everything except a beach. You'll have to go to St Anne's for that.
Historic Pub Walk
Disney's The Lion King


Sioux Chief water hammer arrestors listed here include Mini-Rester series arrestors for residential applications and Hydra-Rester series for commercial. They are available in a variety of models with PEX, sweat, threaded and compression connections for all common plumbing fixtures and appliances – sinks, toilets, washing machines, and others.
Made in USA and lead-free compliant.
Water hammer arrestor, or "arresters" is a mechanical device designed to protect the plumbing system from the "water hammer effect", caused by rapid closing of the water valve. This effect creates sudden spike in water pressure, which stresses the piping joints and systems' components and may cause them to fail or malfunction. Simplistic design of the water hammer arrestor incorporates an air chamber with a lubricated piston which acts like a cushion, compensating the sudden water pressure surges.
Sioux Chief water hammer arrestor incorporates a corrosion-resistant preformed copper chamber and a lead-free brass fitting (on select models). These units are well-built, second to none in quality and reliability and have been proven to outlast and outperform conventional air chambers. UPC/IPC listing and ASSE certification, together with a large variety of connections options, allow to install these arrestors both in existing and new construction where quick-closing or quater-turn shut-off valves are used.


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Symphony Orchestra's Spotlight on Students
Arts & Humanities at Fresno StateMusicAlexander Bianco, Fresno State Symphony Orchestra, Goliaths Stumble, Kelvin Diaz-Inoa, Music, Thomas LoewenheimLeave a comment
The next Symphony Orchestra concert, titled Spotlight on the Students, features a student composer with world premiere and the winner of the Fresno State Concerto Competition. It is at 8 p.m. Saturday, Feb. 25 in the Fresno State Concert Hall.
Student composer Alexander Bianco will present the world premiere of his composition "Goliaths Stumble."
Cellist Kelvin Diaz-Inoa, winner of the Fresno State Concerto Competition, will perform Antonín Dvořák's "Cello Concerto in B minor, Op. 104." The orchestra, under the direction of Music Professor Dr. Thomas Loewenheim, will close the concert with one of the literature's greatest symphonic works, Johannes Brahms' Symphony No. 2 in D major, Op. 73.
When asked about his new composition, Bianco wrote:
"The title 'Goliaths Stumble' was added to my composition retroactively. It is ambiguous to an extent, in that it could be interpreted as the parable of David and Goliath having some use as a program for the music. It could also be thought of as having to do with a modern interpretation of the word goliath. There are many 'goliaths' that exist in today's society, from governments to celebrities, and this piece may speak to how they might rise and fall as well."
Bianco is a composition student at California State University Fresno studying under Dr. Benjamin Boone, Dr. Ken Froelich and Dr. Brad Hufft. His interest in composition began after studying music history and theory in high school.
Kelvin Diaz-Inoa is an accomplished cellist who has a rich experience as soloist, chamber musician and orchestral player. He was born in 1995 in San Juan Puerto Rico, and began his studies at age 7 through the Youth Orchestra of San Juan. He is completing his undergraduate degree at Fresno State with Loewenheim.
Diaz Inoa has won numerous awards, including first place in the senior division of American String Teachers Association at the local and state level in October.
Tickets for the concert are $15 general, $10 for seniors and $5 for students. Details are available at fresnostate.edu/music/.
Student Art Exhibition: Celebration of Black History
Hmong Language Association offers workshop


"Real love is not invisible."
"If I love God, I won't love what God hates."
"Love Jesus by loving others."
"Love Jesus by obeying Jesus."
"Confidence in Christ is better than the doubt of darkness."
"Followers of Jesus worship God with the family of God."


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Q: Should you create a var inside a for-in loop? for(var key in object){
  //process object[key]
}

or just
for(key in object) {
  //process object[key]
}

Is there a difference?

A: Yes, there's a difference. Whether you use var or not key will still be a variable, and its 'life' will not actually end after for is done, its scope will span till the end of the function.
But if you do not use var - the key will be global.

A: There's a difference. If you haven't declared key, var key will declare key. If you have, it's a redeclaration and not really a great thing to do, but it doesn't matter that much.
If you haven't declared it, not declaring it and using it, like in your second sample, is bad. It will leak globally, break in strict mode, and be slow.

A: If you're looking for a recommendation, always go for the var version, it's both safer (as its scope is the smallest possible) and faster (as the interpreter won't have to search if the variable already exists in the whole global scope). Plus it's recommanded by Google.


My street photography is a return to shooting in a way that has always inspired me - capturing moments - as has been done by the greatest shooters of the past; Robert Frank, William Klein, Garry Winogrand, Lee Friedlander, among others. A simple meditative exercise that has put me in touch with strangers walking the streets of New York City. Always a great exercise in 'seeing' that shows depictions of everyday life. My street photography focuses on the people and behavior in public -and also capturing the culture of the moment. I focused much of my time walking up and down the 9 mile stretch along Roosevelt Avenue from Long Island City to Flushing in Queens. The people, cultures, attitudes shifted dramatically from one neighborhood to another. It was never dull on Roosevelt Ave and after a year of shooting over 9000 images, these are the shots that resonate with me most.


At T-Scan, we leave no stone unturned to help you do your job better. Our account specialists are the most knowledgeable in their field and available to you at a moment's notice — which eases the load on your law firm and allows you to get more done in less time.
This is a place where you can find answers to common record retrieval questions, but if you don't find an answer here, contact your account specialist.
Simply contact your account specialist directly by email, fax or letter or by clicking here: Order Records. If you are sending your order by fax or letter, please alert your account specialist to ensure that your request is processed immediately upon receipt.
If you don't already have a dedicated account specialist, contact us at info@tscan.biz, or call us toll-free at 800.285.1507 and we'll make all the arrangements.
T‑Scan prides itself on our ability to gather records from around the world, across the country, or down the block.
We absolutely do not. We will never charge a fee for canceling a request. If a request is cancelled, the only charges your firm will incur are for prepayments, if any, sent to the provider and for any work completed on your behalf prior to cancellation.
Our secure servers keep unwanted eyes out. Your firm is assigned a login identity and a password, allowing you to access the site at any time, from anywhere in the world.
T-Scan has direct billing agreements with several insurance lines and companies. If you would like to know if your client may be direct billed, please contact us at info@tscan.biz, or call us toll-free at 800.285.1507.


Looking for a change? Looking for something fashionable that is easy for you to achieve on your own as it was performed in the salon? Looking for advice on what works best with your natural coloring and hair texture, as well as what hair products work best for you? Look no further. Call Baumshells today to book an appointment to get your answers. From cuts, colors, bleach applications, highlighting, and more, your hair will be up to Care!


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Umphreys McGee at Fillmore Auditorium
Umphreys McGee Tickets
Fillmore Auditorium | Denver, CO
If music is your passion, and you love attending musical concerts, then here is a piece of good and exciting news for you. The famous American progressive rock jam band – Umphreys McGee will be performing live for his huge base of fans on Friday, March 09, 2012 7:00 PM at Fillmore Auditorium, Denver, Colorado.
Since the formation in the late 1990s, the musically relentless band has cultivated a concrete impression, both in the studio and in live performance. While the band is a part of the jam band scene such as the The Grateful dead and Phish, Umphreys McGee is much more influenced by progressive bands such as Pink Floyd, Yes, King Crimson, Frank Zappa, Dream Theater and heavy metal bands such as Iron Maiden.
Admired by fans and applauded by critics, Umphreys McGee has drawn millions of singers with its unique style. The distinct singular style revolves around with virtuoso playing with acrobatic tempo changes combined with rhythmic shifts and accompanied with dazzling song composition and craft, anthemic guitar lines, memorable hooks, and concrete rock rhythms.
The musical show is unquestionably going to be thrilling and exciting. The advance booking of the tickets has already started and the tickets are already moving quickly.
Fans of Fillmore Auditorium
Rex Orange County 24/01/2020
Trippie Redd 30/01/2020
High Valley & Eli Young Band 14/02/2020
Stone Temple Pilots - PERDIDA 15/02/2020
Hayley Kiyoko 05/03/2020


This post describes a technique I use in pretty much every non-trivial application I write these days. I call it a "disconnected layer". Essentially, it's an abstraction that allows you to quickly swap out your application's service layer. By flicking a switch, you can run your application against a simulated back-end.
I pioneered this technique when I was working for large investment banks (is there any other kind?). I was writing a WPF front-end for their FX traders. It had to connect to a large variety of back-end infrastructure. I realised that relying on all those back-end systems was going to be a pain point since they were in a constant state of flux.
These days I write mostly mobile applications and my reasons for implementing disconnected layers has shifted somewhat.
Your disconnected layer need not save data permanently. It can simply store it in memory. Thus, upon restarting the application your state will be back where it was. This is handy when you're working on a bug that is triggered by users entering certain data because you can enter the same thing each time rather than trying to avoid clashes and such with old data.
When you have a problem that is known to be triggered by a certain data set, you can literally copy that data set into your disconnected layer. You then run up the app and prove the repro. From there you can more confidently identify the bug. Having identified the bug, you can set about writing a unit test that also fails, before you then fix the issue.
I have also used this technique when reproducing performance problems. I simply took the production data set and had my disconnected layer return it. I therefore had an instant, repeatable repro for the problem and could move forward with a fix.
As you'll see below, your disconnected layer can go beyond returning pre-canned data. It can also simulate delays. My disconnected layers always take a Boolean flag indicating whether to include fake, random delays or not.
Whilst developing a feature for an application, I will generally have delays turned off. This gets me a shorter edit/debug cycle because the UI responds as quickly as possible. Once I near completion of the feature, I'll turn simulated delays on to ensure that activity indicators and such in the UI work as intended. Finally, I'll switch to connected mode to verify it works against the real back-end (assuming a real back-end exists).
Several projects I've worked on have been done in parallel, or ahead of, the back-end implementation. Using a disconnected layer can allow you to circumvent the inevitable roadblocks that you would otherwise experience in these situations.
Of course, it's important that you don't stray far from the eventual back-end design. In some cases you may even be responsible for designing the back-end APIs. Implementing a disconnected layer can help you flesh out those designs before committing publicly.
I'm on a plane right now, and as a remote worker this is quite often the case. Being able to pick up where I left off in the office is super handy. On top of that, I live in Australia where our Internet infrastructure is, frankly, a joke. Whenever Telstra inexplicably decide to remove the stability profile from my line (because why would I want my Internet to be stable?) I can continue working whilst their support goes through the rudiments of having it turned back on.
I touched on this above with respect to the banking systems I had to integrate with. In my case there was too much yoyo-ing of dev/integration environments by other teams, so having to rely on them meant I could hit a brick wall half way through working on a feature or problem.
Of course, there are a range of reasons why your back-end might be unreliable: in development, flakey network, frequent restarts etcetera. Whatever the reason, this technique will unblock you.
This seems like a contradiction when contrasted with the above point, but it isn't. Your disconnected layer can simulate errors to improve the robustness of consuming code. I always include a Boolean flag in my disconnected layer that dictates whether APIs should randomly fail. I tend to do the bulk of the development work with the flag off (because I'm concerned with just getting the implementation done and don't want random errors in the mix yet), then I'll turn it on towards the end of development when I'm double-checking edge cases and error handling.
Hopefully by now I've convinced you that a disconnected layer is A Good Thing. So now let me explain how I implement mine. It's important to realise that this is more a pattern than a prescription. Your implementation may differ quite greatly from mine, or from application to application. Indeed, the disconnected layer I put together for the WPF application was quite different to those I put together for mobile applications.
For mobile applications, my abstraction is typically a single interface. It's the same interface I pass into Refit to generate my web API interaction layer.
I stick all types comprising my abstraction inside a Services assembly.
Then, in my "connected" services project (which I normally call Services.Connected) I include the "real" implementation of this interface.
If you've not done much Reactive Extensions, this code may feel a bit strange. But it's about the pattern, not the implementation. You can also do this with the TPL or whatever you like (but I'd really recommend looking deeper into Rx).
As you can see, I have several helper methods that I've elided for clarity (and again, because this is about the pattern, not my specific implementation). The ErrorWithProbability method just fails randomly according to some specified probability (expressed here as a percentage). The DelayIf helper method delays the pipeline if the first parameter is true. The delay is a random number of milliseconds between the range dictated by the second and third parameters.
I've also left out my LoadUsers implementation. Normally I just stick JSON data into a resource file and deserialize it. By using the exact same format as what comes out of your production APIs, it makes it copy+paste-easy to use production data in your disconnected layer.
Now that we have our abstraction and two implementations thereof, we need a means of switching between them. For my WPF application, I had a serviceMode configuration parameter in my app.settings. This parameter was used by my MEF composition logic to filter out parts. That is, setting serviceMode to "disconnected" would ensure the part catalog included disconnected services and not their connected counterparts. Thus any dependent parts would have the disconnected variant of the service injected.
Certainly, the nested ifdefs make this harder to read than I'd like, but there's precisely one point in the code where this is necessary (in your composition logic), and you could always re-structure the code if you find it a burden.
The technique of defining a disconnected layer has a slew of advantages. I didn't even discuss disadvantages in this post because I can only really think of the one - having to provide an implementation of the disconnected layer - and it's only minor when contrasted with the benefits discussed. I've used disconnected layers for a long time and would not want to write any non-trivial application without one.


LSB was formed in 1968 as an Oklahoma corporation and became a Delaware corporation in 1977. LSB is a diversified holding company involved in manufacturing operations through its subsidiaries. LSB manufactures and sells chemical products for the agricultural, mining, and industrial markets. The company owns and operates facilities in Cherokee, Alabama, El Dorado, Arkansas and Pryor, Oklahoma, and operates a facility within a global chemical company's complex in Baytown, Texas. LSB's products are sold through distributors and directly to end customers throughout the United States.
OKLAHOMA CITY --(BUSINESS WIRE)--Apr. 8, 2019-- LSB Industries, Inc. ("LSB"), (NYSE: LXU), today announced that it will release its financial results for the first quarter ended March 31, 2019 on Tuesday, April 30, 2019 , after the close of the stock market.
OKLAHOMA CITY --(BUSINESS WIRE)--Jan. 28, 2019-- LSB Industries, Inc. ("LSB"), (NYSE: LXU), today announced that it will release its financial results for the fourth quarter ended December 31, 2018 on Tuesday, February 26, 2019 , after the close of the stock market.


It seems that these days people begin to bring up "identity" issue, claiming that I'm ...nese, esp for those who have left or fled the "original" community to another and use the "identity" as a tool to recognize themselves in the new group. I'm also surprised to see books written on Hakka cultures and trace its origins and "once glorious" history. What's the motive behind all these?
I grew up in a Hakka family. My family are from Meixian, the so-called capital of Hakka. It's true sometimes I'm flattered by it. I grew up listening to Hakka and used to speak it when I was young. Now I have moved to live in the States and came across this forum and found that I suddenly became a Hakkaese. Though I don't speak Hakkanese anymore, I go back to my hometown once a few years and well, the fact is even the people are speaking more and more Mandarin, esp the younger generation. It seems that the language is declining among its supposed heirs (like me) but is thriving among interested outsiders.
Do you happen to know a place or have you heard of a place called KwieShin?
You are right there. My family are from Hong Kong. My parents still speak the Hakka dialect there, and I do still speak it with a funny accent (that's because I live in the UK). However, most of the Hakkas of my generation (ie. in their 20s) that I have met who come from HK only speak Cantonese. Indeed, some of them don't even know how to speak Hakka.
'Tis a real shame that Hakka is probably a dying a dialect.
I can listen to bits and pieces when my dad talks to his friends in hakka. My mom isn't hakka, but cantonese. since i was small, both my parents talked to me in only cantonese. I don't know why, but I never identified myself as hakka, only as cantonese. i do this b/c nobody heard of hakka.
Sometimes i feel ashamed of being hakka. my dad yelled at me one time, he said you are hakka, what is there to be ashamed of?! after that, it really got to me. I guess i started to have a identity crisis afterwards. I should be proud of my heritage. That was also when i started to dig up more info about hakka, and am trying to learn how to speak it. I am glad that I came to my senses. I wish that there were more people i could talk and learn hakka from besides my dad. that way, my hakka would progress evenmore.
From a linguistic point of view, Hakka is a language within the family of languages known as Chinese. Primarily, it is a spoken rather than a written language, since some common and most basic features of Hakka do not have characters used in other Chinese languages. As a spoken language, it can differ from region to region, so there are many dialects of Hakka, and dialects may also have regional accents too.
From a cultural point of view, it is hard to say. It is said Hakka moved to the south displacing the locals as they went, and in the process caused resentment against the newcomers. Such evidence of the movements are found in clan registers as folks who have done research into clan genealogies may tell us. For instance Lo Hsianglin's works in the 1930s. However, we find that not only Hakka but other dialect speakers currently in southern China has instances of similar migration across the ages. Migration cannot be a sole indicator of being Hakka.
The topic of Hakka identity is a difficult issue for those who feel that they fall between two different cultures. One way of deciding is to ask if one would like to identify oneself with Hakka people and language, and whether one's ancestors were speakers of the language as well.
Those who don't speak Hakka but identify themselves with the Hakka identity have the hardest position to overcome, basically, without the language, how does one prove that one is Hakka? How does one learn Hakka, when there is no one around able or willing to teach it?
I'm currently creating a dictionary of Hakka to address this problem. Hopefully, it will become a place where you can learn spoken Hakka (one form at least - that of my spoken dialect from Hong Kong) but not held back by the need to read Chinese characters.
I am Hakka and I grew up in Hongkong and educated both in Hongkong and in Canada. I must say that I previously had the same thoughts that both the Hakka and the Cantonese are just spoken languages/dialects. However, in the past few years, I came across a few articles and books that talk about the words/written form of the 2 respective dialects and amazed that to the contrary to what we commonly believe, there are proper written versions of Hakka and Cantonese although some are hard to trace (lost) now. It seems that in the process of change and development, the phonemes are altered to some extent but one may be able to trace back to its original (written) form.
i from MALAYSIA who speak in FUI CHEW HAK(hakka) when i was small till now and i can speak in cantonese, mandarin, hokkien,malay and thai also. when i was small, most of the old people speak traditional hakka ascents and year after year we now speak in a new way of hakka. we do mix some other chinesse language with hakka language for our daily use. anyway we still can find some old people who speak in a different traditional way hakka ascents from small village in MALAYSIA.some hakka language is very unique and beautiful to learn.and we do have a MALAYSIAN who sing a hakka funny songs( CHONG SAU LIM) and he are famous among our hakka chinesse people.
what kind of place is is?


↑ "The Southern African unipolarity". Journal of Contemporary African Studies. Retrieved 2017-09-30.
↑ "MEMBER STATES". Southern African Development Community. Retrieved 2017-07-31.
↑ Tore, Ozgur. "Comoros joins Southern African Development Community – SADC". ftnnews.com. FTN News. Retrieved 31 January 2018.
↑ Nakale, Albertina (2017-08-22). "Southern Africa: Comoros Admitted Into SADC". Retrieved 2017-08-31.
↑ Organisation of SADC Games to cost a million dollars. Panapress (2003-05-11). Retrieved on 2014-09-15.
↑ Valy, Bayano (June 2004). The first Under-20 Zone Six SADC Games. SADC Today, Vol.7 No.2 June 2004. Retrieved on 2014-09-15.
↑ Southern African Development Community :: SADC Protocols. Sadc.int. Retrieved on 2013-08-09.


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Home / Birthstones / Ruby
July Birthstone - Ruby
July's birthstone, the ruby , is said to symbolize great passion and courage. From ancient tradition to Dorothy's famous slippers, this blood red stone has been captivating people for thousands of years.
Ruby rings.
The name ruby is derived from the Latin word "rebrum", meaning "red". Fine rubies are the most valuable of all precious stones and are actively mined in Afghanistan, Australia, Burma, Cambodia, India, Kenya, Madagascar, Mozambique, Pakistan, Sri Lanka (Ceylon), Tajikistan, Tanzania, Thailand, United States (North Carolina), and Vietnam.
An Oriental History of the Ruby
The ruby has long been one of the most important stones in the Orient and East Asian cultures. Traditionally worn as a talisman in India, Burma, Sri Lanka (Ceylon), China, Japan, and many other areas, the ruby has been rumored to protect the wearer from enemy attacks, as well as identifying poison. Rubies have also been rumored in Asian cultures to attract happiness, good fortune, a long life, and good health.
Rubies are described by Ancient Asian tradition to be "A drop of the heart's blood of Mother Earth". In ancient China, rank was determined by the color of the stone in a man's ring. A red gemstone indicated that the wearer was of the highest nobility.
Another famous Ancient Eastern tradition states, "Ruby gives its wearer force of a lion, fearlessness of an eagle and wisdom of a snake. It gives charms of love and passion. Ruby should not be shown to children and buffalos: the child may be frightened by its fiery color and the buffalo will get madly furious."
How the Ruby Came to Exist: The Story of Lal
According to Ancient Burmese tradition, a majestic and strong eagle named "Lal" (the name for "ruby" in Persian, Turkish, and many other Asian cultures). This beautiful creature flew high above the world, and not a single creature would dare to bother him.
Every year, Lal's height of flight would slowly diminish; he would still fly high above the mountain, but it continued to get lower and lower to the ground, until one day, he was unable to fly at all.
An eagle-owl approached Lal and said offered to share his food with the famed eagle, under the condition that Lal did not harm his nestlings. Lal contemplated this tempting offer, but concluded that "There is a time to be born and a time to die".
Gathering all the strength he could muster, Lal soared high into the sky, before folding in his wings. It is said that every animal looked on as this once majestic creature fell to the earth and crashed into the rocks. The blood from Lal stained the ground red and transformed into bright red stones that we know today as rubies.
Vintage diamond and ruby ring.
A Hindu History of the Ruby
The first historical depictions of the ruby comes from Ancient Indian scriptures, dated to the 6th century BC. The writings have referred to the ruby as "ratnaraj" ("king of gems") and stated that it guaranteed safety in battle. Other names for the stone include "ratnanayadka" ("leader of gems") and "padmaraga" ("red as lotus").
In India, a believer who presented rubies to the god, Krishna, was assured to be reborn as an emperor in his or her next life. Hindus considered light colored rubies to be appropriate for women and dark stones for men.
A Christian History of the Ruby
One of the oldest stones perceived to have great value, the ruby is mentioned numerous times in both the New and Old Testaments of the Bible, more often than any other gemstone. It was said to be the most precious of the twelve stones God created when he created all things, and this "lord of gems" was placed on Aaron's neck by God's command. The book of Job also states, "No mention shall be made of coral, or of pearls: for the price of wisdom is above rubies."
The gemstone was also mentioned by the Prophet Isaiah in his famous prophesy. Founder of the Protestant Church, Martin Luther, was said to have won a ruby betrothal ring.
A Roman History of the Ruby
The Romans viewed rubies as being one of the most sacred of all stones. Rubies, especially star rubies, were seen as being the most powerful stones used with both protecting the wearer from evil and attracting favors with authorities.
It was also commonly believed that the ruby would foretell danger by losing its brilliancy and having its color fade.
A History of Rubies in the Middle Ages
Many events of the Middle Ages brought about a hectic demand for supernatural signs used to foretell and prevent danger and despair. The ruby was seen as being one of the strongest indicators of danger.
Chevaliere Jean de Mandeville, a fourteenth century writer of information relating to gemstones, wrote that the ruby could, "acquire and maintains the power of rulers, it procures peace and agreements, it makes man devoted to God, it appeases anger and maintains seductions, it makes the person wearing them safe from all dangers."
1940's retro gold ruby and diamond pendant earrings.
In the year 1600, one German author documented this phenomena while traveling with his wife. He wrote, "I observed by the way that a very fine ruby (which she had given me) lost repeatedly and each time almost completely its splendid color and assumed a blackish hue."
The author continued to explain that the foretold danger was explained with the death of his wife, and he states that after her death, the stone regained all of its color and brilliancy.
Another famous tale of a ruby detecting tragedy comes directly from Queen Catherine of Aragon, the first wife of King Henry VIII. It is said that she had a ring capable of detecting danger when the stone would change color.
Healing Properties of Rubies
Aside from reporting danger, rubies were said to protect the wearer from poison, the plague, fever, to secure love and friendship, and to preserve health and vitality. It was also commonly used to treat disorders of the liver and spleen and to drive away evil dreams and spirits.
Rubies were perceived as having the ability to increase cheerfulness and enhance intuition. It has been seen as a stone capable of treating and preventing various pains and diseases including anemia, menstruation, rheumatism, arthritis, spasms, epilepsy, paralysis, psoriasis, flatulence, gall bladder problems, nervous system disorders, and other blood diseases. It has also been known to have the ability to enhance general blood circulation. Many European healers that when pulverized into a powder, ingesting the gemstone could effectively destroy blood clots.
More Mystical Properties of Rubies
Other than the properties already mentioned (protection from danger, prophesy, and physical healing powers), the ruby has had a wide list of important responsibilities throughout different cultures.
Rubies were seen to bring out vigor amongst the meek, its vivid red color was known to encourage the drive and confidence of the person wearing the gemstone. It was seen as promoting a more sound business mind when worn by a person for whom business success did not come naturally.
The ruby has also been perceived as being capable of evoking intense sexual arousal. It was long believed that mixing the powder from a ruby with red wine would bring about unquenchable desire from the one who drinks the wine. Many belly dancers were also known to wear naval rings adorned with rubies.
Art deco ruby and diamond ring.
The value of these stones is so varied, that there are even events recorded where rubies were placed underneath buildings in order to strengthen their foundation.
How The Origin of a Ruby Effects Its Color
Burmese rubies are seen as being the most valuable of all rubies. This is because of their deep red tint, described as "pigeon blood". A stone certified as originating in Burma with no heat treatment is going to be the most valuable ruby on the market.
Vietnamese rubies come out of the ground with a slight purplish tint to accompany the red color. Stones from Siam appear orange-red, stones from Thailand appear red-brown, Ceylon rubies are said to be the color of a raspberry, and African stones range from light to dark red.
Stones Often Passed as Rubies
Several stones containing the word "ruby" are actually not rubies at all. The following list are all names that are used to describe Pyrope Garnet: Adelaide Ruby, American Ruby, Arizona Ruby, Australian Ruby, Bohemian Ruby, California Ruby, Cape Ruby, Colorado Ruby, Elie Ruby, Montana Ruby, and Rocky Mountain Ruby.
Other red stones have been called "rubies" by dealers, but should not be confused with an actual ruby: Alabandine Ruby (Almandine Garnet), Ancono Ruby (Rose Quartz), Balas Ruby (Pink/Red Spinel), Brazilian Ruby (Pink Topaz), Copper Ruby or Ruby Copper (Cuprite), Garnet Ruby or Ruby Garnet (Red Garnet), Geneva Ruby (Synthetic Ruby), Ruby Jack (Red Sphalerite), Ruby Spinel or Spinel Ruby (Red Spinel), Siberian Ruby (Red Tourmaline), and Verneul Ruby (Synthetic Ruby).
Fun Facts About Rubies
Ruby is the second hardest gemstone to diamonds
Because of it's hardness, rubies are often used as jewels in watches
Ruby was one of the first gemstones to ever be synthesized
Ruby is the most valuable member of the corundum family of stones (which includes sapphire)
Internally flawless rubies of a large size are even more rare than diamonds of the same size and quality
The king of Burma (now Myanmar) was known as the 'Lord of Rubies', as he claimed all the rubies over 6 carats as his own.
One of the most famous rubies in history, the Black Prince's Ruby, set in the royal crown of England and once believed to be the largest cut ruby in the world, was eventually discovered to actually be red spinel.
The world's largest ruby is owned by a Chinese jewelry company. It weighs 8184 g (40,920 Carat) and measures 5.11 x 5.43 x 5.70 inches.


text:
'This one was too fierce': At least 3 dead, 2,000 structures damaged in North Complex Fire
Amy Alonzo
Reno Gazette Journal
Editor's note: We have made this story free to all readers as an important public service. If you are able, please consider subscribing to support local news like this.
At least three people have been killed and another dozen are reported missing between Quincy and Oroville as the North Complex Fire burns largely unchecked toward Oroville.
The fire, just north of Sacramento, is burning more than 247,000 acres as of Thursday.
Containment of the fire on Thursday was just 23 percent, down from 38 percent Wednesday. A California Interagency Incident Team, Team Four map of the fire identifies the western border, and most of the south and northern borders, as "uncontrolled fire edge."
The North Complex Fire is a compilation of wildfires on the Plumas National Forest that started after a series of Aug. 17 lightning strikes. The fires – including the Bear, Sheep and Claremont – burned from near Quincy, the Plumas County seat, and made a rapid push toward the Butte County seat of Oroville, a city of around 20,000 people.
"Butte County is certainly no stranger to tragedies, dealing with wildland fires and for that matter tragedies of other kinds as well. Our community is unfortunately becoming accustomed to this," Butte County Sheriff Kory Honea said at a Wednesday night press conference in Chico.
The sheriff was a key leader who responded to the 2017 failure of the Oroville Dam spillway when nearly 190,000 Oroville residents were evacuated as well as the 2018 Camp Fire that nearly wiped out the town of Paradise, killing more than 80 residents and destroying almost 20,000 buildings in the state's deadliest blaze in history.
"I certainly hoped after the Camp Fire that I wouldn't be here talking with you about wildland fire of this magnitude that is as tragic as it is," he said.
The fire is now burning just south of where the Camp Fire decimated the town of Paradise.
'This one was too fierce'
Oroville remains under evacuation warning. Mandatory evacuations have been ordered for a small portion of south Oroville.
"The fire is threatening the city," according to Lisa Cox, public information officer for the California Interagency Incident Management Team, Team Four. "It's all around the lake (Oroville.)"
A small portion of the Paradise community was placed on evacuation warning for the North Complex Fire Wednesday.
Wildfires aren't anything new to Catherine Conrad. The 61-year-old Berry Creek resident said Wednesday her property is surrounded by the Plumas National Forest, so she practiced preemptive fire safety on her half-acre plot and mobile home. It still might not have worked.
"We always knew this day was coming, but still we tried to protect our property and clear around," Conrad said. "It doesn't matter. This one was too fierce."
North Complex Fire:At least one foothill community destroyed, burn victims reported
Conrad is one of thousands who have been evacuated due to the Bear Fire. After seeing a nearby home burning on social media, she fears hers is likely lost as well.
Without access to her home, she spent Tuesday night in her SUV in an Oroville park.
Earlier that day, she left her home to get gas when she got wind that there might be an evacuation on the way, but by the time she tried to return to grab her things and Siberian Husky Nori, the roadway back to her property was blocked off.
"I really contemplated, 'I'm just going to run through (the roadblock) and they're going to chase me down,'" she said.
Fortunately, a friend had picked up Conrad's dog on their way out. She's trying to stay optimistic.
"I'm going to miss all that stuff at my house," Conrad said. "There's 30 years of stuff and pictures and clothes and everything but the truth is I'm alive."
'I'll never go back'
On Thursday, fire crews focused on protecting the Bucks Lake-area communities and the Little Grass Valley area, according to the Plumas National Forest.
The fire has done "major damage" to the communities of Berry Creek and Feather Falls, according to CalFire.
John Sykes, a 50-year resident, fled the area with his car and some clothes. He watched Berry Creek burn from about a mile away.
"The school is gone, the fire department's gone, the bar's gone, the laundromat's gone, the general store's gone," Sykes told the Sacramento Bee. "I'll never go back. ... I never want to see California again."
A CalFire fact sheet released Thursday morning says 22,356 structures are threatened by the North Complex Fire and another 2,000 structures have been damaged or destroyed.
More than 100 people have been rescued so far in the fire, according to Cal Fire, and the three reported fatalities were residents, not emergency personnel.
The families of the dozen or more people missing in the fire have started posting to social media in hopes of locating their loved ones.
Shawnisty Earl of Santa Cruz is one of those who has been posting on Facebook in attempts to locate her parents, Jerry and Debbie Earl of Berry Creek.
"We are all praying and hoping that they are safe no matter what," she said early Thursday. "They are very private people and they don't have cell phones. This is very critical. I have no way of knowing they are safe and sound."
California's North Complex Fire:Woman pleads for help in finding her parents
On Thursday afternoon, Earl was able to reconnect with her parents who contacted her from a Red Cross facility in Colusa, two and a half hours from Berry Creek. It's not the first time the Earls have had to evacuate – they were also displaced during the 2018 Camp Fire.
North Complex Fire evacuations
With hotels and evacuation centers full, "They were stuck in their car for days," Shawnisty said.
In Butte County, the Butte County Fairground in Gridley is serving as the county's main evacuation center, and more than 120 people had entered the outdoor site as of noon Wednesday, said Amy Travis, deputy director of emergency services for Glenn County. Travis is assisting with the response to the North Complex.
Due to COVID-19 concerns, Red Cross workers are searching nearby counties for hotel rooms for evacuees.
"It's very difficult to find enough hotel rooms, especially close by," Travis said. "So (evacuees) are having to travel some distance to be placed in overnight accommodations."
Travis said the Red Cross is checking for hotels in places in Glenn, Colusa and Tehama counties.
Travis said people in RVs or those who can sleep in their cars can stay overnight at the Butte County Fairgrounds.
In years past, some indoor evacuation centers have provided cots, something less feasible when Butte County has over 2,400 COVID-19 infections, including 323 active cases.
"There's a nurse on sight at the temporary evacuation point and they're providing screening for all the evacuees coming in," Travis said. "If any have COVID symptoms, they're being isolated."
According to CalFire, there is no expected full containment date yet for the North Complex Fire.
Amy Alonzo covers the outdoors, recreation and environment for Nevada and Lake Tahoe. Reach her at aalonzo@gannett.com or (775) 741-8588. Here's how you can support ongoing coverage and local journalism.


text:
libpomelo2
===============

### How to compile

#### gyp

    $ gyp --depth=. pomelo.gyp [options]

options:

- -Dno_tls_support=[true | false], `false` by default

disable tls support

- -Duse_sys_openssl=[true | false], `true` by default

enable openssl, but use system pre-install libssl & libcrypto, if `false`, it will compile openssl from source code in deps/openssl.

- -Dno_uv_support=[true | false], `false` by default

disable uv support, it also disable tls support as tls implementation is based on uv.

- -Duse_sys_uv=[true | false], `false` by default

use system pre-install libuv, similar to `use_sys_openssl`, if enable, the pre-install libuv version should be 0.11.x

- -Duse_sys_jansson=[true | false], `false` by default

use system pre-install jansson.

- -Dpomelo_library=[static_library | shared_library], `static_library` by default

static library or shared library for libpomelo2

- -Dbuild_pypomelo=[true | false], `false` by default.
- -Dpython_header=<include path>, `/usr/include/python2.7` by default.

These two options is used to configure compilation for pypomelo.

- -Dbuild_jpomelo=[true|false], `false` by default.

configure jpomelo compilation for java

- -Dbuild_cspomelo=[true|false], `false` by default.

configure cspomelo compilation for c#

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
This is a complete list of the 164 shorts in the Tom and Jerry series produced and released between 1940 and 2014. Of these, 162 are theatrical shorts, one is a made-for-TV short, and one is a 2-minute sketch shown as part of a telethon.

1940–58: Hanna-Barbera/MGM Cartoons

The following 114 cartoons were directed by William Hanna and Joseph Barbera at the Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer cartoon studio in Hollywood, California. All cartoons were released to theaters by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. Rudolf Ising was the producer of Puss Gets the Boot; subsequent cartoons were produced by Fred Quimby through 1955. Quimby retired in 1955 and from 1955 to 1957, Hanna and Barbera produced the shorts until MGM closed the cartoon studio in 1957, and the last cartoon was released in 1958. Most of these cartoons were produced in the standard Academy ratio (1.37:1). Four cartoons were produced for both Academy Ratio and CinemaScope formats (2.55:1, later 2.35:1). Finally, 19 cartoons were produced in widescreen CinemaScope format only (though reissues have the standard Academy ratio (1.37:1) instead).

Like the other studios, MGM reissued and edited its cartoons when rereleased to theaters. Many pre-1952 cartoons were reissued with Perspecta Sound, which was introduced in 1954. MGM also reissued its cartoons before the introduction of Perspecta Sound. Because of the 1965 MGM vault fire, all original film of pre-September-1951 MGM cartoons are lost, leaving only the backup prints (usually the altered reissue prints), although some production artwork relating to the missing material has survived, like pencil sketches.

1940

1941

1942

1943

1944

1945

1946

1947
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!style="width:2em"| #
!style="width:2em"| Prod.Num.
!style="width:12em"| Title
!style="width:7em"| Date
!Summary
! Notes
|-
| 27
| 155
| Cat Fishin'''
| February 22, 1947
| Tom goes fishing using Jerry as bait and deals with watchdog Spike.
|
|-
| 28
| 153
| Part Time Pal| March 15, 1947
| Mammy warns Tom to keep Jerry out of the refrigerator or she'll throw him out, but Tom accidentally becomes repeatedly drunk and befriends Jerry.
|
|-
| 29
| 165
| The Cat Concerto| April 26, 1947
| Pianist Tom performs Hungarian Rhapsody No. 2 by Franz Liszt until Jerry breaks up his act.
| Won an Oscar for Best Short Subject, Cartoon. In 1994, it was voted #42 of the 50 Greatest Cartoons of all time by members of the animation field, the only Tom & Jerry cartoon to make the list.
|-
| 30
| 157
| Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Mouse| June 14, 1947
| Tom tries to prevent Jerry from drinking his milk by poisoning it, but his plan completely backfires when the poison transforms Jerry into a monster.
| Nominated for an Oscar for Best Short Subject, Cartoon. Original titles is rarely found on a 16mm Afga-Gevaert print with only one tiny splice at the Tom and Jerry card.
|-
| 31
| 158
| Salt Water Tabby| July 12, 1947
| Tom woos Toodles on the beach.
|
|-
| 32
| 162
| A Mouse in the House| August 30, 1947
| Tom and Butch compete against each other to catch Jerry on Mammy Two Shoes' orders, but she ends up kicking out all three animals.
| Rarely seen on Cartoon Network and Boomerang due to perceived racial abuse occurring in the end.
|-
| 33
| 163
| The Invisible Mouse| September 27, 1947
| Jerry uses "invisible ink" to turn invisible and outsmart Tom.
|
|-
|}

 1948

 1949

 1950

 1951

 1952

 1953
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!style="width:2em"| #
!style="width:2em"| Prod.Num.
!style="width:12em"| Title
!style="width:7em"| Date
!Summary
! Notes
|-
| 73
| 254
| The Missing Mouse| January 10, 1953
| After Jerry is covered in white shoe polish, he scares Tom into thinking that he is an explosive white mouse that escaped from a lab.
| Only Tom and Jerry cartoon scored by Edward Plumb because Scott Bradley was on vacation.
|-
| 74
| 256
| Jerry and Jumbo| February 21, 1953
| Jerry befriends a baby elephant named Jumbo and disguises him as a large mouse to mess with Tom.
| First appearance of Jumbo and his mother.
|-
| 75
| 266
| Johann Mouse| March 21, 1953
| As the pet owned by Johann Strauss in Vienna, Tom becomes an accomplished pianist himself after his master goes away in order to lure dancing Jerry out with piano music.
| Last cartoon in the series to win an Oscar for Best Short Subject, Cartoon.
|-
| 76
| 260
| That's My Pup!| April 25, 1953
| Spike strikes an agreement with Tom for the feline to act scared whenever Tyke barks at him.
|
|-
| 77
| 258
| Just Ducky| September 5, 1953
| After Quacker hatches, Jerry befriends him and teaches him how to swim so he can find his family, but Jerry must also protect him from Tom.
|
|-
| 78
| 262
| | October 17, 1953
| Jerry is a scoutmaster who is taking two young mice (both resembling Nibbles) on a hiking trip.
| Rarely airs on Cartoon Network and Boomerang because of Native American stereotyping.
|-
| 79
| 264
| Life with Tom| November 21, 1953
| Jerry writes an autobiography titled Life with Tom, which Tom has mixed emotions reading.
| Compilation short; contains footage from Cat Fishin', The Little Orphan, and Kitty Foiled.
|-
|}

 1954

 1955

 1956

 1957

 1958

 1961–62: Gene Deitch/Rembrandt Films cartoons
The following thirteen cartoons were directed by Gene Deitch, produced by William L. Snyder, and animated at Snyder's Rembrandt Films in Prague, Czechoslovakia (now in the Czech Republic). All cartoons were released to theaters by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer.

 1961

 1962

 1963–67: Chuck Jones/Sib Tower 12 cartoons
The following 34 cartoons were produced by Chuck Jones in Hollywood, California. Earlier cartoons were produced in conjunction with Walter Bien's "Sib Tower 12 Productions" (one or the other credited on the 1963 and 1964 productions), until it was integrated into a new animation department called MGM Animation/Visual Arts. Directors (if other than Jones) or co-directors for each short are listed. All cartoons were released to theaters by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. Note: All the Chuck Jones MGM Tom and Jerry shorts were in Metrocolor.

All were released on DVD in 2009 as part of Tom and Jerry: The Chuck Jones Collection.

 1963

 1964

 1965

 1966

 1967

 2001–present: Warner Bros. cartoons
 2001: Hanna-Barbera Productions/Turner Entertainment cartoon

 2005, 2014, 2021: Warner Bros. Animation cartoons

 Spin-offs and other appearances
 The Alley Cat (1941 film, MGM one-shot cartoon) with Butch and Toodles
 War Dogs (1943 film, MGM one-shot cartoon) with Spike cameo
 Anchors Aweigh (1945 film) with Tom and Jerry cameo
 Dangerous When Wet (1953 film) with Tom and Jerry cameo
 The Three Little Pups (1953 film, Droopy cartoon) with Spike cameo
 Spike and Tyke (1957 MGM cartoon series) with Spike and Tyke
 Who Framed Roger Rabbit (1988 film) with Spike cameo
 Tom and Jerry: The Movie (1992 feature film)
 Tom & Jerry (2021 feature film)
 The Tom and Jerry Show (1975 TV series, 16 episodes)
 The Tom and Jerry Comedy Show (1980 TV series, 15 episodes)
 Tom & Jerry Kids (1990 TV series, 65 episodes)
 Tom and Jerry Tales (2006 TV series, 26 episodes)
 The Tom and Jerry Show (2014 TV series, 71 episodes)
 Tom and Jerry in New York (2021 TV series)
 Tom and Jerry: The Magic Ring (2002 film)
 Tom and Jerry: Blast Off to Mars (2005 film)
 Tom and Jerry: The Fast and the Furry (2005 film)
 Tom and Jerry: Shiver Me Whiskers (2006 film)
 Tom and Jerry: A Nutcracker Tale (2007 film)
 Tom and Jerry Meet Sherlock Holmes (2010 film)
 Tom and Jerry and the Wizard of Oz (2011 film)
 Tom and Jerry: Robin Hood and His Merry Mouse (2012 film)
 Tom and Jerry's Giant Adventure (2013 film)
 Tom and Jerry: The Lost Dragon (2014 film)
 Tom and Jerry: Spy Quest (2015 film)
 Tom and Jerry: Back to Oz (2016 film)
 Tom and Jerry: Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory (2017 film)
 Tom and Jerry: Cowboy Up! (2022 film)
 Tom and Jerry: Snowman's Land'' (2022 film)

Notes

External links
 Tom and Jerry episode guide: The Hanna–Barbera era (1940–1958)
 Tom and Jerry episode guide: The Gene Deitch era (1960–1962)
 Tom and Jerry episode guide: The Chuck Jones era (1963–1967)
 Tom and Jerry episode guide: Warner Bros. Animation (2000–present)

Film series introduced in 1940
Lists of animated films by character
Children's film series

Lists of American animated films

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


The USDA's February WASDE report, providing data since the December report due to the U.S. government shutdown, saw the global stocks estimate projection for wheat released at 267.53 million metric tons in 2018-19, slightly lower than expected and down from December's 268.1 mmt. As seen on the attached chart, ending stocks are forecast to fall for the first time in six years in 2018-19, down 12.5 mmt or 4.5% from the previous crop year.
While not shown on the attached graphic, a positive feature in this market is a steady increase in forecast demand. This month saw global demand hiked by close to 2 mmt since December to 747.23 mmt, up .4% from 2017-18 and 12.5 mmt or 1.7% higher than global production.
The current data implies stocks as a percent of use falling to 35.8% in 2018-19, down from 37.6% in 2017-18. This remains a bearish situation overall with ending stocks in 2018-19 still close to record levels.
One bright spot in this data is seen in the stocks of eight major exporters (Argentina, Australia, Canada, E.U., U.S., Russia, Ukraine and Kazakhstan). Combined, these stocks made up 34.1% of total global stocks in 2013/14, while February data shows these countries holding just 21.6% of the total global stocks at the end of this crop year. The pendulum may be swinging to the side of the exporters.


This entry was posted in Furbaby Friday and tagged author companiion, Contemporary romance, dog rescue, Marie Tuhart, toy poodle, western romance, writing companion. Bookmark the permalink.
Precious dog. Drool-worthy cover. I do like a hard-working cowboy.
Penny sounds like a precious dog and I'm so glad you rescued her. Nice to "meet" you, Marie. Best wishes for continued success.
Beth, I always enjoy your blog.
Penny is a sweetie. How lucky for her that she found such a loving forever home. Best of luck with your new release. About time we had more contemporary westerns to read. Thanks for sharing.
Loved your pictures of Penny and story excerpt, Marie.
Oh she is the cutest thing!
Penny is adorable, Marie! Wishing you all the best with your book, too. Thanks for sharing.
What a lovely story of redemption–Penny's that is. God bless you. LOVE the cover, too.
Penny looks just like my Biddy. I lost her 2 years ago and the pic almost made me cry but such a wonderful story. Loved it.
I remember you telling me about your sweet little Biddy. Love that name.


The women of Living Praise come from all walks of life – married, single, divorced, annulled, remarried, professionals, stay at home moms, and home-schoolers. We raise children, grandchildren, horses, dogs, gardens and flowers. We lead and serve in other music groups in our churches, Catholic and Protestant, traditional and charismatic. What has brought us together is a desire to serve the body of Christ with the gifts of worship the Lord has given us. We strive not to perform but share a gift of passionate worship, bringing those we minister to into the Lord's presence.


Come out and discover what goes bump in the night at the Alexander Majors House! Learn the history of this fascinating historic landmark and the tools used during a professional paranormal investigation. Mystic Mom's Paranormal will be leading the investigation, and has been featured on the Biography Channel's "My Ghost Story." $55 per teen. For teenagers aged 13-18. Space is limited and fills up fast! All registrations must include a signed waiver from a parent or guardian.


text:
American beauty: Professor explores changing body images and ethnicity
By By Jack Lewis
By Jack Lewis
In a lecture at the Women's Resource Center, Pamela Hardin gave some insight on the health and body expectations of Pacific Islanders, particularly Tongans, in Utah.
Last Wednesday, Hardin discussed her research on how Tongan women view their own body image, eating disorders among Pacific Islanders in Utah and how this has been affected by American culture.
Guidelines for healthy body structures outlined by government health agencies ignore ethnicity, Hardin, an assistant professor in nursing, said.
"Obesity declarations may be our next form of colonization," Hardin said.
Pacific Islanders make up one of the largest ethnic minorities in Utah, and the state has the second-largest number of residents of Tongan descent in the country, behind California.
Hardin interviewed 41 Tongan women in Utah to draw conclusions from how they feel about body structure. She said she was concerned about not merely analyzing individuals, but Pacific Islander society as a whole.
Although differences of opinion occur in societies, she drew several conclusions on the ways Tongans adapt to life in America.
Being skinny in Tonga is not considered beautiful as it is in the United States, said one of the women interviewed. But globalization and immigration to America has changed this feeling for many.
Public-health guidelines ignore the fact that Pacific Islanders can have a higher body mass index and be just as healthy as their Caucasian counterparts with lower index rates, she said.
A diverse audience participated in Hardin's presentation at the Women's Resource Center.
"It was a very interactive," Hardin said of the experience.
Lecture organizers said they were impressed by the large number of men who attended.
"The discussion was interesting," Joe Sartori, a recent graduate in exercise and sports science, said. "Body image from a Pacific Islander's view has not been studied in great detail."
The presentation was different from what junior Whitney Ellison, majoring in health promotion and education, said she was expecting-in a good way.
"This is a passion of mine, and it opened my mind to new horizons," she said.
Hardin is currently doing further research on young women in the local Pacific Islander population.
The Women's Resource Center is sponsoring a series of lectures about body images in American society.